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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece, by 
+George Greenwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece
+       or, Common Sense and Common Errors in Common Riding
+
+Author: George Greenwood
+
+Release Date: April 12, 2009 [EBook #28563]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Note
+
+Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. A list of corrections
+is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been maintained. A list of inconsistently spelled
+and hyphenated words is found at the end of the text.
+
+Text surrounded by = was printed in a black-letter typeface in the
+original.
+
+The following less-common characters that are used in this version of
+the book. If they do not display properly, please change your font.
+
+  ⁂  Asterism (the asterism in the original text was reversed, with a
+     single asterisk at the bottom)
+  †  Dagger
+
+
+HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+              HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+                        TO
+
+               A Nephew and Niece.
+
+                        BY
+
+       AN OFFICER OF THE HOUSEHOLD BRIGADE
+                   OF CAVALRY.
+
+
+                  [Illustration]
+
+
+                     LONDON.
+        EDWARD MOXON & C^o. DOVER STREET.
+                      1861.
+
+
+
+
+              HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+                        TO
+
+              =A Nephew and Niece;=
+
+                       OR,
+
+        COMMON SENSE AND COMMON ERRORS IN
+                  COMMON RIDING.
+
+
+                        BY
+
+            COLONEL GEORGE GREENWOOD,
+  LATE LIEUT.-COL. COMMANDING 2ND LIFE GUARDS.
+
+
+                   NEW EDITION.
+
+
+                     LONDON:
+        EDWARD MOXON & CO., DOVER STREET.
+                      1861.
+
+
+
+
+  LONDON
+  BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+  MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+  Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding _taught_         2
+  That is the soldier’s _one-handed_ style                             2
+  _Two hands_ should be used to the reins                              5
+  A soldier’s horse must turn on the wrong rein                        7
+  Common riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein          9
+  Result of this with colts or restive horses                         10
+  Indications are not _aids_                                          12
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+  HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.
+
+  Reins at full length                                                14
+  The downward clutch                                                 16
+  The Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins                  18
+  The side clutch                                                     20
+  The two reins _crossed_ in one hand                                 21
+  A rein in each hand                                                 23
+  Turn to the right, and left                                         26
+  The hunting hand                                                    26
+  The rough-rider’s hand                                              27
+  Fixing the hands                                                    28
+  Use of both bridles at once                                         30
+  Shortening the reins when held one in each hand, system of
+    taught, and of untaught horsemen                                  30
+  Use of the whip                                                     34
+  Horses swerve and turn _only to the left_                           34
+  Fault in “the great untaught,” two-handed, English rider            35
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+  EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.
+
+  Retaining, urging, and guiding indications                          36
+  To make a horse collect himself                                     37
+  Canter, right turn, right pass                                      38
+  Left shoulder in                                                    38
+  Bearing on the mouth                                                39
+  The horse must be made to collect himself in turning                42
+  And should not be turned on one rein only                           43
+  Lady’s canter                                                       44
+  The quicker the pace, the greater degree of collection              44
+  French and English mistake in this                                  45
+  The shy horse                                                       46
+  The restive horse                                                   48
+  Truth may be paradoxical                                            49
+
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+  MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.
+
+  The rider cannot raise the falling horse                            50
+  Harm is done by the attempt                                         51
+  The bearing-rein                                                    54
+  Mechanical assistance of the jockey to his horse                    56
+  Standing on the stirrups                                            58
+  Difference between the gallop and the leap                          58
+  Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the horse                 59
+  The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence           61
+
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+  THE SEAT.
+
+  There is one direction which applies to all seats                   65
+  Different seats for different styles of riding                      65
+  The manège and the Eastern seats are the extremes                   66
+  The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in line            67
+  Medium length of stirrup for common riding                          69
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+  MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.
+
+  Directions to place a lady in her saddle                            70
+  Directions to mount at a halt                                       71
+  To mount in movement                                                71
+  To dismount in movement                                             71
+  To vault on or over in movement                                     72
+  To vault on at a halt                                               72
+  Circus for practising these movements                               72
+  To pick a whip from the ground                                      72
+  To face about in the saddle                                         73
+
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+  THE BIT.
+
+  Place of the bit in the horse’s mouth                               74
+  Principle of the bit                                                74
+  Action of the common bit                                            76
+  Action of the Chifney bit                                           77
+  The loose eye                                                       77
+  The nose-band                                                       77
+  The horse’s defence against the bit by the tongue                   78
+  Effect of the porte against this defence                            78
+  Defence of the horse by the lip                                     80
+  Defence by the teeth                                                80
+  Bar of the military and driving bit                                 81
+  Martingale                                                          81
+  Danger does not result from power                                   84
+
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+  THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.
+
+  A side-saddle should have no right hand pummel                      86
+  The leaping-horn                                                    86
+  Surcingle                                                           88
+  Stirrup-leather                                                     89
+  Stirrup-iron                                                        90
+  Girthing                                                            90
+  To avoid riding on the buckles of the girths                        91
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+  THE SHORT REIN.
+
+  The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied             93
+  Its use to a soldier                                                94
+  Its use with the restive horse                                      94
+  It should not be used in hunting, or in swimming a horse            95
+  Objection to it for common riding                                   95
+  Used by postilion                                                   99
+  Short rein of the Eastern horseman                                  96
+
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+  COLT-BREAKING.
+
+  Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider             97
+  The head-stall                                                      98
+  The snaffle                                                         99
+  Longeing                                                           101
+  Saddling                                                           102
+  Mounting                                                           102
+  Sermon to the colt-breaker                                         103
+  The noblest horse resists the most                                 103
+  The horse has a natural _right_ to resist                          103
+  The colt wants no suppling                                         105
+  He wants to be taught the meaning of your indications              105
+  And to be brought to obey them                                     110
+  The leaping-bar                                                    110
+  Fetch and carry                                                    113
+
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+  THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.
+
+  Condition depends on food, work, and warmth                        115
+  So does the difference between the _breeds_ of horses              116
+  The terseness of the Arab is the result of hard food               116
+  So is that of our thorough-bred horse                              117
+  Different _breeds_ result from different natural conditions        118
+  Crossing only necessary where natural conditions are against you   119
+  We do not attend enough to warmth                                  120
+  We should get fine winter coats by warmth, instead of singeing     120
+  No fear of cold from fine coats                                    121
+  The horse’s foot should be stopped with clay                       121
+  The sore ridge                                                     122
+  Stable breast-plate                                                124
+  The head-stall                                                     125
+  Never physic, bleed, blister, or fire your horse                   126
+  Food for condition                                                 126
+  Rest for strains                                                   126
+  Nature for wounds                                                  126
+  Miles for shoeing                                                  127
+  The horse should have water always by him                          127
+  And should stand loose                                             128
+  No galloping on hard ground, either by master or man               128
+  He who cripples the horse kills him                                128
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  FRONTISPIECE                                            To face Title.
+
+  VIGNETTE                                                        Title.
+
+  FIG.                                                              PAGE
+   1.--STRICT REGIMENTAL                                               3
+   2.--VARIED REGIMENTAL                                               4
+   3.--REINS AT FULL LENGTH                                           15
+   4.--DOWN CLUTCH                                                    17
+   5.--DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND                                 18
+   6.--SIDE CLUTCH                                                    19
+   7.--SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND                                 20
+   8.--CROSS                                                          22
+   9.--REIN IN EACH HAND                                              23
+  10.--TURN TO THE RIGHT                                              25
+  11.--TURN TO THE LEFT                                               26
+  12.--HUNTING GALLOP                                                 27
+  13.--ROUGH-RIDER                                                    28
+  14.--FIXING HANDS                                                   29
+
+
+
+
+HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.
+
+Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding _taught_; that is,
+   the soldier’s _one-handed_ style.--_Two hands_ should be used to
+   the reins.--A soldier’s horse must turn on the wrong rein.--Common
+   riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein. Result of
+   this with colts or restive horses.--Indications are not _aids_.
+
+
+When you wish to turn to the right pull the right rein stronger than the
+left. This is common sense. The common error is precisely the reverse.
+The common error is, when you wish to turn to the right to pass the hand
+to the right. By this the right rein is slackened, and the left rein is
+tightened, across the horse’s neck, and the horse is required to turn to
+the right when the left rein is pulled. It is to correct this common
+error, this monstrous and perpetual source of bad riding and of bad
+usage to good animals, that these pages are written.
+
+[Sidenote: Only one style of riding _taught_.]
+
+[Sidenote: That is, a _one-handed_ style.]
+
+England is the only European country which admits of more than one style
+of riding. But in all Europe, even in England, there is but one style of
+riding _taught_, as a system; that style is the manége or military
+style. The military style is, and must ever be essentially _a one-handed
+style_, for the soldier must have his right hand at liberty for his
+weapons. The recruit is indeed made to ride with a single snaffle in two
+hands, but only as a preparatory step to the one-handed style. His left
+hand then becomes _his bridle hand_, and that hand must hold the reins
+in such a manner as will require the least possible aid from _the sword
+hand_ to shorten them as occasion may require. This is with the fourth
+finger only between them (Fig. 1).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--STRICT REGIMENTAL.]
+
+For these reasons, as far as soldiers are concerned, I do not see how
+the present system can be altered for the better, unless it be by
+placing the three last fingers of the left hand between the reins (Fig.
+2), instead of the fourth finger only. The reins held in this way are
+as easily and as quickly shortened, by drawing them with the right hand
+through the left, as if they were separated by the fourth finger only. I
+always adopted this mode myself when my sword was in my hand; and I
+should think it worth trial for all soldiers. My two last chargers had
+been notoriously restive horses, and I could not have ridden them in the
+strictly regimental mode.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--VARIED REGIMENTAL.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Two hands_ should be used to the reins.]
+
+But I see no reason why, because soldiers are compelled to guide their
+horses with the left hand only, and with the fourth finger only between
+the reins, that ladies and civilians should be condemned to the same
+system. On the contrary, I would have ladies as well as gentlemen use
+both hands to the reins, whether of the curb or of the snaffle, somewhat
+as the rough-rider or colt-breaker uses the reins of a single snaffle;
+but the reins should enter the hands outside instead of inside the
+fourth fingers, and they should quit the hands between the first and
+second fingers instead of between the first finger and thumb, as will be
+explained in the next chapter.
+
+Fasten the end of a rein to the upper part of the back of a chair; pull
+the reins enough to raise two of the legs off the ground, and to keep
+the chair balanced on the other two. Take your reins as ladies and
+soldiers are taught to take them (Fig. 1), both grasped in the left
+hand, the fourth finger only between them, and (I quote from the
+regulations of the English cavalry) “the top of the thumb firmly closed
+on them--the upper part of the arm hanging straight down from the
+shoulder--the left elbow lightly touching the hip--the lower part of the
+arm square to the upper--little finger on a level with the elbow--wrist
+rounded outwards--the back of the hand to the front--the thumb pointing
+across the body, and three inches from it.” In this position we are
+taught that “the little finger of the bridle-hand has four lines of
+action--first, towards the breast (to stop or rein back); second,
+towards the right shoulder (to turn to the right); third, towards the
+left shoulder (to turn to the left); fourth, towards the horse’s head
+(to advance).” Try the second motion: you will find it a very nice
+operation, and that you are capable of shortening the right rein only in
+a very slight degree; you will also find that, if the hand ceases to be
+precisely opposite the centre of the body, the moment it is passed to
+the right the right rein becomes slackened, and the left rein is pulled.
+This is still more the case when the horse’s neck is between the reins;
+the left rein is then instantly shortened across the neck.
+
+[Sidenote: A soldier’s horse must turn on the wrong rein.]
+
+I will not assert that the art of riding thus is impossible, though it
+has ever been so to me; and though, in my own experience, I never saw a
+cavalry soldier, rough-rider, riding-master, or any horseman whatever,
+who turned his horse, single-handed, on the proper rein. But I may
+assert that it is an exceedingly nice and delicate art. It is the
+opera-dancing of riding. And it would be as absurd to put the skill of
+its professors in requisition in common riding or across country, as to
+require Taglioni to _chasser_ over a ploughed field. For single-handed
+indications, supposing them to be correctly given--which, as I have
+said, I have never known; but supposing them to be correctly given--they
+are not sufficiently distinct to turn a horse, except in a case of
+optimism. That is, supposing for a short time a perfectly broken horse,
+in perfect temper, perfectly on his haunches, going perfectly up to his
+bit, and on perfect ground. Without all these perfections--suppose even
+the circumstance of the horse being excited or alarmed, or becoming
+violent from any other cause; that he is sluggish or sullen; that he
+stiffens his neck or pokes his nose--single-handed indications are worth
+nothing. But as for riding a horse perfectly on his haunches through a
+long day’s journey, or in rough or deep ground, or across country, one
+might as well require infantry to make long forced marches at ordinary
+time, and to strictly preserve their touch and dressing; or, still to
+compare it to opera-dancing, Coulon to go through a day’s shooting with
+the pas de zephir.
+
+But correct single-handed indications, with the fourth finger only
+between the reins, will not be obeyed by one horse in ten thousand. Try
+them in driving. There the terret-pad prevents their being given
+incorrectly, and a bearing-rein, a severe bit, and a whip, give you
+every advantage in keeping your horse collected; yet you will find them
+wholly inefficient. The soldier, who is compelled to turn to the right
+by word of command, when the correct indication is unanswered, in
+despair throws his hand to the right. The consequence is, that no horse
+is a good soldier’s horse, till he has been trained to turn on the wrong
+rein.
+
+[Sidenote: Common riders turn on the wrong rein.]
+
+Without the same excuse for it, the same may be said of all ladies and
+civilians who ride with one hand only, and of almost all who ride with
+two hands. For, strange to say, in turning, both hands are generally
+passed to the right or left, and I have known many of what may be called
+the most perfect straight-_forward_ hands; that is, men who on the turf
+would hold the most difficult three-year-old to the steady stroke of the
+two-mile course, and place him as a winner to half-a-length--who in the
+hunting-field would ride the hottest, or the most phlegmatic made
+hunter, with equal skill, through all difficulties of ground, and over
+every species of fence, with admirable precision and equality of
+hand--or who on the exercise ground would place his broken charger on
+his haunches, and make him walk four miles an hour, canter six and a
+half, trot eight and a half, and gallop eleven, without being out in
+either pace a second of time, but who marred all by the besetting sin of
+side-feeling--of turning the horse on the wrong rein. The consequence
+is, that they can ride nothing but what has been trained to answer the
+wrong indications.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of this with colts or restive horses.]
+
+This is something like steaming without steering. Set them on a finely
+broken horse, on a colt, or a restive horse, and they become helpless
+children--the powerless prisoners of the brutes they bestride. How often
+does one see one’s acquaintance in this distressing situation, with
+courage enough to dare what man dare, but without the power to do what
+the rough-rider has just done! First comes the false indication of the
+rider, then the confusion and hesitation of the horse; next the violence
+of the rider; then the despair and rebellion of the horse. The finish is
+a fractured limb from a rear or a runaway. The poor brute is set down as
+restive and in fact becomes more or less a misanthrope for the rest of
+his days. I have seen the gentle and brave, under such circumstances,
+act very much like the cruel and cowardly; that is to say, first rough
+an innocent animal for their own fault, and then yield to his
+resistance. It is in consequence of this that we find so many restive
+horses; that so few thorough-bred horses--that is, horses of the highest
+courage--can be made hunters; that, in fact, almost all high-couraged
+young horses become restive after leaving the colt-breaker’s hands. It
+is, indeed, in consequence of this that the class of people called
+colt-breakers exists at all. For if we all rode on their principle,
+which is the true principle, any groom or moderately good rider could
+break any colt or ride any restive horse.
+
+No horse becomes restive in the colt-breaker’s hands; nor do any remain
+so when placed in his hands. The reason is that he invariably rides with
+one bridle and two hands, instead of two bridles and one hand. When he
+wishes to go to the right he pulls the right rein stronger than the
+left. When he wishes to go to the left he pulls the left rein stronger
+than the right. These are indications which, if the colt will not obey,
+he will at least understand, the very first time that he is mounted, and
+which the most obstinate will not long resist. But as may be supposed,
+it takes a long time to make him understand that he is to turn to the
+right when the left rein is pulled, and to the left when the right rein
+is pulled. And it is only the meek-spirited and docile who will do this
+at all. Such, however, is the general docility of the half-bred horse,
+that a great proportion of them are, after long ill-usage, taught to
+answer these false indications, in the same way that a carthorse is
+brought to turn right or left by the touch of the whip on the opposite
+side of the neck, or the word of the driver; and indeed such is the
+nicety to which it may be brought, that you constantly hear people boast
+that their horses will “turn by the weight of the reins on the neck.”
+This, however, only proves the docility of the horse, and how badly he
+has been ridden. For a horse which has been finely broken should take
+notice only of the indications of his rider’s hands on his mouth, not of
+any side-feeling of the reins against his neck.
+
+[Sidenote: Indications are not _aids_.]
+
+By _indications_ generally, I mean the motions and applications of the
+hands, legs, and whip, to direct and determine the paces, turnings,
+movements, and carriage of the horse. I have used the word throughout
+instead of _aids_, as being more explanatory and certainly less liable
+to abuse. For common sense tells us that a horse receives no aid from a
+pull in the mouth with a piece of iron, or a blow with a whip, or a kick
+in the side with an armed heel, however these may indicate to him the
+wishes or commands of his rider. I have also used the term _bearing_ on
+the horse’s mouth instead of _appui_, since to those who do not
+understand French appui will convey no meaning at all,--and to those who
+do understand French it will convey the false ideas of the necessity and
+power of the rider to _support_ his horse. I promise my pupil every
+_aid_ and _support from_ his horse. But I beg him not to think of
+offering either aid or support _to_ his horse. I beg him to believe that
+the horse carries the rider, and not the rider the horse. But this we
+will discuss in another chapter. That the horse supports the rider is
+common sense: that the rider supports the horse is the common error.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.
+
+Reins at full length.--The downward clutch.--Grecian mode of holding and
+   handling the reins.--The side-clutch.--The two reins crossed in the
+   hand.--A rein in each hand.--Turn to the right, and left.--The
+   hunting hand.--The rough-rider’s hand.--Fixing the hands.--Use of
+   both bridles at once.--Shortening the reins when held, one in each
+   hand, mode of taught and of untaught horsemen.--Use of the whip.--Horses
+   swerve, turn, and refuse _only to the left_.--Fault in “the great
+   untaught,” English, two-handed rider.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Reins at full length.]
+
+To practise the indications of the hands, take the bridle which is
+attached to the chair at full length (Fig. 3), with the tips of the four
+fingers of the left hand between the reins at the centre, the first and
+fourth fingers detached to facilitate their working on the rein proper
+to each; the hand pendant, with the back to the front, and balance the
+chair on two legs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--REINS AT FULL LENGTH.]
+
+If the length of the rein suits, it may be so held in long rides when
+the horse is going quietly at an extended walk, for directly as the
+slowness of the pace is the length of the horse, and so should be the
+length of the rein. The horse is at his greatest length when standing
+still, and if you force him to collect himself then, he will be uneasy
+and fidget.[16-*] But the reins must never be loose. The bearing on the
+mouth, however lightly, must still be felt; and if the horse, in
+attempting to stare about, as colts and ill-ridden horses will, should
+throw his head to the right, it must be stopped by the feeling of the
+tip of the fourth finger on the left rein; if he throws his head to the
+left, by the feeling of the first finger on the right rein. But provided
+that the bearing on the horse’s mouth, and this power of keeping his
+head straight, are preserved, a horse cannot have too much liberty under
+the circumstances supposed. To turn to the right both reins must be
+pulled, the right the strongest, by feeling the tip of the first finger
+towards you; both legs must be pressed, the left the strongest; the whip
+shown on the left. To turn to the left the reverse indications.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--DOWN CLUTCH.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Down clutch.]
+
+[Sidenote: Grecian mode.]
+
+To take up the reins use the downward clutch[16-†] (Fig. 4); that is,
+place the two first fingers of the right hand between the reins at the
+greatest convenient distance, and slide them smoothly back. Repeat this
+movement, changing from hand to hand, and keeping the chair balanced and
+steady. This clutch is excellent for a straight-forward, _hot_ horse; it
+shortens the reins any length at one movement, with a very low, steady
+bearing. Two hands may be used (Fig. 5). I conceive this to be the
+Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins (see frontispiece and
+vignette, from the Elgin Marbles), except that the Greeks had one
+finger between the reins instead of two; and they held the reins,
+whether together or divided, between the thumb and the second finger.
+The first finger was thus detached, and used only for guiding, by which
+very distinct indications may be given on either rein when both are in
+one hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--SIDE CLUTCH.]
+
+[Sidenote: Side clutch.]
+
+At a walk, with a quiet horse, this _down_ clutch may be turned into the
+_side_-clutch (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7); it is nearly the same as the English
+mode of driving, but the right rein is uppermost, which facilitates the
+dividing the reins and placing them together again, and when the reins
+are in the left hand, the right rein quits the hand between the second
+and third finger. This allows you to hold one rein while you slip the
+other, besides that the left rein is not disturbed in taking the right
+rein in the right hand, and in returning it to the left hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cross.]
+
+But the following position (Fig. 8) is the foundation of all fine
+handling, and therefore of all fine riding.
+
+And if the pupil will only thoroughly acquire this one movement he shall
+have my leave to consign the rest of my book “protervis in mare Creticum
+portare ventis.”
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--CROSS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rein in each hand]
+
+We will call this movement cross, because the reins, when in one hand,
+are crossed inside the hand. Take the left rein with the three last
+fingers of the left hand, so that it enters the hand outside the little
+finger, and quits the hand between the first and second finger. Place
+the right rein in the left hand over the first and second finger, so
+that it enters the hand outside the first finger and quits the hand
+between the second and third finger, so that the whole hand is between
+the reins where they enter the hand, and the second finger is between
+them where they quit the hand. Fig. 9 shows the rein in each hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+At every change from hand to hand the reins may be shortened to any
+extent. To lengthen them they must be slipped while a rein is in each
+hand, turning the two fore fingers towards you. You cannot pay too much
+attention to practising the cross from hand to hand on the balanced
+chair. There should be nothing approaching to a jerk or shake of either
+rein. Neither rein should be for an instant loosened, but an equal
+tension kept on both, and both should be of precisely equal length when
+crossed in one hand. Be assured, however childish it may appear to you,
+this practice will teach you the true principle of handling your horse,
+and will give to the bearings and indications of your hands on his mouth
+a delicate elasticity and resilience resulting from the play of every
+articulation from the tips of the fingers to the shoulders. At the same
+time if power is required, instead of having the left hand only, with
+the fourth finger only between the reins, by taking them in the full
+grasp of the hands it allows you to employ the whole strength of both
+shoulders.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--TURN TO THE RIGHT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--TURN TO THE LEFT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--HUNTING GALLOP.]
+
+[Sidenote: Turn to the right and left.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hunting and rough-rider’s hand.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fixing the hands.]
+
+The cross together with the rein in each hand should be so constantly
+going on as to give the appearance of playing with the reins whenever
+anything like riding and handling is required. In fact, he who can use
+his reins in this manner with a riotous horse, without disturbing the
+bearing is a rider, he who cannot is not. Fig. 10 shows the turn to the
+right when the reins are crossed in the left hand, with the use of the
+whip. Fig. 11 the turn to the left. Fig. 12 for holding the horse to a
+hunting or racing gallop on a snaffle is the same as Fig. 9, but with
+the fists closed. Fig. 13 is the same in a different position. It is the
+rough-rider’s hand for working a horse up and making him collect himself
+with a snaffle. And this is the only case where a little _working_ of
+the bit on his mouth (the scier le bridon of the French) is to be
+allowed. Fig. 14 is the same, with the thumbs fixed on the back of a
+chair. If a thumb is fixed in this way behind the lower part of each
+pummel, the lady acquires a hold which no horse can force; at the same
+time it gives the lowest possible and the steadiest possible bearing.
+The hand should be as open as is possible and as much closed as is
+necessary. Modifications of this position, with the hands closed, are
+used in holding the horse to his gallop in hunting and racing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--ROUGH-RIDER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--FIXING HANDS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Use of both bridles at once.]
+
+To use the two bridles at once, that is, the four reins, place the
+little fingers between the reins, the snaffle inside, the curb outside.
+Let them quit the hands over the first finger, the thumb on them. In the
+left hand, the snaffle to the left of the thumb, the curb to the right.
+In the right hand the snaffle to the right, the curb to the left. This
+keeps them distinct, and allows the power of slipping or dropping
+either, by pressing the thumb only on the other. The two bridles should
+be always in two hands, except when placed together to shorten them. In
+a _storm_, that is, till you have time for nicety, treat the two bridles
+as if they were one.
+
+[Sidenote: Two handed shortening the rein, taught and untaught.]
+
+The mode of shortening the reins in two-handed riding, which I have seen
+rough-riders use, and which I have seen recruits taught when using the
+single snaffle in all riding-houses, civil or military, foreign or
+English, and which is detailed in the école du cavalier in the French
+cavalry ordonnance, is wholly vicious. There are no directions at all
+given for this in the treatise on military equitation in the regulations
+for the English cavalry, nor have I ever met with any in any book,
+foreign or English, except in the French ordonnance. To shorten the
+right rein on the French system, bring the thumbs together, take the
+right rein with the thumb and first finger of the left hand, the thumbs
+touching, raise the left hand, and let the right rein slip till the
+thumbs are one inch apart. With the right rein thus, one inch shorter
+than the left, when it is required to shorten the left equally, by
+management you may bring the two thumbs together again without loosening
+the left rein. I say, by management, you may do so, but the chances are
+that the longest rein is invariably thus slackened previously to being
+shortened, and consequently, that the bearing on the horse’s mouth is
+disturbed. But supposing it possible to manage this by an inch at a
+time, it is quite impossible to manage it at a greater distance. If,
+therefore, you have to shorten both reins a foot, you cannot effect it
+without twenty-four operations. This is not at all an unlikely
+occurrence in riding unruly horses, for such horses are commanded by
+being made to bend or collect themselves. Their most frequent defence is
+jerking their heads away and extending themselves; and the facility of
+adjusting the length of the reins to the degree in which they extend or
+collect themselves, makes the difference of whether you can ride such
+horses or not. If, in riding a half-broken, hot, or violent horse, he
+jerks his head down so as to draw one rein six inches longer than the
+other, it is impossible to bring the thumbs together without slackening
+the longest rein--at the moment you wish it tightened--four or five
+inches. I need not dilate on the effect of this in riding such a horse
+as I have supposed.
+
+This French military system, then, of shortening the reins in two-handed
+riding is actually ridiculous. But a ridiculous system is better than no
+system at all. And except this French system, I know of _none taught_
+save those which I have attempted to teach in this chapter.
+
+What mistakes are made in this way, even by the _finest untaught_
+horseman, are shown in the last paragraph of this chapter.
+
+In all the practices enjoined above, the hand which quits the rein
+should slide along it _behind_ the hand which receives the rein. And in
+all these positions the hand should always be at right angles with the
+reins; you then have the play of all the joints. If the hand is in the
+same line with the reins, the play is only from the elbow.
+
+The thumb should not be used where delicacy is required, since it acts
+in a contrary direction to the fingers, and entirely stops the play of
+all the joints of the hand and fingers. Close your thumb on your fingers
+and you will see.
+
+Where power is required, the change from the utmost resilience to the
+utmost rigidity is effected in the time necessary to close the fists.
+Every gradation, however, between the closed fists and the tips of the
+open fingers is at the option of the rider.
+
+[Sidenote: Use of the whip.]
+
+Gentlemen having a leg and spur on each side of the horse to urge and to
+guide him, should ride without any whip at all if the horse has been
+subjected to the leg, so as to have the right hand as free for the reins
+as the left: there should be no such thing as “_a bridle hand_.” If a
+whip is carried, it should be as light as possible. It should be held up
+like a hunter or a rough-rider, not down like a jockey; and so
+completely between the _hand_ and the thumb as to leave the _fingers_
+free for the reins. To carry that _club_ called the handle of a hunting
+whip is a frightful enormity. The excuse is, to open gates; but if you
+put your horse’s side against a gate, it is better opened by the hand,
+but keep your leg from your horse’s side. The _fingering_ of the reins
+should not be impeded even by thick gloves; as thick muffettees as you
+like, but no gloves thicker than kid.
+
+[Sidenote: Horses swerve and turn only _to the left_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fault in English two-handed riding.]
+
+The action of the whip, by the turn of the wrist, on either side of the
+horse, is of every importance in lady’s riding, in colt-breaking, in
+riding the restive horse, and I had well nigh said, in hunting and race
+riding. For how often do we see the race lost by a swerve _to the left_
+(attributed to distress). The hunter invariably refuses by turning _to
+the left_. The restive horse invariably turns _to the left_. Have all
+horses joined in Holy Alliance to fight on one plan? If not, why do they
+all turn _to the left_? Because the whip is only used _on the right_.
+There is, however, another cause which acts in conjunction with this.
+Even our finest two-handed English riders (who, in my opinion, are the
+finest riders in the world), when they use the right hand on the right
+rein, continue to hold both reins with the left hand, and they slip the
+right rein a little through the left hand in order to place both hands
+even. This is a most vicious habit. When they quit the right rein to use
+the whip, or to throw the arm back at a fence (another most vicious
+habit), by their system of holding and handling the reins they have not
+the power to place _the lengthened_ right rein _short_ in the left hand.
+Alas! poor horse! He is then pulled to the left by the left rein, driven
+to the left by the whip on the right, and then abused for answering
+these _natural_ indications, which he has been trained _habitually_ to
+obey.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16-*] This is one reason against an _unalterable_ bearing-rein.
+
+[16-†] Have mercy on this _little_ word, _great_ reader, and do compound
+a sesquipedalian clutch for me, out of digitus and δάκτυλος.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.
+
+Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.--To make the horse collect
+   himself.--Canter, right turn, right pass.--Left shoulder in.--Bearing
+   on the mouth.--The horse must be made to collect himself in
+   turning.--And should not be turned on one rein only.--Lady’s
+   canter.--The quicker the pace, the greater degree of
+   collection.--French and English mistake here.--The shy horse.--The
+   restive horse.--Truth may be paradoxical.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.]
+
+There are three sorts of indications, retaining, urging, and guiding.
+
+[Sidenote: To make the horse collect himself.]
+
+The indications of the hands are of two sorts, guiding and retaining.
+Those of the legs and whip are also of two sorts, guiding and urging.
+Suppose a horse standing still with full liberty and fully extended. If
+the retaining indication of the hands only are given, he will go
+backward in a loose and extended form. If, on the contrary, the urging
+indication of the legs or whip only are given, he will move forward in
+a loose and extended form. If these two opposite indications (that is,
+retaining and urging) be given equally at the same time, the horse will,
+as it is termed, _collect_ himself; that is, being pulled backward, and
+urged forward, at the same time, in obeying both indications a sort of
+condensation of the horse results, he bends his neck and brings his head
+in, and brings his haunches under him. If both indications are continued
+and increased, the horse will _piaff_, that is, continue collected, in
+motion, without progressing, or he will make the courbette or terre à
+terre or rear. If both indications are discontinued, he will resume the
+extended position of repose. If, again, from this position, both
+indications are given, but the retaining the strongest, the horse will
+go backward in a collected form. If both are given, but the urging
+indication the strongest, he will move forward in a collected form, at a
+walk, trot, or canter, according to the vivacity with which the
+indications are given.
+
+[Sidenote: Canter, right turn, right pass.]
+
+As far as this is clear enough. But now come some niceties which I am
+puzzled to explain. If the retaining and urging indications are given,
+but the right rein is felt the strongest, which is the guiding
+indication of the hand to the right, and the left leg is pressed the
+strongest, which is the guiding indication of the leg to the right, the
+horse should either turn to the right, or canter with the right leg, or
+he should _pass_, that is, cross his legs and go sideways to the right,
+bending and looking to the right. When the _same_ indications are given
+it seems monstrous to require the horse to discover which of three
+_different_ movements is required of him. In practice the skilful
+horseman finds no difficulty in making himself clear to his horse, by
+different modifications of the indications, and of the position of his
+weight. In theory I can give no rules for it _short enough to be read_.
+
+[Sidenote: Left shoulder in.]
+
+When the horse is passing to the right, if the indications of the legs
+are continued the same and those of hands reversed, that is, if the left
+rein is felt stronger than the right, the horse changes from right pass
+to “_left shoulder in_” (in towards the centre of the school) that is,
+he continues to cross his legs and go sideways to the right, but he
+bends and looks to the left. As the hands alone make this change, they
+may be said to guide here. If, from the left shoulder in, the
+indications of the hands are continued the same, and those of the legs
+reversed, that is, if the right leg is pressed stronger than the left,
+the horse changes from left shoulder in to left pass, that is, he
+continues to look to the left, but crosses his legs and goes sideways to
+the left. As the legs alone make this change they may be said to guide
+here.
+
+These are useful lessons, and, together with reining back, should be
+taught to all horses and all horsemen. Tie a string from eye to eye of
+the snaffle behind the horse’s chin, hold his head by this against a
+wall, and make him pass, the head leading, by showing him the whip. Make
+him do the same mounted in obedience to the leg, with the snaffle as in
+Fig. 13.
+
+[Sidenote: Bearing on the mouth.]
+
+When the horse is in movement there should be a constant touch, or
+feeling, or play, or _bearing_ between his mouth and the rider’s hands.
+It is impossible to bestow too much pains and attention on the
+acquirement of this. It is the index of the horse’s actions, temper, and
+_intentions_. It _forewarns_ the rider of what he is about to do, and by
+it the rider feels _muscularly_ without mental attention whether his
+horse requires more liberty or more collecting. And it is impossible
+that in this bearing on the horse’s mouth, or in the indications of the
+hands and legs generally, or in shortening and lengthening the reins,
+the rider can be too delicate, gradual, smooth, firm, and light. The
+hands should be perfectly free from any approach to a jerk, a loose
+rein, or uneven feeling on the mouth. The legs should be kept from any
+action approaching to a kick, except when the spur is given; that should
+be always present, and when used should be given smartly and withdrawn
+instantly, but the pressure of the legs should be perfectly smooth and
+gradual, though, if necessary, strong.
+
+If good riding is worth your attention do not think these things beneath
+your notice. For the acquirement of the bearing on the horse’s mouth,
+the turning your horse on the proper rein, smoothness of indications,
+and, in shortening the reins, the power of making your horse collect
+himself, and the working together of your hands and legs, are the unseen
+and unappreciated foundation on which good riding stands. These, and not
+strength or violence, command the horse. With these your horse will rely
+on your hand, comply to it, and, without force on your part, he will
+bend to your hand in every articulation. Without these, however
+unintentionally on your part, you will be perpetually subjecting him to
+the severest torture, to defend himself against which he will resist
+your hand, poke his nose, and stiffen his neck, and every other part of
+his body. The horse can endure no greater torture than that resulting
+from an uneven hand. This is known to every hack-cabman. Every
+hack-cabman has hourly experience that a _job_ in the mouth will compel
+his jaded slave into a trot, when the solicitations of the whip have
+been long unanswered.
+
+The single case in which a jerk in the mouth is admissible is when your
+horse is about to kick, and some one is within reach of his heels. The
+jerk causes him to throw up his head, and he cannot without difficulty
+raise his croupe at the same time. But except to save life or
+limb--supposing no one within reach--hold your hands high, and pull
+severely, but smoothly; do not jerk. This will in general be sufficient
+to prevent his kicking, but it is better that your horse should
+occasionally kick than that he should always go as stiff as a stake,
+which is the inevitable result of jerking.
+
+[Sidenote: Collect the horse to turn.]
+
+[Sidenote: Do not turn on one rein only.]
+
+To keep the horse when in movement to a collected pace, the opposite
+indications of urging and retaining him must be continued. This working
+together of the hands and legs and the power of making the horse collect
+himself are also most essential in turning. A horse should never be
+turned without being made to collect himself--without being retained by
+the hands, and urged by the legs, as well as guided by both. That is, in
+turning to the right both hands should retain him, and the right guide
+him by being felt the strongest, both legs should urge him, and the left
+guide him by being pressed the strongest. The rider should also lean
+his weight to the right, and the shorter the turn and the quicker the
+pace, the more the horse should be made to collect himself, and the more
+both he and his rider should lean to the right. This is well seen, when
+a man standing on the saddle gallops round the circus. There the man
+must keep his position by balance alone, and were he not to lean
+inward--were he for a moment to stand perpendicularly, he would be
+thrown outside the circle by the centrifugal force. In turning suddenly
+and at a quick pace to the right, unless the rider leans his weight to
+the right, he will in like manner have a tendency to fall off on the
+left. If, by clasping his legs, he prevents this, his horse will be
+overbalanced to the left when turning to the right. It is bad, in
+turning to the right, to run into the contrary extreme to the one-handed
+system, and, slackening the left rein, to haul the horse’s head round
+with the right rein only. The horse’s head should not be pulled farther
+round than to allow the rider to see the right eye; both legs, and
+particularly the left leg, should then urge the horse to follow the
+guiding rein.
+
+A lady, till very skilful, should ride with one bridle only at a time.
+The other bridle should be knotted loosely, and should lie on the
+horse’s neck.
+
+[Sidenote: Lady’s canter.]
+
+The indications for a lady’s horse to canter are an _over_ collection
+and a tapping on the mane with the whip; that is, take your reins _too_
+short in the left hand, and tap the horse’s mane till he canters. When
+off, if the reins _are_ too short, take one in each hand, turn the fore
+fingers towards you, and let the reins slip. If the horse goes freely up
+to your hand, keep a rein in each hand. If not, return the right rein to
+the left hand, and keep the whip ready to urge him up to his bit. If a
+lady has her reins at full length at a walk she should clutch, cross,
+canter. If the lady has her reins already crossed in the left hand at a
+walk, she should by two changes place them _too_ short in the left hand
+before she uses the whip.
+
+[Sidenote: The quicker the pace the greater collection.]
+
+[Sidenote: French and English mistake here.]
+
+Every change of pace from slow to quick should be indicated to the horse
+by a greater collection; the “bride abattué,” and the “reines
+flottantes” system is a great mistake. So is the direction to the
+English cavalry (quoted p. 6), to advance the little finger to make the
+horse advance. To make the horse advance the reins should be tightened;
+he should be made to collect himself, or he will advance in a loose and
+extended form.
+
+On account of ease to the rider, a lady’s horse is only permitted to
+canter with the right leg. He should never be cantered circles to left,
+or turned at a canter to the left, as unless the horse shifts his leg it
+will be an unfair exertion to ask of him. Cantering circles to the
+right, in open ground, where the horse has nothing to bias him but the
+indications he receives from the rider, is an admirable practice for a
+lady. An occasional race--who can canter slowest--is also good practice
+both for horse and rider. This must not be often repeated, nor must the
+horse be forced from a fair canter into a hobble or amble. Parade riders
+are too apt to be contented with wooden paces provided they are short.
+This is very vicious. Really to collect himself, a horse must _bend_
+himself. We cannot too often repeat Ovid’s line,--
+
+    _Flectitis_ aut freno _colla_ sequacis equi.
+
+With horses obstinately addicted to the left leg, which is frequently a
+result of being longed only to the left, it is a good plan to canter
+them side-footed to the right, that is, on a level line, on the side of
+a hill which rises to the right. In this case a very slight slope will
+incline the horse to take his right leg, and on the side of a steep hill
+he can scarcely avoid it.
+
+[Sidenote: The shy horse.]
+
+There are three gradations in riding the shy horse. A man who pulls his
+horse’s head towards what he expects him to shy at, and uses violence,
+_makes_ his horse shy. A man who leaves his horse’s head entirely loose,
+_lets_ his horse shy. And a man who turns his horse’s head from what he
+expects him to shy at, _prevents_ his horse from shying. Do not imagine
+that there will be any danger of the horse getting into trouble on the
+side opposite to what he shies at: the very contrary will be the case.
+If, indeed, you pull his head towards the object of his alarm, and
+oblige him to face it, there is every probability that he will run
+blindly backward from it. And while his whole attention is fixed before
+him, he will go backward over Dover cliff if it chance to be behind him.
+Under such circumstances you cannot too rapidly turn your horse’s head
+and his attention from the fancied, to the substantial ill. But on
+common occasions the turning his head from what he shies at should be as
+gradual and imperceptible as possible. No chastisement should be allowed
+in any case. If he makes a start, you should endeavour not to make a
+_return_ start. You should not, indeed, take more notice of a shy than
+you can possibly avoid; and unless the horse has been previously
+brutalised, and to re-assure him, you should not even caress him, lest
+even that should make him suspect that something awful is about to
+happen. The common error is the reverse of all this. The common error is
+to pull the horse’s head towards the object of his fear, and when he is
+facing it, to begin with whip and spur. Expecting to be crammed under
+the carriage-wheel, the horse probably rears or runs back into a ditch,
+or at least becomes more nervous and more riotous at every carriage that
+he meets. Horses are instantaneously made shy by this treatment, and as
+instantaneously cured by the converse of it. It is thus that all bad
+riders make all high-couraged horses shy, but none ever remain so in the
+hands of a good horseman.
+
+[Sidenote: The restive horse.]
+
+There is a common error, both in theory and practice, with regard to the
+restive horse. He is very apt to rear sideways against the nearest wall
+or paling. It is the common error to suppose that he does so with the
+view of rubbing his rider off. Do not give him credit for intellect
+sufficient to generate such a scheme. It is that when there, the common
+error is to pull his head _from_ the wall. This brings the rider’s knee
+in contact with the wall, consequently all farther chastisement ceases;
+for were the rider to make his horse plunge, his knee would be crushed
+against the wall. The horse, finding this, probably thinks that it is
+the very thing desired, and remains there; at least he will always fly
+to a wall for shelter. Instead of _from_ the wall, pull his head towards
+it, so as to place his eye, instead of your knee, against it; continue
+to use the spur, and the horse will never go near a wall again.
+
+[Sidenote: Truth may be paradoxical.]
+
+To pull a horse _from_ what he shies at, and _towards_ the wall he rubs
+you against, are very paradoxical doctrines. But, ὁ μῦθος δηλοῖ, the fable
+shows, that truth _may_ be paradoxical--that we _can_ blow hot and blow
+cold with the same breath; and it was only the brutal wild man of the
+woods who drove the civilised man from his den, for performing the feat.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.
+
+The rider cannot raise the falling horse.--Harm is done by the
+   attempt.--The bearing rein.--Mechanical assistance of the jockey to
+   his horse.--Standing on the stirrups.--Difference between the gallop
+   and the leap.--Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the
+   horse.--The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The rider cannot raise the falling horse.]
+
+There is no more common error than to believe that the rider can hold
+his horse up when he is falling. How often do we hear a man assert that
+his horse would have been down with him forty times if he had not held
+him up; that he has taken his horse up between his hands and legs and
+lifted him over a fence; or that he has recovered his horse on the other
+side!
+
+These are vulgar errors, and mechanical impossibilities. Could ten men,
+with hand-spikes, lift the weight of a horse? Probably. Attach the
+weight to the thin rein of a lady’s bridle. Could a lady lift it with
+the left hand? I think not; though it is commonly supposed that she
+could. A pull from a curb will indeed give the horse so much pain in the
+mouth that he will throw his head up, and this so flatters the hand that
+its prowess has saved him, that the rider exclaims “It may be
+impossible, but it happens every day. Shall I not believe my own
+senses?” The answer is, No, not if it can be explained how the senses
+are deceived. Otherwise, we should still believe, as, till some few
+centuries ago, the world did believe, that the diurnal motion was in the
+sun, and not in the earth. Otherwise we must subscribe to the philosophy
+of the Turk, who
+
+    “Saw with his own eyes the moon was round,
+      Was also certain that the earth was square,
+    Because he’d journey’d fifty miles and found
+      No sign of its being circular anywhere.”
+
+[Sidenote: Harm is done by the attempt.]
+
+But these errors are not harmless errors. They induce an ambitious
+interference with the horse at the moment in which he should be left
+unconfined to the use of his own energies. If by pulling, and giving
+him pain in the mouth, you force him to throw up his head and neck, you
+prevent his seeing how to foot out any unsafe ground, or where to take
+off at a fence, and in the case of stumbling you prevent an action
+practically dictated by nature and theoretically justified by
+philosophy. When an unmounted horse stumbles, nature teaches him to drop
+his head and neck; philosophy teaches us the reason of it. During the
+instant that his head and neck are dropping the shoulders are relieved
+from their weight, and that is the instant in which the horse makes his
+effort to recover himself. If by giving him pain in his mouth, you force
+him to raise his head and neck instead of sinking them, his shoulders
+will still remain encumbered with the weight of them; more than this, as
+action and reaction are equal and in contrary directions, the muscular
+power employed to raise the head and neck will act to sink the shoulders
+and knees. The mechanical impossibility of the rider assisting his horse
+when falling may be demonstrated thus: no motion can be given to a body
+without a foreign force or a foreign fulcrum. Your strength is not a
+foreign force, since it is employed entirely on the horse. Nor can it be
+employed on the foreign fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of your
+reins; as much as you pull up, so much you pull down. If a man in a boat
+uses an oar, he can accelerate or impede the motion of the boat, because
+his strength is employed through the medium of the oar on the water,
+which is a foreign fulcrum. But if he takes hold of the chain at the
+head of the boat, his whole strength will not accelerate or impede the
+motion of the boat, because there is neither foreign force nor foreign
+fulcrum. His whole strength is employed within the boat, and as much as
+he pulls backward with his hands, he pushes forward with his feet. The
+baker can lift his basket, but not when he is himself in it.
+
+[Sidenote: Bearing-rein.]
+
+All the arguments which I have heard adduced against the doctrine here
+laid down would also go to prove that a horse cannot fall which has a
+bearing-rein and a crupper, that is, whose head is tied to his tail. Sir
+Francis Head’s observations on bearing-reins, in the “Bubbles of the
+Brunnen,” are quite philosophical. They should only be used for purposes
+of parade, or to acquire greater power over a difficult _team_, or
+_loosely_ to keep cart-horses “out of mischief.” Sir Francis’s
+observations are also true of the harness used by the peasantry of
+Nassau which he describes, but this arises from the poverty, not the
+philosophy of the peasants; those among them, who have money enough to
+buy smart harness have the most elaborate bearing-reins that I have ever
+seen. One, a chain, from the lower part of the collar, which binds the
+horse’s chin to his breast, and another over the upper part of the
+collar, along and above the back to the tail, independent of the
+terret-pad and crupper. This is tying the horse’s head to his tail with
+a vengeance.[54-*] To be consistent, the opponents of the theory which
+I have laid down should act on this principle--though I have never known
+them go quite so far. Sed quis custodes custodiet ipsos? What is to
+prevent the tail from falling forward with the body? They indeed argue,
+“Surely if you throw back the weight of the shoulders over the croupe of
+the horse, you relieve his fore-hand, and diminish the chance of his
+falling.” This is rather to propose a new method of preventing a horse
+from falling, than to prove the advantage of pulling at the mouth while
+he is falling; for if it is of any advantage to throw your weight back,
+then the less you pull at the mouth the better, for the more you pull,
+the less you are at liberty to throw the weight back. But, in truth, it
+is of no advantage to throw the weight back when the stumble is made. If
+a position is previously taken up on the croupe of the horse, the
+pressure will be less on the fore-hand than if you were placed in a
+forward position. But during the time that the position is in the act of
+being shifted, that is, during the time that the horse is falling, the
+act of throwing your own weight back produces an exactly equivalent
+pressure forward, in all respects the counterpart of your own motion
+backward, in intensity and duration. It is useless to dwell on this
+subject, or to adduce the familiar illustrations which it admits of. It
+is a simple proposition of mechanical equilibrium, and any one who is
+conversant with such subjects _must_ assent to it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mechanical assistance of jockey.]
+
+The question whether a jockey can mechanically assist his horse, does
+not rest on the same footing. I believe he can, thus. If a man sits
+astride of a chair, with his feet off the ground, and clasps the chair
+with his legs, by the muscular exertion of his lower limbs he can jump
+the chair along. The muscular force is there employed on the foreign
+fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of the legs of the chair. The
+muscular action strikes the chair downward and backward, and if the
+chair was on ice it would recede, so also would the feet of a horse in
+attempting to strike forward. If the chair was on soft ground, it would
+sink, so also would a horse, in proportion to the force of the muscular
+stroke. But if the resistance of the ground is complete, the reaction,
+which is precisely equal and in a contrary direction to the action, will
+throw the body of the man upward and forward, and by clasping with his
+legs he will draw the chair also with him. But he can only accomplish in
+this way a very little distance with a very great exertion. If the
+jockey made this muscular exertion every time that his horse struck with
+his hind feet, his strength would be employed on the foreign fulcrum,
+the ground, through the medium of his horse’s bony frame. Thus the
+jockey would contribute to the horizontal impulse of his own weight, and
+exactly in proportion to the muscular power exerted by the jockey, the
+muscular system of the horse would be relieved. At the same time no
+additional task is thrown on the bony frame of the horse, since, if the
+jockey had not used his muscular power on it in impelling his own
+weight, the muscular system of the horse must have been so employed. It
+is true, that not much is done after all with a prodigious exertion, but
+if that little gains six inches in a hardly contested race it may make
+the difference of its being lost or won. Thus an easy race is no
+exertion to a jockey, but after a hardly contested one, he returns with
+his lips parched, his tongue sticking to the roof of his mouth, and
+every muscle quivering.
+
+The working a horse up with both hands on his mouth is easier to the
+jockey than using the whip, and more effective in rousing the horse to
+his greatest exertion.
+
+[Sidenote: Standing on the stirrups.]
+
+What is called “standing on the stirrups” consists chiefly in bringing
+the weight forward on to both thighs. In this position the rider has a
+greater power of adjusting the balance of his weight to the movements of
+his horse. In racing it is practically proved to be _essential_. And it
+is of infinite service to the horse in the long and severe galloping of
+hunting.
+
+It is surprising that the English are the only people who rise in the
+stirrup at a trot; it is not surprising that other nations are beginning
+to follow their example.
+
+[Sidenote: Difference between the gallop and the leap.]
+
+In galloping, the horse’s legs catch the eye most when they are from
+under him, and he is drawn with all four from under him. In truth, his
+hind legs are under him when his fore legs are from under him, and his
+fore legs are under him when his hind legs are from under him; his hind
+feet pass over where his fore feet rested, so that from footprint to
+footprint he clears very little _space_. In fact, owing to what is
+called _leading_ with one leg, the line between his two fore feet and
+the line between his two hind feet are by no means at right angles to
+the line of his direction; so that the greatest distance from footprint
+to footprint is not nearly half his stroke. The leap differs from the
+gallop not only in the greater _space of ground_ cleared by the feet,
+but in the greater _space of time_ for which the feet quit the ground;
+this last difference is of more importance than might be imagined.
+
+[Sidenote: Steeple-chases unfair on the horse.]
+
+Antæus was not peculiar in his dependence for strength on contact with
+his mother earth. In leaping, neither man nor horse can draw breath
+while in the air, that is, from the time the feet leave the ground till
+they again touch it. But _quick_ breathing (the creber anhelitus) is
+not only a consequence of distress for wind, but it is a vital necessity
+when distressed for wind. And the impossibility to draw breath when off
+the ground is the reason of the death of horses in steeple-chasing and
+hurdle-racing; they die of suffocation. The reason is a sufficient one
+for the discontinuance of such racing and chasing.
+
+A mounted horse will overtake a dismounted horse, his superior in speed.
+It is the common error to suppose that this results from the mechanical
+assistance of the rider. The real reason is, that the dismounted horse
+goes off, like an inexperienced jockey, at his utmost speed. I do not
+believe that a horse can do this for more than a hundred yards without
+being distressed for wind (and I speak from experience with Mr. Drummond
+Hay’s barbs at Tangier, which were trained to the feat). The rider
+starts at a pace which he knows his horse can keep, and the dismounted
+horse, though he gains on him at first, _comes back to him_ as the
+jockeys say: for a horse which has been distressed for wind in the first
+hundred yards, will not arrive at the end of a mile nearly so soon as
+if he had gone the whole at the best pace he could stay at. Here the
+assistance from the rider is mental not mechanical.
+
+When mounted it never happens to any horse but an arab or a barb to go
+his best _muscular_ pace. What we call best pace is the best pace a
+horse can stay at for _wind_. If a common hack were started fresh for
+the last hundred yards against the best horses in England when finishing
+their race, he would have it hollow.
+
+[Sidenote: The rider should not lift his horse at a fence.]
+
+Woe to the sportsman who ambitiously attempts to lift his horse
+mechanically over a fence on the principle discussed above; he is much
+more likely to throw him into it. He had better content himself with
+sitting quietly on his horse, holding him only just enough to keep his
+head straight and to regulate his pace, and trust the rest to his
+horse’s honour. The horse should feel sufficiently commanded to know
+that he _must_ go, and sufficiently at liberty to know that he _may_ use
+all his capabilities. The body should not previously be thrown back, but
+as the horse springs, the lower part of the rider being firmly fixed in
+the saddle, and the upper part perfectly pliable, the body will fall
+back of itself; and with strong jumping horses, or at down leaps, the
+shoulders of fine riders will constantly meet their horse’s croupes.
+
+A bad horseman throws his horse down, which a good one does not. That
+is, because the bad horseman hurries his horse over hard or rough
+ground, or down hill, or over loose stones--allows him to choose his own
+ground--lets him flounder into difficulties, and when there, hauls him
+so that he cannot see, or exert himself to get out of them, and
+expecting chastisement, the horse springs and struggles to avoid it
+before he has recovered his feet, and goes down with a tremendous
+impetus. If he has to cross a rut to the right he probably forces his
+horse across it when the right foot is on the ground. In this case,
+unless the horse collects himself and jumps--if he attempts to step
+across it, the probability is that in crossing his legs he knocks one
+against the other and falls. The reverse of all this should be the case.
+If you have not sufficient tact to feel which of your horse’s feet is
+on the ground, you must allow him to choose his own time for crossing,
+which will be when the left foot is on the ground.
+
+You should habitually choose your horse’s ground for him, for,
+notwithstanding his often vaunted sagacity and safety, the wisest among
+horses will, to avoid a moving leaf, put his foot over a precipice. This
+will become as easy to you as choosing your own path in walking. If your
+horse has made a false step, or is in difficulties, you cannot leave him
+too much at liberty, or be too quiet with him. The only notice to be
+taken is to re-assure him by caressing him, if you see that he expects
+chastisement from previous brutal treatment.
+
+I will add that you should habitually prevent your horse out-walking or
+lagging behind his companions; he is either very unsociable or a bad
+horseman, who does not keep abreast of his companions. Besides, horses,
+being gregarious, are apt to follow one another. This should not be.
+Your horse should be in perpetual obedience to the indications which
+your hands and legs give him, and to nothing else. These indications
+should not only decide the pace which he is to take, but deal out to him
+the rate at which each pace is to be executed, and also determine his
+carriage during the performance of it; that is, the degree in which he
+is to collect himself, or the degree of liberty which is to be allowed
+him.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[54-*] Of all stupid appliances of man to his horse, the most dense is
+the Austrian and south German mode of driving the einspanner or single
+horse or a leader. The rein goes single from the driver’s hand, and
+divides into two at the horse’s neck. The driver, therefore, has no
+power of making a distinct indication on either rein: and to turn, he
+whips and jerks till the horse guesses his meaning.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE SEAT.
+
+There is one direction which applies to all seats.--Different seats for
+   different styles of riding.--The manége and the Eastern seats are the
+   extremes.--The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in
+   line.--Medium length of stirrup for common riding.
+
+
+[Sidenote: One direction for all seats.]
+
+There is one direction which, I think, applies to all seats. Turn the
+thigh from the hip, so as to bring the hollow to the saddle; this places
+the foot straight to the front, with the heel out and the toe in.
+Trotting without stirrups, on the thigh only, with the heel down and the
+toe up, shoulders back, a snaffle-rein in each hand, like a rough-rider
+(Fig. 13), is the best possible practice for sitting.
+
+[Sidenote: Different seats for different styles of riding.]
+
+[Sidenote: Manége and Eastern seats the extremes.]
+
+Farther than this I abstain from giving any particular directions about
+the seat; because, though I consider the rules here laid down for the
+hands as applicable to every species of riding (I have excepted the
+soldier with his weapon in his right hand), I think there is a peculiar
+seat proper to many different styles of riding. The extremes of these
+are the manége and the Eastern styles, both admirable in their way, and
+perfectly practical, but each wholly inapplicable to the performances of
+the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Long stirrups are necessary for cavalry.]
+
+What can be more perfect than the seats of M. de Kraut and the Marquis
+de Beauvilliers, in De la Guérinière’s work, or the engraving of M. de
+Nestier? But I do not think that a man in such a seat would look well,
+or perform well, in a five-pound saddle, over the beacon course: still
+less that he could lay the reins on the neck of a well-bred horse, and
+at full speed lie along his horse’s side, and with his own body below
+his horse’s back, prime and load a long Persian gun, jump up and use
+both hands to fire to the right or left, or over his horse’s croupe; or
+that he could wield a long heavy lance with the power of a Cossack; or
+at full gallop hurl the djerrid to the rear with the force of a Persian,
+and again, without any diminution of speed, pick it from the ground. On
+the other hand, his peculiar seat renders the Eastern horseman so
+utterly helpless in the performances of the manége, that he is unable to
+make his horse rein back, or _pass_ sideways a step. And I have seen
+three hundred Mussulman troops from the northern parts of Persia (each
+of whom would perform forty such feats as I have mentioned) take more
+than an hour to form a very bad parade line, in single rank. When one of
+them was the least too far forward, or had an interval between him and
+the dressing hand, however small, as he could neither make his horse
+rein back, nor pass sideways, he was obliged to ride out to the front,
+turn round to the rear, and ride into the rank afresh, and so in
+succession every man beyond him. This was an affair of seat; the Eastern
+horseman’s leg does not come low enough to give his horse what are
+called _sides_.
+
+On _sides_ depend reining back and passing; on reining back and passing
+depend _closing_ and _dressing_, and consequently the power of acting in
+line. On _sides_ also depends the _central_ wheel of threes _on their
+own ground_. This is an invaluable attribute to cavalry, regular or
+irregular. On the plain, the central wheel of threes affords the only
+true principle of correcting intervals between squadrons, regiments, or
+brigades, whether in line or in line of columns. Threes also supply the
+most perfect principle of retiring in line in the presence of an enemy,
+with the power of instantly showing front, provided that (according to
+regulation) leaders are appointed to the rear, the same as to the front.
+In the defile, for advanced or rear-guard movements, threes alone afford
+the power to occupy the entire width of a lane, road, street, or defile,
+with the perfect facility of constant and instant alternation of
+retiring and advancing. Without some _central_ wheel, columns or
+divisions occupying the width of a road or street, _can not retire_; or
+when retiring, cannot show front to the enemy. With reining back and
+passing (and they are easily acquired) irregular cavalry might move with
+the precision of regular cavalry.
+
+I should say, that the most perfect seat for the manége should be
+shortened for the soldier to give him power with his weapons; that the
+military rider should take up his stirrups when he goes hunting; the
+hunter the same when he rides a race; and for tours de force, I consider
+the short stirrup-leather and the broad stirrup-iron of the East
+indispensable--they give, in fact, the strength of the standing instead
+of the sitting posture. The Cossack retains this standing posture even
+at a trot; few Eastern horsemen allow that pace at all, but make their
+horses walk, amble, or gallop.
+
+[Sidenote: Medium for common riding.]
+
+The English hunting seat is, in point of length, the medium of those
+mentioned; and perhaps that seat, or something between that and the
+military seat, is the best adapted to common riding. It unites, in a
+greater degree than any other, ease, utility, power, and grace.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.
+
+Directions to place a lady on her saddle.--Directions to mount at a
+   halt.--In movement.--To dismount in movement.--To vault on at a
+   halt.--Circus for practising these movements.--To pick a whip from
+   the ground.--To face about in the saddle.
+
+
+[Sidenote: To mount a side-saddle.]
+
+To mount, a lady should place her left hand on the pummel or leaping
+horn, the right hand on the off side of the cantle, or as far towards it
+as possible, and should seat herself between her two hands; she should
+give the left foot, this should be kept precisely under the weight; if
+it is given forward (which is the common error) each person is pushed
+backward one from the other. This should be practised on any piece of
+furniture; the man should use both his hands, and in this way a weak
+person may put up the heaviest weight. You may put a man of fifteen
+stone on the top of a door with the greatest ease,--try if you can do
+this in any other way.
+
+[Sidenote: To mount at a halt.]
+
+[Sidenote: Or in movement.]
+
+To mount, a man should place his left shoulder to his horse’s left
+shoulder, so as to look to the horse’s rear; take your whip, reins, and
+the mane in the left hand, with the right hand take the lower part of
+the stirrup-leather between the fore-finger and thumb, the little finger
+on the upper part of the stirrup-iron; take a hop forward facing the
+saddle and turning your toe to the horse’s front _without touching his
+side_, take the cantle with the right hand and up. If the horse moves
+on, he only spares you the previous hop, and by walking or running
+backward with him you may mount almost at a gallop. In taking the right
+stirrup, avoid touching the horse with the spur, or even pressing him
+with the leg. If he has been made shy by such usage, place your left
+hand on the pummel, and with the right hand place the stirrup on the
+foot, keeping both legs from the horse’s sides.
+
+[Sidenote: To dismount in movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: To vault on or over in movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: To vault on at a halt.]
+
+To dismount in movement, lay the reins on the neck, one or both knotted
+short; take the pummel with the left hand the cantle with the right,
+pass the right leg over the neck, shift the right hand to the pummel,
+and as you descend, the left hand to the flap. With the strength of both
+arms throw your feet forward in the direction in which the horse is
+going, this may be done at a gallop. If it is wished to vault on again,
+while the right hand holds the pummel take the mane with the left, and
+without taking a step you may go up or over, the quicker the pace the
+easier. It is difficult to jump on to the saddle at a halt, the easiest
+way is to take the mane as directed for mounting and to jump from the
+left foot, the right hand coming on to the pummel as you descend into
+the saddle.
+
+[Sidenote: Circus for practice.]
+
+To practise these movements, form a circus by placing wattle hurdles on
+end, leaning outward against the _shores_ or staves; take the stirrups
+off, tie a string over the flaps and the horse’s head loosely to this--a
+man with a driving whip in the middle. Circus riding, I believe,
+originated in England, in the time of our grandfathers; in Germany it is
+called “English reiten.”
+
+[Sidenote: To pick a whip from the ground.]
+
+To pick a whip from the ground, take the pummel with the right hand,
+place the side of the left foot against the girth, the toe between the
+horse’s elbows, bring the back of the right leg on to the top of the
+saddle, and let yourself down to the full stretch of your right arm;
+this is very easy at the halt, still easier on the move, _if your horse
+is quiet_. If you fail, you only dismount on your hands instead of your
+feet, which on turf may be done innocuously at a canter.
+
+[Sidenote: To face about in the saddle.]
+
+To face about in the saddle place the palms of the hands on the pummel,
+throw your legs out horizontally over the horse’s croupe, turn and come
+into the saddle facing to the tail. If M. Cui Bono remarks that the last
+two feats are, like others which I might detail, useless, I answer, that
+the practice of no feat of activity or strength is useless. Activity and
+strength, the unctæ dona palæstræ, form a firm assurance against perils,
+not only to your own life but to the lives of others.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE BIT.
+
+Place of the bit in the mouth.--Principle of the bit.--Action of the
+   common bit.--Action of the Chifney bit.--The loose eye.--The
+   noseband.--The horse’s defence against the bit by the tongue.--Effect
+   of the porte against this defence.--Defence by the lip.--Defence by
+   the teeth.--Bar of the military and driving bit.--Martingale.--Danger
+   does not result from power.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Place of bit in the mouth.]
+
+To give the bit its most powerful action it should be placed so low as
+only just to clear the tusks in a horse’s mouth, and to be one inch
+above the corner teeth in a mare’s mouth. The curb-chain should be so
+tight as not to admit more than one finger freely between it and the
+chin; these rules are simple, and should be attended to by all riders; a
+horseman should no more mount with his bit improperly placed, than a
+seaman should set sail with his helm out of order.
+
+[Sidenote: Principle of the bit.]
+
+A twitch round the lower jaw, under the tongue, on the _bars_ or parts
+of the mouth _bare_ of teeth, is perhaps the most certain, powerful, and
+severe instrument to hold a horse with, and it may be tightened till it
+becomes a dreadful implement of torture. Next to this is what is called
+the dealer’s halter, which is merely a narrow thong of leather in like
+manner tied round the lower jaw, under the tongue, but incapable of
+being tightened or slackened like the twitch. The bit is a most
+ingenious attempt to grasp the lower jaw by the same bare parts, with
+the capability of contracting or of perfectly relaxing the grasp, by the
+application or withdrawal of the powers of the lever. This is the
+intended action of the bit,--the philosopher’s stone,--after which all
+bit-projectors and bit-makers have laboured; the obstacles to be
+overcome are various and perhaps insuperable, and indeed could the
+powers of the lever be employed on such exquisitely sensitive parts as
+the bare jaws, when within this iron vice, perhaps no hand could be
+found sufficiently delicate to use them. By pressing your finger-nail
+against your own gums, you may form some idea of the agony such an
+implement would have the power of giving to a horse; anything
+approaching to harsh, hard, handling with it would drive him desperate,
+and force him to throw himself over backward; the idea of lifting his
+weight by such parts grasped with iron is absurd, still more
+preposterously barbarous that of arresting the headlong impetus of a
+falling horse by them. Fortunately the power of the rider is here very
+limited, and the horse defends himself against it by throwing his head
+upward and backward, and thus the rider only breaks his horse’s knees
+instead of his jaws.
+
+[Sidenote: Action of common bit.]
+
+[Sidenote: Action of a Chifney bit.]
+
+But a common bit placed in the common way never touches the horse’s bars
+at all, it is usually placed higher than as directed above, and, as it
+pivots on the _eye_ (that part to which the headstall is attached) when
+in use, it rises in the horse’s mouth--higher directly as the length of
+the _cheek_ (the upper part of the branch or side of the bit) and inside
+the mouth it has a mixed action, on the fleshy part of the gums above
+the bars, on the lips, and (owing to the narrowness of the porte) on
+the tongue. Outside the mouth, the bit acts on the coarse part of the
+two jawbones, above the fine part of the chin, where the two jawbones
+meet, where the curb-chain was originally placed, and where it should
+act; and I consider this sort of upward _grating_ action as calculated
+to excite, rather than to restrain a horse. A Chifney bit, as it pivots
+on the mouthpiece, avoids this; its action is quite independent of the
+headstall, and is precisely on the parts where it is originally placed.
+
+[Sidenote: The loose eye.]
+
+The square-cut eye of the regimental bit greatly impedes its action,
+besides cutting the leather of the headstall; to remedy this, about a
+quarter of a century ago, I placed on the bit of the 2nd Life Guards
+what has since received the name of “the loose eye,” and I am proud to
+see it still where I placed it. It was not intended for common bits; the
+round eye and the snap hook give them perfect freedom of action. “The
+loose eye” has, however, become common on common bits.
+
+[Sidenote: The noseband.]
+
+A noseband prevents the cheek of the bit and of the headstall from
+going forward, and so impedes the true action of the bit. To close the
+horse’s mouth, in order that a high porte may act against the roof of
+the mouth, is a monstrous notion. I had the honour to abolish nosebands
+in the 2nd Life Guards.
+
+[Sidenote: Defence against the bit by the tongue.]
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of the porte.]
+
+The horse employs his tongue as a defence against the bit, passively as
+a cushion to protect the more tender parts on which the bit is intended
+to work, and actively he uses the muscles of the tongue, in resistance
+to it: this may be proved by using a straight mouthpiece, or one arched
+upward or downward, but without a porte. From under these a horse will
+never withdraw his tongue, and he will go with a dead bearing on the
+hand, though equal, that is, not more on one side of the mouth than on
+the other. Even a very narrow porte, not a quarter the width of the
+tongue, will suffice, when pressure is used, to defeat this defence, and
+completely to engage the tongue within the porte. But being then much
+compressed, it will sustain a great part of the leverage, and the horse
+will endeavour still more to make his tongue the fulcrum of the bit,
+and to relieve his bars from that office, by protruding his tongue, and
+thus forcing the thick part of it within the porte. If the porte is made
+wide so as to allow space for the tongue, the corners formed by the
+porte and the cannons (those parts between the porte and the branches)
+are apt to work injuriously against the bars, and also to slip quite off
+them, which makes the action of such bits uncertain, though they are
+very effective and severe if the mouthpiece is no wider than the horse’s
+mouth. But the mouthpiece which gives complete room for the tongue, and
+yet brings the cannons into perfect contact with the bars, is that of
+which M. de Solleysell claims the invention, and which he describes as
+“à pas d’asne, with the porte gained from the thickness of the heels.”
+Let the mouthpiece be in width four inches inside, this I believe, will
+be sufficient for most horses, since the part of a horse’s mouth where
+the bit should work is narrowest, and the cheeks should consequently be
+set outward. Let the entrance to the porte, between the heels be
+three-fourths of an inch, and let the porte open laterally to two and a
+half inches inside.
+
+[Sidenote: Defence by the lip.]
+
+But when the tongue is perfectly disengaged from the bars by the porte,
+the horse will still defend them by drawing his lip in on one side,
+interposing it between one bar and one cannon of the bit, and pulling on
+one side of his mouth only. It is the common error to attribute this to
+nature having formed one bar stronger than the other; but these and
+other tricks are not to be looked on as the results of natural defects,
+but as habitual defences against the pain caused by a hard, harsh
+bearing on the horse’s bars; with a smooth and gentle bearing he will
+not take to them, or will discontinue them. For callous bars Xenophon
+prescribes gentle friction with oil! and the practice of the Augustan
+age of the manége, recommended by Berenger was to amputate that part of
+the tongue which a horse protruded or lolled out!
+
+[Sidenote: Defence by the teeth.]
+
+One of the most common defences against the bit is taking the _leg_ (the
+lower part of the branch) of the bit with the corner tooth. This is
+easily counteracted by a lip-strap. It should fasten _round_ the leg of
+the bit, so as to slide up and down, and should be tight enough to be
+horizontal.
+
+[Sidenote: Bar of the military and driving bit.]
+
+The reason for the bar at the lower part of a driving bit or a military
+bit, is to prevent the horse catching his bit over his neighbour’s
+reins. The French cavalry ordonnance, in discussing the merits of this
+bar, does not seem to be aware of its origin and meaning.
+
+[Sidenote: Martingale.]
+
+If the theories here laid down are true, it will result that the common
+bits are best for the common run of coarse hands, as being less severe,
+from their action being divided and on less sensible parts; and also,
+that they should be curbed more loosely, and placed higher in the
+horse’s mouth, in proportion to the degree of coarseness to be expected
+in the rider’s hand. So although a martingale spoils hands, it may be
+used as a defence, that is, supposing the necessity of mounting a high,
+harsh hand on a susceptible horse. In this case an easy snaffle with a
+running martingale will at least counteract the height of the hand, and
+the friction will to a certain degree steady and counteract the unequal
+bearing on the horse’s mouth. A low smooth hand is the only true
+martingale: this will never be acquired as long as an implement is used
+which tends to permit harsh, high handling with impunity to the rider.
+
+The snaffle, even of a double bridle, should be sewed to the bridle; it
+is safer for leading, and it is only the curb bit which you wish to have
+the power of changing. The reins should be thin and supple, they will
+last the longer for it; for reins break from being stiff and cracking,
+and suppleness of reins is essential to delicacy of hand.
+
+As the collected paces of the parade are not in vogue in England, a
+gentleman rarely has occasion for his curb at all, except to train a
+horse for a lady, or in the case where a commanding power is required
+over a horse who, by bad or cruel handling, has become a puller, or
+habitually restive, or whose animal impetuosity or ferocity leads him
+to attack his neighbours. In such a case a Chifney bit, with the
+mouth-piece described, with half the length of leg, and a third part of
+the weight, will be found more effective than a clipper bit; and at the
+same time that weight is got rid of, danger is avoided, which, with
+branches running far below the horse’s mouth, is very great in going
+through living fences or coverts.
+
+With such a bit, so placed, I have seen the taper tips of the most
+beautiful fingers in the world constrain the highest-mettled and hottest
+thorough-bred horses, and “rule them when they’re wildest.” It is an
+implement which will give to the weakest hand the power of the
+strongest, which most of the strongest hands cannot be trusted to wield,
+and which, if ladies’ hands are light, equal, and smooth, will give them
+the power of riding horses such as few men might venture to mount.
+
+[Sidenote: Danger does not result from power.]
+
+Provided the indications from the hand are true and gentle, no danger
+to the rider nor resistance from the horse will result from power, but
+on the contrary, safety to the rider and obedience from the horse. This
+is the only mode of accounting for the fact that there are thousands of
+hands which perform to admiration in driving, with the most severe bits,
+but which are quite unfit to be trusted in riding with anything but a
+snaffle bridle; for, in driving, the terret-pad prevents false
+indications on the bit, therefore to ensure true ones being given, two
+hands are used, or when one only, two fingers are placed between the
+reins instead of the fourth finger only, consequently the horse obeys
+the slightest touch, and consequently his mouth and the driver’s hand
+become mutually more light; but put the driver and driven together, as
+rider and ridden, with the same bit, the reins in one hand, and the
+fourth finger only between them, and what will follow? The rider gives a
+wrong indication; the horse turns the wrong way, or stops; the rider
+insists, and applies force; the horse rears; one or both fall
+backwards; the blame is laid on the severity of the bit, instead of the
+wrong application of it, and the brute force of the rider.
+
+And observe, that it is power which I advocate, and not force; “’Tis
+well to have the giant’s strength, but tyrannous to use it like a
+giant.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.
+
+A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel.--The leaping
+   horn.--Surcingle.--Stirrup-leather.--Stirrup-iron.--Girthing.--To
+   avoid riding on the buckles of the girths.
+
+
+[Sidenote: No right-hand pummel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Leaping horn.]
+
+A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel; it is useless to the
+seat, and impedes the working of the right hand on the reins. The
+appearance when mounted is infinitely improved by the absence of it. The
+saddle should have what is called a third pummel, or leaping-horn. In
+case of any unusual motion of the horse, such as leaping, an ebullition
+of gaiety, or violence from any other cause, by pressing upwards with
+the front part above the left knee, and downwards with the back part
+above the right knee, a wonderfully strong grasp is obtained, much
+stronger than the grasp obtained by the mode in which men ride. This
+will be quite clear to you if, when sitting in your chair, you press
+your two knees together, and afterwards, by crossing them over, press
+them, one down and the other up. Besides this, when a man clasps his
+horse, however firmly it fixes the clasping parts, it has a tendency to
+raise the seat from the saddle. This is not the case with the clasp
+obtained in a side-saddle; and, for a tour de force, I find I am much
+stronger in a side-saddle than in my own. There is no danger in this
+third pummel, since there is not the danger of being thrown on it; more
+than this, it renders it next to impossible that the rider should be
+thrown against or upon the other pummels. In the case of the horse
+_bucking_, without the leaping-horn, there is nothing to prevent the
+lady from being thrown up; the right knee is thus disengaged from the
+pummel, and all hold lost. The leaping-horn prevents the left knee from
+being thrown up, and from that fulcrum great force may be employed to
+keep the right knee down in its proper place. If the horse, in violent
+action, throws himself suddenly to the left, the upper part of the
+rider’s body will tend downwards to the right, the lower limbs upwards
+to the left. Nothing can counteract this but the bearing afforded by the
+leaping-horn. This tendency to over-balance to the right causes so many
+ladies to guard themselves against it by hanging off their saddles to
+the left. The leaping-horn is also of infinite use with a hard puller,
+or in riding down steep places; without it, in either case, there is
+nothing to prevent the lady from sliding forward. It has also the
+advantage that, should one rider like it, and another not, it is easily
+screwed on or taken off.
+
+[Sidenote: Surcingle.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stirrup leather.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stirrup-iron.]
+
+The saddle should be kept in its place by the elastic webbing girths,
+and not, as the common error is--probably from the facility of
+tightening it--by the hard, unyielding, leather surcingle. The use of
+this surcingle is to prevent the small flap on the off side from turning
+up, and the large flap on the off side from being blown about with wind;
+and it should not be drawn tighter than is sufficient for these
+purposes. The part coming from the near side should not be attached, as
+at present, to the small flap, but to the lower part of the large flap
+on the near side. This will leave the small flap on the near side loose,
+as in a man’s saddle, _and will allow liberty for the use of the spring
+bar_. It will also lessen the friction against the habit and leg, by
+rendering the side of the saddle perfectly smooth, except the
+stirrup-leather. To lessen the friction from that I recommend a single
+thin strap, as broad as a man’s stirrup-leather, instead of the present
+double, narrow, thick one. Of three sorts of single stirrup-leathers the
+smoothest is with a loop to go over the spring-bar, and with an
+adjusting buckle just above the stirrup-iron: or the strap may take off
+and on the iron by a slip loop, and passing over the spring-bar as
+usual, be fastened, and its length adjusted, by a _loose_ buckle, which,
+though it is only attached to the strap by the tongue, is perfectly
+secure. For hunting I always use a single strap, sewn to the iron, with
+a =D= above the knee, and with a double strap and buckle between the =D=
+and the spring-bar. The lady’s stirrup-leather, which passes under the
+horse’s body, and is fixed to the off side of the side-saddle, is
+supposed to prevent the saddle from turning round. This is a mechanical
+error. But the great objection to this sort of stirrup-leather is, that
+it cannot with safety be used with the spring-bar; for when off the bar
+it remains attached to the saddle, and acts as a scourge to the horse. I
+once saw a frightful instance of this. The lady’s stirrup-iron should be
+in all respects the same as a man’s, and, to make assurance doubly sure,
+it should open at the side with a spring. This might be useful in case
+of a fall on the off side, when the action of the spring-bar of the
+saddle might be impeded. But if the stirrup is large and heavy, it is
+next to impossible that the foot should be caught by it. It is the
+common error to suppose that persons are dragged owing to the stirrup
+being too large and the foot passing through it, but the reason is its
+being too small and light, it then sticks to the foot and clasps it by
+the pressure of the upper part of the stirrup above the foot, and the
+lower part on the sole of the foot.
+
+[Sidenote: Girthing.]
+
+A side-saddle should be girthed very tightly, since a lady sits only by
+the saddle. The girths should always be felt _after_ the weight of the
+rider is in the saddle. The girths of a man’s saddle should never be
+tight. The inner girth only should loosely hold the saddle; the outer
+girth is merely a safety girth, in case of the inner one giving. This is
+of consequence for the horse’s breathing in galloping, since his ribs
+must expand every time he inhales, or draws breath.
+
+[Sidenote: To avoid buckles of girths.]
+
+I think that one holder on each side of a man’s saddle should be placed
+as far forward, and one on each side as far backward, as possible
+without showing beyond the outside stirrup flap. This separates the
+buckles of the girths, and makes a smooth flat bearing for the thigh of
+the rider. The girths must cross from the front holder on one side to
+the back holder on the other; or they may be passed through a loose loop
+below to prevent their separating. The double-stirrup leather and the
+riding exactly on the buckles of the girths, are great abominations. I
+go farther in this way myself, and cut off the inside girth flap
+immediately below the tree of the saddle. It is wholly unnecessary when
+the buckles of the girths are removed from under the weight of the
+rider. The absence of this inner girth-flap gives a much firmer, and to
+me a much pleasanter, seat; while to the horse the saddle is much
+cooler, and a little lighter. If, on trial, this is not liked, the
+girth-flap is easily sewed on again, or the holders are still more
+easily replaced. It is very rash to recommend even the smallest possible
+change which one has not tested well; and I have never tried dividing
+the girth buckles with the side-saddle. But I should think that if they
+were divided on the near side only, with a loop to keep the girths
+together below, it might be an improvement.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE SHORT REIN.
+
+The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied.--Its use to a
+   soldier.--Its use with the restive horse.--It should not be used in
+   hunting, or in swimming a horse.--Objection to it for common
+   riding.--Used by postilion.--Short rein of the Eastern horseman.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Should be used when one hand is occupied.]
+
+If you have anything to carry which entirely occupies one hand, and
+which occasionally may require both, such as an umbrella in wind, or an
+over-fresh horse to lead at a quick pace, tie up one or both reins; it
+obviates the possibility of a horse, wild with his head, drawing the
+reins through the hand, and consequently the necessity of using both
+hands to shorten them. At the same time, being held with the breadth of
+the whole hand, at the centre, distinct single-handed indications can be
+given on the reins.
+
+[Sidenote: Its use to a soldier.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its use with the restive horse.]
+
+A soldier should go to single combat with one of his reins in this way.
+To have to use his sword hand to shorten his reins may make the
+difference of life or death to him. In the case of his adversary gaining
+his left rear, by dropping the reins the sword is instantly shifted to
+the left hand, and the short rein is instantly grasped with the right
+hand at the proper length. As the soldier is only trained to use his
+sword with his right hand (this might be remedied by my sword exercise),
+it is not likely that his left hand should be a match for his
+adversary’s right, but he will at least be able to keep his adversary at
+a distance by striking or pointing at his horse’s head. This would be a
+hopeless affair with the right hand, particularly for a cuirassier. To
+be able to present a pistol to the rear with the left hand would be
+invaluable in such a case. The power to drop and instantly resume the
+short rein also allows two hands to be occasionally used to the lance or
+carbine; a skirmisher therefore should have one rein tied up. A pulling
+horse may be ridden with one or both reins tied, also a restive horse;
+his usual mode of resistance is running back and rearing, because from
+fear of his falling backward chastisement usually ceases then. In such
+a case quit the reins, lay hold of the mane with both hands, ply both
+spurs, even while the horse is on his hind legs, and the moment he flies
+from them, the reins are seized in the mode to be used most powerfully
+without requiring any adjustment. If the horse will not answer the spur,
+with the left hand hold the mane, and with the right ply the whip under
+the flank even when he is on his hind legs.
+
+[Sidenote: Should not be used in hunting, or swimming a horse.]
+
+The reins should never be tied in hunting, or in swimming a horse,
+since, by catching across the neck, they act like a bearing rein, and
+oblige the horse to carry his head up and his nose in. In hunting this
+would bring his hind legs on his fences, and oblige him to leap from the
+top of his banks and _to land all fours_, instead of extending himself
+and letting himself down gently. In swimming it obliges him to keep his
+whole head and neck out of water; I very nearly drowned a horse in this
+way in the Serpentine.
+
+[Sidenote: Objection for common riding.]
+
+[Sidenote: Short rein of the East.]
+
+[Sidenote: Used by postilion.]
+
+For common riding the objection is that you cannot lengthen or shorten
+the rein; therefore, to give more liberty, or to shorten the rein, the
+hand must go from or to the body. If, therefore, the reins are tied so
+that the hands should be at a convenient distance from the body when the
+horse is collected, they would be at a very inconvenient distance when
+he is extended. To remedy this, in the East, where the short rein is
+very universal, the double part of the bridle is prolonged by a single
+strap; this strap is used as a whip, and hence the whip of the Hussar
+attached to the reins; hence, also, as I imagine, the Austrian driving
+rein described page 54. When fossil remains of the extinct postboy shall
+be discovered, it will be seen that he used the short rein, and with
+great propriety; since his horse may be said to have been always “au
+trot,” and needed only one degree of collection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COLT-BREAKING.
+
+Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider.--The
+   head-stall.--The snaffle.--Longeing.--Saddling.--Mounting.--Sermon to
+   the colt-breaker.--The noblest horse resists the most.--The horse has
+   a natural _right_ to resist.--The colt wants no suppling.--He wants
+   to be taught the meaning of your indications.--And to be brought to
+   obey them.--The leaping-bar.--Fetch and carry.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Colt-breaking the best lesson for riding.]
+
+The very best lesson for a horseman, young or old, is colt-breaking; and
+if in the attempt the _young_ horseman fails to do the colt justice, he
+will at least do him less injury than the country colt-breaker, or the
+generality of grooms.
+
+I shall detail the plan of an _old_ horseman; though, perchance, its
+want of “dresses, scenery, and decoration” may offend, my chief
+implements being a stick, some string, and some carrots.
+
+I have always said that the colt is half broken when he will come to
+your whistle or call in the field, and eat carrots out of your hand; and
+that he is quite broken when you have got the head-stall on him.
+
+[Sidenote: The head-stall.]
+
+The colt _should_ wear a head-stall from the earliest days, and be held
+by the head while he is rubbed and caressed. If this has been neglected,
+get him into a loose box; take the front off the head-stall, described
+page 125. Do not (as is the common error in this and in bridling) face
+the colt, and hold out the head-stall with both hands, as if you
+_wished_ to frighten him; but keep the head-stall in your left hand,
+caress the colt with your right hand, and, with your right shoulder to
+his left shoulder, pass the right hand under his jaws on to the front
+part of his head. Bring the left hand up to the right, and, with a hand
+on each cheek-strap, pass the top over the ears on to the neck, _if you
+can_. Fasten the throat-lash tight enough to prevent its being rubbed
+over the ears. Tie a piece of cord, a yard long, to the off side, D, of
+the head-stall; pass the cord through the near side, D. Accustom the
+colt to see and to be held by this. It is very powerful, as it forms a
+slip knot round his nose, and prevents his pulling with the top of his
+head; and it keeps the two cheek-straps back, which otherwise might
+injure the colt’s eyes. When he is used to the short cord, tie a long
+knotted cord to it. Use gloves when you first take the colt out, and
+place yourself so that if he bolts you may pull him sideways gradually
+into a circle.
+
+[Sidenote: The snaffle.]
+
+To get him to lead, place him between you and a fence; keep abreast of
+his shoulder, and show the stick towards his croupe. When he is
+subjected to the cord, take a snaffle-bit with a piece of string to each
+eye (what is called a =T= is best), tie it to the off side, D, hold the
+nose-band with the right hand, take the snaffle with the left, induce
+him to open his mouth by passing the thumb between his lips on to the
+_bars_ (part _bare_ of teeth), place the snaffle in his mouth, and tie
+it to the near side, D. If you have any difficulty, a long string may be
+used to the near side of the snaffle, and passed through the D. If the
+colt runs back you still hold him with the snaffle under the jaws. When
+bridled tie a piece of string from eye to eye of the snaffle, so as to
+hang under the chin; fasten the long cord to this and lead him by it,
+and use him to be held by this chin-strap. By the common method, he is
+never held by the mouth till he is mounted.
+
+Next tie a piece of cord round his girthing place, the two ends on the
+ridge of his back. Make a rein of string and tie it with these ends just
+tight enough to prevent the colt grazing; you may then pick grass and
+give it to him, whistling at the same time. He will soon follow you
+loose, play by your side, leap fences, and come to your whistle like a
+dog.
+
+To accustom the colt to be tied by the head, pass the long cord over a
+gate, and slacken and tighten as may be required.
+
+Ask leave of the colt to hang your tackle in his hovel; or if he lives
+in a field, lay it in the hedge to be ready whenever you can spare time
+“to go for a walk” with him.
+
+For these lessons, and as far as possible for all lessons, the law
+should be dulcia sunto; but after teaching your child its alphabet in
+ginger-bread, the time must come when he must go to school.
+
+[Sidenote: Longeing.]
+
+The simplest act of obedience is longeing. In longeing you should walk a
+circle inside the colt’s circle. The long stick should be constantly
+held up towards his croupe, to keep him on, but ready to be shown
+towards his head to keep him out. When you stop, and lower the stick,
+the colt comes in for a piece of carrot. The long cord should never be
+tight. If the colt’s head is pulled in and his croupe driven out of the
+circle, mental sulks and muscular mischief must ensue. Nothing so surely
+generates spavins, curbs, and thorough-pins. When skilful, you may make
+the colt change without stopping, or longe a figure of =8=. This may be
+done, even without the long cord, by the centripetal force of carrots
+and the centrifugal force of the stick. When this is done in the open
+field it looks like mesmerism or magic. When in this way you have made
+the colt thoroughly to love, honour, and obey you, the saddling,
+mounting, and riding, follow almost of course.
+
+[Sidenote: Saddling.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mounting.]
+
+Without stirrups, and with only one girth turned over the seat, place
+the pummel of the saddle on your right shoulder, and your right hand
+under its cantle, caress the colt with your left hand, and do not
+attempt to put the saddle on him till your left shoulder touches his.
+When girthed tie the string surcingle over the saddle; besides holding
+the reins, it now prevents the flaps flying up. When used to this, use
+him to the stirrups. Mount in a loose box with three girths, the head
+tied loosely to the saddle and a second snaffle bridle. Fill your
+pockets with tares or hay and feed him from his back. Out of doors mount
+while the colt is browsing a hedge. Quiet riding must do the rest, the
+main thing to keep the colt straight on, or to turn him, being the stick
+shown instantly on either side by the turn of the wrist.
+
+Thus far the _practice_ of colt-breaking; and in this way the colt will
+be very easily _tackled_: I do not expect so easily to tackle his rider,
+but I will try.
+
+[Sidenote: Sermon to the colt-breaker.]
+
+[Sidenote: The noblest horse resists the most.]
+
+[Sidenote: Has a _right_ to resist.]
+
+As Lord Pembroke remarks in his admirable treatise, his hand is the best
+who gets his horse to do what he wishes with the least force, whose
+indications are so clear that his horse cannot mistake them, and whose
+gentleness and fearlessness alike induce obedience to them. The noblest
+animal will obey such a rider, as surely as he will disregard the
+poltroon, or rebel against the savage. I say the noblest, because it is
+ever the noblest among them which rebel the most. For the dominion of
+man over the horse is an usurped dominion. And in riding a colt, or a
+restive horse, we should never forget that he has by nature the _right_
+to resist; and that, _at least, as far as he can judge_, we have not
+the right to insist.
+
+When the stag is taken in the toils, the hunter feels neither surprise
+nor anger at his struggles and alarm; and indeed he would be very
+unreasonable were he to chastise the poor animal on account of them. But
+there is no more reason in nature why a horse should submit, without
+resistance, to be ridden, than the stag to be slain--why the horse
+should give up his liberty to us, than the stag his life. In both cases
+our “wish is father to the deed.” And if our arrogance insinuates that a
+bountiful Nature created these animals simply for our service, assuredly
+bountiful Nature left them in ignorance of the fact. And it is to the
+sportsman and the colt-breaker that we must apply, if we wish to know
+whose victims are the most willing. Not to the cockney casuist, whose
+knowledge of the stag is confined to his venison, and who never trusts
+himself on the horse till it has been “long trained, in shackles, to
+procession pace.” If he did, he would find that the unfettered
+four-year-old shows precisely the same alarm and resistance to the
+halter as the stag does to the toils; and in breaking horses, the thing
+to be aimed at, next to the power of indicating our wishes, is the power
+of winning obedience to those wishes. These, and these only, are the two
+things to be aimed at, from the putting the first halter on the colt, to
+his performance of the pirouette renversée au galop--which is perhaps
+the most perfect trial and triumph of the most exquisitely finished
+horsemanship, and in which the horse must exert every faculty of his
+mind to discover, and every muscle of his body to execute, the wishes of
+his rider.
+
+[Sidenote: The colt needs no suppling.]
+
+[Sidenote: He wants to know your meaning.]
+
+[Sidenote: And that he must obey.]
+
+It is a vulgar error--an abuse of terms--the mere jargon of jockeyship,
+to say that the horse needs _suppling_ to perform this, or any other air
+of the manége, or anything else that man can make him do; all that he
+wants is to be made acquainted with the wishes of his rider, and
+inspired with the desire to execute them. For example, among the
+innumerable antics which I have seen fresh young troopers go through,
+when being led to and from the farrier’s shop, I have seen them perform
+this very air, the pirouette renversée au galop to the right, round the
+man who leads them; I have seen them perform the figure perfectly, with
+the exception that, instead of the right nostril leading, the head and
+neck have been straight on the diameter of the circle. At the same time
+détacher l’aiguillette, and mingle courbettes, ballotades, and even
+cabrioles with it,--combinations which La Broue, the Duke of Newcastle,
+De la Guerinière, or Pellier would scarcely dream of. This a horse will
+do in the gaiety of his heart, and without requiring any suppling; take
+the same horse into the school, follow him with the whip, and try to
+_make_ him do it, he will think you a most unreasonable person; he will
+by no means be able to discover your meaning, and will, if you press
+him, finish by being exceedingly sulky. Mount him, and try to indicate
+your wishes to him through the medium of your hands, legs, and whip, or
+if you prefer the terms, to give him their _aid_ and _support_. I will
+venture to say that you will be nearer two years than one, before you
+can get him to do what he has not only done but done for his own
+delight. In the mean time, if during his two years of _suppling_ you
+have never given him a false indication or ever forced him, he will be
+no more stiff than when he first began to be _suppled_. But if, as a
+million riders out of a million and one would have done, you have been
+in the constant habit of doing both, the horse will long ago have become
+as stiff as a piece of wood. Is it to be supposed that the best suppled
+manége horse is more supple than the colt at the foot of his dam? Can
+any one who has watched his pranks think so? How often have I been told
+by a rider to observe how supple his horse’s neck had become! That he
+could now get his horse’s head round to his knee, whereas he could not
+at first accomplish more than to see his horse’s eye. If the same horse,
+loose, wished to scratch his shoulder or his ribs, would he not
+forthwith do it with his teeth?
+
+When a cabriolet or cart is turned in a narrow street or road, the horse
+is forced to make half a pirouette, without any questions being asked as
+to his capabilities or suppleness; and the rein being pulled strongest
+on one side, the whip applied on the other, the shafts to prevent his
+turning short, and with evident reason why he cannot go a-head, he sees
+what is required, and does it without difficulty; but the same horse
+will not do the same mounted, in the middle of a grass-field, with
+nothing but his rider’s _aids_ to bias him, or to indicate what is
+required of him. Why? either because he can’t understand your _aids_, or
+you can’t enforce obedience to them: these will be the reasons, not his
+want of suppleness.
+
+The great thing in horsemanship is to get your horse to be of your
+party--not only to obey, but to obey willingly. For this reason a young
+horse cannot be begun with too early, and his lessons cannot be too
+gradually progressive. The great use of longeing is, not that it supples
+your horse--it is a farce to suppose that--but that, next to leading, it
+is the easiest act of obedience which you can exact from him. In this
+way it is an admirable lesson.
+
+[Sidenote: The leaping-bar.]
+
+Placing the colt between the pillars of the stall is admirable as a
+lesson of submission and obedience; by degrees he may be even cleaned
+there. The brush acts as the urging indication; the reins inform him
+that he is not to advance; the result is that he collects himself to
+the bit. Here, then, the common theory would make him to be taken up and
+collected, not between the hands and legs, not “dans la main et dans les
+talons,” but dans the sides of the stall and dans the horse brush. It is
+precisely the same as putting the horse between the pillars in a manége,
+which is an admirable explanatory practice to a horse. With the whip in
+skilful hands, the sides of the stall give infinite advantage over the
+pillars in the manége; both teach the horse the same lesson, namely,
+that when urged up to the bit--that is, when urged and retained at the
+same time--these contradictory indications mean that he is required to
+collect himself. Anything which facilitates the understanding of this
+bit of information is of infinite value; for the colt, like the satyr in
+the fable, is apt to kick against this blowing hot and blowing cold at
+the same time. Mount the colt, and try these opposite indications; he
+will do anything but obey them, anything but collect himself. If you
+insist, he will resist. He will end in overt acts of rebellion, or at
+least in dogged sulks; and that from not understanding, or not choosing
+to obey your _aids_, not from want of suppleness. Let art supple the
+temper and understanding of the colt, and leave nature to supple his
+limbs. By holding the colt’s head against a wall by the chin-strap, he
+may be made to pass sideways to either hand by showing him the whip. He
+should also be taught to rein back; this is best done in a narrow
+gangway. The leaping-bar is a good exercise of obedience. The bar itself
+should be only six feet long; the posts which support it should be four
+feet six inches high; the side-rails thirty feet in length, and they
+should slope down to three feet; they should rest on the tops of the
+posts, and be flush with them, and perfectly smooth, so that the long
+cord may pass freely over them without catching. The colt should walk
+half way up the gangway, thence a slow trot. Pass the reins of the
+snaffle through the left eye of the snaffle, and fasten the long cord to
+them. Hold the right rein close to where it passes through the eye, it
+will clasp the lower jaw like a slip-knot and give you great power. All
+over-fresh horses should be led in this way; without it a horse will
+pull with the top of his head with force sufficient to beat any man.
+Keep the bar low, or even on the ground, as long as the horse is
+nervous.
+
+The whole affair of colt-breaking is an affair of patience, you cannot
+have too much forbearance: put off the evil day of force. Forgive him
+seventy times seven times a-day, and be assured that what does not come
+to-day will to-morrow. The grand thing is to get rid of dogged sulks and
+coltishness; of that wayward, swerving, hesitating gait, which says,
+“here’s my foot, and there’s my foot;” or, “there is a lion in the
+street, I cannot go forth.” This is the besetting sin of colts; and this
+it is which, on the turf, gives so great an advantage to a young horse
+to have another to _make play_, or _cut out the running_ for him. For
+this indisposition to go freely forward results as well from their
+seeing no necessity to give up their will to yours, as from their
+incapacity to perceive and obey the indications of their rider without
+swerving, shifting the leg, &c., and additional labour to themselves.
+All this is spared to the young horse by the follow-my-leader system.
+
+Everything should be resorted to to avoid alarm on the colt’s side and
+force on the man’s, and gradually to induce familiarity and cheerful
+obedience--to reconcile him to the melancholy change from gregarious
+liberty to a solitary stall and a state of slavery. I should say that he
+is the best colt-breaker who soonest inspires him with the animus
+eundi--who soonest gets him to go freely straight forward--who soonest,
+and with least force, gets the colt without company five miles along the
+road from home. Violence never did this yet; but violence increases his
+reluctance, and makes it last ten times longer. Indeed, it causes the
+colt to stiffen and defend himself, and this never is got rid of. It is
+true that by force you may make him your sullen slave, but that is not
+the object; the object is to make him your willing subject. Above all
+things, do not be perpetually playing the wolf to him; deal in rewards
+where it is possible, and in punishment only where it cannot be
+avoided. Be assured that the system will _answer_.
+
+    Crede mihi, res est ingeniosa _dare_.
+
+It is, no doubt, our duty to create the happiness and to prevent the
+misery of every living thing; but with our horse this is also a matter
+of _policy_. The colt should be caressed, rubbed, and spoken to kindly.
+He should be fed from the hand with anything he may fancy, such as
+carrot, or apple, or sugar, and be made to come for it when whistled to
+or called by name.
+
+    “Quis expedivit Psittaco suum χαιρε?...
+    Venter.”
+
+[Sidenote: Fetch and carry.]
+
+On an unlittered part of the stable, with the horse loose, throw pieces
+of carrot on the floor; he will learn to watch your hand like a dog.
+Then tie a piece of carrot to a piece of stick. When he lifts this push
+a piece of carrot between his lips where there are no teeth, and take
+the stick from his mouth. He will soon learn to pick up your stick,
+whip, glove, or handkerchief, and to bring it in exchange for the
+reward; or when mounted, will put his head back to place it in your
+hand.
+
+Stand on the outside of a door which opens towards you. Show the horse
+carrots through the opening: he will push the door open to get the
+carrot. By always repeating the word “door,” he will soon open or shut a
+door at command, or a gate, even when mounted.
+
+These may be “foolish things to all the wise,” but nothing is useless
+which familiarises the horse, which increases the confidence and
+intimacy between him and his rider, or which teaches him to look to man
+for the indications of his will, and to obey them, whether from fear,
+interest, or attachment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.
+
+Condition depends on food, work, and warmth.--So does the difference
+   between the _breeds_ of horses.--The terseness of the Arab is the
+   result of hard food.--So is that of our thorough-bred
+   horse.--Different _breeds_ result from different natural
+   conditions.--Crossing is only necessary where natural conditions are
+   against you.--We do not attend enough to warmth.--We should get fine
+   winter coats by warmth instead of singeing.--No fear of cold from
+   fine coats.--The foot should be stopped with clay.--The sore
+   ridge.--Stable breastplate.--The head-stall.--Never physic, bleed,
+   blister, or fire.--Food for condition.--Rest for strains.--Nature for
+   wounds.--Miles for shoeing.--The horse should have water always by
+   him.--And should stand loose.--No galloping on hard ground, either by
+   master or man.--He who cripples the horse kills him.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Condition depends on food, work, warmth.]
+
+For perfect health and condition three things are necessary, good food,
+work, warmth. For appearance a fourth may be added, cleaning. To suppose
+cleaning necessary for health is nonsense. Do you clean your sheep?--the
+stags in your park?--or the horses young and old in the breeding stud?
+But, speaking liberally, a horse which is not worked cannot be clean and
+a horse which is worked and clothed cannot be dirty. A horse cannot be
+clothed too heavily summer or winter short of perspiring.
+
+[Sidenote: So does the difference between breeds of horses.]
+
+But it is not only that the present passing condition of the horse
+depends solely on food, work, and warmth, but the permanent structure
+and stature of the horse depend on them; that is, the difference between
+what are called different _breeds_ of horses depends solely on these
+three things.
+
+[Sidenote: The Arab the result of hard food.]
+
+The Arab has a legend that his horse came from the stable of King
+Solomon. From the book of Kings it appears that Solomon was a great
+horse dealer. He imported them largely from Egypt, and he supplied
+certain kings with them. The merchandise which he received from Arabia
+is enumerated, and though it is not stated that he supplied horses in
+part payment for this merchandise, it is not improbable that he did so.
+Speaking liberally, in Arabia the sole food of the horse is barley and
+straw; and the terseness of structure of the Arab may be said to be the
+result of three thousand years of hard food, if we reckon only from the
+_modern_ horse-keeper King Solomon. Fuerant autem in Egypto semper
+præstantissimi equi. And, shades of Bunsen! how many thousand years of
+hard food shall we add to the account for our horses’ Egyptian ancestry?
+Moses and Miriam sang their dirge on the shore of the Red Sea, in the
+reign of a _mediæval_ Pharaoh, but their “early progenitors,” as Mr.
+Darwin would phrase it, might have enjoyed the barley of the _ancient_
+King Menes. To hard food we must add early work, for the Arab is worked
+at two years old.
+
+[Sidenote: So is our thorough-bred horse.]
+
+Our thorough-bred horse, the descendant of the Arab, has been bred under
+the same natural conditions somewhat improved; that is, he has had
+_better_ hard food in unlimited quantity, he is earlier trained, the
+goodness of both sire and dam are proved to an ounce, and performance
+only is bred from. What is the consequence? In Evelyn’s days Arabs and
+barbs raced at Newmarket. In later days, in the give and take plates
+there, winners are recorded of thirteen hands high, and the size of a
+stud horse of fourteen hands was advertised. Now, if a horse is under
+sixteen hands his size is not mentioned, and all the world is our
+customer at £5000 or £6000 a horse. And if more people had the skill to
+ride him, the merits of the thorough-bred horse as a hunter would be
+better known; though, indeed, under any circumstances, it is but the
+sweepings of the training stable which descends to the hunting field or
+private life.
+
+[Sidenote: All _breeds_ result from natural conditions.]
+
+The first axiom of the breeder is--est in equis patrum virtus--“Like
+produces like.” But the second axiom is, “The goodness of the horse goes
+in at his mouth.” The moral is, that like produces like only under like
+natural conditions. Turn out all the winners of the last ten years to
+breed on Dartmoor or in Shetland; what would be the betting about a colt
+or a filly so bred for the Derby or Oaks? The qualities of the
+race-horse--the accumulation of thousands of years--are lost in the
+first generation. Continue to breed him under these conditions, and the
+finest horse in the world, or that the world ever saw, becomes a
+Dartmoor or Shetland pony, worth £5 instead of £5000. Such are the
+changes worked by natural conditions; though with Mr. Darwin they count
+for nothing, or for next to nothing.
+
+In the permanent fat pastures of the temperate and insular climes, the
+horse is built up to eighteen hands high, with a width and weight
+infinitely more than proportionate to his height, if we compare him to
+the southern horse. In the arid south, by no contrivance of man or
+“natural selection” can a horse of _weight_ be produced; though you may
+breed the terse horse of the south in the north by keeping him on terse
+food.
+
+[Sidenote: Crossing not necessary.]
+
+Crossing is only good where you wish to breed animals against natural
+conditions, as heavy horses on terse food, or Leicester sheep on the
+downs, or small Alderney cows on rich pastures. Then, the more the breed
+is crossed by animals bred under favourable natural conditions the
+better. No horse is so bred in-and-in as our thorough-bred horse and
+the Arab, and, of course, all _pure_ breeds must be bred in-and-in.
+
+[Sidenote: We do not attend enough to warmth.]
+
+The above effects of food and work are evident and well understood. But
+we do not sufficiently attend to warmth. We see that if the
+finest-coated Arab or thorough-bred horse is turned out year after year,
+he will get a winter coat as thick as a Shetland pony. But besides this,
+nature thickens his skin; the hide of the southern horse sells higher
+than that of the northern horse, because it is thinner. Change the skin
+of a horse for that of a rhinoceros, will he race or hunt as well?
+
+[Sidenote: Warmth instead of singeing.]
+
+Mr. Darwin does not seem to be aware that the horse changes his coat! or
+that there is any difference between his summer and winter coat! or that
+the new coat of the same individual comes thick directly he is exposed
+to cold. Fine winter coats should be got by clothing and warmth, not by
+singeing and cold. Starvation itself is not more terrible than cold.
+Nature comes to the rescue of the out-door horse, but frightful
+enormities result from singeing horses in the winter, and leaving them
+to shiver in the stall inadequately clothed, to say nothing of the
+frightful figures which result.
+
+[Sidenote: No fear of cold from fine coats.]
+
+Fear not your horse suffering from cold because he is stripped to work.
+Do not labourers strip to work? If a horse had a coat thick enough to
+keep him warm when at rest in winter, he could not hunt in this without
+being sweated to death any more than he could with four or five blankets
+on him.
+
+[Sidenote: Stop foot with clay.]
+
+Fire and water are equally disastrous to the horse’s skin. Allow neither
+singeing nor washing above the hoof, and even this only for
+_appearance_. For there is no more reason for washing the horse’s foot
+when he is kept in a stable, than there is when he is kept in a paddock.
+But there are good reasons for keeping his foot full of dirt in the form
+of clay in the stable. Without it he fills his foot with the contents of
+the stall, which the shoe holds there. Now, which is worst for the foot,
+dirt or dung? Nothing can be more injurious to the frog than this.
+
+But, alas! all is right, even with the master, provided that there is
+not a speck on the _outside_ insensible horn; and perhaps that is oiled
+and blacked (!) when the horse is brought out, while _inside_, the soft
+frog is left night and day soaked and saturated with the most frightful
+horrors. Hence the most fetid thrushes, and hence the contracted heel;
+for the contracted heel is the consequence, not the cause of the rotted
+frog.
+
+The clay should not be mixed up with any of the horrors which grooms are
+so fond of. Besides defending the frog from the highly injurious juices
+of the stall this gives a _natural_ support to the interior of the foot
+which the _artificial_ shoe deprives it of.
+
+[Sidenote: The sore ridge.]
+
+Every joint of the backbone or spinal bone is surmounted by a _spine_.
+These are sharp and topped with gristle, and will not support weight,
+still less attrition. Hence the necessity of the wooden _tree_ of a
+saddle, and even of a terret-pad to bridge the _ridge_. The old plan of
+fastening the horse’s clothing, taken from the Persians, was by
+_rolling_ a long strip loosely round and round him; hence our name of
+_roller_ for the stable surcingle. This avoided injury to the ridge:
+the objection is the trouble. The bridge or _channel_ of our roller is
+_never_ effective, and _every_ stabled horse has a _sore ridge_. This is
+a great calamity to him as well as to his master.
+
+The play of the ribs in breathing saws the sore; he is disinclined to
+lie down because the roller is tightened by this position. The groom
+puts his hand towards the ridge; the ears go back and a leg is lifted.
+The horse gets a kick in the stomach or a blow with the fist, and
+becomes shy in the stall as well as vicious. In cleaning him underneath,
+the groom rests his hand on the sore ridge and the horse dashes his
+teeth against the wall, and lashes out from pain; he becomes shy to
+saddle, shy to girth, shy to mount, and he hogs his back, and perhaps
+plunges when you are up.
+
+[Sidenote: Stable breastplate.]
+
+I have used two remedies; first, a more efficient bridge. Let the pads
+of the channel be deep and _steep_ towards each other and die off on the
+side from each other, set them wide apart and have the channel clear.
+The common error is to stuff the channel, which increases the evil.
+Next a loose roller, but this involves the necessity of a breast-girth
+to prevent the roller going back under the flank. If the breast-girth is
+loose it falls below the breast and is burst by the legs of the horse in
+getting up. If it is tight it pulls the roller on to the rise of the
+withers. I have used, and I recommend a breastplate on the principle of
+a hunting breastplate. The bearing should be only from the top of the
+neck to the lower part of the roller; a long upper strap to prevent it
+falling forward when the head is down, should take off and on the
+channel by a slip loop. The lower strap is also taken off and on the
+roller with a slip loop. The breast-piece buckles or ties on the near
+shoulder. When taken off, it pulls out of the lower strap, and remains
+attached to the channel by the upper strap; the lower strap remains
+attached to the lower part of the roller.
+
+I wish my pupil would make a model with my favourite bit of string, and
+then call the saddler to his aid. He may have it of scarlet, if he is
+fond of ornament, of webbing bis Afro murice tincta, or of scarlet and
+gold if he likes.
+
+The roller must keep the cloths forward; if they are fastened tight
+across the chest, the horse bursts them in getting up or in putting his
+head down.
+
+[Sidenote: The head-stall.]
+
+The head-stall should have a buckle on each cheek-strap; the throat-lash
+should be sewed to the top, and should have a buckle on each side. If
+the horse slips his head-stall, take the throat-lash out of the front,
+and you may buckle it almost as tight as a neck-strap, which is the
+safest of all fastenings. The objection is that, when a horse has to
+raise heavy logs in the stall for each mouthful of hay, the strap wears
+his mane. For this reason a front is used to the head-stall; it however
+then wears the horse’s head, and is the origin of what is called
+pole-evil; the bone of the nose is often worn through by the nose-band,
+forming abscesses _inside_ the nostrils. Small horses and ponies are
+particularly liable to this, in getting their hay from high racks. These
+are reasons for horses standing loose where this is possible. A quarter
+of a century ago I had the honour to arrange the head-stalls of the 2nd
+Life Guards as above, and I am proud to see them still in use.
+
+[Sidenote: Never physic, blister, or fire.]
+
+On no occasion and on no persuasion give your horse physic, or bleed
+him, or blister him, or fire him, or let the blacksmith have anything to
+do with any part of him which is more sensible than the callous crust of
+his hoof.
+
+[Sidenote: Food for condition. Rest for strains. Nature for wounds.]
+
+Condition depends on food, not physic. Rest is the cure for sprains and
+strains. Nature cures wounds unless prevented by _art_. Nature stops the
+bleeding by the glue of the blood coagulating about the wound;
+_staunching_ with cloths wipes this off and promotes the bleeding. Lint
+assists, but when Nature has formed a plaister over a wound it should
+not be interfered with or _washed_; leave it to come off of itself.
+Where great discharge ensues wash it off _sound_ parts, and grease them
+to prevent the skin coming off. Don’t believe in what is called “_proud
+flesh_.” The granulations of new flesh are always called so, and burnt
+off as fast as they grow by corrosive sublimate or “oils as’ll cut a
+broomstick in two.”
+
+[Sidenote: Miles for shoeing.]
+
+As a brother officer of the 2nd Life Guards has published a perfect book
+on shoeing, and as he did me the honour to dedicate it to me, I have
+only to say that on that subject I am completely “Miles’s boy.”
+
+[Sidenote: Water always by the horse.]
+
+About a quarter of a century ago I recommended in print that all horses
+should have water by them in the stall: it is now so universally the
+practice, that I need not here repeat the reasons for it. I have not
+heard of any horse drinking till he burst, though all grooms assured me
+that all stabled horses would do so.
+
+It is distending food, not drink, which forms the large carcase. Food
+takes long to digest, but it is astonishing how quickly what the horse
+drinks is absorbed. The late Mr. Field having a horse condemned to die,
+kept him two days without water, gave him two buckets, and killed him
+five minutes after. There was not a drop of water in his stomach.
+
+[Sidenote: The horse should stand loose.]
+
+A horse should have a loose standing if possible; if he must be tied in
+a stall it should be flat. A horse cannot stand up hill without muscular
+exertion, and the toe constantly up, and the heel constantly down,
+induces ruinous distress to the back sinews.
+
+[Sidenote: No galloping on hard ground.]
+
+[Sidenote: He who cripples the horse kills him.]
+
+Do not let your groom gallop your hunter on the hard ground in autumn;
+and my last word shall be a petition on this subject to master as well
+as man--to deprecate a piece of inhumanity practised, indeed, as much by
+ladies as by gentlemen--the riding the horse fast on hard ground. I pray
+them to consider that horses do not die of old age, but that they are
+killed because they become crippled, and that he who cripples them is
+guilty of their death, not he who pulls the trigger. The practice is as
+unhorsemanlike as it is inhuman. It is true that money will replace the
+poor slaves as you use them up, and if occasion requires it they must,
+alas! be used up. But in my opinion, nothing but a case of life and
+death can justify the deed. If the ground is hard and even, a collected
+canter may be allowed; but if hard and uneven, a moderate trot at most.
+One hour’s gallop on such ground would do the soundest horse
+irremediable mischief. Those who boast of having gone such a distance in
+such a time, on the ground supposed, show ignorance or inhumanity. Such
+feats require cruelty only, not courage. Nay, they are performed most
+commonly by the very horsemen who are too cowardly or too unskilful to
+dare to trust their horse with his foot on the elastic turf, or to stand
+with him the chances of the hunting-field. And such is the inconsistency
+of human nature, that they are performed by persons who would shudder at
+the sight of the bleeding flank of the race-horse, or who would lay down
+with disgust, and some expression of maudlin, morbid humanity, the truly
+interesting narrative of that most intrepid and enduring of all
+gallopers, Sir Francis Head. But compare the cases. In the case of the
+race-horse, his skin is wounded to urge him to his utmost exertion for a
+few seconds, from which in a few minutes he is perfectly recovered, and
+ready, nay eager, to start again. In the case of the wild horse of the
+Pampas, he is urged for two, three, or perhaps five hours, to the utmost
+distress for wind, as well as muscular fatigue. He is enlarged, and in a
+day or two he is precisely the same as if he had never been ridden. But
+in the case of the English road-rider, though no spur is used, unfair
+advantage is taken of the horse’s impetuous freedom of nature, his
+sinews are strained, his joints permanently stiffened, he is deprived at
+once and for ever of his elasticity and action, and brought prematurely
+a cripple to the grave.
+
+
+BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
+
+
+
+
+APRIL, 1861.
+
+
+A LIST OF BOOKS
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+
+EDWARD MOXON & CO., DOVER STREET.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF TENNYSON’S PRINCESS. WITH MACLISE’S ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+_In royal 8vo, cloth, price 16s., morocco 21s.; morocco, by HAYDAY, 31s.
+6d., illustrated with 26 Wood Engravings by THOMAS DALZIEL, GREEN, and
+WILLIAMS, from Designs by D. MACLISE, R.A.,_
+
+
+THE PRINCESS; A MEDLEY.
+
+BY ALFRED TENNYSON, ESQ., D.C.L., POET LAUREATE.
+
+
+Also, by the same Author,
+
+TENNYSON’S POEMS.
+
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+   OR, COMMON SENSE AND COMMON ERRORS IN COMMON RIDING. A new, revised,
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+
+In one volume 8vo, illustrated by numerous Woodcuts, price 10_s._ 6_d._
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+Transcriber’s Note
+
+The following errors were corrected:
+
+  Page      Error
+  fn. 16-†  δάχτυλος changed to δάκτυλος
+  33        resiliance changed to resilience
+  49        δήλοι changed to δηλοῖ
+  Ads p. 6  Wordsworth s changed to Wordsworth’s
+
+The following words had inconsistent spelling and hyphenation:
+
+  breastplate / breast-plate
+  Guérinière / Guerinière
+  headstall / head-stall
+  manège / manége
+  mouthpiece / mouth-piece
+  noseband / nose-band
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and
+Niece, by George Greenwood
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece, by 
+George Greenwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece
+       or, Common Sense and Common Errors in Common Riding
+
+Author: George Greenwood
+
+Release Date: April 12, 2009 [EBook #28563]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. A list of corrections
+is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been maintained. A list of inconsistently spelled
+and hyphenated words is found at the end of the text.
+
+Text surrounded by ~ was printed in Greek in the original text. Text
+surrounded by = was printed in a black-letter typeface in the original.
+
+The following codes are used for characters that are not present in the
+character set used for this version of the book.
+
+  *.*  Asterism
+  [+]  Dagger
+
+
+HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+              HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+                        TO
+
+               A Nephew and Niece.
+
+                        BY
+
+       AN OFFICER OF THE HOUSEHOLD BRIGADE
+                   OF CAVALRY.
+
+
+                  [Illustration]
+
+
+                     LONDON.
+        EDWARD MOXON & C^o. DOVER STREET.
+                      1861.
+
+
+
+
+              HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+                        TO
+
+              =A Nephew and Niece;=
+
+                       OR,
+
+        COMMON SENSE AND COMMON ERRORS IN
+                  COMMON RIDING.
+
+
+                        BY
+
+            COLONEL GEORGE GREENWOOD,
+  LATE LIEUT.-COL. COMMANDING 2ND LIFE GUARDS.
+
+
+                   NEW EDITION.
+
+
+                     LONDON:
+        EDWARD MOXON & CO., DOVER STREET.
+                      1861.
+
+
+
+
+  LONDON
+  BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+  MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+  Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding _taught_         2
+  That is the soldier's _one-handed_ style                             2
+  _Two hands_ should be used to the reins                              5
+  A soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein                        7
+  Common riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein          9
+  Result of this with colts or restive horses                         10
+  Indications are not _aids_                                          12
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+  HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.
+
+  Reins at full length                                                14
+  The downward clutch                                                 16
+  The Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins                  18
+  The side clutch                                                     20
+  The two reins _crossed_ in one hand                                 21
+  A rein in each hand                                                 23
+  Turn to the right, and left                                         26
+  The hunting hand                                                    26
+  The rough-rider's hand                                              27
+  Fixing the hands                                                    28
+  Use of both bridles at once                                         30
+  Shortening the reins when held one in each hand, system of
+    taught, and of untaught horsemen                                  30
+  Use of the whip                                                     34
+  Horses swerve and turn _only to the left_                           34
+  Fault in "the great untaught," two-handed, English rider            35
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+  EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.
+
+  Retaining, urging, and guiding indications                          36
+  To make a horse collect himself                                     37
+  Canter, right turn, right pass                                      38
+  Left shoulder in                                                    38
+  Bearing on the mouth                                                39
+  The horse must be made to collect himself in turning                42
+  And should not be turned on one rein only                           43
+  Lady's canter                                                       44
+  The quicker the pace, the greater degree of collection              44
+  French and English mistake in this                                  45
+  The shy horse                                                       46
+  The restive horse                                                   48
+  Truth may be paradoxical                                            49
+
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+  MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.
+
+  The rider cannot raise the falling horse                            50
+  Harm is done by the attempt                                         51
+  The bearing-rein                                                    54
+  Mechanical assistance of the jockey to his horse                    56
+  Standing on the stirrups                                            58
+  Difference between the gallop and the leap                          58
+  Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the horse                 59
+  The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence           61
+
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+  THE SEAT.
+
+  There is one direction which applies to all seats                   65
+  Different seats for different styles of riding                      65
+  The man�ge and the Eastern seats are the extremes                   66
+  The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in line            67
+  Medium length of stirrup for common riding                          69
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+  MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.
+
+  Directions to place a lady in her saddle                            70
+  Directions to mount at a halt                                       71
+  To mount in movement                                                71
+  To dismount in movement                                             71
+  To vault on or over in movement                                     72
+  To vault on at a halt                                               72
+  Circus for practising these movements                               72
+  To pick a whip from the ground                                      72
+  To face about in the saddle                                         73
+
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+  THE BIT.
+
+  Place of the bit in the horse's mouth                               74
+  Principle of the bit                                                74
+  Action of the common bit                                            76
+  Action of the Chifney bit                                           77
+  The loose eye                                                       77
+  The nose-band                                                       77
+  The horse's defence against the bit by the tongue                   78
+  Effect of the porte against this defence                            78
+  Defence of the horse by the lip                                     80
+  Defence by the teeth                                                80
+  Bar of the military and driving bit                                 81
+  Martingale                                                          81
+  Danger does not result from power                                   84
+
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+  THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.
+
+  A side-saddle should have no right hand pummel                      86
+  The leaping-horn                                                    86
+  Surcingle                                                           88
+  Stirrup-leather                                                     89
+  Stirrup-iron                                                        90
+  Girthing                                                            90
+  To avoid riding on the buckles of the girths                        91
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+  THE SHORT REIN.
+
+  The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied             93
+  Its use to a soldier                                                94
+  Its use with the restive horse                                      94
+  It should not be used in hunting, or in swimming a horse            95
+  Objection to it for common riding                                   95
+  Used by postilion                                                   99
+  Short rein of the Eastern horseman                                  96
+
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+  COLT-BREAKING.
+
+  Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider             97
+  The head-stall                                                      98
+  The snaffle                                                         99
+  Longeing                                                           101
+  Saddling                                                           102
+  Mounting                                                           102
+  Sermon to the colt-breaker                                         103
+  The noblest horse resists the most                                 103
+  The horse has a natural _right_ to resist                          103
+  The colt wants no suppling                                         105
+  He wants to be taught the meaning of your indications              105
+  And to be brought to obey them                                     110
+  The leaping-bar                                                    110
+  Fetch and carry                                                    113
+
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+  THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.
+
+  Condition depends on food, work, and warmth                        115
+  So does the difference between the _breeds_ of horses              116
+  The terseness of the Arab is the result of hard food               116
+  So is that of our thorough-bred horse                              117
+  Different _breeds_ result from different natural conditions        118
+  Crossing only necessary where natural conditions are against you   119
+  We do not attend enough to warmth                                  120
+  We should get fine winter coats by warmth, instead of singeing     120
+  No fear of cold from fine coats                                    121
+  The horse's foot should be stopped with clay                       121
+  The sore ridge                                                     122
+  Stable breast-plate                                                124
+  The head-stall                                                     125
+  Never physic, bleed, blister, or fire your horse                   126
+  Food for condition                                                 126
+  Rest for strains                                                   126
+  Nature for wounds                                                  126
+  Miles for shoeing                                                  127
+  The horse should have water always by him                          127
+  And should stand loose                                             128
+  No galloping on hard ground, either by master or man               128
+  He who cripples the horse kills him                                128
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  FRONTISPIECE                                            To face Title.
+
+  VIGNETTE                                                        Title.
+
+  FIG.                                                              PAGE
+   1.--STRICT REGIMENTAL                                               3
+   2.--VARIED REGIMENTAL                                               4
+   3.--REINS AT FULL LENGTH                                           15
+   4.--DOWN CLUTCH                                                    17
+   5.--DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND                                 18
+   6.--SIDE CLUTCH                                                    19
+   7.--SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND                                 20
+   8.--CROSS                                                          22
+   9.--REIN IN EACH HAND                                              23
+  10.--TURN TO THE RIGHT                                              25
+  11.--TURN TO THE LEFT                                               26
+  12.--HUNTING GALLOP                                                 27
+  13.--ROUGH-RIDER                                                    28
+  14.--FIXING HANDS                                                   29
+
+
+
+
+HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.
+
+Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding _taught_; that is,
+   the soldier's _one-handed_ style.--_Two hands_ should be used to
+   the reins.--A soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein.--Common
+   riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein. Result of
+   this with colts or restive horses.--Indications are not _aids_.
+
+
+When you wish to turn to the right pull the right rein stronger than the
+left. This is common sense. The common error is precisely the reverse.
+The common error is, when you wish to turn to the right to pass the hand
+to the right. By this the right rein is slackened, and the left rein is
+tightened, across the horse's neck, and the horse is required to turn to
+the right when the left rein is pulled. It is to correct this common
+error, this monstrous and perpetual source of bad riding and of bad
+usage to good animals, that these pages are written.
+
+[Sidenote: Only one style of riding _taught_.]
+
+[Sidenote: That is, a _one-handed_ style.]
+
+England is the only European country which admits of more than one style
+of riding. But in all Europe, even in England, there is but one style of
+riding _taught_, as a system; that style is the man�ge or military
+style. The military style is, and must ever be essentially _a one-handed
+style_, for the soldier must have his right hand at liberty for his
+weapons. The recruit is indeed made to ride with a single snaffle in two
+hands, but only as a preparatory step to the one-handed style. His left
+hand then becomes _his bridle hand_, and that hand must hold the reins
+in such a manner as will require the least possible aid from _the sword
+hand_ to shorten them as occasion may require. This is with the fourth
+finger only between them (Fig. 1).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--STRICT REGIMENTAL.]
+
+For these reasons, as far as soldiers are concerned, I do not see how
+the present system can be altered for the better, unless it be by
+placing the three last fingers of the left hand between the reins (Fig.
+2), instead of the fourth finger only. The reins held in this way are
+as easily and as quickly shortened, by drawing them with the right hand
+through the left, as if they were separated by the fourth finger only. I
+always adopted this mode myself when my sword was in my hand; and I
+should think it worth trial for all soldiers. My two last chargers had
+been notoriously restive horses, and I could not have ridden them in the
+strictly regimental mode.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--VARIED REGIMENTAL.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Two hands_ should be used to the reins.]
+
+But I see no reason why, because soldiers are compelled to guide their
+horses with the left hand only, and with the fourth finger only between
+the reins, that ladies and civilians should be condemned to the same
+system. On the contrary, I would have ladies as well as gentlemen use
+both hands to the reins, whether of the curb or of the snaffle, somewhat
+as the rough-rider or colt-breaker uses the reins of a single snaffle;
+but the reins should enter the hands outside instead of inside the
+fourth fingers, and they should quit the hands between the first and
+second fingers instead of between the first finger and thumb, as will be
+explained in the next chapter.
+
+Fasten the end of a rein to the upper part of the back of a chair; pull
+the reins enough to raise two of the legs off the ground, and to keep
+the chair balanced on the other two. Take your reins as ladies and
+soldiers are taught to take them (Fig. 1), both grasped in the left
+hand, the fourth finger only between them, and (I quote from the
+regulations of the English cavalry) "the top of the thumb firmly closed
+on them--the upper part of the arm hanging straight down from the
+shoulder--the left elbow lightly touching the hip--the lower part of the
+arm square to the upper--little finger on a level with the elbow--wrist
+rounded outwards--the back of the hand to the front--the thumb pointing
+across the body, and three inches from it." In this position we are
+taught that "the little finger of the bridle-hand has four lines of
+action--first, towards the breast (to stop or rein back); second,
+towards the right shoulder (to turn to the right); third, towards the
+left shoulder (to turn to the left); fourth, towards the horse's head
+(to advance)." Try the second motion: you will find it a very nice
+operation, and that you are capable of shortening the right rein only in
+a very slight degree; you will also find that, if the hand ceases to be
+precisely opposite the centre of the body, the moment it is passed to
+the right the right rein becomes slackened, and the left rein is pulled.
+This is still more the case when the horse's neck is between the reins;
+the left rein is then instantly shortened across the neck.
+
+[Sidenote: A soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein.]
+
+I will not assert that the art of riding thus is impossible, though it
+has ever been so to me; and though, in my own experience, I never saw a
+cavalry soldier, rough-rider, riding-master, or any horseman whatever,
+who turned his horse, single-handed, on the proper rein. But I may
+assert that it is an exceedingly nice and delicate art. It is the
+opera-dancing of riding. And it would be as absurd to put the skill of
+its professors in requisition in common riding or across country, as to
+require Taglioni to _chasser_ over a ploughed field. For single-handed
+indications, supposing them to be correctly given--which, as I have
+said, I have never known; but supposing them to be correctly given--they
+are not sufficiently distinct to turn a horse, except in a case of
+optimism. That is, supposing for a short time a perfectly broken horse,
+in perfect temper, perfectly on his haunches, going perfectly up to his
+bit, and on perfect ground. Without all these perfections--suppose even
+the circumstance of the horse being excited or alarmed, or becoming
+violent from any other cause; that he is sluggish or sullen; that he
+stiffens his neck or pokes his nose--single-handed indications are worth
+nothing. But as for riding a horse perfectly on his haunches through a
+long day's journey, or in rough or deep ground, or across country, one
+might as well require infantry to make long forced marches at ordinary
+time, and to strictly preserve their touch and dressing; or, still to
+compare it to opera-dancing, Coulon to go through a day's shooting with
+the pas de zephir.
+
+But correct single-handed indications, with the fourth finger only
+between the reins, will not be obeyed by one horse in ten thousand. Try
+them in driving. There the terret-pad prevents their being given
+incorrectly, and a bearing-rein, a severe bit, and a whip, give you
+every advantage in keeping your horse collected; yet you will find them
+wholly inefficient. The soldier, who is compelled to turn to the right
+by word of command, when the correct indication is unanswered, in
+despair throws his hand to the right. The consequence is, that no horse
+is a good soldier's horse, till he has been trained to turn on the wrong
+rein.
+
+[Sidenote: Common riders turn on the wrong rein.]
+
+Without the same excuse for it, the same may be said of all ladies and
+civilians who ride with one hand only, and of almost all who ride with
+two hands. For, strange to say, in turning, both hands are generally
+passed to the right or left, and I have known many of what may be called
+the most perfect straight-_forward_ hands; that is, men who on the turf
+would hold the most difficult three-year-old to the steady stroke of the
+two-mile course, and place him as a winner to half-a-length--who in the
+hunting-field would ride the hottest, or the most phlegmatic made
+hunter, with equal skill, through all difficulties of ground, and over
+every species of fence, with admirable precision and equality of
+hand--or who on the exercise ground would place his broken charger on
+his haunches, and make him walk four miles an hour, canter six and a
+half, trot eight and a half, and gallop eleven, without being out in
+either pace a second of time, but who marred all by the besetting sin of
+side-feeling--of turning the horse on the wrong rein. The consequence
+is, that they can ride nothing but what has been trained to answer the
+wrong indications.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of this with colts or restive horses.]
+
+This is something like steaming without steering. Set them on a finely
+broken horse, on a colt, or a restive horse, and they become helpless
+children--the powerless prisoners of the brutes they bestride. How often
+does one see one's acquaintance in this distressing situation, with
+courage enough to dare what man dare, but without the power to do what
+the rough-rider has just done! First comes the false indication of the
+rider, then the confusion and hesitation of the horse; next the violence
+of the rider; then the despair and rebellion of the horse. The finish is
+a fractured limb from a rear or a runaway. The poor brute is set down as
+restive and in fact becomes more or less a misanthrope for the rest of
+his days. I have seen the gentle and brave, under such circumstances,
+act very much like the cruel and cowardly; that is to say, first rough
+an innocent animal for their own fault, and then yield to his
+resistance. It is in consequence of this that we find so many restive
+horses; that so few thorough-bred horses--that is, horses of the highest
+courage--can be made hunters; that, in fact, almost all high-couraged
+young horses become restive after leaving the colt-breaker's hands. It
+is, indeed, in consequence of this that the class of people called
+colt-breakers exists at all. For if we all rode on their principle,
+which is the true principle, any groom or moderately good rider could
+break any colt or ride any restive horse.
+
+No horse becomes restive in the colt-breaker's hands; nor do any remain
+so when placed in his hands. The reason is that he invariably rides with
+one bridle and two hands, instead of two bridles and one hand. When he
+wishes to go to the right he pulls the right rein stronger than the
+left. When he wishes to go to the left he pulls the left rein stronger
+than the right. These are indications which, if the colt will not obey,
+he will at least understand, the very first time that he is mounted, and
+which the most obstinate will not long resist. But as may be supposed,
+it takes a long time to make him understand that he is to turn to the
+right when the left rein is pulled, and to the left when the right rein
+is pulled. And it is only the meek-spirited and docile who will do this
+at all. Such, however, is the general docility of the half-bred horse,
+that a great proportion of them are, after long ill-usage, taught to
+answer these false indications, in the same way that a carthorse is
+brought to turn right or left by the touch of the whip on the opposite
+side of the neck, or the word of the driver; and indeed such is the
+nicety to which it may be brought, that you constantly hear people boast
+that their horses will "turn by the weight of the reins on the neck."
+This, however, only proves the docility of the horse, and how badly he
+has been ridden. For a horse which has been finely broken should take
+notice only of the indications of his rider's hands on his mouth, not of
+any side-feeling of the reins against his neck.
+
+[Sidenote: Indications are not _aids_.]
+
+By _indications_ generally, I mean the motions and applications of the
+hands, legs, and whip, to direct and determine the paces, turnings,
+movements, and carriage of the horse. I have used the word throughout
+instead of _aids_, as being more explanatory and certainly less liable
+to abuse. For common sense tells us that a horse receives no aid from a
+pull in the mouth with a piece of iron, or a blow with a whip, or a kick
+in the side with an armed heel, however these may indicate to him the
+wishes or commands of his rider. I have also used the term _bearing_ on
+the horse's mouth instead of _appui_, since to those who do not
+understand French appui will convey no meaning at all,--and to those who
+do understand French it will convey the false ideas of the necessity and
+power of the rider to _support_ his horse. I promise my pupil every
+_aid_ and _support from_ his horse. But I beg him not to think of
+offering either aid or support _to_ his horse. I beg him to believe that
+the horse carries the rider, and not the rider the horse. But this we
+will discuss in another chapter. That the horse supports the rider is
+common sense: that the rider supports the horse is the common error.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.
+
+Reins at full length.--The downward clutch.--Grecian mode of holding and
+   handling the reins.--The side-clutch.--The two reins crossed in the
+   hand.--A rein in each hand.--Turn to the right, and left.--The
+   hunting hand.--The rough-rider's hand.--Fixing the hands.--Use of
+   both bridles at once.--Shortening the reins when held, one in each
+   hand, mode of taught and of untaught horsemen.--Use of the whip.--Horses
+   swerve, turn, and refuse _only to the left_.--Fault in "the great
+   untaught," English, two-handed rider.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Reins at full length.]
+
+To practise the indications of the hands, take the bridle which is
+attached to the chair at full length (Fig. 3), with the tips of the four
+fingers of the left hand between the reins at the centre, the first and
+fourth fingers detached to facilitate their working on the rein proper
+to each; the hand pendant, with the back to the front, and balance the
+chair on two legs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--REINS AT FULL LENGTH.]
+
+If the length of the rein suits, it may be so held in long rides when
+the horse is going quietly at an extended walk, for directly as the
+slowness of the pace is the length of the horse, and so should be the
+length of the rein. The horse is at his greatest length when standing
+still, and if you force him to collect himself then, he will be uneasy
+and fidget.[16-*] But the reins must never be loose. The bearing on the
+mouth, however lightly, must still be felt; and if the horse, in
+attempting to stare about, as colts and ill-ridden horses will, should
+throw his head to the right, it must be stopped by the feeling of the
+tip of the fourth finger on the left rein; if he throws his head to the
+left, by the feeling of the first finger on the right rein. But provided
+that the bearing on the horse's mouth, and this power of keeping his
+head straight, are preserved, a horse cannot have too much liberty under
+the circumstances supposed. To turn to the right both reins must be
+pulled, the right the strongest, by feeling the tip of the first finger
+towards you; both legs must be pressed, the left the strongest; the whip
+shown on the left. To turn to the left the reverse indications.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--DOWN CLUTCH.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Down clutch.]
+
+[Sidenote: Grecian mode.]
+
+To take up the reins use the downward clutch[16-+] (Fig. 4); that is,
+place the two first fingers of the right hand between the reins at the
+greatest convenient distance, and slide them smoothly back. Repeat this
+movement, changing from hand to hand, and keeping the chair balanced and
+steady. This clutch is excellent for a straight-forward, _hot_ horse; it
+shortens the reins any length at one movement, with a very low, steady
+bearing. Two hands may be used (Fig. 5). I conceive this to be the
+Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins (see frontispiece and
+vignette, from the Elgin Marbles), except that the Greeks had one
+finger between the reins instead of two; and they held the reins,
+whether together or divided, between the thumb and the second finger.
+The first finger was thus detached, and used only for guiding, by which
+very distinct indications may be given on either rein when both are in
+one hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--SIDE CLUTCH.]
+
+[Sidenote: Side clutch.]
+
+At a walk, with a quiet horse, this _down_ clutch may be turned into the
+_side_-clutch (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7); it is nearly the same as the English
+mode of driving, but the right rein is uppermost, which facilitates the
+dividing the reins and placing them together again, and when the reins
+are in the left hand, the right rein quits the hand between the second
+and third finger. This allows you to hold one rein while you slip the
+other, besides that the left rein is not disturbed in taking the right
+rein in the right hand, and in returning it to the left hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cross.]
+
+But the following position (Fig. 8) is the foundation of all fine
+handling, and therefore of all fine riding.
+
+And if the pupil will only thoroughly acquire this one movement he shall
+have my leave to consign the rest of my book "protervis in mare Creticum
+portare ventis."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--CROSS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rein in each hand]
+
+We will call this movement cross, because the reins, when in one hand,
+are crossed inside the hand. Take the left rein with the three last
+fingers of the left hand, so that it enters the hand outside the little
+finger, and quits the hand between the first and second finger. Place
+the right rein in the left hand over the first and second finger, so
+that it enters the hand outside the first finger and quits the hand
+between the second and third finger, so that the whole hand is between
+the reins where they enter the hand, and the second finger is between
+them where they quit the hand. Fig. 9 shows the rein in each hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+At every change from hand to hand the reins may be shortened to any
+extent. To lengthen them they must be slipped while a rein is in each
+hand, turning the two fore fingers towards you. You cannot pay too much
+attention to practising the cross from hand to hand on the balanced
+chair. There should be nothing approaching to a jerk or shake of either
+rein. Neither rein should be for an instant loosened, but an equal
+tension kept on both, and both should be of precisely equal length when
+crossed in one hand. Be assured, however childish it may appear to you,
+this practice will teach you the true principle of handling your horse,
+and will give to the bearings and indications of your hands on his mouth
+a delicate elasticity and resilience resulting from the play of every
+articulation from the tips of the fingers to the shoulders. At the same
+time if power is required, instead of having the left hand only, with
+the fourth finger only between the reins, by taking them in the full
+grasp of the hands it allows you to employ the whole strength of both
+shoulders.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--TURN TO THE RIGHT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--TURN TO THE LEFT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--HUNTING GALLOP.]
+
+[Sidenote: Turn to the right and left.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hunting and rough-rider's hand.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fixing the hands.]
+
+The cross together with the rein in each hand should be so constantly
+going on as to give the appearance of playing with the reins whenever
+anything like riding and handling is required. In fact, he who can use
+his reins in this manner with a riotous horse, without disturbing the
+bearing is a rider, he who cannot is not. Fig. 10 shows the turn to the
+right when the reins are crossed in the left hand, with the use of the
+whip. Fig. 11 the turn to the left. Fig. 12 for holding the horse to a
+hunting or racing gallop on a snaffle is the same as Fig. 9, but with
+the fists closed. Fig. 13 is the same in a different position. It is the
+rough-rider's hand for working a horse up and making him collect himself
+with a snaffle. And this is the only case where a little _working_ of
+the bit on his mouth (the scier le bridon of the French) is to be
+allowed. Fig. 14 is the same, with the thumbs fixed on the back of a
+chair. If a thumb is fixed in this way behind the lower part of each
+pummel, the lady acquires a hold which no horse can force; at the same
+time it gives the lowest possible and the steadiest possible bearing.
+The hand should be as open as is possible and as much closed as is
+necessary. Modifications of this position, with the hands closed, are
+used in holding the horse to his gallop in hunting and racing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--ROUGH-RIDER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--FIXING HANDS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Use of both bridles at once.]
+
+To use the two bridles at once, that is, the four reins, place the
+little fingers between the reins, the snaffle inside, the curb outside.
+Let them quit the hands over the first finger, the thumb on them. In the
+left hand, the snaffle to the left of the thumb, the curb to the right.
+In the right hand the snaffle to the right, the curb to the left. This
+keeps them distinct, and allows the power of slipping or dropping
+either, by pressing the thumb only on the other. The two bridles should
+be always in two hands, except when placed together to shorten them. In
+a _storm_, that is, till you have time for nicety, treat the two bridles
+as if they were one.
+
+[Sidenote: Two handed shortening the rein, taught and untaught.]
+
+The mode of shortening the reins in two-handed riding, which I have seen
+rough-riders use, and which I have seen recruits taught when using the
+single snaffle in all riding-houses, civil or military, foreign or
+English, and which is detailed in the �cole du cavalier in the French
+cavalry ordonnance, is wholly vicious. There are no directions at all
+given for this in the treatise on military equitation in the regulations
+for the English cavalry, nor have I ever met with any in any book,
+foreign or English, except in the French ordonnance. To shorten the
+right rein on the French system, bring the thumbs together, take the
+right rein with the thumb and first finger of the left hand, the thumbs
+touching, raise the left hand, and let the right rein slip till the
+thumbs are one inch apart. With the right rein thus, one inch shorter
+than the left, when it is required to shorten the left equally, by
+management you may bring the two thumbs together again without loosening
+the left rein. I say, by management, you may do so, but the chances are
+that the longest rein is invariably thus slackened previously to being
+shortened, and consequently, that the bearing on the horse's mouth is
+disturbed. But supposing it possible to manage this by an inch at a
+time, it is quite impossible to manage it at a greater distance. If,
+therefore, you have to shorten both reins a foot, you cannot effect it
+without twenty-four operations. This is not at all an unlikely
+occurrence in riding unruly horses, for such horses are commanded by
+being made to bend or collect themselves. Their most frequent defence is
+jerking their heads away and extending themselves; and the facility of
+adjusting the length of the reins to the degree in which they extend or
+collect themselves, makes the difference of whether you can ride such
+horses or not. If, in riding a half-broken, hot, or violent horse, he
+jerks his head down so as to draw one rein six inches longer than the
+other, it is impossible to bring the thumbs together without slackening
+the longest rein--at the moment you wish it tightened--four or five
+inches. I need not dilate on the effect of this in riding such a horse
+as I have supposed.
+
+This French military system, then, of shortening the reins in two-handed
+riding is actually ridiculous. But a ridiculous system is better than no
+system at all. And except this French system, I know of _none taught_
+save those which I have attempted to teach in this chapter.
+
+What mistakes are made in this way, even by the _finest untaught_
+horseman, are shown in the last paragraph of this chapter.
+
+In all the practices enjoined above, the hand which quits the rein
+should slide along it _behind_ the hand which receives the rein. And in
+all these positions the hand should always be at right angles with the
+reins; you then have the play of all the joints. If the hand is in the
+same line with the reins, the play is only from the elbow.
+
+The thumb should not be used where delicacy is required, since it acts
+in a contrary direction to the fingers, and entirely stops the play of
+all the joints of the hand and fingers. Close your thumb on your fingers
+and you will see.
+
+Where power is required, the change from the utmost resilience to the
+utmost rigidity is effected in the time necessary to close the fists.
+Every gradation, however, between the closed fists and the tips of the
+open fingers is at the option of the rider.
+
+[Sidenote: Use of the whip.]
+
+Gentlemen having a leg and spur on each side of the horse to urge and to
+guide him, should ride without any whip at all if the horse has been
+subjected to the leg, so as to have the right hand as free for the reins
+as the left: there should be no such thing as "_a bridle hand_." If a
+whip is carried, it should be as light as possible. It should be held up
+like a hunter or a rough-rider, not down like a jockey; and so
+completely between the _hand_ and the thumb as to leave the _fingers_
+free for the reins. To carry that _club_ called the handle of a hunting
+whip is a frightful enormity. The excuse is, to open gates; but if you
+put your horse's side against a gate, it is better opened by the hand,
+but keep your leg from your horse's side. The _fingering_ of the reins
+should not be impeded even by thick gloves; as thick muffettees as you
+like, but no gloves thicker than kid.
+
+[Sidenote: Horses swerve and turn only _to the left_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fault in English two-handed riding.]
+
+The action of the whip, by the turn of the wrist, on either side of the
+horse, is of every importance in lady's riding, in colt-breaking, in
+riding the restive horse, and I had well nigh said, in hunting and race
+riding. For how often do we see the race lost by a swerve _to the left_
+(attributed to distress). The hunter invariably refuses by turning _to
+the left_. The restive horse invariably turns _to the left_. Have all
+horses joined in Holy Alliance to fight on one plan? If not, why do they
+all turn _to the left_? Because the whip is only used _on the right_.
+There is, however, another cause which acts in conjunction with this.
+Even our finest two-handed English riders (who, in my opinion, are the
+finest riders in the world), when they use the right hand on the right
+rein, continue to hold both reins with the left hand, and they slip the
+right rein a little through the left hand in order to place both hands
+even. This is a most vicious habit. When they quit the right rein to use
+the whip, or to throw the arm back at a fence (another most vicious
+habit), by their system of holding and handling the reins they have not
+the power to place _the lengthened_ right rein _short_ in the left hand.
+Alas! poor horse! He is then pulled to the left by the left rein, driven
+to the left by the whip on the right, and then abused for answering
+these _natural_ indications, which he has been trained _habitually_ to
+obey.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16-*] This is one reason against an _unalterable_ bearing-rein.
+
+[16-+] Have mercy on this _little_ word, _great_ reader, and do compound
+a sesquipedalian clutch for me, out of digitus and ~daktylos~.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.
+
+Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.--To make the horse collect
+   himself.--Canter, right turn, right pass.--Left shoulder in.--Bearing
+   on the mouth.--The horse must be made to collect himself in
+   turning.--And should not be turned on one rein only.--Lady's
+   canter.--The quicker the pace, the greater degree of
+   collection.--French and English mistake here.--The shy horse.--The
+   restive horse.--Truth may be paradoxical.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.]
+
+There are three sorts of indications, retaining, urging, and guiding.
+
+[Sidenote: To make the horse collect himself.]
+
+The indications of the hands are of two sorts, guiding and retaining.
+Those of the legs and whip are also of two sorts, guiding and urging.
+Suppose a horse standing still with full liberty and fully extended. If
+the retaining indication of the hands only are given, he will go
+backward in a loose and extended form. If, on the contrary, the urging
+indication of the legs or whip only are given, he will move forward in
+a loose and extended form. If these two opposite indications (that is,
+retaining and urging) be given equally at the same time, the horse will,
+as it is termed, _collect_ himself; that is, being pulled backward, and
+urged forward, at the same time, in obeying both indications a sort of
+condensation of the horse results, he bends his neck and brings his head
+in, and brings his haunches under him. If both indications are continued
+and increased, the horse will _piaff_, that is, continue collected, in
+motion, without progressing, or he will make the courbette or terre �
+terre or rear. If both indications are discontinued, he will resume the
+extended position of repose. If, again, from this position, both
+indications are given, but the retaining the strongest, the horse will
+go backward in a collected form. If both are given, but the urging
+indication the strongest, he will move forward in a collected form, at a
+walk, trot, or canter, according to the vivacity with which the
+indications are given.
+
+[Sidenote: Canter, right turn, right pass.]
+
+As far as this is clear enough. But now come some niceties which I am
+puzzled to explain. If the retaining and urging indications are given,
+but the right rein is felt the strongest, which is the guiding
+indication of the hand to the right, and the left leg is pressed the
+strongest, which is the guiding indication of the leg to the right, the
+horse should either turn to the right, or canter with the right leg, or
+he should _pass_, that is, cross his legs and go sideways to the right,
+bending and looking to the right. When the _same_ indications are given
+it seems monstrous to require the horse to discover which of three
+_different_ movements is required of him. In practice the skilful
+horseman finds no difficulty in making himself clear to his horse, by
+different modifications of the indications, and of the position of his
+weight. In theory I can give no rules for it _short enough to be read_.
+
+[Sidenote: Left shoulder in.]
+
+When the horse is passing to the right, if the indications of the legs
+are continued the same and those of hands reversed, that is, if the left
+rein is felt stronger than the right, the horse changes from right pass
+to "_left shoulder in_" (in towards the centre of the school) that is,
+he continues to cross his legs and go sideways to the right, but he
+bends and looks to the left. As the hands alone make this change, they
+may be said to guide here. If, from the left shoulder in, the
+indications of the hands are continued the same, and those of the legs
+reversed, that is, if the right leg is pressed stronger than the left,
+the horse changes from left shoulder in to left pass, that is, he
+continues to look to the left, but crosses his legs and goes sideways to
+the left. As the legs alone make this change they may be said to guide
+here.
+
+These are useful lessons, and, together with reining back, should be
+taught to all horses and all horsemen. Tie a string from eye to eye of
+the snaffle behind the horse's chin, hold his head by this against a
+wall, and make him pass, the head leading, by showing him the whip. Make
+him do the same mounted in obedience to the leg, with the snaffle as in
+Fig. 13.
+
+[Sidenote: Bearing on the mouth.]
+
+When the horse is in movement there should be a constant touch, or
+feeling, or play, or _bearing_ between his mouth and the rider's hands.
+It is impossible to bestow too much pains and attention on the
+acquirement of this. It is the index of the horse's actions, temper, and
+_intentions_. It _forewarns_ the rider of what he is about to do, and by
+it the rider feels _muscularly_ without mental attention whether his
+horse requires more liberty or more collecting. And it is impossible
+that in this bearing on the horse's mouth, or in the indications of the
+hands and legs generally, or in shortening and lengthening the reins,
+the rider can be too delicate, gradual, smooth, firm, and light. The
+hands should be perfectly free from any approach to a jerk, a loose
+rein, or uneven feeling on the mouth. The legs should be kept from any
+action approaching to a kick, except when the spur is given; that should
+be always present, and when used should be given smartly and withdrawn
+instantly, but the pressure of the legs should be perfectly smooth and
+gradual, though, if necessary, strong.
+
+If good riding is worth your attention do not think these things beneath
+your notice. For the acquirement of the bearing on the horse's mouth,
+the turning your horse on the proper rein, smoothness of indications,
+and, in shortening the reins, the power of making your horse collect
+himself, and the working together of your hands and legs, are the unseen
+and unappreciated foundation on which good riding stands. These, and not
+strength or violence, command the horse. With these your horse will rely
+on your hand, comply to it, and, without force on your part, he will
+bend to your hand in every articulation. Without these, however
+unintentionally on your part, you will be perpetually subjecting him to
+the severest torture, to defend himself against which he will resist
+your hand, poke his nose, and stiffen his neck, and every other part of
+his body. The horse can endure no greater torture than that resulting
+from an uneven hand. This is known to every hack-cabman. Every
+hack-cabman has hourly experience that a _job_ in the mouth will compel
+his jaded slave into a trot, when the solicitations of the whip have
+been long unanswered.
+
+The single case in which a jerk in the mouth is admissible is when your
+horse is about to kick, and some one is within reach of his heels. The
+jerk causes him to throw up his head, and he cannot without difficulty
+raise his croupe at the same time. But except to save life or
+limb--supposing no one within reach--hold your hands high, and pull
+severely, but smoothly; do not jerk. This will in general be sufficient
+to prevent his kicking, but it is better that your horse should
+occasionally kick than that he should always go as stiff as a stake,
+which is the inevitable result of jerking.
+
+[Sidenote: Collect the horse to turn.]
+
+[Sidenote: Do not turn on one rein only.]
+
+To keep the horse when in movement to a collected pace, the opposite
+indications of urging and retaining him must be continued. This working
+together of the hands and legs and the power of making the horse collect
+himself are also most essential in turning. A horse should never be
+turned without being made to collect himself--without being retained by
+the hands, and urged by the legs, as well as guided by both. That is, in
+turning to the right both hands should retain him, and the right guide
+him by being felt the strongest, both legs should urge him, and the left
+guide him by being pressed the strongest. The rider should also lean
+his weight to the right, and the shorter the turn and the quicker the
+pace, the more the horse should be made to collect himself, and the more
+both he and his rider should lean to the right. This is well seen, when
+a man standing on the saddle gallops round the circus. There the man
+must keep his position by balance alone, and were he not to lean
+inward--were he for a moment to stand perpendicularly, he would be
+thrown outside the circle by the centrifugal force. In turning suddenly
+and at a quick pace to the right, unless the rider leans his weight to
+the right, he will in like manner have a tendency to fall off on the
+left. If, by clasping his legs, he prevents this, his horse will be
+overbalanced to the left when turning to the right. It is bad, in
+turning to the right, to run into the contrary extreme to the one-handed
+system, and, slackening the left rein, to haul the horse's head round
+with the right rein only. The horse's head should not be pulled farther
+round than to allow the rider to see the right eye; both legs, and
+particularly the left leg, should then urge the horse to follow the
+guiding rein.
+
+A lady, till very skilful, should ride with one bridle only at a time.
+The other bridle should be knotted loosely, and should lie on the
+horse's neck.
+
+[Sidenote: Lady's canter.]
+
+The indications for a lady's horse to canter are an _over_ collection
+and a tapping on the mane with the whip; that is, take your reins _too_
+short in the left hand, and tap the horse's mane till he canters. When
+off, if the reins _are_ too short, take one in each hand, turn the fore
+fingers towards you, and let the reins slip. If the horse goes freely up
+to your hand, keep a rein in each hand. If not, return the right rein to
+the left hand, and keep the whip ready to urge him up to his bit. If a
+lady has her reins at full length at a walk she should clutch, cross,
+canter. If the lady has her reins already crossed in the left hand at a
+walk, she should by two changes place them _too_ short in the left hand
+before she uses the whip.
+
+[Sidenote: The quicker the pace the greater collection.]
+
+[Sidenote: French and English mistake here.]
+
+Every change of pace from slow to quick should be indicated to the horse
+by a greater collection; the "bride abattu�," and the "reines
+flottantes" system is a great mistake. So is the direction to the
+English cavalry (quoted p. 6), to advance the little finger to make the
+horse advance. To make the horse advance the reins should be tightened;
+he should be made to collect himself, or he will advance in a loose and
+extended form.
+
+On account of ease to the rider, a lady's horse is only permitted to
+canter with the right leg. He should never be cantered circles to left,
+or turned at a canter to the left, as unless the horse shifts his leg it
+will be an unfair exertion to ask of him. Cantering circles to the
+right, in open ground, where the horse has nothing to bias him but the
+indications he receives from the rider, is an admirable practice for a
+lady. An occasional race--who can canter slowest--is also good practice
+both for horse and rider. This must not be often repeated, nor must the
+horse be forced from a fair canter into a hobble or amble. Parade riders
+are too apt to be contented with wooden paces provided they are short.
+This is very vicious. Really to collect himself, a horse must _bend_
+himself. We cannot too often repeat Ovid's line,--
+
+    _Flectitis_ aut freno _colla_ sequacis equi.
+
+With horses obstinately addicted to the left leg, which is frequently a
+result of being longed only to the left, it is a good plan to canter
+them side-footed to the right, that is, on a level line, on the side of
+a hill which rises to the right. In this case a very slight slope will
+incline the horse to take his right leg, and on the side of a steep hill
+he can scarcely avoid it.
+
+[Sidenote: The shy horse.]
+
+There are three gradations in riding the shy horse. A man who pulls his
+horse's head towards what he expects him to shy at, and uses violence,
+_makes_ his horse shy. A man who leaves his horse's head entirely loose,
+_lets_ his horse shy. And a man who turns his horse's head from what he
+expects him to shy at, _prevents_ his horse from shying. Do not imagine
+that there will be any danger of the horse getting into trouble on the
+side opposite to what he shies at: the very contrary will be the case.
+If, indeed, you pull his head towards the object of his alarm, and
+oblige him to face it, there is every probability that he will run
+blindly backward from it. And while his whole attention is fixed before
+him, he will go backward over Dover cliff if it chance to be behind him.
+Under such circumstances you cannot too rapidly turn your horse's head
+and his attention from the fancied, to the substantial ill. But on
+common occasions the turning his head from what he shies at should be as
+gradual and imperceptible as possible. No chastisement should be allowed
+in any case. If he makes a start, you should endeavour not to make a
+_return_ start. You should not, indeed, take more notice of a shy than
+you can possibly avoid; and unless the horse has been previously
+brutalised, and to re-assure him, you should not even caress him, lest
+even that should make him suspect that something awful is about to
+happen. The common error is the reverse of all this. The common error is
+to pull the horse's head towards the object of his fear, and when he is
+facing it, to begin with whip and spur. Expecting to be crammed under
+the carriage-wheel, the horse probably rears or runs back into a ditch,
+or at least becomes more nervous and more riotous at every carriage that
+he meets. Horses are instantaneously made shy by this treatment, and as
+instantaneously cured by the converse of it. It is thus that all bad
+riders make all high-couraged horses shy, but none ever remain so in the
+hands of a good horseman.
+
+[Sidenote: The restive horse.]
+
+There is a common error, both in theory and practice, with regard to the
+restive horse. He is very apt to rear sideways against the nearest wall
+or paling. It is the common error to suppose that he does so with the
+view of rubbing his rider off. Do not give him credit for intellect
+sufficient to generate such a scheme. It is that when there, the common
+error is to pull his head _from_ the wall. This brings the rider's knee
+in contact with the wall, consequently all farther chastisement ceases;
+for were the rider to make his horse plunge, his knee would be crushed
+against the wall. The horse, finding this, probably thinks that it is
+the very thing desired, and remains there; at least he will always fly
+to a wall for shelter. Instead of _from_ the wall, pull his head towards
+it, so as to place his eye, instead of your knee, against it; continue
+to use the spur, and the horse will never go near a wall again.
+
+[Sidenote: Truth may be paradoxical.]
+
+To pull a horse _from_ what he shies at, and _towards_ the wall he rubs
+you against, are very paradoxical doctrines. But, ~ho mythos d�loi~, the
+fable shows, that truth _may_ be paradoxical--that we _can_ blow hot and
+blow cold with the same breath; and it was only the brutal wild man of
+the woods who drove the civilised man from his den, for performing the
+feat.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.
+
+The rider cannot raise the falling horse.--Harm is done by the
+   attempt.--The bearing rein.--Mechanical assistance of the jockey to
+   his horse.--Standing on the stirrups.--Difference between the gallop
+   and the leap.--Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the
+   horse.--The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The rider cannot raise the falling horse.]
+
+There is no more common error than to believe that the rider can hold
+his horse up when he is falling. How often do we hear a man assert that
+his horse would have been down with him forty times if he had not held
+him up; that he has taken his horse up between his hands and legs and
+lifted him over a fence; or that he has recovered his horse on the other
+side!
+
+These are vulgar errors, and mechanical impossibilities. Could ten men,
+with hand-spikes, lift the weight of a horse? Probably. Attach the
+weight to the thin rein of a lady's bridle. Could a lady lift it with
+the left hand? I think not; though it is commonly supposed that she
+could. A pull from a curb will indeed give the horse so much pain in the
+mouth that he will throw his head up, and this so flatters the hand that
+its prowess has saved him, that the rider exclaims "It may be
+impossible, but it happens every day. Shall I not believe my own
+senses?" The answer is, No, not if it can be explained how the senses
+are deceived. Otherwise, we should still believe, as, till some few
+centuries ago, the world did believe, that the diurnal motion was in the
+sun, and not in the earth. Otherwise we must subscribe to the philosophy
+of the Turk, who
+
+    "Saw with his own eyes the moon was round,
+      Was also certain that the earth was square,
+    Because he'd journey'd fifty miles and found
+      No sign of its being circular anywhere."
+
+[Sidenote: Harm is done by the attempt.]
+
+But these errors are not harmless errors. They induce an ambitious
+interference with the horse at the moment in which he should be left
+unconfined to the use of his own energies. If by pulling, and giving
+him pain in the mouth, you force him to throw up his head and neck, you
+prevent his seeing how to foot out any unsafe ground, or where to take
+off at a fence, and in the case of stumbling you prevent an action
+practically dictated by nature and theoretically justified by
+philosophy. When an unmounted horse stumbles, nature teaches him to drop
+his head and neck; philosophy teaches us the reason of it. During the
+instant that his head and neck are dropping the shoulders are relieved
+from their weight, and that is the instant in which the horse makes his
+effort to recover himself. If by giving him pain in his mouth, you force
+him to raise his head and neck instead of sinking them, his shoulders
+will still remain encumbered with the weight of them; more than this, as
+action and reaction are equal and in contrary directions, the muscular
+power employed to raise the head and neck will act to sink the shoulders
+and knees. The mechanical impossibility of the rider assisting his horse
+when falling may be demonstrated thus: no motion can be given to a body
+without a foreign force or a foreign fulcrum. Your strength is not a
+foreign force, since it is employed entirely on the horse. Nor can it be
+employed on the foreign fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of your
+reins; as much as you pull up, so much you pull down. If a man in a boat
+uses an oar, he can accelerate or impede the motion of the boat, because
+his strength is employed through the medium of the oar on the water,
+which is a foreign fulcrum. But if he takes hold of the chain at the
+head of the boat, his whole strength will not accelerate or impede the
+motion of the boat, because there is neither foreign force nor foreign
+fulcrum. His whole strength is employed within the boat, and as much as
+he pulls backward with his hands, he pushes forward with his feet. The
+baker can lift his basket, but not when he is himself in it.
+
+[Sidenote: Bearing-rein.]
+
+All the arguments which I have heard adduced against the doctrine here
+laid down would also go to prove that a horse cannot fall which has a
+bearing-rein and a crupper, that is, whose head is tied to his tail. Sir
+Francis Head's observations on bearing-reins, in the "Bubbles of the
+Brunnen," are quite philosophical. They should only be used for purposes
+of parade, or to acquire greater power over a difficult _team_, or
+_loosely_ to keep cart-horses "out of mischief." Sir Francis's
+observations are also true of the harness used by the peasantry of
+Nassau which he describes, but this arises from the poverty, not the
+philosophy of the peasants; those among them, who have money enough to
+buy smart harness have the most elaborate bearing-reins that I have ever
+seen. One, a chain, from the lower part of the collar, which binds the
+horse's chin to his breast, and another over the upper part of the
+collar, along and above the back to the tail, independent of the
+terret-pad and crupper. This is tying the horse's head to his tail with
+a vengeance.[54-*] To be consistent, the opponents of the theory which
+I have laid down should act on this principle--though I have never known
+them go quite so far. Sed quis custodes custodiet ipsos? What is to
+prevent the tail from falling forward with the body? They indeed argue,
+"Surely if you throw back the weight of the shoulders over the croupe of
+the horse, you relieve his fore-hand, and diminish the chance of his
+falling." This is rather to propose a new method of preventing a horse
+from falling, than to prove the advantage of pulling at the mouth while
+he is falling; for if it is of any advantage to throw your weight back,
+then the less you pull at the mouth the better, for the more you pull,
+the less you are at liberty to throw the weight back. But, in truth, it
+is of no advantage to throw the weight back when the stumble is made. If
+a position is previously taken up on the croupe of the horse, the
+pressure will be less on the fore-hand than if you were placed in a
+forward position. But during the time that the position is in the act of
+being shifted, that is, during the time that the horse is falling, the
+act of throwing your own weight back produces an exactly equivalent
+pressure forward, in all respects the counterpart of your own motion
+backward, in intensity and duration. It is useless to dwell on this
+subject, or to adduce the familiar illustrations which it admits of. It
+is a simple proposition of mechanical equilibrium, and any one who is
+conversant with such subjects _must_ assent to it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mechanical assistance of jockey.]
+
+The question whether a jockey can mechanically assist his horse, does
+not rest on the same footing. I believe he can, thus. If a man sits
+astride of a chair, with his feet off the ground, and clasps the chair
+with his legs, by the muscular exertion of his lower limbs he can jump
+the chair along. The muscular force is there employed on the foreign
+fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of the legs of the chair. The
+muscular action strikes the chair downward and backward, and if the
+chair was on ice it would recede, so also would the feet of a horse in
+attempting to strike forward. If the chair was on soft ground, it would
+sink, so also would a horse, in proportion to the force of the muscular
+stroke. But if the resistance of the ground is complete, the reaction,
+which is precisely equal and in a contrary direction to the action, will
+throw the body of the man upward and forward, and by clasping with his
+legs he will draw the chair also with him. But he can only accomplish in
+this way a very little distance with a very great exertion. If the
+jockey made this muscular exertion every time that his horse struck with
+his hind feet, his strength would be employed on the foreign fulcrum,
+the ground, through the medium of his horse's bony frame. Thus the
+jockey would contribute to the horizontal impulse of his own weight, and
+exactly in proportion to the muscular power exerted by the jockey, the
+muscular system of the horse would be relieved. At the same time no
+additional task is thrown on the bony frame of the horse, since, if the
+jockey had not used his muscular power on it in impelling his own
+weight, the muscular system of the horse must have been so employed. It
+is true, that not much is done after all with a prodigious exertion, but
+if that little gains six inches in a hardly contested race it may make
+the difference of its being lost or won. Thus an easy race is no
+exertion to a jockey, but after a hardly contested one, he returns with
+his lips parched, his tongue sticking to the roof of his mouth, and
+every muscle quivering.
+
+The working a horse up with both hands on his mouth is easier to the
+jockey than using the whip, and more effective in rousing the horse to
+his greatest exertion.
+
+[Sidenote: Standing on the stirrups.]
+
+What is called "standing on the stirrups" consists chiefly in bringing
+the weight forward on to both thighs. In this position the rider has a
+greater power of adjusting the balance of his weight to the movements of
+his horse. In racing it is practically proved to be _essential_. And it
+is of infinite service to the horse in the long and severe galloping of
+hunting.
+
+It is surprising that the English are the only people who rise in the
+stirrup at a trot; it is not surprising that other nations are beginning
+to follow their example.
+
+[Sidenote: Difference between the gallop and the leap.]
+
+In galloping, the horse's legs catch the eye most when they are from
+under him, and he is drawn with all four from under him. In truth, his
+hind legs are under him when his fore legs are from under him, and his
+fore legs are under him when his hind legs are from under him; his hind
+feet pass over where his fore feet rested, so that from footprint to
+footprint he clears very little _space_. In fact, owing to what is
+called _leading_ with one leg, the line between his two fore feet and
+the line between his two hind feet are by no means at right angles to
+the line of his direction; so that the greatest distance from footprint
+to footprint is not nearly half his stroke. The leap differs from the
+gallop not only in the greater _space of ground_ cleared by the feet,
+but in the greater _space of time_ for which the feet quit the ground;
+this last difference is of more importance than might be imagined.
+
+[Sidenote: Steeple-chases unfair on the horse.]
+
+Ant�us was not peculiar in his dependence for strength on contact with
+his mother earth. In leaping, neither man nor horse can draw breath
+while in the air, that is, from the time the feet leave the ground till
+they again touch it. But _quick_ breathing (the creber anhelitus) is
+not only a consequence of distress for wind, but it is a vital necessity
+when distressed for wind. And the impossibility to draw breath when off
+the ground is the reason of the death of horses in steeple-chasing and
+hurdle-racing; they die of suffocation. The reason is a sufficient one
+for the discontinuance of such racing and chasing.
+
+A mounted horse will overtake a dismounted horse, his superior in speed.
+It is the common error to suppose that this results from the mechanical
+assistance of the rider. The real reason is, that the dismounted horse
+goes off, like an inexperienced jockey, at his utmost speed. I do not
+believe that a horse can do this for more than a hundred yards without
+being distressed for wind (and I speak from experience with Mr. Drummond
+Hay's barbs at Tangier, which were trained to the feat). The rider
+starts at a pace which he knows his horse can keep, and the dismounted
+horse, though he gains on him at first, _comes back to him_ as the
+jockeys say: for a horse which has been distressed for wind in the first
+hundred yards, will not arrive at the end of a mile nearly so soon as
+if he had gone the whole at the best pace he could stay at. Here the
+assistance from the rider is mental not mechanical.
+
+When mounted it never happens to any horse but an arab or a barb to go
+his best _muscular_ pace. What we call best pace is the best pace a
+horse can stay at for _wind_. If a common hack were started fresh for
+the last hundred yards against the best horses in England when finishing
+their race, he would have it hollow.
+
+[Sidenote: The rider should not lift his horse at a fence.]
+
+Woe to the sportsman who ambitiously attempts to lift his horse
+mechanically over a fence on the principle discussed above; he is much
+more likely to throw him into it. He had better content himself with
+sitting quietly on his horse, holding him only just enough to keep his
+head straight and to regulate his pace, and trust the rest to his
+horse's honour. The horse should feel sufficiently commanded to know
+that he _must_ go, and sufficiently at liberty to know that he _may_ use
+all his capabilities. The body should not previously be thrown back, but
+as the horse springs, the lower part of the rider being firmly fixed in
+the saddle, and the upper part perfectly pliable, the body will fall
+back of itself; and with strong jumping horses, or at down leaps, the
+shoulders of fine riders will constantly meet their horse's croupes.
+
+A bad horseman throws his horse down, which a good one does not. That
+is, because the bad horseman hurries his horse over hard or rough
+ground, or down hill, or over loose stones--allows him to choose his own
+ground--lets him flounder into difficulties, and when there, hauls him
+so that he cannot see, or exert himself to get out of them, and
+expecting chastisement, the horse springs and struggles to avoid it
+before he has recovered his feet, and goes down with a tremendous
+impetus. If he has to cross a rut to the right he probably forces his
+horse across it when the right foot is on the ground. In this case,
+unless the horse collects himself and jumps--if he attempts to step
+across it, the probability is that in crossing his legs he knocks one
+against the other and falls. The reverse of all this should be the case.
+If you have not sufficient tact to feel which of your horse's feet is
+on the ground, you must allow him to choose his own time for crossing,
+which will be when the left foot is on the ground.
+
+You should habitually choose your horse's ground for him, for,
+notwithstanding his often vaunted sagacity and safety, the wisest among
+horses will, to avoid a moving leaf, put his foot over a precipice. This
+will become as easy to you as choosing your own path in walking. If your
+horse has made a false step, or is in difficulties, you cannot leave him
+too much at liberty, or be too quiet with him. The only notice to be
+taken is to re-assure him by caressing him, if you see that he expects
+chastisement from previous brutal treatment.
+
+I will add that you should habitually prevent your horse out-walking or
+lagging behind his companions; he is either very unsociable or a bad
+horseman, who does not keep abreast of his companions. Besides, horses,
+being gregarious, are apt to follow one another. This should not be.
+Your horse should be in perpetual obedience to the indications which
+your hands and legs give him, and to nothing else. These indications
+should not only decide the pace which he is to take, but deal out to him
+the rate at which each pace is to be executed, and also determine his
+carriage during the performance of it; that is, the degree in which he
+is to collect himself, or the degree of liberty which is to be allowed
+him.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[54-*] Of all stupid appliances of man to his horse, the most dense is
+the Austrian and south German mode of driving the einspanner or single
+horse or a leader. The rein goes single from the driver's hand, and
+divides into two at the horse's neck. The driver, therefore, has no
+power of making a distinct indication on either rein: and to turn, he
+whips and jerks till the horse guesses his meaning.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE SEAT.
+
+There is one direction which applies to all seats.--Different seats for
+   different styles of riding.--The man�ge and the Eastern seats are the
+   extremes.--The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in
+   line.--Medium length of stirrup for common riding.
+
+
+[Sidenote: One direction for all seats.]
+
+There is one direction which, I think, applies to all seats. Turn the
+thigh from the hip, so as to bring the hollow to the saddle; this places
+the foot straight to the front, with the heel out and the toe in.
+Trotting without stirrups, on the thigh only, with the heel down and the
+toe up, shoulders back, a snaffle-rein in each hand, like a rough-rider
+(Fig. 13), is the best possible practice for sitting.
+
+[Sidenote: Different seats for different styles of riding.]
+
+[Sidenote: Man�ge and Eastern seats the extremes.]
+
+Farther than this I abstain from giving any particular directions about
+the seat; because, though I consider the rules here laid down for the
+hands as applicable to every species of riding (I have excepted the
+soldier with his weapon in his right hand), I think there is a peculiar
+seat proper to many different styles of riding. The extremes of these
+are the man�ge and the Eastern styles, both admirable in their way, and
+perfectly practical, but each wholly inapplicable to the performances of
+the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Long stirrups are necessary for cavalry.]
+
+What can be more perfect than the seats of M. de Kraut and the Marquis
+de Beauvilliers, in De la Gu�rini�re's work, or the engraving of M. de
+Nestier? But I do not think that a man in such a seat would look well,
+or perform well, in a five-pound saddle, over the beacon course: still
+less that he could lay the reins on the neck of a well-bred horse, and
+at full speed lie along his horse's side, and with his own body below
+his horse's back, prime and load a long Persian gun, jump up and use
+both hands to fire to the right or left, or over his horse's croupe; or
+that he could wield a long heavy lance with the power of a Cossack; or
+at full gallop hurl the djerrid to the rear with the force of a Persian,
+and again, without any diminution of speed, pick it from the ground. On
+the other hand, his peculiar seat renders the Eastern horseman so
+utterly helpless in the performances of the man�ge, that he is unable to
+make his horse rein back, or _pass_ sideways a step. And I have seen
+three hundred Mussulman troops from the northern parts of Persia (each
+of whom would perform forty such feats as I have mentioned) take more
+than an hour to form a very bad parade line, in single rank. When one of
+them was the least too far forward, or had an interval between him and
+the dressing hand, however small, as he could neither make his horse
+rein back, nor pass sideways, he was obliged to ride out to the front,
+turn round to the rear, and ride into the rank afresh, and so in
+succession every man beyond him. This was an affair of seat; the Eastern
+horseman's leg does not come low enough to give his horse what are
+called _sides_.
+
+On _sides_ depend reining back and passing; on reining back and passing
+depend _closing_ and _dressing_, and consequently the power of acting in
+line. On _sides_ also depends the _central_ wheel of threes _on their
+own ground_. This is an invaluable attribute to cavalry, regular or
+irregular. On the plain, the central wheel of threes affords the only
+true principle of correcting intervals between squadrons, regiments, or
+brigades, whether in line or in line of columns. Threes also supply the
+most perfect principle of retiring in line in the presence of an enemy,
+with the power of instantly showing front, provided that (according to
+regulation) leaders are appointed to the rear, the same as to the front.
+In the defile, for advanced or rear-guard movements, threes alone afford
+the power to occupy the entire width of a lane, road, street, or defile,
+with the perfect facility of constant and instant alternation of
+retiring and advancing. Without some _central_ wheel, columns or
+divisions occupying the width of a road or street, _can not retire_; or
+when retiring, cannot show front to the enemy. With reining back and
+passing (and they are easily acquired) irregular cavalry might move with
+the precision of regular cavalry.
+
+I should say, that the most perfect seat for the man�ge should be
+shortened for the soldier to give him power with his weapons; that the
+military rider should take up his stirrups when he goes hunting; the
+hunter the same when he rides a race; and for tours de force, I consider
+the short stirrup-leather and the broad stirrup-iron of the East
+indispensable--they give, in fact, the strength of the standing instead
+of the sitting posture. The Cossack retains this standing posture even
+at a trot; few Eastern horsemen allow that pace at all, but make their
+horses walk, amble, or gallop.
+
+[Sidenote: Medium for common riding.]
+
+The English hunting seat is, in point of length, the medium of those
+mentioned; and perhaps that seat, or something between that and the
+military seat, is the best adapted to common riding. It unites, in a
+greater degree than any other, ease, utility, power, and grace.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.
+
+Directions to place a lady on her saddle.--Directions to mount at a
+   halt.--In movement.--To dismount in movement.--To vault on at a
+   halt.--Circus for practising these movements.--To pick a whip from
+   the ground.--To face about in the saddle.
+
+
+[Sidenote: To mount a side-saddle.]
+
+To mount, a lady should place her left hand on the pummel or leaping
+horn, the right hand on the off side of the cantle, or as far towards it
+as possible, and should seat herself between her two hands; she should
+give the left foot, this should be kept precisely under the weight; if
+it is given forward (which is the common error) each person is pushed
+backward one from the other. This should be practised on any piece of
+furniture; the man should use both his hands, and in this way a weak
+person may put up the heaviest weight. You may put a man of fifteen
+stone on the top of a door with the greatest ease,--try if you can do
+this in any other way.
+
+[Sidenote: To mount at a halt.]
+
+[Sidenote: Or in movement.]
+
+To mount, a man should place his left shoulder to his horse's left
+shoulder, so as to look to the horse's rear; take your whip, reins, and
+the mane in the left hand, with the right hand take the lower part of
+the stirrup-leather between the fore-finger and thumb, the little finger
+on the upper part of the stirrup-iron; take a hop forward facing the
+saddle and turning your toe to the horse's front _without touching his
+side_, take the cantle with the right hand and up. If the horse moves
+on, he only spares you the previous hop, and by walking or running
+backward with him you may mount almost at a gallop. In taking the right
+stirrup, avoid touching the horse with the spur, or even pressing him
+with the leg. If he has been made shy by such usage, place your left
+hand on the pummel, and with the right hand place the stirrup on the
+foot, keeping both legs from the horse's sides.
+
+[Sidenote: To dismount in movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: To vault on or over in movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: To vault on at a halt.]
+
+To dismount in movement, lay the reins on the neck, one or both knotted
+short; take the pummel with the left hand the cantle with the right,
+pass the right leg over the neck, shift the right hand to the pummel,
+and as you descend, the left hand to the flap. With the strength of both
+arms throw your feet forward in the direction in which the horse is
+going, this may be done at a gallop. If it is wished to vault on again,
+while the right hand holds the pummel take the mane with the left, and
+without taking a step you may go up or over, the quicker the pace the
+easier. It is difficult to jump on to the saddle at a halt, the easiest
+way is to take the mane as directed for mounting and to jump from the
+left foot, the right hand coming on to the pummel as you descend into
+the saddle.
+
+[Sidenote: Circus for practice.]
+
+To practise these movements, form a circus by placing wattle hurdles on
+end, leaning outward against the _shores_ or staves; take the stirrups
+off, tie a string over the flaps and the horse's head loosely to this--a
+man with a driving whip in the middle. Circus riding, I believe,
+originated in England, in the time of our grandfathers; in Germany it is
+called "English reiten."
+
+[Sidenote: To pick a whip from the ground.]
+
+To pick a whip from the ground, take the pummel with the right hand,
+place the side of the left foot against the girth, the toe between the
+horse's elbows, bring the back of the right leg on to the top of the
+saddle, and let yourself down to the full stretch of your right arm;
+this is very easy at the halt, still easier on the move, _if your horse
+is quiet_. If you fail, you only dismount on your hands instead of your
+feet, which on turf may be done innocuously at a canter.
+
+[Sidenote: To face about in the saddle.]
+
+To face about in the saddle place the palms of the hands on the pummel,
+throw your legs out horizontally over the horse's croupe, turn and come
+into the saddle facing to the tail. If M. Cui Bono remarks that the last
+two feats are, like others which I might detail, useless, I answer, that
+the practice of no feat of activity or strength is useless. Activity and
+strength, the unct� dona pal�str�, form a firm assurance against perils,
+not only to your own life but to the lives of others.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE BIT.
+
+Place of the bit in the mouth.--Principle of the bit.--Action of the
+   common bit.--Action of the Chifney bit.--The loose eye.--The
+   noseband.--The horse's defence against the bit by the tongue.--Effect
+   of the porte against this defence.--Defence by the lip.--Defence by
+   the teeth.--Bar of the military and driving bit.--Martingale.--Danger
+   does not result from power.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Place of bit in the mouth.]
+
+To give the bit its most powerful action it should be placed so low as
+only just to clear the tusks in a horse's mouth, and to be one inch
+above the corner teeth in a mare's mouth. The curb-chain should be so
+tight as not to admit more than one finger freely between it and the
+chin; these rules are simple, and should be attended to by all riders; a
+horseman should no more mount with his bit improperly placed, than a
+seaman should set sail with his helm out of order.
+
+[Sidenote: Principle of the bit.]
+
+A twitch round the lower jaw, under the tongue, on the _bars_ or parts
+of the mouth _bare_ of teeth, is perhaps the most certain, powerful, and
+severe instrument to hold a horse with, and it may be tightened till it
+becomes a dreadful implement of torture. Next to this is what is called
+the dealer's halter, which is merely a narrow thong of leather in like
+manner tied round the lower jaw, under the tongue, but incapable of
+being tightened or slackened like the twitch. The bit is a most
+ingenious attempt to grasp the lower jaw by the same bare parts, with
+the capability of contracting or of perfectly relaxing the grasp, by the
+application or withdrawal of the powers of the lever. This is the
+intended action of the bit,--the philosopher's stone,--after which all
+bit-projectors and bit-makers have laboured; the obstacles to be
+overcome are various and perhaps insuperable, and indeed could the
+powers of the lever be employed on such exquisitely sensitive parts as
+the bare jaws, when within this iron vice, perhaps no hand could be
+found sufficiently delicate to use them. By pressing your finger-nail
+against your own gums, you may form some idea of the agony such an
+implement would have the power of giving to a horse; anything
+approaching to harsh, hard, handling with it would drive him desperate,
+and force him to throw himself over backward; the idea of lifting his
+weight by such parts grasped with iron is absurd, still more
+preposterously barbarous that of arresting the headlong impetus of a
+falling horse by them. Fortunately the power of the rider is here very
+limited, and the horse defends himself against it by throwing his head
+upward and backward, and thus the rider only breaks his horse's knees
+instead of his jaws.
+
+[Sidenote: Action of common bit.]
+
+[Sidenote: Action of a Chifney bit.]
+
+But a common bit placed in the common way never touches the horse's bars
+at all, it is usually placed higher than as directed above, and, as it
+pivots on the _eye_ (that part to which the headstall is attached) when
+in use, it rises in the horse's mouth--higher directly as the length of
+the _cheek_ (the upper part of the branch or side of the bit) and inside
+the mouth it has a mixed action, on the fleshy part of the gums above
+the bars, on the lips, and (owing to the narrowness of the porte) on
+the tongue. Outside the mouth, the bit acts on the coarse part of the
+two jawbones, above the fine part of the chin, where the two jawbones
+meet, where the curb-chain was originally placed, and where it should
+act; and I consider this sort of upward _grating_ action as calculated
+to excite, rather than to restrain a horse. A Chifney bit, as it pivots
+on the mouthpiece, avoids this; its action is quite independent of the
+headstall, and is precisely on the parts where it is originally placed.
+
+[Sidenote: The loose eye.]
+
+The square-cut eye of the regimental bit greatly impedes its action,
+besides cutting the leather of the headstall; to remedy this, about a
+quarter of a century ago, I placed on the bit of the 2nd Life Guards
+what has since received the name of "the loose eye," and I am proud to
+see it still where I placed it. It was not intended for common bits; the
+round eye and the snap hook give them perfect freedom of action. "The
+loose eye" has, however, become common on common bits.
+
+[Sidenote: The noseband.]
+
+A noseband prevents the cheek of the bit and of the headstall from
+going forward, and so impedes the true action of the bit. To close the
+horse's mouth, in order that a high porte may act against the roof of
+the mouth, is a monstrous notion. I had the honour to abolish nosebands
+in the 2nd Life Guards.
+
+[Sidenote: Defence against the bit by the tongue.]
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of the porte.]
+
+The horse employs his tongue as a defence against the bit, passively as
+a cushion to protect the more tender parts on which the bit is intended
+to work, and actively he uses the muscles of the tongue, in resistance
+to it: this may be proved by using a straight mouthpiece, or one arched
+upward or downward, but without a porte. From under these a horse will
+never withdraw his tongue, and he will go with a dead bearing on the
+hand, though equal, that is, not more on one side of the mouth than on
+the other. Even a very narrow porte, not a quarter the width of the
+tongue, will suffice, when pressure is used, to defeat this defence, and
+completely to engage the tongue within the porte. But being then much
+compressed, it will sustain a great part of the leverage, and the horse
+will endeavour still more to make his tongue the fulcrum of the bit,
+and to relieve his bars from that office, by protruding his tongue, and
+thus forcing the thick part of it within the porte. If the porte is made
+wide so as to allow space for the tongue, the corners formed by the
+porte and the cannons (those parts between the porte and the branches)
+are apt to work injuriously against the bars, and also to slip quite off
+them, which makes the action of such bits uncertain, though they are
+very effective and severe if the mouthpiece is no wider than the horse's
+mouth. But the mouthpiece which gives complete room for the tongue, and
+yet brings the cannons into perfect contact with the bars, is that of
+which M. de Solleysell claims the invention, and which he describes as
+"� pas d'asne, with the porte gained from the thickness of the heels."
+Let the mouthpiece be in width four inches inside, this I believe, will
+be sufficient for most horses, since the part of a horse's mouth where
+the bit should work is narrowest, and the cheeks should consequently be
+set outward. Let the entrance to the porte, between the heels be
+three-fourths of an inch, and let the porte open laterally to two and a
+half inches inside.
+
+[Sidenote: Defence by the lip.]
+
+But when the tongue is perfectly disengaged from the bars by the porte,
+the horse will still defend them by drawing his lip in on one side,
+interposing it between one bar and one cannon of the bit, and pulling on
+one side of his mouth only. It is the common error to attribute this to
+nature having formed one bar stronger than the other; but these and
+other tricks are not to be looked on as the results of natural defects,
+but as habitual defences against the pain caused by a hard, harsh
+bearing on the horse's bars; with a smooth and gentle bearing he will
+not take to them, or will discontinue them. For callous bars Xenophon
+prescribes gentle friction with oil! and the practice of the Augustan
+age of the man�ge, recommended by Berenger was to amputate that part of
+the tongue which a horse protruded or lolled out!
+
+[Sidenote: Defence by the teeth.]
+
+One of the most common defences against the bit is taking the _leg_ (the
+lower part of the branch) of the bit with the corner tooth. This is
+easily counteracted by a lip-strap. It should fasten _round_ the leg of
+the bit, so as to slide up and down, and should be tight enough to be
+horizontal.
+
+[Sidenote: Bar of the military and driving bit.]
+
+The reason for the bar at the lower part of a driving bit or a military
+bit, is to prevent the horse catching his bit over his neighbour's
+reins. The French cavalry ordonnance, in discussing the merits of this
+bar, does not seem to be aware of its origin and meaning.
+
+[Sidenote: Martingale.]
+
+If the theories here laid down are true, it will result that the common
+bits are best for the common run of coarse hands, as being less severe,
+from their action being divided and on less sensible parts; and also,
+that they should be curbed more loosely, and placed higher in the
+horse's mouth, in proportion to the degree of coarseness to be expected
+in the rider's hand. So although a martingale spoils hands, it may be
+used as a defence, that is, supposing the necessity of mounting a high,
+harsh hand on a susceptible horse. In this case an easy snaffle with a
+running martingale will at least counteract the height of the hand, and
+the friction will to a certain degree steady and counteract the unequal
+bearing on the horse's mouth. A low smooth hand is the only true
+martingale: this will never be acquired as long as an implement is used
+which tends to permit harsh, high handling with impunity to the rider.
+
+The snaffle, even of a double bridle, should be sewed to the bridle; it
+is safer for leading, and it is only the curb bit which you wish to have
+the power of changing. The reins should be thin and supple, they will
+last the longer for it; for reins break from being stiff and cracking,
+and suppleness of reins is essential to delicacy of hand.
+
+As the collected paces of the parade are not in vogue in England, a
+gentleman rarely has occasion for his curb at all, except to train a
+horse for a lady, or in the case where a commanding power is required
+over a horse who, by bad or cruel handling, has become a puller, or
+habitually restive, or whose animal impetuosity or ferocity leads him
+to attack his neighbours. In such a case a Chifney bit, with the
+mouth-piece described, with half the length of leg, and a third part of
+the weight, will be found more effective than a clipper bit; and at the
+same time that weight is got rid of, danger is avoided, which, with
+branches running far below the horse's mouth, is very great in going
+through living fences or coverts.
+
+With such a bit, so placed, I have seen the taper tips of the most
+beautiful fingers in the world constrain the highest-mettled and hottest
+thorough-bred horses, and "rule them when they're wildest." It is an
+implement which will give to the weakest hand the power of the
+strongest, which most of the strongest hands cannot be trusted to wield,
+and which, if ladies' hands are light, equal, and smooth, will give them
+the power of riding horses such as few men might venture to mount.
+
+[Sidenote: Danger does not result from power.]
+
+Provided the indications from the hand are true and gentle, no danger
+to the rider nor resistance from the horse will result from power, but
+on the contrary, safety to the rider and obedience from the horse. This
+is the only mode of accounting for the fact that there are thousands of
+hands which perform to admiration in driving, with the most severe bits,
+but which are quite unfit to be trusted in riding with anything but a
+snaffle bridle; for, in driving, the terret-pad prevents false
+indications on the bit, therefore to ensure true ones being given, two
+hands are used, or when one only, two fingers are placed between the
+reins instead of the fourth finger only, consequently the horse obeys
+the slightest touch, and consequently his mouth and the driver's hand
+become mutually more light; but put the driver and driven together, as
+rider and ridden, with the same bit, the reins in one hand, and the
+fourth finger only between them, and what will follow? The rider gives a
+wrong indication; the horse turns the wrong way, or stops; the rider
+insists, and applies force; the horse rears; one or both fall
+backwards; the blame is laid on the severity of the bit, instead of the
+wrong application of it, and the brute force of the rider.
+
+And observe, that it is power which I advocate, and not force; "'Tis
+well to have the giant's strength, but tyrannous to use it like a
+giant."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.
+
+A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel.--The leaping
+   horn.--Surcingle.--Stirrup-leather.--Stirrup-iron.--Girthing.--To
+   avoid riding on the buckles of the girths.
+
+
+[Sidenote: No right-hand pummel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Leaping horn.]
+
+A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel; it is useless to the
+seat, and impedes the working of the right hand on the reins. The
+appearance when mounted is infinitely improved by the absence of it. The
+saddle should have what is called a third pummel, or leaping-horn. In
+case of any unusual motion of the horse, such as leaping, an ebullition
+of gaiety, or violence from any other cause, by pressing upwards with
+the front part above the left knee, and downwards with the back part
+above the right knee, a wonderfully strong grasp is obtained, much
+stronger than the grasp obtained by the mode in which men ride. This
+will be quite clear to you if, when sitting in your chair, you press
+your two knees together, and afterwards, by crossing them over, press
+them, one down and the other up. Besides this, when a man clasps his
+horse, however firmly it fixes the clasping parts, it has a tendency to
+raise the seat from the saddle. This is not the case with the clasp
+obtained in a side-saddle; and, for a tour de force, I find I am much
+stronger in a side-saddle than in my own. There is no danger in this
+third pummel, since there is not the danger of being thrown on it; more
+than this, it renders it next to impossible that the rider should be
+thrown against or upon the other pummels. In the case of the horse
+_bucking_, without the leaping-horn, there is nothing to prevent the
+lady from being thrown up; the right knee is thus disengaged from the
+pummel, and all hold lost. The leaping-horn prevents the left knee from
+being thrown up, and from that fulcrum great force may be employed to
+keep the right knee down in its proper place. If the horse, in violent
+action, throws himself suddenly to the left, the upper part of the
+rider's body will tend downwards to the right, the lower limbs upwards
+to the left. Nothing can counteract this but the bearing afforded by the
+leaping-horn. This tendency to over-balance to the right causes so many
+ladies to guard themselves against it by hanging off their saddles to
+the left. The leaping-horn is also of infinite use with a hard puller,
+or in riding down steep places; without it, in either case, there is
+nothing to prevent the lady from sliding forward. It has also the
+advantage that, should one rider like it, and another not, it is easily
+screwed on or taken off.
+
+[Sidenote: Surcingle.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stirrup leather.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stirrup-iron.]
+
+The saddle should be kept in its place by the elastic webbing girths,
+and not, as the common error is--probably from the facility of
+tightening it--by the hard, unyielding, leather surcingle. The use of
+this surcingle is to prevent the small flap on the off side from turning
+up, and the large flap on the off side from being blown about with wind;
+and it should not be drawn tighter than is sufficient for these
+purposes. The part coming from the near side should not be attached, as
+at present, to the small flap, but to the lower part of the large flap
+on the near side. This will leave the small flap on the near side loose,
+as in a man's saddle, _and will allow liberty for the use of the spring
+bar_. It will also lessen the friction against the habit and leg, by
+rendering the side of the saddle perfectly smooth, except the
+stirrup-leather. To lessen the friction from that I recommend a single
+thin strap, as broad as a man's stirrup-leather, instead of the present
+double, narrow, thick one. Of three sorts of single stirrup-leathers the
+smoothest is with a loop to go over the spring-bar, and with an
+adjusting buckle just above the stirrup-iron: or the strap may take off
+and on the iron by a slip loop, and passing over the spring-bar as
+usual, be fastened, and its length adjusted, by a _loose_ buckle, which,
+though it is only attached to the strap by the tongue, is perfectly
+secure. For hunting I always use a single strap, sewn to the iron, with
+a =D= above the knee, and with a double strap and buckle between the =D=
+and the spring-bar. The lady's stirrup-leather, which passes under the
+horse's body, and is fixed to the off side of the side-saddle, is
+supposed to prevent the saddle from turning round. This is a mechanical
+error. But the great objection to this sort of stirrup-leather is, that
+it cannot with safety be used with the spring-bar; for when off the bar
+it remains attached to the saddle, and acts as a scourge to the horse. I
+once saw a frightful instance of this. The lady's stirrup-iron should be
+in all respects the same as a man's, and, to make assurance doubly sure,
+it should open at the side with a spring. This might be useful in case
+of a fall on the off side, when the action of the spring-bar of the
+saddle might be impeded. But if the stirrup is large and heavy, it is
+next to impossible that the foot should be caught by it. It is the
+common error to suppose that persons are dragged owing to the stirrup
+being too large and the foot passing through it, but the reason is its
+being too small and light, it then sticks to the foot and clasps it by
+the pressure of the upper part of the stirrup above the foot, and the
+lower part on the sole of the foot.
+
+[Sidenote: Girthing.]
+
+A side-saddle should be girthed very tightly, since a lady sits only by
+the saddle. The girths should always be felt _after_ the weight of the
+rider is in the saddle. The girths of a man's saddle should never be
+tight. The inner girth only should loosely hold the saddle; the outer
+girth is merely a safety girth, in case of the inner one giving. This is
+of consequence for the horse's breathing in galloping, since his ribs
+must expand every time he inhales, or draws breath.
+
+[Sidenote: To avoid buckles of girths.]
+
+I think that one holder on each side of a man's saddle should be placed
+as far forward, and one on each side as far backward, as possible
+without showing beyond the outside stirrup flap. This separates the
+buckles of the girths, and makes a smooth flat bearing for the thigh of
+the rider. The girths must cross from the front holder on one side to
+the back holder on the other; or they may be passed through a loose loop
+below to prevent their separating. The double-stirrup leather and the
+riding exactly on the buckles of the girths, are great abominations. I
+go farther in this way myself, and cut off the inside girth flap
+immediately below the tree of the saddle. It is wholly unnecessary when
+the buckles of the girths are removed from under the weight of the
+rider. The absence of this inner girth-flap gives a much firmer, and to
+me a much pleasanter, seat; while to the horse the saddle is much
+cooler, and a little lighter. If, on trial, this is not liked, the
+girth-flap is easily sewed on again, or the holders are still more
+easily replaced. It is very rash to recommend even the smallest possible
+change which one has not tested well; and I have never tried dividing
+the girth buckles with the side-saddle. But I should think that if they
+were divided on the near side only, with a loop to keep the girths
+together below, it might be an improvement.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE SHORT REIN.
+
+The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied.--Its use to a
+   soldier.--Its use with the restive horse.--It should not be used in
+   hunting, or in swimming a horse.--Objection to it for common
+   riding.--Used by postilion.--Short rein of the Eastern horseman.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Should be used when one hand is occupied.]
+
+If you have anything to carry which entirely occupies one hand, and
+which occasionally may require both, such as an umbrella in wind, or an
+over-fresh horse to lead at a quick pace, tie up one or both reins; it
+obviates the possibility of a horse, wild with his head, drawing the
+reins through the hand, and consequently the necessity of using both
+hands to shorten them. At the same time, being held with the breadth of
+the whole hand, at the centre, distinct single-handed indications can be
+given on the reins.
+
+[Sidenote: Its use to a soldier.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its use with the restive horse.]
+
+A soldier should go to single combat with one of his reins in this way.
+To have to use his sword hand to shorten his reins may make the
+difference of life or death to him. In the case of his adversary gaining
+his left rear, by dropping the reins the sword is instantly shifted to
+the left hand, and the short rein is instantly grasped with the right
+hand at the proper length. As the soldier is only trained to use his
+sword with his right hand (this might be remedied by my sword exercise),
+it is not likely that his left hand should be a match for his
+adversary's right, but he will at least be able to keep his adversary at
+a distance by striking or pointing at his horse's head. This would be a
+hopeless affair with the right hand, particularly for a cuirassier. To
+be able to present a pistol to the rear with the left hand would be
+invaluable in such a case. The power to drop and instantly resume the
+short rein also allows two hands to be occasionally used to the lance or
+carbine; a skirmisher therefore should have one rein tied up. A pulling
+horse may be ridden with one or both reins tied, also a restive horse;
+his usual mode of resistance is running back and rearing, because from
+fear of his falling backward chastisement usually ceases then. In such
+a case quit the reins, lay hold of the mane with both hands, ply both
+spurs, even while the horse is on his hind legs, and the moment he flies
+from them, the reins are seized in the mode to be used most powerfully
+without requiring any adjustment. If the horse will not answer the spur,
+with the left hand hold the mane, and with the right ply the whip under
+the flank even when he is on his hind legs.
+
+[Sidenote: Should not be used in hunting, or swimming a horse.]
+
+The reins should never be tied in hunting, or in swimming a horse,
+since, by catching across the neck, they act like a bearing rein, and
+oblige the horse to carry his head up and his nose in. In hunting this
+would bring his hind legs on his fences, and oblige him to leap from the
+top of his banks and _to land all fours_, instead of extending himself
+and letting himself down gently. In swimming it obliges him to keep his
+whole head and neck out of water; I very nearly drowned a horse in this
+way in the Serpentine.
+
+[Sidenote: Objection for common riding.]
+
+[Sidenote: Short rein of the East.]
+
+[Sidenote: Used by postilion.]
+
+For common riding the objection is that you cannot lengthen or shorten
+the rein; therefore, to give more liberty, or to shorten the rein, the
+hand must go from or to the body. If, therefore, the reins are tied so
+that the hands should be at a convenient distance from the body when the
+horse is collected, they would be at a very inconvenient distance when
+he is extended. To remedy this, in the East, where the short rein is
+very universal, the double part of the bridle is prolonged by a single
+strap; this strap is used as a whip, and hence the whip of the Hussar
+attached to the reins; hence, also, as I imagine, the Austrian driving
+rein described page 54. When fossil remains of the extinct postboy shall
+be discovered, it will be seen that he used the short rein, and with
+great propriety; since his horse may be said to have been always "au
+trot," and needed only one degree of collection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COLT-BREAKING.
+
+Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider.--The
+   head-stall.--The snaffle.--Longeing.--Saddling.--Mounting.--Sermon to
+   the colt-breaker.--The noblest horse resists the most.--The horse has
+   a natural _right_ to resist.--The colt wants no suppling.--He wants
+   to be taught the meaning of your indications.--And to be brought to
+   obey them.--The leaping-bar.--Fetch and carry.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Colt-breaking the best lesson for riding.]
+
+The very best lesson for a horseman, young or old, is colt-breaking; and
+if in the attempt the _young_ horseman fails to do the colt justice, he
+will at least do him less injury than the country colt-breaker, or the
+generality of grooms.
+
+I shall detail the plan of an _old_ horseman; though, perchance, its
+want of "dresses, scenery, and decoration" may offend, my chief
+implements being a stick, some string, and some carrots.
+
+I have always said that the colt is half broken when he will come to
+your whistle or call in the field, and eat carrots out of your hand; and
+that he is quite broken when you have got the head-stall on him.
+
+[Sidenote: The head-stall.]
+
+The colt _should_ wear a head-stall from the earliest days, and be held
+by the head while he is rubbed and caressed. If this has been neglected,
+get him into a loose box; take the front off the head-stall, described
+page 125. Do not (as is the common error in this and in bridling) face
+the colt, and hold out the head-stall with both hands, as if you
+_wished_ to frighten him; but keep the head-stall in your left hand,
+caress the colt with your right hand, and, with your right shoulder to
+his left shoulder, pass the right hand under his jaws on to the front
+part of his head. Bring the left hand up to the right, and, with a hand
+on each cheek-strap, pass the top over the ears on to the neck, _if you
+can_. Fasten the throat-lash tight enough to prevent its being rubbed
+over the ears. Tie a piece of cord, a yard long, to the off side, D, of
+the head-stall; pass the cord through the near side, D. Accustom the
+colt to see and to be held by this. It is very powerful, as it forms a
+slip knot round his nose, and prevents his pulling with the top of his
+head; and it keeps the two cheek-straps back, which otherwise might
+injure the colt's eyes. When he is used to the short cord, tie a long
+knotted cord to it. Use gloves when you first take the colt out, and
+place yourself so that if he bolts you may pull him sideways gradually
+into a circle.
+
+[Sidenote: The snaffle.]
+
+To get him to lead, place him between you and a fence; keep abreast of
+his shoulder, and show the stick towards his croupe. When he is
+subjected to the cord, take a snaffle-bit with a piece of string to each
+eye (what is called a =T= is best), tie it to the off side, D, hold the
+nose-band with the right hand, take the snaffle with the left, induce
+him to open his mouth by passing the thumb between his lips on to the
+_bars_ (part _bare_ of teeth), place the snaffle in his mouth, and tie
+it to the near side, D. If you have any difficulty, a long string may be
+used to the near side of the snaffle, and passed through the D. If the
+colt runs back you still hold him with the snaffle under the jaws. When
+bridled tie a piece of string from eye to eye of the snaffle, so as to
+hang under the chin; fasten the long cord to this and lead him by it,
+and use him to be held by this chin-strap. By the common method, he is
+never held by the mouth till he is mounted.
+
+Next tie a piece of cord round his girthing place, the two ends on the
+ridge of his back. Make a rein of string and tie it with these ends just
+tight enough to prevent the colt grazing; you may then pick grass and
+give it to him, whistling at the same time. He will soon follow you
+loose, play by your side, leap fences, and come to your whistle like a
+dog.
+
+To accustom the colt to be tied by the head, pass the long cord over a
+gate, and slacken and tighten as may be required.
+
+Ask leave of the colt to hang your tackle in his hovel; or if he lives
+in a field, lay it in the hedge to be ready whenever you can spare time
+"to go for a walk" with him.
+
+For these lessons, and as far as possible for all lessons, the law
+should be dulcia sunto; but after teaching your child its alphabet in
+ginger-bread, the time must come when he must go to school.
+
+[Sidenote: Longeing.]
+
+The simplest act of obedience is longeing. In longeing you should walk a
+circle inside the colt's circle. The long stick should be constantly
+held up towards his croupe, to keep him on, but ready to be shown
+towards his head to keep him out. When you stop, and lower the stick,
+the colt comes in for a piece of carrot. The long cord should never be
+tight. If the colt's head is pulled in and his croupe driven out of the
+circle, mental sulks and muscular mischief must ensue. Nothing so surely
+generates spavins, curbs, and thorough-pins. When skilful, you may make
+the colt change without stopping, or longe a figure of =8=. This may be
+done, even without the long cord, by the centripetal force of carrots
+and the centrifugal force of the stick. When this is done in the open
+field it looks like mesmerism or magic. When in this way you have made
+the colt thoroughly to love, honour, and obey you, the saddling,
+mounting, and riding, follow almost of course.
+
+[Sidenote: Saddling.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mounting.]
+
+Without stirrups, and with only one girth turned over the seat, place
+the pummel of the saddle on your right shoulder, and your right hand
+under its cantle, caress the colt with your left hand, and do not
+attempt to put the saddle on him till your left shoulder touches his.
+When girthed tie the string surcingle over the saddle; besides holding
+the reins, it now prevents the flaps flying up. When used to this, use
+him to the stirrups. Mount in a loose box with three girths, the head
+tied loosely to the saddle and a second snaffle bridle. Fill your
+pockets with tares or hay and feed him from his back. Out of doors mount
+while the colt is browsing a hedge. Quiet riding must do the rest, the
+main thing to keep the colt straight on, or to turn him, being the stick
+shown instantly on either side by the turn of the wrist.
+
+Thus far the _practice_ of colt-breaking; and in this way the colt will
+be very easily _tackled_: I do not expect so easily to tackle his rider,
+but I will try.
+
+[Sidenote: Sermon to the colt-breaker.]
+
+[Sidenote: The noblest horse resists the most.]
+
+[Sidenote: Has a _right_ to resist.]
+
+As Lord Pembroke remarks in his admirable treatise, his hand is the best
+who gets his horse to do what he wishes with the least force, whose
+indications are so clear that his horse cannot mistake them, and whose
+gentleness and fearlessness alike induce obedience to them. The noblest
+animal will obey such a rider, as surely as he will disregard the
+poltroon, or rebel against the savage. I say the noblest, because it is
+ever the noblest among them which rebel the most. For the dominion of
+man over the horse is an usurped dominion. And in riding a colt, or a
+restive horse, we should never forget that he has by nature the _right_
+to resist; and that, _at least, as far as he can judge_, we have not
+the right to insist.
+
+When the stag is taken in the toils, the hunter feels neither surprise
+nor anger at his struggles and alarm; and indeed he would be very
+unreasonable were he to chastise the poor animal on account of them. But
+there is no more reason in nature why a horse should submit, without
+resistance, to be ridden, than the stag to be slain--why the horse
+should give up his liberty to us, than the stag his life. In both cases
+our "wish is father to the deed." And if our arrogance insinuates that a
+bountiful Nature created these animals simply for our service, assuredly
+bountiful Nature left them in ignorance of the fact. And it is to the
+sportsman and the colt-breaker that we must apply, if we wish to know
+whose victims are the most willing. Not to the cockney casuist, whose
+knowledge of the stag is confined to his venison, and who never trusts
+himself on the horse till it has been "long trained, in shackles, to
+procession pace." If he did, he would find that the unfettered
+four-year-old shows precisely the same alarm and resistance to the
+halter as the stag does to the toils; and in breaking horses, the thing
+to be aimed at, next to the power of indicating our wishes, is the power
+of winning obedience to those wishes. These, and these only, are the two
+things to be aimed at, from the putting the first halter on the colt, to
+his performance of the pirouette renvers�e au galop--which is perhaps
+the most perfect trial and triumph of the most exquisitely finished
+horsemanship, and in which the horse must exert every faculty of his
+mind to discover, and every muscle of his body to execute, the wishes of
+his rider.
+
+[Sidenote: The colt needs no suppling.]
+
+[Sidenote: He wants to know your meaning.]
+
+[Sidenote: And that he must obey.]
+
+It is a vulgar error--an abuse of terms--the mere jargon of jockeyship,
+to say that the horse needs _suppling_ to perform this, or any other air
+of the man�ge, or anything else that man can make him do; all that he
+wants is to be made acquainted with the wishes of his rider, and
+inspired with the desire to execute them. For example, among the
+innumerable antics which I have seen fresh young troopers go through,
+when being led to and from the farrier's shop, I have seen them perform
+this very air, the pirouette renvers�e au galop to the right, round the
+man who leads them; I have seen them perform the figure perfectly, with
+the exception that, instead of the right nostril leading, the head and
+neck have been straight on the diameter of the circle. At the same time
+d�tacher l'aiguillette, and mingle courbettes, ballotades, and even
+cabrioles with it,--combinations which La Broue, the Duke of Newcastle,
+De la Guerini�re, or Pellier would scarcely dream of. This a horse will
+do in the gaiety of his heart, and without requiring any suppling; take
+the same horse into the school, follow him with the whip, and try to
+_make_ him do it, he will think you a most unreasonable person; he will
+by no means be able to discover your meaning, and will, if you press
+him, finish by being exceedingly sulky. Mount him, and try to indicate
+your wishes to him through the medium of your hands, legs, and whip, or
+if you prefer the terms, to give him their _aid_ and _support_. I will
+venture to say that you will be nearer two years than one, before you
+can get him to do what he has not only done but done for his own
+delight. In the mean time, if during his two years of _suppling_ you
+have never given him a false indication or ever forced him, he will be
+no more stiff than when he first began to be _suppled_. But if, as a
+million riders out of a million and one would have done, you have been
+in the constant habit of doing both, the horse will long ago have become
+as stiff as a piece of wood. Is it to be supposed that the best suppled
+man�ge horse is more supple than the colt at the foot of his dam? Can
+any one who has watched his pranks think so? How often have I been told
+by a rider to observe how supple his horse's neck had become! That he
+could now get his horse's head round to his knee, whereas he could not
+at first accomplish more than to see his horse's eye. If the same horse,
+loose, wished to scratch his shoulder or his ribs, would he not
+forthwith do it with his teeth?
+
+When a cabriolet or cart is turned in a narrow street or road, the horse
+is forced to make half a pirouette, without any questions being asked as
+to his capabilities or suppleness; and the rein being pulled strongest
+on one side, the whip applied on the other, the shafts to prevent his
+turning short, and with evident reason why he cannot go a-head, he sees
+what is required, and does it without difficulty; but the same horse
+will not do the same mounted, in the middle of a grass-field, with
+nothing but his rider's _aids_ to bias him, or to indicate what is
+required of him. Why? either because he can't understand your _aids_, or
+you can't enforce obedience to them: these will be the reasons, not his
+want of suppleness.
+
+The great thing in horsemanship is to get your horse to be of your
+party--not only to obey, but to obey willingly. For this reason a young
+horse cannot be begun with too early, and his lessons cannot be too
+gradually progressive. The great use of longeing is, not that it supples
+your horse--it is a farce to suppose that--but that, next to leading, it
+is the easiest act of obedience which you can exact from him. In this
+way it is an admirable lesson.
+
+[Sidenote: The leaping-bar.]
+
+Placing the colt between the pillars of the stall is admirable as a
+lesson of submission and obedience; by degrees he may be even cleaned
+there. The brush acts as the urging indication; the reins inform him
+that he is not to advance; the result is that he collects himself to
+the bit. Here, then, the common theory would make him to be taken up and
+collected, not between the hands and legs, not "dans la main et dans les
+talons," but dans the sides of the stall and dans the horse brush. It is
+precisely the same as putting the horse between the pillars in a man�ge,
+which is an admirable explanatory practice to a horse. With the whip in
+skilful hands, the sides of the stall give infinite advantage over the
+pillars in the man�ge; both teach the horse the same lesson, namely,
+that when urged up to the bit--that is, when urged and retained at the
+same time--these contradictory indications mean that he is required to
+collect himself. Anything which facilitates the understanding of this
+bit of information is of infinite value; for the colt, like the satyr in
+the fable, is apt to kick against this blowing hot and blowing cold at
+the same time. Mount the colt, and try these opposite indications; he
+will do anything but obey them, anything but collect himself. If you
+insist, he will resist. He will end in overt acts of rebellion, or at
+least in dogged sulks; and that from not understanding, or not choosing
+to obey your _aids_, not from want of suppleness. Let art supple the
+temper and understanding of the colt, and leave nature to supple his
+limbs. By holding the colt's head against a wall by the chin-strap, he
+may be made to pass sideways to either hand by showing him the whip. He
+should also be taught to rein back; this is best done in a narrow
+gangway. The leaping-bar is a good exercise of obedience. The bar itself
+should be only six feet long; the posts which support it should be four
+feet six inches high; the side-rails thirty feet in length, and they
+should slope down to three feet; they should rest on the tops of the
+posts, and be flush with them, and perfectly smooth, so that the long
+cord may pass freely over them without catching. The colt should walk
+half way up the gangway, thence a slow trot. Pass the reins of the
+snaffle through the left eye of the snaffle, and fasten the long cord to
+them. Hold the right rein close to where it passes through the eye, it
+will clasp the lower jaw like a slip-knot and give you great power. All
+over-fresh horses should be led in this way; without it a horse will
+pull with the top of his head with force sufficient to beat any man.
+Keep the bar low, or even on the ground, as long as the horse is
+nervous.
+
+The whole affair of colt-breaking is an affair of patience, you cannot
+have too much forbearance: put off the evil day of force. Forgive him
+seventy times seven times a-day, and be assured that what does not come
+to-day will to-morrow. The grand thing is to get rid of dogged sulks and
+coltishness; of that wayward, swerving, hesitating gait, which says,
+"here's my foot, and there's my foot;" or, "there is a lion in the
+street, I cannot go forth." This is the besetting sin of colts; and this
+it is which, on the turf, gives so great an advantage to a young horse
+to have another to _make play_, or _cut out the running_ for him. For
+this indisposition to go freely forward results as well from their
+seeing no necessity to give up their will to yours, as from their
+incapacity to perceive and obey the indications of their rider without
+swerving, shifting the leg, &c., and additional labour to themselves.
+All this is spared to the young horse by the follow-my-leader system.
+
+Everything should be resorted to to avoid alarm on the colt's side and
+force on the man's, and gradually to induce familiarity and cheerful
+obedience--to reconcile him to the melancholy change from gregarious
+liberty to a solitary stall and a state of slavery. I should say that he
+is the best colt-breaker who soonest inspires him with the animus
+eundi--who soonest gets him to go freely straight forward--who soonest,
+and with least force, gets the colt without company five miles along the
+road from home. Violence never did this yet; but violence increases his
+reluctance, and makes it last ten times longer. Indeed, it causes the
+colt to stiffen and defend himself, and this never is got rid of. It is
+true that by force you may make him your sullen slave, but that is not
+the object; the object is to make him your willing subject. Above all
+things, do not be perpetually playing the wolf to him; deal in rewards
+where it is possible, and in punishment only where it cannot be
+avoided. Be assured that the system will _answer_.
+
+    Crede mihi, res est ingeniosa _dare_.
+
+It is, no doubt, our duty to create the happiness and to prevent the
+misery of every living thing; but with our horse this is also a matter
+of _policy_. The colt should be caressed, rubbed, and spoken to kindly.
+He should be fed from the hand with anything he may fancy, such as
+carrot, or apple, or sugar, and be made to come for it when whistled to
+or called by name.
+
+    "Quis expedivit Psittaco suum ~chaire~?...
+    Venter."
+
+[Sidenote: Fetch and carry.]
+
+On an unlittered part of the stable, with the horse loose, throw pieces
+of carrot on the floor; he will learn to watch your hand like a dog.
+Then tie a piece of carrot to a piece of stick. When he lifts this push
+a piece of carrot between his lips where there are no teeth, and take
+the stick from his mouth. He will soon learn to pick up your stick,
+whip, glove, or handkerchief, and to bring it in exchange for the
+reward; or when mounted, will put his head back to place it in your
+hand.
+
+Stand on the outside of a door which opens towards you. Show the horse
+carrots through the opening: he will push the door open to get the
+carrot. By always repeating the word "door," he will soon open or shut a
+door at command, or a gate, even when mounted.
+
+These may be "foolish things to all the wise," but nothing is useless
+which familiarises the horse, which increases the confidence and
+intimacy between him and his rider, or which teaches him to look to man
+for the indications of his will, and to obey them, whether from fear,
+interest, or attachment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.
+
+Condition depends on food, work, and warmth.--So does the difference
+   between the _breeds_ of horses.--The terseness of the Arab is the
+   result of hard food.--So is that of our thorough-bred
+   horse.--Different _breeds_ result from different natural
+   conditions.--Crossing is only necessary where natural conditions are
+   against you.--We do not attend enough to warmth.--We should get fine
+   winter coats by warmth instead of singeing.--No fear of cold from
+   fine coats.--The foot should be stopped with clay.--The sore
+   ridge.--Stable breastplate.--The head-stall.--Never physic, bleed,
+   blister, or fire.--Food for condition.--Rest for strains.--Nature for
+   wounds.--Miles for shoeing.--The horse should have water always by
+   him.--And should stand loose.--No galloping on hard ground, either by
+   master or man.--He who cripples the horse kills him.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Condition depends on food, work, warmth.]
+
+For perfect health and condition three things are necessary, good food,
+work, warmth. For appearance a fourth may be added, cleaning. To suppose
+cleaning necessary for health is nonsense. Do you clean your sheep?--the
+stags in your park?--or the horses young and old in the breeding stud?
+But, speaking liberally, a horse which is not worked cannot be clean and
+a horse which is worked and clothed cannot be dirty. A horse cannot be
+clothed too heavily summer or winter short of perspiring.
+
+[Sidenote: So does the difference between breeds of horses.]
+
+But it is not only that the present passing condition of the horse
+depends solely on food, work, and warmth, but the permanent structure
+and stature of the horse depend on them; that is, the difference between
+what are called different _breeds_ of horses depends solely on these
+three things.
+
+[Sidenote: The Arab the result of hard food.]
+
+The Arab has a legend that his horse came from the stable of King
+Solomon. From the book of Kings it appears that Solomon was a great
+horse dealer. He imported them largely from Egypt, and he supplied
+certain kings with them. The merchandise which he received from Arabia
+is enumerated, and though it is not stated that he supplied horses in
+part payment for this merchandise, it is not improbable that he did so.
+Speaking liberally, in Arabia the sole food of the horse is barley and
+straw; and the terseness of structure of the Arab may be said to be the
+result of three thousand years of hard food, if we reckon only from the
+_modern_ horse-keeper King Solomon. Fuerant autem in Egypto semper
+pr�stantissimi equi. And, shades of Bunsen! how many thousand years of
+hard food shall we add to the account for our horses' Egyptian ancestry?
+Moses and Miriam sang their dirge on the shore of the Red Sea, in the
+reign of a _medi�val_ Pharaoh, but their "early progenitors," as Mr.
+Darwin would phrase it, might have enjoyed the barley of the _ancient_
+King Menes. To hard food we must add early work, for the Arab is worked
+at two years old.
+
+[Sidenote: So is our thorough-bred horse.]
+
+Our thorough-bred horse, the descendant of the Arab, has been bred under
+the same natural conditions somewhat improved; that is, he has had
+_better_ hard food in unlimited quantity, he is earlier trained, the
+goodness of both sire and dam are proved to an ounce, and performance
+only is bred from. What is the consequence? In Evelyn's days Arabs and
+barbs raced at Newmarket. In later days, in the give and take plates
+there, winners are recorded of thirteen hands high, and the size of a
+stud horse of fourteen hands was advertised. Now, if a horse is under
+sixteen hands his size is not mentioned, and all the world is our
+customer at �5000 or �6000 a horse. And if more people had the skill to
+ride him, the merits of the thorough-bred horse as a hunter would be
+better known; though, indeed, under any circumstances, it is but the
+sweepings of the training stable which descends to the hunting field or
+private life.
+
+[Sidenote: All _breeds_ result from natural conditions.]
+
+The first axiom of the breeder is--est in equis patrum virtus--"Like
+produces like." But the second axiom is, "The goodness of the horse goes
+in at his mouth." The moral is, that like produces like only under like
+natural conditions. Turn out all the winners of the last ten years to
+breed on Dartmoor or in Shetland; what would be the betting about a colt
+or a filly so bred for the Derby or Oaks? The qualities of the
+race-horse--the accumulation of thousands of years--are lost in the
+first generation. Continue to breed him under these conditions, and the
+finest horse in the world, or that the world ever saw, becomes a
+Dartmoor or Shetland pony, worth �5 instead of �5000. Such are the
+changes worked by natural conditions; though with Mr. Darwin they count
+for nothing, or for next to nothing.
+
+In the permanent fat pastures of the temperate and insular climes, the
+horse is built up to eighteen hands high, with a width and weight
+infinitely more than proportionate to his height, if we compare him to
+the southern horse. In the arid south, by no contrivance of man or
+"natural selection" can a horse of _weight_ be produced; though you may
+breed the terse horse of the south in the north by keeping him on terse
+food.
+
+[Sidenote: Crossing not necessary.]
+
+Crossing is only good where you wish to breed animals against natural
+conditions, as heavy horses on terse food, or Leicester sheep on the
+downs, or small Alderney cows on rich pastures. Then, the more the breed
+is crossed by animals bred under favourable natural conditions the
+better. No horse is so bred in-and-in as our thorough-bred horse and
+the Arab, and, of course, all _pure_ breeds must be bred in-and-in.
+
+[Sidenote: We do not attend enough to warmth.]
+
+The above effects of food and work are evident and well understood. But
+we do not sufficiently attend to warmth. We see that if the
+finest-coated Arab or thorough-bred horse is turned out year after year,
+he will get a winter coat as thick as a Shetland pony. But besides this,
+nature thickens his skin; the hide of the southern horse sells higher
+than that of the northern horse, because it is thinner. Change the skin
+of a horse for that of a rhinoceros, will he race or hunt as well?
+
+[Sidenote: Warmth instead of singeing.]
+
+Mr. Darwin does not seem to be aware that the horse changes his coat! or
+that there is any difference between his summer and winter coat! or that
+the new coat of the same individual comes thick directly he is exposed
+to cold. Fine winter coats should be got by clothing and warmth, not by
+singeing and cold. Starvation itself is not more terrible than cold.
+Nature comes to the rescue of the out-door horse, but frightful
+enormities result from singeing horses in the winter, and leaving them
+to shiver in the stall inadequately clothed, to say nothing of the
+frightful figures which result.
+
+[Sidenote: No fear of cold from fine coats.]
+
+Fear not your horse suffering from cold because he is stripped to work.
+Do not labourers strip to work? If a horse had a coat thick enough to
+keep him warm when at rest in winter, he could not hunt in this without
+being sweated to death any more than he could with four or five blankets
+on him.
+
+[Sidenote: Stop foot with clay.]
+
+Fire and water are equally disastrous to the horse's skin. Allow neither
+singeing nor washing above the hoof, and even this only for
+_appearance_. For there is no more reason for washing the horse's foot
+when he is kept in a stable, than there is when he is kept in a paddock.
+But there are good reasons for keeping his foot full of dirt in the form
+of clay in the stable. Without it he fills his foot with the contents of
+the stall, which the shoe holds there. Now, which is worst for the foot,
+dirt or dung? Nothing can be more injurious to the frog than this.
+
+But, alas! all is right, even with the master, provided that there is
+not a speck on the _outside_ insensible horn; and perhaps that is oiled
+and blacked (!) when the horse is brought out, while _inside_, the soft
+frog is left night and day soaked and saturated with the most frightful
+horrors. Hence the most fetid thrushes, and hence the contracted heel;
+for the contracted heel is the consequence, not the cause of the rotted
+frog.
+
+The clay should not be mixed up with any of the horrors which grooms are
+so fond of. Besides defending the frog from the highly injurious juices
+of the stall this gives a _natural_ support to the interior of the foot
+which the _artificial_ shoe deprives it of.
+
+[Sidenote: The sore ridge.]
+
+Every joint of the backbone or spinal bone is surmounted by a _spine_.
+These are sharp and topped with gristle, and will not support weight,
+still less attrition. Hence the necessity of the wooden _tree_ of a
+saddle, and even of a terret-pad to bridge the _ridge_. The old plan of
+fastening the horse's clothing, taken from the Persians, was by
+_rolling_ a long strip loosely round and round him; hence our name of
+_roller_ for the stable surcingle. This avoided injury to the ridge:
+the objection is the trouble. The bridge or _channel_ of our roller is
+_never_ effective, and _every_ stabled horse has a _sore ridge_. This is
+a great calamity to him as well as to his master.
+
+The play of the ribs in breathing saws the sore; he is disinclined to
+lie down because the roller is tightened by this position. The groom
+puts his hand towards the ridge; the ears go back and a leg is lifted.
+The horse gets a kick in the stomach or a blow with the fist, and
+becomes shy in the stall as well as vicious. In cleaning him underneath,
+the groom rests his hand on the sore ridge and the horse dashes his
+teeth against the wall, and lashes out from pain; he becomes shy to
+saddle, shy to girth, shy to mount, and he hogs his back, and perhaps
+plunges when you are up.
+
+[Sidenote: Stable breastplate.]
+
+I have used two remedies; first, a more efficient bridge. Let the pads
+of the channel be deep and _steep_ towards each other and die off on the
+side from each other, set them wide apart and have the channel clear.
+The common error is to stuff the channel, which increases the evil.
+Next a loose roller, but this involves the necessity of a breast-girth
+to prevent the roller going back under the flank. If the breast-girth is
+loose it falls below the breast and is burst by the legs of the horse in
+getting up. If it is tight it pulls the roller on to the rise of the
+withers. I have used, and I recommend a breastplate on the principle of
+a hunting breastplate. The bearing should be only from the top of the
+neck to the lower part of the roller; a long upper strap to prevent it
+falling forward when the head is down, should take off and on the
+channel by a slip loop. The lower strap is also taken off and on the
+roller with a slip loop. The breast-piece buckles or ties on the near
+shoulder. When taken off, it pulls out of the lower strap, and remains
+attached to the channel by the upper strap; the lower strap remains
+attached to the lower part of the roller.
+
+I wish my pupil would make a model with my favourite bit of string, and
+then call the saddler to his aid. He may have it of scarlet, if he is
+fond of ornament, of webbing bis Afro murice tincta, or of scarlet and
+gold if he likes.
+
+The roller must keep the cloths forward; if they are fastened tight
+across the chest, the horse bursts them in getting up or in putting his
+head down.
+
+[Sidenote: The head-stall.]
+
+The head-stall should have a buckle on each cheek-strap; the throat-lash
+should be sewed to the top, and should have a buckle on each side. If
+the horse slips his head-stall, take the throat-lash out of the front,
+and you may buckle it almost as tight as a neck-strap, which is the
+safest of all fastenings. The objection is that, when a horse has to
+raise heavy logs in the stall for each mouthful of hay, the strap wears
+his mane. For this reason a front is used to the head-stall; it however
+then wears the horse's head, and is the origin of what is called
+pole-evil; the bone of the nose is often worn through by the nose-band,
+forming abscesses _inside_ the nostrils. Small horses and ponies are
+particularly liable to this, in getting their hay from high racks. These
+are reasons for horses standing loose where this is possible. A quarter
+of a century ago I had the honour to arrange the head-stalls of the 2nd
+Life Guards as above, and I am proud to see them still in use.
+
+[Sidenote: Never physic, blister, or fire.]
+
+On no occasion and on no persuasion give your horse physic, or bleed
+him, or blister him, or fire him, or let the blacksmith have anything to
+do with any part of him which is more sensible than the callous crust of
+his hoof.
+
+[Sidenote: Food for condition. Rest for strains. Nature for wounds.]
+
+Condition depends on food, not physic. Rest is the cure for sprains and
+strains. Nature cures wounds unless prevented by _art_. Nature stops the
+bleeding by the glue of the blood coagulating about the wound;
+_staunching_ with cloths wipes this off and promotes the bleeding. Lint
+assists, but when Nature has formed a plaister over a wound it should
+not be interfered with or _washed_; leave it to come off of itself.
+Where great discharge ensues wash it off _sound_ parts, and grease them
+to prevent the skin coming off. Don't believe in what is called "_proud
+flesh_." The granulations of new flesh are always called so, and burnt
+off as fast as they grow by corrosive sublimate or "oils as'll cut a
+broomstick in two."
+
+[Sidenote: Miles for shoeing.]
+
+As a brother officer of the 2nd Life Guards has published a perfect book
+on shoeing, and as he did me the honour to dedicate it to me, I have
+only to say that on that subject I am completely "Miles's boy."
+
+[Sidenote: Water always by the horse.]
+
+About a quarter of a century ago I recommended in print that all horses
+should have water by them in the stall: it is now so universally the
+practice, that I need not here repeat the reasons for it. I have not
+heard of any horse drinking till he burst, though all grooms assured me
+that all stabled horses would do so.
+
+It is distending food, not drink, which forms the large carcase. Food
+takes long to digest, but it is astonishing how quickly what the horse
+drinks is absorbed. The late Mr. Field having a horse condemned to die,
+kept him two days without water, gave him two buckets, and killed him
+five minutes after. There was not a drop of water in his stomach.
+
+[Sidenote: The horse should stand loose.]
+
+A horse should have a loose standing if possible; if he must be tied in
+a stall it should be flat. A horse cannot stand up hill without muscular
+exertion, and the toe constantly up, and the heel constantly down,
+induces ruinous distress to the back sinews.
+
+[Sidenote: No galloping on hard ground.]
+
+[Sidenote: He who cripples the horse kills him.]
+
+Do not let your groom gallop your hunter on the hard ground in autumn;
+and my last word shall be a petition on this subject to master as well
+as man--to deprecate a piece of inhumanity practised, indeed, as much by
+ladies as by gentlemen--the riding the horse fast on hard ground. I pray
+them to consider that horses do not die of old age, but that they are
+killed because they become crippled, and that he who cripples them is
+guilty of their death, not he who pulls the trigger. The practice is as
+unhorsemanlike as it is inhuman. It is true that money will replace the
+poor slaves as you use them up, and if occasion requires it they must,
+alas! be used up. But in my opinion, nothing but a case of life and
+death can justify the deed. If the ground is hard and even, a collected
+canter may be allowed; but if hard and uneven, a moderate trot at most.
+One hour's gallop on such ground would do the soundest horse
+irremediable mischief. Those who boast of having gone such a distance in
+such a time, on the ground supposed, show ignorance or inhumanity. Such
+feats require cruelty only, not courage. Nay, they are performed most
+commonly by the very horsemen who are too cowardly or too unskilful to
+dare to trust their horse with his foot on the elastic turf, or to stand
+with him the chances of the hunting-field. And such is the inconsistency
+of human nature, that they are performed by persons who would shudder at
+the sight of the bleeding flank of the race-horse, or who would lay down
+with disgust, and some expression of maudlin, morbid humanity, the truly
+interesting narrative of that most intrepid and enduring of all
+gallopers, Sir Francis Head. But compare the cases. In the case of the
+race-horse, his skin is wounded to urge him to his utmost exertion for a
+few seconds, from which in a few minutes he is perfectly recovered, and
+ready, nay eager, to start again. In the case of the wild horse of the
+Pampas, he is urged for two, three, or perhaps five hours, to the utmost
+distress for wind, as well as muscular fatigue. He is enlarged, and in a
+day or two he is precisely the same as if he had never been ridden. But
+in the case of the English road-rider, though no spur is used, unfair
+advantage is taken of the horse's impetuous freedom of nature, his
+sinews are strained, his joints permanently stiffened, he is deprived at
+once and for ever of his elasticity and action, and brought prematurely
+a cripple to the grave.
+
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+Transcriber's Note
+
+The following errors were corrected:
+
+  Page      Error
+  fn. 16-+  dachtylos changed to daktylos
+  33        resiliance changed to resilience
+  Ads p. 6  Wordsworth s changed to Wordsworth's
+
+The following words had inconsistent spelling and hyphenation:
+
+  breastplate / breast-plate
+  Gu�rini�re / Guerini�re
+  headstall / head-stall
+  man�ge / man�ge
+  mouthpiece / mouth-piece
+  noseband / nose-band
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and
+Niece, by George Greenwood
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints On Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece; Or, Common Sense and Common Errors in Common Riding, by George Greenwood.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece, by 
+George Greenwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece
+       or, Common Sense and Common Errors in Common Riding
+
+Author: George Greenwood
+
+Release Date: April 12, 2009 [EBook #28563]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="titlepage"><b>Transcriber&rsquo;s&nbsp;Note</b></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. A <a href="#trans_note">list</a> of these changes
+is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been maintained. A <a href="#trans_note">list</a> of inconsistently spelled and
+hyphenated words is found at the end of the text.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">The following less-common characters are used in this text.
+If they do not display properly, please try changing your font.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">&#948;&#8049;&#967;&#964;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#962;&#954;</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 200%;">HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.</p>
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;">
+<a name="frontispiece" id="frontispiece"></a><a href="images/ill-p00-full.jpg"><img src="images/ill-p00.jpg" width="425" height="506" alt="Engraving of marble relief of man sitting a rearing horse with no saddle or bridle" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Engraved by W. Finden</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 200%;">HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 80%;">TO</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 150%;">A Nephew and Niece.</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 80%; margin-top: 2em;">BY</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">AN OFFICER OF THE HOUSEHOLD BRIGADE<br />
+OF CAVALRY.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 352px; margin-top: 2em;">
+<a name="vignette" id="vignette"></a><a href="images/ill-p01-full.jpg"><img src="images/ill-p01.jpg" width="352" height="230" alt="Engraving of marble relief of a man mounted on a horse rearing above a fallen soldier" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Engraved by W. Finden.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em; font-size: 90%;">LONDON.<br />
+EDWARD MOXON &amp; C<sup>o</sup>. DOVER STREET.<br />
+1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 class="sectionhead">HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">TO</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 75%;">A Nephew and Niece;</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">OR,</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 75%;">COMMON SENSE AND COMMON ERRORS IN<br />
+COMMON RIDING.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em; font-size: 80%;">BY</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em;">COLONEL GEORGE GREENWOOD,<br />
+
+<span class="smcap" style="font-size: 80%;">Late Lieut.-Col. commanding 2nd Life Guards</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em; font-size: 80%;">NEW EDITION.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 3em; font-size: 80%;">LONDON:<br />
+EDWARD MOXON &amp; CO., DOVER STREET.<br />
+1861.</p>
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="titlepage">LONDON<br />
+BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a><br />
+MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="font-size: 90%;">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-1">Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding <i>taught</i></a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-1">2</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-2">That is the soldier&#8217;s <i>one-handed</i> style</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-2">2</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-3"><i>Two hands</i> should be used to the reins</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-3">5</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-4">A soldier&#8217;s horse must turn on the wrong rein</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-4">7</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-5">Common riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-5">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-6">Result of this with colts or restive horses</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-6">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap1-7">Indications are not <i>aids</i></a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap1-7">12</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a><br />
+HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-1">Reins at full length</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-1">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-2">The downward clutch</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-2">16</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-3">The Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-3">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-4">The side clutch</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-4">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-5">The two reins <i>crossed</i> in one hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-5">21</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-6">A rein in each hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-6">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-7">Turn to the right, and left</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-7">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-8">The hunting hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-8">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-8">The rough-rider&#8217;s hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-8">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-9">Fixing the hands</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-9">28</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span><a href="#chap2-10">Use of both bridles at once</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-10">30</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-11">Shortening the reins when held one in each hand, system of taught,
+  and of untaught horsemen</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-11">30</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-12">Use of the whip</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-12">34</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-13">Horses swerve and turn <i>only to the left</i></a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-13">34</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap2-14">Fault in &#8220;the great untaught,&#8221; two-handed, English rider</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap2-14">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a><br />
+EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-1">Retaining, urging, and guiding indications</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-1">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-2">To make a horse collect himself</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-2">37</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-3">Canter, right turn, right pass</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-3">38</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-4">Left shoulder in</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-4">38</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-5">Bearing on the mouth</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-5">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-6">The horse must be made to collect himself in turning</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-6">42</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-7">And should not be turned on one rein only</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-7">43</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-8">Lady&#8217;s canter</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-8">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-9">The quicker the pace, the greater degree of collection</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-9">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-10">French and English mistake in this</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-10">45</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-11">The shy horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-11">46</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-12">The restive horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-12">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap3-13">Truth may be paradoxical</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap3-13">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a><br />
+MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-1">The rider cannot raise the falling horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-1">50</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-2">Harm is done by the attempt</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-2">51</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span><a href="#chap4-3">The bearing-rein</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-3">54</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-4">Mechanical assistance of the jockey to his horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-4">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-5">Standing on the stirrups</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-5">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-6">Difference between the gallop and the leap</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-6">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-7">Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-7">59</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap4-8">The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap4-8">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a><br />
+THE SEAT.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap5-1">There is one direction which applies to all seats</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap5-1">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap5-2">Different seats for different styles of riding</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap5-2">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap5-3">The man&egrave;ge and the Eastern seats are the extremes</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap5-3">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap5-4">The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in line</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap5-4">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap5-5">Medium length of stirrup for common riding</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap5-5">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a><br />
+MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-1">Directions to place a lady in her saddle</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-1">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-2">Directions to mount at a halt</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-2">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-3">To mount in movement</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-3">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-4">To dismount in movement</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-4">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-5">To vault on or over in movement</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-5">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-6">To vault on at a halt</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-6">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-7">Circus for practising these movements</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-7">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-8">To pick a whip from the ground</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-8">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap6-9">To face about in the saddle</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap6-9">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a><br />
+THE BIT.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-1">Place of the bit in the horse&#8217;s mouth</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-1">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-2">Principle of the bit</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-2">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-3">Action of the common bit</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-3">76</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-4">Action of the Chifney bit</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-4">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-5">The loose eye</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-5">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-6">The nose-band</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-6">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-7">The horse&#8217;s defence against the bit by the tongue</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-7">78</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-8">Effect of the porte against this defence</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-8">78</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-9">Defence of the horse by the lip</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-9">80</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-10">Defence by the teeth</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-10">80</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-11">Bar of the military and driving bit</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-11">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-12">Martingale</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-12">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap7-13">Danger does not result from power</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap7-13">84</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a><br />
+THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-1">A side-saddle should have no right hand pummel</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-1">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-2">The leaping-horn</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-2">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-3">Surcingle</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-3">88</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-4">Stirrup-leather</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-4">89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-5">Stirrup-iron</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-5">90</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-6">Girthing</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-6">90</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap8-7">To avoid riding on the buckles of the girths</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap8-7">91</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a><br />
+THE SHORT REIN.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-1">The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-1">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-2">Its use to a soldier</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-2">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-3">Its use with the restive horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-3">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-4">It should not be used in hunting, or in swimming a horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-4">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-5">Objection to it for common riding</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-5">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-7">Used by postilion</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-7">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap9-6">Short rein of the Eastern horseman</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap9-6">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a><br />
+COLT-BREAKING.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-1">Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-1">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-2">The head-stall</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-2">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-3">The snaffle</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-3">99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-4">Longeing</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-4">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-5">Saddling</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-5">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-6">Mounting</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-6">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-7">Sermon to the colt-breaker</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-7">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-8">The noblest horse resists the most</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-8">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-9">The horse has a natural <i>right</i> to resist</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-9">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-10">The colt wants no suppling</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-10">105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-11">He wants to be taught the meaning of your indications</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-11">105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-12">And to be brought to obey them</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-12">110</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-13">The leaping-bar</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-13">110</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap10-14">Fetch and carry</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap10-14">113</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 1.5em;"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a><br />
+THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="table of contents">
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-1">Condition depends on food, work, and warmth</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-1">115</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-2">So does the difference between the <i>breeds</i> of horses</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-2">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-3">The terseness of the Arab is the result of hard food</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-3">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-4">So is that of our thorough-bred horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-4">117</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-5">Different <i>breeds</i> result from different natural conditions</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-5">118</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-6">Crossing only necessary where natural conditions are against you</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-6">119</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-7">We do not attend enough to warmth</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-7">120</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-8">We should get fine winter coats by warmth, instead of singeing</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-8">120</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-9">No fear of cold from fine coats</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-9">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-10">The horse&#8217;s foot should be stopped with clay</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-10">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-11">The sore ridge</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-11">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-12">Stable breast-plate</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-12">124</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-13">The head-stall</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-13">125</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-14">Never physic, bleed, blister, or fire your horse</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-14">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-15">Food for condition</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-15">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-15">Rest for strains</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-15">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-15">Nature for wounds</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-15">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-16">Miles for shoeing</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-16">127</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-17">The horse should have water always by him</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-17">127</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-18">And should stand loose</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-18">128</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-19">No galloping on hard ground, either by master or man</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-19">128</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#chap11-20">He who cripples the horse kills him</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#chap11-20">128</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 80%;" summary="list of illustrations">
+<tr>
+  <td></td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="font-size: 90%;">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap"><a href="#frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#frontispiece">To face Title.</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap"><a href="#vignette">Vignette</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#vignette">Title.</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td style="font-size: 90%; padding-top: 0.5em;">FIG.</td>
+  <td class="tdr" style="font-size: 90%; padding-top: 0.5em;">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;1.&mdash;<a href="#fig01">Strict Regimental</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig01">3</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;2.&mdash;<a href="#fig02">Varied Regimental</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig02">4</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;3.&mdash;<a href="#fig03">Reins at full length</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig03">15</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;4.&mdash;<a href="#fig04">Down clutch</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig04">17</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;5.&mdash;<a href="#fig05">Down clutch, rein in each hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig05">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;6.&mdash;<a href="#fig06">Side clutch</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig06">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;7.&mdash;<a href="#fig07">Side clutch, rein in each hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig07">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;8.&mdash;<a href="#fig08">Cross</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig08">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">&nbsp;&nbsp;9.&mdash;<a href="#fig09">Rein in each hand</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig09">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">10.&mdash;<a href="#fig10">Turn to the right</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig10">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">11.&mdash;<a href="#fig11">Turn to the left</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig11">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">12.&mdash;<a href="#fig12">Hunting gallop</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig12">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">13.&mdash;<a href="#fig13">Rough-rider</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig13">28</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="smcap">14.&mdash;<a href="#fig14">Fixing hands</a></td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig14">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="sectionhead"><a name="HINTS_ON_HORSEMANSHIP" id="HINTS_ON_HORSEMANSHIP"></a>HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding <i>taught</i>; that is,
+the soldier&#8217;s <i>one-handed</i> style.&mdash;<i>Two hands</i> should be used to
+the reins.&mdash;A soldier&#8217;s horse must turn on the wrong rein.&mdash;Common
+riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein. Result of
+this with colts or restive horses.&mdash;Indications are not <i>aids</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p>When you wish to turn to the right pull the right rein stronger than the
+left. This is common sense. The common error is precisely the reverse.
+The common error is, when you wish to turn to the right to pass the hand
+to the right. By this the right rein is slackened, and the left rein is
+tightened, across the horse&#8217;s neck, and the horse is required to turn to
+the right when the left rein is pulled. It is to correct this common
+error,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> this monstrous and perpetual source of bad riding and of bad
+usage to good animals, that these pages are written.</p>
+
+<p>England is the only European country which admits of more than one style
+of riding. <a name="chap1-1" id="chap1-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Only one style of riding <i>taught</i>.</span> But in all Europe, even in England, there is but one style of
+riding <i>taught</i>, as a system; that style is the man&eacute;ge or military
+style. <a name="chap1-2" id="chap1-2"></a><span class="sidenote" style="padding-top: 0.5em;">That is, a <i>one-handed</i> style.</span> The military style is, and must ever be essentially <i>a one-handed
+style</i>, for the soldier must have his right hand at liberty for his
+weapons. The recruit is indeed made to ride with a single snaffle in two
+hands, but only as a preparatory step to the one-handed style. His left
+hand then becomes <i>his bridle hand</i>, and that hand must hold the reins
+in such a manner as will require the least possible aid from <i>the sword
+hand</i> to shorten them as occasion may require. This is with the fourth
+finger only between them (<a href="#fig01">Fig. 1</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 284px;">
+<a name="fig01" id="fig01"></a><a href="images/fig01-full.png"><img src="images/fig01.png" width="284" height="374" alt="Man with reins in left hand, with little finger separating the reins" title="FIG. 1.&mdash;STRICT REGIMENTAL." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 1.&mdash;STRICT REGIMENTAL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For these reasons, as far as soldiers are concerned, I do not see how
+the present system can be altered for the better, unless it be by
+placing the three last fingers of the left hand between the reins (<a href="#fig02">Fig.
+2</a>), instead of the fourth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> finger only. The reins held in this way are
+as easily and as quickly shortened, by drawing them with the right hand
+through the left, as if they were separated by the fourth finger only. I
+always adopted this mode myself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> when my sword was in my hand; and I
+should think it worth trial for all soldiers. My two last chargers had
+been notoriously restive horses, and I could not have ridden them in the
+strictly regimental mode.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 285px;">
+<a name="fig02" id="fig02"></a><a href="images/fig02-full.png"><img src="images/fig02.png" width="285" height="369" alt="Man with reins in left hand, with last three fingers separating the reins" title="FIG. 2.&mdash;VARIED REGIMENTAL." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 2.&mdash;VARIED REGIMENTAL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><a name="chap1-3" id="chap1-3"></a><span class="sidenote"><i>Two hands</i> should be used to the reins.</span> But I see no reason why, because soldiers are compelled to guide their
+horses with the left hand only, and with the fourth finger only between
+the reins, that ladies and civilians should be condemned to the same
+system. On the contrary, I would have ladies as well as gentlemen use
+both hands to the reins, whether of the curb or of the snaffle, somewhat
+as the rough-rider or colt-breaker uses the reins of a single snaffle;
+but the reins should enter the hands outside instead of inside the
+fourth fingers, and they should quit the hands between the first and
+second fingers instead of between the first finger and thumb, as will be
+explained in the next chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Fasten the end of a rein to the upper part of the back of a chair; pull
+the reins enough to raise two of the legs off the ground, and to keep
+the chair balanced on the other two. Take your reins as ladies and
+soldiers are taught to take them (<a href="#fig01">Fig. 1</a>), both grasped in the left
+hand, the fourth finger only between them, and (I quote from the
+regulations of the English cavalry) &#8220;the top of the thumb firmly closed
+on them&mdash;the upper part of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> arm hanging straight down from the
+shoulder&mdash;the left elbow lightly touching the hip&mdash;the lower part of the
+arm square to the upper&mdash;little finger on a level with the elbow&mdash;wrist
+rounded outwards&mdash;the back of the hand to the front&mdash;the thumb pointing
+across the body, and three inches from it.&#8221; In this position we are
+taught that &#8220;the little finger of the bridle-hand has four lines of
+action&mdash;first, towards the breast (to stop or rein back); second,
+towards the right shoulder (to turn to the right); third, towards the
+left shoulder (to turn to the left); fourth, towards the horse&#8217;s head
+(to advance).&#8221; Try the second motion: you will find it a very nice
+operation, and that you are capable of shortening the right rein only in
+a very slight degree; you will also find that, if the hand ceases to be
+precisely opposite the centre of the body, the moment it is passed to
+the right the right rein becomes slackened, and the left rein is pulled.
+This is still more the case when the horse&#8217;s neck is between the reins;
+the left rein is then instantly shortened across the neck.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><a name="chap1-4" id="chap1-4"></a><span class="sidenote">A soldier&#8217;s horse must turn on the wrong rein.</span> I will not assert that the art of riding thus is impossible, though it
+has ever been so to me; and though, in my own experience, I never saw a
+cavalry soldier, rough-rider, riding-master, or any horseman whatever,
+who turned his horse, single-handed, on the proper rein. But I may
+assert that it is an exceedingly nice and delicate art. It is the
+opera-dancing of riding. And it would be as absurd to put the skill of
+its professors in requisition in common riding or across country, as to
+require Taglioni to <i>chasser</i> over a ploughed field. For single-handed
+indications, supposing them to be correctly given&mdash;which, as I have
+said, I have never known; but supposing them to be correctly given&mdash;they
+are not sufficiently distinct to turn a horse, except in a case of
+optimism. That is, supposing for a short time a perfectly broken horse,
+in perfect temper, perfectly on his haunches, going perfectly up to his
+bit, and on perfect ground. Without all these perfections&mdash;suppose even
+the circumstance of the horse being excited or alarmed, or becoming
+violent from any other cause; that he is sluggish or sullen;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> that he
+stiffens his neck or pokes his nose&mdash;single-handed indications are worth
+nothing. But as for riding a horse perfectly on his haunches through a
+long day&#8217;s journey, or in rough or deep ground, or across country, one
+might as well require infantry to make long forced marches at ordinary
+time, and to strictly preserve their touch and dressing; or, still to
+compare it to opera-dancing, Coulon to go through a day&#8217;s shooting with
+the pas de zephir.</p>
+
+<p>But correct single-handed indications, with the fourth finger only
+between the reins, will not be obeyed by one horse in ten thousand. Try
+them in driving. There the terret-pad prevents their being given
+incorrectly, and a bearing-rein, a severe bit, and a whip, give you
+every advantage in keeping your horse collected; yet you will find them
+wholly inefficient. The soldier, who is compelled to turn to the right
+by word of command, when the correct indication is unanswered, in
+despair throws his hand to the right. The consequence is, that no horse
+is a good soldier&#8217;s horse, till he has been trained to turn on the wrong
+rein.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><a name="chap1-5" id="chap1-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Common riders turn on the wrong rein.</span>Without the same excuse for it, the same may be said of all ladies and
+civilians who ride with one hand only, and of almost all who ride with
+two hands. For, strange to say, in turning, both hands are generally
+passed to the right or left, and I have known many of what may be called
+the most perfect straight-<i>forward</i> hands; that is, men who on the turf
+would hold the most difficult three-year-old to the steady stroke of the
+two-mile course, and place him as a winner to half-a-length&mdash;who in the
+hunting-field would ride the hottest, or the most phlegmatic made
+hunter, with equal skill, through all difficulties of ground, and over
+every species of fence, with admirable precision and equality of
+hand&mdash;or who on the exercise ground would place his broken charger on
+his haunches, and make him walk four miles an hour, canter six and a
+half, trot eight and a half, and gallop eleven, without being out in
+either pace a second of time, but who marred all by the besetting sin of
+side-feeling&mdash;of turning the horse on the wrong rein. The consequence
+is, that they can ride nothing but what has been trained to answer the
+wrong indications.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>This is something like steaming without steering. <a name="chap1-6" id="chap1-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Result of this with colts or restive horses.</span> Set them on a finely
+broken horse, on a colt, or a restive horse, and they become helpless
+children&mdash;the powerless prisoners of the brutes they bestride. How often
+does one see one&#8217;s acquaintance in this distressing situation, with
+courage enough to dare what man dare, but without the power to do what
+the rough-rider has just done! First comes the false indication of the
+rider, then the confusion and hesitation of the horse; next the violence
+of the rider; then the despair and rebellion of the horse. The finish is
+a fractured limb from a rear or a runaway. The poor brute is set down as
+restive and in fact becomes more or less a misanthrope for the rest of
+his days. I have seen the gentle and brave, under such circumstances,
+act very much like the cruel and cowardly; that is to say, first rough
+an innocent animal for their own fault, and then yield to his
+resistance. It is in consequence of this that we find so many restive
+horses; that so few thorough-bred horses&mdash;that is, horses of the highest
+courage&mdash;can be made hunters; that, in fact,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> almost all high-couraged
+young horses become restive after leaving the colt-breaker&#8217;s hands. It
+is, indeed, in consequence of this that the class of people called
+colt-breakers exists at all. For if we all rode on their principle,
+which is the true principle, any groom or moderately good rider could
+break any colt or ride any restive horse.</p>
+
+<p>No horse becomes restive in the colt-breaker&#8217;s hands; nor do any remain
+so when placed in his hands. The reason is that he invariably rides with
+one bridle and two hands, instead of two bridles and one hand. When he
+wishes to go to the right he pulls the right rein stronger than the
+left. When he wishes to go to the left he pulls the left rein stronger
+than the right. These are indications which, if the colt will not obey,
+he will at least understand, the very first time that he is mounted, and
+which the most obstinate will not long resist. But as may be supposed,
+it takes a long time to make him understand that he is to turn to the
+right when the left rein is pulled, and to the left when the right rein
+is pulled. And it is only the meek-spirited and docile who will do<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> this
+at all. Such, however, is the general docility of the half-bred horse,
+that a great proportion of them are, after long ill-usage, taught to
+answer these false indications, in the same way that a carthorse is
+brought to turn right or left by the touch of the whip on the opposite
+side of the neck, or the word of the driver; and indeed such is the
+nicety to which it may be brought, that you constantly hear people boast
+that their horses will &#8220;turn by the weight of the reins on the neck.&#8221;
+This, however, only proves the docility of the horse, and how badly he
+has been ridden. For a horse which has been finely broken should take
+notice only of the indications of his rider&#8217;s hands on his mouth, not of
+any side-feeling of the reins against his neck.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap1-7" id="chap1-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Indications are not <i>aids</i>.</span> By <i>indications</i> generally, I mean the motions and applications of the
+hands, legs, and whip, to direct and determine the paces, turnings,
+movements, and carriage of the horse. I have used the word throughout
+instead of <i>aids</i>, as being more explanatory and certainly less liable
+to abuse. For common sense tells us that a horse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> receives no aid from a
+pull in the mouth with a piece of iron, or a blow with a whip, or a kick
+in the side with an armed heel, however these may indicate to him the
+wishes or commands of his rider. I have also used the term <i>bearing</i> on
+the horse&#8217;s mouth instead of <i>appui</i>, since to those who do not
+understand French appui will convey no meaning at all,&mdash;and to those who
+do understand French it will convey the false ideas of the necessity and
+power of the rider to <i>support</i> his horse. I promise my pupil every
+<i>aid</i> and <i>support from</i> his horse. But I beg him not to think of
+offering either aid or support <i>to</i> his horse. I beg him to believe that
+the horse carries the rider, and not the rider the horse. But this we
+will discuss in another chapter. That the horse supports the rider is
+common sense: that the rider supports the horse is the common error.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Reins at full length.&mdash;The downward clutch.&mdash;Grecian mode of holding and
+handling the reins.&mdash;The side-clutch.&mdash;The two reins crossed in the
+hand.&mdash;A rein in each hand.&mdash;Turn to the right, and left.&mdash;The
+hunting hand.&mdash;The rough-rider&#8217;s hand.&mdash;Fixing the hands.&mdash;Use of
+both bridles at once.&mdash;Shortening the reins when held, one in each
+hand, mode of taught and of untaught horsemen.&mdash;Use of the
+whip.&mdash;Horses swerve, turn, and refuse <i>only to the left</i>.&mdash;Fault
+in &#8220;the great untaught,&#8221; English, two-handed rider.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap2-1" id="chap2-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Reins at full length.</span> To practise the indications of the hands, take the bridle which is
+attached to the chair at full length (<a href="#fig03">Fig. 3</a>), with the tips of the four
+fingers of the left hand between the reins at the centre, the first and
+fourth fingers detached to facilitate their working on the rein proper
+to each; the hand pendant, with the back to the front, and balance the
+chair on two legs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 270px;">
+<a name="fig03" id="fig03"></a><a href="images/fig03-full.png"><img src="images/fig03.png" width="270" height="348" alt="Man holding reins at full length in his left hand" title="FIG. 3.&mdash;REINS AT FULL LENGTH." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 3.&mdash;REINS AT FULL LENGTH.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>If the length of the rein suits, it may be so held in long rides when
+the horse is going quietly at an extended<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> walk, for directly as the
+slowness of the pace is the length of the horse, and so should be the
+length of the rein. The horse is at his greatest length when standing
+still, and if you force him to collect himself then, he will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> uneasy
+and fidget.<a name="FNanchor_16-1_1" id="FNanchor_16-1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_16-1_1" class="fnanchor">16-*</a> But the reins must never be loose. The bearing on the
+mouth, however lightly, must still be felt; and if the horse, in
+attempting to stare about, as colts and ill-ridden horses will, should
+throw his head to the right, it must be stopped by the feeling of the
+tip of the fourth finger on the left rein; if he throws his head to the
+left, by the feeling of the first finger on the right rein. But provided
+that the bearing on the horse&#8217;s mouth, and this power of keeping his
+head straight, are preserved, a horse cannot have too much liberty under
+the circumstances supposed. To turn to the right both reins must be
+pulled, the right the strongest, by feeling the tip of the first finger
+towards you; both legs must be pressed, the left the strongest; the whip
+shown on the left. To turn to the left the reverse indications.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 313px;">
+<a name="fig04" id="fig04"></a><a href="images/fig04-full.png"><img src="images/fig04.png" width="313" height="347" alt="Man holding reins in left hand and reaching with right hand to shorten them" title="FIG. 4.&mdash;DOWN CLUTCH." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 4.&mdash;DOWN CLUTCH.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;">
+<a name="fig05" id="fig05"></a><a href="images/fig05-full.png"><img src="images/fig05.png" width="303" height="379" alt="Man with reins in both hands, moving right hand to shorten the reins" title="FIG. 5.&mdash;DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 5.&mdash;DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="chap2-2" id="chap2-2"></a><span class="sidenote">Down clutch.</span> To take up the reins use the downward clutch<a name="FNanchor_16-2_2" id="FNanchor_16-2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_16-2_2" class="fnanchor">16-&#8224;</a> (<a href="#fig04">Fig. 4</a>); that is,
+place the two first fingers of the right hand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> between the reins at the
+greatest convenient distance, and slide them smoothly back. Repeat this
+movement, changing from hand to hand, and keeping the chair balanced and
+steady. This clutch is excellent for a straight-forward, <i>hot</i> horse; it
+shortens the reins any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> length at one movement, with a very low, steady
+bearing. Two hands may be used (<a href="#fig05">Fig. 5</a>). <a name="chap2-3" id="chap2-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Grecian mode.</span> I conceive this to be the
+Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins (see <a href="#frontispiece">frontispiece</a> and
+<a href="#vignette">vignette</a>, from the Elgin Marbles), except<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> that the Greeks had one
+finger between the reins instead of two; and they held the reins,
+whether together or divided, between the thumb and the second finger.
+The first finger was thus detached, and used only for guiding,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> by which
+very distinct indications may be given on either rein when both are in
+one hand.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<a name="fig06" id="fig06"></a><a href="images/fig06-full.png"><img src="images/fig06.png" width="341" height="363" alt="Man threading reins through both hands, with right hand in front of left hand" title="FIG. 6.&mdash;SIDE CLUTCH." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 6.&mdash;SIDE CLUTCH.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="chap2-4" id="chap2-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Side clutch.</span> At a walk, with a quiet horse, this <i>down</i> clutch may be turned into the
+<i>side</i>-clutch (<a href="#fig06">Fig. 6</a> and <a href="#fig07">Fig. 7</a>); it is nearly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> the same as the English
+mode of driving, but the right rein is uppermost, which facilitates the
+dividing the reins and placing them together again, and when the reins
+are in the left hand, the right rein quits the hand between the second
+and third finger. This allows you to hold one rein while you slip the
+other, besides that the left rein is not disturbed in taking the right
+rein in the right hand, and in returning it to the left hand.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 297px;">
+<a name="fig07" id="fig07"></a><a href="images/fig07-full.png"><img src="images/fig07.png" width="297" height="364" alt="Man with reins in both hands" title="FIG. 7.&mdash;SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 7.&mdash;SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="chap2-5" id="chap2-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Cross.</span> But the following position (<a href="#fig08">Fig. 8</a>) is the foundation of all fine
+handling, and therefore of all fine riding.</p>
+
+<p>And if the pupil will only thoroughly acquire this one movement he shall
+have my leave to consign the rest of my book &#8220;protervis in mare Creticum
+portare ventis.&#8221;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 357px;">
+<a name="fig08" id="fig08"></a><a href="images/fig08-full.png"><img src="images/fig08.png" width="357" height="338" alt="Man with reins in the left hand, with right hand reaching to take the reins in front of the left hand" title="FIG. 8.&mdash;CROSS." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 8.&mdash;CROSS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>We will call this movement cross, because the reins, when in one hand,
+are crossed inside the hand. Take the left rein with the three last
+fingers of the left hand, so that it enters the hand outside the little
+finger, and quits the hand between the first and second finger. Place
+the right rein in the left hand over the first and second finger, so
+that it enters the hand outside the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> finger and quits the hand
+between the second and third finger, so that the whole hand is between
+the reins where they enter the hand, and the second finger is between
+them where they quit the hand. <a name="chap2-6" id="chap2-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Rein in each hand</span> <a href="#fig09">Fig. 9</a> shows the rein in each hand.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;">
+<a name="fig09" id="fig09"></a><a href="images/fig09-full.png"><img src="images/fig09.png" width="341" height="372" alt="Man with a rein in each hand" title="FIG. 9.&mdash;REIN IN EACH HAND." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 9.&mdash;REIN IN EACH HAND.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>At every change from hand to hand the reins may be shortened to any
+extent. To lengthen them they must be slipped while a rein is in each
+hand, turning the two fore fingers towards you. You cannot pay too much
+attention to practising the cross from hand to hand on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> the balanced
+chair. There should be nothing approaching to a jerk or shake of either
+rein. Neither rein should be for an instant loosened, but an equal
+tension kept on both, and both should be of precisely equal length when
+crossed in one hand. Be assured, however childish it may appear to you,
+this practice will teach you the true principle of handling your horse,
+and will give to the bearings and indications of your hands on his mouth
+a delicate elasticity and resilience resulting from the play of every
+articulation from the tips of the fingers to the shoulders. At the same
+time if power is required, instead of having the left hand only, with
+the fourth finger only between the reins, by taking them in the full
+grasp of the hands it allows you to employ the whole strength of both
+shoulders.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 333px;">
+<a name="fig10" id="fig10"></a><a href="images/fig10-full.png"><img src="images/fig10.png" width="333" height="374" alt="Man with reins in left hand and whip reaching over to the left side" title="FIG. 10.&mdash;TURN TO THE RIGHT." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 10.&mdash;TURN TO THE RIGHT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 309px;">
+<a name="fig11" id="fig11"></a><a href="images/fig11-full.png"><img src="images/fig11.png" width="309" height="357" alt="Man with reins in left hand, whip in right hand pointing down to touch right side" title="FIG. 11.&mdash;TURN TO THE LEFT." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 11.&mdash;TURN TO THE LEFT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 326px;">
+<a name="fig12" id="fig12"></a><a href="images/fig12-full.png"><img src="images/fig12.png" width="326" height="368" alt="Man holding reins in both hands, hands oriented horizontally" title="FIG. 12.&mdash;HUNTING GALLOP." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 12.&mdash;HUNTING GALLOP.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cross together with the rein in each hand should be so constantly
+going on as to give the appearance of playing with the reins whenever
+anything like riding and handling is required. In fact, he who can use
+his reins in this manner with a riotous horse, without disturbing the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+bearing is a rider, he who cannot is not. <a name="chap2-7" id="chap2-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Turn to the right and left.</span> <a href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a> shows the turn to the
+right when the reins are crossed in the left hand, with the use of the
+whip. <a href="#fig11">Fig. 11</a> the turn to the left. <a name="chap2-8" id="chap2-8"></a><span class="sidenote"><br />Hunting and rough-rider&#8217;s hand.</span> <a href="#fig12">Fig. 12</a> for holding the horse to a
+hunting or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> racing gallop on a snaffle is the same as <a href="#fig09">Fig. 9</a>, but with
+the fists closed. <a href="#fig13">Fig. 13</a> is the same in a different position. It is the
+rough-rider&#8217;s hand for working a horse up and making him collect himself
+with a snaffle. And this is the only case where a little <i>working</i> of
+the bit on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> his mouth (the scier le bridon of the French) is to be
+allowed. <a name="chap2-9" id="chap2-9"></a><span class="sidenote">Fixing the hands.</span> <a href="#fig14">Fig. 14</a> is the same, with the thumbs fixed on the back of a
+chair. If a thumb is fixed in this way behind the lower part of each
+pummel, the lady acquires a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> hold which no horse can force; at the same
+time it gives the lowest possible and the steadiest possible bearing.
+The hand should be as open as is possible and as much closed as is
+necessary. Modifications of this position,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> with the hands closed, are
+used in holding the horse to his gallop in hunting and racing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 301px;">
+<a name="fig13" id="fig13"></a><a href="images/fig13-full.png"><img src="images/fig13.png" width="301" height="365" alt="Man with reins in both hands, hands oriented vertically" title="FIG. 13.&mdash;ROUGH-RIDER." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 13.&mdash;ROUGH-RIDER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 358px;">
+<a name="fig14" id="fig14"></a><a href="images/fig14-full.png"><img src="images/fig14.png" width="358" height="400" alt="Man with reins in both hands, bracing his thumbs on either side of the back of the chair" title="FIG. 14.&mdash;FIXING HANDS." /></a>
+<span class="caption">FIG. 14.&mdash;FIXING HANDS.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="chap2-10" id="chap2-10"></a><span class="sidenote">Use of both bridles at once.</span> To use the two bridles at once, that is, the four reins, place the
+little fingers between the reins, the snaffle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> inside, the curb outside.
+Let them quit the hands over the first finger, the thumb on them. In the
+left hand, the snaffle to the left of the thumb, the curb to the right.
+In the right hand the snaffle to the right, the curb to the left. This
+keeps them distinct, and allows the power of slipping or dropping
+either, by pressing the thumb only on the other. The two bridles should
+be always in two hands, except when placed together to shorten them. In
+a <i>storm</i>, that is, till you have time for nicety, treat the two bridles
+as if they were one.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap2-11" id="chap2-11"></a><span class="sidenote">Two handed shortening the rein, taught and untaught.</span> The mode of shortening the reins in two-handed riding, which I have seen
+rough-riders use, and which I have seen recruits taught when using the
+single snaffle in all riding-houses, civil or military, foreign or
+English, and which is detailed in the &eacute;cole du cavalier in the French
+cavalry ordonnance, is wholly vicious. There are no directions at all
+given for this in the treatise on military equitation in the regulations
+for the English cavalry, nor have I ever met with any in any book,
+foreign or English, except in the French ordonnance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> To shorten the
+right rein on the French system, bring the thumbs together, take the
+right rein with the thumb and first finger of the left hand, the thumbs
+touching, raise the left hand, and let the right rein slip till the
+thumbs are one inch apart. With the right rein thus, one inch shorter
+than the left, when it is required to shorten the left equally, by
+management you may bring the two thumbs together again without loosening
+the left rein. I say, by management, you may do so, but the chances are
+that the longest rein is invariably thus slackened previously to being
+shortened, and consequently, that the bearing on the horse&#8217;s mouth is
+disturbed. But supposing it possible to manage this by an inch at a
+time, it is quite impossible to manage it at a greater distance. If,
+therefore, you have to shorten both reins a foot, you cannot effect it
+without twenty-four operations. This is not at all an unlikely
+occurrence in riding unruly horses, for such horses are commanded by
+being made to bend or collect themselves. Their most frequent defence is
+jerking their heads away and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> extending themselves; and the facility of
+adjusting the length of the reins to the degree in which they extend or
+collect themselves, makes the difference of whether you can ride such
+horses or not. If, in riding a half-broken, hot, or violent horse, he
+jerks his head down so as to draw one rein six inches longer than the
+other, it is impossible to bring the thumbs together without slackening
+the longest rein&mdash;at the moment you wish it tightened&mdash;four or five
+inches. I need not dilate on the effect of this in riding such a horse
+as I have supposed.</p>
+
+<p>This French military system, then, of shortening the reins in two-handed
+riding is actually ridiculous. But a ridiculous system is better than no
+system at all. And except this French system, I know of <i>none taught</i>
+save those which I have attempted to teach in this chapter.</p>
+
+<p>What mistakes are made in this way, even by the <i>finest untaught</i>
+horseman, are shown in the last paragraph of this chapter.</p>
+
+<p>In all the practices enjoined above, the hand which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> quits the rein
+should slide along it <i>behind</i> the hand which receives the rein. And in
+all these positions the hand should always be at right angles with the
+reins; you then have the play of all the joints. If the hand is in the
+same line with the reins, the play is only from the elbow.</p>
+
+<p>The thumb should not be used where delicacy is required, since it acts
+in a contrary direction to the fingers, and entirely stops the play of
+all the joints of the hand and fingers. Close your thumb on your fingers
+and you will see.</p>
+
+<p>Where power is required, the change from the utmost resilience to the
+utmost rigidity is effected in the time necessary to close the fists.
+Every gradation, however, between the closed fists and the tips of the
+open fingers is at the option of the rider.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap2-12" id="chap2-12"></a><span class="sidenote">Use of the whip.</span> Gentlemen having a leg and spur on each side of the horse to urge and to
+guide him, should ride without any whip at all if the horse has been
+subjected to the leg, so as to have the right hand as free for the reins
+as the left: there should be no such thing as &#8220;<i>a bridle hand</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>&#8221; If a
+whip is carried, it should be as light as possible. It should be held up
+like a hunter or a rough-rider, not down like a jockey; and so
+completely between the <i>hand</i> and the thumb as to leave the <i>fingers</i>
+free for the reins. To carry that <i>club</i> called the handle of a hunting
+whip is a frightful enormity. The excuse is, to open gates; but if you
+put your horse&#8217;s side against a gate, it is better opened by the hand,
+but keep your leg from your horse&#8217;s side. The <i>fingering</i> of the reins
+should not be impeded even by thick gloves; as thick muffettees as you
+like, but no gloves thicker than kid.</p>
+
+<p>The action of the whip, by the turn of the wrist, on either side of the
+horse, is of every importance in lady&#8217;s riding, in colt-breaking, in
+riding the restive horse, and I had well nigh said, in hunting and race
+riding. <a name="chap2-13" id="chap2-13"></a><span class="sidenote">Horses swerve and turn only <i>to the left</i>.</span> For how often do we see the race lost by a swerve <i>to the left</i>
+(attributed to distress). The hunter invariably refuses by turning <i>to
+the left</i>. The restive horse invariably turns <i>to the left</i>. Have all
+horses joined in Holy Alliance to fight on one plan? If not, why do they
+all turn <i>to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> left</i>? Because the whip is only used <i>on the right</i>.
+There is, however, another cause which acts in conjunction with this.
+<a name="chap2-14" id="chap2-14"></a><span class="sidenote">Fault in English two-handed riding.</span> Even our finest two-handed English riders (who, in my opinion, are the
+finest riders in the world), when they use the right hand on the right
+rein, continue to hold both reins with the left hand, and they slip the
+right rein a little through the left hand in order to place both hands
+even. This is a most vicious habit. When they quit the right rein to use
+the whip, or to throw the arm back at a fence (another most vicious
+habit), by their system of holding and handling the reins they have not
+the power to place <i>the lengthened</i> right rein <i>short</i> in the left hand.
+Alas! poor horse! He is then pulled to the left by the left rein, driven
+to the left by the whip on the right, and then abused for answering
+these <i>natural</i> indications, which he has been trained <i>habitually</i> to
+obey.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<p><a name="Footnote_16-1_1" id="Footnote_16-1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16-1_1"><span class="label">16-*</span></a> This is one reason against an <i>unalterable</i>
+bearing-rein.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16-2_2" id="Footnote_16-2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16-2_2"><span class="label">16-&#8224;</span></a> Have mercy on this <i>little</i> word, <i>great</i> reader, and do
+compound a sesquipedalian clutch for me, out of digitus and &#948;&#8049;&#954;&#964;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#962;.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.&mdash;To make the horse collect
+himself.&mdash;Canter, right turn, right pass.&mdash;Left shoulder
+in.&mdash;Bearing on the mouth.&mdash;The horse must be made to collect
+himself in turning.&mdash;And should not be turned on one rein
+only.&mdash;Lady&#8217;s canter.&mdash;The quicker the pace, the greater degree of
+collection.&mdash;French and English mistake here.&mdash;The shy horse.&mdash;The
+restive horse.&mdash;Truth may be paradoxical.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap3-1" id="chap3-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.</span> There are three sorts of indications, retaining, urging, and guiding.</p>
+
+<p>The indications of the hands are of two sorts, guiding and retaining.
+Those of the legs and whip are also of two sorts, guiding and urging.
+Suppose a horse standing still with full liberty and fully extended. If
+the retaining indication of the hands only are given, he will go
+backward in a loose and extended form. If, on the contrary, the urging
+indication of the legs or whip only are given,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> he will move forward in
+a loose and extended form. <a name="chap3-2" id="chap3-2"></a><span class="sidenote">To make the horse collect himself.</span> If these two opposite indications (that is,
+retaining and urging) be given equally at the same time, the horse will,
+as it is termed, <i>collect</i> himself; that is, being pulled backward, and
+urged forward, at the same time, in obeying both indications a sort of
+condensation of the horse results, he bends his neck and brings his head
+in, and brings his haunches under him. If both indications are continued
+and increased, the horse will <i>piaff</i>, that is, continue collected, in
+motion, without progressing, or he will make the courbette or terre &agrave;
+terre or rear. If both indications are discontinued, he will resume the
+extended position of repose. If, again, from this position, both
+indications are given, but the retaining the strongest, the horse will
+go backward in a collected form. If both are given, but the urging
+indication the strongest, he will move forward in a collected form, at a
+walk, trot, or canter, according to the vivacity with which the
+indications are given.</p>
+
+<p>As far as this is clear enough. But now come some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> niceties which I am
+puzzled to explain. <a name="chap3-3" id="chap3-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Canter, right turn, right pass.</span> If the retaining and urging indications are given,
+but the right rein is felt the strongest, which is the guiding
+indication of the hand to the right, and the left leg is pressed the
+strongest, which is the guiding indication of the leg to the right, the
+horse should either turn to the right, or canter with the right leg, or
+he should <i>pass</i>, that is, cross his legs and go sideways to the right,
+bending and looking to the right. When the <i>same</i> indications are given
+it seems monstrous to require the horse to discover which of three
+<i>different</i> movements is required of him. In practice the skilful
+horseman finds no difficulty in making himself clear to his horse, by
+different modifications of the indications, and of the position of his
+weight. In theory I can give no rules for it <i>short enough to be read</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When the horse is passing to the right, if the indications of the legs
+are continued the same and those of hands reversed, that is, if the left
+rein is felt stronger than the right, the horse changes from right pass
+to <a name="chap3-4" id="chap3-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Left shoulder in.</span> &#8220;<i>left shoulder in</i>&#8221; (in towards the centre of the school) that is,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+he continues to cross his legs and go sideways to the right, but he
+bends and looks to the left. As the hands alone make this change, they
+may be said to guide here. If, from the left shoulder in, the
+indications of the hands are continued the same, and those of the legs
+reversed, that is, if the right leg is pressed stronger than the left,
+the horse changes from left shoulder in to left pass, that is, he
+continues to look to the left, but crosses his legs and goes sideways to
+the left. As the legs alone make this change they may be said to guide
+here.</p>
+
+<p>These are useful lessons, and, together with reining back, should be
+taught to all horses and all horsemen. Tie a string from eye to eye of
+the snaffle behind the horse&#8217;s chin, hold his head by this against a
+wall, and make him pass, the head leading, by showing him the whip. Make
+him do the same mounted in obedience to the leg, with the snaffle as in
+<a href="#fig13">Fig. 13</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap3-5" id="chap3-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Bearing on the mouth.</span> When the horse is in movement there should be a constant touch, or
+feeling, or play, or <i>bearing</i> between his mouth and the rider&#8217;s hands.
+It is impossible to bestow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> too much pains and attention on the
+acquirement of this. It is the index of the horse&#8217;s actions, temper, and
+<i>intentions</i>. It <i>forewarns</i> the rider of what he is about to do, and by
+it the rider feels <i>muscularly</i> without mental attention whether his
+horse requires more liberty or more collecting. And it is impossible
+that in this bearing on the horse&#8217;s mouth, or in the indications of the
+hands and legs generally, or in shortening and lengthening the reins,
+the rider can be too delicate, gradual, smooth, firm, and light. The
+hands should be perfectly free from any approach to a jerk, a loose
+rein, or uneven feeling on the mouth. The legs should be kept from any
+action approaching to a kick, except when the spur is given; that should
+be always present, and when used should be given smartly and withdrawn
+instantly, but the pressure of the legs should be perfectly smooth and
+gradual, though, if necessary, strong.</p>
+
+<p>If good riding is worth your attention do not think these things beneath
+your notice. For the acquirement of the bearing on the horse&#8217;s mouth,
+the turning your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> horse on the proper rein, smoothness of indications,
+and, in shortening the reins, the power of making your horse collect
+himself, and the working together of your hands and legs, are the unseen
+and unappreciated foundation on which good riding stands. These, and not
+strength or violence, command the horse. With these your horse will rely
+on your hand, comply to it, and, without force on your part, he will
+bend to your hand in every articulation. Without these, however
+unintentionally on your part, you will be perpetually subjecting him to
+the severest torture, to defend himself against which he will resist
+your hand, poke his nose, and stiffen his neck, and every other part of
+his body. The horse can endure no greater torture than that resulting
+from an uneven hand. This is known to every hack-cabman. Every
+hack-cabman has hourly experience that a <i>job</i> in the mouth will compel
+his jaded slave into a trot, when the solicitations of the whip have
+been long unanswered.</p>
+
+<p>The single case in which a jerk in the mouth is admissible is when your
+horse is about to kick, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> some one is within reach of his heels. The
+jerk causes him to throw up his head, and he cannot without difficulty
+raise his croupe at the same time. But except to save life or
+limb&mdash;supposing no one within reach&mdash;hold your hands high, and pull
+severely, but smoothly; do not jerk. This will in general be sufficient
+to prevent his kicking, but it is better that your horse should
+occasionally kick than that he should always go as stiff as a stake,
+which is the inevitable result of jerking.</p>
+
+<p>To keep the horse when in movement to a collected pace, the opposite
+indications of urging and retaining him must be continued. <a name="chap3-6" id="chap3-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Collect the horse to turn.</span> This working
+together of the hands and legs and the power of making the horse collect
+himself are also most essential in turning. A horse should never be
+turned without being made to collect himself&mdash;without being retained by
+the hands, and urged by the legs, as well as guided by both. That is, in
+turning to the right both hands should retain him, and the right guide
+him by being felt the strongest, both legs should urge him, and the left
+guide him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> by being pressed the strongest. The rider should also lean
+his weight to the right, and the shorter the turn and the quicker the
+pace, the more the horse should be made to collect himself, and the more
+both he and his rider should lean to the right. This is well seen, when
+a man standing on the saddle gallops round the circus. There the man
+must keep his position by balance alone, and were he not to lean
+inward&mdash;were he for a moment to stand perpendicularly, he would be
+thrown outside the circle by the centrifugal force. In turning suddenly
+and at a quick pace to the right, unless the rider leans his weight to
+the right, he will in like manner have a tendency to fall off on the
+left. If, by clasping his legs, he prevents this, his horse will be
+overbalanced to the left when turning to the right. <a name="chap3-7" id="chap3-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Do not turn on one rein only.</span> It is bad, in
+turning to the right, to run into the contrary extreme to the one-handed
+system, and, slackening the left rein, to haul the horse&#8217;s head round
+with the right rein only. The horse&#8217;s head should not be pulled farther
+round than to allow the rider to see the right eye; both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> legs, and
+particularly the left leg, should then urge the horse to follow the
+guiding rein.</p>
+
+<p>A lady, till very skilful, should ride with one bridle only at a time.
+The other bridle should be knotted loosely, and should lie on the
+horse&#8217;s neck.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap3-8" id="chap3-8"></a><span class="sidenote">Lady&#8217;s canter.</span> The indications for a lady&#8217;s horse to canter are an <i>over</i> collection
+and a tapping on the mane with the whip; that is, take your reins <i>too</i>
+short in the left hand, and tap the horse&#8217;s mane till he canters. When
+off, if the reins <i>are</i> too short, take one in each hand, turn the fore
+fingers towards you, and let the reins slip. If the horse goes freely up
+to your hand, keep a rein in each hand. If not, return the right rein to
+the left hand, and keep the whip ready to urge him up to his bit. If a
+lady has her reins at full length at a walk she should clutch, cross,
+canter. If the lady has her reins already crossed in the left hand at a
+walk, she should by two changes place them <i>too</i> short in the left hand
+before she uses the whip.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap3-9" id="chap3-9"></a><span class="sidenote">The quicker the pace the greater collection.</span> Every change of pace from slow to quick should be indicated to the horse
+by a greater collection; the &#8220;bride<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> abattu&eacute;,&#8221; and the &#8220;reines
+flottantes&#8221; system is a great mistake. <a name="chap3-10" id="chap3-10"></a><span class="sidenote"><br /><br />French and English mistake here.</span> So is the direction to the
+English cavalry (quoted <a href="#Page_6">p. 6</a>), to advance the little finger to make the
+horse advance. To make the horse advance the reins should be tightened;
+he should be made to collect himself, or he will advance in a loose and
+extended form.</p>
+
+<p>On account of ease to the rider, a lady&#8217;s horse is only permitted to
+canter with the right leg. He should never be cantered circles to left,
+or turned at a canter to the left, as unless the horse shifts his leg it
+will be an unfair exertion to ask of him. Cantering circles to the
+right, in open ground, where the horse has nothing to bias him but the
+indications he receives from the rider, is an admirable practice for a
+lady. An occasional race&mdash;who can canter slowest&mdash;is also good practice
+both for horse and rider. This must not be often repeated, nor must the
+horse be forced from a fair canter into a hobble or amble. Parade riders
+are too apt to be contented with wooden paces provided they are short.
+This is very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> vicious. Really to collect himself, a horse must <i>bend</i>
+himself. We cannot too often repeat Ovid&#8217;s line,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Flectitis</i> aut freno <i>colla</i> sequacis equi.</p>
+
+<p>With horses obstinately addicted to the left leg, which is frequently a
+result of being longed only to the left, it is a good plan to canter
+them side-footed to the right, that is, on a level line, on the side of
+a hill which rises to the right. In this case a very slight slope will
+incline the horse to take his right leg, and on the side of a steep hill
+he can scarcely avoid it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap3-11" id="chap3-11"></a><span class="sidenote">The shy horse.</span> There are three gradations in riding the shy horse. A man who pulls his
+horse&#8217;s head towards what he expects him to shy at, and uses violence,
+<i>makes</i> his horse shy. A man who leaves his horse&#8217;s head entirely loose,
+<i>lets</i> his horse shy. And a man who turns his horse&#8217;s head from what he
+expects him to shy at, <i>prevents</i> his horse from shying. Do not imagine
+that there will be any danger of the horse getting into trouble on the
+side opposite to what he shies at: the very contrary will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> the case.
+If, indeed, you pull his head towards the object of his alarm, and
+oblige him to face it, there is every probability that he will run
+blindly backward from it. And while his whole attention is fixed before
+him, he will go backward over Dover cliff if it chance to be behind him.
+Under such circumstances you cannot too rapidly turn your horse&#8217;s head
+and his attention from the fancied, to the substantial ill. But on
+common occasions the turning his head from what he shies at should be as
+gradual and imperceptible as possible. No chastisement should be allowed
+in any case. If he makes a start, you should endeavour not to make a
+<i>return</i> start. You should not, indeed, take more notice of a shy than
+you can possibly avoid; and unless the horse has been previously
+brutalised, and to re-assure him, you should not even caress him, lest
+even that should make him suspect that something awful is about to
+happen. The common error is the reverse of all this. The common error is
+to pull the horse&#8217;s head towards the object of his fear, and when he is
+facing it, to begin with whip and spur. Expecting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> to be crammed under
+the carriage-wheel, the horse probably rears or runs back into a ditch,
+or at least becomes more nervous and more riotous at every carriage that
+he meets. Horses are instantaneously made shy by this treatment, and as
+instantaneously cured by the converse of it. It is thus that all bad
+riders make all high-couraged horses shy, but none ever remain so in the
+hands of a good horseman.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap3-12" id="chap3-12"></a><span class="sidenote">The restive horse.</span> There is a common error, both in theory and practice, with regard to the
+restive horse. He is very apt to rear sideways against the nearest wall
+or paling. It is the common error to suppose that he does so with the
+view of rubbing his rider off. Do not give him credit for intellect
+sufficient to generate such a scheme. It is that when there, the common
+error is to pull his head <i>from</i> the wall. This brings the rider&#8217;s knee
+in contact with the wall, consequently all farther chastisement ceases;
+for were the rider to make his horse plunge, his knee would be crushed
+against the wall. The horse, finding this, probably thinks that it is
+the very thing desired,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> and remains there; at least he will always fly
+to a wall for shelter. Instead of <i>from</i> the wall, pull his head towards
+it, so as to place his eye, instead of your knee, against it; continue
+to use the spur, and the horse will never go near a wall again.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap3-13" id="chap3-13"></a><span class="sidenote">Truth may be paradoxical.</span> To pull a horse <i>from</i> what he shies at, and <i>towards</i> the wall he rubs
+you against, are very paradoxical doctrines. But, &#8001; &#956;&#8166;&#952;&#959;&#962; &#948;&#951;&#955;&#959;&#8150;,
+the fable shows, that truth <i>may</i> be paradoxical&mdash;that we <i>can</i>
+blow hot and blow cold with the same breath; and it was only the brutal
+wild man of the woods who drove the civilised man from his den, for
+performing the feat.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">The rider cannot raise the falling horse.&mdash;Harm is done by the
+attempt.&mdash;The bearing rein.&mdash;Mechanical assistance of the jockey to
+his horse.&mdash;Standing on the stirrups.&mdash;Difference between the
+gallop and the leap.&mdash;Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the
+horse.&mdash;The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap4-1" id="chap4-1"></a><span class="sidenote">The rider cannot raise the falling horse.</span> There is no more common error than to believe that the rider can hold
+his horse up when he is falling. How often do we hear a man assert that
+his horse would have been down with him forty times if he had not held
+him up; that he has taken his horse up between his hands and legs and
+lifted him over a fence; or that he has recovered his horse on the other
+side!</p>
+
+<p>These are vulgar errors, and mechanical impossibilities. Could ten men,
+with hand-spikes, lift the weight of a horse? Probably. Attach the
+weight to the thin rein of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> a lady&#8217;s bridle. Could a lady lift it with
+the left hand? I think not; though it is commonly supposed that she
+could. A pull from a curb will indeed give the horse so much pain in the
+mouth that he will throw his head up, and this so flatters the hand that
+its prowess has saved him, that the rider exclaims &#8220;It may be
+impossible, but it happens every day. Shall I not believe my own
+senses?&#8221; The answer is, No, not if it can be explained how the senses
+are deceived. Otherwise, we should still believe, as, till some few
+centuries ago, the world did believe, that the diurnal motion was in the
+sun, and not in the earth. Otherwise we must subscribe to the philosophy
+of the Turk, who</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Saw with his own eyes the moon was round,<br />
+<span class="i1">Was also certain that the earth was square,</span><br />
+Because he&#8217;d journey&#8217;d fifty miles and found<br />
+<span class="i1">No sign of its being circular anywhere.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="chap4-2" id="chap4-2"></a><span class="sidenote">Harm is done by the attempt.</span> But these errors are not harmless errors. They induce an ambitious
+interference with the horse at the moment in which he should be left
+unconfined to the use of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> own energies. If by pulling, and giving
+him pain in the mouth, you force him to throw up his head and neck, you
+prevent his seeing how to foot out any unsafe ground, or where to take
+off at a fence, and in the case of stumbling you prevent an action
+practically dictated by nature and theoretically justified by
+philosophy. When an unmounted horse stumbles, nature teaches him to drop
+his head and neck; philosophy teaches us the reason of it. During the
+instant that his head and neck are dropping the shoulders are relieved
+from their weight, and that is the instant in which the horse makes his
+effort to recover himself. If by giving him pain in his mouth, you force
+him to raise his head and neck instead of sinking them, his shoulders
+will still remain encumbered with the weight of them; more than this, as
+action and reaction are equal and in contrary directions, the muscular
+power employed to raise the head and neck will act to sink the shoulders
+and knees. The mechanical impossibility of the rider assisting his horse
+when falling may be demonstrated thus: no motion can be given to a body
+without a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> foreign force or a foreign fulcrum. Your strength is not a
+foreign force, since it is employed entirely on the horse. Nor can it be
+employed on the foreign fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of your
+reins; as much as you pull up, so much you pull down. If a man in a boat
+uses an oar, he can accelerate or impede the motion of the boat, because
+his strength is employed through the medium of the oar on the water,
+which is a foreign fulcrum. But if he takes hold of the chain at the
+head of the boat, his whole strength will not accelerate or impede the
+motion of the boat, because there is neither foreign force nor foreign
+fulcrum. His whole strength is employed within the boat, and as much as
+he pulls backward with his hands, he pushes forward with his feet. The
+baker can lift his basket, but not when he is himself in it.</p>
+
+<p>All the arguments which I have heard adduced against the doctrine here
+laid down would also go to prove that a horse cannot fall which has a
+bearing-rein and a crupper, that is, whose head is tied to his tail. <a name="chap4-3" id="chap4-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Bearing-rein.</span> Sir
+Francis Hea<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>d&#8217;s observations on bearing-reins, in the &#8220;Bubbles of the
+Brunnen,&#8221; are quite philosophical. They should only be used for purposes
+of parade, or to acquire greater power over a difficult <i>team</i>, or
+<i>loosely</i> to keep cart-horses &#8220;out of mischief.&#8221; Sir Francis&#8217;s
+observations are also true of the harness used by the peasantry of
+Nassau which he describes, but this arises from the poverty, not the
+philosophy of the peasants; those among them, who have money enough to
+buy smart harness have the most elaborate bearing-reins that I have ever
+seen. One, a chain, from the lower part of the collar, which binds the
+horse&#8217;s chin to his breast, and another over the upper part of the
+collar, along and above the back to the tail, independent of the
+terret-pad and crupper. This is tying the horse&#8217;s head to his tail with
+a vengeance.<a name="FNanchor_54-1_3" id="FNanchor_54-1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_54-1_3" class="fnanchor">54-*</a> To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> be consistent, the opponents of the theory which
+I have laid down should act on this principle&mdash;though I have never known
+them go quite so far. Sed quis custodes custodiet ipsos? What is to
+prevent the tail from falling forward with the body? They indeed argue,
+&#8220;Surely if you throw back the weight of the shoulders over the croupe of
+the horse, you relieve his fore-hand, and diminish the chance of his
+falling.&#8221; This is rather to propose a new method of preventing a horse
+from falling, than to prove the advantage of pulling at the mouth while
+he is falling; for if it is of any advantage to throw your weight back,
+then the less you pull at the mouth the better, for the more you pull,
+the less you are at liberty to throw the weight back. But, in truth, it
+is of no advantage to throw the weight back when the stumble is made. If
+a position is previously taken up on the croupe of the horse, the
+pressure will be less on the fore-hand than if you were placed in a
+forward position. But during the time that the position is in the act of
+being shifted, that is, during the time that the horse is falling, the
+act of throwing your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> own weight back produces an exactly equivalent
+pressure forward, in all respects the counterpart of your own motion
+backward, in intensity and duration. It is useless to dwell on this
+subject, or to adduce the familiar illustrations which it admits of. It
+is a simple proposition of mechanical equilibrium, and any one who is
+conversant with such subjects <i>must</i> assent to it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap4-4" id="chap4-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Mechanical assistance of jockey.</span> The question whether a jockey can mechanically assist his horse, does
+not rest on the same footing. I believe he can, thus. If a man sits
+astride of a chair, with his feet off the ground, and clasps the chair
+with his legs, by the muscular exertion of his lower limbs he can jump
+the chair along. The muscular force is there employed on the foreign
+fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of the legs of the chair. The
+muscular action strikes the chair downward and backward, and if the
+chair was on ice it would recede, so also would the feet of a horse in
+attempting to strike forward. If the chair was on soft ground, it would
+sink, so also would a horse, in proportion to the force of the muscular
+stroke. But if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> the resistance of the ground is complete, the reaction,
+which is precisely equal and in a contrary direction to the action, will
+throw the body of the man upward and forward, and by clasping with his
+legs he will draw the chair also with him. But he can only accomplish in
+this way a very little distance with a very great exertion. If the
+jockey made this muscular exertion every time that his horse struck with
+his hind feet, his strength would be employed on the foreign fulcrum,
+the ground, through the medium of his horse&#8217;s bony frame. Thus the
+jockey would contribute to the horizontal impulse of his own weight, and
+exactly in proportion to the muscular power exerted by the jockey, the
+muscular system of the horse would be relieved. At the same time no
+additional task is thrown on the bony frame of the horse, since, if the
+jockey had not used his muscular power on it in impelling his own
+weight, the muscular system of the horse must have been so employed. It
+is true, that not much is done after all with a prodigious exertion, but
+if that little gains six inches in a hardly contested race<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> it may make
+the difference of its being lost or won. Thus an easy race is no
+exertion to a jockey, but after a hardly contested one, he returns with
+his lips parched, his tongue sticking to the roof of his mouth, and
+every muscle quivering.</p>
+
+<p>The working a horse up with both hands on his mouth is easier to the
+jockey than using the whip, and more effective in rousing the horse to
+his greatest exertion.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap4-5" id="chap4-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Standing on the stirrups.</span> What is called &#8220;standing on the stirrups&#8221; consists chiefly in bringing
+the weight forward on to both thighs. In this position the rider has a
+greater power of adjusting the balance of his weight to the movements of
+his horse. In racing it is practically proved to be <i>essential</i>. And it
+is of infinite service to the horse in the long and severe galloping of
+hunting.</p>
+
+<p>It is surprising that the English are the only people who rise in the
+stirrup at a trot; it is not surprising that other nations are beginning
+to follow their example.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap4-6" id="chap4-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Difference between the gallop and the leap.</span> In galloping, the horse&#8217;s legs catch the eye most when they are from
+under him, and he is drawn with all<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> four from under him. In truth, his
+hind legs are under him when his fore legs are from under him, and his
+fore legs are under him when his hind legs are from under him; his hind
+feet pass over where his fore feet rested, so that from footprint to
+footprint he clears very little <i>space</i>. In fact, owing to what is
+called <i>leading</i> with one leg, the line between his two fore feet and
+the line between his two hind feet are by no means at right angles to
+the line of his direction; so that the greatest distance from footprint
+to footprint is not nearly half his stroke. The leap differs from the
+gallop not only in the greater <i>space of ground</i> cleared by the feet,
+but in the greater <i>space of time</i> for which the feet quit the ground;
+this last difference is of more importance than might be imagined.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap4-7" id="chap4-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Steeple-chases unfair on the horse.</span> Ant&aelig;us was not peculiar in his dependence for strength on contact with
+his mother earth. In leaping, neither man nor horse can draw breath
+while in the air, that is, from the time the feet leave the ground till
+they again touch it. But <i>quick</i> breathing (the creber anhelitus)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> is
+not only a consequence of distress for wind, but it is a vital necessity
+when distressed for wind. And the impossibility to draw breath when off
+the ground is the reason of the death of horses in steeple-chasing and
+hurdle-racing; they die of suffocation. The reason is a sufficient one
+for the discontinuance of such racing and chasing.</p>
+
+<p>A mounted horse will overtake a dismounted horse, his superior in speed.
+It is the common error to suppose that this results from the mechanical
+assistance of the rider. The real reason is, that the dismounted horse
+goes off, like an inexperienced jockey, at his utmost speed. I do not
+believe that a horse can do this for more than a hundred yards without
+being distressed for wind (and I speak from experience with Mr. Drummond
+Hay&#8217;s barbs at Tangier, which were trained to the feat). The rider
+starts at a pace which he knows his horse can keep, and the dismounted
+horse, though he gains on him at first, <i>comes back to him</i> as the
+jockeys say: for a horse which has been distressed for wind in the first
+hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> yards, will not arrive at the end of a mile nearly so soon as
+if he had gone the whole at the best pace he could stay at. Here the
+assistance from the rider is mental not mechanical.</p>
+
+<p>When mounted it never happens to any horse but an arab or a barb to go
+his best <i>muscular</i> pace. What we call best pace is the best pace a
+horse can stay at for <i>wind</i>. If a common hack were started fresh for
+the last hundred yards against the best horses in England when finishing
+their race, he would have it hollow.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap4-8" id="chap4-8"></a><span class="sidenote">The rider should not lift his horse at a fence.</span> Woe to the sportsman who ambitiously attempts to lift his horse
+mechanically over a fence on the principle discussed above; he is much
+more likely to throw him into it. He had better content himself with
+sitting quietly on his horse, holding him only just enough to keep his
+head straight and to regulate his pace, and trust the rest to his
+horse&#8217;s honour. The horse should feel sufficiently commanded to know
+that he <i>must</i> go, and sufficiently at liberty to know that he <i>may</i> use
+all his capabilities. The body should not previously be thrown back, but
+as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> horse springs, the lower part of the rider being firmly fixed in
+the saddle, and the upper part perfectly pliable, the body will fall
+back of itself; and with strong jumping horses, or at down leaps, the
+shoulders of fine riders will constantly meet their horse&#8217;s croupes.</p>
+
+<p>A bad horseman throws his horse down, which a good one does not. That
+is, because the bad horseman hurries his horse over hard or rough
+ground, or down hill, or over loose stones&mdash;allows him to choose his own
+ground&mdash;lets him flounder into difficulties, and when there, hauls him
+so that he cannot see, or exert himself to get out of them, and
+expecting chastisement, the horse springs and struggles to avoid it
+before he has recovered his feet, and goes down with a tremendous
+impetus. If he has to cross a rut to the right he probably forces his
+horse across it when the right foot is on the ground. In this case,
+unless the horse collects himself and jumps&mdash;if he attempts to step
+across it, the probability is that in crossing his legs he knocks one
+against the other and falls. The reverse of all this should be the case.
+If<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> you have not sufficient tact to feel which of your horse&#8217;s feet is
+on the ground, you must allow him to choose his own time for crossing,
+which will be when the left foot is on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>You should habitually choose your horse&#8217;s ground for him, for,
+notwithstanding his often vaunted sagacity and safety, the wisest among
+horses will, to avoid a moving leaf, put his foot over a precipice. This
+will become as easy to you as choosing your own path in walking. If your
+horse has made a false step, or is in difficulties, you cannot leave him
+too much at liberty, or be too quiet with him. The only notice to be
+taken is to re-assure him by caressing him, if you see that he expects
+chastisement from previous brutal treatment.</p>
+
+<p>I will add that you should habitually prevent your horse out-walking or
+lagging behind his companions; he is either very unsociable or a bad
+horseman, who does not keep abreast of his companions. Besides, horses,
+being gregarious, are apt to follow one another. This should not be.
+Your horse should be in perpetual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> obedience to the indications which
+your hands and legs give him, and to nothing else. These indications
+should not only decide the pace which he is to take, but deal out to him
+the rate at which each pace is to be executed, and also determine his
+carriage during the performance of it; that is, the degree in which he
+is to collect himself, or the degree of liberty which is to be allowed
+him.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<p><a name="Footnote_54-1_3" id="Footnote_54-1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54-1_3"><span class="label">54-*</span></a> Of all stupid appliances of man to his horse, the most
+dense is the Austrian and south German mode of driving the einspanner or
+single horse or a leader. The rein goes single from the driver&#8217;s hand,
+and divides into two at the horse&#8217;s neck. The driver, therefore, has no
+power of making a distinct indication on either rein: and to turn, he
+whips and jerks till the horse guesses his meaning.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">THE SEAT.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">There is one direction which applies to all seats.&mdash;Different seats for
+different styles of riding.&mdash;The man&eacute;ge and the Eastern seats are
+the extremes.&mdash;The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in
+line.&mdash;Medium length of stirrup for common riding.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap5-1" id="chap5-1"></a><span class="sidenote">One direction for all seats.</span> There is one direction which, I think, applies to all seats. Turn the
+thigh from the hip, so as to bring the hollow to the saddle; this places
+the foot straight to the front, with the heel out and the toe in.
+Trotting without stirrups, on the thigh only, with the heel down and the
+toe up, shoulders back, a snaffle-rein in each hand, like a rough-rider
+(<a href="#fig13">Fig. 13</a>), is the best possible practice for sitting.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap5-2" id="chap5-2"></a><span class="sidenote">Different seats for different styles of riding.</span> Farther than this I abstain from giving any particular directions about
+the seat; because, though I consider the rules here laid down for the
+hands as applicable to every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> species of riding (I have excepted the
+soldier with his weapon in his right hand), I think there is a peculiar
+seat proper to many different styles of riding. <a name="chap5-3" id="chap5-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Man&eacute;ge and Eastern seats the extremes.</span> The extremes of these
+are the man&eacute;ge and the Eastern styles, both admirable in their way, and
+perfectly practical, but each wholly inapplicable to the performances of
+the other.</p>
+
+<p>What can be more perfect than the seats of M. de Kraut and the Marquis
+de Beauvilliers, in De la Gu&eacute;rini&egrave;re&#8217;s work, or the engraving of M. de
+Nestier? But I do not think that a man in such a seat would look well,
+or perform well, in a five-pound saddle, over the beacon course: still
+less that he could lay the reins on the neck of a well-bred horse, and
+at full speed lie along his horse&#8217;s side, and with his own body below
+his horse&#8217;s back, prime and load a long Persian gun, jump up and use
+both hands to fire to the right or left, or over his horse&#8217;s croupe; or
+that he could wield a long heavy lance with the power of a Cossack; or
+at full gallop hurl the djerrid to the rear with the force of a Persian,
+and again, without any diminution of speed, pick it from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> ground. On
+the other hand, his peculiar seat renders the Eastern horseman so
+utterly helpless in the performances of the man&eacute;ge, that he is unable to
+make his horse rein back, or <i>pass</i> sideways a step. And I have seen
+three hundred Mussulman troops from the northern parts of Persia (each
+of whom would perform forty such feats as I have mentioned) take more
+than an hour to form a very bad parade line, in single rank. When one of
+them was the least too far forward, or had an interval between him and
+the dressing hand, however small, as he could neither make his horse
+rein back, nor pass sideways, he was obliged to ride out to the front,
+turn round to the rear, and ride into the rank afresh, and so in
+succession every man beyond him. <a name="chap5-4" id="chap5-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Long stirrups are necessary for cavalry.</span> This was an affair of seat; the Eastern
+horseman&#8217;s leg does not come low enough to give his horse what are
+called <i>sides</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On <i>sides</i> depend reining back and passing; on reining back and passing
+depend <i>closing</i> and <i>dressing</i>, and consequently the power of acting in
+line. On <i>sides</i> also depends the <i>central</i> wheel of threes <i>on their
+own ground</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> This is an invaluable attribute to cavalry, regular or
+irregular. On the plain, the central wheel of threes affords the only
+true principle of correcting intervals between squadrons, regiments, or
+brigades, whether in line or in line of columns. Threes also supply the
+most perfect principle of retiring in line in the presence of an enemy,
+with the power of instantly showing front, provided that (according to
+regulation) leaders are appointed to the rear, the same as to the front.
+In the defile, for advanced or rear-guard movements, threes alone afford
+the power to occupy the entire width of a lane, road, street, or defile,
+with the perfect facility of constant and instant alternation of
+retiring and advancing. Without some <i>central</i> wheel, columns or
+divisions occupying the width of a road or street, <i>can not retire</i>; or
+when retiring, cannot show front to the enemy. With reining back and
+passing (and they are easily acquired) irregular cavalry might move with
+the precision of regular cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>I should say, that the most perfect seat for the man&eacute;ge should be
+shortened for the soldier to give him power<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> with his weapons; that the
+military rider should take up his stirrups when he goes hunting; the
+hunter the same when he rides a race; and for tours de force, I consider
+the short stirrup-leather and the broad stirrup-iron of the East
+indispensable&mdash;they give, in fact, the strength of the standing instead
+of the sitting posture. The Cossack retains this standing posture even
+at a trot; few Eastern horsemen allow that pace at all, but make their
+horses walk, amble, or gallop.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap5-5" id="chap5-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Medium for common riding.</span> The English hunting seat is, in point of length, the medium of those
+mentioned; and perhaps that seat, or something between that and the
+military seat, is the best adapted to common riding. It unites, in a
+greater degree than any other, ease, utility, power, and grace.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Directions to place a lady on her saddle.&mdash;Directions to mount at a
+halt.&mdash;In movement.&mdash;To dismount in movement.&mdash;To vault on at a
+halt.&mdash;Circus for practising these movements.&mdash;To pick a whip from
+the ground.&mdash;To face about in the saddle.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap6-1" id="chap6-1"></a><span class="sidenote">To mount a side-saddle.</span> To mount, a lady should place her left hand on the pummel or leaping
+horn, the right hand on the off side of the cantle, or as far towards it
+as possible, and should seat herself between her two hands; she should
+give the left foot, this should be kept precisely under the weight; if
+it is given forward (which is the common error) each person is pushed
+backward one from the other. This should be practised on any piece of
+furniture; the man should use both his hands, and in this way a weak
+person may put up the heaviest weight. You may put a man of fifteen
+stone on the top of a door<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> with the greatest ease,&mdash;try if you can do
+this in any other way.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap6-2" id="chap6-2"></a><span class="sidenote">To mount at a halt.</span> To mount, a man should place his left shoulder to his horse&#8217;s left
+shoulder, so as to look to the horse&#8217;s rear; take your whip, reins, and
+the mane in the left hand, with the right hand take the lower part of
+the stirrup-leather between the fore-finger and thumb, the little finger
+on the upper part of the stirrup-iron; take a hop forward facing the
+saddle and turning your toe to the horse&#8217;s front <i>without touching his
+side</i>, take the cantle with the right hand and up. <a name="chap6-3" id="chap6-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Or in movement.</span> If the horse moves
+on, he only spares you the previous hop, and by walking or running
+backward with him you may mount almost at a gallop. In taking the right
+stirrup, avoid touching the horse with the spur, or even pressing him
+with the leg. If he has been made shy by such usage, place your left
+hand on the pummel, and with the right hand place the stirrup on the
+foot, keeping both legs from the horse&#8217;s sides.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap6-4" id="chap6-4"></a><span class="sidenote">To dismount in movement.</span> To dismount in movement, lay the reins on the neck, one or both knotted
+short; take the pummel with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> left hand the cantle with the right,
+pass the right leg over the neck, shift the right hand to the pummel,
+and as you descend, the left hand to the flap. With the strength of both
+arms throw your feet forward in the direction in which the horse is
+going, this may be done at a gallop. <a name="chap6-5" id="chap6-5"></a><span class="sidenote">To vault on or over in movement.</span> If it is wished to vault on again,
+while the right hand holds the pummel take the mane with the left, and
+without taking a step you may go up or over, the quicker the pace the
+easier. <a name="chap6-6" id="chap6-6"></a><span class="sidenote"><br />To vault on at a halt.</span> It is difficult to jump on to the saddle at a halt, the easiest
+way is to take the mane as directed for mounting and to jump from the
+left foot, the right hand coming on to the pummel as you descend into
+the saddle.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap6-7" id="chap6-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Circus for practice.</span> To practise these movements, form a circus by placing wattle hurdles on
+end, leaning outward against the <i>shores</i> or staves; take the stirrups
+off, tie a string over the flaps and the horse&#8217;s head loosely to this&mdash;a
+man with a driving whip in the middle. Circus riding, I believe,
+originated in England, in the time of our grandfathers; in Germany it is
+called &#8220;English reiten.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap6-8" id="chap6-8"></a><span class="sidenote">To pick a whip from the ground.</span> To pick a whip from the ground, take the pummel with the right hand,
+place the side of the left foot against the girth, the toe between the
+horse&#8217;s elbows, bring the back of the right leg on to the top of the
+saddle, and let yourself down to the full stretch of your right arm;
+this is very easy at the halt, still easier on the move, <i>if your horse
+is quiet</i>. If you fail, you only dismount on your hands instead of your
+feet, which on turf may be done innocuously at a canter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap6-9" id="chap6-9"></a><span class="sidenote">To face about in the saddle.</span> To face about in the saddle place the palms of the hands on the pummel,
+throw your legs out horizontally over the horse&#8217;s croupe, turn and come
+into the saddle facing to the tail. If M. Cui Bono remarks that the last
+two feats are, like others which I might detail, useless, I answer, that
+the practice of no feat of activity or strength is useless. Activity and
+strength, the unct&aelig; dona pal&aelig;str&aelig;, form a firm assurance against perils,
+not only to your own life but to the lives of others.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">THE BIT.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Place of the bit in the mouth.&mdash;Principle of the bit.&mdash;Action of the
+common bit.&mdash;Action of the Chifney bit.&mdash;The loose eye.&mdash;The
+noseband.&mdash;The horse&#8217;s defence against the bit by the
+tongue.&mdash;Effect of the porte against this defence.&mdash;Defence by the
+lip.&mdash;Defence by the teeth.&mdash;Bar of the military and driving
+bit.&mdash;Martingale.&mdash;Danger does not result from power.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap7-1" id="chap7-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Place of bit in the mouth.</span> To give the bit its most powerful action it should be placed so low as
+only just to clear the tusks in a horse&#8217;s mouth, and to be one inch
+above the corner teeth in a mare&#8217;s mouth. The curb-chain should be so
+tight as not to admit more than one finger freely between it and the
+chin; these rules are simple, and should be attended to by all riders; a
+horseman should no more mount with his bit improperly placed, than a
+seaman should set sail with his helm out of order.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-2" id="chap7-2"></a><span class="sidenote">Principle of the bit.</span> A twitch round the lower jaw, under the tongue, on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> <i>bars</i> or parts
+of the mouth <i>bare</i> of teeth, is perhaps the most certain, powerful, and
+severe instrument to hold a horse with, and it may be tightened till it
+becomes a dreadful implement of torture. Next to this is what is called
+the dealer&#8217;s halter, which is merely a narrow thong of leather in like
+manner tied round the lower jaw, under the tongue, but incapable of
+being tightened or slackened like the twitch. The bit is a most
+ingenious attempt to grasp the lower jaw by the same bare parts, with
+the capability of contracting or of perfectly relaxing the grasp, by the
+application or withdrawal of the powers of the lever. This is the
+intended action of the bit,&mdash;the philosopher&#8217;s stone,&mdash;after which all
+bit-projectors and bit-makers have laboured; the obstacles to be
+overcome are various and perhaps insuperable, and indeed could the
+powers of the lever be employed on such exquisitely sensitive parts as
+the bare jaws, when within this iron vice, perhaps no hand could be
+found sufficiently delicate to use them. By pressing your finger-nail
+against your own gums, you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> may form some idea of the agony such an
+implement would have the power of giving to a horse; anything
+approaching to harsh, hard, handling with it would drive him desperate,
+and force him to throw himself over backward; the idea of lifting his
+weight by such parts grasped with iron is absurd, still more
+preposterously barbarous that of arresting the headlong impetus of a
+falling horse by them. Fortunately the power of the rider is here very
+limited, and the horse defends himself against it by throwing his head
+upward and backward, and thus the rider only breaks his horse&#8217;s knees
+instead of his jaws.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-3" id="chap7-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Action of common bit.</span> But a common bit placed in the common way never touches the horse&#8217;s bars
+at all, it is usually placed higher than as directed above, and, as it
+pivots on the <i>eye</i> (that part to which the headstall is attached) when
+in use, it rises in the horse&#8217;s mouth&mdash;higher directly as the length of
+the <i>cheek</i> (the upper part of the branch or side of the bit) and inside
+the mouth it has a mixed action, on the fleshy part of the gums above
+the bars, on the lips, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> (owing to the narrowness of the porte) on
+the tongue. Outside the mouth, the bit acts on the coarse part of the
+two jawbones, above the fine part of the chin, where the two jawbones
+meet, where the curb-chain was originally placed, and where it should
+act; and I consider this sort of upward <i>grating</i> action as calculated
+to excite, rather than to restrain a horse. <a name="chap7-4" id="chap7-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Action of a Chifney bit.</span> A Chifney bit, as it pivots
+on the mouthpiece, avoids this; its action is quite independent of the
+headstall, and is precisely on the parts where it is originally placed.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-5" id="chap7-5"></a><span class="sidenote">The loose eye.</span> The square-cut eye of the regimental bit greatly impedes its action,
+besides cutting the leather of the headstall; to remedy this, about a
+quarter of a century ago, I placed on the bit of the 2nd Life Guards
+what has since received the name of &#8220;the loose eye,&#8221; and I am proud to
+see it still where I placed it. It was not intended for common bits; the
+round eye and the snap hook give them perfect freedom of action. &#8220;The
+loose eye&#8221; has, however, become common on common bits.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-6" id="chap7-6"></a><span class="sidenote">The noseband.</span> A noseband prevents the cheek of the bit and of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> headstall from
+going forward, and so impedes the true action of the bit. To close the
+horse&#8217;s mouth, in order that a high porte may act against the roof of
+the mouth, is a monstrous notion. I had the honour to abolish nosebands
+in the 2nd Life Guards.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-7" id="chap7-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Defence against the bit by the tongue.</span> The horse employs his tongue as a defence against the bit, passively as
+a cushion to protect the more tender parts on which the bit is intended
+to work, and actively he uses the muscles of the tongue, in resistance
+to it: this may be proved by using a straight mouthpiece, or one arched
+upward or downward, but without a porte. From under these a horse will
+never withdraw his tongue, and he will go with a dead bearing on the
+hand, though equal, that is, not more on one side of the mouth than on
+the other. <a name="chap7-8" id="chap7-8"></a><span class="sidenote">Effect of the porte.</span> Even a very narrow porte, not a quarter the width of the
+tongue, will suffice, when pressure is used, to defeat this defence, and
+completely to engage the tongue within the porte. But being then much
+compressed, it will sustain a great part of the leverage, and the horse
+will endeavour still more to make his tongue the fulcrum<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> of the bit,
+and to relieve his bars from that office, by protruding his tongue, and
+thus forcing the thick part of it within the porte. If the porte is made
+wide so as to allow space for the tongue, the corners formed by the
+porte and the cannons (those parts between the porte and the branches)
+are apt to work injuriously against the bars, and also to slip quite off
+them, which makes the action of such bits uncertain, though they are
+very effective and severe if the mouthpiece is no wider than the horse&#8217;s
+mouth. But the mouthpiece which gives complete room for the tongue, and
+yet brings the cannons into perfect contact with the bars, is that of
+which M. de Solleysell claims the invention, and which he describes as
+&#8220;&agrave; pas d&#8217;asne, with the porte gained from the thickness of the heels.&#8221;
+Let the mouthpiece be in width four inches inside, this I believe, will
+be sufficient for most horses, since the part of a horse&#8217;s mouth where
+the bit should work is narrowest, and the cheeks should consequently be
+set outward. Let the entrance to the porte, between the heels be
+three-fourths of an inch,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> and let the porte open laterally to two and a
+half inches inside.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-9" id="chap7-9"></a><span class="sidenote">Defence by the lip.</span> But when the tongue is perfectly disengaged from the bars by the porte,
+the horse will still defend them by drawing his lip in on one side,
+interposing it between one bar and one cannon of the bit, and pulling on
+one side of his mouth only. It is the common error to attribute this to
+nature having formed one bar stronger than the other; but these and
+other tricks are not to be looked on as the results of natural defects,
+but as habitual defences against the pain caused by a hard, harsh
+bearing on the horse&#8217;s bars; with a smooth and gentle bearing he will
+not take to them, or will discontinue them. For callous bars Xenophon
+prescribes gentle friction with oil! and the practice of the Augustan
+age of the man&eacute;ge, recommended by Berenger was to amputate that part of
+the tongue which a horse protruded or lolled out!</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-10" id="chap7-10"></a><span class="sidenote">Defence by the teeth.</span> One of the most common defences against the bit is taking the <i>leg</i> (the
+lower part of the branch) of the bit with the corner tooth. This is
+easily counteracted by a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> lip-strap. It should fasten <i>round</i> the leg of
+the bit, so as to slide up and down, and should be tight enough to be
+horizontal.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-11" id="chap7-11"></a><span class="sidenote">Bar of the military and driving bit.</span> The reason for the bar at the lower part of a driving bit or a military
+bit, is to prevent the horse catching his bit over his neighbour&#8217;s
+reins. The French cavalry ordonnance, in discussing the merits of this
+bar, does not seem to be aware of its origin and meaning.</p>
+
+<p>If the theories here laid down are true, it will result that the common
+bits are best for the common run of coarse hands, as being less severe,
+from their action being divided and on less sensible parts; and also,
+that they should be curbed more loosely, and placed higher in the
+horse&#8217;s mouth, in proportion to the degree of coarseness to be expected
+in the rider&#8217;s hand. <a name="chap7-12" id="chap7-12"></a><span class="sidenote">Martingale.</span> So although a martingale spoils hands, it may be
+used as a defence, that is, supposing the necessity of mounting a high,
+harsh hand on a susceptible horse. In this case an easy snaffle with a
+running martingale will at least<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> counteract the height of the hand, and
+the friction will to a certain degree steady and counteract the unequal
+bearing on the horse&#8217;s mouth. A low smooth hand is the only true
+martingale: this will never be acquired as long as an implement is used
+which tends to permit harsh, high handling with impunity to the rider.</p>
+
+<p>The snaffle, even of a double bridle, should be sewed to the bridle; it
+is safer for leading, and it is only the curb bit which you wish to have
+the power of changing. The reins should be thin and supple, they will
+last the longer for it; for reins break from being stiff and cracking,
+and suppleness of reins is essential to delicacy of hand.</p>
+
+<p>As the collected paces of the parade are not in vogue in England, a
+gentleman rarely has occasion for his curb at all, except to train a
+horse for a lady, or in the case where a commanding power is required
+over a horse who, by bad or cruel handling, has become a puller, or
+habitually restive, or whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> animal impetuosity or ferocity leads him
+to attack his neighbours. In such a case a Chifney bit, with the
+mouth-piece described, with half the length of leg, and a third part of
+the weight, will be found more effective than a clipper bit; and at the
+same time that weight is got rid of, danger is avoided, which, with
+branches running far below the horse&#8217;s mouth, is very great in going
+through living fences or coverts.</p>
+
+<p>With such a bit, so placed, I have seen the taper tips of the most
+beautiful fingers in the world constrain the highest-mettled and hottest
+thorough-bred horses, and &#8220;rule them when they&#8217;re wildest.&#8221; It is an
+implement which will give to the weakest hand the power of the
+strongest, which most of the strongest hands cannot be trusted to wield,
+and which, if ladies&#8217; hands are light, equal, and smooth, will give them
+the power of riding horses such as few men might venture to mount.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap7-13" id="chap7-13"></a><span class="sidenote">Danger does not result from power.</span> Provided the indications from the hand are true and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> gentle, no danger
+to the rider nor resistance from the horse will result from power, but
+on the contrary, safety to the rider and obedience from the horse. This
+is the only mode of accounting for the fact that there are thousands of
+hands which perform to admiration in driving, with the most severe bits,
+but which are quite unfit to be trusted in riding with anything but a
+snaffle bridle; for, in driving, the terret-pad prevents false
+indications on the bit, therefore to ensure true ones being given, two
+hands are used, or when one only, two fingers are placed between the
+reins instead of the fourth finger only, consequently the horse obeys
+the slightest touch, and consequently his mouth and the driver&#8217;s hand
+become mutually more light; but put the driver and driven together, as
+rider and ridden, with the same bit, the reins in one hand, and the
+fourth finger only between them, and what will follow? The rider gives a
+wrong indication; the horse turns the wrong way, or stops; the rider
+insists, and applies force; the horse rears; one or both fall
+back<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span>wards; the blame is laid on the severity of the bit, instead of the
+wrong application of it, and the brute force of the rider.</p>
+
+<p>And observe, that it is power which I advocate, and not force; &#8220;&#8217;Tis
+well to have the giant&#8217;s strength, but tyrannous to use it like a
+giant.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel.&mdash;The leaping
+horn.&mdash;Surcingle.&mdash;Stirrup-leather.&mdash;Stirrup-iron.&mdash;Girthing.&mdash;To
+avoid riding on the buckles of the girths.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap8-1" id="chap8-1"></a><span class="sidenote">No right-hand pummel.</span> A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel; it is useless to the
+seat, and impedes the working of the right hand on the reins. The
+appearance when mounted is infinitely improved by the absence of it. <a name="chap8-2" id="chap8-2"></a><span class="sidenote"><br />Leaping horn.</span> The
+saddle should have what is called a third pummel, or leaping-horn. In
+case of any unusual motion of the horse, such as leaping, an ebullition
+of gaiety, or violence from any other cause, by pressing upwards with
+the front part above the left knee, and downwards with the back part
+above the right knee, a wonderfully strong grasp is obtained, much
+stronger than the grasp obtained by the mode in which men ride. This
+will be quite clear to you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> if, when sitting in your chair, you press
+your two knees together, and afterwards, by crossing them over, press
+them, one down and the other up. Besides this, when a man clasps his
+horse, however firmly it fixes the clasping parts, it has a tendency to
+raise the seat from the saddle. This is not the case with the clasp
+obtained in a side-saddle; and, for a tour de force, I find I am much
+stronger in a side-saddle than in my own. There is no danger in this
+third pummel, since there is not the danger of being thrown on it; more
+than this, it renders it next to impossible that the rider should be
+thrown against or upon the other pummels. In the case of the horse
+<i>bucking</i>, without the leaping-horn, there is nothing to prevent the
+lady from being thrown up; the right knee is thus disengaged from the
+pummel, and all hold lost. The leaping-horn prevents the left knee from
+being thrown up, and from that fulcrum great force may be employed to
+keep the right knee down in its proper place. If the horse, in violent
+action, throws himself suddenly to the left, the upper part of the
+rider&#8217;s body<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> will tend downwards to the right, the lower limbs upwards
+to the left. Nothing can counteract this but the bearing afforded by the
+leaping-horn. This tendency to over-balance to the right causes so many
+ladies to guard themselves against it by hanging off their saddles to
+the left. The leaping-horn is also of infinite use with a hard puller,
+or in riding down steep places; without it, in either case, there is
+nothing to prevent the lady from sliding forward. It has also the
+advantage that, should one rider like it, and another not, it is easily
+screwed on or taken off.</p>
+
+<p>The saddle should be kept in its place by the elastic webbing girths,
+and not, as the common error is&mdash;probably from the facility of
+tightening it&mdash;by the hard, unyielding, leather surcingle. <a name="chap8-3" id="chap8-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Surcingle.</span> The use of
+this surcingle is to prevent the small flap on the off side from turning
+up, and the large flap on the off side from being blown about with wind;
+and it should not be drawn tighter than is sufficient for these
+purposes. The part coming from the near side should not be attached, as
+at present,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> to the small flap, but to the lower part of the large flap
+on the near side. This will leave the small flap on the near side loose,
+as in a man&#8217;s saddle, <i>and will allow liberty for the use of the spring
+bar</i>. It will also lessen the friction against the habit and leg, by
+rendering the side of the saddle perfectly smooth, except the
+stirrup-leather. <a name="chap8-4" id="chap8-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Stirrup leather.</span> To lessen the friction from that I recommend a single
+thin strap, as broad as a man&#8217;s stirrup-leather, instead of the present
+double, narrow, thick one. Of three sorts of single stirrup-leathers the
+smoothest is with a loop to go over the spring-bar, and with an
+adjusting buckle just above the stirrup-iron: or the strap may take off
+and on the iron by a slip loop, and passing over the spring-bar as
+usual, be fastened, and its length adjusted, by a <i>loose</i> buckle, which,
+though it is only attached to the strap by the tongue, is perfectly
+secure. For hunting I always use a single strap, sewn to the iron, with
+a <b>D</b> above the knee, and with a double strap and buckle between the <b>D</b> and
+the spring-bar. The lady&#8217;s stirrup-leather, which passes under the
+horse&#8217;s body, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> is fixed to the off side of the side-saddle, is
+supposed to prevent the saddle from turning round. This is a mechanical
+error. But the great objection to this sort of stirrup-leather is, that
+it cannot with safety be used with the spring-bar; for when off the bar
+it remains attached to the saddle, and acts as a scourge to the horse. I
+once saw a frightful instance of this. <a name="chap8-5" id="chap8-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Stirrup-iron.</span> The lady&#8217;s stirrup-iron should be
+in all respects the same as a man&#8217;s, and, to make assurance doubly sure,
+it should open at the side with a spring. This might be useful in case
+of a fall on the off side, when the action of the spring-bar of the
+saddle might be impeded. But if the stirrup is large and heavy, it is
+next to impossible that the foot should be caught by it. It is the
+common error to suppose that persons are dragged owing to the stirrup
+being too large and the foot passing through it, but the reason is its
+being too small and light, it then sticks to the foot and clasps it by
+the pressure of the upper part of the stirrup above the foot, and the
+lower part on the sole of the foot.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap8-6" id="chap8-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Girthing.</span> A side-saddle should be girthed very tightly, since a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> lady sits only by
+the saddle. The girths should always be felt <i>after</i> the weight of the
+rider is in the saddle. The girths of a man&#8217;s saddle should never be
+tight. The inner girth only should loosely hold the saddle; the outer
+girth is merely a safety girth, in case of the inner one giving. This is
+of consequence for the horse&#8217;s breathing in galloping, since his ribs
+must expand every time he inhales, or draws breath.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap8-7" id="chap8-7"></a><span class="sidenote">To avoid buckles of girths.</span> I think that one holder on each side of a man&#8217;s saddle should be placed
+as far forward, and one on each side as far backward, as possible
+without showing beyond the outside stirrup flap. This separates the
+buckles of the girths, and makes a smooth flat bearing for the thigh of
+the rider. The girths must cross from the front holder on one side to
+the back holder on the other; or they may be passed through a loose loop
+below to prevent their separating. The double-stirrup leather and the
+riding exactly on the buckles of the girths, are great abominations. I
+go farther in this way myself, and cut off the inside girth flap
+immediately below the tree of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> saddle. It is wholly unnecessary when
+the buckles of the girths are removed from under the weight of the
+rider. The absence of this inner girth-flap gives a much firmer, and to
+me a much pleasanter, seat; while to the horse the saddle is much
+cooler, and a little lighter. If, on trial, this is not liked, the
+girth-flap is easily sewed on again, or the holders are still more
+easily replaced. It is very rash to recommend even the smallest possible
+change which one has not tested well; and I have never tried dividing
+the girth buckles with the side-saddle. But I should think that if they
+were divided on the near side only, with a loop to keep the girths
+together below, it might be an improvement.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">THE SHORT REIN.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied.&mdash;Its use to a
+soldier.&mdash;Its use with the restive horse.&mdash;It should not be used in
+hunting, or in swimming a horse.&mdash;Objection to it for common
+riding.&mdash;Used by postilion.&mdash;Short rein of the Eastern horseman.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap9-1" id="chap9-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Should be used when one hand is occupied.</span> If you have anything to carry which entirely occupies one hand, and
+which occasionally may require both, such as an umbrella in wind, or an
+over-fresh horse to lead at a quick pace, tie up one or both reins; it
+obviates the possibility of a horse, wild with his head, drawing the
+reins through the hand, and consequently the necessity of using both
+hands to shorten them. At the same time, being held with the breadth of
+the whole hand, at the centre, distinct single-handed indications can be
+given on the reins.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap9-2" id="chap9-2"></a><span class="sidenote">Its use to a soldier.</span> A soldier should go to single combat with one of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> reins in this way.
+To have to use his sword hand to shorten his reins may make the
+difference of life or death to him. In the case of his adversary gaining
+his left rear, by dropping the reins the sword is instantly shifted to
+the left hand, and the short rein is instantly grasped with the right
+hand at the proper length. As the soldier is only trained to use his
+sword with his right hand (this might be remedied by my sword exercise),
+it is not likely that his left hand should be a match for his
+adversary&#8217;s right, but he will at least be able to keep his adversary at
+a distance by striking or pointing at his horse&#8217;s head. This would be a
+hopeless affair with the right hand, particularly for a cuirassier. To
+be able to present a pistol to the rear with the left hand would be
+invaluable in such a case. The power to drop and instantly resume the
+short rein also allows two hands to be occasionally used to the lance or
+carbine; a skirmisher therefore should have one rein tied up. <a name="chap9-3" id="chap9-3"></a><span class="sidenote">Its use with the restive horse.</span> A pulling
+horse may be ridden with one or both reins tied, also a restive horse;
+his usual mode of resistance is running back and rearing, because from
+fear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> of his falling backward chastisement usually ceases then. In such
+a case quit the reins, lay hold of the mane with both hands, ply both
+spurs, even while the horse is on his hind legs, and the moment he flies
+from them, the reins are seized in the mode to be used most powerfully
+without requiring any adjustment. If the horse will not answer the spur,
+with the left hand hold the mane, and with the right ply the whip under
+the flank even when he is on his hind legs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap9-4" id="chap9-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Should not be used in hunting, or swimming a horse.</span> The reins should never be tied in hunting, or in swimming a horse,
+since, by catching across the neck, they act like a bearing rein, and
+oblige the horse to carry his head up and his nose in. In hunting this
+would bring his hind legs on his fences, and oblige him to leap from the
+top of his banks and <i>to land all fours</i>, instead of extending himself
+and letting himself down gently. In swimming it obliges him to keep his
+whole head and neck out of water; I very nearly drowned a horse in this
+way in the Serpentine.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap9-5" id="chap9-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Objection for common riding.</span> For common riding the objection is that you cannot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> lengthen or shorten
+the rein; therefore, to give more liberty, or to shorten the rein, the
+hand must go from or to the body. If, therefore, the reins are tied so
+that the hands should be at a convenient distance from the body when the
+horse is collected, they would be at a very inconvenient distance when
+he is extended. <a name="chap9-6" id="chap9-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Short rein of the East.</span> To remedy this, in the East, where the short rein is
+very universal, the double part of the bridle is prolonged by a single
+strap; this strap is used as a whip, and hence the whip of the Hussar
+attached to the reins; hence, also, as I imagine, the Austrian driving
+rein described <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>. <a name="chap9-7" id="chap9-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Used by postilion.</span> When fossil remains of the extinct postboy shall
+be discovered, it will be seen that he used the short rein, and with
+great propriety; since his horse may be said to have been always &#8220;au
+trot,&#8221; and needed only one degree of collection.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">COLT-BREAKING.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider.&mdash;The
+head-stall.&mdash;The snaffle.&mdash;Longeing.&mdash;Saddling.&mdash;Mounting.&mdash;Sermon
+to the colt-breaker.&mdash;The noblest horse resists the most.&mdash;The
+horse has a natural <i>right</i> to resist.&mdash;The colt wants no
+suppling.&mdash;He wants to be taught the meaning of your
+indications.&mdash;And to be brought to obey them.&mdash;The
+leaping-bar.&mdash;Fetch and carry.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap10-1" id="chap10-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Colt-breaking the best lesson for riding.</span> The very best lesson for a horseman, young or old, is colt-breaking; and
+if in the attempt the <i>young</i> horseman fails to do the colt justice, he
+will at least do him less injury than the country colt-breaker, or the
+generality of grooms.</p>
+
+<p>I shall detail the plan of an <i>old</i> horseman; though, perchance, its
+want of &#8220;dresses, scenery, and decoration&#8221; may offend, my chief
+implements being a stick, some string, and some carrots.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>I have always said that the colt is half broken when he will come to
+your whistle or call in the field, and eat carrots out of your hand; and
+that he is quite broken when you have got the head-stall on him.</p>
+
+<p>The colt <i>should</i> wear a head-stall from the earliest days, and be held
+by the head while he is rubbed and caressed. <a name="chap10-2" id="chap10-2"></a><span class="sidenote">The head-stall.</span> If this has been neglected,
+get him into a loose box; take the front off the head-stall, described
+<a href="#Page_125">page 125</a>. Do not (as is the common error in this and in bridling) face
+the colt, and hold out the head-stall with both hands, as if you
+<i>wished</i> to frighten him; but keep the head-stall in your left hand,
+caress the colt with your right hand, and, with your right shoulder to
+his left shoulder, pass the right hand under his jaws on to the front
+part of his head. Bring the left hand up to the right, and, with a hand
+on each cheek-strap, pass the top over the ears on to the neck, <i>if you
+can</i>. Fasten the throat-lash tight enough to prevent its being rubbed
+over the ears. Tie a piece of cord, a yard long, to the off side, <span class="smcap">D</span>, of
+the head-stall; pass the cord through the near side, <span class="smcap">D</span>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> Accustom the
+colt to see and to be held by this. It is very powerful, as it forms a
+slip knot round his nose, and prevents his pulling with the top of his
+head; and it keeps the two cheek-straps back, which otherwise might
+injure the colt&#8217;s eyes. When he is used to the short cord, tie a long
+knotted cord to it. Use gloves when you first take the colt out, and
+place yourself so that if he bolts you may pull him sideways gradually
+into a circle.</p>
+
+<p>To get him to lead, place him between you and a fence; keep abreast of
+his shoulder, and show the stick towards his croupe. <a name="chap10-3" id="chap10-3"></a><span class="sidenote">The snaffle.</span> When he is
+subjected to the cord, take a snaffle-bit with a piece of string to each
+eye (what is called a <b>T</b> is best), tie it to the off side, <span class="smcap">D</span>, hold the
+nose-band with the right hand, take the snaffle with the left, induce
+him to open his mouth by passing the thumb between his lips on to the
+<i>bars</i> (part <i>bare</i> of teeth), place the snaffle in his mouth, and tie
+it to the near side, <span class="smcap">D</span>. If you have any difficulty, a long string may be
+used to the near side of the snaffle, and passed through the <span class="smcap">D</span>. If the
+colt runs back you still hold him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> with the snaffle under the jaws. When
+bridled tie a piece of string from eye to eye of the snaffle, so as to
+hang under the chin; fasten the long cord to this and lead him by it,
+and use him to be held by this chin-strap. By the common method, he is
+never held by the mouth till he is mounted.</p>
+
+<p>Next tie a piece of cord round his girthing place, the two ends on the
+ridge of his back. Make a rein of string and tie it with these ends just
+tight enough to prevent the colt grazing; you may then pick grass and
+give it to him, whistling at the same time. He will soon follow you
+loose, play by your side, leap fences, and come to your whistle like a
+dog.</p>
+
+<p>To accustom the colt to be tied by the head, pass the long cord over a
+gate, and slacken and tighten as may be required.</p>
+
+<p>Ask leave of the colt to hang your tackle in his hovel; or if he lives
+in a field, lay it in the hedge to be ready whenever you can spare time
+&#8220;to go for a walk&#8221; with him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>For these lessons, and as far as possible for all lessons, the law
+should be dulcia sunto; but after teaching your child its alphabet in
+ginger-bread, the time must come when he must go to school.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap10-4" id="chap10-4"></a><span class="sidenote">Longeing.</span> The simplest act of obedience is longeing. In longeing you should walk a
+circle inside the colt&#8217;s circle. The long stick should be constantly
+held up towards his croupe, to keep him on, but ready to be shown
+towards his head to keep him out. When you stop, and lower the stick,
+the colt comes in for a piece of carrot. The long cord should never be
+tight. If the colt&#8217;s head is pulled in and his croupe driven out of the
+circle, mental sulks and muscular mischief must ensue. Nothing so surely
+generates spavins, curbs, and thorough-pins. When skilful, you may make
+the colt change without stopping, or longe a figure of <b>8</b>. This may be
+done, even without the long cord, by the centripetal force of carrots
+and the centrifugal force of the stick. When this is done in the open
+field it looks like mesmerism or magic. When in this way you have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> made
+the colt thoroughly to love, honour, and obey you, the saddling,
+mounting, and riding, follow almost of course.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap10-5" id="chap10-5"></a><span class="sidenote">Saddling.</span> Without stirrups, and with only one girth turned over the seat, place
+the pummel of the saddle on your right shoulder, and your right hand
+under its cantle, caress the colt with your left hand, and do not
+attempt to put the saddle on him till your left shoulder touches his.
+When girthed tie the string surcingle over the saddle; besides holding
+the reins, it now prevents the flaps flying up. <a name="chap10-6" id="chap10-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Mounting.</span> When used to this, use
+him to the stirrups. Mount in a loose box with three girths, the head
+tied loosely to the saddle and a second snaffle bridle. Fill your
+pockets with tares or hay and feed him from his back. Out of doors mount
+while the colt is browsing a hedge. Quiet riding must do the rest, the
+main thing to keep the colt straight on, or to turn him, being the stick
+shown instantly on either side by the turn of the wrist.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far the <i>practice</i> of colt-breaking; and in this way<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> the colt will
+be very easily <i>tackled</i>: I do not expect so easily to tackle his rider,
+but I will try.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap10-7" id="chap10-7"></a><span class="sidenote">Sermon to the colt-breaker.</span> As Lord Pembroke remarks in his admirable treatise, his hand is the best
+who gets his horse to do what he wishes with the least force, whose
+indications are so clear that his horse cannot mistake them, and whose
+gentleness and fearlessness alike induce obedience to them. The noblest
+animal will obey such a rider, as surely as he will disregard the
+poltroon, or rebel against the savage. <a name="chap10-8" id="chap10-8"></a><span class="sidenote">The noblest horse resists the most.</span> I say the noblest, because it is
+ever the noblest among them which rebel the most. For the dominion of
+man over the horse is an usurped dominion. And in riding a colt, or a
+restive horse, we should never forget that he has by nature the <a name="chap10-9" id="chap10-9"></a><span class="sidenote">Has a <i>right</i> to resist.</span><i>right</i>
+to resist; and that, <i>at least</i>, <i>as far as he can judge</i>, we have not
+the right to insist.</p>
+
+<p>When the stag is taken in the toils, the hunter feels neither surprise
+nor anger at his struggles and alarm; and indeed he would be very
+unreasonable were he to chastise the poor animal on account of them. But
+there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> is no more reason in nature why a horse should submit, without
+resistance, to be ridden, than the stag to be slain&mdash;why the horse
+should give up his liberty to us, than the stag his life. In both cases
+our &#8220;wish is father to the deed.&#8221; And if our arrogance insinuates that a
+bountiful Nature created these animals simply for our service, assuredly
+bountiful Nature left them in ignorance of the fact. And it is to the
+sportsman and the colt-breaker that we must apply, if we wish to know
+whose victims are the most willing. Not to the cockney casuist, whose
+knowledge of the stag is confined to his venison, and who never trusts
+himself on the horse till it has been &#8220;long trained, in shackles, to
+procession pace.&#8221; If he did, he would find that the unfettered
+four-year-old shows precisely the same alarm and resistance to the
+halter as the stag does to the toils; and in breaking horses, the thing
+to be aimed at, next to the power of indicating our wishes, is the power
+of winning obedience to those wishes. These, and these only, are the two
+things to be aimed at, from the putting the first halter on the colt, to
+his per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>formance of the pirouette renvers&eacute;e au galop&mdash;which is perhaps
+the most perfect trial and triumph of the most exquisitely finished
+horsemanship, and in which the horse must exert every faculty of his
+mind to discover, and every muscle of his body to execute, the wishes of
+his rider.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap10-10" id="chap10-10"></a><span class="sidenote">The colt needs no suppling.</span> It is a vulgar error&mdash;an abuse of terms&mdash;the mere jargon of jockeyship,
+to say that the horse needs <i>suppling</i> to perform this, or any other air
+of the man&eacute;ge, or anything else that man can make him do; <a name="chap10-11" id="chap10-11"></a><span class="sidenote"><br />He wants to know your meaning.</span> all that he
+wants is to be made acquainted with the wishes of his rider, and
+inspired with the desire to execute them. <a name="chap10-12" id="chap10-12"></a><span class="sidenote"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"><br /></span>And that he must obey.</span> For example, among the
+innumerable antics which I have seen fresh young troopers go through,
+when being led to and from the farrier&#8217;s shop, I have seen them perform
+this very air, the pirouette renvers&eacute;e au galop to the right, round the
+man who leads them; I have seen them perform the figure perfectly, with
+the exception that, instead of the right nostril leading, the head and
+neck have been straight on the diameter of the circle. At the same time
+d&eacute;tacher l&#8217;aiguillette,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> and mingle courbettes, ballotades, and even
+cabrioles with it,&mdash;combinations which La Broue, the Duke of Newcastle,
+De la Guerini&egrave;re, or Pellier would scarcely dream of. This a horse will
+do in the gaiety of his heart, and without requiring any suppling; take
+the same horse into the school, follow him with the whip, and try to
+<i>make</i> him do it, he will think you a most unreasonable person; he will
+by no means be able to discover your meaning, and will, if you press
+him, finish by being exceedingly sulky. Mount him, and try to indicate
+your wishes to him through the medium of your hands, legs, and whip, or
+if you prefer the terms, to give him their <i>aid</i> and <i>support</i>. I will
+venture to say that you will be nearer two years than one, before you
+can get him to do what he has not only done but done for his own
+delight. In the mean time, if during his two years of <i>suppling</i> you
+have never given him a false indication or ever forced him, he will be
+no more stiff than when he first began to be <i>suppled</i>. But if, as a
+million riders out of a million and one would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> have done, you have been
+in the constant habit of doing both, the horse will long ago have become
+as stiff as a piece of wood. Is it to be supposed that the best suppled
+man&eacute;ge horse is more supple than the colt at the foot of his dam? Can
+any one who has watched his pranks think so? How often have I been told
+by a rider to observe how supple his horse&#8217;s neck had become! That he
+could now get his horse&#8217;s head round to his knee, whereas he could not
+at first accomplish more than to see his horse&#8217;s eye. If the same horse,
+loose, wished to scratch his shoulder or his ribs, would he not
+forthwith do it with his teeth?</p>
+
+<p>When a cabriolet or cart is turned in a narrow street or road, the horse
+is forced to make half a pirouette, without any questions being asked as
+to his capabilities or suppleness; and the rein being pulled strongest
+on one side, the whip applied on the other, the shafts to prevent his
+turning short, and with evident reason why he cannot go a-head, he sees
+what is required, and does<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> it without difficulty; but the same horse
+will not do the same mounted, in the middle of a grass-field, with
+nothing but his rider&#8217;s <i>aids</i> to bias him, or to indicate what is
+required of him. Why? either because he can&#8217;t understand your <i>aids</i>, or
+you can&#8217;t enforce obedience to them: these will be the reasons, not his
+want of suppleness.</p>
+
+<p>The great thing in horsemanship is to get your horse to be of your
+party&mdash;not only to obey, but to obey willingly. For this reason a young
+horse cannot be begun with too early, and his lessons cannot be too
+gradually progressive. The great use of longeing is, not that it supples
+your horse&mdash;it is a farce to suppose that&mdash;but that, next to leading, it
+is the easiest act of obedience which you can exact from him. In this
+way it is an admirable lesson.</p>
+
+<p>Placing the colt between the pillars of the stall is admirable as a
+lesson of submission and obedience; by degrees he may be even cleaned
+there. The brush acts as the urging indication; the reins inform him
+that he is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> not to advance; the result is that he collects himself to
+the bit. Here, then, the common theory would make him to be taken up and
+collected, not between the hands and legs, not &#8220;dans la main et dans les
+talons,&#8221; but dans the sides of the stall and dans the horse brush. It is
+precisely the same as putting the horse between the pillars in a man&eacute;ge,
+which is an admirable explanatory practice to a horse. With the whip in
+skilful hands, the sides of the stall give infinite advantage over the
+pillars in the man&eacute;ge; both teach the horse the same lesson, namely,
+that when urged up to the bit&mdash;that is, when urged and retained at the
+same time&mdash;these contradictory indications mean that he is required to
+collect himself. Anything which facilitates the understanding of this
+bit of information is of infinite value; for the colt, like the satyr in
+the fable, is apt to kick against this blowing hot and blowing cold at
+the same time. Mount the colt, and try these opposite indications; he
+will do anything but obey them, anything but collect himself. If you
+insist, he will resist. He will end in overt acts of rebellion, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> at
+least in dogged sulks; and that from not understanding, or not choosing
+to obey your <i>aids</i>, not from want of suppleness. Let art supple the
+temper and understanding of the colt, and leave nature to supple his
+limbs. By holding the colt&#8217;s head against a wall by the chin-strap, he
+may be made to pass sideways to either hand by showing him the whip. He
+should also be taught to rein back; this is best done in a narrow
+gangway. <a name="chap10-13" id="chap10-13"></a><span class="sidenote">The leaping-bar.</span> The leaping-bar is a good exercise of obedience. The bar itself
+should be only six feet long; the posts which support it should be four
+feet six inches high; the side-rails thirty feet in length, and they
+should slope down to three feet; they should rest on the tops of the
+posts, and be flush with them, and perfectly smooth, so that the long
+cord may pass freely over them without catching. The colt should walk
+half way up the gangway, thence a slow trot. Pass the reins of the
+snaffle through the left eye of the snaffle, and fasten the long cord to
+them. Hold the right rein close to where it passes through the eye, it
+will clasp the lower jaw like a slip-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>knot and give you great power. All
+over-fresh horses should be led in this way; without it a horse will
+pull with the top of his head with force sufficient to beat any man.
+Keep the bar low, or even on the ground, as long as the horse is
+nervous.</p>
+
+<p>The whole affair of colt-breaking is an affair of patience, you cannot
+have too much forbearance: put off the evil day of force. Forgive him
+seventy times seven times a-day, and be assured that what does not come
+to-day will to-morrow. The grand thing is to get rid of dogged sulks and
+coltishness; of that wayward, swerving, hesitating gait, which says,
+&#8220;here&#8217;s my foot, and there&#8217;s my foot;&#8221; or, &#8220;there is a lion in the
+street, I cannot go forth.&#8221; This is the besetting sin of colts; and this
+it is which, on the turf, gives so great an advantage to a young horse
+to have another to <i>make play</i>, or <i>cut out the running</i> for him. For
+this indisposition to go freely forward results as well from their
+seeing no necessity to give up their will to yours, as from their
+incapacity to perceive and obey the indications of their rider without<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+swerving, shifting the leg, &amp;c., and additional labour to themselves.
+All this is spared to the young horse by the follow-my-leader system.</p>
+
+<p>Everything should be resorted to to avoid alarm on the colt&#8217;s side and
+force on the man&#8217;s, and gradually to induce familiarity and cheerful
+obedience&mdash;to reconcile him to the melancholy change from gregarious
+liberty to a solitary stall and a state of slavery. I should say that he
+is the best colt-breaker who soonest inspires him with the animus
+eundi&mdash;who soonest gets him to go freely straight forward&mdash;who soonest,
+and with least force, gets the colt without company five miles along the
+road from home. Violence never did this yet; but violence increases his
+reluctance, and makes it last ten times longer. Indeed, it causes the
+colt to stiffen and defend himself, and this never is got rid of. It is
+true that by force you may make him your sullen slave, but that is not
+the object; the object is to make him your willing subject. Above all
+things, do not be perpetually playing the wolf to him; deal in rewards
+where it is possible,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> and in punishment only where it cannot be
+avoided. Be assured that the system will <i>answer</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Crede mihi, res est ingeniosa <i>dare</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">It is, no doubt, our duty to create the happiness and to prevent the
+misery of every living thing; but with our horse this is also a matter
+of <i>policy</i>. The colt should be caressed, rubbed, and spoken to kindly.
+He should be fed from the hand with anything he may fancy, such as
+carrot, or apple, or sugar, and be made to come for it when whistled to
+or called by name.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Quis expedivit Psittaco suum &#967;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#949;?...<br />
+Venter.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap10-14" id="chap10-14"></a><span class="sidenote">Fetch and carry.</span> On an unlittered part of the stable, with the horse loose, throw pieces
+of carrot on the floor; he will learn to watch your hand like a dog.
+Then tie a piece of carrot to a piece of stick. When he lifts this push
+a piece of carrot between his lips where there are no teeth, and take
+the stick from his mouth. He will soon learn to pick up your stick,
+whip, glove, or handkerchief, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> to bring it in exchange for the
+reward; or when mounted, will put his head back to place it in your
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>Stand on the outside of a door which opens towards you. Show the horse
+carrots through the opening: he will push the door open to get the
+carrot. By always repeating the word &#8220;door,&#8221; he will soon open or shut a
+door at command, or a gate, even when mounted.</p>
+
+<p>These may be &#8220;foolish things to all the wise,&#8221; but nothing is useless
+which familiarises the horse, which increases the confidence and
+intimacy between him and his rider, or which teaches him to look to man
+for the indications of his will, and to obey them, whether from fear,
+interest, or attachment.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="chaptitle">THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquot">Condition depends on food, work, and warmth.&mdash;So does the difference
+between the <i>breeds</i> of horses.&mdash;The terseness of the Arab is the
+result of hard food.&mdash;So is that of our thorough-bred
+horse.&mdash;Different <i>breeds</i> result from different natural
+conditions.&mdash;Crossing is only necessary where natural conditions
+are against you.&mdash;We do not attend enough to warmth.&mdash;We should get
+fine winter coats by warmth instead of singeing.&mdash;No fear of cold
+from fine coats.&mdash;The foot should be stopped with clay.&mdash;The sore
+ridge.&mdash;Stable breastplate.&mdash;The head-stall.&mdash;Never physic, bleed,
+blister, or fire.&mdash;Food for condition.&mdash;Rest for strains.&mdash;Nature
+for wounds.&mdash;Miles for shoeing.&mdash;The horse should have water always
+by him.&mdash;And should stand loose.&mdash;No galloping on hard ground,
+either by master or man.&mdash;He who cripples the horse kills him.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="chap11-1" id="chap11-1"></a><span class="sidenote">Condition depends on food, work, warmth.</span> For perfect health and condition three things are necessary, good food,
+work, warmth. For appearance a fourth may be added, cleaning. To suppose
+cleaning necessary for health is nonsense. Do you clean your sheep?&mdash;the
+stags in your park?&mdash;or the horses young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> and old in the breeding stud?
+But, speaking liberally, a horse which is not worked cannot be clean and
+a horse which is worked and clothed cannot be dirty. A horse cannot be
+clothed too heavily summer or winter short of perspiring.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-2" id="chap11-2"></a><span class="sidenote">So does the difference between breeds of horses.</span> But it is not only that the present passing condition of the horse
+depends solely on food, work, and warmth, but the permanent structure
+and stature of the horse depend on them; that is, the difference between
+what are called different <i>breeds</i> of horses depends solely on these
+three things.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-3" id="chap11-3"></a><span class="sidenote">The Arab the result of hard food.</span> The Arab has a legend that his horse came from the stable of King
+Solomon. From the book of Kings it appears that Solomon was a great
+horse dealer. He imported them largely from Egypt, and he supplied
+certain kings with them. The merchandise which he received from Arabia
+is enumerated, and though it is not stated that he supplied horses in
+part payment for this merchandise, it is not improbable that he did so.
+Speaking liberally, in Arabia the sole food of the horse is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> barley and
+straw; and the terseness of structure of the Arab may be said to be the
+result of three thousand years of hard food, if we reckon only from the
+<i>modern</i> horse-keeper King Solomon. Fuerant autem in Egypto semper
+pr&aelig;stantissimi equi. And, shades of Bunsen! how many thousand years of
+hard food shall we add to the account for our horses&#8217; Egyptian ancestry?
+Moses and Miriam sang their dirge on the shore of the Red Sea, in the
+reign of a <i>medi&aelig;val</i> Pharaoh, but their &#8220;early progenitors,&#8221; as Mr.
+Darwin would phrase it, might have enjoyed the barley of the <i>ancient</i>
+King Menes. To hard food we must add early work, for the Arab is worked
+at two years old.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-4" id="chap11-4"></a><span class="sidenote">So is our thorough-bred horse.</span> Our thorough-bred horse, the descendant of the Arab, has been bred under
+the same natural conditions somewhat improved; that is, he has had
+<i>better</i> hard food in unlimited quantity, he is earlier trained, the
+goodness of both sire and dam are proved to an ounce, and performance
+only is bred from. What is the consequence? In Evelyn&#8217;s days Arabs and
+barbs raced at Newmarket.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> In later days, in the give and take plates
+there, winners are recorded of thirteen hands high, and the size of a
+stud horse of fourteen hands was advertised. Now, if a horse is under
+sixteen hands his size is not mentioned, and all the world is our
+customer at &pound;5000 or &pound;6000 a horse. And if more people had the skill to
+ride him, the merits of the thorough-bred horse as a hunter would be
+better known; though, indeed, under any circumstances, it is but the
+sweepings of the training stable which descends to the hunting field or
+private life.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-5" id="chap11-5"></a><span class="sidenote">All <i>breeds</i> result from natural conditions.</span> The first axiom of the breeder is&mdash;est in equis patrum virtus&mdash;&#8220;Like
+produces like.&#8221; But the second axiom is, &#8220;The goodness of the horse goes
+in at his mouth.&#8221; The moral is, that like produces like only under like
+natural conditions. Turn out all the winners of the last ten years to
+breed on Dartmoor or in Shetland; what would be the betting about a colt
+or a filly so bred for the Derby or Oaks? The qualities of the
+race-horse&mdash;the accumulation of thousands of years&mdash;are lost in the
+first generation. Continue to breed him under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> these conditions, and the
+finest horse in the world, or that the world ever saw, becomes a
+Dartmoor or Shetland pony, worth &pound;5 instead of &pound;5000. Such are the
+changes worked by natural conditions; though with Mr. Darwin they count
+for nothing, or for next to nothing.</p>
+
+<p>In the permanent fat pastures of the temperate and insular climes, the
+horse is built up to eighteen hands high, with a width and weight
+infinitely more than proportionate to his height, if we compare him to
+the southern horse. In the arid south, by no contrivance of man or
+&#8220;natural selection&#8221; can a horse of <i>weight</i> be produced; though you may
+breed the terse horse of the south in the north by keeping him on terse
+food.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-6" id="chap11-6"></a><span class="sidenote">Crossing not necessary.</span> Crossing is only good where you wish to breed animals against natural
+conditions, as heavy horses on terse food, or Leicester sheep on the
+downs, or small Alderney cows on rich pastures. Then, the more the breed
+is crossed by animals bred under favourable natural conditions the
+better. No horse is so bred in-and-in as our thorough-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>bred horse and
+the Arab, and, of course, all <i>pure</i> breeds must be bred in-and-in.</p>
+
+<p>The above effects of food and work are evident and well understood. <a name="chap11-7" id="chap11-7"></a><span class="sidenote">We do not attend enough to warmth.</span> But
+we do not sufficiently attend to warmth. We see that if the
+finest-coated Arab or thorough-bred horse is turned out year after year,
+he will get a winter coat as thick as a Shetland pony. But besides this,
+nature thickens his skin; the hide of the southern horse sells higher
+than that of the northern horse, because it is thinner. Change the skin
+of a horse for that of a rhinoceros, will he race or hunt as well?</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Darwin does not seem to be aware that the horse changes his coat! or
+that there is any difference between his summer and winter coat! or that
+the new coat of the same individual comes thick directly he is exposed
+to cold. <a name="chap11-8" id="chap11-8"></a><span class="sidenote">Warmth instead of singeing.</span> Fine winter coats should be got by clothing and warmth, not by
+singeing and cold. Starvation itself is not more terrible than cold.
+Nature comes to the rescue of the out-door horse, but frightful
+enormities result from singeing horses in the winter, and leaving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> them
+to shiver in the stall inadequately clothed, to say nothing of the
+frightful figures which result.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-9" id="chap11-9"></a><span class="sidenote">No fear of cold from fine coats.</span> Fear not your horse suffering from cold because he is stripped to work.
+Do not labourers strip to work? If a horse had a coat thick enough to
+keep him warm when at rest in winter, he could not hunt in this without
+being sweated to death any more than he could with four or five blankets
+on him.</p>
+
+<p>Fire and water are equally disastrous to the horse&#8217;s skin. Allow neither
+singeing nor washing above the hoof, and even this only for
+<i>appearance</i>. For there is no more reason for washing the horse&#8217;s foot
+when he is kept in a stable, than there is when he is kept in a paddock.
+But there are good reasons for keeping his foot full of dirt in the form
+of clay in the stable. <a name="chap11-10" id="chap11-10"></a><span class="sidenote">Stop foot with clay.</span> Without it he fills his foot with the contents of
+the stall, which the shoe holds there. Now, which is worst for the foot,
+dirt or dung? Nothing can be more injurious to the frog than this.</p>
+
+<p>But, alas! all is right, even with the master, provided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> that there is
+not a speck on the <i>outside</i> insensible horn; and perhaps that is oiled
+and blacked (!) when the horse is brought out, while <i>inside</i>, the soft
+frog is left night and day soaked and saturated with the most frightful
+horrors. Hence the most fetid thrushes, and hence the contracted heel;
+for the contracted heel is the consequence, not the cause of the rotted
+frog.</p>
+
+<p>The clay should not be mixed up with any of the horrors which grooms are
+so fond of. Besides defending the frog from the highly injurious juices
+of the stall this gives a <i>natural</i> support to the interior of the foot
+which the <i>artificial</i> shoe deprives it of.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-11" id="chap11-11"></a><span class="sidenote">The sore ridge.</span> Every joint of the backbone or spinal bone is surmounted by a <i>spine</i>.
+These are sharp and topped with gristle, and will not support weight,
+still less attrition. Hence the necessity of the wooden <i>tree</i> of a
+saddle, and even of a terret-pad to bridge the <i>ridge</i>. The old plan of
+fastening the horse&#8217;s clothing, taken from the Persians, was by
+<i>rolling</i> a long strip loosely round and round him; hence our name of
+<i>roller</i> for the stable surcingle. This<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> avoided injury to the ridge:
+the objection is the trouble. The bridge or <i>channel</i> of our roller is
+<i>never</i> effective, and <i>every</i> stabled horse has a <i>sore ridge</i>. This is
+a great calamity to him as well as to his master.</p>
+
+<p>The play of the ribs in breathing saws the sore; he is disinclined to
+lie down because the roller is tightened by this position. The groom
+puts his hand towards the ridge; the ears go back and a leg is lifted.
+The horse gets a kick in the stomach or a blow with the fist, and
+becomes shy in the stall as well as vicious. In cleaning him underneath,
+the groom rests his hand on the sore ridge and the horse dashes his
+teeth against the wall, and lashes out from pain; he becomes shy to
+saddle, shy to girth, shy to mount, and he hogs his back, and perhaps
+plunges when you are up.</p>
+
+<p>I have used two remedies; first, a more efficient bridge. Let the pads
+of the channel be deep and <i>steep</i> towards each other and die off on the
+side from each other, set them wide apart and have the channel clear.
+The common error is to stuff the channel, which increases the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> evil.
+<a name="chap11-12" id="chap11-12"></a><span class="sidenote">Stable breastplate.</span> Next a loose roller, but this involves the necessity of a breast-girth
+to prevent the roller going back under the flank. If the breast-girth is
+loose it falls below the breast and is burst by the legs of the horse in
+getting up. If it is tight it pulls the roller on to the rise of the
+withers. I have used, and I recommend a breastplate on the principle of
+a hunting breastplate. The bearing should be only from the top of the
+neck to the lower part of the roller; a long upper strap to prevent it
+falling forward when the head is down, should take off and on the
+channel by a slip loop. The lower strap is also taken off and on the
+roller with a slip loop. The breast-piece buckles or ties on the near
+shoulder. When taken off, it pulls out of the lower strap, and remains
+attached to the channel by the upper strap; the lower strap remains
+attached to the lower part of the roller.</p>
+
+<p>I wish my pupil would make a model with my favourite bit of string, and
+then call the saddler to his aid. He may have it of scarlet, if he is
+fond of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> ornament, of webbing bis Afro murice tincta, or of scarlet and
+gold if he likes.</p>
+
+<p>The roller must keep the cloths forward; if they are fastened tight
+across the chest, the horse bursts them in getting up or in putting his
+head down.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-13" id="chap11-13"></a><span class="sidenote">The head-stall.</span> The head-stall should have a buckle on each cheek-strap; the throat-lash
+should be sewed to the top, and should have a buckle on each side. If
+the horse slips his head-stall, take the throat-lash out of the front,
+and you may buckle it almost as tight as a neck-strap, which is the
+safest of all fastenings. The objection is that, when a horse has to
+raise heavy logs in the stall for each mouthful of hay, the strap wears
+his mane. For this reason a front is used to the head-stall; it however
+then wears the horse&#8217;s head, and is the origin of what is called
+pole-evil; the bone of the nose is often worn through by the nose-band,
+forming abscesses <i>inside</i> the nostrils. Small horses and ponies are
+particularly liable to this, in getting their hay from high racks. These
+are reasons<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> for horses standing loose where this is possible. A quarter
+of a century ago I had the honour to arrange the head-stalls of the 2nd
+Life Guards as above, and I am proud to see them still in use.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-14" id="chap11-14"></a><span class="sidenote">Never physic, blister, or fire.</span> On no occasion and on no persuasion give your horse physic, or bleed
+him, or blister him, or fire him, or let the blacksmith have anything to
+do with any part of him which is more sensible than the callous crust of
+his hoof.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-15" id="chap11-15"></a><span class="sidenote">Food for condition. <br />Rest for strains. <br />Nature for wounds.</span> Condition depends on food, not physic. Rest is the cure for sprains and
+strains. Nature cures wounds unless prevented by <i>art</i>. Nature stops the
+bleeding by the glue of the blood coagulating about the wound;
+<i>staunching</i> with cloths wipes this off and promotes the bleeding. Lint
+assists, but when Nature has formed a plaister over a wound it should
+not be interfered with or <i>washed</i>; leave it to come off of itself.
+Where great discharge ensues wash it off <i>sound</i> parts, and grease them
+to prevent the skin coming off. Don&#8217;t believe in what is called &#8220;<i>proud
+flesh</i>.&#8221; The granulations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span> of new flesh are always called so, and burnt
+off as fast as they grow by corrosive sublimate or &#8220;oils as&#8217;ll cut a
+broomstick in two.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-16" id="chap11-16"></a><span class="sidenote">Miles for shoeing.</span> As a brother officer of the 2nd Life Guards has published a perfect book
+on shoeing, and as he did me the honour to dedicate it to me, I have
+only to say that on that subject I am completely &#8220;Miles&#8217;s boy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-17" id="chap11-17"></a><span class="sidenote">Water always by the horse.</span> About a quarter of a century ago I recommended in print that all horses
+should have water by them in the stall: it is now so universally the
+practice, that I need not here repeat the reasons for it. I have not
+heard of any horse drinking till he burst, though all grooms assured me
+that all stabled horses would do so.</p>
+
+<p>It is distending food, not drink, which forms the large carcase. Food
+takes long to digest, but it is astonishing how quickly what the horse
+drinks is absorbed. The late Mr. Field having a horse condemned to die,
+kept him two days without water, gave him two buckets, and killed him
+five minutes after. There was not a drop of water in his stomach.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span><a name="chap11-18" id="chap11-18"></a><span class="sidenote">The horse should stand loose.</span> A horse should have a loose standing if possible; if he must be tied in
+a stall it should be flat. A horse cannot stand up hill without muscular
+exertion, and the toe constantly up, and the heel constantly down,
+induces ruinous distress to the back sinews.</p>
+
+<p><a name="chap11-19" id="chap11-19"></a><span class="sidenote">No galloping on hard ground.</span> Do not let your groom gallop your hunter on the hard ground in autumn;
+and my last word shall be a petition on this subject to master as well
+as man&mdash;to deprecate a piece of inhumanity practised, indeed, as much by
+ladies as by gentlemen&mdash;the riding the horse fast on hard ground. I pray
+them to consider that horses do not die of old age, but that they are
+killed because they become crippled, and that he who cripples them is
+guilty of their death, not he who pulls the trigger. <a name="chap11-20" id="chap11-20"></a><span class="sidenote">He who cripples the horse kills him.</span> The practice is as
+unhorsemanlike as it is inhuman. It is true that money will replace the
+poor slaves as you use them up, and if occasion requires it they must,
+alas! be used up. But in my opinion, nothing but a case of life and
+death can justify the deed. If the ground is hard and even, a collected<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
+canter may be allowed; but if hard and uneven, a moderate trot at most.
+One hour&#8217;s gallop on such ground would do the soundest horse
+irremediable mischief. Those who boast of having gone such a distance in
+such a time, on the ground supposed, show ignorance or inhumanity. Such
+feats require cruelty only, not courage. Nay, they are performed most
+commonly by the very horsemen who are too cowardly or too unskilful to
+dare to trust their horse with his foot on the elastic turf, or to stand
+with him the chances of the hunting-field. And such is the inconsistency
+of human nature, that they are performed by persons who would shudder at
+the sight of the bleeding flank of the race-horse, or who would lay down
+with disgust, and some expression of maudlin, morbid humanity, the truly
+interesting narrative of that most intrepid and enduring of all
+gallopers, Sir Francis Head. But compare the cases. In the case of the
+race-horse, his skin is wounded to urge him to his utmost exertion for a
+few seconds, from which in a few minutes he is perfectly recovered, and
+ready, nay eager,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> to start again. In the case of the wild horse of the
+Pampas, he is urged for two, three, or perhaps five hours, to the utmost
+distress for wind, as well as muscular fatigue. He is enlarged, and in a
+day or two he is precisely the same as if he had never been ridden. But
+in the case of the English road-rider, though no spur is used, unfair
+advantage is taken of the horse&#8217;s impetuous freedom of nature, his
+sinews are strained, his joints permanently stiffened, he is deprived at
+once and for ever of his elasticity and action, and brought prematurely
+a cripple to the grave.</p>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage">BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads1" id="Page_ads1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">April</span>, 1861.</p>
+
+<h2 class="sectionhead">A LIST OF BOOKS</h2>
+
+<p class="titlepage">PUBLISHED BY</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 150%;">EDWARD MOXON &amp; CO., DOVER STREET.</p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF TENNYSON&#8217;S PRINCESS.<br />
+WITH MACLISE&#8217;S ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><i>In royal 8vo, cloth, price 16s., morocco 21s.; morocco, by <span class="smcap" style="font-style: normal;">Hayday</span>, 31s.
+6d., illustrated with 26 Wood Engravings by <span class="smcap" style="font-style: normal;">Thomas Dalziel</span>, <span class="smcap" style="font-style: normal;">Green</span>, and
+<span class="smcap" style="font-style: normal;">Williams</span>, from Designs by <span class="smcap" style="font-style: normal;">D. Maclise, R.A.</span>,</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 150%;">THE PRINCESS; A MEDLEY.</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">By ALFRED TENNYSON, Esq., D.C.L.</span>,<br />
+<span style="font-size: 80%;">POET LAUREATE.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">Also, by the same Author,<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 120%;">TENNYSON&#8217;S POEMS.</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Thirteenth Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 9<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 120%;">TENNYSON&#8217;S PRINCESS.</span> A MEDLEY.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Ninth Edition.</span> Price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 120%;">TENNYSON&#8217;S MAUD;</span> AND OTHER POEMS.<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Third Edition.</span> Price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">TENNYSON&#8217;S IDYLLS OF THE KING.<br />
+
+Price 7<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 120%;">IN MEMORIAM.</span> <span class="smcap">Tenth Edition.</span> Price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.<br />
+
+<sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> The above works are always to be had in Morocco Bindings,
+by Hayday.</p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="blockquotads"><span style="font-size: 120%;">GREENWOOD&#8217;S (COL. GEORGE) HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP TO A NEPHEW AND NIECE;</span>
+<span class="smcap">or, Common Sense and Common Errors in Common Riding</span>. A new,
+revised, and Illustrated Edition. The wood engravings, photographed
+from life, are illustrative of the management of the reins in
+accordance with the principles enunciated in the work. One volume,
+sm. 8vo. (Just published.) Price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads2" id="Page_ads2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">DYCE&#8217;S SHAKESPEARE.<br />
+
+<i>In Six Vols., demy 8vo, price 4l. 4s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">THE <br />
+<span style="font-size: 150%;">WORKS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE.</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">The Text revised by the Rev. Alexander Dyce.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A minute examination has satisfied us that this is the best text of
+Shakespeare which has yet been given to the world. * * * * * This at
+least is beyond doubt, that we have never possessed so admirable a text
+of Shakespeare before; and we would suggest to the thousands of people
+who are always inquiring for something interesting to read, that they
+should read again the works of the monarch of literature, <i>and read him
+in the edition of Mr. Dyce</i>.&#8221;&mdash;<span class="smcap">Quarterly Review</span>, January, 1859.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">NEW AND ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF SHARPE&#8217;S EGYPT.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><i>In Two Vols., demy 8vo, price 24s. cloth, with upwards of 350
+illustrations and Two Coloured Maps</i>,</p>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 150%;">THE HISTORY OF EGYPT,</span> <br />
+FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE CONQUEST BY THE
+ARABS, A.D. 640.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">By SAMUEL SHARPE</span>.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Sharpe&#8217;s is the only English book in which the student can find a
+complete consecutive history of Egypt under the Ptolemies and C&aelig;sars....
+The book has become handsome, as well as useful, being enriched with
+many illustrations, representing buildings, hieroglyphics, and other
+Egyptian remains.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Saturday Review</i>, Sept. 15, 1860.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+
+<p class="titlepage">HAYDN&#8217;S DICTIONARY OF DATES.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><i>In One Vol., demy 8vo, price 18s. cloth; in calf, by <span class="smcap">Hayday</span>,
+24s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 150%;">HAYDN&#8217;S DICTIONARY OF DATES.</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Relating to all Ages and Nations; for Universal Reference</span>;</p>
+
+<p>Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern&mdash;the
+Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries&mdash;their Progress in
+Civilisation, Industry, Literature, Arts, and Science&mdash;their
+Achievements in Arms&mdash;their Civil, Military, and Religious Institutions,
+and particularly of the British Empire. By <span class="smcap">Joseph Haydn</span>. <span class="smcap">Ninth Edition</span>,
+revised and greatly enlarged by <span class="smcap">Benjamin Vincent</span>, Assistant Secretary
+and Keeper of the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A volume containing upwards of 15,000 articles, and, perhaps, more than
+15 times 15,000 facts. What the London Directory is to the merchant,
+this Dictionary of Dates will be found to be to those who are searching
+after information, whether classical, political, domestic, or
+general.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Times.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads3" id="Page_ads3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+
+<p class="titlepage">LAMB&#8217;S WORKS.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">THE WORKS OF CHARLES LAMB.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In four volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 20<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">CONTENTS:</p>
+
+<p>1. The Letters of Charles Lamb, with a Sketch of his Life. By Sir <span class="smcap">T. N.
+Talfourd</span>.&mdash;2. Final Memorials of Charles Lamb; consisting chiefly of his
+Letters not before published, with Sketches of some of his Companions.
+By Sir <span class="smcap">T. N. Talfourd</span>.&mdash;3. The Essays of Elia.&mdash;4. Rosamund Gray,
+Recollections of Christ&#8217;s Hospital, Poems, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">THE WORKS OF CHARLES LAMB.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume 8vo, with Portrait and Vignette, price 16<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">THE ESSAYS OF ELIA.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">MEMORIALS OF THOMAS HOOD.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">Collated, Arranged, and Edited by his Daughter, with a Preface and Notes
+by his Son. Illustrated with many Copies from his own Sketches, and of a
+MS. page of &#8220;<i>The Song of the Shirt</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The most elaborate biography could not give a better idea of Thomas
+Hood than we obtain from the simple Memorials now published.... These
+letters perfectly reflect his character with all its fun, geniality, and
+tenderness.... Much or little, however, all is well done.... The work is
+a complete success.&#8221; <i>Times</i>, Sept. 7, 1860.</p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+
+<p class="titlepage">WORKS BY THE LATE THOMAS HOOD.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">A SECOND SERIES OF HOOD&#8217;S OWN;</span><br />
+ OR, LAUGHTER FROM YEAR TO YEAR.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume 8vo, illustrated by numerous Woodcuts, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+cloth. [<i>Just published.</i></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">Also,<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 125%;">HOOD&#8217;S OWN.</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">First Series</span>. <span class="smcap">A New Edition</span>. In one volume 8vo, illustrated by 350
+Woodcuts, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">HOOD&#8217;S POEMS. <span class="smcap">Thirteenth Edition</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 7<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">HOOD&#8217;S POEMS OF WIT AND HUMOUR.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Tenth Edition</span>. In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span  style="font-size: 125%;">HOOD&#8217;S WHIMS AND ODDITIES,</span><br />
+IN PROSE AND VERSE.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">With 87 Original Designs. <span class="smcap">A New Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo,
+price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads4" id="Page_ads4">[4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">WORKS BY THE LATE S. T. COLERIDGE.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S POEMS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">A New Edition</span>. In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S DRAMATIC WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">A New Edition</span>. In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S AIDS TO REFLECTION.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Eighth Edition</span>. In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s</i>. cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S FRIEND.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads"><span class="smcap">A Series of Essays, to Aid in the formation of Fixed Principles in
+Politics, Morals, and Religion, with Literary Amusements
+Interspersed</span>. <span class="smcap">Fourth Edition</span>. In three volumes, foolscap 8vo, price
+15<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S ESSAYS ON HIS OWN TIMES.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In three volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 18<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE ON THE CONSTITUTION OF CHURCH AND STATE.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Fourth Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S LAY SERMONS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Third Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S CONFESSIONS OF AN INQUIRING SPIRIT.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Third Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 4<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads5" id="Page_ads5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA;</span><br />
+OR,<br />
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MY LITERARY LIFE AND OPINIONS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Second Edition.</span> In two volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 18<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S NOTES <span class="smcap">and</span> LECTURES UPON SHAKESPEARE,</span>
+AND SOME OF THE OLD POETS AND DRAMATISTS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">With other Literary Remains.</span> In two volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 12<i>s.</i>
+cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="smcap">COLERIDGE&#8217;S NOTES on ENGLISH DIVINES.</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In two volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">COLERIDGE&#8217;S NOTES,</span><br />
+THEOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, AND MISCELLANEOUS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS OF ROGERS&#8217;S POEMS.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">ROGERS&#8217;S POEMS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, illustrated by 72 Vignettes, from Designs by Turner and
+Stothard, price 16<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">ROGERS&#8217;S ITALY.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, illustrated by 56 Vignettes, from designs by Turner and
+Stothard, price 16<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">ROGERS&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, illustrated by numerous Woodcuts, price
+9<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads6" id="Page_ads6">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">WORKS BY THE LATE WILLIAM WORDSWORTH.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In six volumes, fcap. 8vo, price 30<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, 8vo, with Portrait and Vignette, price 20<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In six pocket volumes, price 21<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><sup class="astsup">*</sup><sub class="astsub">*</sub><sup class="astsup">*</sup> <i>The above are the only <span class="smcap">COMPLETE</span> Editions of Wordsworth&#8217;s Poems.</i></p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S PRELUDE;</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Or,</span> GROWTH OF A POET&#8217;S MIND.<br />
+AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL POEM.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Second Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S EXCURSION.</span><br />
+A POEM.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">THE EARLIER POEMS OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">SELECT PIECES FROM THE POEMS OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, illustrated by Woodcuts, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth, gilt edges.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads7" id="Page_ads7">[7]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">KEATS&#8217;S POEMS.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">KEATS&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, illustrated by 120 designs, Original and from the
+Antique, drawn on wood by <span class="smcap">George Scharf</span>, Jun., price 12<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">KEATS&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">SHELLEY&#8217;S WORKS.</p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">SHELLEY&#8217;S POEMS, ESSAYS, AND LETTERS FROM ABROAD.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">EDITED BY MRS. SHELLEY.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, medium 8vo, with Portrait and Vignette, price 12<i>s.</i>
+cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">SHELLEY&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">EDITED BY MRS. SHELLEY.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In three volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 15<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span style="font-size: 125%;">SHELLEY&#8217;S ESSAYS, LETTERS FROM ABROAD,</span><br />
+TRANSLATIONS, AND FRAGMENTS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">EDITED BY MRS. SHELLEY.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In two volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 9<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">SHELLEY&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">In one volume, small 8vo, with Portrait and Vignette, price 7<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">HALL&#8217;S FRAGMENTS.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><i>A New Edition.</i> <i>In One Volume 8vo, price 10s. 6d. cloth.</i></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">CAPTAIN BASIL HALL&#8217;S<br />
+<span style="font-size: 125%;">FRAGMENTS OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ads8" id="Page_ads8">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="blockquotads">DANA&#8217;S SEAMAN&#8217;S MANUAL; by the Author of &#8220;Two Years before the Mast.&#8221;
+Containing: A Treatise on Practical Seamanship, with Plates; a
+Dictionary of Sea Terms; Customs and Usages of the Merchant
+Service; Laws relating to the Practical Duties of Master and
+Mariners. <span class="smcap">Eighth Edition</span>, revised and corrected in accordance with
+the most recent Acts of Parliament, by <span class="smcap">J. H. Brown</span>, Esq.,
+Registrar-General of Merchant Seamen. <i>Price 5s. cloth.</i></p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">GOETHE&#8217;S FAUST. <span class="smcap">Translated into English Prose</span>, with Notes. By <span class="smcap">A.
+Hayward</span>, Esq., Q.C. <span class="smcap">Seventh Edition.</span> Price 4<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">TALFOURD&#8217;S DRAMATIC WORKS. <span class="smcap">Eleventh Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap
+8vo, price 6<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">TAYLOR&#8217;S PHILIP VAN ARTEVELDE. <span class="smcap">Sixth Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap
+8vo, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">TAYLOR&#8217;S EDWIN THE FAIR; <span class="smcap">Isaac Comnenus</span>; <span class="smcap">The Eve of the Conquest</span>, and
+other Poems. <span class="smcap">Third Edition.</span> In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">HOGG&#8217;S LIFE OF SHELLEY. Post 8vo, Vols. I. and II., price 21<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">TRELAWNY&#8217;S RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LAST DAYS OF SHELLEY AND BYRON. Post
+8vo, price 9<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">MILNES&#8217;S POEMS. In three volumes, foolscap 8vo, price 20<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">BRODERIP&#8217;S WAY-SIDE FANCIES. In one volume, foolscap 8vo, price 6<i>s.</i>
+cloth.</p>
+
+<hr class="decdouble" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="font-size: 125%;">POETRY.&mdash;<i>Pocket Editions.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="blockquotads">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS. In six volumes, price 21<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">WORDSWORTH&#8217;S EXCURSION. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">ROGERS&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS. Price 5<i>s.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">KEATS&#8217;S POETICAL WORKS. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">COLERIDGE&#8217;S POEMS. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">SHELLEY&#8217;S MINOR POEMS. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">LAMB&#8217;S SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH DRAMATIC POETS. In two volumes, price 6<i>s.</i>
+cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquotads">DODD&#8217;S BEAUTIES <span class="smcap">of</span> SHAKSPEARE. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> cloth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 2em;">BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.</p>
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="titlepage"><a name="trans_note" id="trans_note"></a><b>Transcriber&#8217;s Note</b></p>
+
+
+<p class="noindent">The following typographical errors were corrected:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left: 0;" summary="Typographical errors">
+<tr>
+  <td>Page</td>
+  <td>Error</td>
+  <td>Correction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>fn. 16-&#8224;</td>
+  <td>&#948;&#8049;&#967;&#964;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#962;</td>
+  <td>&#948;&#8049;&#954;&#964;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#962;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>33</td>
+  <td>resiliance</td>
+  <td>resilience</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>49</td>
+  <td>&#948;&#8053;&#955;&#959;&#953;</td>
+  <td>&#948;&#951;&#955;&#959;&#8150;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Ads p. 6</td>
+  <td>Wordsworth s</td>
+  <td>Wordsworth&#8217;s</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="noindent">The following words had inconsistent spelling and hyphenation:</p>
+
+<ul class="IX">
+  <li>breastplate / breast-plate</li>
+  <li>Gu&eacute;rini&egrave;re / Guerini&egrave;re</li>
+  <li>headstall / head-stall</li>
+  <li>man&egrave;ge / man&eacute;ge</li>
+  <li>mouthpiece / mouth-piece</li>
+  <li>noseband / nose-band</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and
+Niece, by George Greenwood
+
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece, by
+George Greenwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and Niece
+       or, Common Sense and Common Errors in Common Riding
+
+Author: George Greenwood
+
+Release Date: April 12, 2009 [EBook #28563]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. A list of corrections
+is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and
+hyphenation have been maintained. A list of inconsistently spelled
+and hyphenated words is found at the end of the text.
+
+Text surrounded by ~ was printed in Greek in the original text. Text
+surrounded by = was printed in a black-letter typeface in the original.
+
+The following codes are used for characters that are not present in the
+character set used for this version of the book.
+
+  *.*  Asterism
+  [+]  Dagger
+
+
+HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+              HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+                        TO
+
+               A Nephew and Niece.
+
+                        BY
+
+       AN OFFICER OF THE HOUSEHOLD BRIGADE
+                   OF CAVALRY.
+
+
+                  [Illustration]
+
+
+                     LONDON.
+        EDWARD MOXON & C^o. DOVER STREET.
+                      1861.
+
+
+
+
+              HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+                        TO
+
+              =A Nephew and Niece;=
+
+                       OR,
+
+        COMMON SENSE AND COMMON ERRORS IN
+                  COMMON RIDING.
+
+
+                        BY
+
+            COLONEL GEORGE GREENWOOD,
+  LATE LIEUT.-COL. COMMANDING 2ND LIFE GUARDS.
+
+
+                   NEW EDITION.
+
+
+                     LONDON:
+        EDWARD MOXON & CO., DOVER STREET.
+                      1861.
+
+
+
+
+  LONDON
+  BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+  MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+  Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding _taught_         2
+  That is the soldier's _one-handed_ style                             2
+  _Two hands_ should be used to the reins                              5
+  A soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein                        7
+  Common riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein          9
+  Result of this with colts or restive horses                         10
+  Indications are not _aids_                                          12
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+  HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.
+
+  Reins at full length                                                14
+  The downward clutch                                                 16
+  The Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins                  18
+  The side clutch                                                     20
+  The two reins _crossed_ in one hand                                 21
+  A rein in each hand                                                 23
+  Turn to the right, and left                                         26
+  The hunting hand                                                    26
+  The rough-rider's hand                                              27
+  Fixing the hands                                                    28
+  Use of both bridles at once                                         30
+  Shortening the reins when held one in each hand, system of
+    taught, and of untaught horsemen                                  30
+  Use of the whip                                                     34
+  Horses swerve and turn _only to the left_                           34
+  Fault in "the great untaught," two-handed, English rider            35
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+  EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.
+
+  Retaining, urging, and guiding indications                          36
+  To make a horse collect himself                                     37
+  Canter, right turn, right pass                                      38
+  Left shoulder in                                                    38
+  Bearing on the mouth                                                39
+  The horse must be made to collect himself in turning                42
+  And should not be turned on one rein only                           43
+  Lady's canter                                                       44
+  The quicker the pace, the greater degree of collection              44
+  French and English mistake in this                                  45
+  The shy horse                                                       46
+  The restive horse                                                   48
+  Truth may be paradoxical                                            49
+
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+  MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.
+
+  The rider cannot raise the falling horse                            50
+  Harm is done by the attempt                                         51
+  The bearing-rein                                                    54
+  Mechanical assistance of the jockey to his horse                    56
+  Standing on the stirrups                                            58
+  Difference between the gallop and the leap                          58
+  Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the horse                 59
+  The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence           61
+
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+  THE SEAT.
+
+  There is one direction which applies to all seats                   65
+  Different seats for different styles of riding                      65
+  The manege and the Eastern seats are the extremes                   66
+  The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in line            67
+  Medium length of stirrup for common riding                          69
+
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+  MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.
+
+  Directions to place a lady in her saddle                            70
+  Directions to mount at a halt                                       71
+  To mount in movement                                                71
+  To dismount in movement                                             71
+  To vault on or over in movement                                     72
+  To vault on at a halt                                               72
+  Circus for practising these movements                               72
+  To pick a whip from the ground                                      72
+  To face about in the saddle                                         73
+
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+  THE BIT.
+
+  Place of the bit in the horse's mouth                               74
+  Principle of the bit                                                74
+  Action of the common bit                                            76
+  Action of the Chifney bit                                           77
+  The loose eye                                                       77
+  The nose-band                                                       77
+  The horse's defence against the bit by the tongue                   78
+  Effect of the porte against this defence                            78
+  Defence of the horse by the lip                                     80
+  Defence by the teeth                                                80
+  Bar of the military and driving bit                                 81
+  Martingale                                                          81
+  Danger does not result from power                                   84
+
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+  THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.
+
+  A side-saddle should have no right hand pummel                      86
+  The leaping-horn                                                    86
+  Surcingle                                                           88
+  Stirrup-leather                                                     89
+  Stirrup-iron                                                        90
+  Girthing                                                            90
+  To avoid riding on the buckles of the girths                        91
+
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+  THE SHORT REIN.
+
+  The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied             93
+  Its use to a soldier                                                94
+  Its use with the restive horse                                      94
+  It should not be used in hunting, or in swimming a horse            95
+  Objection to it for common riding                                   95
+  Used by postilion                                                   99
+  Short rein of the Eastern horseman                                  96
+
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+  COLT-BREAKING.
+
+  Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider             97
+  The head-stall                                                      98
+  The snaffle                                                         99
+  Longeing                                                           101
+  Saddling                                                           102
+  Mounting                                                           102
+  Sermon to the colt-breaker                                         103
+  The noblest horse resists the most                                 103
+  The horse has a natural _right_ to resist                          103
+  The colt wants no suppling                                         105
+  He wants to be taught the meaning of your indications              105
+  And to be brought to obey them                                     110
+  The leaping-bar                                                    110
+  Fetch and carry                                                    113
+
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+  THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.
+
+  Condition depends on food, work, and warmth                        115
+  So does the difference between the _breeds_ of horses              116
+  The terseness of the Arab is the result of hard food               116
+  So is that of our thorough-bred horse                              117
+  Different _breeds_ result from different natural conditions        118
+  Crossing only necessary where natural conditions are against you   119
+  We do not attend enough to warmth                                  120
+  We should get fine winter coats by warmth, instead of singeing     120
+  No fear of cold from fine coats                                    121
+  The horse's foot should be stopped with clay                       121
+  The sore ridge                                                     122
+  Stable breast-plate                                                124
+  The head-stall                                                     125
+  Never physic, bleed, blister, or fire your horse                   126
+  Food for condition                                                 126
+  Rest for strains                                                   126
+  Nature for wounds                                                  126
+  Miles for shoeing                                                  127
+  The horse should have water always by him                          127
+  And should stand loose                                             128
+  No galloping on hard ground, either by master or man               128
+  He who cripples the horse kills him                                128
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  FRONTISPIECE                                            To face Title.
+
+  VIGNETTE                                                        Title.
+
+  FIG.                                                              PAGE
+   1.--STRICT REGIMENTAL                                               3
+   2.--VARIED REGIMENTAL                                               4
+   3.--REINS AT FULL LENGTH                                           15
+   4.--DOWN CLUTCH                                                    17
+   5.--DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND                                 18
+   6.--SIDE CLUTCH                                                    19
+   7.--SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND                                 20
+   8.--CROSS                                                          22
+   9.--REIN IN EACH HAND                                              23
+  10.--TURN TO THE RIGHT                                              25
+  11.--TURN TO THE LEFT                                               26
+  12.--HUNTING GALLOP                                                 27
+  13.--ROUGH-RIDER                                                    28
+  14.--FIXING HANDS                                                   29
+
+
+
+
+HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+MILITARY RIDING NOT FIT FOR COMMON RIDING.
+
+Throughout Europe there is only one style of riding _taught_; that is,
+   the soldier's _one-handed_ style.--_Two hands_ should be used to
+   the reins.--A soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein.--Common
+   riders generally turn their horses on the wrong rein. Result of
+   this with colts or restive horses.--Indications are not _aids_.
+
+
+When you wish to turn to the right pull the right rein stronger than the
+left. This is common sense. The common error is precisely the reverse.
+The common error is, when you wish to turn to the right to pass the hand
+to the right. By this the right rein is slackened, and the left rein is
+tightened, across the horse's neck, and the horse is required to turn to
+the right when the left rein is pulled. It is to correct this common
+error, this monstrous and perpetual source of bad riding and of bad
+usage to good animals, that these pages are written.
+
+[Sidenote: Only one style of riding _taught_.]
+
+[Sidenote: That is, a _one-handed_ style.]
+
+England is the only European country which admits of more than one style
+of riding. But in all Europe, even in England, there is but one style of
+riding _taught_, as a system; that style is the manege or military
+style. The military style is, and must ever be essentially _a one-handed
+style_, for the soldier must have his right hand at liberty for his
+weapons. The recruit is indeed made to ride with a single snaffle in two
+hands, but only as a preparatory step to the one-handed style. His left
+hand then becomes _his bridle hand_, and that hand must hold the reins
+in such a manner as will require the least possible aid from _the sword
+hand_ to shorten them as occasion may require. This is with the fourth
+finger only between them (Fig. 1).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--STRICT REGIMENTAL.]
+
+For these reasons, as far as soldiers are concerned, I do not see how
+the present system can be altered for the better, unless it be by
+placing the three last fingers of the left hand between the reins (Fig.
+2), instead of the fourth finger only. The reins held in this way are
+as easily and as quickly shortened, by drawing them with the right hand
+through the left, as if they were separated by the fourth finger only. I
+always adopted this mode myself when my sword was in my hand; and I
+should think it worth trial for all soldiers. My two last chargers had
+been notoriously restive horses, and I could not have ridden them in the
+strictly regimental mode.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--VARIED REGIMENTAL.]
+
+[Sidenote: _Two hands_ should be used to the reins.]
+
+But I see no reason why, because soldiers are compelled to guide their
+horses with the left hand only, and with the fourth finger only between
+the reins, that ladies and civilians should be condemned to the same
+system. On the contrary, I would have ladies as well as gentlemen use
+both hands to the reins, whether of the curb or of the snaffle, somewhat
+as the rough-rider or colt-breaker uses the reins of a single snaffle;
+but the reins should enter the hands outside instead of inside the
+fourth fingers, and they should quit the hands between the first and
+second fingers instead of between the first finger and thumb, as will be
+explained in the next chapter.
+
+Fasten the end of a rein to the upper part of the back of a chair; pull
+the reins enough to raise two of the legs off the ground, and to keep
+the chair balanced on the other two. Take your reins as ladies and
+soldiers are taught to take them (Fig. 1), both grasped in the left
+hand, the fourth finger only between them, and (I quote from the
+regulations of the English cavalry) "the top of the thumb firmly closed
+on them--the upper part of the arm hanging straight down from the
+shoulder--the left elbow lightly touching the hip--the lower part of the
+arm square to the upper--little finger on a level with the elbow--wrist
+rounded outwards--the back of the hand to the front--the thumb pointing
+across the body, and three inches from it." In this position we are
+taught that "the little finger of the bridle-hand has four lines of
+action--first, towards the breast (to stop or rein back); second,
+towards the right shoulder (to turn to the right); third, towards the
+left shoulder (to turn to the left); fourth, towards the horse's head
+(to advance)." Try the second motion: you will find it a very nice
+operation, and that you are capable of shortening the right rein only in
+a very slight degree; you will also find that, if the hand ceases to be
+precisely opposite the centre of the body, the moment it is passed to
+the right the right rein becomes slackened, and the left rein is pulled.
+This is still more the case when the horse's neck is between the reins;
+the left rein is then instantly shortened across the neck.
+
+[Sidenote: A soldier's horse must turn on the wrong rein.]
+
+I will not assert that the art of riding thus is impossible, though it
+has ever been so to me; and though, in my own experience, I never saw a
+cavalry soldier, rough-rider, riding-master, or any horseman whatever,
+who turned his horse, single-handed, on the proper rein. But I may
+assert that it is an exceedingly nice and delicate art. It is the
+opera-dancing of riding. And it would be as absurd to put the skill of
+its professors in requisition in common riding or across country, as to
+require Taglioni to _chasser_ over a ploughed field. For single-handed
+indications, supposing them to be correctly given--which, as I have
+said, I have never known; but supposing them to be correctly given--they
+are not sufficiently distinct to turn a horse, except in a case of
+optimism. That is, supposing for a short time a perfectly broken horse,
+in perfect temper, perfectly on his haunches, going perfectly up to his
+bit, and on perfect ground. Without all these perfections--suppose even
+the circumstance of the horse being excited or alarmed, or becoming
+violent from any other cause; that he is sluggish or sullen; that he
+stiffens his neck or pokes his nose--single-handed indications are worth
+nothing. But as for riding a horse perfectly on his haunches through a
+long day's journey, or in rough or deep ground, or across country, one
+might as well require infantry to make long forced marches at ordinary
+time, and to strictly preserve their touch and dressing; or, still to
+compare it to opera-dancing, Coulon to go through a day's shooting with
+the pas de zephir.
+
+But correct single-handed indications, with the fourth finger only
+between the reins, will not be obeyed by one horse in ten thousand. Try
+them in driving. There the terret-pad prevents their being given
+incorrectly, and a bearing-rein, a severe bit, and a whip, give you
+every advantage in keeping your horse collected; yet you will find them
+wholly inefficient. The soldier, who is compelled to turn to the right
+by word of command, when the correct indication is unanswered, in
+despair throws his hand to the right. The consequence is, that no horse
+is a good soldier's horse, till he has been trained to turn on the wrong
+rein.
+
+[Sidenote: Common riders turn on the wrong rein.]
+
+Without the same excuse for it, the same may be said of all ladies and
+civilians who ride with one hand only, and of almost all who ride with
+two hands. For, strange to say, in turning, both hands are generally
+passed to the right or left, and I have known many of what may be called
+the most perfect straight-_forward_ hands; that is, men who on the turf
+would hold the most difficult three-year-old to the steady stroke of the
+two-mile course, and place him as a winner to half-a-length--who in the
+hunting-field would ride the hottest, or the most phlegmatic made
+hunter, with equal skill, through all difficulties of ground, and over
+every species of fence, with admirable precision and equality of
+hand--or who on the exercise ground would place his broken charger on
+his haunches, and make him walk four miles an hour, canter six and a
+half, trot eight and a half, and gallop eleven, without being out in
+either pace a second of time, but who marred all by the besetting sin of
+side-feeling--of turning the horse on the wrong rein. The consequence
+is, that they can ride nothing but what has been trained to answer the
+wrong indications.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of this with colts or restive horses.]
+
+This is something like steaming without steering. Set them on a finely
+broken horse, on a colt, or a restive horse, and they become helpless
+children--the powerless prisoners of the brutes they bestride. How often
+does one see one's acquaintance in this distressing situation, with
+courage enough to dare what man dare, but without the power to do what
+the rough-rider has just done! First comes the false indication of the
+rider, then the confusion and hesitation of the horse; next the violence
+of the rider; then the despair and rebellion of the horse. The finish is
+a fractured limb from a rear or a runaway. The poor brute is set down as
+restive and in fact becomes more or less a misanthrope for the rest of
+his days. I have seen the gentle and brave, under such circumstances,
+act very much like the cruel and cowardly; that is to say, first rough
+an innocent animal for their own fault, and then yield to his
+resistance. It is in consequence of this that we find so many restive
+horses; that so few thorough-bred horses--that is, horses of the highest
+courage--can be made hunters; that, in fact, almost all high-couraged
+young horses become restive after leaving the colt-breaker's hands. It
+is, indeed, in consequence of this that the class of people called
+colt-breakers exists at all. For if we all rode on their principle,
+which is the true principle, any groom or moderately good rider could
+break any colt or ride any restive horse.
+
+No horse becomes restive in the colt-breaker's hands; nor do any remain
+so when placed in his hands. The reason is that he invariably rides with
+one bridle and two hands, instead of two bridles and one hand. When he
+wishes to go to the right he pulls the right rein stronger than the
+left. When he wishes to go to the left he pulls the left rein stronger
+than the right. These are indications which, if the colt will not obey,
+he will at least understand, the very first time that he is mounted, and
+which the most obstinate will not long resist. But as may be supposed,
+it takes a long time to make him understand that he is to turn to the
+right when the left rein is pulled, and to the left when the right rein
+is pulled. And it is only the meek-spirited and docile who will do this
+at all. Such, however, is the general docility of the half-bred horse,
+that a great proportion of them are, after long ill-usage, taught to
+answer these false indications, in the same way that a carthorse is
+brought to turn right or left by the touch of the whip on the opposite
+side of the neck, or the word of the driver; and indeed such is the
+nicety to which it may be brought, that you constantly hear people boast
+that their horses will "turn by the weight of the reins on the neck."
+This, however, only proves the docility of the horse, and how badly he
+has been ridden. For a horse which has been finely broken should take
+notice only of the indications of his rider's hands on his mouth, not of
+any side-feeling of the reins against his neck.
+
+[Sidenote: Indications are not _aids_.]
+
+By _indications_ generally, I mean the motions and applications of the
+hands, legs, and whip, to direct and determine the paces, turnings,
+movements, and carriage of the horse. I have used the word throughout
+instead of _aids_, as being more explanatory and certainly less liable
+to abuse. For common sense tells us that a horse receives no aid from a
+pull in the mouth with a piece of iron, or a blow with a whip, or a kick
+in the side with an armed heel, however these may indicate to him the
+wishes or commands of his rider. I have also used the term _bearing_ on
+the horse's mouth instead of _appui_, since to those who do not
+understand French appui will convey no meaning at all,--and to those who
+do understand French it will convey the false ideas of the necessity and
+power of the rider to _support_ his horse. I promise my pupil every
+_aid_ and _support from_ his horse. But I beg him not to think of
+offering either aid or support _to_ his horse. I beg him to believe that
+the horse carries the rider, and not the rider the horse. But this we
+will discuss in another chapter. That the horse supports the rider is
+common sense: that the rider supports the horse is the common error.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+HOLDING AND HANDLING THE REINS.
+
+Reins at full length.--The downward clutch.--Grecian mode of holding and
+   handling the reins.--The side-clutch.--The two reins crossed in the
+   hand.--A rein in each hand.--Turn to the right, and left.--The
+   hunting hand.--The rough-rider's hand.--Fixing the hands.--Use of
+   both bridles at once.--Shortening the reins when held, one in each
+   hand, mode of taught and of untaught horsemen.--Use of the whip.--Horses
+   swerve, turn, and refuse _only to the left_.--Fault in "the great
+   untaught," English, two-handed rider.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Reins at full length.]
+
+To practise the indications of the hands, take the bridle which is
+attached to the chair at full length (Fig. 3), with the tips of the four
+fingers of the left hand between the reins at the centre, the first and
+fourth fingers detached to facilitate their working on the rein proper
+to each; the hand pendant, with the back to the front, and balance the
+chair on two legs.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--REINS AT FULL LENGTH.]
+
+If the length of the rein suits, it may be so held in long rides when
+the horse is going quietly at an extended walk, for directly as the
+slowness of the pace is the length of the horse, and so should be the
+length of the rein. The horse is at his greatest length when standing
+still, and if you force him to collect himself then, he will be uneasy
+and fidget.[16-*] But the reins must never be loose. The bearing on the
+mouth, however lightly, must still be felt; and if the horse, in
+attempting to stare about, as colts and ill-ridden horses will, should
+throw his head to the right, it must be stopped by the feeling of the
+tip of the fourth finger on the left rein; if he throws his head to the
+left, by the feeling of the first finger on the right rein. But provided
+that the bearing on the horse's mouth, and this power of keeping his
+head straight, are preserved, a horse cannot have too much liberty under
+the circumstances supposed. To turn to the right both reins must be
+pulled, the right the strongest, by feeling the tip of the first finger
+towards you; both legs must be pressed, the left the strongest; the whip
+shown on the left. To turn to the left the reverse indications.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--DOWN CLUTCH.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--DOWN CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Down clutch.]
+
+[Sidenote: Grecian mode.]
+
+To take up the reins use the downward clutch[16-+] (Fig. 4); that is,
+place the two first fingers of the right hand between the reins at the
+greatest convenient distance, and slide them smoothly back. Repeat this
+movement, changing from hand to hand, and keeping the chair balanced and
+steady. This clutch is excellent for a straight-forward, _hot_ horse; it
+shortens the reins any length at one movement, with a very low, steady
+bearing. Two hands may be used (Fig. 5). I conceive this to be the
+Grecian mode of holding and handling the reins (see frontispiece and
+vignette, from the Elgin Marbles), except that the Greeks had one
+finger between the reins instead of two; and they held the reins,
+whether together or divided, between the thumb and the second finger.
+The first finger was thus detached, and used only for guiding, by which
+very distinct indications may be given on either rein when both are in
+one hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--SIDE CLUTCH.]
+
+[Sidenote: Side clutch.]
+
+At a walk, with a quiet horse, this _down_ clutch may be turned into the
+_side_-clutch (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7); it is nearly the same as the English
+mode of driving, but the right rein is uppermost, which facilitates the
+dividing the reins and placing them together again, and when the reins
+are in the left hand, the right rein quits the hand between the second
+and third finger. This allows you to hold one rein while you slip the
+other, besides that the left rein is not disturbed in taking the right
+rein in the right hand, and in returning it to the left hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--SIDE CLUTCH, REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cross.]
+
+But the following position (Fig. 8) is the foundation of all fine
+handling, and therefore of all fine riding.
+
+And if the pupil will only thoroughly acquire this one movement he shall
+have my leave to consign the rest of my book "protervis in mare Creticum
+portare ventis."
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--CROSS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rein in each hand]
+
+We will call this movement cross, because the reins, when in one hand,
+are crossed inside the hand. Take the left rein with the three last
+fingers of the left hand, so that it enters the hand outside the little
+finger, and quits the hand between the first and second finger. Place
+the right rein in the left hand over the first and second finger, so
+that it enters the hand outside the first finger and quits the hand
+between the second and third finger, so that the whole hand is between
+the reins where they enter the hand, and the second finger is between
+them where they quit the hand. Fig. 9 shows the rein in each hand.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.--REIN IN EACH HAND.]
+
+At every change from hand to hand the reins may be shortened to any
+extent. To lengthen them they must be slipped while a rein is in each
+hand, turning the two fore fingers towards you. You cannot pay too much
+attention to practising the cross from hand to hand on the balanced
+chair. There should be nothing approaching to a jerk or shake of either
+rein. Neither rein should be for an instant loosened, but an equal
+tension kept on both, and both should be of precisely equal length when
+crossed in one hand. Be assured, however childish it may appear to you,
+this practice will teach you the true principle of handling your horse,
+and will give to the bearings and indications of your hands on his mouth
+a delicate elasticity and resilience resulting from the play of every
+articulation from the tips of the fingers to the shoulders. At the same
+time if power is required, instead of having the left hand only, with
+the fourth finger only between the reins, by taking them in the full
+grasp of the hands it allows you to employ the whole strength of both
+shoulders.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--TURN TO THE RIGHT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--TURN TO THE LEFT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--HUNTING GALLOP.]
+
+[Sidenote: Turn to the right and left.]
+
+[Sidenote: Hunting and rough-rider's hand.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fixing the hands.]
+
+The cross together with the rein in each hand should be so constantly
+going on as to give the appearance of playing with the reins whenever
+anything like riding and handling is required. In fact, he who can use
+his reins in this manner with a riotous horse, without disturbing the
+bearing is a rider, he who cannot is not. Fig. 10 shows the turn to the
+right when the reins are crossed in the left hand, with the use of the
+whip. Fig. 11 the turn to the left. Fig. 12 for holding the horse to a
+hunting or racing gallop on a snaffle is the same as Fig. 9, but with
+the fists closed. Fig. 13 is the same in a different position. It is the
+rough-rider's hand for working a horse up and making him collect himself
+with a snaffle. And this is the only case where a little _working_ of
+the bit on his mouth (the scier le bridon of the French) is to be
+allowed. Fig. 14 is the same, with the thumbs fixed on the back of a
+chair. If a thumb is fixed in this way behind the lower part of each
+pummel, the lady acquires a hold which no horse can force; at the same
+time it gives the lowest possible and the steadiest possible bearing.
+The hand should be as open as is possible and as much closed as is
+necessary. Modifications of this position, with the hands closed, are
+used in holding the horse to his gallop in hunting and racing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--ROUGH-RIDER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--FIXING HANDS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Use of both bridles at once.]
+
+To use the two bridles at once, that is, the four reins, place the
+little fingers between the reins, the snaffle inside, the curb outside.
+Let them quit the hands over the first finger, the thumb on them. In the
+left hand, the snaffle to the left of the thumb, the curb to the right.
+In the right hand the snaffle to the right, the curb to the left. This
+keeps them distinct, and allows the power of slipping or dropping
+either, by pressing the thumb only on the other. The two bridles should
+be always in two hands, except when placed together to shorten them. In
+a _storm_, that is, till you have time for nicety, treat the two bridles
+as if they were one.
+
+[Sidenote: Two handed shortening the rein, taught and untaught.]
+
+The mode of shortening the reins in two-handed riding, which I have seen
+rough-riders use, and which I have seen recruits taught when using the
+single snaffle in all riding-houses, civil or military, foreign or
+English, and which is detailed in the ecole du cavalier in the French
+cavalry ordonnance, is wholly vicious. There are no directions at all
+given for this in the treatise on military equitation in the regulations
+for the English cavalry, nor have I ever met with any in any book,
+foreign or English, except in the French ordonnance. To shorten the
+right rein on the French system, bring the thumbs together, take the
+right rein with the thumb and first finger of the left hand, the thumbs
+touching, raise the left hand, and let the right rein slip till the
+thumbs are one inch apart. With the right rein thus, one inch shorter
+than the left, when it is required to shorten the left equally, by
+management you may bring the two thumbs together again without loosening
+the left rein. I say, by management, you may do so, but the chances are
+that the longest rein is invariably thus slackened previously to being
+shortened, and consequently, that the bearing on the horse's mouth is
+disturbed. But supposing it possible to manage this by an inch at a
+time, it is quite impossible to manage it at a greater distance. If,
+therefore, you have to shorten both reins a foot, you cannot effect it
+without twenty-four operations. This is not at all an unlikely
+occurrence in riding unruly horses, for such horses are commanded by
+being made to bend or collect themselves. Their most frequent defence is
+jerking their heads away and extending themselves; and the facility of
+adjusting the length of the reins to the degree in which they extend or
+collect themselves, makes the difference of whether you can ride such
+horses or not. If, in riding a half-broken, hot, or violent horse, he
+jerks his head down so as to draw one rein six inches longer than the
+other, it is impossible to bring the thumbs together without slackening
+the longest rein--at the moment you wish it tightened--four or five
+inches. I need not dilate on the effect of this in riding such a horse
+as I have supposed.
+
+This French military system, then, of shortening the reins in two-handed
+riding is actually ridiculous. But a ridiculous system is better than no
+system at all. And except this French system, I know of _none taught_
+save those which I have attempted to teach in this chapter.
+
+What mistakes are made in this way, even by the _finest untaught_
+horseman, are shown in the last paragraph of this chapter.
+
+In all the practices enjoined above, the hand which quits the rein
+should slide along it _behind_ the hand which receives the rein. And in
+all these positions the hand should always be at right angles with the
+reins; you then have the play of all the joints. If the hand is in the
+same line with the reins, the play is only from the elbow.
+
+The thumb should not be used where delicacy is required, since it acts
+in a contrary direction to the fingers, and entirely stops the play of
+all the joints of the hand and fingers. Close your thumb on your fingers
+and you will see.
+
+Where power is required, the change from the utmost resilience to the
+utmost rigidity is effected in the time necessary to close the fists.
+Every gradation, however, between the closed fists and the tips of the
+open fingers is at the option of the rider.
+
+[Sidenote: Use of the whip.]
+
+Gentlemen having a leg and spur on each side of the horse to urge and to
+guide him, should ride without any whip at all if the horse has been
+subjected to the leg, so as to have the right hand as free for the reins
+as the left: there should be no such thing as "_a bridle hand_." If a
+whip is carried, it should be as light as possible. It should be held up
+like a hunter or a rough-rider, not down like a jockey; and so
+completely between the _hand_ and the thumb as to leave the _fingers_
+free for the reins. To carry that _club_ called the handle of a hunting
+whip is a frightful enormity. The excuse is, to open gates; but if you
+put your horse's side against a gate, it is better opened by the hand,
+but keep your leg from your horse's side. The _fingering_ of the reins
+should not be impeded even by thick gloves; as thick muffettees as you
+like, but no gloves thicker than kid.
+
+[Sidenote: Horses swerve and turn only _to the left_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fault in English two-handed riding.]
+
+The action of the whip, by the turn of the wrist, on either side of the
+horse, is of every importance in lady's riding, in colt-breaking, in
+riding the restive horse, and I had well nigh said, in hunting and race
+riding. For how often do we see the race lost by a swerve _to the left_
+(attributed to distress). The hunter invariably refuses by turning _to
+the left_. The restive horse invariably turns _to the left_. Have all
+horses joined in Holy Alliance to fight on one plan? If not, why do they
+all turn _to the left_? Because the whip is only used _on the right_.
+There is, however, another cause which acts in conjunction with this.
+Even our finest two-handed English riders (who, in my opinion, are the
+finest riders in the world), when they use the right hand on the right
+rein, continue to hold both reins with the left hand, and they slip the
+right rein a little through the left hand in order to place both hands
+even. This is a most vicious habit. When they quit the right rein to use
+the whip, or to throw the arm back at a fence (another most vicious
+habit), by their system of holding and handling the reins they have not
+the power to place _the lengthened_ right rein _short_ in the left hand.
+Alas! poor horse! He is then pulled to the left by the left rein, driven
+to the left by the whip on the right, and then abused for answering
+these _natural_ indications, which he has been trained _habitually_ to
+obey.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[16-*] This is one reason against an _unalterable_ bearing-rein.
+
+[16-+] Have mercy on this _little_ word, _great_ reader, and do compound
+a sesquipedalian clutch for me, out of digitus and ~daktylos~.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+EFFECT OF INDICATIONS.
+
+Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.--To make the horse collect
+   himself.--Canter, right turn, right pass.--Left shoulder in.--Bearing
+   on the mouth.--The horse must be made to collect himself in
+   turning.--And should not be turned on one rein only.--Lady's
+   canter.--The quicker the pace, the greater degree of
+   collection.--French and English mistake here.--The shy horse.--The
+   restive horse.--Truth may be paradoxical.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Retaining, urging, and guiding indications.]
+
+There are three sorts of indications, retaining, urging, and guiding.
+
+[Sidenote: To make the horse collect himself.]
+
+The indications of the hands are of two sorts, guiding and retaining.
+Those of the legs and whip are also of two sorts, guiding and urging.
+Suppose a horse standing still with full liberty and fully extended. If
+the retaining indication of the hands only are given, he will go
+backward in a loose and extended form. If, on the contrary, the urging
+indication of the legs or whip only are given, he will move forward in
+a loose and extended form. If these two opposite indications (that is,
+retaining and urging) be given equally at the same time, the horse will,
+as it is termed, _collect_ himself; that is, being pulled backward, and
+urged forward, at the same time, in obeying both indications a sort of
+condensation of the horse results, he bends his neck and brings his head
+in, and brings his haunches under him. If both indications are continued
+and increased, the horse will _piaff_, that is, continue collected, in
+motion, without progressing, or he will make the courbette or terre a
+terre or rear. If both indications are discontinued, he will resume the
+extended position of repose. If, again, from this position, both
+indications are given, but the retaining the strongest, the horse will
+go backward in a collected form. If both are given, but the urging
+indication the strongest, he will move forward in a collected form, at a
+walk, trot, or canter, according to the vivacity with which the
+indications are given.
+
+[Sidenote: Canter, right turn, right pass.]
+
+As far as this is clear enough. But now come some niceties which I am
+puzzled to explain. If the retaining and urging indications are given,
+but the right rein is felt the strongest, which is the guiding
+indication of the hand to the right, and the left leg is pressed the
+strongest, which is the guiding indication of the leg to the right, the
+horse should either turn to the right, or canter with the right leg, or
+he should _pass_, that is, cross his legs and go sideways to the right,
+bending and looking to the right. When the _same_ indications are given
+it seems monstrous to require the horse to discover which of three
+_different_ movements is required of him. In practice the skilful
+horseman finds no difficulty in making himself clear to his horse, by
+different modifications of the indications, and of the position of his
+weight. In theory I can give no rules for it _short enough to be read_.
+
+[Sidenote: Left shoulder in.]
+
+When the horse is passing to the right, if the indications of the legs
+are continued the same and those of hands reversed, that is, if the left
+rein is felt stronger than the right, the horse changes from right pass
+to "_left shoulder in_" (in towards the centre of the school) that is,
+he continues to cross his legs and go sideways to the right, but he
+bends and looks to the left. As the hands alone make this change, they
+may be said to guide here. If, from the left shoulder in, the
+indications of the hands are continued the same, and those of the legs
+reversed, that is, if the right leg is pressed stronger than the left,
+the horse changes from left shoulder in to left pass, that is, he
+continues to look to the left, but crosses his legs and goes sideways to
+the left. As the legs alone make this change they may be said to guide
+here.
+
+These are useful lessons, and, together with reining back, should be
+taught to all horses and all horsemen. Tie a string from eye to eye of
+the snaffle behind the horse's chin, hold his head by this against a
+wall, and make him pass, the head leading, by showing him the whip. Make
+him do the same mounted in obedience to the leg, with the snaffle as in
+Fig. 13.
+
+[Sidenote: Bearing on the mouth.]
+
+When the horse is in movement there should be a constant touch, or
+feeling, or play, or _bearing_ between his mouth and the rider's hands.
+It is impossible to bestow too much pains and attention on the
+acquirement of this. It is the index of the horse's actions, temper, and
+_intentions_. It _forewarns_ the rider of what he is about to do, and by
+it the rider feels _muscularly_ without mental attention whether his
+horse requires more liberty or more collecting. And it is impossible
+that in this bearing on the horse's mouth, or in the indications of the
+hands and legs generally, or in shortening and lengthening the reins,
+the rider can be too delicate, gradual, smooth, firm, and light. The
+hands should be perfectly free from any approach to a jerk, a loose
+rein, or uneven feeling on the mouth. The legs should be kept from any
+action approaching to a kick, except when the spur is given; that should
+be always present, and when used should be given smartly and withdrawn
+instantly, but the pressure of the legs should be perfectly smooth and
+gradual, though, if necessary, strong.
+
+If good riding is worth your attention do not think these things beneath
+your notice. For the acquirement of the bearing on the horse's mouth,
+the turning your horse on the proper rein, smoothness of indications,
+and, in shortening the reins, the power of making your horse collect
+himself, and the working together of your hands and legs, are the unseen
+and unappreciated foundation on which good riding stands. These, and not
+strength or violence, command the horse. With these your horse will rely
+on your hand, comply to it, and, without force on your part, he will
+bend to your hand in every articulation. Without these, however
+unintentionally on your part, you will be perpetually subjecting him to
+the severest torture, to defend himself against which he will resist
+your hand, poke his nose, and stiffen his neck, and every other part of
+his body. The horse can endure no greater torture than that resulting
+from an uneven hand. This is known to every hack-cabman. Every
+hack-cabman has hourly experience that a _job_ in the mouth will compel
+his jaded slave into a trot, when the solicitations of the whip have
+been long unanswered.
+
+The single case in which a jerk in the mouth is admissible is when your
+horse is about to kick, and some one is within reach of his heels. The
+jerk causes him to throw up his head, and he cannot without difficulty
+raise his croupe at the same time. But except to save life or
+limb--supposing no one within reach--hold your hands high, and pull
+severely, but smoothly; do not jerk. This will in general be sufficient
+to prevent his kicking, but it is better that your horse should
+occasionally kick than that he should always go as stiff as a stake,
+which is the inevitable result of jerking.
+
+[Sidenote: Collect the horse to turn.]
+
+[Sidenote: Do not turn on one rein only.]
+
+To keep the horse when in movement to a collected pace, the opposite
+indications of urging and retaining him must be continued. This working
+together of the hands and legs and the power of making the horse collect
+himself are also most essential in turning. A horse should never be
+turned without being made to collect himself--without being retained by
+the hands, and urged by the legs, as well as guided by both. That is, in
+turning to the right both hands should retain him, and the right guide
+him by being felt the strongest, both legs should urge him, and the left
+guide him by being pressed the strongest. The rider should also lean
+his weight to the right, and the shorter the turn and the quicker the
+pace, the more the horse should be made to collect himself, and the more
+both he and his rider should lean to the right. This is well seen, when
+a man standing on the saddle gallops round the circus. There the man
+must keep his position by balance alone, and were he not to lean
+inward--were he for a moment to stand perpendicularly, he would be
+thrown outside the circle by the centrifugal force. In turning suddenly
+and at a quick pace to the right, unless the rider leans his weight to
+the right, he will in like manner have a tendency to fall off on the
+left. If, by clasping his legs, he prevents this, his horse will be
+overbalanced to the left when turning to the right. It is bad, in
+turning to the right, to run into the contrary extreme to the one-handed
+system, and, slackening the left rein, to haul the horse's head round
+with the right rein only. The horse's head should not be pulled farther
+round than to allow the rider to see the right eye; both legs, and
+particularly the left leg, should then urge the horse to follow the
+guiding rein.
+
+A lady, till very skilful, should ride with one bridle only at a time.
+The other bridle should be knotted loosely, and should lie on the
+horse's neck.
+
+[Sidenote: Lady's canter.]
+
+The indications for a lady's horse to canter are an _over_ collection
+and a tapping on the mane with the whip; that is, take your reins _too_
+short in the left hand, and tap the horse's mane till he canters. When
+off, if the reins _are_ too short, take one in each hand, turn the fore
+fingers towards you, and let the reins slip. If the horse goes freely up
+to your hand, keep a rein in each hand. If not, return the right rein to
+the left hand, and keep the whip ready to urge him up to his bit. If a
+lady has her reins at full length at a walk she should clutch, cross,
+canter. If the lady has her reins already crossed in the left hand at a
+walk, she should by two changes place them _too_ short in the left hand
+before she uses the whip.
+
+[Sidenote: The quicker the pace the greater collection.]
+
+[Sidenote: French and English mistake here.]
+
+Every change of pace from slow to quick should be indicated to the horse
+by a greater collection; the "bride abattue," and the "reines
+flottantes" system is a great mistake. So is the direction to the
+English cavalry (quoted p. 6), to advance the little finger to make the
+horse advance. To make the horse advance the reins should be tightened;
+he should be made to collect himself, or he will advance in a loose and
+extended form.
+
+On account of ease to the rider, a lady's horse is only permitted to
+canter with the right leg. He should never be cantered circles to left,
+or turned at a canter to the left, as unless the horse shifts his leg it
+will be an unfair exertion to ask of him. Cantering circles to the
+right, in open ground, where the horse has nothing to bias him but the
+indications he receives from the rider, is an admirable practice for a
+lady. An occasional race--who can canter slowest--is also good practice
+both for horse and rider. This must not be often repeated, nor must the
+horse be forced from a fair canter into a hobble or amble. Parade riders
+are too apt to be contented with wooden paces provided they are short.
+This is very vicious. Really to collect himself, a horse must _bend_
+himself. We cannot too often repeat Ovid's line,--
+
+    _Flectitis_ aut freno _colla_ sequacis equi.
+
+With horses obstinately addicted to the left leg, which is frequently a
+result of being longed only to the left, it is a good plan to canter
+them side-footed to the right, that is, on a level line, on the side of
+a hill which rises to the right. In this case a very slight slope will
+incline the horse to take his right leg, and on the side of a steep hill
+he can scarcely avoid it.
+
+[Sidenote: The shy horse.]
+
+There are three gradations in riding the shy horse. A man who pulls his
+horse's head towards what he expects him to shy at, and uses violence,
+_makes_ his horse shy. A man who leaves his horse's head entirely loose,
+_lets_ his horse shy. And a man who turns his horse's head from what he
+expects him to shy at, _prevents_ his horse from shying. Do not imagine
+that there will be any danger of the horse getting into trouble on the
+side opposite to what he shies at: the very contrary will be the case.
+If, indeed, you pull his head towards the object of his alarm, and
+oblige him to face it, there is every probability that he will run
+blindly backward from it. And while his whole attention is fixed before
+him, he will go backward over Dover cliff if it chance to be behind him.
+Under such circumstances you cannot too rapidly turn your horse's head
+and his attention from the fancied, to the substantial ill. But on
+common occasions the turning his head from what he shies at should be as
+gradual and imperceptible as possible. No chastisement should be allowed
+in any case. If he makes a start, you should endeavour not to make a
+_return_ start. You should not, indeed, take more notice of a shy than
+you can possibly avoid; and unless the horse has been previously
+brutalised, and to re-assure him, you should not even caress him, lest
+even that should make him suspect that something awful is about to
+happen. The common error is the reverse of all this. The common error is
+to pull the horse's head towards the object of his fear, and when he is
+facing it, to begin with whip and spur. Expecting to be crammed under
+the carriage-wheel, the horse probably rears or runs back into a ditch,
+or at least becomes more nervous and more riotous at every carriage that
+he meets. Horses are instantaneously made shy by this treatment, and as
+instantaneously cured by the converse of it. It is thus that all bad
+riders make all high-couraged horses shy, but none ever remain so in the
+hands of a good horseman.
+
+[Sidenote: The restive horse.]
+
+There is a common error, both in theory and practice, with regard to the
+restive horse. He is very apt to rear sideways against the nearest wall
+or paling. It is the common error to suppose that he does so with the
+view of rubbing his rider off. Do not give him credit for intellect
+sufficient to generate such a scheme. It is that when there, the common
+error is to pull his head _from_ the wall. This brings the rider's knee
+in contact with the wall, consequently all farther chastisement ceases;
+for were the rider to make his horse plunge, his knee would be crushed
+against the wall. The horse, finding this, probably thinks that it is
+the very thing desired, and remains there; at least he will always fly
+to a wall for shelter. Instead of _from_ the wall, pull his head towards
+it, so as to place his eye, instead of your knee, against it; continue
+to use the spur, and the horse will never go near a wall again.
+
+[Sidenote: Truth may be paradoxical.]
+
+To pull a horse _from_ what he shies at, and _towards_ the wall he rubs
+you against, are very paradoxical doctrines. But, ~ho mythos deloi~, the
+fable shows, that truth _may_ be paradoxical--that we _can_ blow hot and
+blow cold with the same breath; and it was only the brutal wild man of
+the woods who drove the civilised man from his den, for performing the
+feat.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+MECHANICAL AID OF THE RIDER.
+
+The rider cannot raise the falling horse.--Harm is done by the
+   attempt.--The bearing rein.--Mechanical assistance of the jockey to
+   his horse.--Standing on the stirrups.--Difference between the gallop
+   and the leap.--Steeple-chases and hurdle-races unfair on the
+   horse.--The rider should not attempt to lift his horse at a fence.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The rider cannot raise the falling horse.]
+
+There is no more common error than to believe that the rider can hold
+his horse up when he is falling. How often do we hear a man assert that
+his horse would have been down with him forty times if he had not held
+him up; that he has taken his horse up between his hands and legs and
+lifted him over a fence; or that he has recovered his horse on the other
+side!
+
+These are vulgar errors, and mechanical impossibilities. Could ten men,
+with hand-spikes, lift the weight of a horse? Probably. Attach the
+weight to the thin rein of a lady's bridle. Could a lady lift it with
+the left hand? I think not; though it is commonly supposed that she
+could. A pull from a curb will indeed give the horse so much pain in the
+mouth that he will throw his head up, and this so flatters the hand that
+its prowess has saved him, that the rider exclaims "It may be
+impossible, but it happens every day. Shall I not believe my own
+senses?" The answer is, No, not if it can be explained how the senses
+are deceived. Otherwise, we should still believe, as, till some few
+centuries ago, the world did believe, that the diurnal motion was in the
+sun, and not in the earth. Otherwise we must subscribe to the philosophy
+of the Turk, who
+
+    "Saw with his own eyes the moon was round,
+      Was also certain that the earth was square,
+    Because he'd journey'd fifty miles and found
+      No sign of its being circular anywhere."
+
+[Sidenote: Harm is done by the attempt.]
+
+But these errors are not harmless errors. They induce an ambitious
+interference with the horse at the moment in which he should be left
+unconfined to the use of his own energies. If by pulling, and giving
+him pain in the mouth, you force him to throw up his head and neck, you
+prevent his seeing how to foot out any unsafe ground, or where to take
+off at a fence, and in the case of stumbling you prevent an action
+practically dictated by nature and theoretically justified by
+philosophy. When an unmounted horse stumbles, nature teaches him to drop
+his head and neck; philosophy teaches us the reason of it. During the
+instant that his head and neck are dropping the shoulders are relieved
+from their weight, and that is the instant in which the horse makes his
+effort to recover himself. If by giving him pain in his mouth, you force
+him to raise his head and neck instead of sinking them, his shoulders
+will still remain encumbered with the weight of them; more than this, as
+action and reaction are equal and in contrary directions, the muscular
+power employed to raise the head and neck will act to sink the shoulders
+and knees. The mechanical impossibility of the rider assisting his horse
+when falling may be demonstrated thus: no motion can be given to a body
+without a foreign force or a foreign fulcrum. Your strength is not a
+foreign force, since it is employed entirely on the horse. Nor can it be
+employed on the foreign fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of your
+reins; as much as you pull up, so much you pull down. If a man in a boat
+uses an oar, he can accelerate or impede the motion of the boat, because
+his strength is employed through the medium of the oar on the water,
+which is a foreign fulcrum. But if he takes hold of the chain at the
+head of the boat, his whole strength will not accelerate or impede the
+motion of the boat, because there is neither foreign force nor foreign
+fulcrum. His whole strength is employed within the boat, and as much as
+he pulls backward with his hands, he pushes forward with his feet. The
+baker can lift his basket, but not when he is himself in it.
+
+[Sidenote: Bearing-rein.]
+
+All the arguments which I have heard adduced against the doctrine here
+laid down would also go to prove that a horse cannot fall which has a
+bearing-rein and a crupper, that is, whose head is tied to his tail. Sir
+Francis Head's observations on bearing-reins, in the "Bubbles of the
+Brunnen," are quite philosophical. They should only be used for purposes
+of parade, or to acquire greater power over a difficult _team_, or
+_loosely_ to keep cart-horses "out of mischief." Sir Francis's
+observations are also true of the harness used by the peasantry of
+Nassau which he describes, but this arises from the poverty, not the
+philosophy of the peasants; those among them, who have money enough to
+buy smart harness have the most elaborate bearing-reins that I have ever
+seen. One, a chain, from the lower part of the collar, which binds the
+horse's chin to his breast, and another over the upper part of the
+collar, along and above the back to the tail, independent of the
+terret-pad and crupper. This is tying the horse's head to his tail with
+a vengeance.[54-*] To be consistent, the opponents of the theory which
+I have laid down should act on this principle--though I have never known
+them go quite so far. Sed quis custodes custodiet ipsos? What is to
+prevent the tail from falling forward with the body? They indeed argue,
+"Surely if you throw back the weight of the shoulders over the croupe of
+the horse, you relieve his fore-hand, and diminish the chance of his
+falling." This is rather to propose a new method of preventing a horse
+from falling, than to prove the advantage of pulling at the mouth while
+he is falling; for if it is of any advantage to throw your weight back,
+then the less you pull at the mouth the better, for the more you pull,
+the less you are at liberty to throw the weight back. But, in truth, it
+is of no advantage to throw the weight back when the stumble is made. If
+a position is previously taken up on the croupe of the horse, the
+pressure will be less on the fore-hand than if you were placed in a
+forward position. But during the time that the position is in the act of
+being shifted, that is, during the time that the horse is falling, the
+act of throwing your own weight back produces an exactly equivalent
+pressure forward, in all respects the counterpart of your own motion
+backward, in intensity and duration. It is useless to dwell on this
+subject, or to adduce the familiar illustrations which it admits of. It
+is a simple proposition of mechanical equilibrium, and any one who is
+conversant with such subjects _must_ assent to it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mechanical assistance of jockey.]
+
+The question whether a jockey can mechanically assist his horse, does
+not rest on the same footing. I believe he can, thus. If a man sits
+astride of a chair, with his feet off the ground, and clasps the chair
+with his legs, by the muscular exertion of his lower limbs he can jump
+the chair along. The muscular force is there employed on the foreign
+fulcrum, the ground, through the medium of the legs of the chair. The
+muscular action strikes the chair downward and backward, and if the
+chair was on ice it would recede, so also would the feet of a horse in
+attempting to strike forward. If the chair was on soft ground, it would
+sink, so also would a horse, in proportion to the force of the muscular
+stroke. But if the resistance of the ground is complete, the reaction,
+which is precisely equal and in a contrary direction to the action, will
+throw the body of the man upward and forward, and by clasping with his
+legs he will draw the chair also with him. But he can only accomplish in
+this way a very little distance with a very great exertion. If the
+jockey made this muscular exertion every time that his horse struck with
+his hind feet, his strength would be employed on the foreign fulcrum,
+the ground, through the medium of his horse's bony frame. Thus the
+jockey would contribute to the horizontal impulse of his own weight, and
+exactly in proportion to the muscular power exerted by the jockey, the
+muscular system of the horse would be relieved. At the same time no
+additional task is thrown on the bony frame of the horse, since, if the
+jockey had not used his muscular power on it in impelling his own
+weight, the muscular system of the horse must have been so employed. It
+is true, that not much is done after all with a prodigious exertion, but
+if that little gains six inches in a hardly contested race it may make
+the difference of its being lost or won. Thus an easy race is no
+exertion to a jockey, but after a hardly contested one, he returns with
+his lips parched, his tongue sticking to the roof of his mouth, and
+every muscle quivering.
+
+The working a horse up with both hands on his mouth is easier to the
+jockey than using the whip, and more effective in rousing the horse to
+his greatest exertion.
+
+[Sidenote: Standing on the stirrups.]
+
+What is called "standing on the stirrups" consists chiefly in bringing
+the weight forward on to both thighs. In this position the rider has a
+greater power of adjusting the balance of his weight to the movements of
+his horse. In racing it is practically proved to be _essential_. And it
+is of infinite service to the horse in the long and severe galloping of
+hunting.
+
+It is surprising that the English are the only people who rise in the
+stirrup at a trot; it is not surprising that other nations are beginning
+to follow their example.
+
+[Sidenote: Difference between the gallop and the leap.]
+
+In galloping, the horse's legs catch the eye most when they are from
+under him, and he is drawn with all four from under him. In truth, his
+hind legs are under him when his fore legs are from under him, and his
+fore legs are under him when his hind legs are from under him; his hind
+feet pass over where his fore feet rested, so that from footprint to
+footprint he clears very little _space_. In fact, owing to what is
+called _leading_ with one leg, the line between his two fore feet and
+the line between his two hind feet are by no means at right angles to
+the line of his direction; so that the greatest distance from footprint
+to footprint is not nearly half his stroke. The leap differs from the
+gallop not only in the greater _space of ground_ cleared by the feet,
+but in the greater _space of time_ for which the feet quit the ground;
+this last difference is of more importance than might be imagined.
+
+[Sidenote: Steeple-chases unfair on the horse.]
+
+Antaeus was not peculiar in his dependence for strength on contact with
+his mother earth. In leaping, neither man nor horse can draw breath
+while in the air, that is, from the time the feet leave the ground till
+they again touch it. But _quick_ breathing (the creber anhelitus) is
+not only a consequence of distress for wind, but it is a vital necessity
+when distressed for wind. And the impossibility to draw breath when off
+the ground is the reason of the death of horses in steeple-chasing and
+hurdle-racing; they die of suffocation. The reason is a sufficient one
+for the discontinuance of such racing and chasing.
+
+A mounted horse will overtake a dismounted horse, his superior in speed.
+It is the common error to suppose that this results from the mechanical
+assistance of the rider. The real reason is, that the dismounted horse
+goes off, like an inexperienced jockey, at his utmost speed. I do not
+believe that a horse can do this for more than a hundred yards without
+being distressed for wind (and I speak from experience with Mr. Drummond
+Hay's barbs at Tangier, which were trained to the feat). The rider
+starts at a pace which he knows his horse can keep, and the dismounted
+horse, though he gains on him at first, _comes back to him_ as the
+jockeys say: for a horse which has been distressed for wind in the first
+hundred yards, will not arrive at the end of a mile nearly so soon as
+if he had gone the whole at the best pace he could stay at. Here the
+assistance from the rider is mental not mechanical.
+
+When mounted it never happens to any horse but an arab or a barb to go
+his best _muscular_ pace. What we call best pace is the best pace a
+horse can stay at for _wind_. If a common hack were started fresh for
+the last hundred yards against the best horses in England when finishing
+their race, he would have it hollow.
+
+[Sidenote: The rider should not lift his horse at a fence.]
+
+Woe to the sportsman who ambitiously attempts to lift his horse
+mechanically over a fence on the principle discussed above; he is much
+more likely to throw him into it. He had better content himself with
+sitting quietly on his horse, holding him only just enough to keep his
+head straight and to regulate his pace, and trust the rest to his
+horse's honour. The horse should feel sufficiently commanded to know
+that he _must_ go, and sufficiently at liberty to know that he _may_ use
+all his capabilities. The body should not previously be thrown back, but
+as the horse springs, the lower part of the rider being firmly fixed in
+the saddle, and the upper part perfectly pliable, the body will fall
+back of itself; and with strong jumping horses, or at down leaps, the
+shoulders of fine riders will constantly meet their horse's croupes.
+
+A bad horseman throws his horse down, which a good one does not. That
+is, because the bad horseman hurries his horse over hard or rough
+ground, or down hill, or over loose stones--allows him to choose his own
+ground--lets him flounder into difficulties, and when there, hauls him
+so that he cannot see, or exert himself to get out of them, and
+expecting chastisement, the horse springs and struggles to avoid it
+before he has recovered his feet, and goes down with a tremendous
+impetus. If he has to cross a rut to the right he probably forces his
+horse across it when the right foot is on the ground. In this case,
+unless the horse collects himself and jumps--if he attempts to step
+across it, the probability is that in crossing his legs he knocks one
+against the other and falls. The reverse of all this should be the case.
+If you have not sufficient tact to feel which of your horse's feet is
+on the ground, you must allow him to choose his own time for crossing,
+which will be when the left foot is on the ground.
+
+You should habitually choose your horse's ground for him, for,
+notwithstanding his often vaunted sagacity and safety, the wisest among
+horses will, to avoid a moving leaf, put his foot over a precipice. This
+will become as easy to you as choosing your own path in walking. If your
+horse has made a false step, or is in difficulties, you cannot leave him
+too much at liberty, or be too quiet with him. The only notice to be
+taken is to re-assure him by caressing him, if you see that he expects
+chastisement from previous brutal treatment.
+
+I will add that you should habitually prevent your horse out-walking or
+lagging behind his companions; he is either very unsociable or a bad
+horseman, who does not keep abreast of his companions. Besides, horses,
+being gregarious, are apt to follow one another. This should not be.
+Your horse should be in perpetual obedience to the indications which
+your hands and legs give him, and to nothing else. These indications
+should not only decide the pace which he is to take, but deal out to him
+the rate at which each pace is to be executed, and also determine his
+carriage during the performance of it; that is, the degree in which he
+is to collect himself, or the degree of liberty which is to be allowed
+him.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[54-*] Of all stupid appliances of man to his horse, the most dense is
+the Austrian and south German mode of driving the einspanner or single
+horse or a leader. The rein goes single from the driver's hand, and
+divides into two at the horse's neck. The driver, therefore, has no
+power of making a distinct indication on either rein: and to turn, he
+whips and jerks till the horse guesses his meaning.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE SEAT.
+
+There is one direction which applies to all seats.--Different seats for
+   different styles of riding.--The manege and the Eastern seats are the
+   extremes.--The long stirrup is necessary for cavalry to act in
+   line.--Medium length of stirrup for common riding.
+
+
+[Sidenote: One direction for all seats.]
+
+There is one direction which, I think, applies to all seats. Turn the
+thigh from the hip, so as to bring the hollow to the saddle; this places
+the foot straight to the front, with the heel out and the toe in.
+Trotting without stirrups, on the thigh only, with the heel down and the
+toe up, shoulders back, a snaffle-rein in each hand, like a rough-rider
+(Fig. 13), is the best possible practice for sitting.
+
+[Sidenote: Different seats for different styles of riding.]
+
+[Sidenote: Manege and Eastern seats the extremes.]
+
+Farther than this I abstain from giving any particular directions about
+the seat; because, though I consider the rules here laid down for the
+hands as applicable to every species of riding (I have excepted the
+soldier with his weapon in his right hand), I think there is a peculiar
+seat proper to many different styles of riding. The extremes of these
+are the manege and the Eastern styles, both admirable in their way, and
+perfectly practical, but each wholly inapplicable to the performances of
+the other.
+
+[Sidenote: Long stirrups are necessary for cavalry.]
+
+What can be more perfect than the seats of M. de Kraut and the Marquis
+de Beauvilliers, in De la Gueriniere's work, or the engraving of M. de
+Nestier? But I do not think that a man in such a seat would look well,
+or perform well, in a five-pound saddle, over the beacon course: still
+less that he could lay the reins on the neck of a well-bred horse, and
+at full speed lie along his horse's side, and with his own body below
+his horse's back, prime and load a long Persian gun, jump up and use
+both hands to fire to the right or left, or over his horse's croupe; or
+that he could wield a long heavy lance with the power of a Cossack; or
+at full gallop hurl the djerrid to the rear with the force of a Persian,
+and again, without any diminution of speed, pick it from the ground. On
+the other hand, his peculiar seat renders the Eastern horseman so
+utterly helpless in the performances of the manege, that he is unable to
+make his horse rein back, or _pass_ sideways a step. And I have seen
+three hundred Mussulman troops from the northern parts of Persia (each
+of whom would perform forty such feats as I have mentioned) take more
+than an hour to form a very bad parade line, in single rank. When one of
+them was the least too far forward, or had an interval between him and
+the dressing hand, however small, as he could neither make his horse
+rein back, nor pass sideways, he was obliged to ride out to the front,
+turn round to the rear, and ride into the rank afresh, and so in
+succession every man beyond him. This was an affair of seat; the Eastern
+horseman's leg does not come low enough to give his horse what are
+called _sides_.
+
+On _sides_ depend reining back and passing; on reining back and passing
+depend _closing_ and _dressing_, and consequently the power of acting in
+line. On _sides_ also depends the _central_ wheel of threes _on their
+own ground_. This is an invaluable attribute to cavalry, regular or
+irregular. On the plain, the central wheel of threes affords the only
+true principle of correcting intervals between squadrons, regiments, or
+brigades, whether in line or in line of columns. Threes also supply the
+most perfect principle of retiring in line in the presence of an enemy,
+with the power of instantly showing front, provided that (according to
+regulation) leaders are appointed to the rear, the same as to the front.
+In the defile, for advanced or rear-guard movements, threes alone afford
+the power to occupy the entire width of a lane, road, street, or defile,
+with the perfect facility of constant and instant alternation of
+retiring and advancing. Without some _central_ wheel, columns or
+divisions occupying the width of a road or street, _can not retire_; or
+when retiring, cannot show front to the enemy. With reining back and
+passing (and they are easily acquired) irregular cavalry might move with
+the precision of regular cavalry.
+
+I should say, that the most perfect seat for the manege should be
+shortened for the soldier to give him power with his weapons; that the
+military rider should take up his stirrups when he goes hunting; the
+hunter the same when he rides a race; and for tours de force, I consider
+the short stirrup-leather and the broad stirrup-iron of the East
+indispensable--they give, in fact, the strength of the standing instead
+of the sitting posture. The Cossack retains this standing posture even
+at a trot; few Eastern horsemen allow that pace at all, but make their
+horses walk, amble, or gallop.
+
+[Sidenote: Medium for common riding.]
+
+The English hunting seat is, in point of length, the medium of those
+mentioned; and perhaps that seat, or something between that and the
+military seat, is the best adapted to common riding. It unites, in a
+greater degree than any other, ease, utility, power, and grace.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING.
+
+Directions to place a lady on her saddle.--Directions to mount at a
+   halt.--In movement.--To dismount in movement.--To vault on at a
+   halt.--Circus for practising these movements.--To pick a whip from
+   the ground.--To face about in the saddle.
+
+
+[Sidenote: To mount a side-saddle.]
+
+To mount, a lady should place her left hand on the pummel or leaping
+horn, the right hand on the off side of the cantle, or as far towards it
+as possible, and should seat herself between her two hands; she should
+give the left foot, this should be kept precisely under the weight; if
+it is given forward (which is the common error) each person is pushed
+backward one from the other. This should be practised on any piece of
+furniture; the man should use both his hands, and in this way a weak
+person may put up the heaviest weight. You may put a man of fifteen
+stone on the top of a door with the greatest ease,--try if you can do
+this in any other way.
+
+[Sidenote: To mount at a halt.]
+
+[Sidenote: Or in movement.]
+
+To mount, a man should place his left shoulder to his horse's left
+shoulder, so as to look to the horse's rear; take your whip, reins, and
+the mane in the left hand, with the right hand take the lower part of
+the stirrup-leather between the fore-finger and thumb, the little finger
+on the upper part of the stirrup-iron; take a hop forward facing the
+saddle and turning your toe to the horse's front _without touching his
+side_, take the cantle with the right hand and up. If the horse moves
+on, he only spares you the previous hop, and by walking or running
+backward with him you may mount almost at a gallop. In taking the right
+stirrup, avoid touching the horse with the spur, or even pressing him
+with the leg. If he has been made shy by such usage, place your left
+hand on the pummel, and with the right hand place the stirrup on the
+foot, keeping both legs from the horse's sides.
+
+[Sidenote: To dismount in movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: To vault on or over in movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: To vault on at a halt.]
+
+To dismount in movement, lay the reins on the neck, one or both knotted
+short; take the pummel with the left hand the cantle with the right,
+pass the right leg over the neck, shift the right hand to the pummel,
+and as you descend, the left hand to the flap. With the strength of both
+arms throw your feet forward in the direction in which the horse is
+going, this may be done at a gallop. If it is wished to vault on again,
+while the right hand holds the pummel take the mane with the left, and
+without taking a step you may go up or over, the quicker the pace the
+easier. It is difficult to jump on to the saddle at a halt, the easiest
+way is to take the mane as directed for mounting and to jump from the
+left foot, the right hand coming on to the pummel as you descend into
+the saddle.
+
+[Sidenote: Circus for practice.]
+
+To practise these movements, form a circus by placing wattle hurdles on
+end, leaning outward against the _shores_ or staves; take the stirrups
+off, tie a string over the flaps and the horse's head loosely to this--a
+man with a driving whip in the middle. Circus riding, I believe,
+originated in England, in the time of our grandfathers; in Germany it is
+called "English reiten."
+
+[Sidenote: To pick a whip from the ground.]
+
+To pick a whip from the ground, take the pummel with the right hand,
+place the side of the left foot against the girth, the toe between the
+horse's elbows, bring the back of the right leg on to the top of the
+saddle, and let yourself down to the full stretch of your right arm;
+this is very easy at the halt, still easier on the move, _if your horse
+is quiet_. If you fail, you only dismount on your hands instead of your
+feet, which on turf may be done innocuously at a canter.
+
+[Sidenote: To face about in the saddle.]
+
+To face about in the saddle place the palms of the hands on the pummel,
+throw your legs out horizontally over the horse's croupe, turn and come
+into the saddle facing to the tail. If M. Cui Bono remarks that the last
+two feats are, like others which I might detail, useless, I answer, that
+the practice of no feat of activity or strength is useless. Activity and
+strength, the unctae dona palaestrae, form a firm assurance against perils,
+not only to your own life but to the lives of others.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE BIT.
+
+Place of the bit in the mouth.--Principle of the bit.--Action of the
+   common bit.--Action of the Chifney bit.--The loose eye.--The
+   noseband.--The horse's defence against the bit by the tongue.--Effect
+   of the porte against this defence.--Defence by the lip.--Defence by
+   the teeth.--Bar of the military and driving bit.--Martingale.--Danger
+   does not result from power.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Place of bit in the mouth.]
+
+To give the bit its most powerful action it should be placed so low as
+only just to clear the tusks in a horse's mouth, and to be one inch
+above the corner teeth in a mare's mouth. The curb-chain should be so
+tight as not to admit more than one finger freely between it and the
+chin; these rules are simple, and should be attended to by all riders; a
+horseman should no more mount with his bit improperly placed, than a
+seaman should set sail with his helm out of order.
+
+[Sidenote: Principle of the bit.]
+
+A twitch round the lower jaw, under the tongue, on the _bars_ or parts
+of the mouth _bare_ of teeth, is perhaps the most certain, powerful, and
+severe instrument to hold a horse with, and it may be tightened till it
+becomes a dreadful implement of torture. Next to this is what is called
+the dealer's halter, which is merely a narrow thong of leather in like
+manner tied round the lower jaw, under the tongue, but incapable of
+being tightened or slackened like the twitch. The bit is a most
+ingenious attempt to grasp the lower jaw by the same bare parts, with
+the capability of contracting or of perfectly relaxing the grasp, by the
+application or withdrawal of the powers of the lever. This is the
+intended action of the bit,--the philosopher's stone,--after which all
+bit-projectors and bit-makers have laboured; the obstacles to be
+overcome are various and perhaps insuperable, and indeed could the
+powers of the lever be employed on such exquisitely sensitive parts as
+the bare jaws, when within this iron vice, perhaps no hand could be
+found sufficiently delicate to use them. By pressing your finger-nail
+against your own gums, you may form some idea of the agony such an
+implement would have the power of giving to a horse; anything
+approaching to harsh, hard, handling with it would drive him desperate,
+and force him to throw himself over backward; the idea of lifting his
+weight by such parts grasped with iron is absurd, still more
+preposterously barbarous that of arresting the headlong impetus of a
+falling horse by them. Fortunately the power of the rider is here very
+limited, and the horse defends himself against it by throwing his head
+upward and backward, and thus the rider only breaks his horse's knees
+instead of his jaws.
+
+[Sidenote: Action of common bit.]
+
+[Sidenote: Action of a Chifney bit.]
+
+But a common bit placed in the common way never touches the horse's bars
+at all, it is usually placed higher than as directed above, and, as it
+pivots on the _eye_ (that part to which the headstall is attached) when
+in use, it rises in the horse's mouth--higher directly as the length of
+the _cheek_ (the upper part of the branch or side of the bit) and inside
+the mouth it has a mixed action, on the fleshy part of the gums above
+the bars, on the lips, and (owing to the narrowness of the porte) on
+the tongue. Outside the mouth, the bit acts on the coarse part of the
+two jawbones, above the fine part of the chin, where the two jawbones
+meet, where the curb-chain was originally placed, and where it should
+act; and I consider this sort of upward _grating_ action as calculated
+to excite, rather than to restrain a horse. A Chifney bit, as it pivots
+on the mouthpiece, avoids this; its action is quite independent of the
+headstall, and is precisely on the parts where it is originally placed.
+
+[Sidenote: The loose eye.]
+
+The square-cut eye of the regimental bit greatly impedes its action,
+besides cutting the leather of the headstall; to remedy this, about a
+quarter of a century ago, I placed on the bit of the 2nd Life Guards
+what has since received the name of "the loose eye," and I am proud to
+see it still where I placed it. It was not intended for common bits; the
+round eye and the snap hook give them perfect freedom of action. "The
+loose eye" has, however, become common on common bits.
+
+[Sidenote: The noseband.]
+
+A noseband prevents the cheek of the bit and of the headstall from
+going forward, and so impedes the true action of the bit. To close the
+horse's mouth, in order that a high porte may act against the roof of
+the mouth, is a monstrous notion. I had the honour to abolish nosebands
+in the 2nd Life Guards.
+
+[Sidenote: Defence against the bit by the tongue.]
+
+[Sidenote: Effect of the porte.]
+
+The horse employs his tongue as a defence against the bit, passively as
+a cushion to protect the more tender parts on which the bit is intended
+to work, and actively he uses the muscles of the tongue, in resistance
+to it: this may be proved by using a straight mouthpiece, or one arched
+upward or downward, but without a porte. From under these a horse will
+never withdraw his tongue, and he will go with a dead bearing on the
+hand, though equal, that is, not more on one side of the mouth than on
+the other. Even a very narrow porte, not a quarter the width of the
+tongue, will suffice, when pressure is used, to defeat this defence, and
+completely to engage the tongue within the porte. But being then much
+compressed, it will sustain a great part of the leverage, and the horse
+will endeavour still more to make his tongue the fulcrum of the bit,
+and to relieve his bars from that office, by protruding his tongue, and
+thus forcing the thick part of it within the porte. If the porte is made
+wide so as to allow space for the tongue, the corners formed by the
+porte and the cannons (those parts between the porte and the branches)
+are apt to work injuriously against the bars, and also to slip quite off
+them, which makes the action of such bits uncertain, though they are
+very effective and severe if the mouthpiece is no wider than the horse's
+mouth. But the mouthpiece which gives complete room for the tongue, and
+yet brings the cannons into perfect contact with the bars, is that of
+which M. de Solleysell claims the invention, and which he describes as
+"a pas d'asne, with the porte gained from the thickness of the heels."
+Let the mouthpiece be in width four inches inside, this I believe, will
+be sufficient for most horses, since the part of a horse's mouth where
+the bit should work is narrowest, and the cheeks should consequently be
+set outward. Let the entrance to the porte, between the heels be
+three-fourths of an inch, and let the porte open laterally to two and a
+half inches inside.
+
+[Sidenote: Defence by the lip.]
+
+But when the tongue is perfectly disengaged from the bars by the porte,
+the horse will still defend them by drawing his lip in on one side,
+interposing it between one bar and one cannon of the bit, and pulling on
+one side of his mouth only. It is the common error to attribute this to
+nature having formed one bar stronger than the other; but these and
+other tricks are not to be looked on as the results of natural defects,
+but as habitual defences against the pain caused by a hard, harsh
+bearing on the horse's bars; with a smooth and gentle bearing he will
+not take to them, or will discontinue them. For callous bars Xenophon
+prescribes gentle friction with oil! and the practice of the Augustan
+age of the manege, recommended by Berenger was to amputate that part of
+the tongue which a horse protruded or lolled out!
+
+[Sidenote: Defence by the teeth.]
+
+One of the most common defences against the bit is taking the _leg_ (the
+lower part of the branch) of the bit with the corner tooth. This is
+easily counteracted by a lip-strap. It should fasten _round_ the leg of
+the bit, so as to slide up and down, and should be tight enough to be
+horizontal.
+
+[Sidenote: Bar of the military and driving bit.]
+
+The reason for the bar at the lower part of a driving bit or a military
+bit, is to prevent the horse catching his bit over his neighbour's
+reins. The French cavalry ordonnance, in discussing the merits of this
+bar, does not seem to be aware of its origin and meaning.
+
+[Sidenote: Martingale.]
+
+If the theories here laid down are true, it will result that the common
+bits are best for the common run of coarse hands, as being less severe,
+from their action being divided and on less sensible parts; and also,
+that they should be curbed more loosely, and placed higher in the
+horse's mouth, in proportion to the degree of coarseness to be expected
+in the rider's hand. So although a martingale spoils hands, it may be
+used as a defence, that is, supposing the necessity of mounting a high,
+harsh hand on a susceptible horse. In this case an easy snaffle with a
+running martingale will at least counteract the height of the hand, and
+the friction will to a certain degree steady and counteract the unequal
+bearing on the horse's mouth. A low smooth hand is the only true
+martingale: this will never be acquired as long as an implement is used
+which tends to permit harsh, high handling with impunity to the rider.
+
+The snaffle, even of a double bridle, should be sewed to the bridle; it
+is safer for leading, and it is only the curb bit which you wish to have
+the power of changing. The reins should be thin and supple, they will
+last the longer for it; for reins break from being stiff and cracking,
+and suppleness of reins is essential to delicacy of hand.
+
+As the collected paces of the parade are not in vogue in England, a
+gentleman rarely has occasion for his curb at all, except to train a
+horse for a lady, or in the case where a commanding power is required
+over a horse who, by bad or cruel handling, has become a puller, or
+habitually restive, or whose animal impetuosity or ferocity leads him
+to attack his neighbours. In such a case a Chifney bit, with the
+mouth-piece described, with half the length of leg, and a third part of
+the weight, will be found more effective than a clipper bit; and at the
+same time that weight is got rid of, danger is avoided, which, with
+branches running far below the horse's mouth, is very great in going
+through living fences or coverts.
+
+With such a bit, so placed, I have seen the taper tips of the most
+beautiful fingers in the world constrain the highest-mettled and hottest
+thorough-bred horses, and "rule them when they're wildest." It is an
+implement which will give to the weakest hand the power of the
+strongest, which most of the strongest hands cannot be trusted to wield,
+and which, if ladies' hands are light, equal, and smooth, will give them
+the power of riding horses such as few men might venture to mount.
+
+[Sidenote: Danger does not result from power.]
+
+Provided the indications from the hand are true and gentle, no danger
+to the rider nor resistance from the horse will result from power, but
+on the contrary, safety to the rider and obedience from the horse. This
+is the only mode of accounting for the fact that there are thousands of
+hands which perform to admiration in driving, with the most severe bits,
+but which are quite unfit to be trusted in riding with anything but a
+snaffle bridle; for, in driving, the terret-pad prevents false
+indications on the bit, therefore to ensure true ones being given, two
+hands are used, or when one only, two fingers are placed between the
+reins instead of the fourth finger only, consequently the horse obeys
+the slightest touch, and consequently his mouth and the driver's hand
+become mutually more light; but put the driver and driven together, as
+rider and ridden, with the same bit, the reins in one hand, and the
+fourth finger only between them, and what will follow? The rider gives a
+wrong indication; the horse turns the wrong way, or stops; the rider
+insists, and applies force; the horse rears; one or both fall
+backwards; the blame is laid on the severity of the bit, instead of the
+wrong application of it, and the brute force of the rider.
+
+And observe, that it is power which I advocate, and not force; "'Tis
+well to have the giant's strength, but tyrannous to use it like a
+giant."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE SADDLE AND SIDE-SADDLE.
+
+A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel.--The leaping
+   horn.--Surcingle.--Stirrup-leather.--Stirrup-iron.--Girthing.--To
+   avoid riding on the buckles of the girths.
+
+
+[Sidenote: No right-hand pummel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Leaping horn.]
+
+A side-saddle should have no right-hand pummel; it is useless to the
+seat, and impedes the working of the right hand on the reins. The
+appearance when mounted is infinitely improved by the absence of it. The
+saddle should have what is called a third pummel, or leaping-horn. In
+case of any unusual motion of the horse, such as leaping, an ebullition
+of gaiety, or violence from any other cause, by pressing upwards with
+the front part above the left knee, and downwards with the back part
+above the right knee, a wonderfully strong grasp is obtained, much
+stronger than the grasp obtained by the mode in which men ride. This
+will be quite clear to you if, when sitting in your chair, you press
+your two knees together, and afterwards, by crossing them over, press
+them, one down and the other up. Besides this, when a man clasps his
+horse, however firmly it fixes the clasping parts, it has a tendency to
+raise the seat from the saddle. This is not the case with the clasp
+obtained in a side-saddle; and, for a tour de force, I find I am much
+stronger in a side-saddle than in my own. There is no danger in this
+third pummel, since there is not the danger of being thrown on it; more
+than this, it renders it next to impossible that the rider should be
+thrown against or upon the other pummels. In the case of the horse
+_bucking_, without the leaping-horn, there is nothing to prevent the
+lady from being thrown up; the right knee is thus disengaged from the
+pummel, and all hold lost. The leaping-horn prevents the left knee from
+being thrown up, and from that fulcrum great force may be employed to
+keep the right knee down in its proper place. If the horse, in violent
+action, throws himself suddenly to the left, the upper part of the
+rider's body will tend downwards to the right, the lower limbs upwards
+to the left. Nothing can counteract this but the bearing afforded by the
+leaping-horn. This tendency to over-balance to the right causes so many
+ladies to guard themselves against it by hanging off their saddles to
+the left. The leaping-horn is also of infinite use with a hard puller,
+or in riding down steep places; without it, in either case, there is
+nothing to prevent the lady from sliding forward. It has also the
+advantage that, should one rider like it, and another not, it is easily
+screwed on or taken off.
+
+[Sidenote: Surcingle.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stirrup leather.]
+
+[Sidenote: Stirrup-iron.]
+
+The saddle should be kept in its place by the elastic webbing girths,
+and not, as the common error is--probably from the facility of
+tightening it--by the hard, unyielding, leather surcingle. The use of
+this surcingle is to prevent the small flap on the off side from turning
+up, and the large flap on the off side from being blown about with wind;
+and it should not be drawn tighter than is sufficient for these
+purposes. The part coming from the near side should not be attached, as
+at present, to the small flap, but to the lower part of the large flap
+on the near side. This will leave the small flap on the near side loose,
+as in a man's saddle, _and will allow liberty for the use of the spring
+bar_. It will also lessen the friction against the habit and leg, by
+rendering the side of the saddle perfectly smooth, except the
+stirrup-leather. To lessen the friction from that I recommend a single
+thin strap, as broad as a man's stirrup-leather, instead of the present
+double, narrow, thick one. Of three sorts of single stirrup-leathers the
+smoothest is with a loop to go over the spring-bar, and with an
+adjusting buckle just above the stirrup-iron: or the strap may take off
+and on the iron by a slip loop, and passing over the spring-bar as
+usual, be fastened, and its length adjusted, by a _loose_ buckle, which,
+though it is only attached to the strap by the tongue, is perfectly
+secure. For hunting I always use a single strap, sewn to the iron, with
+a =D= above the knee, and with a double strap and buckle between the =D=
+and the spring-bar. The lady's stirrup-leather, which passes under the
+horse's body, and is fixed to the off side of the side-saddle, is
+supposed to prevent the saddle from turning round. This is a mechanical
+error. But the great objection to this sort of stirrup-leather is, that
+it cannot with safety be used with the spring-bar; for when off the bar
+it remains attached to the saddle, and acts as a scourge to the horse. I
+once saw a frightful instance of this. The lady's stirrup-iron should be
+in all respects the same as a man's, and, to make assurance doubly sure,
+it should open at the side with a spring. This might be useful in case
+of a fall on the off side, when the action of the spring-bar of the
+saddle might be impeded. But if the stirrup is large and heavy, it is
+next to impossible that the foot should be caught by it. It is the
+common error to suppose that persons are dragged owing to the stirrup
+being too large and the foot passing through it, but the reason is its
+being too small and light, it then sticks to the foot and clasps it by
+the pressure of the upper part of the stirrup above the foot, and the
+lower part on the sole of the foot.
+
+[Sidenote: Girthing.]
+
+A side-saddle should be girthed very tightly, since a lady sits only by
+the saddle. The girths should always be felt _after_ the weight of the
+rider is in the saddle. The girths of a man's saddle should never be
+tight. The inner girth only should loosely hold the saddle; the outer
+girth is merely a safety girth, in case of the inner one giving. This is
+of consequence for the horse's breathing in galloping, since his ribs
+must expand every time he inhales, or draws breath.
+
+[Sidenote: To avoid buckles of girths.]
+
+I think that one holder on each side of a man's saddle should be placed
+as far forward, and one on each side as far backward, as possible
+without showing beyond the outside stirrup flap. This separates the
+buckles of the girths, and makes a smooth flat bearing for the thigh of
+the rider. The girths must cross from the front holder on one side to
+the back holder on the other; or they may be passed through a loose loop
+below to prevent their separating. The double-stirrup leather and the
+riding exactly on the buckles of the girths, are great abominations. I
+go farther in this way myself, and cut off the inside girth flap
+immediately below the tree of the saddle. It is wholly unnecessary when
+the buckles of the girths are removed from under the weight of the
+rider. The absence of this inner girth-flap gives a much firmer, and to
+me a much pleasanter, seat; while to the horse the saddle is much
+cooler, and a little lighter. If, on trial, this is not liked, the
+girth-flap is easily sewed on again, or the holders are still more
+easily replaced. It is very rash to recommend even the smallest possible
+change which one has not tested well; and I have never tried dividing
+the girth buckles with the side-saddle. But I should think that if they
+were divided on the near side only, with a loop to keep the girths
+together below, it might be an improvement.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE SHORT REIN.
+
+The short rein should be used when one hand is occupied.--Its use to a
+   soldier.--Its use with the restive horse.--It should not be used in
+   hunting, or in swimming a horse.--Objection to it for common
+   riding.--Used by postilion.--Short rein of the Eastern horseman.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Should be used when one hand is occupied.]
+
+If you have anything to carry which entirely occupies one hand, and
+which occasionally may require both, such as an umbrella in wind, or an
+over-fresh horse to lead at a quick pace, tie up one or both reins; it
+obviates the possibility of a horse, wild with his head, drawing the
+reins through the hand, and consequently the necessity of using both
+hands to shorten them. At the same time, being held with the breadth of
+the whole hand, at the centre, distinct single-handed indications can be
+given on the reins.
+
+[Sidenote: Its use to a soldier.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its use with the restive horse.]
+
+A soldier should go to single combat with one of his reins in this way.
+To have to use his sword hand to shorten his reins may make the
+difference of life or death to him. In the case of his adversary gaining
+his left rear, by dropping the reins the sword is instantly shifted to
+the left hand, and the short rein is instantly grasped with the right
+hand at the proper length. As the soldier is only trained to use his
+sword with his right hand (this might be remedied by my sword exercise),
+it is not likely that his left hand should be a match for his
+adversary's right, but he will at least be able to keep his adversary at
+a distance by striking or pointing at his horse's head. This would be a
+hopeless affair with the right hand, particularly for a cuirassier. To
+be able to present a pistol to the rear with the left hand would be
+invaluable in such a case. The power to drop and instantly resume the
+short rein also allows two hands to be occasionally used to the lance or
+carbine; a skirmisher therefore should have one rein tied up. A pulling
+horse may be ridden with one or both reins tied, also a restive horse;
+his usual mode of resistance is running back and rearing, because from
+fear of his falling backward chastisement usually ceases then. In such
+a case quit the reins, lay hold of the mane with both hands, ply both
+spurs, even while the horse is on his hind legs, and the moment he flies
+from them, the reins are seized in the mode to be used most powerfully
+without requiring any adjustment. If the horse will not answer the spur,
+with the left hand hold the mane, and with the right ply the whip under
+the flank even when he is on his hind legs.
+
+[Sidenote: Should not be used in hunting, or swimming a horse.]
+
+The reins should never be tied in hunting, or in swimming a horse,
+since, by catching across the neck, they act like a bearing rein, and
+oblige the horse to carry his head up and his nose in. In hunting this
+would bring his hind legs on his fences, and oblige him to leap from the
+top of his banks and _to land all fours_, instead of extending himself
+and letting himself down gently. In swimming it obliges him to keep his
+whole head and neck out of water; I very nearly drowned a horse in this
+way in the Serpentine.
+
+[Sidenote: Objection for common riding.]
+
+[Sidenote: Short rein of the East.]
+
+[Sidenote: Used by postilion.]
+
+For common riding the objection is that you cannot lengthen or shorten
+the rein; therefore, to give more liberty, or to shorten the rein, the
+hand must go from or to the body. If, therefore, the reins are tied so
+that the hands should be at a convenient distance from the body when the
+horse is collected, they would be at a very inconvenient distance when
+he is extended. To remedy this, in the East, where the short rein is
+very universal, the double part of the bridle is prolonged by a single
+strap; this strap is used as a whip, and hence the whip of the Hussar
+attached to the reins; hence, also, as I imagine, the Austrian driving
+rein described page 54. When fossil remains of the extinct postboy shall
+be discovered, it will be seen that he used the short rein, and with
+great propriety; since his horse may be said to have been always "au
+trot," and needed only one degree of collection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+COLT-BREAKING.
+
+Colt-breaking is the best possible lesson for the rider.--The
+   head-stall.--The snaffle.--Longeing.--Saddling.--Mounting.--Sermon to
+   the colt-breaker.--The noblest horse resists the most.--The horse has
+   a natural _right_ to resist.--The colt wants no suppling.--He wants
+   to be taught the meaning of your indications.--And to be brought to
+   obey them.--The leaping-bar.--Fetch and carry.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Colt-breaking the best lesson for riding.]
+
+The very best lesson for a horseman, young or old, is colt-breaking; and
+if in the attempt the _young_ horseman fails to do the colt justice, he
+will at least do him less injury than the country colt-breaker, or the
+generality of grooms.
+
+I shall detail the plan of an _old_ horseman; though, perchance, its
+want of "dresses, scenery, and decoration" may offend, my chief
+implements being a stick, some string, and some carrots.
+
+I have always said that the colt is half broken when he will come to
+your whistle or call in the field, and eat carrots out of your hand; and
+that he is quite broken when you have got the head-stall on him.
+
+[Sidenote: The head-stall.]
+
+The colt _should_ wear a head-stall from the earliest days, and be held
+by the head while he is rubbed and caressed. If this has been neglected,
+get him into a loose box; take the front off the head-stall, described
+page 125. Do not (as is the common error in this and in bridling) face
+the colt, and hold out the head-stall with both hands, as if you
+_wished_ to frighten him; but keep the head-stall in your left hand,
+caress the colt with your right hand, and, with your right shoulder to
+his left shoulder, pass the right hand under his jaws on to the front
+part of his head. Bring the left hand up to the right, and, with a hand
+on each cheek-strap, pass the top over the ears on to the neck, _if you
+can_. Fasten the throat-lash tight enough to prevent its being rubbed
+over the ears. Tie a piece of cord, a yard long, to the off side, D, of
+the head-stall; pass the cord through the near side, D. Accustom the
+colt to see and to be held by this. It is very powerful, as it forms a
+slip knot round his nose, and prevents his pulling with the top of his
+head; and it keeps the two cheek-straps back, which otherwise might
+injure the colt's eyes. When he is used to the short cord, tie a long
+knotted cord to it. Use gloves when you first take the colt out, and
+place yourself so that if he bolts you may pull him sideways gradually
+into a circle.
+
+[Sidenote: The snaffle.]
+
+To get him to lead, place him between you and a fence; keep abreast of
+his shoulder, and show the stick towards his croupe. When he is
+subjected to the cord, take a snaffle-bit with a piece of string to each
+eye (what is called a =T= is best), tie it to the off side, D, hold the
+nose-band with the right hand, take the snaffle with the left, induce
+him to open his mouth by passing the thumb between his lips on to the
+_bars_ (part _bare_ of teeth), place the snaffle in his mouth, and tie
+it to the near side, D. If you have any difficulty, a long string may be
+used to the near side of the snaffle, and passed through the D. If the
+colt runs back you still hold him with the snaffle under the jaws. When
+bridled tie a piece of string from eye to eye of the snaffle, so as to
+hang under the chin; fasten the long cord to this and lead him by it,
+and use him to be held by this chin-strap. By the common method, he is
+never held by the mouth till he is mounted.
+
+Next tie a piece of cord round his girthing place, the two ends on the
+ridge of his back. Make a rein of string and tie it with these ends just
+tight enough to prevent the colt grazing; you may then pick grass and
+give it to him, whistling at the same time. He will soon follow you
+loose, play by your side, leap fences, and come to your whistle like a
+dog.
+
+To accustom the colt to be tied by the head, pass the long cord over a
+gate, and slacken and tighten as may be required.
+
+Ask leave of the colt to hang your tackle in his hovel; or if he lives
+in a field, lay it in the hedge to be ready whenever you can spare time
+"to go for a walk" with him.
+
+For these lessons, and as far as possible for all lessons, the law
+should be dulcia sunto; but after teaching your child its alphabet in
+ginger-bread, the time must come when he must go to school.
+
+[Sidenote: Longeing.]
+
+The simplest act of obedience is longeing. In longeing you should walk a
+circle inside the colt's circle. The long stick should be constantly
+held up towards his croupe, to keep him on, but ready to be shown
+towards his head to keep him out. When you stop, and lower the stick,
+the colt comes in for a piece of carrot. The long cord should never be
+tight. If the colt's head is pulled in and his croupe driven out of the
+circle, mental sulks and muscular mischief must ensue. Nothing so surely
+generates spavins, curbs, and thorough-pins. When skilful, you may make
+the colt change without stopping, or longe a figure of =8=. This may be
+done, even without the long cord, by the centripetal force of carrots
+and the centrifugal force of the stick. When this is done in the open
+field it looks like mesmerism or magic. When in this way you have made
+the colt thoroughly to love, honour, and obey you, the saddling,
+mounting, and riding, follow almost of course.
+
+[Sidenote: Saddling.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mounting.]
+
+Without stirrups, and with only one girth turned over the seat, place
+the pummel of the saddle on your right shoulder, and your right hand
+under its cantle, caress the colt with your left hand, and do not
+attempt to put the saddle on him till your left shoulder touches his.
+When girthed tie the string surcingle over the saddle; besides holding
+the reins, it now prevents the flaps flying up. When used to this, use
+him to the stirrups. Mount in a loose box with three girths, the head
+tied loosely to the saddle and a second snaffle bridle. Fill your
+pockets with tares or hay and feed him from his back. Out of doors mount
+while the colt is browsing a hedge. Quiet riding must do the rest, the
+main thing to keep the colt straight on, or to turn him, being the stick
+shown instantly on either side by the turn of the wrist.
+
+Thus far the _practice_ of colt-breaking; and in this way the colt will
+be very easily _tackled_: I do not expect so easily to tackle his rider,
+but I will try.
+
+[Sidenote: Sermon to the colt-breaker.]
+
+[Sidenote: The noblest horse resists the most.]
+
+[Sidenote: Has a _right_ to resist.]
+
+As Lord Pembroke remarks in his admirable treatise, his hand is the best
+who gets his horse to do what he wishes with the least force, whose
+indications are so clear that his horse cannot mistake them, and whose
+gentleness and fearlessness alike induce obedience to them. The noblest
+animal will obey such a rider, as surely as he will disregard the
+poltroon, or rebel against the savage. I say the noblest, because it is
+ever the noblest among them which rebel the most. For the dominion of
+man over the horse is an usurped dominion. And in riding a colt, or a
+restive horse, we should never forget that he has by nature the _right_
+to resist; and that, _at least, as far as he can judge_, we have not
+the right to insist.
+
+When the stag is taken in the toils, the hunter feels neither surprise
+nor anger at his struggles and alarm; and indeed he would be very
+unreasonable were he to chastise the poor animal on account of them. But
+there is no more reason in nature why a horse should submit, without
+resistance, to be ridden, than the stag to be slain--why the horse
+should give up his liberty to us, than the stag his life. In both cases
+our "wish is father to the deed." And if our arrogance insinuates that a
+bountiful Nature created these animals simply for our service, assuredly
+bountiful Nature left them in ignorance of the fact. And it is to the
+sportsman and the colt-breaker that we must apply, if we wish to know
+whose victims are the most willing. Not to the cockney casuist, whose
+knowledge of the stag is confined to his venison, and who never trusts
+himself on the horse till it has been "long trained, in shackles, to
+procession pace." If he did, he would find that the unfettered
+four-year-old shows precisely the same alarm and resistance to the
+halter as the stag does to the toils; and in breaking horses, the thing
+to be aimed at, next to the power of indicating our wishes, is the power
+of winning obedience to those wishes. These, and these only, are the two
+things to be aimed at, from the putting the first halter on the colt, to
+his performance of the pirouette renversee au galop--which is perhaps
+the most perfect trial and triumph of the most exquisitely finished
+horsemanship, and in which the horse must exert every faculty of his
+mind to discover, and every muscle of his body to execute, the wishes of
+his rider.
+
+[Sidenote: The colt needs no suppling.]
+
+[Sidenote: He wants to know your meaning.]
+
+[Sidenote: And that he must obey.]
+
+It is a vulgar error--an abuse of terms--the mere jargon of jockeyship,
+to say that the horse needs _suppling_ to perform this, or any other air
+of the manege, or anything else that man can make him do; all that he
+wants is to be made acquainted with the wishes of his rider, and
+inspired with the desire to execute them. For example, among the
+innumerable antics which I have seen fresh young troopers go through,
+when being led to and from the farrier's shop, I have seen them perform
+this very air, the pirouette renversee au galop to the right, round the
+man who leads them; I have seen them perform the figure perfectly, with
+the exception that, instead of the right nostril leading, the head and
+neck have been straight on the diameter of the circle. At the same time
+detacher l'aiguillette, and mingle courbettes, ballotades, and even
+cabrioles with it,--combinations which La Broue, the Duke of Newcastle,
+De la Gueriniere, or Pellier would scarcely dream of. This a horse will
+do in the gaiety of his heart, and without requiring any suppling; take
+the same horse into the school, follow him with the whip, and try to
+_make_ him do it, he will think you a most unreasonable person; he will
+by no means be able to discover your meaning, and will, if you press
+him, finish by being exceedingly sulky. Mount him, and try to indicate
+your wishes to him through the medium of your hands, legs, and whip, or
+if you prefer the terms, to give him their _aid_ and _support_. I will
+venture to say that you will be nearer two years than one, before you
+can get him to do what he has not only done but done for his own
+delight. In the mean time, if during his two years of _suppling_ you
+have never given him a false indication or ever forced him, he will be
+no more stiff than when he first began to be _suppled_. But if, as a
+million riders out of a million and one would have done, you have been
+in the constant habit of doing both, the horse will long ago have become
+as stiff as a piece of wood. Is it to be supposed that the best suppled
+manege horse is more supple than the colt at the foot of his dam? Can
+any one who has watched his pranks think so? How often have I been told
+by a rider to observe how supple his horse's neck had become! That he
+could now get his horse's head round to his knee, whereas he could not
+at first accomplish more than to see his horse's eye. If the same horse,
+loose, wished to scratch his shoulder or his ribs, would he not
+forthwith do it with his teeth?
+
+When a cabriolet or cart is turned in a narrow street or road, the horse
+is forced to make half a pirouette, without any questions being asked as
+to his capabilities or suppleness; and the rein being pulled strongest
+on one side, the whip applied on the other, the shafts to prevent his
+turning short, and with evident reason why he cannot go a-head, he sees
+what is required, and does it without difficulty; but the same horse
+will not do the same mounted, in the middle of a grass-field, with
+nothing but his rider's _aids_ to bias him, or to indicate what is
+required of him. Why? either because he can't understand your _aids_, or
+you can't enforce obedience to them: these will be the reasons, not his
+want of suppleness.
+
+The great thing in horsemanship is to get your horse to be of your
+party--not only to obey, but to obey willingly. For this reason a young
+horse cannot be begun with too early, and his lessons cannot be too
+gradually progressive. The great use of longeing is, not that it supples
+your horse--it is a farce to suppose that--but that, next to leading, it
+is the easiest act of obedience which you can exact from him. In this
+way it is an admirable lesson.
+
+[Sidenote: The leaping-bar.]
+
+Placing the colt between the pillars of the stall is admirable as a
+lesson of submission and obedience; by degrees he may be even cleaned
+there. The brush acts as the urging indication; the reins inform him
+that he is not to advance; the result is that he collects himself to
+the bit. Here, then, the common theory would make him to be taken up and
+collected, not between the hands and legs, not "dans la main et dans les
+talons," but dans the sides of the stall and dans the horse brush. It is
+precisely the same as putting the horse between the pillars in a manege,
+which is an admirable explanatory practice to a horse. With the whip in
+skilful hands, the sides of the stall give infinite advantage over the
+pillars in the manege; both teach the horse the same lesson, namely,
+that when urged up to the bit--that is, when urged and retained at the
+same time--these contradictory indications mean that he is required to
+collect himself. Anything which facilitates the understanding of this
+bit of information is of infinite value; for the colt, like the satyr in
+the fable, is apt to kick against this blowing hot and blowing cold at
+the same time. Mount the colt, and try these opposite indications; he
+will do anything but obey them, anything but collect himself. If you
+insist, he will resist. He will end in overt acts of rebellion, or at
+least in dogged sulks; and that from not understanding, or not choosing
+to obey your _aids_, not from want of suppleness. Let art supple the
+temper and understanding of the colt, and leave nature to supple his
+limbs. By holding the colt's head against a wall by the chin-strap, he
+may be made to pass sideways to either hand by showing him the whip. He
+should also be taught to rein back; this is best done in a narrow
+gangway. The leaping-bar is a good exercise of obedience. The bar itself
+should be only six feet long; the posts which support it should be four
+feet six inches high; the side-rails thirty feet in length, and they
+should slope down to three feet; they should rest on the tops of the
+posts, and be flush with them, and perfectly smooth, so that the long
+cord may pass freely over them without catching. The colt should walk
+half way up the gangway, thence a slow trot. Pass the reins of the
+snaffle through the left eye of the snaffle, and fasten the long cord to
+them. Hold the right rein close to where it passes through the eye, it
+will clasp the lower jaw like a slip-knot and give you great power. All
+over-fresh horses should be led in this way; without it a horse will
+pull with the top of his head with force sufficient to beat any man.
+Keep the bar low, or even on the ground, as long as the horse is
+nervous.
+
+The whole affair of colt-breaking is an affair of patience, you cannot
+have too much forbearance: put off the evil day of force. Forgive him
+seventy times seven times a-day, and be assured that what does not come
+to-day will to-morrow. The grand thing is to get rid of dogged sulks and
+coltishness; of that wayward, swerving, hesitating gait, which says,
+"here's my foot, and there's my foot;" or, "there is a lion in the
+street, I cannot go forth." This is the besetting sin of colts; and this
+it is which, on the turf, gives so great an advantage to a young horse
+to have another to _make play_, or _cut out the running_ for him. For
+this indisposition to go freely forward results as well from their
+seeing no necessity to give up their will to yours, as from their
+incapacity to perceive and obey the indications of their rider without
+swerving, shifting the leg, &c., and additional labour to themselves.
+All this is spared to the young horse by the follow-my-leader system.
+
+Everything should be resorted to to avoid alarm on the colt's side and
+force on the man's, and gradually to induce familiarity and cheerful
+obedience--to reconcile him to the melancholy change from gregarious
+liberty to a solitary stall and a state of slavery. I should say that he
+is the best colt-breaker who soonest inspires him with the animus
+eundi--who soonest gets him to go freely straight forward--who soonest,
+and with least force, gets the colt without company five miles along the
+road from home. Violence never did this yet; but violence increases his
+reluctance, and makes it last ten times longer. Indeed, it causes the
+colt to stiffen and defend himself, and this never is got rid of. It is
+true that by force you may make him your sullen slave, but that is not
+the object; the object is to make him your willing subject. Above all
+things, do not be perpetually playing the wolf to him; deal in rewards
+where it is possible, and in punishment only where it cannot be
+avoided. Be assured that the system will _answer_.
+
+    Crede mihi, res est ingeniosa _dare_.
+
+It is, no doubt, our duty to create the happiness and to prevent the
+misery of every living thing; but with our horse this is also a matter
+of _policy_. The colt should be caressed, rubbed, and spoken to kindly.
+He should be fed from the hand with anything he may fancy, such as
+carrot, or apple, or sugar, and be made to come for it when whistled to
+or called by name.
+
+    "Quis expedivit Psittaco suum ~chaire~?...
+    Venter."
+
+[Sidenote: Fetch and carry.]
+
+On an unlittered part of the stable, with the horse loose, throw pieces
+of carrot on the floor; he will learn to watch your hand like a dog.
+Then tie a piece of carrot to a piece of stick. When he lifts this push
+a piece of carrot between his lips where there are no teeth, and take
+the stick from his mouth. He will soon learn to pick up your stick,
+whip, glove, or handkerchief, and to bring it in exchange for the
+reward; or when mounted, will put his head back to place it in your
+hand.
+
+Stand on the outside of a door which opens towards you. Show the horse
+carrots through the opening: he will push the door open to get the
+carrot. By always repeating the word "door," he will soon open or shut a
+door at command, or a gate, even when mounted.
+
+These may be "foolish things to all the wise," but nothing is useless
+which familiarises the horse, which increases the confidence and
+intimacy between him and his rider, or which teaches him to look to man
+for the indications of his will, and to obey them, whether from fear,
+interest, or attachment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE HORSE AND HIS STABLE.
+
+Condition depends on food, work, and warmth.--So does the difference
+   between the _breeds_ of horses.--The terseness of the Arab is the
+   result of hard food.--So is that of our thorough-bred
+   horse.--Different _breeds_ result from different natural
+   conditions.--Crossing is only necessary where natural conditions are
+   against you.--We do not attend enough to warmth.--We should get fine
+   winter coats by warmth instead of singeing.--No fear of cold from
+   fine coats.--The foot should be stopped with clay.--The sore
+   ridge.--Stable breastplate.--The head-stall.--Never physic, bleed,
+   blister, or fire.--Food for condition.--Rest for strains.--Nature for
+   wounds.--Miles for shoeing.--The horse should have water always by
+   him.--And should stand loose.--No galloping on hard ground, either by
+   master or man.--He who cripples the horse kills him.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Condition depends on food, work, warmth.]
+
+For perfect health and condition three things are necessary, good food,
+work, warmth. For appearance a fourth may be added, cleaning. To suppose
+cleaning necessary for health is nonsense. Do you clean your sheep?--the
+stags in your park?--or the horses young and old in the breeding stud?
+But, speaking liberally, a horse which is not worked cannot be clean and
+a horse which is worked and clothed cannot be dirty. A horse cannot be
+clothed too heavily summer or winter short of perspiring.
+
+[Sidenote: So does the difference between breeds of horses.]
+
+But it is not only that the present passing condition of the horse
+depends solely on food, work, and warmth, but the permanent structure
+and stature of the horse depend on them; that is, the difference between
+what are called different _breeds_ of horses depends solely on these
+three things.
+
+[Sidenote: The Arab the result of hard food.]
+
+The Arab has a legend that his horse came from the stable of King
+Solomon. From the book of Kings it appears that Solomon was a great
+horse dealer. He imported them largely from Egypt, and he supplied
+certain kings with them. The merchandise which he received from Arabia
+is enumerated, and though it is not stated that he supplied horses in
+part payment for this merchandise, it is not improbable that he did so.
+Speaking liberally, in Arabia the sole food of the horse is barley and
+straw; and the terseness of structure of the Arab may be said to be the
+result of three thousand years of hard food, if we reckon only from the
+_modern_ horse-keeper King Solomon. Fuerant autem in Egypto semper
+praestantissimi equi. And, shades of Bunsen! how many thousand years of
+hard food shall we add to the account for our horses' Egyptian ancestry?
+Moses and Miriam sang their dirge on the shore of the Red Sea, in the
+reign of a _mediaeval_ Pharaoh, but their "early progenitors," as Mr.
+Darwin would phrase it, might have enjoyed the barley of the _ancient_
+King Menes. To hard food we must add early work, for the Arab is worked
+at two years old.
+
+[Sidenote: So is our thorough-bred horse.]
+
+Our thorough-bred horse, the descendant of the Arab, has been bred under
+the same natural conditions somewhat improved; that is, he has had
+_better_ hard food in unlimited quantity, he is earlier trained, the
+goodness of both sire and dam are proved to an ounce, and performance
+only is bred from. What is the consequence? In Evelyn's days Arabs and
+barbs raced at Newmarket. In later days, in the give and take plates
+there, winners are recorded of thirteen hands high, and the size of a
+stud horse of fourteen hands was advertised. Now, if a horse is under
+sixteen hands his size is not mentioned, and all the world is our
+customer at L5000 or L6000 a horse. And if more people had the skill to
+ride him, the merits of the thorough-bred horse as a hunter would be
+better known; though, indeed, under any circumstances, it is but the
+sweepings of the training stable which descends to the hunting field or
+private life.
+
+[Sidenote: All _breeds_ result from natural conditions.]
+
+The first axiom of the breeder is--est in equis patrum virtus--"Like
+produces like." But the second axiom is, "The goodness of the horse goes
+in at his mouth." The moral is, that like produces like only under like
+natural conditions. Turn out all the winners of the last ten years to
+breed on Dartmoor or in Shetland; what would be the betting about a colt
+or a filly so bred for the Derby or Oaks? The qualities of the
+race-horse--the accumulation of thousands of years--are lost in the
+first generation. Continue to breed him under these conditions, and the
+finest horse in the world, or that the world ever saw, becomes a
+Dartmoor or Shetland pony, worth L5 instead of L5000. Such are the
+changes worked by natural conditions; though with Mr. Darwin they count
+for nothing, or for next to nothing.
+
+In the permanent fat pastures of the temperate and insular climes, the
+horse is built up to eighteen hands high, with a width and weight
+infinitely more than proportionate to his height, if we compare him to
+the southern horse. In the arid south, by no contrivance of man or
+"natural selection" can a horse of _weight_ be produced; though you may
+breed the terse horse of the south in the north by keeping him on terse
+food.
+
+[Sidenote: Crossing not necessary.]
+
+Crossing is only good where you wish to breed animals against natural
+conditions, as heavy horses on terse food, or Leicester sheep on the
+downs, or small Alderney cows on rich pastures. Then, the more the breed
+is crossed by animals bred under favourable natural conditions the
+better. No horse is so bred in-and-in as our thorough-bred horse and
+the Arab, and, of course, all _pure_ breeds must be bred in-and-in.
+
+[Sidenote: We do not attend enough to warmth.]
+
+The above effects of food and work are evident and well understood. But
+we do not sufficiently attend to warmth. We see that if the
+finest-coated Arab or thorough-bred horse is turned out year after year,
+he will get a winter coat as thick as a Shetland pony. But besides this,
+nature thickens his skin; the hide of the southern horse sells higher
+than that of the northern horse, because it is thinner. Change the skin
+of a horse for that of a rhinoceros, will he race or hunt as well?
+
+[Sidenote: Warmth instead of singeing.]
+
+Mr. Darwin does not seem to be aware that the horse changes his coat! or
+that there is any difference between his summer and winter coat! or that
+the new coat of the same individual comes thick directly he is exposed
+to cold. Fine winter coats should be got by clothing and warmth, not by
+singeing and cold. Starvation itself is not more terrible than cold.
+Nature comes to the rescue of the out-door horse, but frightful
+enormities result from singeing horses in the winter, and leaving them
+to shiver in the stall inadequately clothed, to say nothing of the
+frightful figures which result.
+
+[Sidenote: No fear of cold from fine coats.]
+
+Fear not your horse suffering from cold because he is stripped to work.
+Do not labourers strip to work? If a horse had a coat thick enough to
+keep him warm when at rest in winter, he could not hunt in this without
+being sweated to death any more than he could with four or five blankets
+on him.
+
+[Sidenote: Stop foot with clay.]
+
+Fire and water are equally disastrous to the horse's skin. Allow neither
+singeing nor washing above the hoof, and even this only for
+_appearance_. For there is no more reason for washing the horse's foot
+when he is kept in a stable, than there is when he is kept in a paddock.
+But there are good reasons for keeping his foot full of dirt in the form
+of clay in the stable. Without it he fills his foot with the contents of
+the stall, which the shoe holds there. Now, which is worst for the foot,
+dirt or dung? Nothing can be more injurious to the frog than this.
+
+But, alas! all is right, even with the master, provided that there is
+not a speck on the _outside_ insensible horn; and perhaps that is oiled
+and blacked (!) when the horse is brought out, while _inside_, the soft
+frog is left night and day soaked and saturated with the most frightful
+horrors. Hence the most fetid thrushes, and hence the contracted heel;
+for the contracted heel is the consequence, not the cause of the rotted
+frog.
+
+The clay should not be mixed up with any of the horrors which grooms are
+so fond of. Besides defending the frog from the highly injurious juices
+of the stall this gives a _natural_ support to the interior of the foot
+which the _artificial_ shoe deprives it of.
+
+[Sidenote: The sore ridge.]
+
+Every joint of the backbone or spinal bone is surmounted by a _spine_.
+These are sharp and topped with gristle, and will not support weight,
+still less attrition. Hence the necessity of the wooden _tree_ of a
+saddle, and even of a terret-pad to bridge the _ridge_. The old plan of
+fastening the horse's clothing, taken from the Persians, was by
+_rolling_ a long strip loosely round and round him; hence our name of
+_roller_ for the stable surcingle. This avoided injury to the ridge:
+the objection is the trouble. The bridge or _channel_ of our roller is
+_never_ effective, and _every_ stabled horse has a _sore ridge_. This is
+a great calamity to him as well as to his master.
+
+The play of the ribs in breathing saws the sore; he is disinclined to
+lie down because the roller is tightened by this position. The groom
+puts his hand towards the ridge; the ears go back and a leg is lifted.
+The horse gets a kick in the stomach or a blow with the fist, and
+becomes shy in the stall as well as vicious. In cleaning him underneath,
+the groom rests his hand on the sore ridge and the horse dashes his
+teeth against the wall, and lashes out from pain; he becomes shy to
+saddle, shy to girth, shy to mount, and he hogs his back, and perhaps
+plunges when you are up.
+
+[Sidenote: Stable breastplate.]
+
+I have used two remedies; first, a more efficient bridge. Let the pads
+of the channel be deep and _steep_ towards each other and die off on the
+side from each other, set them wide apart and have the channel clear.
+The common error is to stuff the channel, which increases the evil.
+Next a loose roller, but this involves the necessity of a breast-girth
+to prevent the roller going back under the flank. If the breast-girth is
+loose it falls below the breast and is burst by the legs of the horse in
+getting up. If it is tight it pulls the roller on to the rise of the
+withers. I have used, and I recommend a breastplate on the principle of
+a hunting breastplate. The bearing should be only from the top of the
+neck to the lower part of the roller; a long upper strap to prevent it
+falling forward when the head is down, should take off and on the
+channel by a slip loop. The lower strap is also taken off and on the
+roller with a slip loop. The breast-piece buckles or ties on the near
+shoulder. When taken off, it pulls out of the lower strap, and remains
+attached to the channel by the upper strap; the lower strap remains
+attached to the lower part of the roller.
+
+I wish my pupil would make a model with my favourite bit of string, and
+then call the saddler to his aid. He may have it of scarlet, if he is
+fond of ornament, of webbing bis Afro murice tincta, or of scarlet and
+gold if he likes.
+
+The roller must keep the cloths forward; if they are fastened tight
+across the chest, the horse bursts them in getting up or in putting his
+head down.
+
+[Sidenote: The head-stall.]
+
+The head-stall should have a buckle on each cheek-strap; the throat-lash
+should be sewed to the top, and should have a buckle on each side. If
+the horse slips his head-stall, take the throat-lash out of the front,
+and you may buckle it almost as tight as a neck-strap, which is the
+safest of all fastenings. The objection is that, when a horse has to
+raise heavy logs in the stall for each mouthful of hay, the strap wears
+his mane. For this reason a front is used to the head-stall; it however
+then wears the horse's head, and is the origin of what is called
+pole-evil; the bone of the nose is often worn through by the nose-band,
+forming abscesses _inside_ the nostrils. Small horses and ponies are
+particularly liable to this, in getting their hay from high racks. These
+are reasons for horses standing loose where this is possible. A quarter
+of a century ago I had the honour to arrange the head-stalls of the 2nd
+Life Guards as above, and I am proud to see them still in use.
+
+[Sidenote: Never physic, blister, or fire.]
+
+On no occasion and on no persuasion give your horse physic, or bleed
+him, or blister him, or fire him, or let the blacksmith have anything to
+do with any part of him which is more sensible than the callous crust of
+his hoof.
+
+[Sidenote: Food for condition. Rest for strains. Nature for wounds.]
+
+Condition depends on food, not physic. Rest is the cure for sprains and
+strains. Nature cures wounds unless prevented by _art_. Nature stops the
+bleeding by the glue of the blood coagulating about the wound;
+_staunching_ with cloths wipes this off and promotes the bleeding. Lint
+assists, but when Nature has formed a plaister over a wound it should
+not be interfered with or _washed_; leave it to come off of itself.
+Where great discharge ensues wash it off _sound_ parts, and grease them
+to prevent the skin coming off. Don't believe in what is called "_proud
+flesh_." The granulations of new flesh are always called so, and burnt
+off as fast as they grow by corrosive sublimate or "oils as'll cut a
+broomstick in two."
+
+[Sidenote: Miles for shoeing.]
+
+As a brother officer of the 2nd Life Guards has published a perfect book
+on shoeing, and as he did me the honour to dedicate it to me, I have
+only to say that on that subject I am completely "Miles's boy."
+
+[Sidenote: Water always by the horse.]
+
+About a quarter of a century ago I recommended in print that all horses
+should have water by them in the stall: it is now so universally the
+practice, that I need not here repeat the reasons for it. I have not
+heard of any horse drinking till he burst, though all grooms assured me
+that all stabled horses would do so.
+
+It is distending food, not drink, which forms the large carcase. Food
+takes long to digest, but it is astonishing how quickly what the horse
+drinks is absorbed. The late Mr. Field having a horse condemned to die,
+kept him two days without water, gave him two buckets, and killed him
+five minutes after. There was not a drop of water in his stomach.
+
+[Sidenote: The horse should stand loose.]
+
+A horse should have a loose standing if possible; if he must be tied in
+a stall it should be flat. A horse cannot stand up hill without muscular
+exertion, and the toe constantly up, and the heel constantly down,
+induces ruinous distress to the back sinews.
+
+[Sidenote: No galloping on hard ground.]
+
+[Sidenote: He who cripples the horse kills him.]
+
+Do not let your groom gallop your hunter on the hard ground in autumn;
+and my last word shall be a petition on this subject to master as well
+as man--to deprecate a piece of inhumanity practised, indeed, as much by
+ladies as by gentlemen--the riding the horse fast on hard ground. I pray
+them to consider that horses do not die of old age, but that they are
+killed because they become crippled, and that he who cripples them is
+guilty of their death, not he who pulls the trigger. The practice is as
+unhorsemanlike as it is inhuman. It is true that money will replace the
+poor slaves as you use them up, and if occasion requires it they must,
+alas! be used up. But in my opinion, nothing but a case of life and
+death can justify the deed. If the ground is hard and even, a collected
+canter may be allowed; but if hard and uneven, a moderate trot at most.
+One hour's gallop on such ground would do the soundest horse
+irremediable mischief. Those who boast of having gone such a distance in
+such a time, on the ground supposed, show ignorance or inhumanity. Such
+feats require cruelty only, not courage. Nay, they are performed most
+commonly by the very horsemen who are too cowardly or too unskilful to
+dare to trust their horse with his foot on the elastic turf, or to stand
+with him the chances of the hunting-field. And such is the inconsistency
+of human nature, that they are performed by persons who would shudder at
+the sight of the bleeding flank of the race-horse, or who would lay down
+with disgust, and some expression of maudlin, morbid humanity, the truly
+interesting narrative of that most intrepid and enduring of all
+gallopers, Sir Francis Head. But compare the cases. In the case of the
+race-horse, his skin is wounded to urge him to his utmost exertion for a
+few seconds, from which in a few minutes he is perfectly recovered, and
+ready, nay eager, to start again. In the case of the wild horse of the
+Pampas, he is urged for two, three, or perhaps five hours, to the utmost
+distress for wind, as well as muscular fatigue. He is enlarged, and in a
+day or two he is precisely the same as if he had never been ridden. But
+in the case of the English road-rider, though no spur is used, unfair
+advantage is taken of the horse's impetuous freedom of nature, his
+sinews are strained, his joints permanently stiffened, he is deprived at
+once and for ever of his elasticity and action, and brought prematurely
+a cripple to the grave.
+
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+Transcriber's Note
+
+The following errors were corrected:
+
+  Page      Error
+  fn. 16-+  dachtylos changed to daktylos
+  33        resiliance changed to resilience
+  Ads p. 6  Wordsworth s changed to Wordsworth's
+
+The following words had inconsistent spelling and hyphenation:
+
+  breastplate / breast-plate
+  Gueriniere / Gueriniere
+  headstall / head-stall
+  manege / manege
+  mouthpiece / mouth-piece
+  noseband / nose-band
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hints on Horsemanship, to a Nephew and
+Niece, by George Greenwood
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