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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/27796-8.txt b/27796-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a2c253 --- /dev/null +++ b/27796-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887 + Volume 1, Number 11 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27796] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + BUCHANAN'S + JOURNAL OF MAN. + + VOL. I. DECEMBER, 1887. NO. 11. + + + + +CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + The World's Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers + Social Conditions--Expenses at Harvard; European Wages; India as a + Wheat Producer; Increase of Insanity; Temperance; Flamboyant + Animalism + Transcendental Hash + Just Criticism + Progress of discovery and Improvement--Autotelegraphy; Edison's + Phonograph; Type-setting Eclipsed; Printing in Colors; Steam + Wagon; Fruit Preserving; Napoleon's Manuscript; Peace; Capital + Punishment; Antarctic Explorations; The Desert shall Blossom as + the Rose + Life and Death--Marvellous Examples + Outlines of Anthropology (continued) Chapter X.--The Law of + Location in Organology + + + + +THE WORLD'S NEGLECTED OR FORGOTTEN LEADERS AND PIONEERS. + + +Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of North +America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at last +received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been erected, +which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue, before a +distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October. + +The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was related +on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address the +following passages are extracted: + + "What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of + authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of + Greenland, at least a fortnight's sail, there were, for 300 + years after the beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on + the coast of America, with which colonies the home country + maintained commercial intercourse. The country to which the + merchant vessels sailed was Vinland. + + "The fact next in importance that this history establishes is, + that the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of + Vinland was Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most + happily told by Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was + connected with the coast survey of the United States in the + latitudes which include the region between Hatteras and Cape + Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell, never passed to the south of the + peninsula of Cape Cod. He was succeeded by Thorwald, Leif's + brother. He came in Leif's ship in 1002 to Leif's headquarters + in Massachusetts Bay and passed the winter. In the spring, he + manned his ship and sailed eastward from Leif's house, and, + unluckily running against a neck of land, broke the stem of the + ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a place where the + tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and permitted the + men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to repair her. + When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose of the + ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of years + in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands, but + not going around the point on or near which he had set up his + ship's nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and + died, and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to + Greenland. A few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set + out with a fleet of three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven + were women, to go to Vinland, and in two days' sail beyond + Markland they came to the ship's nose set upon the shore, and, + keeping that upon the starboard, they sailed along a sandy + shore, which they called Wunderstrandir, and also + Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied that + they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald, turned + his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and Gudrid + went further south and trafficked, and gathered great wealth of + furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and Norway." + +Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the New +England coast which are of Scandinavian origin. + + "What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin + or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the Plymouth + or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there any + conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a + people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for + the most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing + here? + + "I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was + the first European to tread the great land southwest of + Greenland. His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans, + who, to escape oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty + years, from Norway to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to + Plymouth. They established and maintained a republican form of + government, which exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty + in the King of Denmark, and the flag, like our own, bears an + eagle in its fold. Toward the close of the 10th century a + colony, of whom Leif's father and family were members, went out + from Iceland to Greenland. In about 999, Leif, a lad at the time + of his father's immigration, went to Norway, and King Olaf, + impressed with his grand elements of character, gave him a + commission to carry the Christianity to which, he had become a + convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and, with his soul on + fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year + accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony, + including his father. + + "To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the + duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores, + we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese + discoverer under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, + inspired by the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the + certainty of reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently + long, set out on a new and entirely distinct enterprise, having + a daring and a conception and an intellectual train of research + and deduction as its foundation quite his own. How welcome to + Boston will be the proposition to set up in 1892, a fit statue + to Columbus. + + "We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has expressed + so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine + centuries ago, first trod our shores." + +The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of +the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has waited +for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and many other +heroes of human progress. + +Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the Northmen +who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old flat-bottomed +ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which made the exploration +of the Atlantic ocean possible. + +This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments +of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who has +lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus learned of the +discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland, which he visited in +1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the America of the Norsemen, +but was sailing to find the Indies. + +But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant +expressed it of Truth, "the eternal years of God are hers," and she +needs a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph +of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem +almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth +to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for more +than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the universe, +developed by the genius of PYTHAGORAS, was ignored, denied, and +forgotten, until the honest scholar, COPERNICUS, revived it by a +mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long enough to see +trampled on; for the great astronomer that next appeared, Tycho Brahe, +denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted to suppress it in the +person of Galileo, who is said to have been forced by imprisonment and +torture to succumb to authority (the torture may not be positively +known, but is believed with good reason). Even Luther joined in the +theological warfare against science, saying, "I am now advised that a +new astrologer is risen, who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth +and goeth about, not the firmament, the sun and moon--not the +stars--like as when one sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is +moved, thinketh he sitteth still and resteth, but the earth and trees +do move and run themselves. Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our +own foolish fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the +whole art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and +teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand +still, and not the earth." + +The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the Church +generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position in an +age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to admit of +enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of the age +and slowly moves. At the present time it is being _slowly_ permeated +by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is another form of +ignorance. + +Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within which +they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they look upon all +that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and alas, this +is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes. It was the +French Academy that laughed at Harvey's discovery and at Fulton's plan +of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago's suggestion of the +electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at Franklin's +proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated both Fulton and +Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty that arrayed itself +against the introduction of Peruvian bark, which they have since made +their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh Review which poured its +ridicule upon Gall, that advised the public to put Thomas Gray in a +straight-jacket for advocating the introduction of railroads. Equally +great was the stupidity of the French. The first railroad was +constructed in France fifty years ago. Emil Periere had to make the +line at his own expense, and it took three years to obtain the consent +of the authorities. Their leading statesman, Thiers, contended that +railroads could be nothing more than toys. We remember that a +committee of the New York Legislature was equally stupid, and +endeavored to prove in their report that railways were entirely +impracticable. English opposition was still more stupidly absurd. Both +Lords and Commons in Parliament were entirely opposed. "The engineers +and surveyors as they went about their work were molested by mobs. +George Stephenson was ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all +those who supported him as lunatics and fools." "George Stephenson +although bantered and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his +project, in spite of the declarations that the smoke from the engine +would kill the birds and destroy the cattle along the route, that the +fields would be ruined, and people be driven mad by noise and +excitement." + +Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of +colleges and the professional classes to all great innovations. "Truly +(says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has +become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by +physicians," and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that "nux +vomica is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the +effect of mere chance." + +The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every +innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic, +winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and even +forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as "an insult +on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers." + +It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover +with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of +the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that +of Copernicus for Pythagoras. + +This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was no +brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century +than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell into +obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation. He had +that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists. + +He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in +philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern +scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had +already been performed. + + "At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments + or even of originating new ones. He considered that however + necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great + sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established, + time was better employed in considering the purposes to which it + might be applied, or the principles which it might tend to + elucidate." + +He says, in his Bakerian lecture, "Nor is it absolutely necessary in +this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments +there is already an ample store." + +In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, "Acute +suggestion was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my +ambition than experimental illustration," and on another occasion, +referring to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said, +"For my part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to +supersede the necessity of experiments, and more especially of +expensive ones." The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young: + + "The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated + relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to solve, + nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I + include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task + without getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered + that a wonderfully simple solution had been discovered at the + beginning of this century, and had been in print ever since for + any one to read who chose. This solution was found and published + by the same Thomas Young, who first showed the right method of + arriving at the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics." + + "He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the + misfortune to be _too far in advance of his contemporaries_. + They looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his + bold speculations, and thus a mass of his most important + thoughts remained buried and forgotten in the 'Transactions of + the Royal Society,' until a later generation by slow degrees + arrived at the re-discovery of his discoveries, and came to + appreciate the force of his argument and the accuracy of his + conclusions." + +This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of Dr. +Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from the day +when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the stake by the +Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor his memory in +Italy. + +What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist, and +physician, John Hunter? While he lived, "most of his contemporaries +looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an innovator," +according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was decided to +inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to find his body, +which was at last discovered in a vault along with 2000 others piled +upon it. + +Harvey's discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and +Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published after +Harvey's death. + +When Newton's investigations of light and colors were first published, +"A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to obtain the +unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions +which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm." Some, like +Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and succeeded in making +a failure, which was published; like certain professors who at +different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful experiments in +mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always succeeded in making the +failure they desired. + +Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, "that though the +author of the _Principia_ survived the publication of that great work +nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty +followers out of England." + +If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations +of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has human nature +sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much better results from +the colleges of to-day--from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and the rest? +If such a change has occurred, I have not discovered it. + +Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer +of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his time, +continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence by +casting astrological nativities. + +Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian tube and +the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of his time, +but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical tables, which +were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714. + +Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active +hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and +most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying the +benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred years +ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein in the last +century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences, and also fully +illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it to breeding trout +and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten until in 1842 two +obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and practised this +process. The French government was attracted by the success of these +fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost art was revived. + +Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in 1807, +was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of thirty +years. + +The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich FROEBEL, is one of +the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape from total +failure and oblivion. + +The "Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel," translated from the German +of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account of his life +and labors, upon which the following notice is based: + + "Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of + education would have died with him--to be resurrected and + reapplied by somebody else centuries later--only for a friend + and interpreter who remained to give his teachings to the world. + This friend, disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz. + His system of education had this peculiarity which made it + different from any other plan of teaching ever given to the + world--it was first grasped in its full significance by women. + They, sooner than men, saw its truth to nature, and its grand, + far-reaching meaning, and became at once its enthusiastic + disciples. But the German women are in a bondage almost unknown + to their sisters of the other civilized races, therefore + Froebel's reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles been + given to the world in the midst of American or English women, + they would most likely have been popularly known and adopted + long ago. + + "Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow + from the "new education" in his time. While he lived the + ungrateful tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed + him to scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any + great and lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this + is given in the anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz's first + meeting with the founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins + the book, and it is the key-note of the sorrowful undertone + throughout. + + "In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein. + She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place, + and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man + had settled down near the springs who danced and played with the + village children, and was called by people "the old fool." A few + days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met "the old + fool." He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching + a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was + teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging + to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he + played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of + both Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile, + and said to her companion: + + "'This man is called 'old fool' by these people. Perhaps he is + one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries, + and to whom future generations build monuments.'" + + "I knew," says Madame Von M., "that I had to do with a true + man--with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his + pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of + a man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and + that it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only + thought of empty play, without any serious purpose." + + "Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life, + and just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his + ideas, there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was + also a death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian + Government was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror, + who made the English people put their lights out at dark, and + suddenly, in August, 1851, the Prussian Government immortalized + itself by passing a decree forbidding the establishment of any + kindergartens within the Prussian dominions. In unguarded + moments, Froebel had used the expression "education for + freedom," in referring to his beloved plans, and that was enough + for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she has been ever + since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet recovered from + this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and died. But a + little time before he died, he said: "If 300 years after my + death, my method of education shall be completely established + according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven." + + "Froebel's life was full of strange vicissitudes and + disappointments. The few friends who understood him, and the + children whom he taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better + than anybody else, reverenced him, and loved him as father, + prophet, and teacher. + + "On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his + beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read + about. It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man + immeasurably. Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song + of the children, and as he stepped out of his chamber to the + lecture-room, he saw that it had been splendidly adorned with + flowers, festoons, and wreaths of all kinds. The day was + celebrated with songs and rejoicing, and gifts were received + from pupils and friends in various parts of the world, and in + the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green wreath upon + the master's head. + + "Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest + peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during + his illness he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to + his friends. He had the window opened frequently, so he could + gaze once more on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost + his last words were: 'Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!'" + +JOHN FITCH, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate than +Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his invention +was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by a small +steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the convention +that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain sufficient +co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his boat to +rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to his home at Bardstown, +Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful struggles of Fitch make a +melancholy history. In his last appeal he used this language: "But why +those earnest solicitations to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me +with the most excruciating anxieties; and why not act the part for +myself, and retire under the shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio, +and eat my coarse but sweet bread of industry and content, and when I +have done, to have my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of +the banks, with my name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future +generations when traversing the mighty waters of the West, _in the +manner that I have pointed out_, may find my grassy turf." + +IN the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno, +Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch, +Stephenson, and _many_ others, we learn that he who assails the +Gibraltar of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to +conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps +to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the +predestined surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for +the eternal law of the universe declares that all darkness shall +disappear, and Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already +fill the souls of the lovers of wisdom. + + + + +SOCIAL CONDITIONS. + + +UNDERGRADUATE EXPENSES AT HARVARD.--A physician has written me to know +what the annual expense is for an undergraduate at Harvard College. +The inquiry is made that he (the querist) may know somewhere near what +it will cost to send his son to that institution. Thinking that others +of the _Journal's_ readers might like to know what a literary (or +liberal) education costs at a first-class college, I have looked up +the present cost, and by comparing it with my own, thirty-five years +ago, I find that expense has increased from year to year, until now it +requires about $550 to $600 annually to cover tuition, room-rent, +board, and common running expenses. A boy might squeeze through for +$400 a year, but he would have to pinch and be niggardly, if not mean. +The $550 or $600 would not cover vacation expenses and society dues, +therefore the larger sum ought to be reckoned as the cost annually for +a Harvard undergraduate at the present time. And upon inquiry, I find +that about the same amount of money is required by an undergraduate of +Yale. Board in New Haven is the same in price as in Cambridge. For the +four years' course, then, there should be provision for $2,500. Rich +students spend a $1000 or more each year, but they do not embrace ten +per cent. of the classes. The average student when I was in Harvard +expended $350 to $400 a year--a cost which did not cover vacation +expenses and society matters. I will venture the remark that as high +an order of scholarship can be obtained at "Western" colleges as in +Harvard or Yale; and that the expense of student life would not be +two-thirds as much. Why, then, take the extravagant course? The _name_ +and _fame_ of an institution count for something. A recently founded +college may not live long; it has to be tested by time before +_prestige_ can be attained. Universities have to be endowed before +they can command the best talent of the world in teachers. The fees +obtained from students will not pay the expenses of a first-class +literary institution. + +Lastly, an education of a high order does not insure success in life, +but, other things being equal, the man of learning has the best chance +to win in the race we are running.--_Eclectic Medical Journal_. + + +EUROPEAN WAGES.--Senator Frye said in a public address in Boston: "I +say from all my observations made there, and they were made as +carefully as I could make them, and in all honesty of purpose, there +is only one country in Europe that comes within half of our wages, and +that is England, and the rest are not one-third, and some not within +one-quarter, of our wages." + + +INDIA AS A WHEAT PRODUCER.--"Consul-General Bonham says she is a +dangerous competitor of the United States. The report of Consul-General +Bonham at Calcutta, British India, treats at length of the wheat +interests of that country. The area devoted to wheat in 1886 was about +27,500,000 acres, and the total yield 289,000,000 bushels. As compared +with the wheat of the Pacific coast, the Indian wheat is inferior, but +when exported to Europe it is mixed and ground with wheat of a +superior quality, by which process a fair marketable grade of flour is +obtained. The method of cultivating the soil is in the main the same +as it was centuries ago, and there seems to be great difficulty in +inducing the farmer to invest in modern agricultural implements, and +yet, with all the simple and primitive methods, the Indian farmers +can, in the opinion of the Consul-General, successfully compete with +those of the United States in the production of wheat. This is due to +the fact that the Indian farmer's outfit represents a capital of not +more than $40 or $50, and his hired help works, feeds, and clothes +himself on about $2.50 a month. The export of wheat from British India +has increased from 300,000 cwt. in 1868, to 21,000,000 cwt. in 1886, +and the increase of 1886 over 1885 amounts to about 5,000,000 cwt. + + "The Consul-General says that some of his predecessors have + claimed that the United States has nothing to fear from India as + a competitor in the production of wheat. In this view he does + not concur, and believes that to-day India is second only to the + United States in wheat-growing. Furthermore, wheat-growing in + India is yet in its infancy, and its further development depends + principally upon the means of transportation to the sea-board. + He fears that with the cheap native labor of India and the + constantly growing facilities for transportation, the United + States will find her a formidable competitor as a producer of + wheat." + + +INCREASE OF INSANITY.--I have repeatedly referred to the increase of +insanity and crime under our heartless system of education. It is +illustrated by every collection of statistics. The increase between +1872 and 1885 was, in Maine, with five per cent. increase in +population, in ten years, 23 per cent. increase in insanity. In New +Hampshire, 13 per cent. in population, 55 in insanity. In these two +States insanity increases four times as fast as population. In +Massachusetts, population 33 per cent., insanity 91 per cent. In Rhode +Island, population 40 per cent., insanity 94 per cent. In Connecticut, +population 23 per cent., insanity 194 per cent. The total number of +insane in New England has increased from 4,033, in 1872, to 7,232, in +1885,--an increase of 3,199 in 13 years. Such are the estimates +prepared from official reports by E. P. Augur, of Middletown, Conn. Is +it possible by the repetition of such statements as these to rouse the +torpid conscience of the leaders of public opinion to the necessity of +a NEW EDUCATION? + + +TEMPERANCE.--According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the +annual consumption of liquors per capita in the United States, from +1840 to 1886, shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled +spirits to less than one-half of the average between 1840 and 1870. +The most marked decrease was between 1870 and 1872. The consumption of +wine has averaged, from 1840 to 1870, about one-eighth as much--since +1870, from 30 to 40 per cent. as much, but the consumption of malt +liquors, which in 1840 and 1850 was little over half that of spirits, +has rapidly risen until, in 1886, it was nine times as great, the +number of gallons per capita being of spirits, 1.24; wines, 0.38; malt +liquors, 11.18. The total consumption of liquors of all sorts has +risen from 4.17 gallons per capita in 1840, to 12.62 in 1886. The +consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per cent. +in the last seven years. + +The tax collected on whiskey for 1886-87 was $3,262,945 less than for +the previous year, and the tax on beer was $2,245,456 more than for +the previous year. + + "Chevalier Max Proskowetz de Proskow Marstorn states that in + Austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale. + The consumption of alcohol (taken as at 10 per cent.) was 6.7 + litres a head in a population of 39,000,000; but in some + districts 15-1/2 litres was the average (4-1/2 litres go to a + gallon). In all Austro-Hungary there was an increase of nearly + 4,000,000 florins in the cost of alcohol in 1884-85 over + 1883-84. In 1885 there were 195,665 different places (stations, + gin-shops, and subordinate retails) where liquors were sold. In + districts where the most spirits are used there were fewer fit + recruits." + + +FLAMBOYANT ANIMALISM.--In Boston, which sometimes calls itself our +American Athens, the highest truths of psychic science are daily +neglected by the more influential classes, while races, games, and +pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers, and a leading +daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of +all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support. + +The pugilist Sullivan is the hero of Boston; he received a splendid +ovation in the Boston Theatre, with the mayor and other dignitaries to +honor him, and a belt covered with gold and diamonds, worth $8,000, +was presented, besides a large cash benefit. His departure for England +was honored like that of a prince by accompanying boats, booming +cannon, and tooting whistles, and he is said to swing a $2000 cane +presented by his admirers. How far have we risen in eighteen centuries +above the barbarism of Rome? There is no heathen country to-day that +worships pugilism. Perhaps when the saloon is abolished, we may take +another step forward in civilization. London has rivalled Boston, +giving Sullivan a popular reception by crowds which blocked up the +principal streets. + + + + +TRANSCENDENTAL HASH + + +The _Winsted (Conn.) Press_ published an article on Buddhism in +America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of +some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude +thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the +curious. The following is the article: + + +BUDDHISM IN AMERICA. + +While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado, +making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism is +spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our most +intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or force. +There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and their +number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any other +faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they are +following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the +principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes +called "Christian science"), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic +metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same thing, and +we may also include their intimate relative, known here as Modern +Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater than that +which invariably arises from different interpretations of the same +idea by different individuals under differing environment. To compare +these differences with the differences of the Protestant sects would +be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly worthy of +association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists, +and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and +Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of +illustration. + +Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that the +number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps, are +reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings, may be +placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified, spiritualized, and +improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely to unite the +liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and Infidels +alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual faith, +opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the leadership +of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal power of +Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions which have +attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the Christ man of +1800 years ago. + +Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous +upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this +country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual +life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious +lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic plane. +We have been passing through the very same experiences that preceded a +downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by the new era of +Christian mythology in one part of the world and Buddhistic mythology +in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to deliver exalted teachings +which would lift the world out of bondage to an older faith and its +more cruel superstitions and the corruptions of priestcraft and gross +ceremonials; both were reformers of substantially the same abuses; +both suffered for humanity, both lived humble and inspired lives, both +were interpreters of the same truths to different peoples, both were +good men, and both have come down to us with their greatness +exaggerated by their followers beyond anything they claimed for +themselves, while the personal existence of each is shrouded in the +same mystery and covered with the same doubt. That these two men did +exist as men we may well believe, but that as personages they were +incarnated on earth is a matter of small importance compared with the +consequences which have followed their supposed embodiment. + +The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance of +new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of +infidelity and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern +Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people, premise +tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual thought--an +era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust. + +Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices born +of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are +outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old truths +with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded +in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of +spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to +humanity, of liberty, justice and love. + +This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or +does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is +not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism +corrupted by Brahmic theocracy--as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by +papistic theology and sectarian piety--has come to us as a morbid +asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures +and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is +probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and +unreceptive habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas. +A system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God, +Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through +countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of +apparently infinite wisdom--a condition beyond phenomenal existence +and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana +nor admits immortal existence as we understand existence--i.e., in a +perpetually objective form of some sort. It is better in some +respects, though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we +are taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their +fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections, +and they are not more "gods" than other men, save in their greater +experience. + +Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to +Christianity--an acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of +priestly ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the +letter; an application of principles and ideas to real life and +claiming not only to have new light but to be ever progressive. It is +highly and intensely spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous +powers over natural forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave +the earth untouched and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance +movement in the East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in +Buddhism is but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It +claims that intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal +association of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land +or clime. Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we +are told, without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass +the mysteries of the occult science, which claims only to be like +other science, the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over +subtle forces of nature which physical scientists fail to recognize. +Its ethics are the highest conceivable, and the individual existence +of the soul apart from the body a matter of commonest demonstration +among the adepts. + +Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand it, +that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It is +theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American thought in +the psychological direction. Confined though it is at present chiefly +to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted that this is the +limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to human needs. It +is spending in this country with amazing rapidity, and though yet a +child is certain to bring about a great change in the ideas of many +regarding mind, its power over and priority to matter. So far as its +students devote their attention to other than such comprehension of +its postulates as is necessary to become healers, they are Buddhistic +in thought and expression, and some even accept a modified theory of +metempsychosis known as reincarnation. Still they reject the +philosophy of Spiritualism respecting spirit life, and appear to be +all at sea as regards the immediate future of the individual. In their +utterances on this they are more Buddhist than Christian, as in other +respects. They doubt or deny individual existence of the soul. The +Spiritualist believes that his soul will have for all time a body of +some sort, spiritual or physical, and his spirit-world and life are +filled with very human occupations, thoughts and desires, carried on +amid familiar scenery in a very substantial and earth-like manner. He +believes in progress eternal, and the possibility of final mergement +of his individual self into the All-Self is so remote as to give him +no concern. But the mental scientist, as near as we can express his +notion, rejects the idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his +personality as purely mortal and his soul one with indivisible God, +now and forever. Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit +or astral body he does not understand as ever existing to preserve +individuality after physical dissolution--in this differing as much +from the theosophist as from the Spiritualist. + +When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians, and +liberal thinkers, generally, unite--as they easily may, for they have +now no irreconcilable disagreement--they will form a powerful body of +thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion will be a +better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity than Christ +revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg or Davis +heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day and its new light and +promise, for the old theologies are wearisome emptiness and humbug, +and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient in their +testimony. We do not expect that a new church will arise and a new +sectarianism follow. But a new conception of life, its origin, purpose +and destiny may come to lift the people of America out of the old +religious rut. And in consequence the old depressing question, "Is +life worth living?" answered once by Buddha's No, may be answered anew +by Humanity's Yes. + + * * * * * + +The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive and +restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United States +generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number of their +members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in liberality. The +new religion and philosophy of the future will be luminous, scientific +and philanthropic--not a conglomeration of vague speculations. True, +reverential religion is not a dreamy or speculative impulse, but an +earnest love of mankind and of duty, which does not waste itself in +unprofitable speculations, but eagerly pursues the positive knowledge +of this life and the next, which gives practical wisdom and diffuses +happiness. All systems of religion talk about love and recommend it, +but their followers seldom realize it in their lives. The religion of +the future will _realize_ it. Apropos to this subject, Col. Van Horn, +of the _Kansas City Journal_, says: + + "And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the + United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of + Buddhism sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the + philosophy of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general + reader, but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts + and are making them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making + more from us than we are from them. And they are from the very + best and brightest intellects among us--not the illiterate, but + the most cultured of the educated classes. It will not do to + suppress this fact in the discussion--for this is an age when + facts must be looked in the face." + + + + +JUST CRITICISM. + + +The intellectual editor of the _Kansas City Journal_ has made some +very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of +fashionable Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented: + + "As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a + thing as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example + in Paris, by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which + illustrates how great men in special departments walk blindfold + over things that afford no mystery to common minds. We allude to + certain experiments in hypnotism--the professional name for + mesmerism. The medical profession for more than half a century + sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer, until now compelled to + recognize them, they have not the manliness to acknowledge the + fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature to conceal + their change of front. To make a long story short these + gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day, + enjoined him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the + next day, and despite every effort of will on the part of the + subject, the crimes have been attempted, and the victim only + saved from himself by the interposition of the operator, who was + present to remove the influence--or through the understanding of + the party against whom the offence was to be committed, in the + form of the robbery actually carried out. + + "But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce + it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related + agitations for the solution of the mystery." + +[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not +chargeable to _Science_, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The +ablest thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of +the soul, and the new anthropology traces these powers to their +localities in the brain.--ED. OF JOURNAL.] + + "How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was + called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the + inspiration of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at + another called after one of its more modern + discoverers,--mesmerism--now hypnotism--which is only another + name for magnetic sleep--if anybody knows what that is--or for + somnambulism. Common sense tells common people that it is only + an abnormal manifestation of the power that gives one person + control over another, or enables one person to influence + another. The simple every-day habit of exacting a promise from + your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to make a like + promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance with + the conditions of mortality--death being the complete process. + So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of + the common power which we call personal influence. That is all. + But that is not mysterious enough for learned people--it is not + scientific enough--as everybody can understand it. + + "Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the + estimation of the teacher--it suggests that what we call the + human mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the + every-day machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less + within the grasp of the common mind. There is a higher plane of + knowledge than that of mere physical science, and if the + theologian mistook its teaching, it is no reason why the pursuit + of that knowledge on this higher plane should be ignored. Hence + it is that this discovery by Charcot and others, to which we + allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because the methods of + science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the admission + of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena. + + "And just here, it may as well be said first as last,--that the + profession to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school + of applied science, will ever read the lesson of these + experiments, nor will any of the so-called regular schools of + learning. The riddle will be read by some thinker outside, and + when the bread-and-butter purveyors of theology, science and the + schools have become indoctrinated, and prefer to pay their money + for the new instead of the old--then these self-constituted + teachers of humanity will all know that the cow was to eat the + grindstone--and teach the fact. We simply state a fact, known to + history, that the progress of the world is due to the inventor + and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single thing, from + the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has been + from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had + to fight its way against the teaching class, from time + immemorial. The circulation of the blood, which every + pig-sticker knew since knives were invented, had to be forced + upon medical science by a quack. And now, although the phenomena + we refer to have been before the teaching class since history + records anything, and although Mesmer taught it experimentally + eighty years ago, science has now only got so far as to admit + the existence of the phenomena. + + "Why have not the professions given these things more attention, + and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a + century practically denied their existence? That question is a + legitimate one. And at the risk of being charged with + unfriendliness, it must be said that it was either from an + inability to think or from a narrow creedism that will not + accept a truth from outside discovery. The effect of this, and + what constitutes a crime in the teaching class, is, that it has + for all these long years shut out this now accepted knowledge + from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching class as + authority,--and to use a business form of speech,--pay them for + finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the world + and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to + begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off--a long, dark, weary + denial of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This + is a serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the + scientific world to be but the simple truth. + + "And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more than + eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down the + wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time + have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying + its remarkable phenomena." + +[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the +old-fashioned and so-called regular medical and clerical professions, +all of whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the +colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against +science and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of +man in any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and +the presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the +highest forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the +College of Therapeutics in Boston.--ED. OF JOURNAL.] + +And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul, +that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human +body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by +which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of which +we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming +mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that chemistry +cannot deal with because analysis is not the method. Molecules, to use +a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules don't think, and this +thing we are considering does think. Molecules are amenable to +chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is not and cannot +be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at twelve o'clock +the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest a theft, they +may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of changes before the +hour of meridian arrives to-morrow--and not at all likely at that +exact moment to be in the stealing combination again. Or, if so, it is +not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article it was combined +on the day previous. Yet this infinite series of impossibilities must +be possible to have the experiments we refer to come true--on the +theory of molecular action. This is one of those absurdities that men +call the marvellous discoveries of science. _No crank in Christendom +ever conceived anything so utterly absurd._ + +Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power is +from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular +activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to +execute its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous, +because this intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount, +and controlling as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena +of what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent--or in +other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been the +agent of conception and growth--or antecedent. And if it had the +antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes +consequent--or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor +force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed. + + + + +PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY AND IMPROVEMENT. + + +WONDERFUL INVENTIONS.--Prof. Elisha Gray's new discovery is called +_autotelegraphy_, and it is claimed that it will be possible with its +use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile +of the writing reproduced by telegraph 300 miles away, and probably a +much greater distance.--_Phil. Press._ + +A Washington special in the New York _News_ says: The company owning +the _type-setting machine_ has arranged to put up fifty of these +machines for the transaction of business. They will be put up at once +in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, Chicago +and other leading cities. The company claims that the machine is now +perfect, and that each machine will perform as much work in setting +type as ten average compositors. + + +EDISON'S PHONOGRAPH.--New York, October 21. Edison gives additional +particulars concerning his perfected phonograph. He finished his first +phonograph about ten years ago. "That," he says, "was more or less a +toy. The germ of something wonderful was perfectly distinct, but I +tried the impossible with it, and when the electric light business +assumed commercial importance, I threw everything overboard for that. +Nevertheless, the phonograph has been more or less constantly in mind +ever since. When resting from prolonged work upon light, my brain was +found to revert almost automatically to the old idea. Since the light +has been finished, I have taken up the phonograph, and after eight +months of steady work have made it a commercial invention. My +phonograph I expect to see in every business office. The first 500 +will, I hope, be ready for distribution about the end of January. +Their operation is simplicity itself, and cannot fail. The merchant or +clerk who wishes to send a letter has only to set the machine in +motion, and to talk in his natural voice, and at the usual rate of +speed, into a receiver. When he has finished the sheet, or +'Phonogram,' as I call it, it is ready for putting into a little box +made on purpose for mails. We are making sheets in three sizes--one +for letters of from 800 to 1,000 words, another size for 2,000 words, +and another size for 4,000 words. + +"I expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office +authorities enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a +letter. The receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus +and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than the +best telephone message ever sent. The tones of the voice in the two +phonographs which I have finished are so perfectly rendered that one +can distinguish between twenty different persons, each one of whom has +said a few words. One tremendous advantage is that the letter may be +repeated a thousand times. The phonogram does not wear out by use. +Moreover, it may be filed away for a hundred years and be ready for +the instant it is needed. If a man dictates his will to a phonograph, +there will be no disputing the authenticity of the document with those +who knew the tones of his voice in life. The cost of making the +phonograph will be scarcely more than the cost of ordinary letter +paper. The machine will read out a letter or message at the same speed +with which it was dictated." + +Edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers to set +type directly from the dictation of the phonograph. He claims great +precision in repeating orchestral performances, so that the +characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished. + + +_Type-setting Eclipsed_.--A new machine has been invented at +Minneapolis which supersedes type-setting. By this machine, which is +no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan, a +plate or matrix is produced, which is easily stereotyped, thus +attaining the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a +form of type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then +distributed. The speed of the new machine will be from five to ten +times as great as that of type-setting, and if successful it will +enable an author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than +he can write it with the pen. When all ambitious would-be authors are +let loose upon the world in this manner, what a flood of superfluous +literature we shall have and what will become of the superfluous +printers? + + +"_Printing in Colors_ has taken a potent move forward. By the new +process a thousand shades can be printed at once. Instead of using +engraved rollers or stones, as in the case of colored advertisements, +the designs or pictures are 'built up' in a case of solid colors +specially prepared, somewhat after the style of mosaic work. A portion +is then cut or sliced off, about an inch in thickness, and this is +wrapped round a cylinder, and the composition has only to be kept +moist, and any number of impressions can be printed. This will cause +an extraordinary revolution in art work, also in manufactures." + + +Mr. Edwin F. Field, of Lewiston, Me., has invented a substantial +_steam wagon_ for common roads. There is no reason why such wagons +should not come into use. When first proposed in England they were put +down by jealousy and opposition, but I have always contended that the +steam engine should have superseded the horse fifty years ago. + + +FRUIT PRESERVING.--About Christmas time in 1885 people in San +Francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches, pears, and grapes, +with all their natural bloom, and looking plump and juicy, on +exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on Kearny and Sutter +streets. These fruits attracted great attention, and remained on +exhibition several weeks, showing the preservative agent employed, +whatever it might be, was singularly powerful in resisting the natural +decay. When tasted or smelled of, the fruit showed no peculiarity that +could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious process. + +It appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical +success on a large scale. The Allegretti Green Fruit Treatment and +Storage System Company, with the main storehouse at West Berkeley, +announce that they are now ready to store and treat all kinds of green +articles, by the week or month, and for shipment East. I. Allegretti, +the inventor of this system, stated that he had been experimenting +with various processes for preserving green fruit for twenty-six +years, and had succeeded in discovering this system, whose success has +been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this State. + +The building in use at present is a frame structure, capable of +storing some fifty tons of fruit. The inner lining of the walls is +galvanized iron. There is no machinery used, and the only thing +visible is a large tank, supposed to contain the chemical preparation. +The arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of 35 +degrees.--_Oakland Enquirer._ + + +NAPOLEON'S MANUSCRIPT.--"A manuscript by Napoleon I. has been sold in +Paris for five thousand five hundred francs. It was written by +Napoleon at Ajaccio in 1790, and the language and orthography are said +to be those of an uneducated person. In this manuscript he speaks with +enthusiasm of Robespierre." + + +PEACE.--Long and impatiently have I waited for the dawning of true +civilization and practical religion. It is coming now in the form of +an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration. The +British deputation which has visited this country to urge the +necessity of a treaty for arbitration, was entertained, Nov. 10th, +just before their return, by the Commercial Club at the Vendome Hotel, +in Boston, and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished +gentlemen present, including Gov. Ames, and Mayor O'Brien. The +deputation consisted of W. R. Cremer, M.P., the most persistent +advocate of arbitration, Sir George Campbell, M.P., Andrew Provard, +M.P., Halley Stewart, M.P., Benj. Pickard and John Wilson, who +represent the workingmen of Great Britain. William Whitman of the +Club, who presided at the entertainment, remarked, "It is an inspiring +fact, as well as indisputable evidence of social growth, that this +appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has come, not so much +from kings, from rulers, or from statesmen, as from workingmen.... It +would create an epoch in human history second only in influence to the +birth of Christ, and be such a practical exemplification of religion +as would awake the conscience and touch the heart of all peoples." + + +CAPITAL PUNISHMENT is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet +outgrown. It tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments, and, at the +same time, to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals. The execution +of the Chicago Anarchists, as they are called, has had these effects. +They were not properly Anarchists in any philosophic sense, but rather +revolutionists, bent on destroying government and the republican rule +of the majority by dynamite and assassination. Their death gives +satisfaction to the vast majority of the people, but their incendiary +language has done incalculable mischief, and greatly interfered with +all rational and practicable measures of reform, as carried on by the +Knights of Labor, co-operative banks and building societies, +co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both +sexes. Just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war, +this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that +has no definite purpose, but the indulgence of the angry passions +which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty. + + +ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION.--The Australian colony of Victoria has +appropriated $50,000 for two ships to make a voyage of scientific +exploration in the Antarctic circle. + + +"THE DESERT SHALL BLOSSOM AS THE ROSE."--"The 'Great American Desert' +was long ago found out to be a myth; and now some of the remotest +corners which were once supposed to be included in it are proving to +offer the largest promises of value for agricultural and grazing +purposes. In New Mexico, for example, it has long been thought that +certain immense areas must always be comparatively useless because of +their natural aridity. But engineers have just completed plans for +tapping the Rio Grande with a canal and thus bringing under irrigation +a tract some ten miles wide and a hundred and fifty long, containing +nearly a million acres. The addition of so vast an area to the arable +land of the Territory means, of course, a large increase in the +productive resources of that section. Other canals may possibly do as +much. The work of sinking artesian wells is also going on there +extensively, while the project of constructing great storage +reservoirs, in which the rainfall of the wet season may be collected +and from thence gradually distributed through the dry season, is +already in serious contemplation by private enterprise. Modern +scientific irrigation has already accomplished wonders for the +agriculture of Utah; it seems likely to do even more for New Mexico." + + + + +LIFE AND DEATH. + + +122 YEARS.--The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye, +named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached in the same +parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name, written in the +old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a copperplate. + + +154 YEARS.--The Cincinnati _Evening Telegram_ recently published a +special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached +here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of +Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of +considerable possessions. This man's age at the time of death was +indisputably 154 years. At Valdonado's funeral the pall-bearers were +his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They were +white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all +their faculties. + + +AMERICUS, Ga., Sept. 25.--Edmond Montgomery died on Nick Jordan's +place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He was an +African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia from +Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large family in +Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25 children in +Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren are unknown and +unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight and health, and never took +a dose of medicine in his life. + + +THIRTY-THREE CHILDREN.--A West Virginian named Brown recently visited +Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim. Inquiry showed that +his mother had borne thirty-three children in all. Twenty of this +number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in the Union army. Two +were killed. The others survived. The death of the two boys entitles +the mother to a pension. General Black says the files of the office +fail to show another record where the sixteen sons of one father and +mother served as soldiers in the late war. + + +EFFECT OF POVERTY.--"M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian physician, +found that in France the death rate of persons between the ages of +forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was only 8.3 per one +thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of similar age died at +the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half times as many of the poor +as the rich died in France at these ages out of a given number +living." + + +JENNY LIND GOLDSCHMIDT, the famous Swedish singer, died at London Nov. +1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents and made her first +appearance on the stage at nine years of age. + + +"MRS. RACHEL STILLWAGON, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest woman on +Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday, surrounded by +descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters of a century +ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon's beauty extended as far south as +Baltimore." + + + + +CHAP. X.--THE LAW OF LOCATION IN ORGANOLOGY. + + + The primal laws applied to the brain--The four directions--The + elements of good and evil--The horizontal line of + division--Frontal and occipital organs and vertical dividing + line--Preponderance of the front in certain heads--Gall, + Spurzheim, and Powell--Contrast of frontal and + occipital--Latitude, longitude, and antagonism--Location of + Health and Disease, of Benevolence, Conscientiousness, + Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and Relaxation or + Indolence, Patience and Irritability--Duality of the brain and + its important consequences--Errors of old system--Self-respect + and Humility--Modesty and Ostentation--Combativeness and + Harmony--Love and Hate--Adhesiveness and Intellect, median and + lateral--Religion and Profligacy--Laws of arrangement and + Pathognomy--Physiological influences of basilar and coronal + regions--Insanity--beneficial influence of coronal region. + +To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement of +facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who are +capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology, +arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A +chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic basis +and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of a +philosophic mind retains principles rather than details. + +After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since +fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in +accordance with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain +is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of +life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material +worlds,--all interaction between mind and matter. These primal laws +are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain removes +all the perplexing complexity of organology. + +Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The upper +legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is +above,--to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope, +firmness, and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions +point downwards, and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the +heart and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements, +passions, and appetites. + +The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior region, +and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the basilar region, +while organs half-way between them are neutral between these opposite +tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse has a location in the +brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual or material +tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to virtue or +vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,--the more +capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher position +given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule the +inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal, and +the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed by +terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination are +useful and absolutely necessary. + +In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as +Conscientiousness must be near the very summit, and that propensities +to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities +exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which would +ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is full of +human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile age of its +growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease and crime. +The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of resisting either +temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions destroyed by the black +death, in the fourteenth century, and the countless millions destroyed +by war in all centuries, including the present, show how little we +have advanced beyond the spirit of savage life. The ferocity of +nations is as much the product of their cerebral organization, as the +ferocity of the tiger, and springs from the same region of the +brain,--lying on the ridge of the temporal bone,--a region that +delights in fierce destruction, and is large in all the carnivora. It +would be contrary to the spirit of science to ignore the fact that man +has an element of ferocity similar to that of the tiger, because in +the fully developed man that fierce element is overruled by the higher +powers and confined to the destruction of that which does not suffer. +The unwillingness to recognize anything evil comes not from the spirit +of science, but from the _a priori_ assumptions of sentimental +theology, which presumes that it thoroughly comprehends the Deity (who +is beyond all human comprehension), and, out of its imaginative +ignorance, fabricates _a priori_ philosophies and doctrines that +everything in man is good, or that everything in man is evil. +Anthropology has not thus been evolved from _a priori_ speculation, +but presents its systematic doctrines as generalizations of the facts +and experiments which have been carefully acquired and studied through +the last half-century. The facts and experiments are too numerous to +be recorded and published now, and had no channel for publication when +they occurred. + +Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil, in +proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper half +operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling +influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine +superiority. + +The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of the +forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical line +from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves. + +The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active +faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the +backward forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is +the source of the forward movements by which our progress is checked. +The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible +action--the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and feeble +tranquillity and sensibility--the condition of a helpless victim. The +concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and the +necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great that +nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital bone, at +the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond very +nearly with the opening of the ear. + +The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with its +center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely has +nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical +proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the +head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the +active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather +than active or ambitious life.[1] In nations or races of ambitious +character, the head is long, or _Dolico-cephalic_, and the occipital +measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful, +unambitious character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of +the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal. + + [1] The head of Dr. Gall shows the same frontal preponderance, + which led him to the pursuits of intellect instead of + ambition, but also shows an immense force of character + derived from its extreme breadth and basilar depth. The head + of Spurzheim, whose skull I have often examined, shows even + a greater preponderance of the front, and a predominance of + the coronal over the basilar region, producing his marked + amiability, with sufficient basilar breadth to give him + physical force. + + Each had a large brain. In Dr. Wm. Byrd Powell, who had a + long head, and who was a man of restless ambition and fiery + energy, the occipital predominated over the frontal + development decidedly, producing, although the frontal + development was not large, much activity and force, or + brilliancy of mind, but not the calm temperament most + favorable to philosophy. His opinions were more bold and + striking than accurate. Dr. P. made a valuable collection of + crania, and was almost the only American scientist who gave + much attention to the _cultivation_ of phrenology. + +From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs to +the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is +associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the +vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates +vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in +its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force--the greatest tendency +to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region. Both the +front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe tend to the +expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and it is +absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe should +be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which it would +exhaust vitality. + +We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward in +proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty, and farther +forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality--the +extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence. + +With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality and +the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to require +my pupils to determine the location of the various elements of human +nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions are located +near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic functions occupy +opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion as one is +above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in proportion as +one is forward the other is backward,--in proportion as one is +interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or toward the +lateral surface. + +With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where should we +locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of healthy influence, +and is therefore called Health? They will readily decide that it +belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the most posterior, +as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then as to its +latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably above the +middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after comparing +locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds to the +spot marked by the letters He. + +[Illustration] + +We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give us +the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and +the greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to +the last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position +anterior and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the +middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to +disease, it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we +recollect that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal +action of Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute +interior sensibility by means of which we understand our physical +condition and are warned of every departure from health. + +The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by the +letters Di. + +We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz., +that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located +nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it +must be located nearer to Disease. + +Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will and +Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that +Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue +of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which makes +us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much farther +back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There is no +difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters Be. +and Con. + +If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and +dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously +located below and behind the centre, where it is represented by the +letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading +manifestation of the selfish faculty. + +As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our +impulses and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the +performance of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual, +violent and selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of +duty. The one being vertically above the centre of the brain, the +other must be vertically below it; one being on the upper the other +must be on the basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the +middle lobe, which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the +cavity of the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe, +where it rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the +external marking would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus +auditorius. For this organ and faculty, the name which would express +its unrestrained action is Baseness, as it would lead to the +commission of many crimes and the violation of all honesty and +justice. For its moderate and restrained activity, the term +Selfishness would be sufficient as it induces us to heed our selfish +appetites, interests, and passions, in opposition to the voice of +duty. Its more normal activity is to invigorate our animal life +generally and prevent us from going too far in the line of duty, +patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let it be marked Ba. Its +position will be recognized on the vertical line between the frontal +and occipital, as it is not an element of energy and success, nor of +debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism, which is not +destitute of force. + +There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring +energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former we must +give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all the +virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness +as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to health and +therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness it is not +far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location. +Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist Relaxation, +the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness, where we locate +the letters Re. + +The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability are +easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high position. +From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the occiput, and from +its steady, unyielding and supporting strength, it cannot be assigned +to the frontal region. It must, therefore, be in the middle superior +region, where the letters Pa. locate it. Irritability must be on the +median line of the basilar range (and antagonizes Patience on the +middle line above), but not as low as Baseness, for one may be +honorable though irritable and high-tempered, but such temper is not +compatible with very strict conscientiousness. + +In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a single +but a double apparatus--a right and a left brain, each complete in all +the organs; consequently, we are in this instance locating our organs +in the left hemisphere alone, in which the median line where it meets +the other hemisphere is on its right side, and the exterior surface is +on its left. An organ located at the median line, or inner surface, as +Patience, must have its antagonist at the external or lateral surface, +as Irritability. + +The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the median +line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface. The +left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently, the right +side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are identical +in function. How then does the right side of one compare with the +right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr. Gall and +his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen into very +great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was mistaken in +the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter shown, having +spoken of it as if we had a single brain, and also mistaken in many of +the organs concerning which a knowledge of the relations of the two +hemispheres to each other would have corrected the errors. There is a +striking analogy, or coincidence of function between the two right +sides and between the two left sides never suspected prior to my +investigations and experiments. + +Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which +has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability. +Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily perceive +that it must be in the upper region, but considerably behind the +vertical line, where we place the letters S.R. + +The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the right or +the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface. The law +governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation are at +the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual character +are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect, or +Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and is, +therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist +must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface, as far +below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as far +forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility where the +letters Hu. are located. + +The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained +in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable, for +Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies +for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite, and +is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society. This +organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance in +front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command. + +If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the +ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near the +horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the propriety +of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its antagonism in +Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That species of modesty +which produces a bashful and yielding character will be found just +below the horizontal line, while that form of modest sentiment which +produces the highest refinement rises into connection with love at the +upper surface. The organ thus runs obliquely upward, corresponding to +the position of the convolutions. The antagonist, Ostentation, extends +above and below the letters Ost. on the occiput. + +If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we would +naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the lowest. We +find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its antagonist, which +shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently be in the superior +anterior region, and near the intellectual organs which it resembles +in function by facilitating a mutual understanding, and giving a +spirit of concession. The location is marked Har. for Harmony. It +embraces a group of organs of harmonious tendency, such as Friendship, +Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability and Admiration, as the +Combative group is hostile, stubborn, morose and censorious. + +For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain as +the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment than +Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the letters +Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a little +behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic +faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result in +Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do. + +Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme +front of the brain--the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its +general character will be represented by its middle--the region of +Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate to +physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily +occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the higher +species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the summit of +the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms of intellect, +marked Understanding, are above--physical conceptions below--Memory, +which retains both, lying between them. + +The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median +line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative power, +such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning, belongs to +the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according to the +principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of the +antagonism to the intellect. + +Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and +its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the +higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is a +stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness. + +Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind +Irritability, (as Religion is before Patience,) but before +Acquisitiveness. The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a +lawless defiance of everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive +self-will and selfishness, resulting in lawless profligacy. Profligacy +would, therefore, be the name for its predominance (Pr.), while +executive independence and energy for selfish purposes would be its +more normal manifestation. + +Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations +of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania with +character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments +upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with general laws +which are easily understood. The perfection of divine wisdom is made +fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of the psychic +phenomena of man. + + "A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN," + +subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly +intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science +of PATHOGNOMY, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of +the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are +demonstrably subject to mathematical laws. + +I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the +localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but +would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological +functions of the brain. + +Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence +upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and +muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and muscular +power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body, are opposite +to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature, it follows +that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for sensual +pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in many +respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence mankind are +imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality and +violence. + +While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior +part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more +anteriorly, affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular +vigor, and the tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the +vertical line separates the indolent from the energetic basilar +functions, and all the enfeebling, sensitive, morbid faculties that +impair our energies are in the anterior basilar region. + +The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life, and +sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion of +waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences, it +renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we are +strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to bodily +disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of Disease and +Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous system, +belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which we reach through the +junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.). It is more interior, but +not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism is above on the +temporal arch, between the lateral and upper surfaces of the brain, +marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental firmness which resists +disturbing influences. + +The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite +influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing +the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and +attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper +region. By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and +by restraining the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to +health and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it +not only has this happy effect, but by sustaining the occipital half +of the brain, gives a normal and healthy energy to all the powers of +life. Such is the influence of the group of organs in which Health is +the centre. + +[Illustration] + +It is obvious, therefore, that the study of the brain reveals laws +which give us the strongest inducement to an honorable life as the +only road to success and happiness. + +To show the facility with which organs may be located upon general +principles, I present herewith the locations actually made by a small +class of pupils when I first proposed to have them determine locations +according to the general laws of organology. None of these locations +would be called erroneous, the most incorrect of all being +Adhesiveness, located a little too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac. +Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy, Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love, +Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod. Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con. +Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness, Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For. +Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness, Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea. +Health, Dis. Disease, Ad. Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar. +Arrogance, Rev. Reverence, Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness. + +The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature of +cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions of the +organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and psychic +powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes a good +psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent mind a +corresponding influence on the physiological constitution, but in the +present state of mental science the conception of such a +correspondence is very vague. + +Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented by +the words already coined in the English language for other purposes, +and I do not think it expedient at present to coin new terms which +would embarrass the student. The word Sanity, for example, answers its +purpose by signifying a mental condition so firm and substantial as to +defy the depressing and disturbing influences that derange the mind. +It produces not the mere negative state, or absence of insanity, but a +positive firmness, and self-control, which is the interior expression +of firmness. The cheerful, stable, manly, and well-regulated character +which it produces, disciplines alike the intellect and the emotions, +and shows itself in children by an early maturity of character and +deportment, and freedom from childish folly and passion. + +If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the Greek +word SOPHROSYNE would be a very good one, as it signifies a +self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb ANDRISO, signifying to +render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a manly effort +of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the adjective form, +ANDRIKOS, and still more in the noun ANDRIA, which signifies manhood +or manly sentiments and conduct. It would not, however, be preferable +to the English word, MANLINESS, which is as appropriate a term as +Sanity or ANDRIA. + + + + +TO YOU PERSONALLY. + + +The JOURNAL OF MAN acknowledges with pleasure your co-operation during +the past year, its trial trip. It presumes from your co-operation, +that you are one of the very few truly progressive and large-minded +mortals who really wish to lift mankind into a better condition, and +who have that practical sagacity (which is rare among the educated) by +which you recognize great truths in their first presentation before +they have the support of the leaders of society. If among our readers +there are _any_ of a different class, they are not expected to +continue. The sincere friends of the JOURNAL have shown by many +expressions in their friendly letters, that they are permanent +friends, and as the present size of the JOURNAL is entirely inadequate +to its purposes, they desire its enlargement to twice its present size +and price. They perceive that it is the organ of the most important +and comprehensive movement of intellectual progress ever undertaken by +man, and they desire to see its mission fulfilled and the benefit +realized by the world, in a redeeming and uplifting education, a +reliable system of therapeutics, a scientific and beneficent religion, +a satisfactory spiritual science, and the uplifting of all sciences by +Psychometry. But it is important to know in advance that all the +JOURNAL'S present readers desire to go on in an enlarged and improved +issue. You are, therefore, requested to signify by postal card your +intentions and wishes as to the enlarged JOURNAL. Will your support be +continued or withdrawn for the next volume, and can you do anything to +extend its circulation? An immediate reply will oblige the editor. + + + + +RESPONSES OF OUR READERS. + + +The generous appreciation of the JOURNAL OF MAN by the liberal press +was shown in the May number, as well as the enthusiastic appreciation +of its readers. The proposition for its enlargement has called forth a +kind and warm response from its readers, from which the few quotations +following will show how well the JOURNAL has realized their hopes and +desires. "I will try to get one or two more subscribers to what I +regard as the best journal I have ever known, going as it does to the +root of the most vital and most important interests of man, and +dealing with great principles so vigorously and fairly."--G. H. C. (a +Southern author). "The intensely interesting subjects treated in the +JOURNAL OF MAN demand more space."--H. F. J. "The JOURNAL OF MAN is +certainly the most valuable truth-giver I ever saw."--J. T. J. "It is +the only journal of the kind, and the most needed of any kind."--O. K. +K. "I will sustain the Journal of Man as long as I have a dollar."--P. +C. M. "I do not see how I could get along without it."--G. B. N. +"Enlarge the JOURNAL five-fold."--G. B. R. "I shall want it as long as +I remain in this life."--Mrs. M. J. R. "Among progressive minds and +deep thinkers, it is considered solid gold."--W. E. S. "Count on me as +a life subscriber."--N. J. S. "I hope you will keep your pen moving, +as the world has need of your thoughts."--S. C. W. "I wish you could +make it a four-dollar publication."--A. W. "I think it the most +advanced publication extant."--H. W. W. "The rectification of cerebral +science is to me a demonstration."--L. W. H. "It accords with my views +of man, and leads by going beyond me."--J. W. I. "The most scientific +publication that I have ever read, and far in advance of all +others."--S. J. W. "The JOURNAL OF MAN is just what I want."--C. L. A. +"To say I like the JOURNAL, and am much interested in it, is a meagre +way of expressing myself."--H. F. B. "I hope you will be able to +extend it broadcast over the land."--Dr. W. W. B. "It has filled a +long-felt want in my mind."--E. C. B., M. D. "I wish that every editor +in the world was actuated by the same spirit that seems to actuate +you. As long as I can see to read, I shall endeavor to make it my +companion."--W. B. "More than pleased."--A. E. C. "I know of nothing +printed that equals it."--J. E. P. C. "I regard the JOURNAL as +important to mankind the world over."--E. E. C. "I am in receipt of +several medical journals and several newspapers; I think your JOURNAL +OF MAN contains more common sense than all the others."--S. F. D., +M.D. "I bid you God speed in your dissemination of truth."--Rev. D. D. +"The more it is enlarged the better I am pleased."--A. F., M.D. "I +perceive fully its important mission."--M. F. "I admire your thought +and expression."--L. G. "I will take the JOURNAL under all +circumstances, and at any price."--L. I. G. "I admired the manner in +which you bombarded military unchristianity."--A. J. H. + + +PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL. + +It is not yet decided that the JOURNAL shall be enlarged. The +flattering responses already received are not sufficient in number to +justify enlargement. Unless the remainder of the readers of the +JOURNAL shall express themselves in favor of enlargement it will not +be attempted. The editor is willing to toil without reward, but not to +take up a pecuniary burden in addition. + + * * * * * + +PSYCHOMETRIC PRACTICE. + +Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues to apply her skill in the description of +character and disease, with general impressions as to past and future. +Her numerous correspondents express much gratification and surprise at +the correctness of her delineations. The fee for a personal interview +is $2; for a written description $3; for a more comprehensive review +and statement of life periods, with directions for the cultivation of +Psychometry, $5. + + * * * * * + +MAYO'S ANÆSTHETIC. + +The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the +greatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It +came first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few, +and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical +profession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of +Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical +profession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether, +discovered in the United States also, but far inferior to the nitrous +oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by +chloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but +introduced as an anæsthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to +be the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of +the medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the +more dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all +anæsthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority; +ether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to +ether, until frequent deaths gave warning. + +Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the +favorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even +nitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep, +when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to +all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and +pleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain +harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal +tendency which belongs to all anæsthetics when carried too far. The +success of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anæsthetic, is amply +attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom Boston +had no better surgeon, pronounced it "the safest the world has yet +seen." It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme +debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams say they have given it +"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease, +etc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in +walking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have +been all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor +depression. We heartily commend it to all as the anæsthetic of the +age." Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anæsthetic to his +wife with delightful results when "her lungs were so badly +disorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be +entirely unsafe." The reputation of this anæsthetic is now well +established; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great +medical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use +for such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society, +Dr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. "The nitrous +oxide (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence +to have very like the appearance of a corpse," but under this new +anæsthetic "the patient appears like one in a natural sleep." The +language of the press generally has been highly commendatory, and if +Dr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of +Edinburgh, his new anæsthetic would have been adopted at once in every +college of America and Europe. + + * * * * * + + THE OPEN COURT. + + PUBLISHED BY + + The Open Court Publishing Company, + + Rooms 41 and 42, + 169-175 LA SALLE STREET, + CHICAGO. + + B. F. UNDERWOOD, SARA A. UNDERWOOD, + _Editor and Manager_. _Associate Editor_. + +The _Open Court_ is a high-class, radical free-thought Journal, +devoted to the work of exposing religious superstition, and +establishing religion upon the basis of science. + +It is opposed to all forms of sectarianism, and discusses all subjects +of interest in the light of the fullest knowledge and the most matured +thought of the age. + +It has for contributors the leading thinkers and writers of the old +and new world. Among those who contribute to its columns are the +following writers:-- + + Prof. Max Muller, of Oxford. Wm. J. Potter. + Richard A. Proctor. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. + Albert Revielle. Frederick May Holland. + Edmund Montgomery, M.D. Anna Garlin Spencer. + Prof. E. D. Cope. B. W. Ball. + Col. T. W. Higginson. Felix L. Oswald, M.D. + Prof. Leslie F. Ward. Theodore Stanton. + Prof. Henry C. Adams. Mrs. Celia P. Wooley. + Jas. Parton. E. C. Hegeler. + Geo. Jacob Holyoake. Dr. Paul Carus. + John Burroughs. Lewis G. James. + S. V. Clevenger, M.D. Mrs. Hypatia B. Bonner. + John W. Chadwick. Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr. + M. J. Savage. M. C. O'Byrne. + Moncure D. Conway. Samuel Kneeland, M.D. + Daniel Greenleaf Thompson. Prof. Van Buren Denslow. + Prof. Thomas Davidson. Mrs. Edna D. Cheney. + Gen. J. G. R. Forlong. Wm. Clark, A.M. + Prof. W. D. Gunning. Clara Lanza. + Gen. M. M. Trumbull. C. D. B. Mills. + W. M. Salter. Alfred H. Peters. + +Those who wish a first-class journal, devoted to the discussion of +scientific, religious, social and economic questions, should send at +once for a sample copy of this great journal. + + _Terms, $3 per year. Single copies, 15 cents_. + +Make all remittances payable to the order of B. F. UNDERWOOD, +Treasurer; and address all letters to _Open Court_, P. O. Drawer F., +Chicago, Ills. + + * * * * * + + "FORTY PATIENTS A DAY" + +is the name of a pamphlet Helen Wilmans has written on her _practical_ +experience in healing. No one seems to have had better opportunity of +demonstrating the truth of mental science than Mrs. Wilmans has had in +her Southern home, where the report of her skill was carried from +mouth to mouth, until patients swarmed to her from far and near. Send +15 cents for the pamphlet. Address: Mrs. HELEN WILMANS, Douglasville, +Georgia. + + * * * * * + +SEND description of yourself, with 15c, for complete written +prediction of your future life, etc.--N. M. GEER, Port Homer, +Jefferson Co., Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first + issue of the volume. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, December +1887, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN *** + +***** This file should be named 27796-8.txt or 27796-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/7/9/27796/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887 + Volume 1, Number 11 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27796] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div id="masthead"> + <h1 class="issue_title"><a class="pagenum" id="page1" title="1"></a><span class="proprietor">BUCHANAN’S</span><br /> + JOURNAL OF MAN.</h1> + <div id="mastdate"> + <p id="leftmast"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> <abbr title="One">I.</abbr></p> + <p id="centermast">December, 1887.</p> + <p id="rightmast"><abbr title="number">No.</abbr> 11.</p> + </div> +</div><!--Masthead--> + +<div id="contents"> + <h2 class="title">CONTENTS.</h2> + <ul> + <li><a href="#art1">The World’s Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers</a></li> + <li><a href="#art2">Social Conditions</a>—<a href="#misc1">Expenses at Harvard</a>; <a href="#misc2">European Wages</a>; <a href="#misc3">India as a Wheat Producer</a>; <a href="#misc4">Increase of Insanity</a>; <a href="#misc5">Temperance</a>; <a href="#misc6">Flamboyant Animalism</a></li> + <li><a href="#art3">Transcendental Hash</a></li> + <li><a href="#art4">Just Criticism</a></li> + <li><a href="#art5">Progress of discovery and Improvement</a>—<a href="#misc7">Autotelegraphy</a>; <a href="#misc8">Edison’s Phonograph</a>; <a href="#misc9">Type-setting Eclipsed</a>; <a href="#misc10">Printing in Colors</a>; <a href="#misc11">Steam Wagon</a>; <a href="#misc12">Fruit Preserving</a>; <a href="#misc13">Napoleon’s Manuscript</a>; <a href="#misc14">Peace</a>; <a href="#misc15">Capital Punishment</a>; <a href="#misc16">Antarctic Explorations</a>; <a href="#misc17">The Desert shall Blossom as the Rose</a></li> + <li><a href="#art6">Life and Death—Marvellous Examples</a></li> + <li><a href="#art7">Outlines of Anthropology (continued) Chapter X.—The Law of Location in Organology</a></li> + </ul> + +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art1" class="article"> + <h2 class="title">The World’s Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers.</h2> + + <p>Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of + North America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at + last received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been + erected, which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue, + before a distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October.</p> + + <p>The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was + related on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address + the following passages are extracted:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of + authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of Greenland, + at least a fortnight’s sail, there were, for 300 years after the + beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on the coast of America, + with which colonies the home country maintained commercial + intercourse. The country to which the merchant vessels sailed was + Vinland.</p> + + <p>“The fact next in importance that this history establishes is, that + the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of Vinland was + Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most happily told by + Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was connected with the coast + survey of the United States in the latitudes which include the + region between Hatteras and Cape Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell, + never passed to the south of the peninsula of Cape Cod. He was + succeeded by Thorwald, Leif’s brother. He came in Leif’s ship in + 1002 to Leif’s headquarters in Massachusetts Bay and passed the + winter. In the spring, he manned his ship and sailed eastward from + Leif’s house, and, unluckily running against a neck of land, broke + the stem of the ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a + place where the tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and + permitted the men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to + repair her. When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose + of the ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of + years in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands, + but not going around the point on or near which he had set up his + ship’s nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and died, + and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to Greenland. A + few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set out with a fleet of + three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven were women, to go to + Vinland, and in two days’ sail beyond Markland they came to the + <a class="pagenum" id="page2" title="2"> </a>ship’s nose set upon the shore, and, keeping that upon the starboard, + they sailed along a sandy shore, which they called Wunderstrandir, + and also Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied + that they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald, + turned his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and + Gudrid went further south and trafficked, and gathered great + wealth of furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and + Norway.â€</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the + New England coast which are of Scandinavian origin.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin + or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the + Plymouth or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there + any conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a + people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for the + most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing here?</p> + + <p>“I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was + the first European to tread the great land southwest of Greenland. + His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans, who, to escape + oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty years, from Norway + to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to Plymouth. They established + and maintained a republican form of government, which + exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty in the King of Denmark, + and the flag, like our own, bears an eagle in its fold. Toward + the close of the 10th century a colony, of whom Leif’s father and + family were members, went out from Iceland to Greenland. In + about 999, Leif, a lad at the time of his father’s immigration, went + to Norway, and King Olaf, impressed with his grand elements of + character, gave him a commission to carry the Christianity to which, + he had become a convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and, + with his soul on fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year + accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony, including + his father.</p> + + <p>“To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the + duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores, + we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese discoverer + under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, inspired by + the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the certainty of + reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently long, set out on a + new and entirely distinct enterprise, having a daring and a conception + and an intellectual train of research and deduction as its foundation + quite his own. How welcome to Boston will be the proposition + to set up in 1892, a fit statue to Columbus.</p> + + <p>“We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has + expressed so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine + centuries ago, first trod our shores.â€</p> +</blockquote> + + <p>The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of + the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has + waited for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and + many other heroes of human progress.</p> + + <p><a class="pagenum" id="page3" title="3"> </a>Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the + Northmen who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old + flat-bottomed ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which + made the exploration of the Atlantic ocean possible.</p> + + <p>This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments + of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who + has lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus + learned of the discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland, + which he visited in 1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the + America of the Norsemen, but was sailing to find the Indies.</p> + + <p>But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant expressed + it of Truth, “the eternal years of God are hers,†and she needs + a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph + of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem + almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth + to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for + more than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the + universe, developed by the genius of <em class="name">Pythagoras</em>, was ignored, + denied, and forgotten, until the honest scholar, <em class="name">Copernicus</em>, revived + it by a mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long + enough to see trampled on; for the great astronomer that next + appeared, Tycho Brahe, denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted + to suppress it in the person of Galileo, who is said to have been + forced by imprisonment and torture to succumb to authority (the + torture may not be positively known, but is believed with good + reason). Even Luther joined in the theological warfare against + science, saying, “I am now advised that a new astrologer is risen, + who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth and goeth about, not + the firmament, the sun and moon—not the stars—like as when one + sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is moved, thinketh he sitteth + still and resteth, but the earth and trees do move and run themselves. + Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our own foolish + fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the whole + art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and + teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand + still, and not the earth.â€</p> + + <p>The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the + Church generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position + in an age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to + admit of enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of + the age and slowly moves. At the present time it is being <em>slowly</em> + permeated by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is + another form of ignorance.</p> + + <p>Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within + which they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they + look upon all that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and + alas, this is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes. + It was the French Academy that laughed at Harvey’s discovery + and at Fulton’s plan of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago’s + suggestion of the electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at + <a class="pagenum" id="page4" title="4"> </a>Franklin’s proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated + both Fulton and Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty + that arrayed itself against the introduction of Peruvian bark, + which they have since made their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh + Review which poured its ridicule upon Gall, that advised the + public to put Thomas Gray in a straight-jacket for advocating the introduction + of railroads. Equally great was the stupidity of the + French. The first railroad was constructed in France fifty years ago. + Emil Periere had to make the line at his own expense, and it took + three years to obtain the consent of the authorities. Their leading + statesman, Thiers, contended that railroads could be nothing more + than toys. We remember that a committee of the New York Legislature + was equally stupid, and endeavored to prove in their report + that railways were entirely impracticable. English opposition was + still more stupidly absurd. Both Lords and Commons in Parliament + were entirely opposed. “The engineers and surveyors as they went + about their work were molested by mobs. George Stephenson was + ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all those who supported + him as lunatics and fools.†“George Stephenson although bantered + and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his project, in spite of + the declarations that the smoke from the engine would kill the birds + and destroy the cattle along the route, that the fields would be ruined, + and people be driven mad by noise and excitement.â€</p> + + <p>Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of colleges + and the professional classes to all great innovations. “Truly + (says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has + become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by physicians,†+ and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that “nux vomica + is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the effect + of mere chance.â€</p> + + <p>The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every + innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic, + winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and + even forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as + “an insult on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers.â€</p> + + <p>It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover + with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of + the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that + of Copernicus for Pythagoras.</p> + + <p>This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was + no brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century + than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell + into obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation. + He had that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists.</p> + + <p>He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in + philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern + scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had + already been performed.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments + or even of originating new ones. He considered that however + <a class="pagenum" id="page5" title="5"> </a>necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great + sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established, time + was better employed in considering the purposes to which it might + be applied, or the principles which it might tend to elucidate.â€</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>He says, in his Bakerian lecture, “Nor is it absolutely necessary + in this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments + there is already an ample store.â€</p> + + <p>In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, “Acute suggestion + was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my ambition + than experimental illustration,†and on another occasion, referring + to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said, “For my + part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to supersede the + necessity of experiments, and more especially of expensive ones.†+ The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated + relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to + solve, nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I + include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task without + getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered that a wonderfully + simple solution had been discovered at the beginning of this + century, and had been in print ever since for any one to read who + chose. This solution was found and published by the same Thomas + Young, who first showed the right method of arriving at the interpretation + of Egyptian hieroglyphics.â€</p> + + <p>“He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the + misfortune to be <em>too far in advance of his contemporaries</em>. They + looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his bold + speculations, and thus a mass of his most important thoughts remained + buried and forgotten in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society,’ + until a later generation by slow degrees arrived at the re-discovery of + his discoveries, and came to appreciate the force of his argument and + the accuracy of his conclusions.â€</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of + Dr. Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from + the day when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the + stake by the Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor + his memory in Italy.</p> + + <p>What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist, + and physician, John Hunter? While he lived, “most of his contemporaries + looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an + innovator,†according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was + decided to inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to + find his body, which was at last discovered in a vault along with + 2000 others piled upon it.</p> + + <p>Harvey’s discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and + Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published + after Harvey’s death.</p> + + <p>When Newton’s investigations of light and colors were first published, + “A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to + obtain the unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions + <a class="pagenum" id="page6" title="6"> </a>which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm.†+ Some, like Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and + succeeded in making a failure, which was published; like certain + professors who at different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful + experiments in mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always + succeeded in making the failure they desired.</p> + + <p>Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, “that though + the author of the <cite>Principia</cite> survived the publication of that great + work nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty + followers out of England.â€</p> + + <p>If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations + of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has + human nature sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much + better results from the colleges of to-day—from Harvard, Yale, + Princeton, and the rest? If such a change has occurred, I have not + discovered it.</p> + + <p>Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer + of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his + time, continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence + by casting astrological nativities.</p> + + <p>Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian + tube and the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of + his time, but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical + tables, which were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714.</p> + + <p>Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active + hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and + most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying + the benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred + years ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein + in the last century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences, + and also fully illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it + to breeding trout and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten + until in 1842 two obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and + practised this process. The French government was attracted by + the success of these fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost + art was revived.</p> + + <p>Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in + 1807, was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of + thirty years.</p> + + <p>The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich <em class="name">Froebel</em>, is + one of the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape + from total failure and oblivion.</p> + + <p>The “Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel,†translated from the + German of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account + of his life and labors, upon which the following notice is based:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of education + would have died with him—to be resurrected and reapplied + by somebody else centuries later—only for a friend and interpreter + who remained to give his teachings to the world. This friend, + disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz. His system + <a class="pagenum" id="page7" title="7"> </a>of education had this peculiarity which made it different from any + other plan of teaching ever given to the world—it was first grasped + in its full significance by women. They, sooner than men, saw its + truth to nature, and its grand, far-reaching meaning, and became at + once its enthusiastic disciples. But the German women are in a + bondage almost unknown to their sisters of the other civilized races, + therefore Froebel’s reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles + been given to the world in the midst of American or English + women, they would most likely have been popularly known and + adopted long ago.</p> + + <p>“Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow + from the “new education†in his time. While he lived the ungrateful + tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed him to + scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any great and + lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this is given in the + anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz’s first meeting with the + founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins the book, and it is + the key-note of the sorrowful undertone throughout.</p> + + <p>“In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein. + She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place, + and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man had + settled down near the springs who danced and played with the + village children, and was called by people “the old fool.†A few + days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met “the + old fool.†He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching + a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was + teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging + to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he + played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of both + Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile, and + said to her companion:</p> + + <p>“‘This man is called ‘old fool’ by these people. Perhaps he is + one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries, and + to whom future generations build monuments.’â€</p> + + <p>“I knew,†says Madame Von M., “that I had to do with a true + man—with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his + pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of a + man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and that + it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only thought of + empty play, without any serious purpose.â€</p> + + <p>“Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life, and + just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his ideas, + there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was also a + death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian Government + was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror, who made the + English people put their lights out at dark, and suddenly, in August, + 1851, the Prussian Government immortalized itself by passing a + decree forbidding the establishment of any kindergartens within the + Prussian dominions. In unguarded moments, Froebel had used the + expression “education for freedom,†in referring to his beloved plans, + <a class="pagenum" id="page8" title="8"> </a>and that was enough for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she + has been ever since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet + recovered from this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and + died. But a little time before he died, he said: “If 300 years + after my death, my method of education shall be completely established + according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven.â€</p> + + <p>“Froebel’s life was full of strange vicissitudes and disappointments. + The few friends who understood him, and the children whom he + taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better than anybody else, + reverenced him, and loved him as father, prophet, and teacher.</p> + + <p>“On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his + beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read about. + It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man immeasurably. + Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song of the children, + and as he stepped out of his chamber to the lecture-room, he saw + that it had been splendidly adorned with flowers, festoons, and + wreaths of all kinds. The day was celebrated with songs and rejoicing, + and gifts were received from pupils and friends in various parts + of the world, and in the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green + wreath upon the master’s head.</p> + + <p>“Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest + peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during his illness + he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to his friends. + He had the window opened frequently, so he could gaze once more + on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost his last words were: + ‘Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!’â€</p> +</blockquote> + + <p><em class="name">John Fitch</em>, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate + than Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his + invention was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by + a small steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the + convention that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain + sufficient co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his + boat to rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to + his home at Bardstown, Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful + struggles of Fitch make a melancholy history. In his last + appeal he used this language: “But why those earnest solicitations + to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me with the most excruciating + anxieties; and why not act the part for myself, and retire under the + shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio, and eat my coarse but + sweet bread of industry and content, and when I have done, to have + my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of the banks, with my + name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future generations when + traversing the mighty waters of the West, <em>in the manner that I + have pointed out</em>, may find my grassy turf.â€</p> + + <p><span class="emphasis">In</span> the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno, + Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch, + Stephenson, and <em>many</em> others, we learn that he who assails the Gibraltar + of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to + conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps + to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the predestined + <a class="pagenum" id="page9" title="9"> </a>surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for the eternal + law of the universe declares that all darkness shall disappear, and + Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already fill the souls + of the lovers of wisdom.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art2" class="article"> + <h2 class="title">Social Conditions.</h2> + + <div id="misc1" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Undergraduate Expenses at Harvard</strong>.—A physician has + written me to know what the annual expense is for an undergraduate + at Harvard College. The inquiry is made that he (the querist) + may know somewhere near what it will cost to send his son to that + institution. Thinking that others of the <cite>Journal’s</cite> readers might like + to know what a literary (or liberal) education costs at a first-class + college, I have looked up the present cost, and by comparing it with + my own, thirty-five years ago, I find that expense has increased from + year to year, until now it requires about $550 to $600 annually to + cover tuition, room-rent, board, and common running expenses. A boy + might squeeze through for $400 a year, but he would have to pinch + and be niggardly, if not mean. The $550 or $600 would not cover + vacation expenses and society dues, therefore the larger sum ought + to be reckoned as the cost annually for a Harvard undergraduate at + the present time. And upon inquiry, I find that about the same + amount of money is required by an undergraduate of Yale. Board + in New Haven is the same in price as in Cambridge. For the four + years’ course, then, there should be provision for $2,500. Rich students + spend a $1000 or more each year, but they do not embrace ten + per cent. of the classes. The average student when I was in Harvard + expended $350 to $400 a year—a cost which did not cover + vacation expenses and society matters. I will venture the remark + that as high an order of scholarship can be obtained at “Western†+ colleges as in Harvard or Yale; and that the expense of student life + would not be two-thirds as much. Why, then, take the extravagant + course? The <em>name</em> and <em>fame</em> of an institution count for something. + A recently founded college may not live long; it has to be tested + by time before <em>prestige</em> can be attained. Universities have to be endowed + before they can command the best talent of the world in + teachers. The fees obtained from students will not pay the expenses + of a first-class literary institution.</p> + + <p>Lastly, an education of a high order does not insure success in + life, but, other things being equal, the man of learning has the best + chance to win in the race we are running.—<cite>Eclectic Medical Journal</cite>.</p> + </div> + <div id="misc2" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">European Wages</strong>.—Senator Frye said in a public address in + Boston: “I say from all my observations made there, and they were + made as carefully as I could make them, and in all honesty of purpose, + there is only one country in Europe that comes within half of + our wages, and that is England, and the rest are not one-third, and + some not within one-quarter, of our wages.â€</p> + </div> + <div id="misc3" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">India as a Wheat Producer</strong>.—“Consul-General Bonham says + she is a dangerous competitor of the United States. The report of + Consul-General Bonham at Calcutta, British India, treats at length + <a class="pagenum" id="page10" title="10"> </a>of the wheat interests of that country. The area devoted to wheat + in 1886 was about 27,500,000 acres, and the total yield 289,000,000 + bushels. As compared with the wheat of the Pacific coast, the + Indian wheat is inferior, but when exported to Europe it is mixed + and ground with wheat of a superior quality, by which process a fair + marketable grade of flour is obtained. The method of cultivating + the soil is in the main the same as it was centuries ago, and there seems + to be great difficulty in inducing the farmer to invest in modern + agricultural implements, and yet, with all the simple and primitive + methods, the Indian farmers can, in the opinion of the Consul-General, + successfully compete with those of the United States in the + production of wheat. This is due to the fact that the Indian + farmer’s outfit represents a capital of not more than $40 or $50, and + his hired help works, feeds, and clothes himself on about $2.50 a + month. The export of wheat from British India has increased from + 300,000 cwt. in 1868, to 21,000,000 cwt. in 1886, and the increase + of 1886 over 1885 amounts to about 5,000,000 cwt.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“The Consul-General says that some of his predecessors have + claimed that the United States has nothing to fear from India as a + competitor in the production of wheat. In this view he does not + concur, and believes that to-day India is second only to the United + States in wheat-growing. Furthermore, wheat-growing in India is + yet in its infancy, and its further development depends principally + upon the means of transportation to the sea-board. He fears that + with the cheap native labor of India and the constantly growing + facilities for transportation, the United States will find her a formidable + competitor as a producer of wheat.â€</p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div id="misc4" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Increase of Insanity</strong>.—I have repeatedly referred to the increase + of insanity and crime under our heartless system of education. + It is illustrated by every collection of statistics. The increase + between 1872 and 1885 was, in Maine, with five per cent. increase in + population, in ten years, 23 per cent. increase in insanity. In New + Hampshire, 13 per cent. in population, 55 in insanity. In these two + States insanity increases four times as fast as population. In Massachusetts, + population 33 per cent., insanity 91 per cent. In Rhode + Island, population 40 per cent., insanity 94 per cent. In Connecticut, + population 23 per cent., insanity 194 per cent. The total + number of insane in New England has increased from 4,033, in + 1872, to 7,232, in 1885,—an increase of 3,199 in 13 years. Such are + the estimates prepared from official reports by E. P. Augur, of + Middletown, Conn. Is it possible by the repetition of such statements + as these to rouse the torpid conscience of the leaders of public + opinion to the necessity of a <span class="small_all_caps">NEW EDUCATION</span>?</p> + </div> + <div id="misc5" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Temperance</strong>.—According to the National Bureau of Statistics, + the annual consumption of liquors per capita in the United States, + from 1840 to 1886, shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled + spirits to less than one-half of the average between 1840 and 1870. + The most marked decrease was between 1870 and 1872. The consumption + of wine has averaged, from 1840 to 1870, about one-eighth + <a class="pagenum" id="page11" title="11"> </a>as much—since 1870, from 30 to 40 per cent. as much, but the consumption + of malt liquors, which in 1840 and 1850 was little over half + that of spirits, has rapidly risen until, in 1886, it was nine times as + great, the number of gallons per capita being of spirits, 1.24; wines, + 0.38; malt liquors, 11.18. The total consumption of liquors of all + sorts has risen from 4.17 gallons per capita in 1840, to 12.62 in 1886. + The consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per + cent. in the last seven years.</p> + + <p>The tax collected on whiskey for 1886-87 was $3,262,945 less than + for the previous year, and the tax on beer was $2,245,456 more than + for the previous year.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“Chevalier Max Proskowetz de Proskow Marstorn states that in + Austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale. The + consumption of alcohol (taken as at 10 per cent.) was 6.7 litres a head + in a population of 39,000,000; but in some districts 15½ litres was + the average (4½ litres go to a gallon). In all Austro-Hungary + there was an increase of nearly 4,000,000 florins in the cost of alcohol + in 1884-85 over 1883-84. In 1885 there were 195,665 different + places (stations, gin-shops, and subordinate retails) where liquors + were sold. In districts where the most spirits are used there were + fewer fit recruits.â€</p> + </blockquote> + + </div> + <div id="misc6" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Flamboyant Animalism</strong>.—In Boston, which sometimes calls + itself our American Athens, the highest truths of psychic science are + daily neglected by the more influential classes, while races, games, and + pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers, and a leading + daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of + all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support.</p> + + <p>The pugilist Sullivan is the hero of Boston; he received a + splendid ovation in the Boston Theatre, with the mayor and other + dignitaries to honor him, and a belt covered with gold and diamonds, + worth $8,000, was presented, besides a large cash benefit. His departure + for England was honored like that of a prince by accompanying + boats, booming cannon, and tooting whistles, and he is said + to swing a $2000 cane presented by his admirers. How far have we + risen in eighteen centuries above the barbarism of Rome? There is + no heathen country to-day that worships pugilism. Perhaps when + the saloon is abolished, we may take another step forward in civilization. + London has rivalled Boston, giving Sullivan a popular reception + by crowds which blocked up the principal streets.</p> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art3" class="article"> + <h2 class="title">Transcendental Hash</h2> + + <p>The <cite>Winsted (Conn.) Press</cite> published an article on Buddhism in + America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of + some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude + thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the + curious. The following is the article:</p> + + + <h3>BUDDHISM IN AMERICA.</h3> + + <p>While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado, + making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism + <a class="pagenum" id="page12" title="12"> </a>is spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our + most intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or + force. There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and + their number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any + other faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they + are following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the + principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes + called “Christian scienceâ€), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic + metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same + thing, and we may also include their intimate relative, known here + as Modern Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater + than that which invariably arises from different interpretations of + the same idea by different individuals under differing environment. + To compare these differences with the differences of the Protestant + sects would be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly + worthy of association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists, + and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and + Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of illustration.</p> + + <p>Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that + the number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps, + are reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings, + may be placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified, + spiritualized, and improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely + to unite the liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and + Infidels alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual + faith, opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the + leadership of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal + power of Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions + which have attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the + Christ man of 1800 years ago.</p> + + <p>Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous + upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this + country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual + life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious + lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic + plane. We have been passing through the very same experiences + that preceded a downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by + the new era of Christian mythology in one part of the world and + Buddhistic mythology in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to + deliver exalted teachings which would lift the world out of bondage + to an older faith and its more cruel superstitions and the corruptions + of priestcraft and gross ceremonials; both were reformers of + substantially the same abuses; both suffered for humanity, both lived + humble and inspired lives, both were interpreters of the same truths to + different peoples, both were good men, and both have come down to us + with their greatness exaggerated by their followers beyond anything + they claimed for themselves, while the personal existence of each is + shrouded in the same mystery and covered with the same doubt. + That these two men did exist as men we may well believe, but that + as personages they were incarnated on earth is a matter of small + <a class="pagenum" id="page13" title="13"> </a>importance compared with the consequences which have followed + their supposed embodiment.</p> + + <p>The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance + of new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of infidelity + and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern + Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people, + premise tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual + thought—an era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust.</p> + + <p>Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices + born of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are + outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old + truths with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded + in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of + spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to + humanity, of liberty, justice and love.</p> + + <p>This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or + does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is + not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism corrupted + by Brahmic theocracy—as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by + papistic theology and sectarian piety—has come to us as a morbid + asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures + and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is + probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and unreceptive + habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas. A + system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God, + Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through + countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of apparently + infinite wisdom—a condition beyond phenomenal existence + and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana nor + admits immortal existence as we understand existence—i.e., in a perpetually + objective form of some sort. It is better in some respects, + though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we are + taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their + fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections, + and they are not more “gods†than other men, save in their greater + experience.</p> + + <p>Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to Christianity—an + acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of priestly + ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the letter; an application + of principles and ideas to real life and claiming not only to + have new light but to be ever progressive. It is highly and intensely + spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous powers over natural + forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave the earth untouched + and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance movement in the + East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in Buddhism is + but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It claims that + intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal association + of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land or clime. + Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we are told, + without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass the mysteries + <a class="pagenum" id="page14" title="14"> </a>of the occult science, which claims only to be like other science, + the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over subtle forces of + nature which physical scientists fail to recognize. Its ethics are the + highest conceivable, and the individual existence of the soul apart + from the body a matter of commonest demonstration among the + adepts.</p> + + <p>Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand + it, that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It + is theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American + thought in the psychological direction. Confined though it is at + present chiefly to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted + that this is the limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to + human needs. It is spending in this country with amazing rapidity, + and though yet a child is certain to bring about a great change in + the ideas of many regarding mind, its power over and priority to + matter. So far as its students devote their attention to other than + such comprehension of its postulates as is necessary to become + healers, they are Buddhistic in thought and expression, and some + even accept a modified theory of metempsychosis known as reincarnation. + Still they reject the philosophy of Spiritualism respecting + spirit life, and appear to be all at sea as regards the immediate future + of the individual. In their utterances on this they are more + Buddhist than Christian, as in other respects. They doubt or deny + individual existence of the soul. The Spiritualist believes that his + soul will have for all time a body of some sort, spiritual or physical, + and his spirit-world and life are filled with very human occupations, + thoughts and desires, carried on amid familiar scenery in a very + substantial and earth-like manner. He believes in progress + eternal, and the possibility of final mergement of his individual self + into the All-Self is so remote as to give him no concern. But the + mental scientist, as near as we can express his notion, rejects the + idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his personality as purely + mortal and his soul one with indivisible God, now and forever. + Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit or astral body he + does not understand as ever existing to preserve individuality after + physical dissolution—in this differing as much from the theosophist + as from the Spiritualist.</p> + + <p>When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians, + and liberal thinkers, generally, unite—as they easily may, for they + have now no irreconcilable disagreement—they will form a powerful + body of thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion + will be a better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity + than Christ revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg + or Davis heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day + and its new light and promise, for the old theologies are wearisome + emptiness and humbug, and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient + in their testimony. We do not expect that a new church + will arise and a new sectarianism follow. But a new conception of + life, its origin, purpose and destiny may come to lift the people of + America out of the old religious rut. And in consequence the old + <a class="pagenum" id="page15" title="15"> </a>depressing question, “Is life worth living?†answered once by + Buddha’s No, may be answered anew by Humanity’s Yes.</p> + + <hr class="short" /> + + <p>The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive + and restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United + States generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number + of their members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in + liberality. The new religion and philosophy of the future will be + luminous, scientific and philanthropic—not a conglomeration of + vague speculations. True, reverential religion is not a dreamy or + speculative impulse, but an earnest love of mankind and of duty, + which does not waste itself in unprofitable speculations, but eagerly + pursues the positive knowledge of this life and the next, which gives + practical wisdom and diffuses happiness. All systems of religion + talk about love and recommend it, but their followers seldom realize + it in their lives. The religion of the future will <em>realize</em> it. Apropos + to this subject, Col. Van Horn, of the <cite>Kansas City Journal</cite>, says:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the + United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of Buddhism + sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the philosophy + of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general reader, + but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts and are making + them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making more from us + than we are from them. And they are from the very best and + brightest intellects among us—not the illiterate, but the most cultured + of the educated classes. It will not do to suppress this fact in the + discussion—for this is an age when facts must be looked in the face.â€</p> + </blockquote> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art4" class="article"> + <h2 class="title">Just Criticism.</h2> + + <p>The intellectual editor of the <cite>Kansas City Journal</cite> has made some + very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of fashionable + Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a thing + as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example in Paris, + by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which illustrates how + great men in special departments walk blindfold over things that afford + no mystery to common minds. We allude to certain experiments in + hypnotism—the professional name for mesmerism. The medical profession + for more than half a century sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer, + until now compelled to recognize them, they have not the manliness to + acknowledge the fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature + to conceal their change of front. To make a long story short these + gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day, enjoined + him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the next day, and + despite every effort of will on the part of the subject, the crimes have + been attempted, and the victim only saved from himself by the interposition + of the operator, who was present to remove the influence—or + through the understanding of the party against whom the offence + was to be committed, in the form of the robbery actually carried out.</p> + + <p><a class="pagenum" id="page16" title="16"> </a>“But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce + it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related agitations + for the solution of the mystery.â€</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="aside">[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not chargeable + to <em>Science</em>, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The ablest + thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of the soul, + and the new anthropology traces these powers to their localities in the + brain.—<em class="name">Ed. of Journal</em>.]</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>“How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was + called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the inspiration + of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at another called + after one of its more modern discoverers,—mesmerism—now + hypnotism—which is only another name for magnetic sleep—if anybody + knows what that is—or for somnambulism. Common sense tells + common people that it is only an abnormal manifestation of the + power that gives one person control over another, or enables one + person to influence another. The simple every-day habit of exacting + a promise from your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to + make a like promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance + with the conditions of mortality—death being the complete process. + So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of the + common power which we call personal influence. That is all. But + that is not mysterious enough for learned people—it is not scientific + enough—as everybody can understand it.</p> + + <p>“Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the estimation + of the teacher—it suggests that what we call the human + mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the every-day + machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less within the grasp of + the common mind. There is a higher plane of knowledge than that + of mere physical science, and if the theologian mistook its teaching, + it is no reason why the pursuit of that knowledge on this higher plane + should be ignored. Hence it is that this discovery by Charcot and + others, to which we allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because + the methods of science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the + admission of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena.</p> + + <p>“And just here, it may as well be said first as last,—that the profession + to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school of + applied science, will ever read the lesson of these experiments, nor + will any of the so-called regular schools of learning. The riddle will + be read by some thinker outside, and when the bread-and-butter + purveyors of theology, science and the schools have become indoctrinated, + and prefer to pay their money for the new instead of the old—then + these self-constituted teachers of humanity will all know that + the cow was to eat the grindstone—and teach the fact. We simply + state a fact, known to history, that the progress of the world is due + to the inventor and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single + thing, from the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has + been from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had + to fight its way against the teaching class, from time immemorial. + <a class="pagenum" id="page17" title="17"> </a>The circulation of the blood, which every pig-sticker knew since + knives were invented, had to be forced upon medical science by a + quack. And now, although the phenomena we refer to have been + before the teaching class since history records anything, and although + Mesmer taught it experimentally eighty years ago, science has now + only got so far as to admit the existence of the phenomena.</p> + + <p>“Why have not the professions given these things more attention, + and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a century + practically denied their existence? That question is a legitimate + one. And at the risk of being charged with unfriendliness, it + must be said that it was either from an inability to think or from a + narrow creedism that will not accept a truth from outside discovery. + The effect of this, and what constitutes a crime in the teaching class, + is, that it has for all these long years shut out this now accepted + knowledge from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching + class as authority,—and to use a business form of speech,—pay + them for finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the + world and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to + begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off—a long, dark, weary denial + of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This is a + serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the scientific world + to be but the simple truth.</p> + + <p>“And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more + than eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down + the wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time + have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying its + remarkable phenomena.â€</p> + </blockquote> + + <p class="aside">[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the old-fashioned + and so-called regular medical and clerical professions, all of + whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the + colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against science + and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of man in + any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and the + presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the highest + forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the College of + Therapeutics in Boston.—<em class="name">Ed. of Journal</em>.]</p> + + <p>And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul, + that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human + body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by + which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of + which we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming + mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that + chemistry cannot deal with because analysis is not the method. + Molecules, to use a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules + don’t think, and this thing we are considering does think. Molecules + are amenable to chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is + not and cannot be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at + twelve o’clock the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest + a theft, they may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of + changes before the hour of meridian arrives to-morrow—and not at + <a class="pagenum" id="page18" title="18"> </a>all likely at that exact moment to be in the stealing combination + again. Or, if so, it is not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article + it was combined on the day previous. Yet this infinite series + of impossibilities must be possible to have the experiments we refer to + come true—on the theory of molecular action. This is one of those + absurdities that men call the marvellous discoveries of science. + <em>No crank in Christendom ever conceived anything so utterly absurd.</em></p> + + <p>Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power + is from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular + activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to execute + its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous, because this + intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount, and controlling + as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena of + what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent—or in + other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been + the agent of conception and growth—or antecedent. And if it had + the antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes + consequent—or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor + force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art5" class="article"> + <h2 class="title">Progress of Discovery and Improvement.</h2> + + <div id="misc7" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Wonderful Inventions</strong>.—Prof. Elisha Gray’s new discovery + is called <em>autotelegraphy</em>, and it is claimed that it will be possible with + its use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile + of the writing reproduced by telegraph 300 miles away, and + probably a much greater distance.—<cite>Phil. Press.</cite></p> + + <p>A Washington special in the New York <cite>News</cite> says: The company + owning the <em>type-setting machine</em> has arranged to put up fifty of these + machines for the transaction of business. They will be put up at + once in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, + Chicago and other leading cities. The company claims that the + machine is now perfect, and that each machine will perform as much + work in setting type as ten average compositors.</p> + </div> + <div id="misc8" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Edison’s Phonograph.</strong>—New York, October 21. Edison gives + additional particulars concerning his perfected phonograph. He finished + his first phonograph about ten years ago. “That,†he says, + “was more or less a toy. The germ of something wonderful was + perfectly distinct, but I tried the impossible with it, and when the + electric light business assumed commercial importance, I threw + everything overboard for that. Nevertheless, the phonograph has + been more or less constantly in mind ever since. When resting from + prolonged work upon light, my brain was found to revert almost automatically + to the old idea. Since the light has been finished, I + have taken up the phonograph, and after eight months of steady + work have made it a commercial invention. My phonograph I expect + to see in every business office. The first 500 will, I hope, be + ready for distribution about the end of January. Their operation is + simplicity itself, and cannot fail. The merchant or clerk who wishes + <a class="pagenum" id="page19" title="19"> </a>to send a letter has only to set the machine in motion, and to talk in + his natural voice, and at the usual rate of speed, into a receiver. + When he has finished the sheet, or ‘Phonogram,’ as I call it, it is + ready for putting into a little box made on purpose for mails. We + are making sheets in three sizes—one for letters of from 800 to 1,000 + words, another size for 2,000 words, and another size for 4,000 words.</p> + + <p>“I expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office authorities + enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a + letter. The receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus + and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than + the best telephone message ever sent. The tones of the voice in the + two phonographs which I have finished are so perfectly rendered + that one can distinguish between twenty different persons, each one + of whom has said a few words. One tremendous advantage is that + the letter may be repeated a thousand times. The phonogram does + not wear out by use. Moreover, it may be filed away for a hundred + years and be ready for the instant it is needed. If a man dictates his + will to a phonograph, there will be no disputing the authenticity of + the document with those who knew the tones of his voice in life. + The cost of making the phonograph will be scarcely more than the + cost of ordinary letter paper. The machine will read out a letter or + message at the same speed with which it was dictated.â€</p> + + <p>Edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers + to set type directly from the dictation of the phonograph. He + claims great precision in repeating orchestral performances, so + that the characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished.</p> + </div> + <div id="misc9" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><em>Type-setting Eclipsed</em>.—A new machine has been invented at Minneapolis + which supersedes type-setting. By this machine, which is + no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan, a + plate or matrix is produced, which is easily stereotyped, thus attaining + the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a form of + type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then distributed. + The speed of the new machine will be from five to ten times + as great as that of type-setting, and if successful it will enable an + author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than he can + write it with the pen. When all ambitious would-be authors are let + loose upon the world in this manner, what a flood of superfluous literature + we shall have and what will become of the superfluous + printers?</p> + </div> + <div id="misc10" class="miscellany_item"> + <p>â€<em>Printing in Colors</em> has taken a potent move forward. By the new + process a thousand shades can be printed at once. Instead of using + engraved rollers or stones, as in the case of colored advertisements, + the designs or pictures are ‘built up’ in a case of solid colors specially + prepared, somewhat after the style of mosaic work. A portion is + then cut or sliced off, about an inch in thickness, and this is wrapped + round a cylinder, and the composition has only to be kept moist, and + any number of impressions can be printed. This will cause an extraordinary + revolution in art work, also in manufactures.â€</p> + </div> + <div id="misc11" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><a class="pagenum" id="page20" title="20"> </a>Mr. Edwin F. Field, of Lewiston, Me., has invented a substantial + <em>steam wagon</em> for common roads. There is no reason why such + wagons should not come into use. When first proposed in England + they were put down by jealousy and opposition, but I have always + contended that the steam engine should have superseded the horse + fifty years ago.</p> + </div> + <div id="misc12" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Fruit Preserving.</strong>—About Christmas time in 1885 people in + San Francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches, pears, and + grapes, with all their natural bloom, and looking plump and juicy, on + exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on Kearny and + Sutter streets. These fruits attracted great attention, and remained + on exhibition several weeks, showing the preservative agent employed, + whatever it might be, was singularly powerful in resisting + the natural decay. When tasted or smelled of, the fruit showed no + peculiarity that could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious + process.</p> + + <p>It appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical + success on a large scale. The Allegretti Green Fruit Treatment + and Storage System Company, with the main storehouse at West + Berkeley, announce that they are now ready to store and treat all + kinds of green articles, by the week or month, and for shipment + East. I. Allegretti, the inventor of this system, stated that he had + been experimenting with various processes for preserving green fruit + for twenty-six years, and had succeeded in discovering this system, + whose success has been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this + State.</p> + + <p>The building in use at present is a frame structure, capable of + storing some fifty tons of fruit. The inner lining of the walls is + galvanized iron. There is no machinery used, and the only thing + visible is a large tank, supposed to contain the chemical preparation. + The arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of 35 + degrees.—<cite>Oakland Enquirer</cite>.</p> + </div> + <div id="misc13" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Napoleon’s Manuscript</strong>.—“A manuscript by Napoleon I. has + been sold in Paris for five thousand five hundred francs. It was + written by Napoleon at Ajaccio in 1790, and the language and + orthography are said to be those of an uneducated person. In this + manuscript he speaks with enthusiasm of Robespierre.â€</p> + </div> + <div id="misc14" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Peace</strong>.—Long and impatiently have I waited for the dawning of + true civilization and practical religion. It is coming now in the form + of an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration. The + British deputation which has visited this country to urge the + necessity of a treaty for arbitration, was entertained, Nov. 10th, just + before their return, by the Commercial Club at the Vendome Hotel, + in Boston, and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished + gentlemen present, including Gov. Ames, and Mayor O’Brien. + The deputation consisted of W. R. Cremer, M.P., the most persistent + advocate of arbitration, Sir George Campbell, M.P., Andrew + Provard, M.P., Halley Stewart, M.P., Benj. Pickard and John + Wilson, who represent the workingmen of Great Britain. William + <a class="pagenum" id="page21" title="21"> </a>Whitman of the Club, who presided at the entertainment, remarked, + “It is an inspiring fact, as well as indisputable evidence of social + growth, that this appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has + come, not so much from kings, from rulers, or from statesmen, as + from workingmen…. It would create an epoch in human + history second only in influence to the birth of Christ, and be such a + practical exemplification of religion as would awake the conscience + and touch the heart of all peoples.â€</p> + </div> + + <div id="misc15" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Capital Punishment</strong> is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet + outgrown. It tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments, and, at the + same time, to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals. The execution + of the Chicago Anarchists, as they are called, has had these effects. + They were not properly Anarchists in any philosophic sense, but rather + revolutionists, bent on destroying government and the republican rule + of the majority by dynamite and assassination. Their death gives + satisfaction to the vast majority of the people, but their incendiary + language has done incalculable mischief, and greatly interfered with + all rational and practicable measures of reform, as carried on by the + Knights of Labor, co-operative banks and building societies, + co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both + sexes. Just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war, + this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that + has no definite purpose, but the indulgence of the angry passions + which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty.</p> + </div> + + <div id="misc16" class="miscellany_item"> + <p><strong class="headline">Antarctic Exploration.</strong>—The Australian colony of Victoria + has appropriated $50,000 for two ships to make a voyage of scientific + exploration in the Antarctic circle.</p> + </div> + <div id="misc17" class="miscellany_item"> + <p>“<strong class="headline">The Desert shall Blossom as the Rose.</strong>“—“The ‘Great + American Desert’ was long ago found out to be a myth; and now + some of the remotest corners which were once supposed to be + included in it are proving to offer the largest promises of value for + agricultural and grazing purposes. In New Mexico, for example, it + has long been thought that certain immense areas must always be + comparatively useless because of their natural aridity. But engineers + have just completed plans for tapping the Rio Grande with + a canal and thus bringing under irrigation a tract some ten miles + wide and a hundred and fifty long, containing nearly a million acres. + The addition of so vast an area to the arable land of the Territory + means, of course, a large increase in the productive resources of that + section. Other canals may possibly do as much. The work of + sinking artesian wells is also going on there extensively, while the + project of constructing great storage reservoirs, in which the rainfall + of the wet season may be collected and from thence gradually + distributed through the dry season, is already in serious contemplation + by private enterprise. Modern scientific irrigation has already accomplished + wonders for the agriculture of Utah; it seems likely to + do even more for New Mexico.â€</p> + </div> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art6" class="article"> + <h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page22" title="22"> </a>Life and Death.</h2> + + <p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">122 years</strong>.—The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye, + named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached + in the same parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name, + written in the old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a + copperplate.</p> + + <p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">154 years</strong>.—The Cincinnati <cite>Evening Telegram</cite> recently published + a special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached + here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of + Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of considerable + possessions. This man’s age at the time of death was indisputably + 154 years. At Valdonado’s funeral the pall-bearers were + his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They + were white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all + their faculties.</p> + + <p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Americus</strong>, Ga., Sept. 25.—Edmond Montgomery died on Nick + Jordan’s place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He + was an African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia + from Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large + family in Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25 + children in Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren + are unknown and unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight + and health, and never took a dose of medicine in his life.</p> + + <p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Thirty-three Children.</strong>—A West Virginian named Brown + recently visited Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim. + Inquiry showed that his mother had borne thirty-three children in + all. Twenty of this number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in + the Union army. Two were killed. The others survived. The + death of the two boys entitles the mother to a pension. General + Black says the files of the office fail to show another record where + the sixteen sons of one father and mother served as soldiers in the + late war.</p> + + <p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Effect of Poverty</strong>.—“M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian + physician, found that in France the death rate of persons between + the ages of forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was + only 8.3 per one thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of + similar age died at the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half + times as many of the poor as the rich died in France at these ages + out of a given number living.â€</p> + + <p class="subsection"><strong class="headline">Jenny Lind Goldschmidt</strong>, the famous Swedish singer, died at + London Nov. 1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents + and made her first appearance on the stage at nine years of age.</p> + + <p class="subsection">“<strong class="headline">Mrs. Rachel Stillwagon</strong>, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest + woman on Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday, + surrounded by descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters + of a century ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon’s beauty extended + as far south as Baltimore.â€</p> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="art7" class="article"> + <h2 class="title"><a class="pagenum" id="page23" title="23"> </a>Chap. X.—The Law of Location in Organology.</h2> + + <p class="chapter_outline">The primal laws applied to the brain—The four directions—The elements + of good and evil—The horizontal line of division—Frontal + and occipital organs and vertical dividing line—Preponderance + of the front in certain heads—Gall, Spurzheim, and Powell—Contrast + of frontal and occipital—Latitude, longitude, and + antagonism—Location of Health and Disease, of Benevolence, + Conscientiousness, Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and + Relaxation or Indolence, Patience and Irritability—Duality of + the brain and its important consequences—Errors of old + system—Self-respect and Humility—Modesty and Ostentation—Combativeness + and Harmony—Love and Hate—Adhesiveness and + Intellect, median and lateral—Religion and Profligacy—Laws + of arrangement and Pathognomy—Physiological influences of + basilar and coronal regions—Insanity—beneficial influence of + coronal region.</p> + + <p>To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement + of facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who + are capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology, + arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A + chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic + basis and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of + a philosophic mind retains principles rather than details.</p> + + <p>After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since + fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in accordance + with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain + is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of + life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material + worlds,—all interaction between mind and matter. These primal + laws are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain + removes all the perplexing complexity of organology.</p> + + <p>Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The + upper legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is + above,—to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope, firmness, + and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions point downwards, + and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the heart + and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements, passions, + and appetites.</p> + + <p>The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior + region, and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the + basilar region, while organs half-way between them are neutral + between these opposite tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse + has a location in the brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual + or material tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to + virtue or vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,—the + more capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher + position given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule + the inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal, + <a class="pagenum" id="page24" title="24"> </a>and the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed + by terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination + are useful and absolutely necessary.</p> + + <p>In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as Conscientiousness + must be near the very summit, and that propensities + to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities + exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which + would ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is + full of human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile + age of its growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease + and crime. The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of + resisting either temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions + destroyed by the black death, in the fourteenth century, and the + countless millions destroyed by war in all centuries, including the + present, show how little we have advanced beyond the spirit of + savage life. The ferocity of nations is as much the product of their + cerebral organization, as the ferocity of the tiger, and springs from + the same region of the brain,—lying on the ridge of the temporal + bone,—a region that delights in fierce destruction, and is large in + all the carnivora. It would be contrary to the spirit of science to + ignore the fact that man has an element of ferocity similar to that of + the tiger, because in the fully developed man that fierce element is + overruled by the higher powers and confined to the destruction of + that which does not suffer. The unwillingness to recognize anything + evil comes not from the spirit of science, but from the <em>a priori</em> + assumptions of sentimental theology, which presumes that it thoroughly + comprehends the Deity (who is beyond all human comprehension), + and, out of its imaginative ignorance, fabricates <em>a priori</em> + philosophies and doctrines that everything in man is good, or that + everything in man is evil. Anthropology has not thus been evolved + from <em>a priori</em> speculation, but presents its systematic doctrines as + generalizations of the facts and experiments which have been carefully + acquired and studied through the last half-century. The facts + and experiments are too numerous to be recorded and published + now, and had no channel for publication when they occurred.</p> + + <p>Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil, + in proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper + half operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling + influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine + superiority.</p> + + <p>The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of + the forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical + line from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves.</p> + + <p>The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active + faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the backward + forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is + the source of the forward movements by which our progress is + checked. The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible + action—the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and + feeble tranquillity and sensibility—the condition of a helpless victim. + <a class="pagenum" id="page25" title="25"> </a>The concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and + the necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great + that nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital + bone, at the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond + very nearly with the opening of the ear.</p> + + <p>The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with + its center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely + has nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical + proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the + head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the + active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather + than active or ambitious life.<a href="#footnote_1" id="fnm1" title="The head of Dr. Gall..." class="fnmarker">1</a> In nations or races of ambitious + character, the head is long, or <em>Dolico-cephalic</em>, and the occipital + measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful, unambitious + character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of + the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal.</p> + + <p>From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs + to the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is + associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the + vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates + vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in + its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force—the greatest + tendency to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region. + Both the front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe + tend to the expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and + it is absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe + should be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which + it would exhaust vitality.</p> + + <p>We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward + in proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty, + and farther forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality—the + extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence.</p> + + <p>With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality + and the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to + require my pupils to determine the location of the various elements + of human nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions + are located near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic + functions occupy opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion + as one is above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in + proportion as one is forward the other is backward,—in proportion + <a class="pagenum" id="page26" title="26"> </a>as one is interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or + toward the lateral surface.</p> + + <p>With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where + should we locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of + healthy influence, and is therefore called Health? They will readily + decide that it belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the + most posterior, as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then + as to its latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably + above the middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after + comparing locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds + to the spot marked by the letters He.</p> + + <div class="image"> + <a href="images/illo1.png"><img src="images/illo1-th.png" width="487" height="598" alt="Sketch of a side view of a head. There are lines radiating from a point just above the ear." /></a> + </div> + + <p>We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give + us the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and the + greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to the + <a class="pagenum" id="page27" title="27"> </a>last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position anterior + and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the + middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to disease, + it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we recollect + that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal action of + Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute interior sensibility + by means of which we understand our physical condition and + are warned of every departure from health.</p> + + <p>The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by + the letters Di.</p> + + <p>We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz., + that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located + nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it + must be located nearer to Disease.</p> + + <p>Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will + and Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that + Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue + of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which + makes us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much + farther back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There + is no difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters + Be. and Con.</p> + + <p>If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and + dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously + located below and behind the centre, where it is represented + by the letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading manifestation + of the selfish faculty.</p> + + <p>As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our impulses + and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the performance + of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual, violent and + selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of duty. The one + being vertically above the centre of the brain, the other must be vertically + below it; one being on the upper the other must be on the + basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the middle lobe, + which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the cavity of + the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe, where it + rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the external marking + would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus auditorius. + For this organ and faculty, the name which would express its unrestrained + action is Baseness, as it would lead to the commission of + many crimes and the violation of all honesty and justice. For its + moderate and restrained activity, the term Selfishness would be sufficient + as it induces us to heed our selfish appetites, interests, and passions, + in opposition to the voice of duty. Its more normal activity is + to invigorate our animal life generally and prevent us from going too + far in the line of duty, patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let + it be marked Ba. Its position will be recognized on the vertical line + between the frontal and occipital, as it is not an element of energy + and success, nor of debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism, + which is not destitute of force.</p> + + <p><a class="pagenum" id="page28" title="28"> </a>There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring + energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former + we must give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all + the virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness + as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to + health and therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness + it is not far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location. + Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist + Relaxation, the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness, + where we locate the letters Re.</p> + + <p>The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability + are easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high + position. From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the + occiput, and from its steady, unyielding and supporting strength, + it cannot be assigned to the frontal region. It must, therefore, + be in the middle superior region, where the letters Pa. locate it. + Irritability must be on the median line of the basilar range (and + antagonizes Patience on the middle line above), but not as low + as Baseness, for one may be honorable though irritable and high-tempered, + but such temper is not compatible with very strict conscientiousness.</p> + + <p>In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a + single but a double apparatus—a right and a left brain, each + complete in all the organs; consequently, we are in this instance + locating our organs in the left hemisphere alone, in which the + median line where it meets the other hemisphere is on its right + side, and the exterior surface is on its left. An organ located at the + median line, or inner surface, as Patience, must have its antagonist + at the external or lateral surface, as Irritability.</p> + + <p>The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the + median line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface. + The left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently, + the right side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are + identical in function. How then does the right side of one compare + with the right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr. + Gall and his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen + into very great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was + mistaken in the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter + shown, having spoken of it as if we had a single brain, + and also mistaken in many of the organs concerning which a + knowledge of the relations of the two hemispheres to each other + would have corrected the errors. There is a striking analogy, or + coincidence of function between the two right sides and between + the two left sides never suspected prior to my investigations and + experiments.</p> + + <p>Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which + has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability. + Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily + perceive that it must be in the upper region, but considerably + behind the vertical line, where we place the letters S.R.</p> + + <p><a class="pagenum" id="page29" title="29"> </a>The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the + right or the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface. + The law governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation + are at the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual + character are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect, + or Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and + is, therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist + must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface, + as far below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as + far forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility + where the letters Hu. are located.</p> + + <p>The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained + in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable, + for Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies + for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite, + and is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society. + This organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance + in front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command.</p> + + <p>If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the + ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near + the horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the + propriety of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its + antagonism in Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That + species of modesty which produces a bashful and yielding character + will be found just below the horizontal line, while that form of + modest sentiment which produces the highest refinement rises into + connection with love at the upper surface. The organ thus runs + obliquely upward, corresponding to the position of the convolutions. + The antagonist, Ostentation, extends above and below the letters + Ost. on the occiput.</p> + + <p>If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we + would naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the + lowest. We find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its + antagonist, which shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently + be in the superior anterior region, and near the intellectual organs + which it resembles in function by facilitating a mutual understanding, + and giving a spirit of concession. The location is marked Har. + for Harmony. It embraces a group of organs of harmonious + tendency, such as Friendship, Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability + and Admiration, as the Combative group is hostile, stubborn, + morose and censorious.</p> + + <p>For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain + as the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment + than Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the + letters Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a + little behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic + faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result + in Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do.</p> + + <p>Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme + front of the brain—the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its + <a class="pagenum" id="page30" title="30"> </a>general character will be represented by its middle—the region of + Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate + to physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily + occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the + higher species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the + summit of the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms + of intellect, marked Understanding, are above—physical conceptions + below—Memory, which retains both, lying between them.</p> + + <p>The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median + line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative + power, such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning, + belongs to the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according + to the principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of + the antagonism to the intellect.</p> + + <p>Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and + its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the + higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is + a stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness.</p> + + <p>Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind Irritability, + (as Religion is before Patience,) but before Acquisitiveness. + The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a lawless defiance of + everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive self-will and selfishness, resulting + in lawless profligacy. Profligacy would, therefore, be the + name for its predominance (Pr.), while executive independence and + energy for selfish purposes would be its more normal manifestation.</p> + + <p>Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations + of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania + with character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments + upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with + general laws which are easily understood. The perfection of divine + wisdom is made fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of + the psychic phenomena of man.</p> + + <p style="text-align:center;">“<span class="small_all_caps">A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN</span>,â€</p> + + <p>subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly + intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science + of <strong class="emphasis">Pathognomy</strong>, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of + the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are demonstrably + subject to mathematical laws.</p> + + <p>I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the + localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but + would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological functions + of the brain.</p> + + <p>Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence + upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and + muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and + muscular power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body, + are opposite to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature, + it follows that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for + sensual pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in + <a class="pagenum" id="page31" title="31"> </a>many respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence + mankind are imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality + and violence.</p> + + <p>While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior + part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more anteriorly, + affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular vigor, and the + tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the vertical line separates + the indolent from the energetic basilar functions, and all the enfeebling, + sensitive, morbid faculties that impair our energies are in the anterior + basilar region.</p> + + <p>The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life, + and sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion + of waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences, + it renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we + are strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to + bodily disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of + Disease and Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous + system, belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which + we reach through the junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.). + It is more interior, but not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism + is above on the temporal arch, between the lateral and + upper surfaces of the brain, marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental + firmness which resists disturbing influences.</p> + + + + <p>The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite + influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing + the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and + attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper region. + By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and by restraining + the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to health + and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it not + only has this happy effect, but + by sustaining the occipital + half of the brain, gives a normal + and healthy energy to all + the powers of life. Such is + the influence of the group of + organs in which Health is + the centre.</p> + + <p>It is obvious, therefore, + that the study of the brain + reveals laws which give us the + strongest inducement to an + honorable life as the only road + to success and happiness.</p> + + <div class="illo_left"> + <a href="images/illo2.png"><img src="images/illo2-th.png" width="302" height="370" alt="Side view of a head. There are 2-letter abbreviations all over it." /></a> + </div> + + <p>To show the facility with + which organs may be located + upon general principles, I + present herewith the locations + actually made by a + small class of pupils when I + <a class="pagenum" id="page32" title="32"> </a>first proposed to have them determine locations according to the general + laws of organology. None of these locations would be called erroneous, + the most incorrect of all being Adhesiveness, located a little + too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac. Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy, + Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love, Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod. + Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con. Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness, + Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For. Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness, + Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea. Health, Dis. Disease, Ad. + Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar. Arrogance, Rev. Reverence, + Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness.</p> + + <p>The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature + of cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions + of the organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and + psychic powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes + a good psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent + mind a corresponding influence on the physiological constitution, + but in the present state of mental science the conception of + such a correspondence is very vague.</p> + + <p>Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented + by the words already coined in the English language for + other purposes, and I do not think it expedient at present to coin + new terms which would embarrass the student. The word Sanity, + for example, answers its purpose by signifying a mental condition + so firm and substantial as to defy the depressing and disturbing + influences that derange the mind. It produces not the mere negative + state, or absence of insanity, but a positive firmness, and self-control, + which is the interior expression of firmness. The cheerful, stable, + manly, and well-regulated character which it produces, disciplines + alike the intellect and the emotions, and shows itself in children by + an early maturity of character and deportment, and freedom from + childish folly and passion.</p> + + <p>If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the + Greek word <strong class="emphasis">Sophrosyne</strong> would be a very good one, as it signifies a + self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb <strong class="emphasis">Andriso</strong>, signifying + to render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a + manly effort of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the + adjective form, <strong class="emphasis">Andrikos</strong>, and still more in the noun <strong class="emphasis">Andria</strong>, + which signifies manhood or manly sentiments and conduct. It + would not, however, be preferable to the English word, <strong class="emphasis">Manliness</strong>, + which is as appropriate a term as Sanity or <strong class="emphasis">Andria</strong>.</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="footnotes"> + <h2>Footnotes</h2> + <ol> + <li id="footnote_1"> + <p>The head of Dr. Gall shows the same frontal preponderance, which led him to the pursuits of + intellect instead of ambition, but also shows an immense force of character derived from its extreme + breadth and basilar depth. The head of Spurzheim, whose skull I have often examined, shows even + a greater preponderance of the front, and a predominance of the coronal over the basilar region, producing + his marked amiability, with sufficient basilar breadth to give him physical force.</p> + + <p>Each had a large brain. In Dr. Wm. Byrd Powell, who had a long head, and who was a man of + restless ambition and fiery energy, the occipital predominated over the frontal development decidedly, + producing, although the frontal development was not large, much activity and force, or brilliancy of + mind, but not the calm temperament most favorable to philosophy. His opinions were more bold + and striking than accurate. Dr. P. made a valuable collection of crania, and was almost the only + American scientist who gave much attention to the <em>cultivation</em> of phrenology. + + <a href="#fnm1" title="Return to marker 1" class="returnFN">Return</a></p> + </li> + </ol> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div id="business"> + <h2><a class="pagenum" id="page33" title="33"> </a>TO YOU PERSONALLY.</h2> + + <p>The <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite> acknowledges with pleasure your co-operation + during the past year, its trial trip. 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They perceive that it is the organ of the most + important and comprehensive movement of intellectual progress ever + undertaken by man, and they desire to see its mission fulfilled and the + benefit realized by the world, in a redeeming and uplifting education, + a reliable system of therapeutics, a scientific and beneficent + religion, a satisfactory spiritual science, and the uplifting of all + sciences by Psychometry. But it is important to know in advance + that all the <cite class="name">Journal’s</cite> present readers desire to go on in an enlarged + and improved issue. You are, therefore, requested to signify + by postal card your intentions and wishes as to the enlarged + <cite class="name">Journal</cite>. Will your support be continued or withdrawn for the + next volume, and can you do anything to extend its circulation? + An immediate reply will oblige the editor.</p> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <h3>RESPONSES OF OUR READERS.</h3> + + <p>The generous appreciation of the <cite class="name">Journal of + Man</cite> by the liberal press was shown in the May + number, as well as the enthusiastic appreciation + of its readers. The proposition for its enlargement + has called forth a kind and warm response from + its readers, from which the few quotations following + will show how well the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> has realized + their hopes and desires. + “I will try to get one or two more subscribers + to what I regard as the best journal I have ever + known, going as it does to the root of the most + vital and most important interests of man, and + dealing with great principles so vigorously and + fairly.â€â€”G. H. C. (a Southern author). “The + intensely interesting subjects treated in the + <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite> demand more space.â€â€”H. F. J. + “The <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite> is certainly the most + valuable truth-giver I ever saw.â€â€”J. T. J. “It + is the only journal of the kind, and the most + needed of any kind.â€â€”O. K. K. “I will sustain + the Journal of Man as long as I have a dollar.â€â€”P. C. M. + “I do not see how I could get along + without it.â€â€”G. B. N. “Enlarge the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> + five-fold.â€â€”G. B. R. “I shall want it as long as + I remain in this life.â€â€”Mrs. M. J. R. “Among + progressive minds and deep thinkers, it is considered + solid gold.â€â€”W. E. S. “Count on me + as a life subscriber.â€â€”N. J. S. “I hope you will + keep your pen moving, as the world has need of + your thoughts.â€â€”S. C. W. “I wish you could + make it a four-dollar publication.â€â€”A. W. “I + think it the most advanced publication extant.â€â€”H. + W. W. “The rectification of cerebral science + is to me a demonstration.â€â€”L. W. H. “It + accords with my views of man, and leads by going + beyond me.â€â€”J. W. I. “The most scientific publication + that I have ever read, and far in advance of + all others.â€â€”S. J. W. “The <cite class="name">Journal of Man</cite> + is just what I want.â€â€”C. L. A. “To say I like + the <cite class="name">Journal</cite>, and am much interested in it, is a + meagre way of expressing myself.â€â€”H. F. B. “I + hope you will be able to extend it broadcast over + the land.â€â€”Dr. W. W. B. “It has filled a long-felt + want in my mind.â€â€”E. C. B., M. D. “I wish + that every editor in the world was actuated by the + same spirit that seems to actuate you. As long as + I can see to read, I shall endeavor to make it my + companion.â€â€”W. B. “More than pleased.â€â€”A. + E. C. “I know of nothing printed that equals + it.â€â€”J. E. P. C. “I regard the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> as + important to mankind the world over.â€â€”E. E. C. + “I am in receipt of several medical journals and + several newspapers; I think your <cite class="name">Journal of + Man</cite> contains more common sense than all the + others.â€â€”S. F. D., M.D. “I bid you God speed + in your dissemination of truth.â€â€”Rev. D. D. + “The more it is enlarged the better I am + pleased.â€â€”A. F., M.D. “I perceive fully its important + mission.â€â€”M. F. “I admire your thought and + expression.â€â€”L. G. “I will take the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> + under all circumstances, and at any price.â€â€”L. + I. G. “I admired the manner in which you + bombarded military unchristianity.â€â€”A. J. H.</p> + </div> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <h3>PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL.</h3> + + <p>It is not yet decided that the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> shall be + enlarged. The flattering responses already received + are not sufficient in number to justify enlargement. + Unless the remainder of the readers of + the <cite class="name">Journal</cite> shall express themselves in favor of + enlargement it will not be attempted. The editor + <a class="pagenum" id="page34" title="34"> </a>is willing to toil without reward, but not to take + up a pecuniary burden in addition.</p> + </div> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <h3>PSYCHOMETRIC PRACTICE.</h3> + + <p>Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues to apply her skill + in the description of character and disease, with + general impressions as to past and future. Her + numerous correspondents express much gratification + and surprise at the correctness of her delineations. + The fee for a personal interview is $2; for + a written description $3; for a more comprehensive + review and statement of life periods, with directions + for the cultivation of Psychometry, $5.</p> + </div> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <h3>MAYO’S ANÆSTHETIC.</h3> + + <p>The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical + operations, is the greatest triumph of Therapeutic + Science in the present century. It came + first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable + only to a few, and was restricted by the jealous + hostility of the old medical profession. Then + came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, + of Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the + enlightened (?) medical profession of Boston, and + set aside for the next candidate, ether, discovered + in the United States also, but far interior to the + nitrous oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was + largely superseded by chloroform, discovered much + earlier by Liebig and others, but introduced as an + anæsthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved + to be the most powerful and dangerous of all. + Thus the whole policy of the medical profession + was to discourage the safe, and encourage the more + dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most + perfect of all anæsthetic agents, was expelled from + the realm of college authority; ether was substituted + for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to + ether, until frequent deaths gave warning.</p> + + <p>Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has + not been the favorite, but has held its ground, + especially with dentists. But even nitrous oxide is + not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep, + when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is + applicable to all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, + making it universally safe and pleasant, Dr. U. K. + Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain + harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control + the fatal tendency which belongs to all anæsthetics + when carried too far. The success of Dr. + Mayo, in perfecting our best anæsthetic, is amply + attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, + than whom, Boston had no better surgeon, pronounced + it “the safest the world has yet seen.†+ It has been administered to children and to patients + in extreme debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams, + say they have given it “repeatedly in heart disease, + severe lung diseases, Bright’s disease, etc., where + the patients were so feeble as to require assistance + in walking, many of them under medical treatment, + and the results have been all that we could + ask—no irritation, suffocation, nor depression. + We heartily commend it to all as the anæsthetic of + the age.†Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered + Mayo’s anæsthetic to his wife with delightful + results when “her lungs were so badly disorganized, + that the administration of ether or gas + would be entirely unsafe.†The reputation of this + anæsthetic is now well established; in fact, it is + not only safe and harmless, but has great medical + virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming + into use for such purposes. In a paper before + the Georgia State Dental Society, Dr. E. Parsons + testified strongly to its superiority. “The nitrous + oxide, (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully + under its influence to have very like the appearance + of a corpse,†but under this new anæsthetic + “the patient appears like one in a natural sleep.†+ The language of the press, generally has been highly + commendatory, and if Dr. Mayo had occupied so + conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of Edinburgh, + his new anæsthetic would have been adopted at + once in every college of America and Europe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <p class="ad_pstyle_1">THE OPEN COURT.</p> + + + <p class="ad_pstyle_8">PUBLISHED BY</p> + + + <p class="ad_pstyle_1">The Open Court Publishing Company,</p> + + <p class="ad_pstyle_8">Rooms 41 and 42,</p> + + <p class="ad_pstyle_3">169-175 LA SALLE STREET,<br /> + CHICAGO.</p> + + <table class="ad_table" summary="Editors" style="margin:1em auto;"> + <tr> + <td style="text-align:center;">B. F. <strong class="name">Underwood</strong>,<br /> + <em>Editor and Manager</em>.</td> + <td style="text-align:center;"><strong class="name">Sara A. Underwood</strong>,<br /> + <em>Associate Editor</em>.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>The <cite>Open Court</cite> is a high-class, radical free-thought + Journal, devoted to the work of exposing + religious superstition, and establishing religion upon + the basis of science.</p> + + <p>It is opposed to all forms of sectarianism, and + discusses all subjects of interest in the light of the + fullest knowledge and the most matured thought of + the age.</p> + + <p>It has for contributors the leading thinkers and + writers of the old and new world. Among those + who contribute to its columns are the following + writers:—</p> + <ul style="width:40%;float:left;margin-right:2em;"> + <li>Prof. Max Muller, of Oxford.</li> + <li>Richard A. Proctor.</li> + <li>Albert Revielle.</li> + <li>Edmund Montgomery, M.D.</li> + <li>Prof. E. D. Cope.</li> + <li>Col. T. W. Higginson.</li> + <li>Prof. Leslie F. Ward.</li> + <li>Prof. Henry C. Adams.</li> + <li>Jas. Parton.</li> + <li>Geo. Jacob Holyoake.</li> + <li>John Burroughs.</li> + <li>S. V. Clevenger, M.D.</li> + <li>John W. Chadwick.</li> + <li>M. J. Savage.</li> + <li>Moncure D. Conway.</li> + <li>Daniel Greenleaf Thompson.</li> + <li>Prof. Thomas Davidson.</li> + <li>Gen. J. G. R. Forlong.</li> + <li>Prof. W. D. Gunning.</li> + <li>Gen. M. M. Trumbull.</li> + </ul> + + <ul> + <li>W. M. Salter.</li> + <li>Wm. J. Potter.</li> + <li>Elizabeth Cady Stanton.</li> + <li>Frederick May Holland.</li> + <li>Anna Garlin Spencer.</li> + <li>B. W. Ball.</li> + <li>Felix L. Oswald, M.D.</li> + <li>Theodore Stanton.</li> + <li>Mrs. Celia P. Wooley.</li> + <li>E. C. Hegeler.</li> + <li>Dr. Paul Carus.</li> + <li>Lewis G. James.</li> + <li>Mrs. Hypatia B. Bonner.</li> + <li>Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr.</li> + <li>M. C. O’Byrne.</li> + <li>Samuel Kneeland, M.D.</li> + <li>Prof. Van Buren Denslow.</li> + <li>Mrs. Edna D. Cheney.</li> + <li>Wm. Clark, A.M.</li> + <li>Clara Lanza.</li> + <li>C. D. B. Mills.</li> + <li>Alfred H. Peters.</li> + </ul> + + <p style="clear:both;">Those who wish a first-class journal, devoted to + the discussion of scientific, religious, social and + economic questions, should send at once for a sample + copy of this great journal.</p> + + <p class="ad_pstyle_7">Terms, $3 per year. Single copies, 15 cents.</p> + + <p>Make all remittances payable to the order of + B. F. <span class="name">Underwood</span>, Treasurer; and address all + letters to <cite>Open Court</cite>, P. O. Drawer F., Chicago, Ills.</p> + </div> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <p class="ad_pstyle_1">“FORTY PATIENTS A DAYâ€</p> + + <p class="ad_pstyle_5">is the name of a pamphlet Helen Wilmans has + written on her <em>practical</em> experience in healing. No + one seems to have had better opportunity of demonstrating + the truth of mental science than Mrs. + Wilmans has had in her Southern home, where the + report of her skill was carried from mouth to + mouth, until patients swarmed to her from far and + near. Send 15 cents for the pamphlet. Address: + Mrs. <span class="name">Helen Wilmans</span>, Douglasville, Georgia.</p> + </div> + + <div class="ad_narrow"> + <p style="text-indent:0em;"><span style="font-size:2em;float:left;padding-right:3px;">SEND</span> description of yourself, with 15c, for complete + written prediction of your future life, + etc.—<span class="name">N. M. Geer</span>, Port Homer, Jefferson Co., Ohio.</p> + </div> +</div> + +<div id="transcriber_note"> + <p>Transcriber’s Note: The Table of Contents was copied from + the index to the volume.</p> +</div> + +<div id="the_end"> </div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, December +1887, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN *** + +***** This file should be named 27796-h.htm or 27796-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/7/9/27796/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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+1,2411 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buchanan's Journal of Man, December 1887 + Volume 1, Number 11 + +Author: Various + +Editor: J. R. Buchanan + +Release Date: January 13, 2009 [EBook #27796] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN *** + + + + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + BUCHANAN'S + JOURNAL OF MAN. + + VOL. I. DECEMBER, 1887. NO. 11. + + + + +CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. + + + The World's Neglected or Forgotten Leaders and Pioneers + Social Conditions--Expenses at Harvard; European Wages; India as a + Wheat Producer; Increase of Insanity; Temperance; Flamboyant + Animalism + Transcendental Hash + Just Criticism + Progress of discovery and Improvement--Autotelegraphy; Edison's + Phonograph; Type-setting Eclipsed; Printing in Colors; Steam + Wagon; Fruit Preserving; Napoleon's Manuscript; Peace; Capital + Punishment; Antarctic Explorations; The Desert shall Blossom as + the Rose + Life and Death--Marvellous Examples + Outlines of Anthropology (continued) Chapter X.--The Law of + Location in Organology + + + + +THE WORLD'S NEGLECTED OR FORGOTTEN LEADERS AND PIONEERS. + + +Leif Ericson, the long-forgotten Scandinavian discoverer of North +America, nearly five hundred years before Columbus, has at last +received American justice, and a statue in his honor has been erected, +which was unveiled in Boston, on Commonwealth Avenue, before a +distinguished assemblage, on the 29th of October. + +The history of the Scandinavian discovery and settlement was related +on this occasion by Prof. E. Horsford, from whose address the +following passages are extracted: + + "What is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of + authority? It is this: that somewhere to the southwest of + Greenland, at least a fortnight's sail, there were, for 300 + years after the beginning of the 11th century, Norse colonies on + the coast of America, with which colonies the home country + maintained commercial intercourse. The country to which the + merchant vessels sailed was Vinland. + + "The fact next in importance that this history establishes is, + that the first of the Northmen to set foot on the shores of + Vinland was Leif Ericson. The story is a simple one, and most + happily told by Prof. Mitchell, who for forty years was + connected with the coast survey of the United States in the + latitudes which include the region between Hatteras and Cape + Ann. Leif, says Prof. Mitchell, never passed to the south of the + peninsula of Cape Cod. He was succeeded by Thorwald, Leif's + brother. He came in Leif's ship in 1002 to Leif's headquarters + in Massachusetts Bay and passed the winter. In the spring, he + manned his ship and sailed eastward from Leif's house, and, + unluckily running against a neck of land, broke the stem of the + ship. He grounded the ship in high water at a place where the + tide receded with the ebb to a great distance, and permitted the + men to careen her in the intervals of the tide, to repair her. + When she was ready to sail again, the old stem or nose of the + ship was set up in the sand. Thorwald remained a couple of years + in the neighboring bay, examining sandy shores and islands, but + not going around the point on or near which he had set up his + ship's nose. In a battle with the Indians he was wounded and + died, and was buried in Vinland, and his crew returned to + Greenland. A few years later, Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, set + out with a fleet of three ships and 160 persons, of whom seven + were women, to go to Vinland, and in two days' sail beyond + Markland they came to the ship's nose set upon the shore, and, + keeping that upon the starboard, they sailed along a sandy + shore, which they called Wunderstrandir, and also + Furderstrandir. One of the captains, evidently satisfied that + they were not in the region visited by Leif and Thorwald, turned + his vessel to the north to find Vinland. Thorfinn and Gudrid + went further south and trafficked, and gathered great wealth of + furs and woods, and then returned to Greenland and Norway." + +Prof. Horsford refers next to various geographic names on the New +England coast which are of Scandinavian origin. + + "What do all these names mean? They are certainly not Algonquin + or Iroquois names. They are not names bestowed by the Plymouth + or Massachusetts Bay colonies. Of most of them is there any + conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a + people whose ancestors were familiar with them? Are they, for + the most part, relics of names imposed by Northmen once residing + here? + + "I have told you something of the evidence that Leif Ericson was + the first European to tread the great land southwest of + Greenland. His ancestry was of the early Pilgrims, or Puritans, + who, to escape oppression, emigrated, 50,000 of them in sixty + years, from Norway to Iceland, as the early Pilgrims came to + Plymouth. They established and maintained a republican form of + government, which exists to this day, with nominal sovereignty + in the King of Denmark, and the flag, like our own, bears an + eagle in its fold. Toward the close of the 10th century a + colony, of whom Leif's father and family were members, went out + from Iceland to Greenland. In about 999, Leif, a lad at the time + of his father's immigration, went to Norway, and King Olaf, + impressed with his grand elements of character, gave him a + commission to carry the Christianity to which, he had become a + convert to Greenland. He set out at once, and, with his soul on + fire with the grandeur of his message, within a year + accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony, + including his father. + + "To Leif a monument has been erected. In thus fulfilling the + duty we owe to the first European navigator who trod our shores, + we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the Genoese + discoverer under the flags of Ferdinand and Isabella, who, + inspired by the idea of the rotundity of the earth, and with the + certainty of reaching Asia by sailing westward sufficiently + long, set out on a new and entirely distinct enterprise, having + a daring and a conception and an intellectual train of research + and deduction as its foundation quite his own. How welcome to + Boston will be the proposition to set up in 1892, a fit statue + to Columbus. + + "We unveil to-day the statue in which Anne Whitney has expressed + so vividly her conception of this leader, who, almost nine + centuries ago, first trod our shores." + +The statue, however, is purely fanciful, and gives no idea either of +the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor, who has waited +for this justice to his memory much longer than Bruno and many other +heroes of human progress. + +Columbus may have been original in his ideas, but it was the Northmen +who led in exploration. It was they who changed the old flat-bottomed +ships of the Roman Empire to the deep keels which made the exploration +of the Atlantic ocean possible. + +This act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments +of the late Ole Bull, and the efforts of Miss Marie Brown, who has +lectured on the subject. Miss Brown says that Columbus learned of the +discovery of America at Rome, and also at Iceland, which he visited in +1477. Indeed, Columbus was not seeking the America of the Norsemen, +but was sailing to find the Indies. + +But now that historic justice is done, we realize that as Bryant +expressed it of Truth, "the eternal years of God are hers," and she +needs a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre. The triumph +of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem +almost fatal. What is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth +to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science? It was for more +than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the universe, +developed by the genius of PYTHAGORAS, was ignored, denied, and +forgotten, until the honest scholar, COPERNICUS, revived it by a +mathematical demonstration, which he did not live long enough to see +trampled on; for the great astronomer that next appeared, Tycho Brahe, +denied it, and the Catholic Church attempted to suppress it in the +person of Galileo, who is said to have been forced by imprisonment and +torture to succumb to authority (the torture may not be positively +known, but is believed with good reason). Even Luther joined in the +theological warfare against science, saying, "I am now advised that a +new astrologer is risen, who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth +and goeth about, not the firmament, the sun and moon--not the +stars--like as when one sitteth on a coach, or in a ship that is +moved, thinketh he sitteth still and resteth, but the earth and trees +do move and run themselves. Thus it goeth; we give ourselves up to our +own foolish fancies and conceits. This fool (Copernicus) will turn the +whole art of astronomy upside down; but the Scripture showeth and +teacheth another lesson, when Joshua commandeth the sun to stand +still, and not the earth." + +The attitude of Luther in this matter was the attitude of the Church +generally, in opposition to science, for it assumed its position in an +age of dense ignorance, and claimed too much infallibility to admit of +enlightenment. Nevertheless, the Church feels the spirit of the age +and slowly moves. At the present time it is being _slowly_ permeated +by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism, which is another form of +ignorance. + +Mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within which +they know all its walls embrace; outside of which they look upon all +that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility, and alas, this +is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes. It was the +French Academy that laughed at Harvey's discovery and at Fulton's plan +of propelling steamboats, and even at Arago's suggestion of the +electric telegraph, as the Royal Society laughed at Franklin's +proposed lightning rods. It was Bonaparte who treated both Fulton and +Dr. Gall with contempt. It was the medical Faculty that arrayed itself +against the introduction of Peruvian bark, which they have since made +their hobby; and it was the same Edinburgh Review which poured its +ridicule upon Gall, that advised the public to put Thomas Gray in a +straight-jacket for advocating the introduction of railroads. Equally +great was the stupidity of the French. The first railroad was +constructed in France fifty years ago. Emil Periere had to make the +line at his own expense, and it took three years to obtain the consent +of the authorities. Their leading statesman, Thiers, contended that +railroads could be nothing more than toys. We remember that a +committee of the New York Legislature was equally stupid, and +endeavored to prove in their report that railways were entirely +impracticable. English opposition was still more stupidly absurd. Both +Lords and Commons in Parliament were entirely opposed. "The engineers +and surveyors as they went about their work were molested by mobs. +George Stephenson was ridiculed and denounced as a maniac, and all +those who supported him as lunatics and fools." "George Stephenson +although bantered and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his +project, in spite of the declarations that the smoke from the engine +would kill the birds and destroy the cattle along the route, that the +fields would be ruined, and people be driven mad by noise and +excitement." + +Nothing is better established in history than the hostility of +colleges and the professional classes to all great innovations. "Truly +(says Dr. Stille in his Materia Medica) nearly every medicine has +become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by +physicians," and the famous author Dr. Pereira declares that "nux +vomica is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the +effect of mere chance." + +The spirit of bigotry, in former times, jealously watched every +innovation. Telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic, +winnowing machines were denounced in Scotland as impious, and even +forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as "an insult +on Providence not to eat our meat with our fingers." + +It is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover +with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of +the illustrious Gall, for whom I am doing a similar service, to that +of Copernicus for Pythagoras. + +This is nothing unusual in the progress of Science. There was no +brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century +than Dr. Thomas Young, who died in 1829, whose discoveries fell into +obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation. He had +that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists. + +He was a great thinker and discoverer, who knew how to utilize in +philosophy discovered facts, and was not busy like many modern +scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had +already been performed. + + "At no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments + or even of originating new ones. He considered that however + necessary to the advancement of science, they demanded a great + sacrifice of time, and that when a fact was once established, + time was better employed in considering the purposes to which it + might be applied, or the principles which it might tend to + elucidate." + +He says, in his Bakerian lecture, "Nor is it absolutely necessary in +this instance to produce a single new experiment; for of experiments +there is already an ample store." + +In a letter to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Earle, he says, "Acute +suggestion was then, and indeed always, more in the line of my +ambition than experimental illustration," and on another occasion, +referring to the Wollaston fund for experimental inquiries, he said, +"For my part, it is my pride and pleasure, as far as I am able, to +supersede the necessity of experiments, and more especially of +expensive ones." The famous Prof. Helmholtz said of Young: + + "The theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated + relations, was a riddle which Goethe in vain attempted to solve, + nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful. I + include myself in the number, for I long toiled at the task + without getting any nearer my object, until I at last discovered + that a wonderfully simple solution had been discovered at the + beginning of this century, and had been in print ever since for + any one to read who chose. This solution was found and published + by the same Thomas Young, who first showed the right method of + arriving at the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics." + + "He was one of the most acute men who ever lived, but had the + misfortune to be _too far in advance of his contemporaries_. + They looked on him with astonishment, but could not follow his + bold speculations, and thus a mass of his most important + thoughts remained buried and forgotten in the 'Transactions of + the Royal Society,' until a later generation by slow degrees + arrived at the re-discovery of his discoveries, and came to + appreciate the force of his argument and the accuracy of his + conclusions." + +This half century of passive resistance to science, in the case of Dr. +Young and Dr. Gall, is nothing unusual. It was 286 years from the day +when Bruno, the eloquent philosopher, was burned at the stake by the +Catholic Church, before a statue was prepared to honor his memory in +Italy. + +What was the reception of the illustrious surgeon, physiologist, and +physician, John Hunter? While he lived, "most of his contemporaries +looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an innovator," +according to his biographer; and when, in 1859, it was decided to +inter his remains in Westminster Abbey, it was hard to find his body, +which was at last discovered in a vault along with 2000 others piled +upon it. + +Harvey's discoveries were generally ignored during his life, and +Meibomius of Lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published after +Harvey's death. + +When Newton's investigations of light and colors were first published, +"A host of enemies appeared (says Playfair), each eager to obtain the +unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions +which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm." Some, like +Mariotte, professed to repeat his experiments, and succeeded in making +a failure, which was published; like certain professors who at +different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful experiments in +mesmerism and spiritualism, and have always succeeded in making the +failure they desired. + +Voltaire remarks, and Playfair confirms it as a fact, "that though the +author of the _Principia_ survived the publication of that great work +nearly forty years, he had not at the time of his death, twenty +followers out of England." + +If educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations +of Newton, and the physical demonstrations of Harvey, has human nature +sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much better results from +the colleges of to-day--from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and the rest? +If such a change has occurred, I have not discovered it. + +Neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer +of nature. Kepler, the greatest astronomical genius of his time, +continually struggled with poverty, and earned a scanty subsistence by +casting astrological nativities. + +Eustachius, who in the 16th century discovered the Eustachian tube and +the valves of the heart, was about 200 years in advance of his time, +but was unable, from poverty, to publish his anatomical tables, which +were published by Lancisi 140 years later, in 1714. + +Not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active +hostility to new ideas, but in matters of the simplest character and +most obvious utility. For example, this country is now enjoying the +benefits of fish culture, but why did we not enjoy it a hundred years +ago? The process was discovered by the Count De Goldstein in the last +century, and was published by the Academy of Sciences, and also fully +illustrated by a German named Jacobi, who applied it to breeding trout +and salmon. This seems to have been forgotten until in 1842 two +obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and practised this +process. The French government was attracted by the success of these +fisherman, Gehin and Remy, and thus the lost art was revived. + +Even so simple an invention as the percussion cap, invented in 1807, +was not introduced in the British army until after the lapse of thirty +years. + +The founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich FROEBEL, is one of +the benefactors of humanity. How narrowly did he escape from total +failure and oblivion. + +The "Reminiscences of Frederich Froebel," translated from the German +of the late Mrs. Mary Mann, gives an interesting account of his life +and labors, upon which the following notice is based: + + "Froebel died in 1852, and it is possible that his system of + education would have died with him--to be resurrected and + reapplied by somebody else centuries later--only for a friend + and interpreter who remained to give his teachings to the world. + This friend, disciple, and interpreter was Madame Von Marenholz. + His system of education had this peculiarity which made it + different from any other plan of teaching ever given to the + world--it was first grasped in its full significance by women. + They, sooner than men, saw its truth to nature, and its grand, + far-reaching meaning, and became at once its enthusiastic + disciples. But the German women are in a bondage almost unknown + to their sisters of the other civilized races, therefore + Froebel's reform progressed only slowly. Had his principles been + given to the world in the midst of American or English women, + they would most likely have been popularly known and adopted + long ago. + + "Froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow + from the "new education" in his time. While he lived the + ungrateful tribe of humanity abused, misrepresented, and laughed + him to scorn, as it has done everybody who ever conferred any + great and lasting benefit on it. A touching illustration of this + is given in the anecdote narrating Frau Von Marenholz's first + meeting with the founder of kindergartens. The anecdote begins + the book, and it is the key-note of the sorrowful undertone + throughout. + + "In 1849 Frau Von Marenholz went to the baths of Liebenstein. + She happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place, + and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man + had settled down near the springs who danced and played with the + village children, and was called by people "the old fool." A few + days afterwards Madame Von M. was walking out, and met "the old + fool." He was an old man, with long gray hair, who was marching + a troop of village children two and two up a hill. He was + teaching them a play, and was singing with them a song belonging + to it. There was something about the gray-haired old man, as he + played with the children, which brought tears into the eyes of + both Madame Von M. and her companion. She watched him awhile, + and said to her companion: + + "'This man is called 'old fool' by these people. Perhaps he is + one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries, + and to whom future generations build monuments.'" + + "I knew," says Madame Von M., "that I had to do with a true + man--with an original and unfalsified nature. When one of his + pupils called him Mr. Froebel, I remembered having once heard of + a man of that name who wished to educate children by play, and + that it had seemed to me a very perverted view, for I had only + thought of empty play, without any serious purpose." + + "Froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life, + and just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his + ideas, there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes, which was + also a death-blow to the good and great man. The Prussian + Government was and is as tyrannical as William the Conqueror, + who made the English people put their lights out at dark, and + suddenly, in August, 1851, the Prussian Government immortalized + itself by passing a decree forbidding the establishment of any + kindergartens within the Prussian dominions. In unguarded + moments, Froebel had used the expression "education for + freedom," in referring to his beloved plans, and that was enough + for Prussia, in the ferment of fear in which she has been ever + since 1848. Kindergartens in Germany have not yet recovered from + this blow, and Froebel himself sunk under it and died. But a + little time before he died, he said: "If 300 years after my + death, my method of education shall be completely established + according to its idea, I shall rejoice in heaven." + + "Froebel's life was full of strange vicissitudes and + disappointments. The few friends who understood him, and the + children whom he taught, and who, perhaps, understood him better + than anybody else, reverenced him, and loved him as father, + prophet, and teacher. + + "On his seventieth birthday, two months before his death, his + beloved pupils gave him a festival, which is beautiful to read + about. It must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man + immeasurably. Froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song + of the children, and as he stepped out of his chamber to the + lecture-room, he saw that it had been splendidly adorned with + flowers, festoons, and wreaths of all kinds. The day was + celebrated with songs and rejoicing, and gifts were received + from pupils and friends in various parts of the world, and in + the evening, after a song, a pupil placed a green wreath upon + the master's head. + + "Two months after this he died peacefully. One of his strongest + peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers, and during + his illness he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to + his friends. He had the window opened frequently, so he could + gaze once more on the out-door scenes he loved so well. Almost + his last words were: 'Nature, pure, vigorous Nature!'" + +JOHN FITCH, the inventor of steamboats, was even less fortunate than +Froebel. No patron took him by the hand, and although his invention +was successfully demonstrated at Philadelphia in 1787, by a small +steamboat, the trial being witnessed by the members of the convention +that formed the Federal constitution, he could not obtain sufficient +co-operation to introduce the invention, and finally left his boat to +rot on the shores of the Hudson and returned to his home at Bardstown, +Ky., where he died in 1798. The unsuccessful struggles of Fitch make a +melancholy history. In his last appeal he used this language: "But why +those earnest solicitations to disturb my nightly repose, and fill me +with the most excruciating anxieties; and why not act the part for +myself, and retire under the shady elms on the fair banks of the Ohio, +and eat my coarse but sweet bread of industry and content, and when I +have done, to have my body laid in the soft, warm, and loamy soil of +the banks, with my name inscribed on a neighboring poplar, that future +generations when traversing the mighty waters of the West, _in the +manner that I have pointed out_, may find my grassy turf." + +IN the lives of Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, Ericson, Bruno, +Harvey, Kepler, Newton, Hunter, Gall, Young, Froebel, Gray, Fitch, +Stephenson, and _many_ others, we learn that he who assails the +Gibraltar of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to +conduct a very long siege, to maintain a resolute battle, and perhaps +to die in his camp, leaving to his posterity to receive the +predestined surrender of the citadels of Falsehood and Darkness, for +the eternal law of the universe declares that all darkness shall +disappear, and Light and Peace shall cover the earth, as they already +fill the souls of the lovers of wisdom. + + + + +SOCIAL CONDITIONS. + + +UNDERGRADUATE EXPENSES AT HARVARD.--A physician has written me to know +what the annual expense is for an undergraduate at Harvard College. +The inquiry is made that he (the querist) may know somewhere near what +it will cost to send his son to that institution. Thinking that others +of the _Journal's_ readers might like to know what a literary (or +liberal) education costs at a first-class college, I have looked up +the present cost, and by comparing it with my own, thirty-five years +ago, I find that expense has increased from year to year, until now it +requires about $550 to $600 annually to cover tuition, room-rent, +board, and common running expenses. A boy might squeeze through for +$400 a year, but he would have to pinch and be niggardly, if not mean. +The $550 or $600 would not cover vacation expenses and society dues, +therefore the larger sum ought to be reckoned as the cost annually for +a Harvard undergraduate at the present time. And upon inquiry, I find +that about the same amount of money is required by an undergraduate of +Yale. Board in New Haven is the same in price as in Cambridge. For the +four years' course, then, there should be provision for $2,500. Rich +students spend a $1000 or more each year, but they do not embrace ten +per cent. of the classes. The average student when I was in Harvard +expended $350 to $400 a year--a cost which did not cover vacation +expenses and society matters. I will venture the remark that as high +an order of scholarship can be obtained at "Western" colleges as in +Harvard or Yale; and that the expense of student life would not be +two-thirds as much. Why, then, take the extravagant course? The _name_ +and _fame_ of an institution count for something. A recently founded +college may not live long; it has to be tested by time before +_prestige_ can be attained. Universities have to be endowed before +they can command the best talent of the world in teachers. The fees +obtained from students will not pay the expenses of a first-class +literary institution. + +Lastly, an education of a high order does not insure success in life, +but, other things being equal, the man of learning has the best chance +to win in the race we are running.--_Eclectic Medical Journal_. + + +EUROPEAN WAGES.--Senator Frye said in a public address in Boston: "I +say from all my observations made there, and they were made as +carefully as I could make them, and in all honesty of purpose, there +is only one country in Europe that comes within half of our wages, and +that is England, and the rest are not one-third, and some not within +one-quarter, of our wages." + + +INDIA AS A WHEAT PRODUCER.--"Consul-General Bonham says she is a +dangerous competitor of the United States. The report of Consul-General +Bonham at Calcutta, British India, treats at length of the wheat +interests of that country. The area devoted to wheat in 1886 was about +27,500,000 acres, and the total yield 289,000,000 bushels. As compared +with the wheat of the Pacific coast, the Indian wheat is inferior, but +when exported to Europe it is mixed and ground with wheat of a +superior quality, by which process a fair marketable grade of flour is +obtained. The method of cultivating the soil is in the main the same +as it was centuries ago, and there seems to be great difficulty in +inducing the farmer to invest in modern agricultural implements, and +yet, with all the simple and primitive methods, the Indian farmers +can, in the opinion of the Consul-General, successfully compete with +those of the United States in the production of wheat. This is due to +the fact that the Indian farmer's outfit represents a capital of not +more than $40 or $50, and his hired help works, feeds, and clothes +himself on about $2.50 a month. The export of wheat from British India +has increased from 300,000 cwt. in 1868, to 21,000,000 cwt. in 1886, +and the increase of 1886 over 1885 amounts to about 5,000,000 cwt. + + "The Consul-General says that some of his predecessors have + claimed that the United States has nothing to fear from India as + a competitor in the production of wheat. In this view he does + not concur, and believes that to-day India is second only to the + United States in wheat-growing. Furthermore, wheat-growing in + India is yet in its infancy, and its further development depends + principally upon the means of transportation to the sea-board. + He fears that with the cheap native labor of India and the + constantly growing facilities for transportation, the United + States will find her a formidable competitor as a producer of + wheat." + + +INCREASE OF INSANITY.--I have repeatedly referred to the increase of +insanity and crime under our heartless system of education. It is +illustrated by every collection of statistics. The increase between +1872 and 1885 was, in Maine, with five per cent. increase in +population, in ten years, 23 per cent. increase in insanity. In New +Hampshire, 13 per cent. in population, 55 in insanity. In these two +States insanity increases four times as fast as population. In +Massachusetts, population 33 per cent., insanity 91 per cent. In Rhode +Island, population 40 per cent., insanity 94 per cent. In Connecticut, +population 23 per cent., insanity 194 per cent. The total number of +insane in New England has increased from 4,033, in 1872, to 7,232, in +1885,--an increase of 3,199 in 13 years. Such are the estimates +prepared from official reports by E. P. Augur, of Middletown, Conn. Is +it possible by the repetition of such statements as these to rouse the +torpid conscience of the leaders of public opinion to the necessity of +a NEW EDUCATION? + + +TEMPERANCE.--According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the +annual consumption of liquors per capita in the United States, from +1840 to 1886, shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled +spirits to less than one-half of the average between 1840 and 1870. +The most marked decrease was between 1870 and 1872. The consumption of +wine has averaged, from 1840 to 1870, about one-eighth as much--since +1870, from 30 to 40 per cent. as much, but the consumption of malt +liquors, which in 1840 and 1850 was little over half that of spirits, +has rapidly risen until, in 1886, it was nine times as great, the +number of gallons per capita being of spirits, 1.24; wines, 0.38; malt +liquors, 11.18. The total consumption of liquors of all sorts has +risen from 4.17 gallons per capita in 1840, to 12.62 in 1886. The +consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per cent. +in the last seven years. + +The tax collected on whiskey for 1886-87 was $3,262,945 less than for +the previous year, and the tax on beer was $2,245,456 more than for +the previous year. + + "Chevalier Max Proskowetz de Proskow Marstorn states that in + Austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale. + The consumption of alcohol (taken as at 10 per cent.) was 6.7 + litres a head in a population of 39,000,000; but in some + districts 15-1/2 litres was the average (4-1/2 litres go to a + gallon). In all Austro-Hungary there was an increase of nearly + 4,000,000 florins in the cost of alcohol in 1884-85 over + 1883-84. In 1885 there were 195,665 different places (stations, + gin-shops, and subordinate retails) where liquors were sold. In + districts where the most spirits are used there were fewer fit + recruits." + + +FLAMBOYANT ANIMALISM.--In Boston, which sometimes calls itself our +American Athens, the highest truths of psychic science are daily +neglected by the more influential classes, while races, games, and +pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers, and a leading +daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of +all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support. + +The pugilist Sullivan is the hero of Boston; he received a splendid +ovation in the Boston Theatre, with the mayor and other dignitaries to +honor him, and a belt covered with gold and diamonds, worth $8,000, +was presented, besides a large cash benefit. His departure for England +was honored like that of a prince by accompanying boats, booming +cannon, and tooting whistles, and he is said to swing a $2000 cane +presented by his admirers. How far have we risen in eighteen centuries +above the barbarism of Rome? There is no heathen country to-day that +worships pugilism. Perhaps when the saloon is abolished, we may take +another step forward in civilization. London has rivalled Boston, +giving Sullivan a popular reception by crowds which blocked up the +principal streets. + + + + +TRANSCENDENTAL HASH + + +The _Winsted (Conn.) Press_ published an article on Buddhism in +America which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of +some intellectual atmospheres, and the singular jumble of crude +thought in this country. As an intellectual hash it may interest the +curious. The following is the article: + + +BUDDHISM IN AMERICA. + +While sectarian Christianity is, at great expense, with much ado, +making a few hundred converts in Asia among the ignorant, Buddhism is +spreading rapidly in the United States, and is reaching our most +intelligent people, without any propaganda of missionaries or force. +There are already thousands of Buddhists in this country, and their +number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any other +faith, but of these probably comparatively few know that they are +following the Buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the +principles of Buddhistic faith. Theosophy, mental science (sometimes +called "Christian science"), esoteric Christianity and Buddhistic +metaphysics are, we believe, substantially one and the same thing, and +we may also include their intimate relative, known here as Modern +Spiritualism, the difference between them being no greater than that +which invariably arises from different interpretations of the same +idea by different individuals under differing environment. To compare +these differences with the differences of the Protestant sects would +be exalting the sects, for sectarian Christianity is hardly worthy of +association with the exalted teachings of Buddha, the theosophists, +and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and +Spiritualists, yet we make the comparison for the sake of +illustration. + +Counting the philosophical modern Spiritualists we may say that the +number of people in this country who, without knowing it, perhaps, are +reasoning themselves into acceptance of Buddhistic teachings, may be +placed in the hundreds of thousands. A modified, spiritualized, and +improved form of Buddhism is, we suppose, likely to unite the +liberalized minds of this country (normal Christians and Infidels +alike) into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual faith, +opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the leadership +of the Roman Catholic church, representing the temporal power of +Christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions which have +attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the Christ man of +1800 years ago. + +Certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous +upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this +country, without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual +life of the American people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious +lines on a more elevated, less dogmatic and less antagonistic plane. +We have been passing through the very same experiences that preceded a +downfall of the polytheistic mythology, followed by the new era of +Christian mythology in one part of the world and Buddhistic mythology +in another. Jesus and Buddha both came to deliver exalted teachings +which would lift the world out of bondage to an older faith and its +more cruel superstitions and the corruptions of priestcraft and gross +ceremonials; both were reformers of substantially the same abuses; +both suffered for humanity, both lived humble and inspired lives, both +were interpreters of the same truths to different peoples, both were +good men, and both have come down to us with their greatness +exaggerated by their followers beyond anything they claimed for +themselves, while the personal existence of each is shrouded in the +same mystery and covered with the same doubt. That these two men did +exist as men we may well believe, but that as personages they were +incarnated on earth is a matter of small importance compared with the +consequences which have followed their supposed embodiment. + +The decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance of +new ideas by the church people of America, the rapid spread of +infidelity and aggressive agnosticism, and the hold which Modern +Spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people, premise +tremendous changes, and indicate a new era of spiritual thought--an +era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust. + +Men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices born +of old names, partisan rivalries and personal animosities are +outgrown. A new philosophy with a new name, made up of the old truths +with new refinements and elaborations, will unite the liberal-minded +in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of +spiritual truths, and clearer comprehension of the importance to +humanity, of liberty, justice and love. + +This new religion, if we mistake not the signs of the times, will or +does partake largely of theosophic and Buddhistic metaphysics and is +not, therefore, to be despised by our best thinkers. Buddhism +corrupted by Brahmic theocracy--as Christianity by Mosaic rites, by +papistic theology and sectarian piety--has come to us as a morbid +asceticism or worse, delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures +and revelling in unthinkable contradictions. This conception of it is +probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and +unreceptive habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas. +A system of highest ethics, and a religion without a personal God, +Buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through +countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of +apparently infinite wisdom--a condition beyond phenomenal existence +and of course indescribable. It neither annihilates life in nirvana +nor admits immortal existence as we understand existence--i.e., in a +perpetually objective form of some sort. It is better in some +respects, though older, than Christism. Buddhas and Christs alike, we +are taught, are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their +fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections, +and they are not more "gods" than other men, save in their greater +experience. + +Theosophy is to Buddhism what Modern Spiritualism is to +Christianity--an acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of +priestly ceremonials; an adoption of the spirit and denial of the +letter; an application of principles and ideas to real life and +claiming not only to have new light but to be ever progressive. It is +highly and intensely spiritual, and develops in some most marvellous +powers over natural forces. Its spirituality, however, does not leave +the earth untouched and mortal needs unrecognized. It is an advance +movement in the East, bringing substance and actuality to much that in +Buddhism is but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration. It +claims that intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal +association of its brotherhood, and that they are confined to no land +or clime. Here in America it has followers who walk by its light, we +are told, without knowing it, and many students trying to encompass +the mysteries of the occult science, which claims only to be like +other science, the fruit of study and discovery, giving mastery over +subtle forces of nature which physical scientists fail to recognize. +Its ethics are the highest conceivable, and the individual existence +of the soul apart from the body a matter of commonest demonstration +among the adepts. + +Mental science so closely resembles theosophy, as we understand it, +that we hardly know the difference, save that of immaturity. It is +theosophy in its infancy, adapted to the status of American thought in +the psychological direction. Confined though it is at present chiefly +to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted that this is the +limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to human needs. It +is spending in this country with amazing rapidity, and though yet a +child is certain to bring about a great change in the ideas of many +regarding mind, its power over and priority to matter. So far as its +students devote their attention to other than such comprehension of +its postulates as is necessary to become healers, they are Buddhistic +in thought and expression, and some even accept a modified theory of +metempsychosis known as reincarnation. Still they reject the +philosophy of Spiritualism respecting spirit life, and appear to be +all at sea as regards the immediate future of the individual. In their +utterances on this they are more Buddhist than Christian, as in other +respects. They doubt or deny individual existence of the soul. The +Spiritualist believes that his soul will have for all time a body of +some sort, spiritual or physical, and his spirit-world and life are +filled with very human occupations, thoughts and desires, carried on +amid familiar scenery in a very substantial and earth-like manner. He +believes in progress eternal, and the possibility of final mergement +of his individual self into the All-Self is so remote as to give him +no concern. But the mental scientist, as near as we can express his +notion, rejects the idea of spiritual embodiment, regards his +personality as purely mortal and his soul one with indivisible God, +now and forever. Personality is not an attribute of his soul; spirit +or astral body he does not understand as ever existing to preserve +individuality after physical dissolution--in this differing as much +from the theosophist as from the Spiritualist. + +When these modernized Buddhists, Spiritualists and Christians, and +liberal thinkers, generally, unite--as they easily may, for they have +now no irreconcilable disagreement--they will form a powerful body of +thinking and progressive religionists. And their religion will be a +better Buddhism than Buddha taught, a broader Christianity than Christ +revealed, a deeper Spiritual philosophy than Swedenborg or Davis +heralded. Of course we welcome the opening day and its new light and +promise, for the old theologies are wearisome emptiness and humbug, +and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient in their +testimony. We do not expect that a new church will arise and a new +sectarianism follow. But a new conception of life, its origin, purpose +and destiny may come to lift the people of America out of the old +religious rut. And in consequence the old depressing question, "Is +life worth living?" answered once by Buddha's No, may be answered anew +by Humanity's Yes. + + * * * * * + +The observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive and +restless classes in this Northeastern region than to the United States +generally. The churches are not diminishing in the number of their +members, but steadily gaining in numbers and also in liberality. The +new religion and philosophy of the future will be luminous, scientific +and philanthropic--not a conglomeration of vague speculations. True, +reverential religion is not a dreamy or speculative impulse, but an +earnest love of mankind and of duty, which does not waste itself in +unprofitable speculations, but eagerly pursues the positive knowledge +of this life and the next, which gives practical wisdom and diffuses +happiness. All systems of religion talk about love and recommend it, +but their followers seldom realize it in their lives. The religion of +the future will _realize_ it. Apropos to this subject, Col. Van Horn, +of the _Kansas City Journal_, says: + + "And as another result of missionary work, there are now in the + United States, in England and on the continent, missionaries of + Buddhism sent by the schools of the East, to convert us to the + philosophy of Gautama. This may sound startling to the general + reader, but it is not only a fact, but they have made converts + and are making them with a rapidity that is remarkable, making + more from us than we are from them. And they are from the very + best and brightest intellects among us--not the illiterate, but + the most cultured of the educated classes. It will not do to + suppress this fact in the discussion--for this is an age when + facts must be looked in the face." + + + + +JUST CRITICISM. + + +The intellectual editor of the _Kansas City Journal_ has made some +very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of +fashionable Scientists, which with some abridgment are here presented: + + "As an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a + thing as human intelligence, we have a recent singular example + in Paris, by the eminent physician Charcot, and others, which + illustrates how great men in special departments walk blindfold + over things that afford no mystery to common minds. We allude to + certain experiments in hypnotism--the professional name for + mesmerism. The medical profession for more than half a century + sneered at the discoveries of Mesmer, until now compelled to + recognize them, they have not the manliness to acknowledge the + fact, but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature to conceal + their change of front. To make a long story short these + gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day, + enjoined him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the + next day, and despite every effort of will on the part of the + subject, the crimes have been attempted, and the victim only + saved from himself by the interposition of the operator, who was + present to remove the influence--or through the understanding of + the party against whom the offence was to be committed, in the + form of the robbery actually carried out. + + "But what does science do with this fact? Nothing but announce + it, and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related + agitations for the solution of the mystery." + +[This is what certain scientists do, but their follies are not +chargeable to _Science_, nor to the whole body of Scientists. The +ablest thinkers to-day, the deepest inquirers, look to the powers of +the soul, and the new anthropology traces these powers to their +localities in the brain.--ED. OF JOURNAL.] + + "How old is this fact? As old as the race. At one time it was + called necromancy, at another witchcraft, at another the + inspiration of God, at a subsequent time animal magnetism, at + another called after one of its more modern + discoverers,--mesmerism--now hypnotism--which is only another + name for magnetic sleep--if anybody knows what that is--or for + somnambulism. Common sense tells common people that it is only + an abnormal manifestation of the power that gives one person + control over another, or enables one person to influence + another. The simple every-day habit of exacting a promise from + your neighbor to do a certain thing, or for you to make a like + promise, and execute it. Sickness is a partial compliance with + the conditions of mortality--death being the complete process. + So the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of + the common power which we call personal influence. That is all. + But that is not mysterious enough for learned people--it is not + scientific enough--as everybody can understand it. + + "Then, too, it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the + estimation of the teacher--it suggests that what we call the + human mind or soul is a potential thing, that acts through the + every-day machinery of our bodies, and may be more or less + within the grasp of the common mind. There is a higher plane of + knowledge than that of mere physical science, and if the + theologian mistook its teaching, it is no reason why the pursuit + of that knowledge on this higher plane should be ignored. Hence + it is that this discovery by Charcot and others, to which we + allude, has as yet been barren of fruit, because the methods of + science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the admission + of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena. + + "And just here, it may as well be said first as last,--that the + profession to which these eminent men belong, nor any one school + of applied science, will ever read the lesson of these + experiments, nor will any of the so-called regular schools of + learning. The riddle will be read by some thinker outside, and + when the bread-and-butter purveyors of theology, science and the + schools have become indoctrinated, and prefer to pay their money + for the new instead of the old--then these self-constituted + teachers of humanity will all know that the cow was to eat the + grindstone--and teach the fact. We simply state a fact, known to + history, that the progress of the world is due to the inventor + and discoverer, and not to the schools. Every single thing, from + the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light, has been + from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention, and had + to fight its way against the teaching class, from time + immemorial. The circulation of the blood, which every + pig-sticker knew since knives were invented, had to be forced + upon medical science by a quack. And now, although the phenomena + we refer to have been before the teaching class since history + records anything, and although Mesmer taught it experimentally + eighty years ago, science has now only got so far as to admit + the existence of the phenomena. + + "Why have not the professions given these things more attention, + and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a + century practically denied their existence? That question is a + legitimate one. And at the risk of being charged with + unfriendliness, it must be said that it was either from an + inability to think or from a narrow creedism that will not + accept a truth from outside discovery. The effect of this, and + what constitutes a crime in the teaching class, is, that it has + for all these long years shut out this now accepted knowledge + from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching class as + authority,--and to use a business form of speech,--pay them for + finding and teaching the truth. And so the learning of the world + and the common mass of mind has, after nearly a century, to + begin where the ostracised Mesmer left off--a long, dark, weary + denial of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate. This + is a serious arraignment, but it is admitted to-day by the + scientific world to be but the simple truth. + + "And what do we find now? Why, these same men who, for more than + eighty years, have been denying this truth, now whistle down the + wind as fanatics, dreamers and cranks, those who all the time + have recognized the truth, and been seeking the law underlying + its remarkable phenomena." + +[This strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the +old-fashioned and so-called regular medical and clerical professions, +all of whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the +colleges, which are the chief criminals in this warfare against +science and progress. It was impossible to teach the true science of +man in any college but the one of which I was one of the founders and +the presiding officer; to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the +highest forms of science, I have been compelled to establish the +College of Therapeutics in Boston.--ED. OF JOURNAL.] + +And this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul, +that, for the time being, acts through the organism we call the human +body, and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by +which they act and react one upon another, the manifestation of which +we call society or social life. That is all there is to this seeming +mystery when reduced to simple terms. It is a question that chemistry +cannot deal with because analysis is not the method. Molecules, to use +a homely phrase, are a good thing, but molecules don't think, and this +thing we are considering does think. Molecules are amenable to +chemical affinities, and their condition one instant is not and cannot +be their condition the next instant. So, if to-day at twelve o'clock +the molecules are in combination, chemically, to suggest a theft, they +may undergo, and we see do undergo, billions of changes before the +hour of meridian arrives to-morrow--and not at all likely at that +exact moment to be in the stealing combination again. Or, if so, it is +not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article it was combined +on the day previous. Yet this infinite series of impossibilities must +be possible to have the experiments we refer to come true--on the +theory of molecular action. This is one of those absurdities that men +call the marvellous discoveries of science. _No crank in Christendom +ever conceived anything so utterly absurd._ + +Common sense comes to our help here, and tells us that this power is +from an intelligence that controls molecules, and that this molecular +activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to +execute its purpose; that this purpose is, or may be, continuous, +because this intelligence is continuous. And as it is thus paramount, +and controlling as to this motor force, which to us is the phenomena +of what we call life, it must be thus paramount, be persistent--or in +other words, immortal. And it must be immortal because it has been the +agent of conception and growth--or antecedent. And if it had the +antecedent potency, its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes +consequent--or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor +force is worn out, or broken, and its use destroyed. + + + + +PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY AND IMPROVEMENT. + + +WONDERFUL INVENTIONS.--Prof. Elisha Gray's new discovery is called +_autotelegraphy_, and it is claimed that it will be possible with its +use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile +of the writing reproduced by telegraph 300 miles away, and probably a +much greater distance.--_Phil. Press._ + +A Washington special in the New York _News_ says: The company owning +the _type-setting machine_ has arranged to put up fifty of these +machines for the transaction of business. They will be put up at once +in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, Chicago +and other leading cities. The company claims that the machine is now +perfect, and that each machine will perform as much work in setting +type as ten average compositors. + + +EDISON'S PHONOGRAPH.--New York, October 21. Edison gives additional +particulars concerning his perfected phonograph. He finished his first +phonograph about ten years ago. "That," he says, "was more or less a +toy. The germ of something wonderful was perfectly distinct, but I +tried the impossible with it, and when the electric light business +assumed commercial importance, I threw everything overboard for that. +Nevertheless, the phonograph has been more or less constantly in mind +ever since. When resting from prolonged work upon light, my brain was +found to revert almost automatically to the old idea. Since the light +has been finished, I have taken up the phonograph, and after eight +months of steady work have made it a commercial invention. My +phonograph I expect to see in every business office. The first 500 +will, I hope, be ready for distribution about the end of January. +Their operation is simplicity itself, and cannot fail. The merchant or +clerk who wishes to send a letter has only to set the machine in +motion, and to talk in his natural voice, and at the usual rate of +speed, into a receiver. When he has finished the sheet, or +'Phonogram,' as I call it, it is ready for putting into a little box +made on purpose for mails. We are making sheets in three sizes--one +for letters of from 800 to 1,000 words, another size for 2,000 words, +and another size for 4,000 words. + +"I expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office +authorities enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a +letter. The receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus +and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than the +best telephone message ever sent. The tones of the voice in the two +phonographs which I have finished are so perfectly rendered that one +can distinguish between twenty different persons, each one of whom has +said a few words. One tremendous advantage is that the letter may be +repeated a thousand times. The phonogram does not wear out by use. +Moreover, it may be filed away for a hundred years and be ready for +the instant it is needed. If a man dictates his will to a phonograph, +there will be no disputing the authenticity of the document with those +who knew the tones of his voice in life. The cost of making the +phonograph will be scarcely more than the cost of ordinary letter +paper. The machine will read out a letter or message at the same speed +with which it was dictated." + +Edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers to set +type directly from the dictation of the phonograph. He claims great +precision in repeating orchestral performances, so that the +characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished. + + +_Type-setting Eclipsed_.--A new machine has been invented at +Minneapolis which supersedes type-setting. By this machine, which is +no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan, a +plate or matrix is produced, which is easily stereotyped, thus +attaining the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a +form of type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then +distributed. The speed of the new machine will be from five to ten +times as great as that of type-setting, and if successful it will +enable an author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than +he can write it with the pen. When all ambitious would-be authors are +let loose upon the world in this manner, what a flood of superfluous +literature we shall have and what will become of the superfluous +printers? + + +"_Printing in Colors_ has taken a potent move forward. By the new +process a thousand shades can be printed at once. Instead of using +engraved rollers or stones, as in the case of colored advertisements, +the designs or pictures are 'built up' in a case of solid colors +specially prepared, somewhat after the style of mosaic work. A portion +is then cut or sliced off, about an inch in thickness, and this is +wrapped round a cylinder, and the composition has only to be kept +moist, and any number of impressions can be printed. This will cause +an extraordinary revolution in art work, also in manufactures." + + +Mr. Edwin F. Field, of Lewiston, Me., has invented a substantial +_steam wagon_ for common roads. There is no reason why such wagons +should not come into use. When first proposed in England they were put +down by jealousy and opposition, but I have always contended that the +steam engine should have superseded the horse fifty years ago. + + +FRUIT PRESERVING.--About Christmas time in 1885 people in San +Francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches, pears, and grapes, +with all their natural bloom, and looking plump and juicy, on +exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on Kearny and Sutter +streets. These fruits attracted great attention, and remained on +exhibition several weeks, showing the preservative agent employed, +whatever it might be, was singularly powerful in resisting the natural +decay. When tasted or smelled of, the fruit showed no peculiarity that +could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious process. + +It appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical +success on a large scale. The Allegretti Green Fruit Treatment and +Storage System Company, with the main storehouse at West Berkeley, +announce that they are now ready to store and treat all kinds of green +articles, by the week or month, and for shipment East. I. Allegretti, +the inventor of this system, stated that he had been experimenting +with various processes for preserving green fruit for twenty-six +years, and had succeeded in discovering this system, whose success has +been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this State. + +The building in use at present is a frame structure, capable of +storing some fifty tons of fruit. The inner lining of the walls is +galvanized iron. There is no machinery used, and the only thing +visible is a large tank, supposed to contain the chemical preparation. +The arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of 35 +degrees.--_Oakland Enquirer._ + + +NAPOLEON'S MANUSCRIPT.--"A manuscript by Napoleon I. has been sold in +Paris for five thousand five hundred francs. It was written by +Napoleon at Ajaccio in 1790, and the language and orthography are said +to be those of an uneducated person. In this manuscript he speaks with +enthusiasm of Robespierre." + + +PEACE.--Long and impatiently have I waited for the dawning of true +civilization and practical religion. It is coming now in the form of +an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration. The +British deputation which has visited this country to urge the +necessity of a treaty for arbitration, was entertained, Nov. 10th, +just before their return, by the Commercial Club at the Vendome Hotel, +in Boston, and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished +gentlemen present, including Gov. Ames, and Mayor O'Brien. The +deputation consisted of W. R. Cremer, M.P., the most persistent +advocate of arbitration, Sir George Campbell, M.P., Andrew Provard, +M.P., Halley Stewart, M.P., Benj. Pickard and John Wilson, who +represent the workingmen of Great Britain. William Whitman of the +Club, who presided at the entertainment, remarked, "It is an inspiring +fact, as well as indisputable evidence of social growth, that this +appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has come, not so much +from kings, from rulers, or from statesmen, as from workingmen.... It +would create an epoch in human history second only in influence to the +birth of Christ, and be such a practical exemplification of religion +as would awake the conscience and touch the heart of all peoples." + + +CAPITAL PUNISHMENT is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet +outgrown. It tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments, and, at the +same time, to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals. The execution +of the Chicago Anarchists, as they are called, has had these effects. +They were not properly Anarchists in any philosophic sense, but rather +revolutionists, bent on destroying government and the republican rule +of the majority by dynamite and assassination. Their death gives +satisfaction to the vast majority of the people, but their incendiary +language has done incalculable mischief, and greatly interfered with +all rational and practicable measures of reform, as carried on by the +Knights of Labor, co-operative banks and building societies, +co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both +sexes. Just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war, +this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that +has no definite purpose, but the indulgence of the angry passions +which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty. + + +ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION.--The Australian colony of Victoria has +appropriated $50,000 for two ships to make a voyage of scientific +exploration in the Antarctic circle. + + +"THE DESERT SHALL BLOSSOM AS THE ROSE."--"The 'Great American Desert' +was long ago found out to be a myth; and now some of the remotest +corners which were once supposed to be included in it are proving to +offer the largest promises of value for agricultural and grazing +purposes. In New Mexico, for example, it has long been thought that +certain immense areas must always be comparatively useless because of +their natural aridity. But engineers have just completed plans for +tapping the Rio Grande with a canal and thus bringing under irrigation +a tract some ten miles wide and a hundred and fifty long, containing +nearly a million acres. The addition of so vast an area to the arable +land of the Territory means, of course, a large increase in the +productive resources of that section. Other canals may possibly do as +much. The work of sinking artesian wells is also going on there +extensively, while the project of constructing great storage +reservoirs, in which the rainfall of the wet season may be collected +and from thence gradually distributed through the dry season, is +already in serious contemplation by private enterprise. Modern +scientific irrigation has already accomplished wonders for the +agriculture of Utah; it seems likely to do even more for New Mexico." + + + + +LIFE AND DEATH. + + +122 YEARS.--The great-grandfather of the dramatist Steele Mackaye, +named John Morrison, was an old Covenanter and preached in the same +parish a hundred years. He lived to be 122. His name, written in the +old Bible after he was a centenarian, looks like a copperplate. + + +154 YEARS.--The Cincinnati _Evening Telegram_ recently published a +special from San Antonio, Tex., which says: News has just reached +here, from a most reliable source, of the recent death in the State of +Vera Cruz, Mex., of Jesus Valdonado, a farmer and ranchman of +considerable possessions. This man's age at the time of death was +indisputably 154 years. At Valdonado's funeral the pall-bearers were +his three sons, aged respectively 140, 120, and 109 years. They were +white-haired, but strong and hearty, and in full possession of all +their faculties. + + +AMERICUS, Ga., Sept. 25.--Edmond Montgomery died on Nick Jordan's +place, near the county line of Schley, aged 102 years. He was an +African chief of the Askari tribe, and was taken to Virginia from +Africa in 1807, when he was a young man. He had a large family in +Virginia, and when he died he left his third wife and 25 children in +Georgia. His grandchildren and great-grandchildren are unknown and +unnumbered. He had remarkably good eyesight and health, and never took +a dose of medicine in his life. + + +THIRTY-THREE CHILDREN.--A West Virginian named Brown recently visited +Washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim. Inquiry showed that +his mother had borne thirty-three children in all. Twenty of this +number were boys, sixteen of whom had served in the Union army. Two +were killed. The others survived. The death of the two boys entitles +the mother to a pension. General Black says the files of the office +fail to show another record where the sixteen sons of one father and +mother served as soldiers in the late war. + + +EFFECT OF POVERTY.--"M. Delerme, a distinguished Parisian physician, +found that in France the death rate of persons between the ages of +forty and forty-five, when in easy circumstances, was only 8.3 per one +thousand per annum, while the poorer classes of similar age died at +the rate of 18.7. That was two and one-half times as many of the poor +as the rich died in France at these ages out of a given number +living." + + +JENNY LIND GOLDSCHMIDT, the famous Swedish singer, died at London Nov. +1st at the age of 69. She was born of poor parents and made her first +appearance on the stage at nine years of age. + + +"MRS. RACHEL STILLWAGON, of Flushing, claims to be the oldest woman on +Long Island. She has just celebrated her 102d birthday, surrounded by +descendants to even the fifth generation. Three-quarters of a century +ago the fame of Mrs. Stillwagon's beauty extended as far south as +Baltimore." + + + + +CHAP. X.--THE LAW OF LOCATION IN ORGANOLOGY. + + + The primal laws applied to the brain--The four directions--The + elements of good and evil--The horizontal line of + division--Frontal and occipital organs and vertical dividing + line--Preponderance of the front in certain heads--Gall, + Spurzheim, and Powell--Contrast of frontal and + occipital--Latitude, longitude, and antagonism--Location of + Health and Disease, of Benevolence, Conscientiousness, + Acquisitiveness and Baseness, Energy and Relaxation or + Indolence, Patience and Irritability--Duality of the brain and + its important consequences--Errors of old system--Self-respect + and Humility--Modesty and Ostentation--Combativeness and + Harmony--Love and Hate--Adhesiveness and Intellect, median and + lateral--Religion and Profligacy--Laws of arrangement and + Pathognomy--Physiological influences of basilar and coronal + regions--Insanity--beneficial influence of coronal region. + +To feeble minds, that excel only in memory, an arbitrary statement of +facts to be recollected may be satisfactory, but to those who are +capable of fully understanding such a science as Anthropology, +arbitrary details, void of principle and reason, are repulsive. A +chart of the human brain, without explanation of its philosophic basis +and relations, embarrasses even the memory, for the memory of a +philosophic mind retains principles rather than details. + +After many years of experimental investigation, I have long since +fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in +accordance with the universal plan of animal life, and the human brain +is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of +life, which control all the relations of the spiritual and material +worlds,--all interaction between mind and matter. These primal laws +are easily comprehended, and their application to the brain removes +all the perplexing complexity of organology. + +Their application to the brain may be stated as follows: The upper +legions of the brain, pointing upwards, relate to that which is +above,--to the spiritual realm, to love, religion, duty, hope, +firmness, and all that lifts us to a higher life. The lower regions +point downwards, and expend their energy upon the body, rousing the +heart and all the muscles and viscera, developing the excitements, +passions, and appetites. + +The maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior region, +and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the basilar region, +while organs half-way between them are neutral between these opposite +tendencies. Hence every faculty or impulse has a location in the +brain, higher or lower, as it has a more spiritual or material +tendency, and as its influence on the character inclines to virtue or +vice. The better the faculty, the higher its location,--the more +capable of evil results, the lower it is placed. The higher position +given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule the +inferior nature, the predominance of which is evidently abnormal, and +the effects of which, in this abnormal predominance, are expressed by +terms full of evil, although their functions in due subordination are +useful and absolutely necessary. + +In applying this principle, we realize that such a faculty as +Conscientiousness must be near the very summit, and that propensities +to theft and murder must belong to the base. That such propensities +exist in many, we know, and it is an absurd optimism which would +ignore such facts because they are abnormal. The world is full of +human abnormality, because it is not yet above the juvenile age of its +growth, which is the age of feebleness and folly, disease and crime. +The imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of resisting either +temptation or disease. The twenty-five millions destroyed by the black +death, in the fourteenth century, and the countless millions destroyed +by war in all centuries, including the present, show how little we +have advanced beyond the spirit of savage life. The ferocity of +nations is as much the product of their cerebral organization, as the +ferocity of the tiger, and springs from the same region of the +brain,--lying on the ridge of the temporal bone,--a region that +delights in fierce destruction, and is large in all the carnivora. It +would be contrary to the spirit of science to ignore the fact that man +has an element of ferocity similar to that of the tiger, because in +the fully developed man that fierce element is overruled by the higher +powers and confined to the destruction of that which does not suffer. +The unwillingness to recognize anything evil comes not from the spirit +of science, but from the _a priori_ assumptions of sentimental +theology, which presumes that it thoroughly comprehends the Deity (who +is beyond all human comprehension), and, out of its imaginative +ignorance, fabricates _a priori_ philosophies and doctrines that +everything in man is good, or that everything in man is evil. +Anthropology has not thus been evolved from _a priori_ speculation, +but presents its systematic doctrines as generalizations of the facts +and experiments which have been carefully acquired and studied through +the last half-century. The facts and experiments are too numerous to +be recorded and published now, and had no channel for publication when +they occurred. + +Everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil, in +proportion to its over-ruling power, and everything in the upper half +operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling +influence against evil, which uplifts him toward angelic or divine +superiority. + +The brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of the +forehead into its coronal and basilar halves, and by a vertical line +from the cavity of the ear, into its frontal and occipital halves. + +The vertical line separates the more passive and the more active +faculties. The posterior half of the brain is the source of the +backward forces by which the body is advanced, as the anterior half is +the source of the forward movements by which our progress is checked. +The posterior half would make blind, unceasing, irrepressible +action--the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and feeble +tranquillity and sensibility--the condition of a helpless victim. The +concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life, and the +necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great that +nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital bone, at +the summit of the neck, which are so located as to correspond very +nearly with the opening of the ear. + +The contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle, with its +center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear. Thus wisely has +nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical +proportion between the active and passive elements of life. In the +head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the +active elements, which gives him the attraction to a studious, rather +than active or ambitious life.[1] In nations or races of ambitious +character, the head is long, or _Dolico-cephalic_, and the occipital +measurement is larger than the frontal, but in those of peaceful, +unambitious character, like the ancient Peruvian and the Choctaws of +the United States, the occipital measurement is less than the frontal. + + [1] The head of Dr. Gall shows the same frontal preponderance, + which led him to the pursuits of intellect instead of + ambition, but also shows an immense force of character + derived from its extreme breadth and basilar depth. The head + of Spurzheim, whose skull I have often examined, shows even + a greater preponderance of the front, and a predominance of + the coronal over the basilar region, producing his marked + amiability, with sufficient basilar breadth to give him + physical force. + + Each had a large brain. In Dr. Wm. Byrd Powell, who had a + long head, and who was a man of restless ambition and fiery + energy, the occipital predominated over the frontal + development decidedly, producing, although the frontal + development was not large, much activity and force, or + brilliancy of mind, but not the calm temperament most + favorable to philosophy. His opinions were more bold and + striking than accurate. Dr. P. made a valuable collection of + crania, and was almost the only American scientist who gave + much attention to the _cultivation_ of phrenology. + +From these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs to +the occiput and gentleness to the front. The occipital region is +associated with the spinal column and the limbs, in which regions the +vital forces reside. Hence the occipital action of the brain generates +vital force and diffuses it in the body, while the frontal region, in +its aggregate tendency, expends the vital force--the greatest tendency +to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region. Both the +front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe tend to the +expenditure of vital force and destruction of health, and it is +absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe should +be suspended one-third of our time by sleep, without which it would +exhaust vitality. + +We shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward in +proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty, and farther +forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality--the +extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence. + +With these two rules, giving the latitude by the ethical quality and +the longitude by the active energy, I have been accustomed to require +my pupils to determine the location of the various elements of human +nature, bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions are located +near together, and organs of opposite or antagonistic functions occupy +opposite locations in the brain; and thus in proportion as one is +above the horizontal line the other is below it, and in proportion as +one is forward the other is backward,--in proportion as one is +interior or near the median line, the other is exterior or toward the +lateral surface. + +With this introductory explanation, I begin by asking, Where should we +locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of healthy influence, +and is therefore called Health? They will readily decide that it +belongs to the posterior half of the head, but not the most posterior, +as it is not of restless or impulsive character. Then as to its +latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably above the +middle zone and in the upper posterior region where, after comparing +locations, they generally agree that its position corresponds to the +spot marked by the letters He. + +[Illustration] + +We then inquire where the faculties should be located which give us +the least capacity to resist disease, the least buoyant health, and +the greatest liability to succumb to injuries. This being opposite to +the last faculty must be located diametrically opposite, in a position +anterior and inferior, which would bring it to the anterior end of the +middle lobe. As this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to +disease, it is not improper to call it the organ of Disease, if we +recollect that that is its abnormal action, as murder is the abnormal +action of Destructiveness. Its normal action gives a very acute +interior sensibility by means of which we understand our physical +condition and are warned of every departure from health. + +The pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by the +letters Di. + +We have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location, viz., +that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located +nearer to Health, and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it +must be located nearer to Disease. + +Let us now take two such faculties as Benevolence or good will and +Integrity or Conscientiousness. They will readily decide that +Benevolence must be in the superior anterior region, as it is a virtue +of the weak or yielding class, and that Conscientiousness, which makes +us just and honest, must be among the highest organs, much farther +back than Benevolence but not so far back as Health. There is no +difficulty in agreeing upon the locations, shown by the letters Be. +and Con. + +If now we seek for the opposite faculties, which lead to selfish and +dishonorable action, the antagonist of Benevolence will be unanimously +located below and behind the centre, where it is represented by the +letters Ac., as Avarice or Acquisitiveness is the leading +manifestation of the selfish faculty. + +As the faculty of Conscientiousness gives us the control of our +impulses and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the +performance of duty, its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual, +violent and selfish passions, and prompts to the utter disregard of +duty. The one being vertically above the centre of the brain, the +other must be vertically below it; one being on the upper the other +must be on the basilar surface. This brings it below the margin of the +middle lobe, which is above the cavity of the ear. Hence through the +cavity of the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe, +where it rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone, and the +external marking would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus +auditorius. For this organ and faculty, the name which would express +its unrestrained action is Baseness, as it would lead to the +commission of many crimes and the violation of all honesty and +justice. For its moderate and restrained activity, the term +Selfishness would be sufficient as it induces us to heed our selfish +appetites, interests, and passions, in opposition to the voice of +duty. Its more normal activity is to invigorate our animal life +generally and prevent us from going too far in the line of duty, +patience, forbearance and benevolence. Let it be marked Ba. Its +position will be recognized on the vertical line between the frontal +and occipital, as it is not an element of energy and success, nor of +debility, but simply an element of debasing animalism, which is not +destitute of force. + +There are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring +energy or industry, and of indolent relaxation. To the former we must +give an exalted position, as it is the sustaining power of all the +virtues; and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness +as it is of a more vigorous character. It is favorable to health and +therefore near that organ, and being free from selfishness it is not +far behind Conscientiousness. The letters En. show its location. +Energy being thus behind Conscientiousness, its antagonist Relaxation, +the source of indolence, must be anterior to Baseness, where we locate +the letters Re. + +The opposite elements of Serenity or Patience, and Irritability are +easily located; the former is obviously entitled to a high position. +From its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the occiput, and from +its steady, unyielding and supporting strength, it cannot be assigned +to the frontal region. It must, therefore, be in the middle superior +region, where the letters Pa. locate it. Irritability must be on the +median line of the basilar range (and antagonizes Patience on the +middle line above), but not as low as Baseness, for one may be +honorable though irritable and high-tempered, but such temper is not +compatible with very strict conscientiousness. + +In locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a single +but a double apparatus--a right and a left brain, each complete in all +the organs; consequently, we are in this instance locating our organs +in the left hemisphere alone, in which the median line where it meets +the other hemisphere is on its right side, and the exterior surface is +on its left. An organ located at the median line, or inner surface, as +Patience, must have its antagonist at the external or lateral surface, +as Irritability. + +The right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the median +line, and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface. The +left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement. Consequently, the right +side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are identical +in function. How then does the right side of one compare with the +right side of the other, and the left side with the left? Dr. Gall and +his followers have overlooked these questions, and fallen into very +great errors in consequence. Gall, for this reason, was mistaken in +the natural language of the organs, as will be hereafter shown, having +spoken of it as if we had a single brain, and also mistaken in many of +the organs concerning which a knowledge of the relations of the two +hemispheres to each other would have corrected the errors. There is a +striking analogy, or coincidence of function between the two right +sides and between the two left sides never suspected prior to my +investigations and experiments. + +Let us next look for the sentiment of Pride, or Self-respect, which +has been called Self-esteem. It is a sentiment of conscious ability. +Its character is dignity, rather than selfishness. We readily perceive +that it must be in the upper region, but considerably behind the +vertical line, where we place the letters S.R. + +The question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the right or +the left side of the hemisphere, its inner or outer surface. The law +governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation are at +the median line, but those of more interior and spiritual character +are generally at the lateral or exterior surface. Self-respect, or +Pride, is an organ of strong exterior manifestation, and is, +therefore, at the median line between the hemispheres. Its antagonist +must, therefore, be sought at the external or lateral surface, as far +below the horizontal division, as Self-respect is above it, and as far +forward as Self-respect is backward. Hence we find Humility where the +letters Hu. are located. + +The idea of a specific antagonist to Self-esteem was never entertained +in the phrenological school, but it is obviously indispensable, for +Humility, which gives an humble or servile character, and disqualifies +for any high position, is as positive an element as the opposite, and +is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society. This +organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance in +front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command. + +If we look for the seat of Modesty, we should look in front of the +ear, but not so far forward as for Intellect. We would look near the +horizontal line, not to the upper surface, and would see the propriety +of locating it in the temples at the letters Mo. For its antagonism in +Ostentation we should look to the occiput. That species of modesty +which produces a bashful and yielding character will be found just +below the horizontal line, while that form of modest sentiment which +produces the highest refinement rises into connection with love at the +upper surface. The organ thus runs obliquely upward, corresponding to +the position of the convolutions. The antagonist, Ostentation, extends +above and below the letters Ost. on the occiput. + +If we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat, we would +naturally look to the lower posterior region, but not the lowest. We +find Combativeness behind the ear, marked Com. Its antagonist, which +shuns strife and seeks harmony, must evidently be in the superior +anterior region, and near the intellectual organs which it resembles +in function by facilitating a mutual understanding, and giving a +spirit of concession. The location is marked Har. for Harmony. It +embraces a group of organs of harmonious tendency, such as Friendship, +Politeness, Imitation, Humor, Pliability and Admiration, as the +Combative group is hostile, stubborn, morose and censorious. + +For the sentiment of Love we look to the upper surface of the brain as +the seat of the nobler sentiments. Being a stronger sentiment than +Harmony, it should be located farther back where we place the letters +Love. Its antagonism must be on the basilar surface, and a little +behind the vertical line, as Love is before it. This antagonistic +faculty would domineer and crush. Its extremest action would result in +Hatred. Its location is marked by the letters Ha. and Do. + +Upon the principles already stated, the intellect occupies the extreme +front of the brain--the anterior surface of the front lobe. Its +general character will be represented by its middle--the region of +Consciousness and of Memory (Memory). The faculties that relate to +physical objects, the intellect common to animals, would necessarily +occupy the lower stratum along the brow (Perception), while the higher +species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the summit of +the forehead. Sagacity, Reason, and other similar forms of intellect, +marked Understanding, are above--physical conceptions below--Memory, +which retains both, lying between them. + +The perceptive power, with the widest exterior range, is at the median +line, where we find clairvoyance; and the interior meditative power, +such as Invention, Composition, Calculation, and Planning, belongs to +the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead, according to the +principles just stated. Adhesiveness (Adh.) is the centre of the +antagonism to the intellect. + +Religion, which relates to the infinite exterior, to the universe and +its loftiest power, must evidently be upon the median line and in the +higher portion of the brain, farther back than Benevolence, as it is a +stronger sentiment, but not so far back as Patience and Firmness. + +Its antagonism must be at the lower external surface, behind +Irritability, (as Religion is before Patience,) but before +Acquisitiveness. The tendency of such a faculty must be toward a +lawless defiance of everything sacred, a passionate, impulsive +self-will and selfishness, resulting in lawless profligacy. Profligacy +would, therefore, be the name for its predominance (Pr.), while +executive independence and energy for selfish purposes would be its +more normal manifestation. + +Thus we might go over the entire brain, showing that all the locations +of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania with +character, and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments +upon intelligent persons, are arranged in accordance with general laws +which are easily understood. The perfection of divine wisdom is made +fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of the psychic +phenomena of man. + + "A MIGHTY MAZE BUT NOT WITHOUT A PLAN," + +subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly +intelligible. Far more do we realize this when we master the science +of PATHOGNOMY, and discover that all the attributes or faculties of +the human soul, and all its complex relations with the body, are +demonstrably subject to mathematical laws. + +I do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the +localities as I might with the anatomical models before a class, but +would refer, in conclusion, to the location of the physiological +functions of the brain. + +Its basilar surfaces, pointing downwards, have their normal influence +upon the body. Behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and +muscular system. Hence basilar depth produces vital force and muscular +power. But as the basilar functions, which use the body, are opposite +to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature, it follows +that excessive use of the body, either for exertion or for sensual +pleasure, is destructive to our higher faculties, operating in many +respects like the indulgence of the lower passions. Hence mankind are +imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality and +violence. + +While the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior +part of the trunk, that portion in front of the ear operates more +anteriorly, affecting the viscera, in which there is no muscular +vigor, and the tendency of which is toward indolence. Thus the +vertical line separates the indolent from the energetic basilar +functions, and all the enfeebling, sensitive, morbid faculties that +impair our energies are in the anterior basilar region. + +The normal action of these organs, however, is necessary to life, and +sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion of +waste. But as it is the region of sensibility to all influences, it +renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind, unless we are +strongly fortified by our occipital strength. The tendency to bodily +disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of Disease and +Health. Insanity, or derangement of the mind and nervous system, +belongs to a basilar and anterior location, which we reach through the +junction of the neck and jaw (marked Ins.). It is more interior, but +not lower than Disease, in the brain. Its antagonism is above on the +temporal arch, between the lateral and upper surfaces of the brain, +marked San. for Sanity. It gives a mental firmness which resists +disturbing influences. + +The coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite +influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects, withdrawing +the nervous energy from the body, tranquillizing its excitements, and +attracting all vital energy to the brain, especially in its upper +region. By sustaining the brain, which is the chief seat of life, and +by restraining the passions, the coronal region is more beneficial to +health and longevity than any other portion. In the posterior part it +not only has this happy effect, but by sustaining the occipital half +of the brain, gives a normal and healthy energy to all the powers of +life. Such is the influence of the group of organs in which Health is +the centre. + +[Illustration] + +It is obvious, therefore, that the study of the brain reveals laws +which give us the strongest inducement to an honorable life as the +only road to success and happiness. + +To show the facility with which organs may be located upon general +principles, I present herewith the locations actually made by a small +class of pupils when I first proposed to have them determine locations +according to the general laws of organology. None of these locations +would be called erroneous, the most incorrect of all being +Adhesiveness, located a little too high. They are Be. Benevolence, Ac. +Acquisitiveness, Phi. Philanthropy, Des. Destructiveness, Lo. Love, +Ha. Hate, Hu. Humor, Mod. Modesty, Os. Ostentation, Con. +Conscientiousness, Ba. Baseness, Pa. Patience, Irr. Irritability, For. +Fortitude, Al. Alimentiveness, Her. Heroism, Sen. Sensibility, Hea. +Health, Dis. Disease, Ad. Adhesiveness, Co. Combativeness, Ar. +Arrogance, Rev. Reverence, Ca. Cautiousness, Ra. Rashness. + +The suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature of +cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions of the +organs. The brain has in all its organs physiological and psychic +powers, which no one word can ever express fully. Sometimes a good +psychic term, such as Firmness, suggests to the intelligent mind a +corresponding influence on the physiological constitution, but in the +present state of mental science the conception of such a +correspondence is very vague. + +Moreover, even the psychic functions are not adequately represented by +the words already coined in the English language for other purposes, +and I do not think it expedient at present to coin new terms which +would embarrass the student. The word Sanity, for example, answers its +purpose by signifying a mental condition so firm and substantial as to +defy the depressing and disturbing influences that derange the mind. +It produces not the mere negative state, or absence of insanity, but a +positive firmness, and self-control, which is the interior expression +of firmness. The cheerful, stable, manly, and well-regulated character +which it produces, disciplines alike the intellect and the emotions, +and shows itself in children by an early maturity of character and +deportment, and freedom from childish folly and passion. + +If a new word should be introduced to express this function, the Greek +word SOPHROSYNE would be a very good one, as it signifies a +self-controlled and reasonable nature. The verb ANDRISO, signifying to +render hardy, manly, strong, to display vigor, and make a manly effort +of self-control, would be equally appropriate in the adjective form, +ANDRIKOS, and still more in the noun ANDRIA, which signifies manhood +or manly sentiments and conduct. It would not, however, be preferable +to the English word, MANLINESS, which is as appropriate a term as +Sanity or ANDRIA. + + + + +TO YOU PERSONALLY. + + +The JOURNAL OF MAN acknowledges with pleasure your co-operation during +the past year, its trial trip. It presumes from your co-operation, +that you are one of the very few truly progressive and large-minded +mortals who really wish to lift mankind into a better condition, and +who have that practical sagacity (which is rare among the educated) by +which you recognize great truths in their first presentation before +they have the support of the leaders of society. If among our readers +there are _any_ of a different class, they are not expected to +continue. The sincere friends of the JOURNAL have shown by many +expressions in their friendly letters, that they are permanent +friends, and as the present size of the JOURNAL is entirely inadequate +to its purposes, they desire its enlargement to twice its present size +and price. They perceive that it is the organ of the most important +and comprehensive movement of intellectual progress ever undertaken by +man, and they desire to see its mission fulfilled and the benefit +realized by the world, in a redeeming and uplifting education, a +reliable system of therapeutics, a scientific and beneficent religion, +a satisfactory spiritual science, and the uplifting of all sciences by +Psychometry. But it is important to know in advance that all the +JOURNAL'S present readers desire to go on in an enlarged and improved +issue. You are, therefore, requested to signify by postal card your +intentions and wishes as to the enlarged JOURNAL. Will your support be +continued or withdrawn for the next volume, and can you do anything to +extend its circulation? An immediate reply will oblige the editor. + + + + +RESPONSES OF OUR READERS. + + +The generous appreciation of the JOURNAL OF MAN by the liberal press +was shown in the May number, as well as the enthusiastic appreciation +of its readers. The proposition for its enlargement has called forth a +kind and warm response from its readers, from which the few quotations +following will show how well the JOURNAL has realized their hopes and +desires. "I will try to get one or two more subscribers to what I +regard as the best journal I have ever known, going as it does to the +root of the most vital and most important interests of man, and +dealing with great principles so vigorously and fairly."--G. H. C. (a +Southern author). "The intensely interesting subjects treated in the +JOURNAL OF MAN demand more space."--H. F. J. "The JOURNAL OF MAN is +certainly the most valuable truth-giver I ever saw."--J. T. J. "It is +the only journal of the kind, and the most needed of any kind."--O. K. +K. "I will sustain the Journal of Man as long as I have a dollar."--P. +C. M. "I do not see how I could get along without it."--G. B. N. +"Enlarge the JOURNAL five-fold."--G. B. R. "I shall want it as long as +I remain in this life."--Mrs. M. J. R. "Among progressive minds and +deep thinkers, it is considered solid gold."--W. E. S. "Count on me as +a life subscriber."--N. J. S. "I hope you will keep your pen moving, +as the world has need of your thoughts."--S. C. W. "I wish you could +make it a four-dollar publication."--A. W. "I think it the most +advanced publication extant."--H. W. W. "The rectification of cerebral +science is to me a demonstration."--L. W. H. "It accords with my views +of man, and leads by going beyond me."--J. W. I. "The most scientific +publication that I have ever read, and far in advance of all +others."--S. J. W. "The JOURNAL OF MAN is just what I want."--C. L. A. +"To say I like the JOURNAL, and am much interested in it, is a meagre +way of expressing myself."--H. F. B. "I hope you will be able to +extend it broadcast over the land."--Dr. W. W. B. "It has filled a +long-felt want in my mind."--E. C. B., M. D. "I wish that every editor +in the world was actuated by the same spirit that seems to actuate +you. As long as I can see to read, I shall endeavor to make it my +companion."--W. B. "More than pleased."--A. E. C. "I know of nothing +printed that equals it."--J. E. P. C. "I regard the JOURNAL as +important to mankind the world over."--E. E. C. "I am in receipt of +several medical journals and several newspapers; I think your JOURNAL +OF MAN contains more common sense than all the others."--S. F. D., +M.D. "I bid you God speed in your dissemination of truth."--Rev. D. D. +"The more it is enlarged the better I am pleased."--A. F., M.D. "I +perceive fully its important mission."--M. F. "I admire your thought +and expression."--L. G. "I will take the JOURNAL under all +circumstances, and at any price."--L. I. G. "I admired the manner in +which you bombarded military unchristianity."--A. J. H. + + +PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL. + +It is not yet decided that the JOURNAL shall be enlarged. The +flattering responses already received are not sufficient in number to +justify enlargement. Unless the remainder of the readers of the +JOURNAL shall express themselves in favor of enlargement it will not +be attempted. The editor is willing to toil without reward, but not to +take up a pecuniary burden in addition. + + * * * * * + +PSYCHOMETRIC PRACTICE. + +Mrs. C. H. Buchanan continues to apply her skill in the description of +character and disease, with general impressions as to past and future. +Her numerous correspondents express much gratification and surprise at +the correctness of her delineations. The fee for a personal interview +is $2; for a written description $3; for a more comprehensive review +and statement of life periods, with directions for the cultivation of +Psychometry, $5. + + * * * * * + +MAYO'S ANAESTHETIC. + +The suspension of pain, under dangerous surgical operations, is the +greatest triumph of Therapeutic Science in the present century. It +came first by mesmeric hypnotism, which was applicable only to a few, +and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical +profession. Then came the nitrous oxide, introduced by Dr. Wells, of +Hartford, and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened (?) medical +profession of Boston, and set aside for the next candidate, ether, +discovered in the United States also, but far inferior to the nitrous +oxide as a safe and pleasant agent. This was largely superseded by +chloroform, discovered much earlier by Liebig and others, but +introduced as an anaesthetic in 1847, by Prof. Simpson. This proved to +be the most powerful and dangerous of all. Thus the whole policy of +the medical profession was to discourage the safe, and encourage the +more dangerous agents. The magnetic sleep, the most perfect of all +anaesthetic agents, was expelled from the realm of college authority; +ether was substituted for nitrous oxide, and chloroform preferred to +ether, until frequent deaths gave warning. + +Nitrous oxide, much the safest of the three, has not been the +favorite, but has held its ground, especially with dentists. But even +nitrous oxide is not perfect. It is not equal to the magnetic sleep, +when the latter is practicable, but fortunately it is applicable to +all. To perfect the nitrous oxide, making it universally safe and +pleasant, Dr. U. K. Mayo, of Boston, has combined it with certain +harmless vegetable nervines, which appear to control the fatal +tendency which belongs to all anaesthetics when carried too far. The +success of Dr. Mayo, in perfecting our best anaesthetic, is amply +attested by those who have used it. Dr. Thorndike, than whom Boston +had no better surgeon, pronounced it "the safest the world has yet +seen." It has been administered to children and to patients in extreme +debility. Drs. Frizzell and Williams say they have given it +"repeatedly in heart disease, severe lung diseases, Bright's disease, +etc., where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in +walking, many of them under medical treatment, and the results have +been all that we could ask--no irritation, suffocation, nor +depression. We heartily commend it to all as the anaesthetic of the +age." Dr. Morrill, of Boston, administered Mayo's anaesthetic to his +wife with delightful results when "her lungs were so badly +disorganized, that the administration of ether or gas would be +entirely unsafe." The reputation of this anaesthetic is now well +established; in fact, it is not only safe and harmless, but has great +medical virtue for daily use in many diseases, and is coming into use +for such purposes. In a paper before the Georgia State Dental Society, +Dr. E. Parsons testified strongly to its superiority. "The nitrous +oxide (says Dr. P.) causes the patient when fully under its influence +to have very like the appearance of a corpse," but under this new +anaesthetic "the patient appears like one in a natural sleep." The +language of the press generally has been highly commendatory, and if +Dr. Mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as Prof. Simpson, of +Edinburgh, his new anaesthetic would have been adopted at once in every +college of America and Europe. + + * * * * * + + THE OPEN COURT. + + PUBLISHED BY + + The Open Court Publishing Company, + + Rooms 41 and 42, + 169-175 LA SALLE STREET, + CHICAGO. + + B. F. UNDERWOOD, SARA A. UNDERWOOD, + _Editor and Manager_. _Associate Editor_. + +The _Open Court_ is a high-class, radical free-thought Journal, +devoted to the work of exposing religious superstition, and +establishing religion upon the basis of science. + +It is opposed to all forms of sectarianism, and discusses all subjects +of interest in the light of the fullest knowledge and the most matured +thought of the age. + +It has for contributors the leading thinkers and writers of the old +and new world. Among those who contribute to its columns are the +following writers:-- + + Prof. Max Muller, of Oxford. Wm. J. Potter. + Richard A. Proctor. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. + Albert Revielle. Frederick May Holland. + Edmund Montgomery, M.D. Anna Garlin Spencer. + Prof. E. D. Cope. B. W. Ball. + Col. T. W. Higginson. Felix L. Oswald, M.D. + Prof. Leslie F. Ward. Theodore Stanton. + Prof. Henry C. Adams. Mrs. Celia P. Wooley. + Jas. Parton. E. C. Hegeler. + Geo. Jacob Holyoake. Dr. Paul Carus. + John Burroughs. Lewis G. James. + S. V. Clevenger, M.D. Mrs. Hypatia B. Bonner. + John W. Chadwick. Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Jr. + M. J. Savage. M. C. O'Byrne. + Moncure D. Conway. Samuel Kneeland, M.D. + Daniel Greenleaf Thompson. Prof. Van Buren Denslow. + Prof. Thomas Davidson. Mrs. Edna D. Cheney. + Gen. J. G. R. Forlong. Wm. Clark, A.M. + Prof. W. D. Gunning. Clara Lanza. + Gen. M. M. Trumbull. C. D. B. Mills. + W. M. Salter. Alfred H. Peters. + +Those who wish a first-class journal, devoted to the discussion of +scientific, religious, social and economic questions, should send at +once for a sample copy of this great journal. + + _Terms, $3 per year. Single copies, 15 cents_. + +Make all remittances payable to the order of B. F. UNDERWOOD, +Treasurer; and address all letters to _Open Court_, P. O. Drawer F., +Chicago, Ills. + + * * * * * + + "FORTY PATIENTS A DAY" + +is the name of a pamphlet Helen Wilmans has written on her _practical_ +experience in healing. No one seems to have had better opportunity of +demonstrating the truth of mental science than Mrs. Wilmans has had in +her Southern home, where the report of her skill was carried from +mouth to mouth, until patients swarmed to her from far and near. Send +15 cents for the pamphlet. Address: Mrs. HELEN WILMANS, Douglasville, +Georgia. + + * * * * * + +SEND description of yourself, with 15c, for complete written +prediction of your future life, etc.--N. M. GEER, Port Homer, +Jefferson Co., Ohio. + + * * * * * + + + + + Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first + issue of the volume. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buchanan's Journal of Man, December +1887, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN *** + +***** This file should be named 27796.txt or 27796.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/7/7/9/27796/ + +Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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