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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Paul Jones, by Hutchins Hapgood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Paul Jones
+
+Author: Hutchins Hapgood
+
+Release Date: April 29, 2009 [EBook #28633]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PAUL JONES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Riverside Biographical Series
+
+NUMBER 12
+
+PAUL JONES
+
+BY
+
+HUTCHINS HAPGOOD
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Riverside Biographical Series
+
+1.  ANDREW JACKSON, by W. G. BROWN.
+
+2.  JAMES B. EADS, by LOUIS HOW.
+
+3.  BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by PAUL E. MORE.
+
+4.  PETER COOPER, by R. W. RAYMOND.
+
+5.  THOMAS JEFFERSON, by H. C. MERWIN.
+
+6.  WILLIAM PENN, by GEORGE HODGES.
+
+7.  GENERAL GRANT, by WALTER ALLEN.
+
+8.  LEWIS AND CLARK, by WILLIAM R. LIGHTON.
+
+9.  JOHN MARSHALL, by JAMES B. THAYER.
+
+10. ALEXANDER HAMILTON, by CHAS. A. CONANT.
+
+11. WASHINGTON IRVING, by H. W. BOYNTON.
+
+12. PAUL JONES, by HUTCHINS HAPGOOD.
+
+13. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, by W. G. BROWN.
+
+14. SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, by H. D. SEDGWICK, Jr.
+
+15. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, by HORACE E. SCUDDER.
+
+Each about 140 pages, 16mo, with photogravure
+portrait, vols. 1-9, 75 cents; other subsequent
+vols., each 65 cents, _net_; _School Edition_,
+each, 50 cents, _net_.
+
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: Paul Jones [signature]]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PAUL JONES
+
+BY
+HUTCHINS HAPGOOD
+
+[Illustration: Publisher's logo]
+
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+1901
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY HUTCHINS HAPGOOD
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+_Published November, 1901_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The amount of material bearing on Paul Jones is very large, and consists
+mainly of his extensive correspondence, published and unpublished, his
+journals, memoirs by his private secretary and several of his officers,
+published and unpublished impressions by his contemporaries, and a
+number of sketches and biographies, some of which contain rich
+collections of his letters and extracts from his journals. The
+biographies which I have found most useful are the "Life," by John Henry
+Sherburne, published in 1825, which is mainly a collection of Jones's
+correspondence; another volume, composed largely of extracts from his
+letters and journals, called the "Janette-Taylor Collection," published
+in 1830; the first and only extended narrative at once readable and
+impartial, by Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, published in 1845; and the
+recently published "Life" by Augustus C. Buell. To Mr. Buell's
+exhaustive work I am indebted for considerable original material not
+otherwise accessible to me. On the basis of the foregoing mass of
+material I have attempted, in a short sketch, to give merely an unbiased
+account of the man.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAP.                                             PAGE
+
+   I. EARLY VOYAGES                                  1
+
+  II. CRUISES OF THE PROVIDENCE AND THE ALFRED      17
+
+ III. THE CRUISE OF THE RANGER                      30
+
+  IV. EFFORTS IN FRANCE TO SECURE A COMMAND         44
+
+   V. THE FIGHT WITH THE SERAPIS                    56
+
+  VI. DIPLOMACY AT THE TEXEL                        70
+
+ VII. SOCIETY IN PARIS                              80
+
+VIII. PRIVATE AMBITION AND PUBLIC BUSINESS          91
+
+  IX. IN THE RUSSIAN SERVICE                       108
+
+   X. LAST DAYS                                    118
+
+_The portrait is from the original by C. W. Peale, in Independence Hall_
+
+
+
+
+PAUL JONES
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+EARLY VOYAGES
+
+
+John Paul, known as Paul Jones, who sought restlessly for distinction
+all his life, was born the son of a peasant, in July, 1747, near the
+ocean on which he was to spend a large portion of his time. His father
+lived in Scotland, near the fishing hamlet of Arbigland, county of
+Kirkcudbright, on the north shore of Solway Firth, and made a living for
+the family of seven children by fishing and gardening. The mother,
+Jeanne Macduff, was the daughter of a Highlander, and in Paul Jones's
+blood the Scotch canniness and caution of his Lowland father was united
+with the wild love of physical action native to his mother's race.
+
+Little is known of the early life of the fifth and famous child of the
+Scotch gardener. He went to the parish school, but not for long, for the
+sea called him at an early age. When he was twelve years old he could
+handle his fishing-boat like a veteran. His skill and daring were the
+talk of the village. One day James Younger, a ship-owning merchant from
+Whitehaven, then a principal seaport on the neighboring coast of
+England, visited Arbigland, in search of seamen for one of his vessels.
+It happened on that day that Paul Jones was out in his yawl when a
+severe squall arose. Mr. Younger and the villagers watched the boy bring
+his small sailing-boat straight against the northeaster into the harbor;
+and Mr. Younger expressed his surprise to Paul's father, who remarked:
+"That's my boy conning the boat, Mr. Younger. This isn't much of a
+squall for him." The result was that Mr. Younger took Paul back with him
+to Whitehaven, bound shipmaster's apprentice. A little while after that,
+Paul Jones made his first of a series of merchant-ship voyages to the
+colonies and the West Indies. He continued in Mr. Younger's employ for
+four years; when he was seventeen he made a round voyage to America as
+second mate, and was first mate a year later.
+
+Paul left Mr. Younger's service in 1766 and acquired a sixth interest in
+a ship called King George's Packet, in which he went, as first mate, to
+the West Indies. The business instinct, always strong in him, received
+some satisfaction during this voyage by the transportation of blacks
+from Africa to Jamaica, where they were sold as slaves. The slave-trade
+was not regarded at that time as dishonorable, but Jones's eagerness to
+engage in "any private enterprise"--a phrase constantly used by him--was
+not accompanied by any keen moral sensitiveness. He was always in
+pursuit of private gain or immediate or posthumous honor, and his grand
+sentiments, of which he had many, were largely histrionic in type. After
+one more voyage he gave up the slave-trading business, probably because
+he realized that no real advancement lay in that line.
+
+On the John O'Gaunt, in which Jones shipped for England, after leaving
+Jamaica, the captain, mate, and all but five of the crew died of yellow
+fever, and the ship was taken by Paul into Whitehaven. For this he
+received a share in the cargo, and in 1768, when he was twenty-one years
+old, the owners of the John (a merchantman sailing from the same port)
+gave him command, and in her he made several voyages to America. Life on
+a merchantman is rough enough to-day, and was still rougher at that
+time. To maintain discipline at sea requires a strong hand and a not too
+gentle tongue, and Jones was fully equipped in these necessaries. During
+the third voyage of the John, when fever had greatly reduced the crew,
+Mungo Maxwell, a Jamaica mulatto, became mutinous, and Jones knocked him
+down with a belaying pin. Jones satisfactorily cleared himself of the
+resulting charge of murder, and gave, during the trial, one of the
+earliest evidences of his power to express himself almost as clearly and
+strongly in speech as in action.
+
+Up to this time in Paul's career there are two facts which stand out
+definitely: one, that his rough life, in association with common seamen
+from the time that he was twelve years old, and his lack of previous
+education, made difficult his becoming what he ardently desired to
+be,--a cultivated gentleman. Stories told of his impulsive roughness in
+later life, such as the quaint ones of how he used to kick his
+lieutenants and then invite them to dinner, are probable enough. It is
+even more clear, however, that in some way he had educated himself, not
+only in seamanship and navigation, but also in naval history and in the
+French and Spanish languages, to a considerable degree. On a voyage his
+habit was to study late at night, and on shore, instead of carousing
+with his associates, to hunt out the most distinguished person he could
+find, or otherwise to improve his condition. His passion for acquisition
+was enormous, but his early education was so deficient that his
+handwriting always remained that of a schoolboy. He dictated many of his
+innumerable letters, particularly those in French, which language he
+spoke incorrectly but fluently.
+
+It was during Paul's last voyage as captain of a merchantman that the
+event took place which determined him to change his name and to live in
+America. Several years previously his brother, who had been adopted by a
+Virginia planter named Jones, had come at the death of the latter into
+possession of the property, and Captain Paul was named as next in
+succession. In 1773, when the captain reached the Rappahannock during
+his final merchant voyage, he found his brother dying, and, in
+accordance with the terms of old Jones's will, he took the name by which
+he is famous and became the owner of the plantation. He consequently
+gave up his sea life and settled down to "calm contemplation and poetic
+ease," as he expressed it at a later period.
+
+But Jones was very far from being contemplative, although he certainly
+was rather fond of inflated poetry, and even as a planter, surrounded by
+his acres and his slaves, there is no evidence that he led a lazy life.
+He seems to have been partly occupied in continuing the important
+acquaintances he had made at the intervals between his voyages and in
+watching the progress of events leading to war with England. Jones was
+given to gallantry, and while on the plantation he carried on the social
+affairs which he afterwards continued, as recognized hero and chevalier
+of France, on a magnificent scale. He resisted, as he did all through
+his life, any benevolent efforts on the part of the colonial dames to
+marry him off, and as the war grew nearer his activity in promoting it
+grew greater. He made frequent visits to his patriot friends, met,
+besides Joseph Hewes, whom he had already known, Thomas Jefferson,
+Philip Livingston, Colonel Washington and the Lees, and was later, if
+not at this time, in an intimate official relation with Robert and
+Gouverneur Morris. In Jones's intercourse with these men he showed
+himself one of the most fiery of Whigs. In a letter to Joseph Hewes
+written in 1774, he tells how a British officer made a remark reflecting
+on the virtue of colonial women. "I at once knocked Mr. Parker down,"
+he adds, in a style that suggests the straightforward character of his
+official reports.
+
+Although dueling was at that time the conventional method of settling
+affairs of that nature, no personal encounter resulted between Jones and
+Mr. Parker. Jones, indeed, did not seem averse to such an issue, for he
+sent a friend to propose pistols, with which he was a crack shot. It is
+nevertheless a striking fact that Paul Jones, the desperate fighter, who
+was certainly as brave as any one, and was often placed in favorable
+situations for such settlements, never fought a duel. Add to this that
+his temper was quick and passionate, and that he had to the full the
+high-flown sentiments of honor of the time, and the fact seems all the
+more remarkable. The truth is that Jones was as cautious as he was
+brave. He acted sometimes impulsively, but reflection quickly came, and
+he never manifested a dare-devil desire to put his life unnecessarily in
+danger. When there was anything to be gained by exposing his person, he
+did it with the utmost coolness, but he consistently refused to put
+himself at a disadvantage. When, on at least one occasion, he was
+challenged to fight with swords, with which he was only moderately
+skillful, he demanded pistols. Fame was Jones's end, and he knew that
+premature death was inconsistent with that consummation.
+
+Although Jones was, at the time, in financial difficulties, he no doubt
+welcomed the outbreak of the war. Service in the cause of the colonies
+could not be remunerative, and Jones knew it. A privateering command
+would have paid better than a regular commission, but Jones constantly
+refused such an appointment; and yet he has been called buccaneer and
+pirate by many who have written about him, including as recent writers
+as Rudyard Kipling, John Morley, and Theodore Roosevelt. Nor is it
+likely that a feeling of patriotism led Jones to serve the colonies
+against his native land. The reason lay in his overpowering desire of
+action. He saw in the service of the colonies an opportunity to employ
+his energies on a larger and more glorious scale than in any other way.
+Service in the British navy in an important capacity was impossible for
+a man with no family or position. Jones accordingly went in for the
+highest prize within his reach, and with the instinct of the true
+sportsman served well the side he had for the time espoused.
+
+Soon after the battle of Lexington Jones wrote a letter to Joseph Hewes,
+sending copies to Jefferson, Robert Morris, and Livingston. "I cannot
+conceive of submission to complete slavery. Therefore only war is in
+sight.... I beg you to keep my name in your memory when the Congress
+shall assemble again, and ... to call upon me in any capacity which your
+knowledge of my seafaring experience and your opinion of my
+qualifications may dictate." Soon after Congress met, a Marine
+Committee, Robert Morris, chairman, was appointed, and Jones was
+requested to report on the "proper qualifications of naval officers and
+the kind of armed vessels most desirable for the service of the United
+States, keeping in view the limited resources of the Congress." He was
+also asked to serve on a committee to report upon the availability of
+the vessels at the disposal of Congress. Jones was practically the head
+of this committee, and showed the utmost industry and efficiency in
+selecting, arming, and preparing for sea the unimportant vessels within
+the disposition of the government.
+
+At the beginning of the war there was no American navy. Some of the
+colonies had, indeed, fitted out merchant vessels with armaments, to
+resist the aggressions of the British on their coasts, and in several
+instances the cruisers of the enemy had been captured while in port by
+armed citizens. The colonial government had empowered Washington, as
+commander in chief, to commission some of these improvised war vessels
+of the colonies to attack, in the service of the "continent," the
+transports and small cruisers of the British, in order to secure powder
+for the Continental army. It was not, however, until October of 1775
+that the first official attempt towards the formation of a continental,
+as opposed to a colonial, navy, was made. The large merchant marine put
+at the disposal of the new government many excellent seamen and skippers
+and a good number of ships, few of them, however, adapted for war. To
+build regular warships on a large scale was impossible for a nation so
+badly in need of funds. It was almost equally difficult to secure
+officers trained in naval matters, for the marine captains, although as
+a rule good seamen, were utterly lacking in naval knowledge and the
+principles of organization.
+
+In this state of affairs Paul Jones proved a very useful man. He was not
+only a thorough seaman, but had studied the art of naval warfare, was in
+some respects ahead of his time in his ideas of armament, and was
+familiar with the organization and history of the British navy. In the
+early development of our navy he played, therefore, an important part,
+not only in equipping and arming ships for immediate service, and in
+determining upon the most effective and practicable kind of vessels to
+be built, but also in laying before the committee a statement of the
+necessary requirements for naval officers.
+
+To the request of Congress for reports, Jones answered with two
+remarkable documents. One was a long, logical argument in favor of swift
+frigates of a certain size, rather than ships of the line, and showed
+thorough knowledge, not only of naval construction and cost of building,
+but also of the general international situation, and the best method of
+conducting the war on the sea. On the latter point he wrote: "Keeping
+such a squadron in British waters, alarming their coasts, intercepting
+their trade, and descending now and then upon their least protected
+ports, is the only way that we, with our slender resources, can sensibly
+affect our enemy by sea-warfare." This is an exact outline of the policy
+which Jones and other United States captains actually carried out.
+
+Jones also made the statement, wonderfully foreshadowing his own
+exploits and their effect, that, "the capture ... of one or two of
+their crack frigates would raise us more in the estimation of Europe,
+where we now most of all need countenance, than could the defeat or even
+capture of one of their armies on the land here in America. And at the
+same time it would fill all England with dismay. If we show to the world
+that we can beat them afloat with an equal force, ship to ship, it will
+be more than anyone else has been able to do in modern times, and it
+will create a great and most desirable sentiment of respect and favor
+towards us on the continent of Europe, where really, I think, the
+question of our fate must ultimately be determined.
+
+"Beyond this, if by exceedingly desperate fighting, one of our ships
+shall conquer one of theirs of markedly superior force, we shall be
+hailed as the pioneers of a new power on the sea, with untold prospects
+of development, and the prestige if not the substance of English
+dominion over the ocean will be forever broken. Happy, indeed, will be
+the lot of the American captain upon whom fortune shall confer the
+honor of fighting that battle!"
+
+Jones was that happy captain, for both the events mentioned as highly
+desirable he brought to pass.
+
+In the report on the qualifications of naval officers Jones showed
+himself to be quite abreast of our own times in the philosophy of naval
+organization, and, moreover, possessed of a pen quite capable of
+expressing, always with clearness and dignity and sometimes with
+elegance, the full maturity of his thought. George Washington, one of
+whose great qualities was the power to know men, read this report of
+Jones and said: "Mr. Jones is clearly not only a master mariner within
+the scope of the art of navigation, but he also holds a strong and
+profound sense of the political and military weight of command on the
+sea. His powers of usefulness are great and must be constantly kept in
+view."
+
+Jones was appointed first lieutenant in the navy on the 22d of December,
+1775. He was sixth on the list of appointees, the other five being made
+captains. Subsequent events showed that Jones would have been the best
+man for the first place. He thought so himself, but hastened on board
+his ship to serve as lieutenant, and was the first man who ever hoisted
+the American flag on a man-of-war,--a spectacular trifle that gave him
+much pleasure.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+CRUISES OF THE PROVIDENCE AND THE ALFRED
+
+
+The infant squadron of the United States, under the command of Ezek
+Hopkins, consisting of the Alfred, of which Jones was the first
+lieutenant, the Columbus, the Andria Doria, and the Cabot, sailed in
+February, 1776, against Fort Nassau, New Providence Island, in the
+Bahamas. The only vessel of any force in the squadron was the Alfred, an
+East Indiaman, which Jones had armed with twenty-four nine-pounders on
+the gun-deck, and six six-pounders on the quarter-deck. The only officer
+in the fleet who, with the exception of Jones, ever showed any ability
+was Nicholas Biddle of the Doria. The expedition, consequently, was
+sufficiently inglorious. A barren descent was made on New Providence
+Island, and later the fleet was engaged with the British sloop of war
+Glasgow, which, in spite of the odds against her, seems to have had the
+best of the encounter. Jones was stationed between decks to command the
+Alfred's first battery, which he trained on the enemy with his usual
+efficiency. He says in his journal what was evidently true: "Mr. Jones,
+therefore, did his duty; and as he had no direction whatever, either of
+the general disposition of the squadron, or the sails and helm of the
+Alfred, he can stand charged with no part of the disgrace of that
+night."
+
+A number of courts-martial resulted from this inept affair and from
+other initial mistakes. Captain Hazard of the Providence, a sloop of war
+of fourteen guns and 103 men, was dismissed from the service, and Jones
+was put in command of the ship. "This proves," said Jones, "that Mr.
+Jones did his duty on the Providence expedition."
+
+Jones continued to do his duty by making a number of energetic descents
+on the enemy's shipping. His method was to hunt out the merchant vessels
+in harbor, whence they could not escape, rather than to search for them
+on the open sea. In June, 1776, he cruised in the Providence from
+Bermuda to the Banks of Newfoundland, a region infested with the war
+vessels of the British, captured sixteen vessels, made an attack on
+Canso, Nova Scotia, thereby releasing several American prisoners, burned
+three vessels belonging to the Cape Breton fishery, and in a descent on
+the Isle of Madame destroyed several fishing smacks. He twice escaped,
+through superior seamanship, from heavy English frigates. One of these
+strong frigates, the Milford, continued to fire from a great distance,
+after the little Providence was out of danger. Of this Jones wrote: "He
+excited my contempt so much, by his continued firing, at more than twice
+the proper distance, that when he rounded to, to give his broadside, I
+ordered my marine officer to return the salute with only a single
+musket."
+
+While Jones was on this cruise his plantation was ravaged by the
+British--buildings burned, live stock destroyed, and slaves carried off.
+He was dependent upon the income from this estate, having drawn up to
+that time only £50 from the government, not for pay, but for the expense
+of enlisting seamen. On his return to port he wrote to Mr. Hewes: "It
+thus appears that I have no fortune left but my sword, and no prospect
+except that of getting alongside the enemy."
+
+It was during the same cruise that Jones, by the act of Congress of
+October 10, 1776, was made captain in the United States navy, an
+appointment that brought him more bitterness of spirit than pleasure,
+for he was only number eighteen in the list of appointees. This was an
+injustice which Jones never forgot, and to which he referred at
+intervals all through his life. He thought he ought to have been not
+lower than sixth in rank, because, by the law of the previous year,
+there were only five captains ahead of him. In the mean time, too, he
+had done good service, while the new captains ranking above him were
+untried. It was no doubt an instance of political influence outweighing
+practical service, and Jones was entitled to feel aggrieved,--a
+privilege he was not likely to forego. Rank was to him a passion, not
+merely because it would enable him to be more effective, but for its own
+sake. He liked all the signs of display,--busts, epaulets, medals, marks
+of honor of all kinds. "How near to the heart," he wrote, "of every
+military officer is rank, which opens the door to glory!"
+
+In regard to this appointment he wrote Thomas Jefferson a bitter and
+sarcastic letter. He attributed the injustice to the desire of John
+Adams to create captains from among the "respectable skippers" of New
+England. "If their fate," he wrote, "shall be like that of his share in
+the first five captains last year, I can only say that Mr. Adams has
+probably provided for a greater number of courts-martial than of naval
+victories! You are well aware, honored sir, that I have no family
+connections at my back, but rest my case wholly on what I do. As I
+survey the list of twelve captains who have been newly jumped over me by
+the act of October 10th, I cannot help seeing that all but three are
+persons of high family connection in the bailiwick of Mr. Adams!"
+
+He wrote, at this time and later, many vehement letters about these
+"skippers." To Joseph Hewes: "There are characters among the thirteen on
+the list who are truly contemptible--with such, as a private gentleman,
+I would disdain to sit down--I would disdain to be acquainted.... Until
+they give proof of their superior ability, I never shall acknowledge
+them as my senior officers--I never will act under their command." He
+wrote to Robert Morris: " ... Nor will I ever draw my sword under the
+command of any man who was not in the service as early as myself, unless
+he hath merited a preference by his superior services or abilities." In
+these and similar remarks, Jones did not show that sense of absolute
+subordination which he had said, in his report on the qualifications of
+naval officers, was of prime importance, and which he strenuously
+demanded from his inferiors in rank. He was always jealous of any
+superior in his own line, but, fortunately, after his first cruise, he
+was always the ranking officer on his ship.
+
+Jones protested, however, without avail, but on the 4th of November,
+1776, he was put in command of the Alfred, and with the Providence in
+company made a cruise of about a month, captured seven merchant ships of
+the enemy, several of them carrying valuable supplies to the army, and
+again cleverly avoided the superior British frigates. Complaining of the
+action of the Providence, "which gave him the slip in the night," as he
+put it, Jones wrote Hewes: "If such doings are permitted, the navy will
+never rise above contempt!... the aforesaid noble captain doth not
+understand the first case of plain Trigonometry." On the subject of the
+navy he wrote Robert Morris, at a later period: "The navy is in a
+wretched condition. It wants a man of ability at its head who could
+bring on a purgation, and distinguish between the abilities of a
+gentleman and those of a mere sailor or boatswain's mate." In still
+another letter: "If my feeble voice is heard when I return to
+Philadelphia, our navy matters will assume a better face." Again, as
+late as 1782, he wrote Captain O'Neill: "I am altogether in the dark
+about what has been done to reëstablish the credit of our marine. In the
+course of near seven years' service I have continually suggested what
+has occurred to me as most likely to promote its honor and render it
+serviceable; but my voice has been like a cry in the wilderness."
+
+After his return from the cruise in the Alfred, Jones served on the
+Board of Advice to the Marine Committee, and was very useful in many
+ways. He urged strongly the necessity of making a cruise in European
+waters for the sake of moral prestige,--he, of course, to be in command
+of the squadron. His energy and dashing character made a strong
+impression on Lafayette, who was then in the country, and who heartily
+supported Jones in the projected scheme. Lafayette was one of the
+strongest advocates for an alliance between the colonies and France, and
+believed that a fleet fitted out in French ports under the United
+States flag would not only help out the weak colonial navy, but would
+precipitate war between England and France. He wrote a letter to General
+Washington strongly recommending Jones as leader of such an undertaking.
+About the same time Jones had an interview with Washington to appeal
+against what he deemed another injustice. The Trumbull, one of the fine
+new frigates just completed and built in accordance with Jones's
+recommendations, was placed under the command of Captain Saltonstall,
+who had been captain of the Alfred when Jones was first lieutenant of
+the same ship, and against whom the latter had made charges of
+incompetence. Jones did not get the Trumbull, but the interview was
+probably instrumental in procuring an order from the Marine Committee
+for Jones to enlist seamen for a European cruise. On June 14, 1777,
+Congress appointed him to the command of the sloop of war Ranger,
+eighteen guns, and on the same day the permanent flag of the United
+States was determined upon. Jones, as usual, saw his spectacular
+opportunity and said: "That flag and I are twins; born the same hour
+from the same womb of destiny. We cannot be parted in life or in death.
+So long as we can float, we shall float together. If we must sink, we
+shall go down as one!"
+
+Jones, with the Ranger, sailed for France under the Stars and Stripes
+November 1, 1777, bearing with him dispatches to the American
+commissioners, the news of Burgoyne's surrender, and instructions from
+the Marine Committee to the commissioners to invest him with a fine
+swift-sailing frigate. On his arrival at Nantes he immediately sent to
+the commissioners--Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee--a
+letter developing his general scheme of annoying the enemy. "It seems to
+be our most natural province," he wrote, "to surprise their defenseless
+places, and thereby divert their attention and draw it from our own
+coasts."
+
+It had been the intention of the commissioners to give Jones the Indien,
+a fine strong frigate building secretly at Amsterdam. But this proved to
+be one more of Jones's many disappointments, for the British minister
+to the Netherlands discovered the destination of the vessel and
+protested to the States-General. The result was that the commissioners
+were forced to sell the ship to France, to keep her out of the hands of
+England, and Jones was compelled to make his invasion in the Ranger.
+
+While proceeding in this little sloop to L'Orient, for the purpose of
+fitting her out, he met the great French fleet and demanded and obtained
+the first salute ever given the United States flag by the war vessels of
+a foreign power. He wrote to the Marine Committee triumphantly: "I am
+happy in having it in my power to congratulate you on my having seen the
+American flag, for the first time, recognized in the fullest and
+completest manner by the flag of France.... It was in fact an
+acknowledgment of American independence." As the secret treaty between
+France and the United States was signed about that time, it perhaps
+needed less than the pertinacity of Paul Jones to extract a salute from
+the imperial fleet. Shortly before sailing on his first famous cruise,
+the restless man sent Silas Deane a letter proposing a plan of
+operations for the French fleet in the coming war with England. The
+scheme was for the superior French fleet to attack the English fleet
+under Lord Howe, and destroy it or block it up in the Delaware. Jones
+said in his journal that the plan, which was adopted, would have
+succeeded if it had been put in immediate execution, and complained
+because the credit of the scheme had been given to others.
+
+This was only one of the bits of business which the energetic Jones
+transacted before he sailed in the Ranger to harass England. He wrote,
+as usual, innumerable letters, proposing, condemning, recommending. He
+had trouble with an insubordinate first lieutenant. He began, too, his
+social career in France. It was then that he met the Duchesse de
+Chartres, great-granddaughter of Louis XIV. and mother of Louis
+Philippe, who at a later time called Jones the Bayard of the Sea, and
+whom Jones at that time promised "to lay an English frigate at her
+feet." He kept his word in spirit, for years afterwards he gave her the
+sword of Captain Pearson, commander of his famous prize, the Serapis.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE CRUISE OF THE RANGER
+
+
+Jones started on his cruise in the Ranger April 10, 1778, and, after
+taking several unimportant prizes on the way to the Irish Channel,
+decided to make a descent upon the town that had served him as
+headquarters when he was a merchant sailor, Whitehaven, where he knew
+there were about two hundred and fifty merchant ships, which he hoped to
+destroy; "to put an end," as he said, "by one good fire, in England, of
+shipping, to all the burnings in America."
+
+Owing to contrary winds Jones was unable to make the attack until
+midnight of April 22. His daring scheme was, with the small force of
+thirty-two men in two small boats, to land in a hostile port, defended
+by two forts, surprise the sleeping inhabitants, and burn the ships
+before the people could assemble against him. By the time the boats
+reached the outer pier, day had dawned and no time was to be lost. The
+forts were surprised and taken, the guns spiked by Jones with his own
+hand; but while he was thus occupied his officers had failed to fire the
+shipping, in accordance with his orders, Lieutenant Wallingford stating
+as an excuse that "nothing could be gained by burning poor people's
+property." Jones thought otherwise, however; and although the
+townspeople were beginning to assemble in consequence of the pistols
+that had been fired in capturing the forts, he made fire in the steerage
+of a large ship, closely surrounded by many others, and an enormous
+conflagration ensued. He stood, pistol in hand, near the burning wreck,
+and kept off the constantly increasing crowd until the sun was an hour
+high, when he and his men retired to the Ranger, taking away with them
+three of the captured soldiers, "as a sample," Jones said, and followed
+by the eyes of the gaping multitude of English country folk.
+
+Although the amount of property destroyed by this raid was small, the
+importance of it was considerable, and is well stated by Jones himself,
+who, if proper allowance is made for the effects of his vanity, is, as a
+rule, his own best biographer: "The moral effect of it was very great,"
+he writes, "as it taught the English that the fancied security of their
+coasts was a myth, and thereby compelled their government to take
+expensive measures for the defense of numerous ports hitherto relying
+for protection wholly on the vigilance and supposed omnipotence of their
+navy. It also doubled or more the rates of insurance, which in the long
+run proved the most grievous damage of all."
+
+On the same day Jones made a descent on the estate of the Earl of
+Selkirk, near his old home in Kirkcudbright, with the intention of
+carrying off the earl as a hostage. But the earl was not at home, and
+Jones consented, he says, to let his men, mutinous and greedy, seize the
+Selkirk family plate, which Jones put himself at a great deal of trouble
+and some expense to restore at a later date. This incident is
+interesting chiefly as it was the cause of a letter illustrative of
+Jones's character, sent by him to the Countess of Selkirk, who was
+present at the time of the raid. After stating in rather inflatedly
+polite terms that he could not well restrain his men from the raid,
+Jones promised to return the plate, condemned the brutalities of the
+English, spoke of the horrors of war, boasted of his victory over the
+Drake the evening following the raid, spoke of the English dead and his
+chivalrous treatment of them,--"I buried them in a spacious grave, with
+the honors due to the memory of the brave,"--and then made the following
+rather amusing statements: "Though I have drawn my sword in the present
+generous struggle for the rights of men, yet I am not in arms as an
+American, nor am I in pursuit of riches. My fortune is liberal enough,
+having no wife nor family, and having lived long enough to know that
+riches cannot secure happiness. I profess myself a citizen of the world,
+totally unfettered by the little mean distinctions of climate or of
+country, which diminish the benevolence of the heart and set bounds to
+philanthropy. Before this war had begun, I had, at an early time of
+life, withdrawn from sea service in favor of 'calm contemplation and
+poetic ease.' I have sacrificed not only my favorite scheme of life, but
+the softer affections of the heart and my prospects of domestic
+happiness, and I am ready to sacrifice my life also with cheerfulness if
+that forfeiture could restore peace among mankind.... I hope this cruel
+contest will soon be closed; but should it continue, I wage no war with
+the fair. I acknowledge their force, and bend before it with
+submission."
+
+Jones was probably sincere when he wrote that letter, although it is
+full of misstatements. He was not a self-conscious man and did not
+analyze his motives very carefully. He always posed, with perfect
+sincerity, as a hero, and when he had to do with a distinguished woman
+his exalted words exactly expressed, no doubt, his sentiments.
+
+Jones's next exploit was the famous capture of the Drake on April 23.
+Previous to the attack on Whitehaven, while off Carrickfergus, he had
+conceived the bold project of running into Belfast Loch, where the
+British man-of-war Drake, of twenty guns, was at anchor; where he hoped
+to overlay the Drake's cable, fall foul of her bow, and thus, with her
+decks exposed to the Ranger's musketry, to board. He did, indeed, enter
+the harbor at night, but failed after repeated efforts, on account of
+the strong wind, to get in a proper position to board. Three days later,
+after the Earl of Selkirk affair, Jones was again off Carrickfergus,
+looking for the Drake, which, having heard of his devastations from the
+alarmed country people, sailed out to punish the invader of the sacred
+soil of England. The two sloops of war were very nearly matched, though
+the Drake technically rated at twenty guns and the Ranger at eighteen.
+When they came within range of one another they hoisted their colors
+almost at the same time, but the Drake hailed:--
+
+"What ship is that?"
+
+Jones directed the sailing-master to answer:
+
+"The American Continental ship Ranger. We are waiting for you. Come on.
+The sun is now near setting, and it is time to begin."
+
+The Ranger then opened fire with a full broadside. The Drake replied
+with the same, and the two ships ran along together at close quarters,
+pouring in broadsides for more than an hour, when the enemy called for
+quarter. The action had been, as Jones said in his terse official
+report, "warm, close, and obstinate." There was little manoeuvring,
+just straight fighting, the victory being due, according to Jones, to
+the superior gunnery of the Americans. At first Jones's gunners hulled
+the Drake, as she rolled, below the water-line, but Jones desired to
+take the enemy's ship as a prize, rather than to sink her, and told his
+men so.
+
+"The alert fellows," he said in a letter to Joseph Hewes, "instantly
+took this hint and began firing as their muzzles rose, by which practice
+they soon crippled the Drake's spars and rigging, and made her an
+unmanageable log on the water. I am persuaded that if I had not advised
+them to this effect, my gunners would have sunk the Drake in an hour! As
+it was, we had to put spare sails over the side after she struck, to
+keep her afloat, and careen her as much as we could the next day to plug
+the holes they had already made between wind and water."
+
+The Drake, indeed, was almost a wreck, while the Ranger was little
+injured. Jones lost only two men killed and six wounded, to the enemy's
+approximate loss of forty-two killed and wounded. It was the first
+battle of the war which resulted in the capture of a regular British
+man-of-war by a ship of equal if not inferior force. The Drake belonged
+to a regularly established navy, not accustomed to defeat. Perhaps that
+fact inspired her commander with overconfidence, but McKenzie's
+statement of the cause of the victory is no doubt correct: "The result,"
+he said, "was eminently due to the skill and courage of Jones, and his
+inflexible resolution to conquer." That resolution, which was indeed a
+characteristic of Jones, reached on at least one occasion, that of the
+later battle with the Serapis, a degree of inflexibility which amounted
+to genius.
+
+The effect of this bold cruise was great. Jones had not, however, been
+the only American captain, by any means, to render good service in
+destroying the commerce of the enemy and in annoying the British coast.
+Before the French alliance more than six hundred British vessels fell a
+prey to American cruisers, mainly privateers. There were, likewise,
+captains in the regular United States navy who had before this cruise of
+Jones's borne the flag to Europe. The first of these was the gallant
+Wickes, in the summer of 1777. Though Jones was not the first captain,
+therefore, to make a brilliant and destructive cruise in the English
+Channel, he was nevertheless the first to inspire terror among the
+inhabitants by incursions inshore. The cruise of the little Ranger
+showed that the British, when they ravaged the coast of New England,
+might expect effective retaliation on their own shores; and the capture
+of the Drake inspired France, then about to take arms in support of the
+American cause, by the realization of what they themselves had longed to
+do--to worst England on the high seas--with increased respect for their
+allies. It filled Great Britain with wild, exaggerated, and unjust
+condemnation of Paul Jones, who has been looked upon for more than a
+hundred years, and is even to-day in England, by sober historians, as a
+bloody-handed, desperate buccaneer. The persistent charge, often of late
+refuted, hardly needs refutation, in view of the well-authenticated fact
+that Jones never served on a war vessel except under a regular
+commission. Moreover, he was a man too ambitious and too sensible to
+hurt his prospects by being anything so low and undistinguished as a
+pirate.
+
+After the battle with the Drake, Jones saw that he would have to bring
+the cruise to a close. His crew of 139 men had, through the necessity of
+manning the several merchant prizes and the Drake, been reduced to
+eighty-six men, and he consequently put into Brest, reluctantly, on the
+8th of May, 1778. He was there met by the great French fleet, then
+actually at war with England, and he and his prize were admired by
+visiting French officers. From that time Jones, hated in England, was a
+hero in France, fêted whenever he was at the capital, and favored by
+fair ladies.
+
+He was a hero, however, with a thorny path all through life. He arrived
+at Brest with a miserably clothed, wholly unpaid, discontented, and
+partly mutinous crew. During the voyage his first lieutenant, Simpson,
+had stirred up dissatisfaction among the men, and had refused to obey
+orders, for which Jones had him put in irons. The unpaid men, not
+assigning their troubles to the true but unseen cause, the poverty of
+the government, easily believed that their captain was responsible for
+all their ills. Under no conditions, however, was Jones likely to be
+popular with the greater number of his men, for the energetic man was
+bent on making them, as well as himself, work for glory to the
+uttermost, and the common run of seamen care more for ease and pelf than
+for fame. Jones's unpopularity with the crew of the Ranger is attested
+by a passage from the diary of Ezra Green, one of Jones's officers, on
+the occasion, at a later period, of the Ranger's sailing back to
+America: "This day Thomas Simpson, Esq., came on board with orders to
+take command of the Ranger; to the joy and satisfaction of the whole
+ship's company."
+
+With the impulsive inconsistency which, in spite of his shrewdness,
+sometimes marked his conduct, Jones alternately demanded a court-martial
+for Simpson and recommended him to the command of the Ranger, he himself
+hoping for a more important vessel; it was Jones's own conduct, as much
+as any other circumstance, which finally resulted in the sailing away of
+the Ranger under the mutinous Simpson. With the frankness customary with
+him when not writing to anybody particularly distinguished, Jones wrote
+Simpson, at one stage of their quarrel: "The trouble with you, Mr.
+Simpson, is that you have the heart of a lion and the head of a sheep."
+
+Even more annoying to the imperious and high-handed Jones than the
+trouble with Simpson was the manner in which, on his arrival at Brest,
+the commissioners refused to honor his draft for 24,000 livres. He held
+a letter of credit authorizing him to draw on the commissioners for
+money to defray necessary expenses; but instead of dealing with the
+regular American agent at Brest, he placed his order with a Brest
+merchant, who, when Jones's draft was returned dishonored, stopped his
+supplies. Jones thereupon wrote the commissioners: "I know not where or
+how to provide food for to-morrow's dinner to feed the great number of
+mouths that depend on me for food. Are then the Continental ships of war
+to depend on sale of their prizes for the daily dinner of their men?
+Publish it not 'in Gath'!"
+
+He then, without authority, but very possibly forced by the necessities
+of his crew, sold one of his prizes, with the money from which he paid
+the Brest merchant. Of this act he said: "I could not waste time
+discussing questions of authority when my crew and prisoners were
+starving."
+
+The point of view of the commissioners is tersely expressed in a letter
+from them to the French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, June 15, 1778:
+"We think it extremely irregular ... in captains of ships of war to draw
+for any sums they please without previous notice and express
+permission.... Captain Jones has had of us near a hundred thousand
+livres for such purposes [necessaries]."
+
+The frugality of Benjamin Franklin, the most important commissioner, is
+well known, and also the financial straits of the country at that time.
+That Jones was in a difficult position at Brest is certain, and he
+perhaps asked for no more than he needed. But that he was naturally
+inclined to extravagant expenditure there can be no doubt,--a fact that
+will appear saliently in a later stage of this narrative.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+EFFORTS IN FRANCE TO SECURE A COMMAND
+
+
+War having broken out between England and France, Jones was detained in
+Europe, instead of sailing home in the Ranger, through the request of
+the French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, who wished an important
+command to be assigned to the famous conqueror of the Drake. The
+difficulties, however, in the way of doing so were great. The
+commissioners had few resources, and one of them, Arthur Lee, was
+hostile to Jones. Moreover the French government naturally thought first
+of its own officers, of whom there were too many for the available
+vessels. Several privateering expeditions were suggested to Jones, which
+he quite justly rejected. Several opportunities had also been given him
+for small commands, which he had likewise rejected. His manner in doing
+so could not exactly be called diplomatic. He wrote M. Chaumont, that
+patriotic and benevolent gentleman whom Jones alternately flattered and
+reviled, a rather typical letter: "I wish to have no connection with any
+ship that does not sail fast; for I intend to go _in harm's way_. You
+know, I believe, that this is not every one's intention. Therefore buy a
+frigate that sails fast, and that is sufficiently large to carry
+twenty-six or twenty-eight guns on one deck. I would rather be shot
+ashore than sent to sea in such things as the armed prizes I have
+described."
+
+The innumerable delays which consequently intervened between his arrival
+at Brest, in May, 1778, and his departure on his next cruise a year
+later, in June, 1779, put the active Scotchman in a state of constant
+irritation. He continued his dunning correspondence with the greatest
+energy, alternately cajoling, proposing, complaining, begging to be sent
+on some important enterprise. He wrote innumerable letters to de
+Sartine, Franklin, the Duc de Rochefoucauld, de Chaumont, and many
+others, and finally to the king himself, with whom he afterwards had an
+interview. The statement of his wrongs in his letter to the king,
+reiterated in letters to many others, involves an account of the many
+promises de Sartine had made and broken, and of Jones's various
+important proposals for the public good, which had been slighted.
+
+"Thus, sire," he writes, "have I been chained down to shameful
+inactivity for nearly five months. I have lost the best season of the
+year and such opportunities of serving my country and acquiring honor as
+I can hardly expect again in this war; and to my infinite mortification,
+having no command, I am considered everywhere an officer cast off and in
+disgrace for secret reasons."
+
+Jones's pertinacity and perseverance in working for a command are quite
+on a par with his indomitable resolution in battle, and he was finally
+rewarded, probably through the king's direct order, by being put in
+command of a small squadron, with which he made the cruise resulting in
+the capture of the Serapis and in his own fame.
+
+Jones was highly delighted with the appointment, but his troubles
+continued in full measure, and to all his troubles Jones gave wide and
+frequent publicity. All the ships of his squadron, with the exception of
+the Alliance, were French, largely officered and manned by Frenchmen.
+The expense of fitting out the expedition was the king's. The flag and
+the commissions of the officers were American. The object of the French
+government was to secure the services of the marauding Jones against the
+coasts and shipping of England. This could better be done under the
+United States flag than under that of France; for the rules of civilized
+warfare had up to that time prevented the British from ravaging the
+coasts of France as they had those of rebel America, and France was
+therefore not morally justified in harassing the English shipping and
+coasts directly; as, on the principle of retaliation, it was fair for
+America to do.
+
+This peculiar character of the expedition brought with it many drawbacks
+and difficulties for the unfortunate Jones. He had a motley array of
+ships,--those which were left over after the French officers had been
+satisfied. The flagship, the Bonhomme Richard, was a worn-out old East
+Indiaman, which Jones refitted and armed with six eighteen-pounders,
+twenty-eight twelve-pounders, and eight nine-pounders--a battery of
+forty-two guns. The crew of 375, of many nationalities, contained, when
+the fleet sailed, only about fifty Americans; but fortunately, a few
+days later, Jones was compelled to put back to port, where he was
+unexpectedly able, owing to a recent exchange of prisoners, to get rid
+of some of his aliens, and to secure 114 American officers and sailors,
+who proved to be the backbone of the Richard's crew. The Alliance, the
+only American ship, was a good frigate rating as a large thirty-two or
+medium thirty-six, but captained by a mad Frenchman in the American
+service, Landais, who refused to obey Jones, and in the important fight
+with the Serapis turned his guns against his commander. The Pallas,
+thirty-two guns, the Vengeance, twelve guns, and the little Cerf were
+all officered and manned by Frenchmen.
+
+The greatest hindrance, however, to the efficiency of the squadron was
+the famous _concordat_, or agreement between the captains, which Jones
+was compelled to sign just before sailing. The terms, indeed, which
+related largely to the distribution of prize money, left Jones in the
+position of commander in chief, but the fact that there was any
+agreement whatever between Jones and his subordinates weakened his
+authority. Of this, as of so many other injustices, Jones complained
+most bitterly all through his subsequent life. He signed it, however,
+because, he said in his journal, he feared that he would otherwise be
+removed from his position as commodore. In a letter to Hewes he gave
+Franklin's command as the cause.
+
+The squadron, accompanied at the outset by two French privateers, sailed
+finally from L'Orient, after one futile attempt, August 14, 1779, and
+made during the first forty days of the fifty days' cruise a number of
+unimportant prizes. On the 18th of August, the privateer Monsieur,
+which was not bound by the _concordat_, took a prize, which the captain
+of the Monsieur rifled, and then ordered into port. Jones, however,
+opposed the captain's order, and sent the prize to L'Orient, whereupon
+the Monsieur parted company with the squadron. According to Fanning, one
+of Jones's midshipmen, who has left a spirited account of the cruise,
+Jones attempted to prevent the departure of the privateer by force, and
+when she escaped was so angry that he "struck several of his officers
+with his speaking trumpet over their heads," and confined one of them
+below, but immediately afterwards invited him to dinner. "Thus it was
+with Jones," says Fanning, "passionate to the highest degree one minute,
+and the next ready to make a reconciliation."
+
+The defection of the Monsieur was, however, only the beginning of
+Jones's troubles with the insubordinate officers. While attempting to
+capture a brigantine, Jones, through the desertion of some of his
+English sailors, lost two of his small boats, for which he was bitterly
+and unjustly reproached by the crazy, incompetent, and greedy Landais,
+captain of the Alliance, who said that hereafter he would chase in the
+manner he saw fit. Shortly afterwards, the Cerf abruptly left the fleet,
+and the other privateer also went off on its own account. Jones was left
+with only the Bonhomme Richard, the Pallas, the Vengeance, and the
+Alliance; and it would have been better, as the result showed, if the
+last-mentioned vessel and its extraordinary captain had also decamped at
+this time for good. Landais paid no attention to Jones's signals, but
+left the squadron for days, unfortunately returning. Against Jones's
+orders he sent two prizes into Bergen, Norway, where they were given by
+the Danish government to the English, and were for many years after the
+war a source of trouble between Denmark and the United States.
+
+Jones was also compelled to treat with the other French captains, and
+several times modified his course in compliance with their demands. He
+had formed a daring design to lay Leith, on the coast of Scotland, and
+perhaps Edinburgh, under contribution, but first he had to argue the
+matter with his captains. Fanning says: "Jones displayed so artfully his
+arguments in favor of his plan that it was agreed pretty unanimously to
+put it in immediate execution." Jones's art was manifested in this
+instance, according to his account, by showing the captains "a large
+heap of gold at the end of the prospect." During this enforced
+conference, however, the wind shifted, and the undertaking had to be
+given up. Fanning quaintly remarks: "All his [Jones's] vast projects of
+wealth and aggrandizement became at once a shadow that passeth away,
+never more to appear again!"
+
+Jones, however, said that he would have succeeded, even at this late
+hour, if his plan had been followed, and showed a touch of the weak side
+of his character when he added: "Nothing prevented me from pursuing my
+design but the reproach that would have been cast upon my character, as
+a man of prudence, had the enterprise miscarried. It would have been
+said: 'Was he not forewarned by Captain Cottineau and others?'"
+
+With his old ship, his motley squadron, and his insubordinate officers,
+Jones then cruised along the Yorkshire coast, destroyed or captured a
+number of vessels, and was preparing to end his voyage at the Texel,
+Holland, when chance threw in his way the opportunity which he so
+greatly embraced.
+
+On the 23d of September the squadron was chasing a ship off Flamborough
+Head, when the Baltic fleet of merchantmen, for which Jones had been
+looking, hove in sight. The commodore hoisted the signal for a general
+chase. Landais, however, ignored the signal and went off by himself. The
+merchant ships, when they saw Jones's squadron bearing down upon them,
+made for the shore and escaped, protected by two ships of war, frigates,
+which stood out and made preparations to fight, in order to save their
+convoy.
+
+These British ships of war were the Serapis, a new frigate of forty-four
+guns, and the Countess of Scarborough, twenty guns. The Alliance, at
+that time, which was late in the afternoon, was not in sight, and the
+little Vengeance, which had been sent to look for Landais, was also not
+available. There were, therefore, two ships on each side, and Jones
+ordered Captain Cottineau, of the Pallas, to look after the Countess of
+Scarborough, while he himself took care of the Serapis. Jones never lost
+his head in action, and yet he decided, with that "cool, determined
+bravery," of which Benjamin Franklin spoke, and with "that presence of
+mind which never deserted him" in action, recorded by Fanning, to engage
+a ship known by him to be the superior of the Bonhomme Richard in almost
+every respect. It has been said of Jones by one who fought with him that
+only in battle was he absolutely at ease: only at times of comparative
+inaction, when he could not exert himself fully, was he restless and
+irritable. On this occasion he joyfully engaged a ship which threw a
+weight of metal superior to his by three to two, that sailed much
+faster, and was consequently at an advantage in manoeuvring for
+position, and that had a crew equal to that of Jones in numbers, and
+far more disciplined and homogeneous. A battle resulted which for
+desperate fighting has never been excelled, and perhaps never equaled on
+the sea.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FIGHT WITH THE SERAPIS
+
+
+Jones crowded on all possible sail, and the Bonhomme Richard came within
+pistol shot of the Serapis. It was seven o'clock of a fine moonlight
+night. Captain Pearson, of the British ship, then hailed, and was
+answered with a whole broadside from the Bonhomme Richard, an unfriendly
+salute which was promptly returned by the British ship.
+
+From the beginning the fight seemed to go against the Bonhomme Richard.
+There was hardly any stage of the three and a half hours' desperate
+combat when Jones might not, with perfect propriety, have surrendered.
+Hardly had the battle begun when two of the six old eighteen-pounders
+forming the battery of the lower gun-deck of the Richard exploded,
+killing the men working them and rendering the whole battery useless for
+the rest of the action. Captain Pearson, perceiving his advantage in
+speed and power of shot, attempted again and again to pass the bow of
+the Richard and rake her. Jones's whole effort, on the other hand, was
+to close with the Serapis and board, knowing that it was only a question
+of time when, in a broadside fight, the Richard would be sunk.
+
+After the broadsiding had continued with unremitting fury for about
+three quarters of an hour, and several of the Richard's twelve-pounders
+also had been put out of action, Captain Pearson thought he saw an
+opportunity, the Serapis having veered and drawn ahead of the Richard,
+to luff athwart the latter's hawse and rake her. But he attempted the
+manoeuvre too soon, and perceiving that the two ships would be brought
+together if he persisted in his course, he put his helm alee, bringing
+the two vessels in a line; and the Serapis having lost her headway by
+this evolution, the Richard ran into her weather quarter. Jones was
+quick to make his first attempt to board, but he could not mass enough
+men at the point of contact to succeed, and the ships soon swung apart.
+
+The Richard, even at this early stage of the action, was in a deplorable
+condition. Little of her starboard battery was left. Henry Gardner, a
+gunner during the action, stated in his account of the battle that, at
+this time, of the 140 odd officers and men stationed in the main
+gun-deck battery at the beginning, over eighty were killed or wounded.
+There were three or four feet of water in the hold, caused by the
+Serapis's eighteen-pound shot, which had repeatedly pierced the hull of
+the Richard.
+
+It is no wonder that Captain Pearson, knowing that his enemy was hard
+put to it, thought, after the failure to board, that Jones was ready to
+surrender.
+
+"Has your ship struck?" he called, and Jones made his famous reply:--
+
+"I have not yet begun to fight."
+
+That Jones really made some such reply, there is no doubt. Certainly, it
+was characteristic enough. Jones fought all his life, and yet when he
+died he had hardly begun the conflict, so many of his ambitious
+projects remained unrealized.
+
+When the ships had swung apart, the broadsiding continued, increasingly
+to the advantage of the Serapis. Had not a lucky wind, favorable to the
+Richard, arisen at this point, doubtless her time above water would have
+been short. The veering and freshening breeze enabled the Richard to
+blanket the enemy's vessel, which consequently lost her headway, and
+another fortunate puff of wind brought the Richard in contact with the
+Serapis in such a way that the two vessels lay alongside one another,
+bow to stern, and stern to bow. Jones, with his own hand, helped to lash
+the two ships together. The anchor of the Serapis fortunately hooked the
+quarter of the Richard, thus binding the frigates still more firmly
+together.
+
+During the critical time when Jones was bending every nerve to grapple
+with the Serapis, the Alliance made her first appearance, poured a
+broadside or two into the Richard, and disappeared. Of this remarkable
+deed Jones wrote to Dr. Franklin: "At last the Alliance appeared, and I
+now thought the battle at an end; but to my utter astonishment he
+discharged a broadside full into the stern of the Bon Homme Richard." It
+is probable that the Serapis also suffered from Landais's attack, but
+not so much as the Richard, which lay between the other two ships.
+
+After the Serapis and the Richard had been well lashed together, there
+began a new phase of the battle, which had already lasted about an hour.
+There were only three guns left in action on the Richard, nine-pounders
+on the quarter-deck, and the ship was badly leaking. The
+eighteen-pounders of the enemy had riddled the gun-deck of the American
+ship, rendering her, below-decks, entirely untenable. The real fight
+from this time to the end was consequently above-decks. Jones abandoned
+any attempt at great gun fire, except by the three small pieces on the
+quarter-deck, drew practically his entire remaining crew from below to
+the upper deck and the tops, and devoted his attention to sweeping the
+decks of the enemy by the musketry of his French marines from the
+quarter and poop decks, and of the American sailors in the tops. The
+crew of the Serapis, on the other hand, were forced mainly to take
+refuge in their well-protected lower decks, from which they continued to
+fire their great guns into the already riddled hull and lower decks of
+the Richard.
+
+After the juncture of the vessels Captain Pearson made several desperate
+attempts to cut the anchor loose, hoping in that way to become free
+again of the Richard, in which case he knew that the battle was his.
+Jones, of course, was equally determined to defend the anchor
+fastenings. He personally directed the fire of his French marines
+against the British in their repeated attempts to sever the two ships,
+to such good purpose that not a single British sailor reached the
+coveted goal. So determined was Jones on this important point that he
+took loaded muskets from the hands of his French marines and shot down
+several of the British with his own hand.
+
+The captain of the French marines, who rendered at this important stage
+of the action such good service, had been wounded early in the battle,
+and the succeeding lieutenants had also been either killed or disabled.
+The marines had been greatly diminished in numbers and were much
+disheartened at the time Jones took personal command of them. Nathaniel
+Fanning vividly narrates the manner in which Jones handled these
+Frenchmen: "I could distinctly hear, amid the crashing of the musketry,
+the great voice of the commodore, cheering the French marines in their
+own tongue, uttering such imprecations upon the enemy as I never before
+or since heard in French or any other language, exhorting them to take
+good aim, pointing out objects for their fire, and frequently giving
+them direct example by taking their loaded muskets from their hands into
+his and firing himself. In fact, toward the very last, he had about him
+a group of half a dozen marines who did nothing but load their firelocks
+and hand them to the commodore, who fired them from his own shoulder,
+standing on the quarter-deck rail by the main topmast backstay."
+
+A French sailor, Pierre Gerard, who has left a memoir of the battle,
+tells how his countrymen responded to Jones's presence: "Commodore Jones
+sprang among the shaking marines on the quarter-deck like a tiger among
+calves. They responded instantly to him. In an instant they were filled
+with courage! The indomitable spirit, the unconquerable courage of the
+commodore penetrated every soul, and every one who saw his example or
+heard his voice became as much a hero as himself!"
+
+Both vessels were at this time, and later, on fire in various places.
+Captain Pearson says in his official report that the Serapis was on fire
+no less than ten or twelve times. Half the men on both ships had been
+killed or disabled. The leak in the Richard's hold grew steadily worse,
+and the mainmast of the Serapis was about to go by the board. The
+Alliance again appeared and, paying no heed to Jones's signal to lay the
+Serapis alongside, raked both vessels for a few minutes
+indiscriminately, went serenely on her way, and brought her inglorious
+and inexplicable part in the action to a close. Captain Pearson had, for
+a moment, towards the end of the action, a ray of hope. A gunner on the
+Richard, thinking the ship was actually sinking, called for quarter, but
+Jones stunned him with the butt end of a pistol, and replied to Pearson,
+who had again hailed to know if the Richard had struck, to quote his own
+report, "in the most determined negative." About the same time, the
+master at arms, also believing the ship to be sinking, opened the
+hatches and released nearly two hundred British prisoners, taken in the
+various prizes of the cruise.
+
+Nothing, apparently, could be more desperate than the situation of Paul
+Jones then. His guns useless, his ship sinking and on fire, half of his
+crew dead or disabled, the Alliance firing into him, a portion of his
+crew panic-stricken, and two hundred British prisoners at large on the
+ship! But with Lieutenant Richard Dale to help him, he boldly ordered
+the prisoners to man the pumps, and continued the fight with
+undiminished energy. Soon after occurred the event which practically
+decided the battle in his favor. He had given orders to drop hand
+grenades from the tops of the Richard down through the enemy's main
+hatch. It was by this means that the Serapis had been so often set on
+fire. Now at an opportune moment, a hand grenade fell among a pile of
+cartridges strung out on the deck of the Serapis and caused a terrible
+explosion, killing many men. This seemed to reduce materially the
+fighting appetite of the British, and soon after a party of seamen from
+the Richard, with the dashing John Mayrant at their head, boarded the
+Serapis, and met with little resistance. Captain Pearson thereupon
+struck his colors, and the victory which marked the zenith of Jones's
+career, and upon which all else in his life merely served as commentary,
+was scored. Captain Pearson, in his court-martial, which was a formality
+in the British navy in case of defeat, explained Jones's victory in a
+nutshell: "It was clearly apparent," he said, "that the American ship
+was dominated by a commanding will of the most unalterable resolution,"
+and again, "the extraordinary and unheard-of desperate stubbornness of
+my adversary had so depressed the spirits of my people that, when more
+than two hundred had been slain or disabled out of 317 all told, I could
+not urge the remnant to further resistance."
+
+The capture of the British ship, which took place about half-past ten at
+night, came none too soon, for the old Bonhomme Richard was sinking. The
+flames were extinguished by combined efforts of crew and prisoners by
+ten o'clock the next morning, but with seven feet of water, constantly
+increasing in the hold, it was then apparent that it was impossible to
+keep the old vessel afloat, and men, prisoners, and powder were
+transferred to the Serapis. On the morning of the 25th Jones obtained,
+"with inexpressible grief," as he said, "the last glimpse of the
+Bonhomme Richard," as she went down.
+
+The desperate battle fought in the bright moonlight was witnessed by
+many persons in Scarborough and on Flamborough Head, and they spread
+the alarming tidings throughout England. In a letter to Robert Morris,
+written soon after, Jones said, of the cruise in general: "We alarmed
+their coasts prodigiously from Cape Clear round to Hull; and had I not
+been concerned with sons of interest I could have done much."
+
+With his two new prizes (for the Countess of Scarborough had after a
+short action struck to the greatly superior Pallas) Jones set off for
+the Texel, with a most dilapidated crew and fleet. The Alliance, well
+called a "Comet" by the editor of the Janette-Taylor collection of
+Jones's papers, disappeared again after the battle. Landais, whose
+conduct was described by Jones as being that of "either a fool, a
+madman, or a villain," was afterwards dismissed the service, but not
+until he had cut up other extraordinary pranks. He now went off with his
+swift and uninjured frigate to the Texel, leaving Jones, laden down with
+prisoners and wounded, unassisted. Of the Richard's crew of 323, 67 men
+had been killed, leaving 106 wounded and 150 others to be accommodated
+on the injured Serapis. Then there were 211 English prisoners on the
+Richard at the beginning of the action; and of the 332 (including 8 sick
+men and 7 non-combatants) men composing the crew of the Serapis, there
+were 245 left to be cared for--134 wounded, 87 having been killed. There
+were, consequently, only 150 well men to look after 562 wounded and
+prisoners. Some of the latter were afterwards transferred to the Pallas,
+but altogether it was an unwieldy fleet which slowly sailed for the
+Texel, at which neutral port Jones arrived October 3, none too soon, for
+as he entered the roads, an English squadron, consisting of a sixty-four
+ship of the line and three heavy frigates, which had been looking for
+him, hove in sight.
+
+The effect of the cruise was very great. The English people, alarmed and
+incensed, never forgot it. Never before had one of their ships of war
+been conquered by a vessel of greatly inferior force. Their coasts,
+deemed impregnable, were again invaded by the man whom they called, in
+the blindness of their rage, pirate and renegade. Professor Houghton, a
+serious-minded historian, writing of Jones said: "His moral character
+can be summed up in one word--detestable." English comment on Paul Jones
+may be summed up truthfully in one word,--envenomed. Jones's exploits,
+moreover, greatly increased the prestige of young America, and made of
+himself a still greater hero at home and particularly in France. For the
+rest of his life, indeed, Jones, in France especially, where spectacles
+are peculiarly appreciated, was the man on horseback, and he enjoyed the
+position intensely. Fanning narrates how Jones, while at Amsterdam, soon
+after his arrival in the Texel, "was treated as a conqueror. This so
+elated him with pride, that he had the vanity to go into the State
+House, mount the balcony or piazza, and show himself in the front
+thereof, to the populace and people of distinction then walking on the
+public parade."
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+DIPLOMACY AT THE TEXEL
+
+
+Jones found himself in a position at the Texel which demanded all the
+shrewdness as well as the determination of his character. Impatient,
+irritable, and passionate as he often was, his judgment was nevertheless
+excellent. Benjamin Franklin, when Jones at a later time was again put
+in a delicate situation, wrote him:--
+
+"You have shown your abilities in fighting; you have now an opportunity
+of showing the other necessary part in the character of a great
+chief,--your abilities in policy."
+
+Jones's ability in policy appeared in a more favorable light in the
+Texel than at any other period of his career, although too great weight
+has been laid upon the degree of it. The important problem to be solved
+was how to induce the Dutch authorities to allow him and his battered
+ships to remain for a time in the shelter of their port. Jones knew
+that the attainment of this object would help to bring about a rupture
+between England and Holland. The latter country was secretly in sympathy
+with the revolted colonies, but eager at that time to maintain
+officially friendly relations with England. Consequently, when Jones
+arrived with his prizes, the Dutch authorities were in a quandary, much
+aggravated by the action of the British minister in Holland, Sir Joseph
+Yorke, who demanded that the "pirate's" prizes be delivered up to
+England. He reiterated his demand to the States-General in the following
+language: "I only discharge the orders of his Majesty in renewing the
+most strong and urgent demand for the seizure and restitution of said
+vessels as well as for the enlargement of their crews, who have been
+seized by the pirate, Paul Jones, a Scotchman, a rebellious subject, and
+state criminal."
+
+Jones, in reply to the allegations of the British minister, copies of
+whose letters had been sent him, wrote the States-General an able
+letter. He inclosed a copy of his commission from the United States
+government, and then argued that the United States was a "sovereign
+power" and entitled to issue such a commission. He pointed out that the
+sovereignty had been recognized by France and Spain, and that
+belligerent rights had been recognized by Prussia and by Russia. Only
+one of Sir Joseph's charges he admitted to be true,--that he was a
+Scotchman, but he denied the inference made from it,--that he was a
+"state criminal." He wrote: "It cannot have escaped the attention of
+Your High Mightinesses that every man now giving fealty to the cause of
+American Independence was born a British subject." If he were a "state
+criminal," then, he argued, General Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and
+all other American patriots were also "state criminals."
+
+Soon after this letter was received the States-General passed a
+resolution declining to "consider any question affecting the validity of
+Paul Jones's commission or his status as a person." They declined
+likewise "to do anything from which it might lawfully be inferred that
+they recognized the independence of the American colonies." They also
+resolved that Paul Jones should be asked to leave their port, but not
+until the wind and weather should be favorable. They had refused,
+therefore, to consider Jones as a pirate, or to deliver up his prizes.
+
+Paul Jones's plan was not to admit that a favorable wind had arisen
+until the last possible moment. He did not wish to be taken by the
+strong British fleet waiting for him outside the harbor, and he desired,
+as he said, in order to provoke war between Holland and England, "to try
+the patience of the English party to the last bit of strain it would
+bear by keeping my anchorage in Dutch waters on plea of distress, and at
+the same time I wished to be ready for instant departure the moment I
+saw that the plea of distress could no longer be plausibly held."
+
+The French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, however, fearing that
+ultimately the pressure would be so great that the squadron would be
+compelled to depart and thus fall into the clutches of the British,
+demanded that the French flag, which naturally commanded greater respect
+from Holland than the flag of the United States, should be displayed.
+Benjamin Franklin agreed with the French minister, but Jones
+protested:--
+
+"In vain I expostulated with them that by accepting the shelter of the
+French flag I should do exactly of all things what Sir Joseph Yorke
+wished me to do, namely, withdraw all pretensions of the United States
+as a party to the situation, and thereby confess that the United States
+claimed no status as a sovereign power in a neutral port."
+
+Jones was forced to yield, the French flag was displayed, the command
+was given to the French captain, Cottineau, and Jones retained only the
+Alliance, an American ship, from which he was allowed, however, to fly
+the American flag.
+
+To add to Jones' sorrows de Sartine offered him, through the Duc de
+Vauguyan, a French commission to command the Alliance as a letter of
+marque. He rejected it with indignation: "My rank from the beginning
+knew no superior in the marine of America; how then must I be humbled
+were I to accept a letter of marque! I should, my lord, esteem myself
+inexcusable were I to accept even a commission of equal or superior
+denomination to that I bear, unless I were previously authorized by
+Congress, or some other competent authority in Europe." That the
+Serapis, the prize for which he had so bravely contended, had been taken
+from him, was another of the wrongs which rankled deeply in Jones's
+soul.
+
+Jones must have got a great deal of satisfaction, however, from the fact
+that he continued defiantly to wave the American flag from the Alliance,
+and that he delayed his enforced departure, in spite of great pressure
+from the admiral of the Dutch fleet, until December 26, when with the
+Alliance he dashed out of the harbor "under his best American colors,"
+ran the gauntlet of the British fleet cruising outside, and escaped into
+the open sea.
+
+Before leaving the Texel, Jones, on December 17, 1779, wrote Dr.
+Bancroft: "I am sure that the strain put upon the relations between
+Holland and England must end in rupture between them within this year."
+
+War was indeed declared between England and Holland on December 19,
+1780, and in the bill of grievances set forth in the proclamation of a
+state of war against Holland, the statement is made: "That, in violation
+of treaty, they [the States-General] suffered an American Pirate (one
+Paul Jones, a Rebel, and State Criminal) to remain several weeks in one
+of their ports."
+
+It is clear, therefore, that Jones's pertinacious stay in the Dutch port
+brought about important results.
+
+Another instance of Jones's _sang-froid_ in matters where time was given
+for his judgment to come into play, was the way he treated Landais at
+the Texel. On his arrival at that port Jones sent to Dr. Franklin
+charges against the captain of the Alliance, whom he removed from
+command. Whereupon Landais sent Jones a challenge to a duel. Fanning
+narrates: "But the latter [Jones], perhaps not thinking it prudent to
+expose himself with a single combatant, who was a complete master of the
+smallsword, declined." In the second edition of his memoir Fanning said
+that Jones accepted Landais's challenge, but insisted on substituting
+pistols, with which he was an expert, for swords, a proposition which
+Landais refused.
+
+Although again on the sea and free from the irritations of the Texel,
+Jones, when he had eluded the British fleet, found plenty of other
+things to annoy him. He had fortunately transferred many of his
+trustworthy men from the Serapis to the Alliance, but there were enough
+of the latter ship's old officers and men to divide the crew into two
+hostile camps. The discontent at the delay over payment of wages and
+prize money had deepened. Although the crew was large, fierce in temper,
+and at first very anxious to look for further prizes, they yet, after
+the cruise had continued for some time without success, refused to
+continue unless they were paid. Jones, in order to induce them to embark
+from Corunna, Spain, where the Alliance had put in for repairs and
+provisions, promised that he would sail immediately for L'Orient, where
+they should receive their prize money. As soon as he was again at sea,
+however, Jones informed his officers that he intended to make a further
+cruise of twenty days. Fanning, one of the officers, quotes Jones:--
+
+"'And,' says he, with a kind of contemptuous smile, which he was much
+addicted to, 'Gentlemen, you cannot conceive what an additional honor it
+would be to all of us, if in cruising a few days we should have the good
+luck to fall in with an English frigate of our force and carry her in
+with us.... This would crown our former victories, and our names, in
+consequence thereof, would be handed down to latest posterity by some
+faithful historian of our country.'" Fanning adds in a footnote: "Jones
+had a wonderful notion of his name being handed down to posterity."
+
+When the officers remonstrated on the ground that the men were badly
+clothed, Jones flew into a rage and ordered them to go to their duty.
+He found, however, that he could not, with a mutinous crew, continue his
+course effectively, and reluctantly sailed for L'Orient, where he
+arrived on February 10, 1780.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+SOCIETY IN PARIS
+
+
+The following year, passed mainly in France, at Paris or L'Orient, was
+spent by Jones in trying to collect prize money, secure an important
+command, and in society, where he shone more resplendently than ever. He
+wrote rather more than his usual large number of letters,--to Franklin,
+Robert Morris, the Duchesse de Chartres, Arthur Lee, Dr. Bancroft, and
+many others,--in practically all of them urging some one of his warmly
+desired projects.
+
+His correspondence with Benjamin Franklin was largely about prize money
+and the expense of repairing the Alliance, which he undertook to do
+immediately on his arrival at L'Orient. The frugal doctor attempted to
+curb, in the matter of expense, the free-handed Jones. The latter had an
+enormous respect for Franklin, and it is quite likely that he attempted
+to be economical, but he seems to have been less successful in that
+direction than in any other. Fanning speaks of the "great and
+unnecessary expense" involved in Jones's elaborate alterations, and
+narrates how, at a later period, when Jones was in command of the Ariel,
+anchored in the harbor at L'Orient, a magnificent spectacle was given on
+board for the entertainment of the ladies and gentlemen invited by
+Jones. A mock fight between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis, in
+which vast quantities of ammunition were destroyed, took place. The
+vessel was finely carpeted and decorated, a regal banquet was served,
+military music played, and in general "neither cash nor pains," says
+Fanning, "were spared in order that the scene every way should appear
+magnificent." Although the hero never seemed to take account of the
+extreme poverty of the infant republic, it is only fair to add that he
+spent his own money as freely as any one else's, and that he often
+served without pay, a fact continually attested to by himself in his
+letters and journals.
+
+Jones's lack of success, in spite of his energetic attempts in
+collecting at this time the prize money, about which there were many
+annoying technicalities, increased the discontent of his crew, and
+prepared the way for the seizure of the Alliance by the mad Landais.
+Arthur Lee, formerly one of the American commissioners in Europe, had
+always been hostile to Jones and unsympathetic with Dr. Franklin and
+with the revolutionary party generally; to such a degree, indeed, that
+he was accused, not unjustly, of treachery to the cause of American
+independence. At the time that the Alliance was at L'Orient, Lee was
+waiting an opportunity to return to America. Captain Landais, who had
+been deprived of the command of the Alliance by order of Benjamin
+Franklin, then the sole representative of the United States in France,
+and who had likewise been ordered by the doctor to report to the Marine
+Committee on the charge of infamous conduct, planned to take the
+Alliance from Jones, and was supported in the attempt by Lee, who
+contended that neither Franklin nor Jones could deprive Landais of a
+command given him by Congress. Lee's desire to take the ship from Jones
+was augmented by the latter's refusal to make room for the
+ex-commissioner's many effects, including two fine coaches,--space which
+was much needed for the accommodation of supplies for Washington's army.
+
+Lee and Landais consequently encouraged the discontent among the crew of
+the Alliance, and one day, June 13, when Jones was on shore at L'Orient,
+Landais went on board the ship, and, supported by his old officers and
+by Lee, took possession. When Jones heard of it he was very angry, and
+acted, according to Fanning, "more like a madman than a conqueror;" but,
+as usual, his anger was quickly controlled and the definite steps he
+took in the affair were marked by great moderation. The commandant of
+the defenses at L'Orient had received orders from the French government
+to fire on the Alliance, if Landais should attempt to take her out of
+the harbor; and it seems he would have obeyed and probably sunk the
+ship, had not Jones himself interfered, and induced him to stay his
+hand. In a letter to Franklin, Jones said:--
+
+"Your humanity will, I know, justify the part I acted in preventing a
+scene that would have made me miserable the rest of my life."
+
+Jones was probably not over sorry to lose the Alliance. There was
+nothing very thrilling in the prospect of carrying supplies to America,
+and Jones at that time hoped fervently to get hold of the Serapis and
+other ships and make another warlike cruise against the coast of
+England. So Landais sailed away with the Alliance, but to his own ruin,
+as the clear-sighted Jones had predicted in a remarkable letter written
+a short time before the ship sailed to a mutinous officer on the
+Alliance. On the voyage Landais's eccentricity caused his friend Lee to
+put him under arrest, and on the arrival in America, a court of inquiry
+found him unfit for command, and he never again burdened the service.
+
+Jones was left at L'Orient with the little Ariel, armed with eighteen
+twelve-pounders and four six-pounders, a ship loaned by the king to Dr.
+Franklin, and with high hopes, as usual, of more glorious opportunities.
+But many months intervened before he sailed again,--a time he devoted to
+business and society. As Jones and his interesting midshipman Fanning
+separated at the end of this period, the latter's final impressions of
+his captain may here be given:--
+
+"Captain Jones was a man of about five feet six inches high, well shaped
+below his head and shoulders, rather round shouldered, with a visage
+fierce and warlike, and wore the appearance of great application to
+study, which he was fond of. He was an excellent seaman and knew naval
+tactics as well as almost any man of his age; but it must be allowed
+that his character was somewhat tinctured with bad qualities ... his
+courage and bravery as a naval commander cannot be doubted. His
+smoothness of tongue and flattery to seamen when he wanted them was
+persuasive, and in which he excelled any other man I was ever acquainted
+with.... His pride and vanity while at Paris and Amsterdam was not
+generally approved of."
+
+Fanning has many anecdotes to relate in regard to Jones's affairs of
+gallantry of an humble character. Several of Jones's biographers have
+dwelt upon the gorgeous and aristocratic nature of the hero's amours.
+Fanning has the solitary distinction of narrating the other side. Jones,
+indeed, was a good deal of a snob, but he was broadly appreciative of
+the fair sex. He probably was never deeply in love with anybody,
+certainly not with any woman of humble character. Of such his
+appreciation was of a simple and earthly kind.
+
+Although Jones seems to have had no intimate friends, with possibly one
+exception, there certainly was about him a very strong charm, which made
+him a favorite in good society. He had a flattering tongue, a ready wit,
+and a gallant manner. Of Jones's attractions Benjamin Franklin once
+wrote to a woman:--
+
+"I must confess to your Ladyship that when face to face with him neither
+man nor, so far as I can learn, woman can for a moment resist the
+strange magnetism of his presence, the indescribable charm of his
+manner, a commingling of the most compliant deference with the most
+perfect self-esteem that I have ever seen in a man; and, above all, the
+sweetness of his voice and the purity of his language."
+
+Mr. Varnum of Rhode Island, who met Jones only in connection with public
+business, said of him:--
+
+"I confess there was a magic about his way and manner that I have never
+before seen. Whatever he said carried conviction with it."
+
+Even more sensible of Jones's charms than the men were the women, who
+were universally dazzled by the brilliant hero. Miss Edes-Herbert, an
+Englishwoman living in Paris, writes, among other flattering things
+about him:--
+
+"Since my last, the famous Paul Jones has dined here and also been
+present at afternoon teas. If I am in love with him, for love I may die,
+I am sure, because I have as many rivals as there are ladies."
+
+She records that Jones wrote verses for the ladies extempore, and gives
+a sample, the sentiments of which are as characteristic of the
+declamatory century as of the naïvely vain Jones:--
+
+
+     "Insulted Freedom bled,--I felt her cause,
+     And drew my sword to vindicate her laws,
+     From principle, and not from vain applause.
+     I've done my best; self-interest far apart,
+     And self-reproach a stranger to my heart;
+     My zeal still prompts, ambitious to pursue
+     The foe, ye fair, of liberty and you:
+     Grateful for praise, spontaneous and unbought,
+     A generous people's love not meanly sought;
+     To merit this, and bend the knee to beauty,
+     Shall be my earliest and latest duty."
+
+
+Many of Jones's flowery letters to distinguished women are preserved. On
+one occasion he wrote to a certain countess, informing her that he was
+composing a secret cipher for a key to their correspondence, and added:
+"I beseech you to accept the within lock (of hair). I am sorry that it
+is now eighteen inches shorter than it was three months ago."
+
+The only case in which Jones's affections seem to have reached beyond
+good nature, common kindness, or gallantry, to the point of love, was
+that of Aimée de Thelison. She was the natural daughter of Louis XV.,
+and this fact no doubt greatly heightened her interest in the eyes of
+the aristocratic Jones. She was a person of beauty and charm, and felt
+deep love for Jones. His love for her was of a cool character, which did
+not interfere with any of the enterprises taking him so frequently away
+from Paris. His letters to her are with one exception hardly love
+letters. The warmest words in that exception are:--
+
+"The last French packet brought no letter to me from the person whose
+happiness is dearer to me than anything else.... Your silence makes even
+honors insipid."
+
+It was while Jones was waiting thus gayly to sail for America, that the
+king of France bestowed upon him, in recognition of his services to the
+common cause, the Royal Order of Military Merit and a gold-mounted sword
+of honor, and made him Chevalier of France. It was, as Jones himself
+frequently wrote, a singular honor, he being the first alien to be made
+a French chevalier; and Jones prized this favor from a king more than he
+would the gift of a million dollars. The gold sword also pleased him
+deeply, and he asked the countess to whom he had sent the lock of hair
+to keep it for him, lest he lose it. He wrote of this gift:--
+
+"His Majesty ordered a superb sword to be made for me, which I have
+since received, and it is called much more elegant than that presented
+to the Marquis de la Fayette."
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+PRIVATE AMBITION AND PUBLIC BUSINESS
+
+
+Benjamin Franklin, knowing the value of the supplies to Washington's
+army, had implored Jones to embark several months before the little
+Ariel actually set sail, October 8, 1780. But Jones, hoping for an
+important command in Europe, and delayed by business in connection with
+fitting out his ship, and perhaps by the gayeties he was engaged in at
+Paris, did not show much concern over General Washington's distress.
+When he finally did sail, he encountered a terrible storm, and it was
+only the best of seamanship which enabled him to avoid shipwreck. As it
+was, he was compelled to put back for repairs to L'Orient, where, in a
+series of letters, he manoeuvred in vain for the loan of the fine ship
+Terpsichore.
+
+It was not until December 18 that the Ariel got under way again for
+America. The voyage was uneventful, with the exception of a night
+battle with a British privateer sloop of inferior force. Jones cleverly
+concealed his greater strength, and thus lured the Englishman to engage.
+After a ten-minute fight, the Triumph struck its colors, but, when the
+Ariel ceased firing, sailed away and escaped, to Jones's exceeding
+mortification.
+
+"The English captain," he wrote in his journal, "may properly be called
+a knave, because after he surrendered his ship, begged for and obtained
+quarter, he basely ran away, contrary to the laws of naval war and the
+practice of civilized nations."
+
+Paul Jones, when he arrived in Philadelphia, the 18th of February, 1781,
+was thirty-three years old and had actively served in the United States
+navy for five years and five months. He never fought another battle
+under the United States flag; indeed, with the exception of his
+distressing experiences in Russia, he never fought again under any flag.
+But to his dying day he did not cease to plan great naval deeds and to
+hope for greater opportunity to harass the enemy--any enemy. In view of
+his great ambition and ability, circumstances allowed him to accomplish
+little. He had only one opportunity, and the way he responded made him
+famous; but though it brought him honor it did not satisfy him, and the
+rest of his life was a series of disappointments. His bitterness grew
+apace, and before he died he was a genuinely pathetic figure.
+
+Soon after Jones's arrival at Philadelphia, the Board of Admiralty
+required him to give "all the information in his power relative to the
+detention of the clothing and arms in France intended for Washington's
+army;" and a series of forty-seven questions, on the subject not only of
+the delay but also on matters connected generally with his cruises, were
+submitted to him. He attributed, with probable justice, the instigation
+of this investigation to his enemy Arthur Lee, whom he desired in
+consequence to challenge to a duel. He was dissuaded, however, from this
+step, as well as from the publication of a paper he had written called
+"Arthur Lee in France," in which he made a circumstantial charge
+against Lee of "treason, perfidy, and the office of a spy," by some of
+his distinguished friends, including Morris and Livingston.
+
+Without either the duel or the publication of the paper, Jones was,
+however, completely vindicated. He answered the questions with clearness
+and skill, to the complete satisfaction of the board, which recommended
+that Congress confer on the hero some distinguished mark of approbation.
+A committee was appointed to question Jones personally, and the
+impression he made upon it is another proof of the remarkable suavity,
+plausibility and magnetism of the man. One of the examining committeemen
+wrote:--
+
+"From his beginning no one thought of disputing him. Toward the end we
+seldom ventured to ask him any questions. He made himself master of the
+situation throughout. At the end the committee felt honored by having
+had the privilege of listening to him."
+
+On the committee's recommendation Congress, which had already on Jones's
+arrival resolved "that Congress entertain a high sense of the
+distinguished bravery and military conduct of John Paul Jones, Esq.,
+captain in the navy of the United States, and particularly in his
+victory over the British frigate Serapis," gave Jones a further vote of
+thanks, "for the zeal, prudence, and intrepidity with which he has
+supported the honor of the American flag; for his bold and successful
+enterprises to redeem from captivity the citizens of these States who
+had fallen under the power of the enemy, and in general for the good
+conduct and eminent services by which he has added lustre to his
+character and to the American arms."
+
+Soon after, the intrepid man to whom were given so many testimonials and
+so few satisfactory commands received an appreciative letter from
+General Washington, who, after stating his satisfaction with Jones's
+explanation of the delay of the supplies, said:--
+
+"Whether our naval affairs have in general been well or ill conducted
+would be presumptuous in me to determine. Instances of bravery and good
+conduct in several of our officers have not, however, been wanting.
+Delicacy forbids me to mention that particular instance which has
+attracted the admiration of all the world and which has influenced the
+most illustrious monarch to confer a mark of his favor which can only be
+obtained by a long and honorable service or by the performance of some
+brilliant action."
+
+It now seemed to Jones a favorable opportunity to improve his rank, and
+on May 28 he sent a memorial to Congress reiterating his claims to stand
+above the captains who had been unjustly put ahead of him. He failed,
+probably on account of the political influence wielded by the captains;
+but in the way of compensation he was appointed commander of the new
+vessel then building at Portsmouth, a seventy-four, called the America,
+the only ship of the line owned by the States,--a "singular honor," as
+he expressed it. John Adams, who had at one time been unfriendly to
+Jones, looking upon him as "a smooth, plausible, and rather capable
+adventurer," wrote him, _à propos_ of this appointment:--
+
+"The command of the America could not have been more judiciously
+bestowed, and it is with impatience that I wish her at sea, where she
+will do honor to her name."
+
+Jones had hoped to join Washington's army, then campaigning against
+Cornwallis, as a volunteer, but he cheerfully gave up this exciting
+prospect in order to prepare the America for sea,--"the most lingering
+and disagreeable task," he wrote, "he had been charged with during the
+whole of the war." He did his job with his usual efficiency, however,
+and with his usual extravagance, which he called simplicity. He wrote in
+his journal: "The plan which Captain Jones projected for the sculpture
+expressed dignity and simplicity. The head was a female figure crowned
+with laurels. The right arm was raised, with the forefinger pointing to
+heaven.... On the left arm was a buckler, with a blue ground and
+thirteen silver stars. The legs and feet were covered here and there
+with wreaths of smoke, to represent the dangers and difficulties of war.
+On the stern, under the windows of the great cabin, appeared two large
+figures in bas-relief, representing Tyranny and Oppression, bound and
+biting the ground, with the cap of Liberty on a pole above their heads.
+On the back part of the starboard quarter was a large Neptune; and on
+the back part of the larboard quarter gallery, a large Mars."
+
+As a reward for all this industry and æsthetic effort Jones had another
+disappointment; for in August, 1782, the French seventy-four gunship,
+the Magnifique, was wrecked at the entrance to Boston harbor, and
+Congress gave the America to the king of France.
+
+With undaunted energy Jones now attempted to get hold of the South
+Carolina, originally called the Indien, which he had formerly, when he
+crossed the ocean in the Ranger, failed to secure. She was now, under
+the new name, in the service of the States, and Robert Morris tried to
+turn her over to Jones, that he might again "harass the enemy." But the
+plan failed, and Jones remained without a command. Unable to rest,
+although his health had for some time been failing, he now requested and
+obtained consent "to embark as a volunteer in pursuit of military
+marine knowledge with the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in order to enable him
+the better to serve his country when America should increase her navy."
+He went off, accordingly, on the cruise with the French fleet; but the
+expedition, during the course of which peace was declared, was
+uneventful, and Jones, who had had an attack of fever, spent the summer
+of 1783 quietly in the town of Bethlehem. In the following November,
+however, he renewed his activity, and on his application was appointed
+by Congress agent to collect all moneys due from the sale of the prizes
+taken in European waters by vessels under his command.
+
+Although money was subordinate, in Jones's mind, to glory and the
+opportunity for action, he was an excellent business man. His commercial
+transactions had been successful enough to enable him to pay with his
+own resources the crews of the Alfred and Providence, so that when he
+set sail in the Ranger he had advanced £1500 to the United States. After
+the close of the war, at a period of comparative inactivity, he began a
+profitable trade in illuminating oils, and in his character as prize
+money agent he continued to show his business dexterity. He began a long
+campaign of a year of most pertinacious and vigorous dunning for money
+due the United States, himself, and the officers and sailors under his
+command. He wrote innumerable letters to Franklin, to de Castries, the
+new Minister of Marine, to de Vergennes, Minister of Foreign Affairs; to
+many others, and prepared for the king a careful account of his cruises,
+in order to show that prize money was due. In arguing for all that he
+could get he showed great acuteness, legal sense, and, beyond
+everything, invincible determination. He also again demonstrated his
+happy talent for abuse of those who stood in his way. He finally secured
+the allowance of his claims; and the settlements, which began in
+January, 1784, were completed, as far as France was concerned, in July,
+1785. He was paid 181,000 livres, which he turned over, less deductions
+for expenses and his own share of the prize money, to Thomas Jefferson,
+then minister to France, who approved the account. Jones charged for
+his ordinary expenses, however, the sum of 48,000 livres and his share
+of prize money was 13,000 livres, a total of 61,000 livres, a generous
+allowance. One of the free-handed man's biographers, A. S. MacKenzie,
+pointed out that Jones "charged his shipmates for his expenses, during
+less than two years, more than General Washington did the people of the
+United States throughout the Revolutionary War."
+
+The next public business of Jones was to attempt to collect indemnity
+from the Danish government for the delivery to England of the prizes
+sent by the mad Landais, during Jones's most famous cruise, to Bergen,
+Denmark. He delayed his trip to Copenhagen, however, for a number of
+reasons. At this time he was carrying on several private business
+enterprises of importance, was occupied with society in London and
+Paris, and was eagerly desirous of being sent by the French government
+against the Dey of Algiers, who held in bondage many Christians. At
+various times during his career Jones showed a keen sense of the wrongs
+inflicted on Americans by the Barbary pirates in search of tribute, and
+in his letters to Jefferson and others he often suggested plans for
+their extermination. For de Vergennes and de Castries he prepared a
+memorandum urging the necessity of a movement against the pirates, and
+ably pointing out the good that would accrue therefrom to the world, and
+particularly to France, to which nation he attributed future dominion in
+North Africa, provided action was taken in time to forestall Great
+Britain.
+
+"The knowledge of the race persuades me," he wrote, "that England will
+soon invade the Mediterranean--doubtless as soon as she recovers from
+the exhaustion of the late war."
+
+The United States, however, were after the war lacking so completely in
+resources that a war with the pirates was impossible, and France was on
+the brink of her great Revolution, and had more important things to
+consider. So Jones died before the expedition for which he had so
+ardently hoped, and which brought so much honor, as he had predicted,
+to the man who commanded it--Commodore Dale, once Jones's first
+lieutenant on the Bonhomme Richard--was dispatched.
+
+Jones finally set off for Copenhagen to collect the indemnity from the
+Danish government; but hearing of a crisis in an important business
+matter in which he was interested, he made, before arriving at his
+destination, a flying trip to America. While there, he was awarded a
+gold medal by Congress, and said in his journal that such a medal had
+been given to only six officers.
+
+"To General Washington, for the capture of Boston; General Gates, for
+the capture of Burgoyne's army; General Wayne, for the taking of Rocky
+Point;... General Morgan, for having defeated and destroyed a
+detachment of 1100 officers and soldiers of the best troops of England,
+with 900 militia merely; General Greene, for having scored a decisive
+victory on the enemy at Euta Spring.... But all these medals, although
+well merited, were given in moments of enthusiasm. I had the unique
+satisfaction of receiving the same honor, by the unanimous voice of the
+United States assembled in Congress, the sixteenth October, 1787, in
+memory of the services which I rendered eight years earlier."
+
+It was not until January, 1788, that Paul Jones arrived at Copenhagen,
+where, during his short stay, he was magnificently entertained by the
+court. The negotiations for the indemnity, which he began almost
+immediately, were abruptly terminated by the transfer of the matter for
+settlement to Paris. Jones, on the day he agreed to suspend the
+negotiations, received from the Danish government a patent for a pension
+of 1500 crowns a year, "for the respect he had shown the Danish flag
+while he commanded in the European seas." Jones kept this transaction,
+for which he possibly felt ashamed, to himself, until several years
+afterwards, when, writing to Jefferson, he said: "I have felt myself in
+an embarrassing situation, with regard to the king's patent, and I have
+not yet made use of it, though three years have elapsed since I received
+it."
+
+On Jones's return to Paris from America, previous to his Copenhagen
+trip, the Russian ambassador to France, Baron Simolin, had made, through
+Mr. Jefferson, a proposition looking to the appointment of the conqueror
+of the Serapis to a position in the navy of Russia, then about to war
+with the Turks. Simolin wrote Catherine II. of Russia that, "with the
+chief command of the fleet and _carte blanche_ he would undertake that
+in a year Paul Jones would make Constantinople tremble." This exciting
+possibility was no doubt constantly in Jones's mind while he was at
+Copenhagen, and probably increased his willingness to dismiss the
+indemnity negotiations. He began immediately to manoeuvre for the
+highest command possible. He demurred to the rank of captain-commandant,
+equal to that of major-general in the army, and maintained that nothing
+less than rear-admiral was fitting. He laid the account of all his deeds
+and honors before the dazzled Russian minister at Copenhagen, and said:
+"The unbounded admiration and profound respect which I have long felt
+for the glorious character of her Imperial Majesty, forbids the idea
+that a sovereign so magnanimous should sanction any arrangement that may
+give pain at the outset to the man she deigns to honor with her notice,
+and who wishes to devote himself entirely to her service." In order to
+be in a better position for extorting honors from the empress, Jones
+wrote Jefferson suggesting that Congress bestow upon him the rank of
+rear-admiral; and took occasion to assert, on the eve of taking service
+under a despot, the undying character of his love for America.
+
+"I am not forsaking," he wrote, "the country that has had so many
+distinguished and difficult proofs of my affection; and can never
+renounce the glorious title of _a citizen of the United States_"
+[Italics are Jones's].
+
+Jones left Copenhagen on his ill-fated Russian mission, April 11, and
+made a flying and perilous trip to St. Petersburg. He crossed the
+ice-blocked Baltic in a small boat, compelled, at the muzzle of his
+pistols, the unwilling boatmen to proceed, and on his arrival at his
+destination, on April 23, was presented to the empress, who conferred
+upon him the coveted rank of rear-admiral, to the intense irritation of
+many of the English officers in the service of Russia, who looked upon
+Jones as a red-handed pirate. In June Catherine wrote to her favorite at
+the time: "I am sorry that all the officers are raging about Paul Jones.
+I hope fervently that they will cease their mad complaints, for he is
+necessary to us." In 1792, long after the war in which Jones had played
+a part, Catherine said, with a different accent: "Ce Paul Jones était
+une bien mauvaise tête." Certainly Jones's diplomacy, which was of a
+direct character, was not equal to his present situation, unfamiliar to
+him, and for success demanding conduct tortuous and insincere to an
+Oriental degree. Jones, in comparison with his associates in Russia, was
+remarkably truthful,--a trait which involved him in humiliating
+difficulties, and which was a source of irritation to the empress and to
+all concerned.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+IN THE RUSSIAN SERVICE
+
+
+Paul Jones left St. Petersburg on May 7, to take command of the Russian
+squadron in the Black Sea. Before his departure he requested of the
+empress "never to be condemned unheard." This, one of the most modest
+demands Jones ever made, was, as the sequel will show, denied him. He
+arrived on the 19th at St. Elizabeth, the headquarters of Prince
+Potemkin, the former favorite of the empress and the commander in chief
+of the war against the Turks. Potemkin, under whose orders Jones stood,
+was of a thoroughly despotic type. As Potemkin was a prince, Jones was
+at first disposed to flatter him extravagantly, but the commodore was by
+nature averse to being dictated to, particularly by those whom he deemed
+his inferiors, and it was not long before they began to quarrel.
+
+Paul Jones was put in command of the squadron which was to oppose the
+fleet of the Capitan Pacha, and thus help the Russian army to take
+Oczakow, a town lying at the junction of the Bog with the Knieper, which
+had been strongly fortified by the Turks. Unfortunately, Jones was not
+only subject to the orders of Prince Potemkin, but the immediate command
+of the fleet was divided between him and a thoroughly incompetent and
+arrogant adventurer, the Prince of Nassau. Jones commanded the heavier
+ships, forming the squadron, while Nassau was in charge of a
+considerable force of Russian gunboats and barges, composing what was
+called the flotilla. Between Jones and Nassau existed extreme jealousy.
+In fact, the only officer in high position with whom Jones stood on an
+amicable footing was the distinguished General Suwarrow. Early in the
+campaign the Russian had advised Jones to allow Potemkin to take the
+credit of any success that might result, and to hold his tongue,--two
+things which Jones, unfortunately, was quite incapable of doing.
+
+It is impossible to enter into the details of this campaign, but enough
+may be given to explain the difficulties which Jones encountered. After
+some unimportant engagements between the two fleets, an action of
+importance occurred which disclosed the deep differences between Jones
+and his Russian allies. The Capitan Pacha attempted to attack the
+Russian fleet, but one of his ships ran aground, and the others
+anchored. Jones saw his opportunity and ordered a general attack on the
+confused Turkish fleet, which cut anchor and fled, with Jones in
+pursuit. The Wolodimer, Jones's flagship, steered straight for the
+Capitan Pacha's ship, which ran aground; whereupon one of Jones's
+officers, without orders, dropped the Wolodimer's anchor. In the mean
+time the flotilla, under Nassau, lagged behind, and Jones, in order to
+offset the operations of the Turkish flotilla, which had already
+destroyed one of the Russian frigates, left his anchored flagship to go
+in search of Nassau, whom he found with his flotilla occupied in firing
+on two Turkish ships which were aground and were, moreover, under the
+guns of the Russian ships, and might justly be regarded as prizes.
+Nassau persisted in this useless undertaking until the enemy's vessels
+had been burned and the crews had perished in the flames. When Jones
+found he was unable to withdraw the prince from this bloody and
+unprofitable proceeding, he ordered an attack, with a part of Nassau's
+ships, upon the Turkish flotilla, which was soon driven off.
+
+During the night the Capitan Pacha attempted to pass out from the Liman,
+with the remains of his squadron; but nine of his ships grounded, and,
+being thus brought within range of the Russian fort on the extreme point
+of Kinburn, were fired upon and were practically at the mercy of the
+Russians. Nevertheless, the Prince of Nassau advanced in the morning
+with his flotilla, and, to Jones's extreme rage, burned the grounded
+Turkish ships, three thousand Turks who were practically prisoners
+perishing in the flames.
+
+On July 1 Nassau, with his flotilla, advanced against the flotilla of
+the Turks, but did not seem anxious to go within grapeshot; and Jones,
+with his heavier ships, went to capture five Turkish galleys lying under
+the cover of the guns of the Turkish battery and flotilla. Two of these
+galleys were captured and the others destroyed. Nassau and Alexiano
+directed their belligerent efforts against the captured galleys, one of
+which was--with all the slaves on board,--ruthlessly burned. Other
+Turkish ships were likewise needlessly destroyed, a mode of warfare
+quite at variance with the traditions of Jones. He expressed his
+consequent disgust in terms more genuine than diplomatic.
+
+As a reward of his idiotic actions, on the basis of an inflated and
+dishonest report of the battle which was sent to the empress, Nassau
+received a valuable estate, the military order of St. George, and
+authority to hoist the flag of rear-admiral; other officers were also
+substantially rewarded; while all that was given to Jones, whose honest
+but unflattering report had been rejected by Potemkin, was the order of
+St. Anne. It is easy to imagine Jones's bitterness. He says in his
+journal: "If he (Nassau) has received the rank of vice-admiral, I will
+say in the face of the universe that he is unworthy of it."
+
+Referring to the cowardice of his associates who, in order to escape, he
+says, provided their boats with small _chaloupes_, Jones writes:--
+
+"For myself I took no precautions. I saw that I must conquer or die."
+
+Jones's bitterness, partly justified by the facts, seems at this time to
+have reached almost the point of madness, and the quarrel between him
+and his associates increased in virulence. In the course of the
+unimportant operations following the defeat of the Turks, during which
+the squadron maintained a strict blockade of Oczakow, Jones was sent on
+a number of trivial enterprises by Potemkin, whose language was
+carefully chosen to irritate the fiery Scotchman. On one occasion he
+commanded Jones "to receive him (the Capitan Pacha) courageously, and
+drive him back. I require that this be done without loss of time; if
+not, you will be made answerable for every neglect." In reply, Jones
+complained of the injustice done his officers. Shortly afterwards Jones
+doubted the wisdom of one of Potemkin's orders, and wrote: "Every man is
+master of his opinion, and this is mine." When Potemkin again wrote
+Jones "to defend himself courageously," the latter's annotation was: "It
+will be hard to believe that Prince Potemkin addressed such words to
+Paul Jones." To the prince he wrote in terms alternately flattering and
+complaining:--
+
+"Your Highness has so good a heart that you will excuse the hastiness of
+expression which escaped me. I am anxious to continue in the service."
+
+But the despotic Potemkin had made up his mind that he could not get
+along with Paul Jones, and with an indirectness characteristic of him,
+secured an order for the latter for service "in the northern seas." This
+was practically a dismissal for Jones, who returned in virtual disgrace
+to St. Petersburg, where he hoped to be put in command of the Baltic
+fleet. Catherine, however, was now sincerely anxious to get rid of
+Jones, but on account of his powerful friends in France did not dare to
+do so openly. She had "condemned him unheard," and repeated her
+injustice in a still more pointed way; for in March, 1789, while Jones
+was waiting for the command which never came, he was falsely accused of
+an atrocious crime and forbidden to approach the palace of the empress,
+being again "condemned unheard." Had it not been for the French
+ambassador, de Ségur, who had a strong influence on Catherine, the crime
+might always have been attributed to Paul Jones. De Ségur, however,
+proved to Catherine that Jones was the victim of a plot, and she was
+forced to recall the unfortunate man to court. Soon afterwards Jones,
+who had for a long time been greatly suffering in health, was given two
+years' leave of absence.
+
+Paul Jones's experience in Russia was the most unfortunate part of an
+unfortunate career. His services to that country, which were
+considerable, were never recognized. His report of the Liman campaign
+had been rejected, and he had been unjustly deposed from the actual
+command and an empty promise substituted. His letters had been
+systematically intercepted, and he was a victim, not only of a
+detestable plot involving his moral character, but of many other charges
+equally virulent and untrue.
+
+It was grotesquely reported, for instance, that he had murdered his
+nephew, who in reality did not exist. The leave of absence, moreover,
+must have been to a man of his spirit a severe blow.
+
+At the close of the journal of the Liman campaign Jones's bitterness is
+pathetically expressed in inflated self-praise, called out by the desire
+to confute the calumnies of his enemies. "Every one to whom I have the
+honor to be known," he wrote, "is aware that I am the least selfish of
+mankind.... This is known to the whole American people.... Have I not
+given proofs sufficiently striking that I have a heart the most
+sensitive, a soul the most elevated?... I am the only man in the world
+that possesses a sword given by the king of France ... but what
+completes my happiness is the esteem and friendship of the most virtuous
+of men, whose fame will be immortal; and that a Washington, a Franklin,
+a D'Estaing, a La Fayette, think the bust of Paul Jones worthy of being
+placed side by side with their own.... Briefly, I am satisfied with
+myself."
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+LAST DAYS
+
+
+On August 18, 1789, Paul Jones left St. Petersburg, never to return, and
+never again to fight a battle. He was only forty-two years old, but
+although his ambition was as intense as ever, his health had through
+unremitting exertions and exposure become undermined. For many years the
+active man had not known what it was to sleep four hours at a time, and
+now his left lung was badly affected, and he had only a few years more
+to live. After an extended tour, devoted mainly to business and
+society,--during the course of which he met Kosciusko at Warsaw,
+visited, among other cities, Vienna, Munich, Strassburg, and
+London,--Jones reached Paris, where Aimée de Thelison and his true home
+were, on May 30, 1790. He resigned from his position in the Russian
+navy, and remained most of the time until his death in the French
+capital.
+
+The great French Revolution had taken place; and Paul Jones occupied the
+position, unusual for him, of a passive spectator of great events.
+Acquainted with men of all parties, with Bertrand Barère, Carnot,
+Robespierre, and Danton, as well as with the more conservative men with
+whom his own past had led him to sympathize,--Lafayette, Mirabeau, and
+Malesherbes,--Jones's last days were not lacking in picturesque
+opportunity for observation. He felt great sympathy for the king, with
+whom he had been acquainted, and who had bestowed upon him the title of
+chevalier and the gold sword. For Mirabeau, as for other really great
+men Jones knew,--Franklin, Washington, and Suwarrow,--he had extreme
+admiration, and on the occasion of the famous Frenchman's death wrote:
+"I have never seen or read of a man capable of such mastery over the
+passions and the follies of such a mob. There is no one to take the
+place of Mirabeau." Of the mob Jones wrote with aristocratic hatred:
+"There have been many moments when my heart turned to stone towards
+those who call themselves 'the people' in France. More than once have I
+harbored the wish that I might be intrusted by Lafayette with the
+command of the Palace, with _carte blanche_ to defend the constitution;
+and that I might have once more with me, if only for one day, my old
+crews of the Ranger, the Richard, and the Alliance! I surely would have
+made the thirty cannon of the courtyard teach to that mad rabble the
+lesson that grapeshot has its uses in struggles for the rights of man!"
+
+Jones always had much to say on the organization of navies and the
+principles of naval warfare. About this time he wrote a letter to
+Admiral Kersaint, of the French navy, in which he criticised fearlessly
+and trenchantly the naval tactics of the French. Their policy, he
+explained, was to "neutralize the power of their adversaries, if
+possible, by grand manoeuvres rather than to destroy it by grand
+attack;" and objecting to this policy, the dashing Jones, who always
+desired to "get alongside the enemy," wrote: "Their (the French)
+combinations have been superb; but as I look at them, they have not been
+harmful enough; they have not been calculated to do as much capturing or
+sinking of ships, and as much crippling or killing of seamen, as true
+and lasting success in naval warfare seems to me to demand.... Should
+France thus honor me [with a command] it must be with the unqualified
+understanding that I am not to be restricted by the traditions of her
+naval tactics; but with full consent that I may, on suitable occasion,
+to be decreed by my judgment on the spot, try conclusions with her foes
+to the bitter end or to death, at shorter range and at closer quarters
+than have hitherto been sanctioned by her tactical authorities."
+
+Paul Jones, although in these last years he was forced, more than was
+agreeable to him, to play the rôle of an intelligent commentator,
+remained a man of action to the end. He sought, this time in vain, to
+extract from the French government wages still due the crew of the old
+Bonhomme Richard. His failure brought out an unusually bitter letter, in
+which he again recounted his services and the wrongs done him by the
+various ministers of marine. As he grew older and more disappointed the
+deeds he had done seemed mountain high to him. "My fortitude and
+self-denial alone dragged Holland into the war, a service of the
+greatest importance to this nation; for without that great event, no
+calculation can ascertain when the war would have ended.... Would you
+suppose that I was driven out of the Texel in a single frigate belonging
+to the United States, in the face of forty-two English ships and vessels
+posted to cut off my retreat?"
+
+With equal energy the failing commodore never ceased to hope and strive
+for an important command. To head an expedition against the Barbary
+pirates had long been with him a favorite scheme, and now he looked
+forward eagerly to a position in the French navy.
+
+By the irony of fate a letter came from Mr. Jefferson announcing Jones's
+appointment as commissioner for treating with the Dey and government of
+Algiers. But it was too late, for before the letter arrived in Paris
+Paul Jones was dead. On July 11, 1792, a week before he died, he had
+attended a session of the French Assembly and had made a felicitous
+speech. He expressed his love for America, for France, and for the cause
+of liberty, and regretted his failing health as interfering with his
+activity in their service. He closed with the pathetic words:--
+
+"But ill as I am, there is yet something left of the man--not the
+admiral, not the chevalier--but the plain, simple man whom it delights
+me to hear you call 'Paul Jones,' without any rank but that of
+fellowship, and without any title but that of comrade. So now I say to
+you that whatever is left of that man, be it never so faint or feeble,
+will be laid, if necessary, upon the altar of French Liberty as
+cheerfully as a child lies down to pleasant dreams! My friends, I would
+love to pursue this theme, but, as you see, my voice is failing and my
+lower limbs become swollen when I stand up too long. At any rate I have
+said enough. I am now ready to act whenever and wheresoever bidden by
+the voice of France."
+
+Jones's cough and the swelling in his legs continued; a few days later
+jaundice and dropsy set in, and it was clear to his friends that the end
+was near. Aimée de Thelison, Gouverneur Morris, and some of the
+distinguished revolutionists were about him during the last few days of
+his life. On the afternoon of July 18, 1792, his will was witnessed, and
+about seven o'clock in the evening he was found in his room, lying with
+his clothes on, face down across the middle of the bed, dead.
+
+The next day the National Assembly passed a resolution decreeing "that
+twelve of its members shall assist at the funeral of a man who has so
+well served the cause of liberty."
+
+True or not, the words attributed to Napoleon after Trafalgar, in 1805,
+are no more than justice to Paul Jones.
+
+"How old," Napoleon asked, "was Paul Jones when he died?"
+
+On being told that Jones was forty-five years old at the time of his
+death, Napoleon said:--
+
+"Then he did not fulfill his destiny. Had he lived to this time, France
+might have had an admiral."
+
+Paul Jones has been called by his friends patriot, and by his enemies
+pirate. In reality he was neither. He was not one of those deeply
+ethical natures that subordinate personal glory and success to the
+common good. As an American he cannot be ranked with his great
+contemporaries, for his patriotism consisted merely in being fair and
+devoted to the side he had for the time espoused rather than in quiet
+work as a citizen after the spectacular opportunity had passed. He was
+ready to serve wherever he saw the best chance for himself, whether it
+was with the United States, Russia, or France. In no unworthy sense of
+the word, however, was he an adventurer. The deepest thing in his soul,
+the love of glory, rendered him incapable at once of meanness and of
+true patriotism. In search for fame he gave up family, friends, and
+religion. In these relations of life he would have been and was, as far
+as he went, tolerant and kind; but in them he was not interested. Love
+of glory made him a lonely figure. It rendered him a _poseur_, vain and
+snobbish, but it also spurred him on to contend, with phenomenal energy,
+against almost innumerable difficulties.
+
+As far as his deeds are concerned, Paul Jones appears in the popular
+consciousness as he really was,--a bolt of effectiveness, a desperate,
+successful fighter, a sea captain whose habit was to appear unexpectedly
+to confound his enemies, and then to disappear, no one knew where, only
+to reappear with telling effect. He has been the hero of the novelists,
+who, expressing the popular idea, have pictured him with essential
+truth. A popular hero, indeed, he was, and will remain so, justly, in
+the memory of men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Riverside Press
+
+_Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co._
+
+_Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Paul Jones, by Hutchins Hapgood
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+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
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+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .tbrk	  {margin-bottom: 2em;}
+
+    .mono     {font-family: monospace;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
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+    .poem div        {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+    /* index */
+
+    div.index ul { list-style: none; }
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+
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+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Paul Jones, by Hutchins Hapgood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Paul Jones
+
+Author: Hutchins Hapgood
+
+Release Date: April 29, 2009 [EBook #28633]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PAUL JONES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i002.jpg" width='337' height='600' alt="The Riverside Biographical Series" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>The Riverside Biographical Series</h3>
+
+<h3>NUMBER 12</h3>
+
+<h1>PAUL JONES</h1>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>HUTCHINS HAPGOOD</h2>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i006.jpg" width='511' height='700' alt="Paul Jones - signature" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>PAUL JONES</h1>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>HUTCHINS HAPGOOD</h2>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i007.jpg" width='150' height='191' alt="Publisher's logo" /></div>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4>BOSTON AND NEW YORK<br />HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY<br />The Riverside Press, Cambridge<br />1901</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY HUTCHINS HAPGOOD<br />ALL RIGHTS RESERVED</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Published November, 1901</i></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>The amount of material bearing on Paul Jones is very large, and consists
+mainly of his extensive correspondence, published and unpublished, his
+journals, memoirs by his private secretary and several of his officers,
+published and unpublished impressions by his contemporaries, and a
+number of sketches and biographies, some of which contain rich
+collections of his letters and extracts from his journals. The
+biographies which I have found most useful are the "Life," by John Henry
+Sherburne, published in 1825, which is mainly a collection of Jones's
+correspondence; another volume, composed largely of extracts from his
+letters and journals, called the "Janette-Taylor Collection," published
+in 1830; the first and only extended narrative at once readable and
+impartial, by Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, published in 1845; and the
+recently published "Life" by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>Augustus C. Buell. To Mr. Buell's
+exhaustive work I am indebted for considerable original material not
+otherwise accessible to me. On the basis of the foregoing mass of
+material I have attempted, in a short sketch, to give merely an unbiased
+account of the man.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<div class="index">
+<ul>
+<li><span class="mono">CHAPTER</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#I">I.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Early Voyages</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#II">II.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Cruises of the Providence and the Alfred</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#III">III.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">The Cruise of the Ranger</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#IV">IV.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Efforts in France to secure a Command</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#V">V.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">The Fight with the Serapis</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#VI">VI.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Diplomacy at the Texel</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#VII">VII.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Society in Paris</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#VIII">VIII.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Private Ambition and Public Business</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#IX">IX.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">In the Russian Service</span></li>
+<li><span class="mono">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#X">X.</a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Last Days</span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The portrait is from the original by<br />C. W. Peale, in Independence Hall</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>PAUL JONES</h1>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>I</h2>
+
+<h3>EARLY VOYAGES</h3>
+
+<p>John Paul, known as Paul Jones, who sought restlessly for distinction
+all his life, was born the son of a peasant, in July, 1747, near the
+ocean on which he was to spend a large portion of his time. His father
+lived in Scotland, near the fishing hamlet of Arbigland, county of
+Kirkcudbright, on the north shore of Solway Firth, and made a living for
+the family of seven children by fishing and gardening. The mother,
+Jeanne Macduff, was the daughter of a Highlander, and in Paul Jones's
+blood the Scotch canniness and caution of his Lowland father was united
+with the wild love of physical action native to his mother's race.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p><p>Little is known of the early life of the fifth and famous child of the
+Scotch gardener. He went to the parish school, but not for long, for the
+sea called him at an early age. When he was twelve years old he could
+handle his fishing-boat like a veteran. His skill and daring were the
+talk of the village. One day James Younger, a ship-owning merchant from
+Whitehaven, then a principal seaport on the neighboring coast of
+England, visited Arbigland, in search of seamen for one of his vessels.
+It happened on that day that Paul Jones was out in his yawl when a
+severe squall arose. Mr. Younger and the villagers watched the boy bring
+his small sailing-boat straight against the northeaster into the harbor;
+and Mr. Younger expressed his surprise to Paul's father, who remarked:
+"That's my boy conning the boat, Mr. Younger. This isn't much of a
+squall for him." The result was that Mr. Younger took Paul back with him
+to Whitehaven, bound shipmaster's apprentice. A little while after that,
+Paul Jones made his first of a series of merchant-ship voyages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> to the
+colonies and the West Indies. He continued in Mr. Younger's employ for
+four years; when he was seventeen he made a round voyage to America as
+second mate, and was first mate a year later.</p>
+
+<p>Paul left Mr. Younger's service in 1766 and acquired a sixth interest in
+a ship called King George's Packet, in which he went, as first mate, to
+the West Indies. The business instinct, always strong in him, received
+some satisfaction during this voyage by the transportation of blacks
+from Africa to Jamaica, where they were sold as slaves. The slave-trade
+was not regarded at that time as dishonorable, but Jones's eagerness to
+engage in "any private enterprise"&mdash;a phrase constantly used by him&mdash;was
+not accompanied by any keen moral sensitiveness. He was always in
+pursuit of private gain or immediate or posthumous honor, and his grand
+sentiments, of which he had many, were largely histrionic in type. After
+one more voyage he gave up the slave-trading business, probably because
+he realized that no real advancement lay in that line.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p><p>On the John O'Gaunt, in which Jones shipped for England, after leaving
+Jamaica, the captain, mate, and all but five of the crew died of yellow
+fever, and the ship was taken by Paul into Whitehaven. For this he
+received a share in the cargo, and in 1768, when he was twenty-one years
+old, the owners of the John (a merchantman sailing from the same port)
+gave him command, and in her he made several voyages to America. Life on
+a merchantman is rough enough to-day, and was still rougher at that
+time. To maintain discipline at sea requires a strong hand and a not too
+gentle tongue, and Jones was fully equipped in these necessaries. During
+the third voyage of the John, when fever had greatly reduced the crew,
+Mungo Maxwell, a Jamaica mulatto, became mutinous, and Jones knocked him
+down with a belaying pin. Jones satisfactorily cleared himself of the
+resulting charge of murder, and gave, during the trial, one of the
+earliest evidences of his power to express himself almost as clearly and
+strongly in speech as in action.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p><p>Up to this time in Paul's career there are two facts which stand out
+definitely: one, that his rough life, in association with common seamen
+from the time that he was twelve years old, and his lack of previous
+education, made difficult his becoming what he ardently desired to
+be,&mdash;a cultivated gentleman. Stories told of his impulsive roughness in
+later life, such as the quaint ones of how he used to kick his
+lieutenants and then invite them to dinner, are probable enough. It is
+even more clear, however, that in some way he had educated himself, not
+only in seamanship and navigation, but also in naval history and in the
+French and Spanish languages, to a considerable degree. On a voyage his
+habit was to study late at night, and on shore, instead of carousing
+with his associates, to hunt out the most distinguished person he could
+find, or otherwise to improve his condition. His passion for acquisition
+was enormous, but his early education was so deficient that his
+handwriting always remained that of a schoolboy. He dictated many of his
+innumerable letters,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> particularly those in French, which language he
+spoke incorrectly but fluently.</p>
+
+<p>It was during Paul's last voyage as captain of a merchantman that the
+event took place which determined him to change his name and to live in
+America. Several years previously his brother, who had been adopted by a
+Virginia planter named Jones, had come at the death of the latter into
+possession of the property, and Captain Paul was named as next in
+succession. In 1773, when the captain reached the Rappahannock during
+his final merchant voyage, he found his brother dying, and, in
+accordance with the terms of old Jones's will, he took the name by which
+he is famous and became the owner of the plantation. He consequently
+gave up his sea life and settled down to "calm contemplation and poetic
+ease," as he expressed it at a later period.</p>
+
+<p>But Jones was very far from being contemplative, although he certainly
+was rather fond of inflated poetry, and even as a planter, surrounded by
+his acres and his slaves, there is no evidence that he led a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> lazy life.
+He seems to have been partly occupied in continuing the important
+acquaintances he had made at the intervals between his voyages and in
+watching the progress of events leading to war with England. Jones was
+given to gallantry, and while on the plantation he carried on the social
+affairs which he afterwards continued, as recognized hero and chevalier
+of France, on a magnificent scale. He resisted, as he did all through
+his life, any benevolent efforts on the part of the colonial dames to
+marry him off, and as the war grew nearer his activity in promoting it
+grew greater. He made frequent visits to his patriot friends, met,
+besides Joseph Hewes, whom he had already known, Thomas Jefferson,
+Philip Livingston, Colonel Washington and the Lees, and was later, if
+not at this time, in an intimate official relation with Robert and
+Gouverneur Morris. In Jones's intercourse with these men he showed
+himself one of the most fiery of Whigs. In a letter to Joseph Hewes
+written in 1774, he tells how a British officer made a remark reflecting
+on the virtue of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> colonial women. "I at once knocked Mr. Parker down,"
+he adds, in a style that suggests the straightforward character of his official reports.</p>
+
+<p>Although dueling was at that time the conventional method of settling
+affairs of that nature, no personal encounter resulted between Jones and
+Mr. Parker. Jones, indeed, did not seem averse to such an issue, for he
+sent a friend to propose pistols, with which he was a crack shot. It is
+nevertheless a striking fact that Paul Jones, the desperate fighter, who
+was certainly as brave as any one, and was often placed in favorable
+situations for such settlements, never fought a duel. Add to this that
+his temper was quick and passionate, and that he had to the full the
+high-flown sentiments of honor of the time, and the fact seems all the
+more remarkable. The truth is that Jones was as cautious as he was
+brave. He acted sometimes impulsively, but reflection quickly came, and
+he never manifested a dare-devil desire to put his life unnecessarily in
+danger. When there was anything to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> gained by exposing his person, he
+did it with the utmost coolness, but he consistently refused to put
+himself at a disadvantage. When, on at least one occasion, he was
+challenged to fight with swords, with which he was only moderately
+skillful, he demanded pistols. Fame was Jones's end, and he knew that
+premature death was inconsistent with that consummation.</p>
+
+<p>Although Jones was, at the time, in financial difficulties, he no doubt
+welcomed the outbreak of the war. Service in the cause of the colonies
+could not be remunerative, and Jones knew it. A privateering command
+would have paid better than a regular commission, but Jones constantly
+refused such an appointment; and yet he has been called buccaneer and
+pirate by many who have written about him, including as recent writers
+as Rudyard Kipling, John Morley, and Theodore Roosevelt. Nor is it
+likely that a feeling of patriotism led Jones to serve the colonies
+against his native land. The reason lay in his overpowering desire of
+action. He saw in the service of the colonies an <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>opportunity to employ
+his energies on a larger and more glorious scale than in any other way.
+Service in the British navy in an important capacity was impossible for
+a man with no family or position. Jones accordingly went in for the
+highest prize within his reach, and with the instinct of the true
+sportsman served well the side he had for the time espoused.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the battle of Lexington Jones wrote a letter to Joseph Hewes,
+sending copies to Jefferson, Robert Morris, and Livingston. "I cannot
+conceive of submission to complete slavery. Therefore only war is in
+sight.... I beg you to keep my name in your memory when the Congress
+shall assemble again, and ... to call upon me in any capacity which your
+knowledge of my seafaring experience and your opinion of my
+qualifications may dictate." Soon after Congress met, a Marine
+Committee, Robert Morris, chairman, was appointed, and Jones was
+requested to report on the "proper qualifications of naval officers and
+the kind of armed vessels most desirable for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> the service of the United
+States, keeping in view the limited resources of the Congress." He was
+also asked to serve on a committee to report upon the availability of
+the vessels at the disposal of Congress. Jones was practically the head
+of this committee, and showed the utmost industry and efficiency in
+selecting, arming, and preparing for sea the unimportant vessels within
+the disposition of the government.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the war there was no American navy. Some of the
+colonies had, indeed, fitted out merchant vessels with armaments, to
+resist the aggressions of the British on their coasts, and in several
+instances the cruisers of the enemy had been captured while in port by
+armed citizens. The colonial government had empowered Washington, as
+commander in chief, to commission some of these improvised war vessels
+of the colonies to attack, in the service of the "continent," the
+transports and small cruisers of the British, in order to secure powder
+for the Continental army. It was not, however, until October of 1775
+that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> the first official attempt towards the formation of a continental,
+as opposed to a colonial, navy, was made. The large merchant marine put
+at the disposal of the new government many excellent seamen and skippers
+and a good number of ships, few of them, however, adapted for war. To
+build regular warships on a large scale was impossible for a nation so
+badly in need of funds. It was almost equally difficult to secure
+officers trained in naval matters, for the marine captains, although as
+a rule good seamen, were utterly lacking in naval knowledge and the
+principles of organization.</p>
+
+<p>In this state of affairs Paul Jones proved a very useful man. He was not
+only a thorough seaman, but had studied the art of naval warfare, was in
+some respects ahead of his time in his ideas of armament, and was
+familiar with the organization and history of the British navy. In the
+early development of our navy he played, therefore, an important part,
+not only in equipping and arming ships for immediate service, and in
+determining upon the most effective and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> practicable kind of vessels to
+be built, but also in laying before the committee a statement of the
+necessary requirements for naval officers.</p>
+
+<p>To the request of Congress for reports, Jones answered with two
+remarkable documents. One was a long, logical argument in favor of swift
+frigates of a certain size, rather than ships of the line, and showed
+thorough knowledge, not only of naval construction and cost of building,
+but also of the general international situation, and the best method of
+conducting the war on the sea. On the latter point he wrote: "Keeping
+such a squadron in British waters, alarming their coasts, intercepting
+their trade, and descending now and then upon their least protected
+ports, is the only way that we, with our slender resources, can sensibly
+affect our enemy by sea-warfare." This is an exact outline of the policy
+which Jones and other United States captains actually carried out.</p>
+
+<p>Jones also made the statement, wonderfully foreshadowing his own
+exploits and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> their effect, that, "the capture ... of one or two of
+their crack frigates would raise us more in the estimation of Europe,
+where we now most of all need countenance, than could the defeat or even
+capture of one of their armies on the land here in America. And at the
+same time it would fill all England with dismay. If we show to the world
+that we can beat them afloat with an equal force, ship to ship, it will
+be more than anyone else has been able to do in modern times, and it
+will create a great and most desirable sentiment of respect and favor
+towards us on the continent of Europe, where really, I think, the
+question of our fate must ultimately be determined.</p>
+
+<p>"Beyond this, if by exceedingly desperate fighting, one of our ships
+shall conquer one of theirs of markedly superior force, we shall be
+hailed as the pioneers of a new power on the sea, with untold prospects
+of development, and the prestige if not the substance of English
+dominion over the ocean will be forever broken. Happy, indeed, will be
+the lot of the American <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>captain upon whom fortune shall confer the
+honor of fighting that battle!"</p>
+
+<p>Jones was that happy captain, for both the events mentioned as highly
+desirable he brought to pass.</p>
+
+<p>In the report on the qualifications of naval officers Jones showed
+himself to be quite abreast of our own times in the philosophy of naval
+organization, and, moreover, possessed of a pen quite capable of
+expressing, always with clearness and dignity and sometimes with
+elegance, the full maturity of his thought. George Washington, one of
+whose great qualities was the power to know men, read this report of
+Jones and said: "Mr. Jones is clearly not only a master mariner within
+the scope of the art of navigation, but he also holds a strong and
+profound sense of the political and military weight of command on the
+sea. His powers of usefulness are great and must be constantly kept in view."</p>
+
+<p>Jones was appointed first lieutenant in the navy on the 22d of December,
+1775. He was sixth on the list of appointees, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> other five being made
+captains. Subsequent events showed that Jones would have been the best
+man for the first place. He thought so himself, but hastened on board
+his ship to serve as lieutenant, and was the first man who ever hoisted
+the American flag on a man-of-war,&mdash;a spectacular trifle that gave him
+much pleasure.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="II" id="II"></a>II</h2>
+
+<h3>CRUISES OF THE PROVIDENCE AND THE ALFRED</h3>
+
+<p>The infant squadron of the United States, under the command of Ezek
+Hopkins, consisting of the Alfred, of which Jones was the first
+lieutenant, the Columbus, the Andria Doria, and the Cabot, sailed in
+February, 1776, against Fort Nassau, New Providence Island, in the
+Bahamas. The only vessel of any force in the squadron was the Alfred, an
+East Indiaman, which Jones had armed with twenty-four nine-pounders on
+the gun-deck, and six six-pounders on the quarter-deck. The only officer
+in the fleet who, with the exception of Jones, ever showed any ability
+was Nicholas Biddle of the Doria. The expedition, consequently, was
+sufficiently inglorious. A barren descent was made on New Providence
+Island, and later the fleet was engaged with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> British sloop of war
+Glasgow, which, in spite of the odds against her, seems to have had the
+best of the encounter. Jones was stationed between decks to command the
+Alfred's first battery, which he trained on the enemy with his usual
+efficiency. He says in his journal what was evidently true: "Mr. Jones,
+therefore, did his duty; and as he had no direction whatever, either of
+the general disposition of the squadron, or the sails and helm of the
+Alfred, he can stand charged with no part of the disgrace of that night."</p>
+
+<p>A number of courts-martial resulted from this inept affair and from
+other initial mistakes. Captain Hazard of the Providence, a sloop of war
+of fourteen guns and 103 men, was dismissed from the service, and Jones
+was put in command of the ship. "This proves," said Jones, "that Mr.
+Jones did his duty on the Providence expedition."</p>
+
+<p>Jones continued to do his duty by making a number of energetic descents
+on the enemy's shipping. His method was to hunt out the merchant vessels
+in harbor, whence they could not escape, rather than to search for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> them
+on the open sea. In June, 1776, he cruised in the Providence from
+Bermuda to the Banks of Newfoundland, a region infested with the war
+vessels of the British, captured sixteen vessels, made an attack on
+Canso, Nova Scotia, thereby releasing several American prisoners, burned
+three vessels belonging to the Cape Breton fishery, and in a descent on
+the Isle of Madame destroyed several fishing smacks. He twice escaped,
+through superior seamanship, from heavy English frigates. One of these
+strong frigates, the Milford, continued to fire from a great distance,
+after the little Providence was out of danger. Of this Jones wrote: "He
+excited my contempt so much, by his continued firing, at more than twice
+the proper distance, that when he rounded to, to give his broadside, I
+ordered my marine officer to return the salute with only a single musket."</p>
+
+<p>While Jones was on this cruise his plantation was ravaged by the
+British&mdash;buildings burned, live stock destroyed, and slaves carried off.
+He was dependent upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> income from this estate, having drawn up to
+that time only &pound;50 from the government, not for pay, but for the expense
+of enlisting seamen. On his return to port he wrote to Mr. Hewes: "It
+thus appears that I have no fortune left but my sword, and no prospect
+except that of getting alongside the enemy."</p>
+
+<p>It was during the same cruise that Jones, by the act of Congress of
+October 10, 1776, was made captain in the United States navy, an
+appointment that brought him more bitterness of spirit than pleasure,
+for he was only number eighteen in the list of appointees. This was an
+injustice which Jones never forgot, and to which he referred at
+intervals all through his life. He thought he ought to have been not
+lower than sixth in rank, because, by the law of the previous year,
+there were only five captains ahead of him. In the mean time, too, he
+had done good service, while the new captains ranking above him were
+untried. It was no doubt an instance of political influence outweighing
+practical service, and Jones was entitled to feel <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>aggrieved,&mdash;a
+privilege he was not likely to forego. Rank was to him a passion, not
+merely because it would enable him to be more effective, but for its own
+sake. He liked all the signs of display,&mdash;busts, epaulets, medals, marks
+of honor of all kinds. "How near to the heart," he wrote, "of every
+military officer is rank, which opens the door to glory!"</p>
+
+<p>In regard to this appointment he wrote Thomas Jefferson a bitter and
+sarcastic letter. He attributed the injustice to the desire of John
+Adams to create captains from among the "respectable skippers" of New
+England. "If their fate," he wrote, "shall be like that of his share in
+the first five captains last year, I can only say that Mr. Adams has
+probably provided for a greater number of courts-martial than of naval
+victories! You are well aware, honored sir, that I have no family
+connections at my back, but rest my case wholly on what I do. As I
+survey the list of twelve captains who have been newly jumped over me by
+the act of October 10th, I cannot help <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>seeing that all but three are
+persons of high family connection in the bailiwick of Mr. Adams!"</p>
+
+<p>He wrote, at this time and later, many vehement letters about these
+"skippers." To Joseph Hewes: "There are characters among the thirteen on
+the list who are truly contemptible&mdash;with such, as a private gentleman,
+I would disdain to sit down&mdash;I would disdain to be acquainted.... Until
+they give proof of their superior ability, I never shall acknowledge
+them as my senior officers&mdash;I never will act under their command." He
+wrote to Robert Morris: " ... Nor will I ever draw my sword under the
+command of any man who was not in the service as early as myself, unless
+he hath merited a preference by his superior services or abilities." In
+these and similar remarks, Jones did not show that sense of absolute
+subordination which he had said, in his report on the qualifications of
+naval officers, was of prime importance, and which he strenuously
+demanded from his inferiors in rank. He was always jealous of any
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>superior in his own line, but, fortunately, after his first cruise, he
+was always the ranking officer on his ship.</p>
+
+<p>Jones protested, however, without avail, but on the 4th of November,
+1776, he was put in command of the Alfred, and with the Providence in
+company made a cruise of about a month, captured seven merchant ships of
+the enemy, several of them carrying valuable supplies to the army, and
+again cleverly avoided the superior British frigates. Complaining of the
+action of the Providence, "which gave him the slip in the night," as he
+put it, Jones wrote Hewes: "If such doings are permitted, the navy will
+never rise above contempt!... the aforesaid noble captain doth not
+understand the first case of plain Trigonometry." On the subject of the
+navy he wrote Robert Morris, at a later period: "The navy is in a
+wretched condition. It wants a man of ability at its head who could
+bring on a purgation, and distinguish between the abilities of a
+gentleman and those of a mere sailor or boatswain's mate." In still
+another letter: "If my feeble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> voice is heard when I return to
+Philadelphia, our navy matters will assume a better face." Again, as
+late as 1782, he wrote Captain O'Neill: "I am altogether in the dark
+about what has been done to re&euml;stablish the credit of our marine. In the
+course of near seven years' service I have continually suggested what
+has occurred to me as most likely to promote its honor and render it
+serviceable; but my voice has been like a cry in the wilderness."</p>
+
+<p>After his return from the cruise in the Alfred, Jones served on the
+Board of Advice to the Marine Committee, and was very useful in many
+ways. He urged strongly the necessity of making a cruise in European
+waters for the sake of moral prestige,&mdash;he, of course, to be in command
+of the squadron. His energy and dashing character made a strong
+impression on Lafayette, who was then in the country, and who heartily
+supported Jones in the projected scheme. Lafayette was one of the
+strongest advocates for an alliance between the colonies and France, and
+believed that a fleet fitted out in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> French ports under the United
+States flag would not only help out the weak colonial navy, but would
+precipitate war between England and France. He wrote a letter to General
+Washington strongly recommending Jones as leader of such an undertaking.
+About the same time Jones had an interview with Washington to appeal
+against what he deemed another injustice. The Trumbull, one of the fine
+new frigates just completed and built in accordance with Jones's
+recommendations, was placed under the command of Captain Saltonstall,
+who had been captain of the Alfred when Jones was first lieutenant of
+the same ship, and against whom the latter had made charges of
+incompetence. Jones did not get the Trumbull, but the interview was
+probably instrumental in procuring an order from the Marine Committee
+for Jones to enlist seamen for a European cruise. On June 14, 1777,
+Congress appointed him to the command of the sloop of war Ranger,
+eighteen guns, and on the same day the permanent flag of the United
+States was determined upon. Jones, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> usual, saw his spectacular
+opportunity and said: "That flag and I are twins; born the same hour
+from the same womb of destiny. We cannot be parted in life or in death.
+So long as we can float, we shall float together. If we must sink, we
+shall go down as one!"</p>
+
+<p>Jones, with the Ranger, sailed for France under the Stars and Stripes
+November 1, 1777, bearing with him dispatches to the American
+commissioners, the news of Burgoyne's surrender, and instructions from
+the Marine Committee to the commissioners to invest him with a fine
+swift-sailing frigate. On his arrival at Nantes he immediately sent to
+the commissioners&mdash;Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee&mdash;a
+letter developing his general scheme of annoying the enemy. "It seems to
+be our most natural province," he wrote, "to surprise their defenseless
+places, and thereby divert their attention and draw it from our own coasts."</p>
+
+<p>It had been the intention of the commissioners to give Jones the Indien,
+a fine strong frigate building secretly at Amsterdam. But this proved to
+be one more of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> Jones's many disappointments, for the British minister
+to the Netherlands discovered the destination of the vessel and
+protested to the States-General. The result was that the commissioners
+were forced to sell the ship to France, to keep her out of the hands of
+England, and Jones was compelled to make his invasion in the Ranger.</p>
+
+<p>While proceeding in this little sloop to L'Orient, for the purpose of
+fitting her out, he met the great French fleet and demanded and obtained
+the first salute ever given the United States flag by the war vessels of
+a foreign power. He wrote to the Marine Committee triumphantly: "I am
+happy in having it in my power to congratulate you on my having seen the
+American flag, for the first time, recognized in the fullest and
+completest manner by the flag of France.... It was in fact an
+acknowledgment of American independence." As the secret treaty between
+France and the United States was signed about that time, it perhaps
+needed less than the pertinacity of Paul Jones to extract a salute from
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>imperial fleet. Shortly before sailing on his first famous cruise,
+the restless man sent Silas Deane a letter proposing a plan of
+operations for the French fleet in the coming war with England. The
+scheme was for the superior French fleet to attack the English fleet
+under Lord Howe, and destroy it or block it up in the Delaware. Jones
+said in his journal that the plan, which was adopted, would have
+succeeded if it had been put in immediate execution, and complained
+because the credit of the scheme had been given to others.</p>
+
+<p>This was only one of the bits of business which the energetic Jones
+transacted before he sailed in the Ranger to harass England. He wrote,
+as usual, innumerable letters, proposing, condemning, recommending. He
+had trouble with an insubordinate first lieutenant. He began, too, his
+social career in France. It was then that he met the Duchesse de
+Chartres, great-granddaughter of Louis XIV. and mother of Louis
+Philippe, who at a later time called Jones the Bayard of the Sea, and
+whom Jones at that time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> promised "to lay an English frigate at her
+feet." He kept his word in spirit, for years afterwards he gave her the
+sword of Captain Pearson, commander of his famous prize, the Serapis.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="III" id="III"></a>III</h2>
+
+<h3>THE CRUISE OF THE RANGER</h3>
+
+<p>Jones started on his cruise in the Ranger April 10, 1778, and, after
+taking several unimportant prizes on the way to the Irish Channel,
+decided to make a descent upon the town that had served him as
+headquarters when he was a merchant sailor, Whitehaven, where he knew
+there were about two hundred and fifty merchant ships, which he hoped to
+destroy; "to put an end," as he said, "by one good fire, in England, of
+shipping, to all the burnings in America."</p>
+
+<p>Owing to contrary winds Jones was unable to make the attack until
+midnight of April 22. His daring scheme was, with the small force of
+thirty-two men in two small boats, to land in a hostile port, defended
+by two forts, surprise the sleeping inhabitants, and burn the ships
+before the people could assemble against him. By the time the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> boats
+reached the outer pier, day had dawned and no time was to be lost. The
+forts were surprised and taken, the guns spiked by Jones with his own
+hand; but while he was thus occupied his officers had failed to fire the
+shipping, in accordance with his orders, Lieutenant Wallingford stating
+as an excuse that "nothing could be gained by burning poor people's
+property." Jones thought otherwise, however; and although the
+townspeople were beginning to assemble in consequence of the pistols
+that had been fired in capturing the forts, he made fire in the steerage
+of a large ship, closely surrounded by many others, and an enormous
+conflagration ensued. He stood, pistol in hand, near the burning wreck,
+and kept off the constantly increasing crowd until the sun was an hour
+high, when he and his men retired to the Ranger, taking away with them
+three of the captured soldiers, "as a sample," Jones said, and followed
+by the eyes of the gaping multitude of English country folk.</p>
+
+<p>Although the amount of property <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>destroyed by this raid was small, the
+importance of it was considerable, and is well stated by Jones himself,
+who, if proper allowance is made for the effects of his vanity, is, as a
+rule, his own best biographer: "The moral effect of it was very great,"
+he writes, "as it taught the English that the fancied security of their
+coasts was a myth, and thereby compelled their government to take
+expensive measures for the defense of numerous ports hitherto relying
+for protection wholly on the vigilance and supposed omnipotence of their
+navy. It also doubled or more the rates of insurance, which in the long
+run proved the most grievous damage of all."</p>
+
+<p>On the same day Jones made a descent on the estate of the Earl of
+Selkirk, near his old home in Kirkcudbright, with the intention of
+carrying off the earl as a hostage. But the earl was not at home, and
+Jones consented, he says, to let his men, mutinous and greedy, seize the
+Selkirk family plate, which Jones put himself at a great deal of trouble
+and some expense to restore at a later date. This incident is
+interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> chiefly as it was the cause of a letter illustrative of
+Jones's character, sent by him to the Countess of Selkirk, who was
+present at the time of the raid. After stating in rather inflatedly
+polite terms that he could not well restrain his men from the raid,
+Jones promised to return the plate, condemned the brutalities of the
+English, spoke of the horrors of war, boasted of his victory over the
+Drake the evening following the raid, spoke of the English dead and his
+chivalrous treatment of them,&mdash;"I buried them in a spacious grave, with
+the honors due to the memory of the brave,"&mdash;and then made the following
+rather amusing statements: "Though I have drawn my sword in the present
+generous struggle for the rights of men, yet I am not in arms as an
+American, nor am I in pursuit of riches. My fortune is liberal enough,
+having no wife nor family, and having lived long enough to know that
+riches cannot secure happiness. I profess myself a citizen of the world,
+totally unfettered by the little mean distinctions of climate or of
+country, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> diminish the benevolence of the heart and set bounds to
+philanthropy. Before this war had begun, I had, at an early time of
+life, withdrawn from sea service in favor of 'calm contemplation and
+poetic ease.' I have sacrificed not only my favorite scheme of life, but
+the softer affections of the heart and my prospects of domestic
+happiness, and I am ready to sacrifice my life also with cheerfulness if
+that forfeiture could restore peace among mankind.... I hope this cruel
+contest will soon be closed; but should it continue, I wage no war with
+the fair. I acknowledge their force, and bend before it with submission."</p>
+
+<p>Jones was probably sincere when he wrote that letter, although it is
+full of misstatements. He was not a self-conscious man and did not
+analyze his motives very carefully. He always posed, with perfect
+sincerity, as a hero, and when he had to do with a distinguished woman
+his exalted words exactly expressed, no doubt, his sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>Jones's next exploit was the famous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>capture of the Drake on April 23.
+Previous to the attack on Whitehaven, while off Carrickfergus, he had
+conceived the bold project of running into Belfast Loch, where the
+British man-of-war Drake, of twenty guns, was at anchor; where he hoped
+to overlay the Drake's cable, fall foul of her bow, and thus, with her
+decks exposed to the Ranger's musketry, to board. He did, indeed, enter
+the harbor at night, but failed after repeated efforts, on account of
+the strong wind, to get in a proper position to board. Three days later,
+after the Earl of Selkirk affair, Jones was again off Carrickfergus,
+looking for the Drake, which, having heard of his devastations from the
+alarmed country people, sailed out to punish the invader of the sacred
+soil of England. The two sloops of war were very nearly matched, though
+the Drake technically rated at twenty guns and the Ranger at eighteen.
+When they came within range of one another they hoisted their colors
+almost at the same time, but the Drake hailed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"What ship is that?"</p>
+
+<p>Jones directed the sailing-master to answer:</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p><p>"The American Continental ship Ranger. We are waiting for you. Come on.
+The sun is now near setting, and it is time to begin."</p>
+
+<p>The Ranger then opened fire with a full broadside. The Drake replied
+with the same, and the two ships ran along together at close quarters,
+pouring in broadsides for more than an hour, when the enemy called for
+quarter. The action had been, as Jones said in his terse official
+report, "warm, close, and obstinate." There was little man&oelig;uvring,
+just straight fighting, the victory being due, according to Jones, to
+the superior gunnery of the Americans. At first Jones's gunners hulled
+the Drake, as she rolled, below the water-line, but Jones desired to
+take the enemy's ship as a prize, rather than to sink her, and told his men so.</p>
+
+<p>"The alert fellows," he said in a letter to Joseph Hewes, "instantly
+took this hint and began firing as their muzzles rose, by which practice
+they soon crippled the Drake's spars and rigging, and made her an
+unmanageable log on the water. I am persuaded that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> if I had not advised
+them to this effect, my gunners would have sunk the Drake in an hour! As
+it was, we had to put spare sails over the side after she struck, to
+keep her afloat, and careen her as much as we could the next day to plug
+the holes they had already made between wind and water."</p>
+
+<p>The Drake, indeed, was almost a wreck, while the Ranger was little
+injured. Jones lost only two men killed and six wounded, to the enemy's
+approximate loss of forty-two killed and wounded. It was the first
+battle of the war which resulted in the capture of a regular British
+man-of-war by a ship of equal if not inferior force. The Drake belonged
+to a regularly established navy, not accustomed to defeat. Perhaps that
+fact inspired her commander with overconfidence, but McKenzie's
+statement of the cause of the victory is no doubt correct: "The result,"
+he said, "was eminently due to the skill and courage of Jones, and his
+inflexible resolution to conquer." That resolution, which was indeed a
+characteristic of Jones, reached on at least one occasion, that of the
+later battle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> with the Serapis, a degree of inflexibility which amounted
+to genius.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this bold cruise was great. Jones had not, however, been
+the only American captain, by any means, to render good service in
+destroying the commerce of the enemy and in annoying the British coast.
+Before the French alliance more than six hundred British vessels fell a
+prey to American cruisers, mainly privateers. There were, likewise,
+captains in the regular United States navy who had before this cruise of
+Jones's borne the flag to Europe. The first of these was the gallant
+Wickes, in the summer of 1777. Though Jones was not the first captain,
+therefore, to make a brilliant and destructive cruise in the English
+Channel, he was nevertheless the first to inspire terror among the
+inhabitants by incursions inshore. The cruise of the little Ranger
+showed that the British, when they ravaged the coast of New England,
+might expect effective retaliation on their own shores; and the capture
+of the Drake inspired France, then about to take arms in support<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> of the
+American cause, by the realization of what they themselves had longed to
+do&mdash;to worst England on the high seas&mdash;with increased respect for their
+allies. It filled Great Britain with wild, exaggerated, and unjust
+condemnation of Paul Jones, who has been looked upon for more than a
+hundred years, and is even to-day in England, by sober historians, as a
+bloody-handed, desperate buccaneer. The persistent charge, often of late
+refuted, hardly needs refutation, in view of the well-authenticated fact
+that Jones never served on a war vessel except under a regular
+commission. Moreover, he was a man too ambitious and too sensible to
+hurt his prospects by being anything so low and undistinguished as a pirate.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle with the Drake, Jones saw that he would have to bring
+the cruise to a close. His crew of 139 men had, through the necessity of
+manning the several merchant prizes and the Drake, been reduced to
+eighty-six men, and he consequently put into Brest, reluctantly, on the
+8th of May, 1778. He was there met by the great French fleet,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> then
+actually at war with England, and he and his prize were admired by
+visiting French officers. From that time Jones, hated in England, was a
+hero in France, f&ecirc;ted whenever he was at the capital, and favored by fair ladies.</p>
+
+<p>He was a hero, however, with a thorny path all through life. He arrived
+at Brest with a miserably clothed, wholly unpaid, discontented, and
+partly mutinous crew. During the voyage his first lieutenant, Simpson,
+had stirred up dissatisfaction among the men, and had refused to obey
+orders, for which Jones had him put in irons. The unpaid men, not
+assigning their troubles to the true but unseen cause, the poverty of
+the government, easily believed that their captain was responsible for
+all their ills. Under no conditions, however, was Jones likely to be
+popular with the greater number of his men, for the energetic man was
+bent on making them, as well as himself, work for glory to the
+uttermost, and the common run of seamen care more for ease and pelf than
+for fame. Jones's unpopularity with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> crew of the Ranger is attested
+by a passage from the diary of Ezra Green, one of Jones's officers, on
+the occasion, at a later period, of the Ranger's sailing back to
+America: "This day Thomas Simpson, Esq., came on board with orders to
+take command of the Ranger; to the joy and satisfaction of the whole ship's company."</p>
+
+<p>With the impulsive inconsistency which, in spite of his shrewdness,
+sometimes marked his conduct, Jones alternately demanded a court-martial
+for Simpson and recommended him to the command of the Ranger, he himself
+hoping for a more important vessel; it was Jones's own conduct, as much
+as any other circumstance, which finally resulted in the sailing away of
+the Ranger under the mutinous Simpson. With the frankness customary with
+him when not writing to anybody particularly distinguished, Jones wrote
+Simpson, at one stage of their quarrel: "The trouble with you, Mr.
+Simpson, is that you have the heart of a lion and the head of a sheep."</p>
+
+<p>Even more annoying to the imperious and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> high-handed Jones than the
+trouble with Simpson was the manner in which, on his arrival at Brest,
+the commissioners refused to honor his draft for 24,000 livres. He held
+a letter of credit authorizing him to draw on the commissioners for
+money to defray necessary expenses; but instead of dealing with the
+regular American agent at Brest, he placed his order with a Brest
+merchant, who, when Jones's draft was returned dishonored, stopped his
+supplies. Jones thereupon wrote the commissioners: "I know not where or
+how to provide food for to-morrow's dinner to feed the great number of
+mouths that depend on me for food. Are then the Continental ships of war
+to depend on sale of their prizes for the daily dinner of their men?
+Publish it not 'in Gath'!"</p>
+
+<p>He then, without authority, but very possibly forced by the necessities
+of his crew, sold one of his prizes, with the money from which he paid
+the Brest merchant. Of this act he said: "I could not waste time
+discussing questions of authority when my crew and prisoners were starving."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p><p>The point of view of the commissioners is tersely expressed in a letter
+from them to the French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, June 15, 1778:
+"We think it extremely irregular ... in captains of ships of war to draw
+for any sums they please without previous notice and express
+permission.... Captain Jones has had of us near a hundred thousand
+livres for such purposes [necessaries]."</p>
+
+<p>The frugality of Benjamin Franklin, the most important commissioner, is
+well known, and also the financial straits of the country at that time.
+That Jones was in a difficult position at Brest is certain, and he
+perhaps asked for no more than he needed. But that he was naturally
+inclined to extravagant expenditure there can be no doubt,&mdash;a fact that
+will appear saliently in a later stage of this narrative.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<h3>EFFORTS IN FRANCE TO SECURE A COMMAND</h3>
+
+<p>War having broken out between England and France, Jones was detained in
+Europe, instead of sailing home in the Ranger, through the request of
+the French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, who wished an important
+command to be assigned to the famous conqueror of the Drake. The
+difficulties, however, in the way of doing so were great. The
+commissioners had few resources, and one of them, Arthur Lee, was
+hostile to Jones. Moreover the French government naturally thought first
+of its own officers, of whom there were too many for the available
+vessels. Several privateering expeditions were suggested to Jones, which
+he quite justly rejected. Several opportunities had also been given him
+for small commands, which he had likewise rejected. His manner in doing
+so could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> not exactly be called diplomatic. He wrote M. Chaumont, that
+patriotic and benevolent gentleman whom Jones alternately flattered and
+reviled, a rather typical letter: "I wish to have no connection with any
+ship that does not sail fast; for I intend to go <i>in harm's way</i>. You
+know, I believe, that this is not every one's intention. Therefore buy a
+frigate that sails fast, and that is sufficiently large to carry
+twenty-six or twenty-eight guns on one deck. I would rather be shot
+ashore than sent to sea in such things as the armed prizes I have described."</p>
+
+<p>The innumerable delays which consequently intervened between his arrival
+at Brest, in May, 1778, and his departure on his next cruise a year
+later, in June, 1779, put the active Scotchman in a state of constant
+irritation. He continued his dunning correspondence with the greatest
+energy, alternately cajoling, proposing, complaining, begging to be sent
+on some important enterprise. He wrote innumerable letters to de
+Sartine, Franklin, the Duc de Rochefoucauld, de Chaumont, and many
+others, and finally to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> king himself, with whom he afterwards had an
+interview. The statement of his wrongs in his letter to the king,
+reiterated in letters to many others, involves an account of the many
+promises de Sartine had made and broken, and of Jones's various
+important proposals for the public good, which had been slighted.</p>
+
+<p>"Thus, sire," he writes, "have I been chained down to shameful
+inactivity for nearly five months. I have lost the best season of the
+year and such opportunities of serving my country and acquiring honor as
+I can hardly expect again in this war; and to my infinite mortification,
+having no command, I am considered everywhere an officer cast off and in
+disgrace for secret reasons."</p>
+
+<p>Jones's pertinacity and perseverance in working for a command are quite
+on a par with his indomitable resolution in battle, and he was finally
+rewarded, probably through the king's direct order, by being put in
+command of a small squadron, with which he made the cruise resulting in
+the capture of the Serapis and in his own fame.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p><p>Jones was highly delighted with the appointment, but his troubles
+continued in full measure, and to all his troubles Jones gave wide and
+frequent publicity. All the ships of his squadron, with the exception of
+the Alliance, were French, largely officered and manned by Frenchmen.
+The expense of fitting out the expedition was the king's. The flag and
+the commissions of the officers were American. The object of the French
+government was to secure the services of the marauding Jones against the
+coasts and shipping of England. This could better be done under the
+United States flag than under that of France; for the rules of civilized
+warfare had up to that time prevented the British from ravaging the
+coasts of France as they had those of rebel America, and France was
+therefore not morally justified in harassing the English shipping and
+coasts directly; as, on the principle of retaliation, it was fair for America to do.</p>
+
+<p>This peculiar character of the expedition brought with it many drawbacks
+and difficulties for the unfortunate Jones. He had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> a motley array of
+ships,&mdash;those which were left over after the French officers had been
+satisfied. The flagship, the Bonhomme Richard, was a worn-out old East
+Indiaman, which Jones refitted and armed with six eighteen-pounders,
+twenty-eight twelve-pounders, and eight nine-pounders&mdash;a battery of
+forty-two guns. The crew of 375, of many nationalities, contained, when
+the fleet sailed, only about fifty Americans; but fortunately, a few
+days later, Jones was compelled to put back to port, where he was
+unexpectedly able, owing to a recent exchange of prisoners, to get rid
+of some of his aliens, and to secure 114 American officers and sailors,
+who proved to be the backbone of the Richard's crew. The Alliance, the
+only American ship, was a good frigate rating as a large thirty-two or
+medium thirty-six, but captained by a mad Frenchman in the American
+service, Landais, who refused to obey Jones, and in the important fight
+with the Serapis turned his guns against his commander. The Pallas,
+thirty-two guns, the Vengeance, twelve guns, and the little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Cerf were
+all officered and manned by Frenchmen.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest hindrance, however, to the efficiency of the squadron was
+the famous <i>concordat</i>, or agreement between the captains, which Jones
+was compelled to sign just before sailing. The terms, indeed, which
+related largely to the distribution of prize money, left Jones in the
+position of commander in chief, but the fact that there was any
+agreement whatever between Jones and his subordinates weakened his
+authority. Of this, as of so many other injustices, Jones complained
+most bitterly all through his subsequent life. He signed it, however,
+because, he said in his journal, he feared that he would otherwise be
+removed from his position as commodore. In a letter to Hewes he gave
+Franklin's command as the cause.</p>
+
+<p>The squadron, accompanied at the outset by two French privateers, sailed
+finally from L'Orient, after one futile attempt, August 14, 1779, and
+made during the first forty days of the fifty days' cruise a number of
+unimportant prizes. On the 18th of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>August, the privateer Monsieur,
+which was not bound by the <i>concordat</i>, took a prize, which the captain
+of the Monsieur rifled, and then ordered into port. Jones, however,
+opposed the captain's order, and sent the prize to L'Orient, whereupon
+the Monsieur parted company with the squadron. According to Fanning, one
+of Jones's midshipmen, who has left a spirited account of the cruise,
+Jones attempted to prevent the departure of the privateer by force, and
+when she escaped was so angry that he "struck several of his officers
+with his speaking trumpet over their heads," and confined one of them
+below, but immediately afterwards invited him to dinner. "Thus it was
+with Jones," says Fanning, "passionate to the highest degree one minute,
+and the next ready to make a reconciliation."</p>
+
+<p>The defection of the Monsieur was, however, only the beginning of
+Jones's troubles with the insubordinate officers. While attempting to
+capture a brigantine, Jones, through the desertion of some of his
+English sailors, lost two of his small boats, for which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> he was bitterly
+and unjustly reproached by the crazy, incompetent, and greedy Landais,
+captain of the Alliance, who said that hereafter he would chase in the
+manner he saw fit. Shortly afterwards, the Cerf abruptly left the fleet,
+and the other privateer also went off on its own account. Jones was left
+with only the Bonhomme Richard, the Pallas, the Vengeance, and the
+Alliance; and it would have been better, as the result showed, if the
+last-mentioned vessel and its extraordinary captain had also decamped at
+this time for good. Landais paid no attention to Jones's signals, but
+left the squadron for days, unfortunately returning. Against Jones's
+orders he sent two prizes into Bergen, Norway, where they were given by
+the Danish government to the English, and were for many years after the
+war a source of trouble between Denmark and the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Jones was also compelled to treat with the other French captains, and
+several times modified his course in compliance with their demands. He
+had formed a daring design<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> to lay Leith, on the coast of Scotland, and
+perhaps Edinburgh, under contribution, but first he had to argue the
+matter with his captains. Fanning says: "Jones displayed so artfully his
+arguments in favor of his plan that it was agreed pretty unanimously to
+put it in immediate execution." Jones's art was manifested in this
+instance, according to his account, by showing the captains "a large
+heap of gold at the end of the prospect." During this enforced
+conference, however, the wind shifted, and the undertaking had to be
+given up. Fanning quaintly remarks: "All his [Jones's] vast projects of
+wealth and aggrandizement became at once a shadow that passeth away,
+never more to appear again!"</p>
+
+<p>Jones, however, said that he would have succeeded, even at this late
+hour, if his plan had been followed, and showed a touch of the weak side
+of his character when he added: "Nothing prevented me from pursuing my
+design but the reproach that would have been cast upon my character, as
+a man of prudence, had the enterprise miscarried.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> It would have been
+said: 'Was he not forewarned by Captain Cottineau and others?'"</p>
+
+<p>With his old ship, his motley squadron, and his insubordinate officers,
+Jones then cruised along the Yorkshire coast, destroyed or captured a
+number of vessels, and was preparing to end his voyage at the Texel,
+Holland, when chance threw in his way the opportunity which he so greatly embraced.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d of September the squadron was chasing a ship off Flamborough
+Head, when the Baltic fleet of merchantmen, for which Jones had been
+looking, hove in sight. The commodore hoisted the signal for a general
+chase. Landais, however, ignored the signal and went off by himself. The
+merchant ships, when they saw Jones's squadron bearing down upon them,
+made for the shore and escaped, protected by two ships of war, frigates,
+which stood out and made preparations to fight, in order to save their convoy.</p>
+
+<p>These British ships of war were the Serapis, a new frigate of forty-four
+guns, and the Countess of Scarborough, twenty guns. The Alliance, at
+that time, which was late<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> in the afternoon, was not in sight, and the
+little Vengeance, which had been sent to look for Landais, was also not
+available. There were, therefore, two ships on each side, and Jones
+ordered Captain Cottineau, of the Pallas, to look after the Countess of
+Scarborough, while he himself took care of the Serapis. Jones never lost
+his head in action, and yet he decided, with that "cool, determined
+bravery," of which Benjamin Franklin spoke, and with "that presence of
+mind which never deserted him" in action, recorded by Fanning, to engage
+a ship known by him to be the superior of the Bonhomme Richard in almost
+every respect. It has been said of Jones by one who fought with him that
+only in battle was he absolutely at ease: only at times of comparative
+inaction, when he could not exert himself fully, was he restless and
+irritable. On this occasion he joyfully engaged a ship which threw a
+weight of metal superior to his by three to two, that sailed much
+faster, and was consequently at an advantage in man&oelig;uvring for
+position, and that had a crew<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> equal to that of Jones in numbers, and
+far more disciplined and homogeneous. A battle resulted which for
+desperate fighting has never been excelled, and perhaps never equaled on the sea.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="V" id="V"></a>V</h2>
+
+<h3>THE FIGHT WITH THE SERAPIS</h3>
+
+<p>Jones crowded on all possible sail, and the Bonhomme Richard came within
+pistol shot of the Serapis. It was seven o'clock of a fine moonlight
+night. Captain Pearson, of the British ship, then hailed, and was
+answered with a whole broadside from the Bonhomme Richard, an unfriendly
+salute which was promptly returned by the British ship.</p>
+
+<p>From the beginning the fight seemed to go against the Bonhomme Richard.
+There was hardly any stage of the three and a half hours' desperate
+combat when Jones might not, with perfect propriety, have surrendered.
+Hardly had the battle begun when two of the six old eighteen-pounders
+forming the battery of the lower gun-deck of the Richard exploded,
+killing the men working them and rendering the whole battery useless for
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> rest of the action. Captain Pearson, perceiving his advantage in
+speed and power of shot, attempted again and again to pass the bow of
+the Richard and rake her. Jones's whole effort, on the other hand, was
+to close with the Serapis and board, knowing that it was only a question
+of time when, in a broadside fight, the Richard would be sunk.</p>
+
+<p>After the broadsiding had continued with unremitting fury for about
+three quarters of an hour, and several of the Richard's twelve-pounders
+also had been put out of action, Captain Pearson thought he saw an
+opportunity, the Serapis having veered and drawn ahead of the Richard,
+to luff athwart the latter's hawse and rake her. But he attempted the
+man&oelig;uvre too soon, and perceiving that the two ships would be brought
+together if he persisted in his course, he put his helm alee, bringing
+the two vessels in a line; and the Serapis having lost her headway by
+this evolution, the Richard ran into her weather quarter. Jones was
+quick to make his first attempt to board, but he could not mass enough
+men at the point of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> contact to succeed, and the ships soon swung apart.</p>
+
+<p>The Richard, even at this early stage of the action, was in a deplorable
+condition. Little of her starboard battery was left. Henry Gardner, a
+gunner during the action, stated in his account of the battle that, at
+this time, of the 140 odd officers and men stationed in the main
+gun-deck battery at the beginning, over eighty were killed or wounded.
+There were three or four feet of water in the hold, caused by the
+Serapis's eighteen-pound shot, which had repeatedly pierced the hull of the Richard.</p>
+
+<p>It is no wonder that Captain Pearson, knowing that his enemy was hard
+put to it, thought, after the failure to board, that Jones was ready to surrender.</p>
+
+<p>"Has your ship struck?" he called, and Jones made his famous reply:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have not yet begun to fight."</p>
+
+<p>That Jones really made some such reply, there is no doubt. Certainly, it
+was characteristic enough. Jones fought all his life, and yet when he
+died he had hardly begun<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> the conflict, so many of his ambitious
+projects remained unrealized.</p>
+
+<p>When the ships had swung apart, the broadsiding continued, increasingly
+to the advantage of the Serapis. Had not a lucky wind, favorable to the
+Richard, arisen at this point, doubtless her time above water would have
+been short. The veering and freshening breeze enabled the Richard to
+blanket the enemy's vessel, which consequently lost her headway, and
+another fortunate puff of wind brought the Richard in contact with the
+Serapis in such a way that the two vessels lay alongside one another,
+bow to stern, and stern to bow. Jones, with his own hand, helped to lash
+the two ships together. The anchor of the Serapis fortunately hooked the
+quarter of the Richard, thus binding the frigates still more firmly together.</p>
+
+<p>During the critical time when Jones was bending every nerve to grapple
+with the Serapis, the Alliance made her first appearance, poured a
+broadside or two into the Richard, and disappeared. Of this <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>remarkable
+deed Jones wrote to Dr. Franklin: "At last the Alliance appeared, and I
+now thought the battle at an end; but to my utter astonishment he
+discharged a broadside full into the stern of the Bon Homme Richard." It
+is probable that the Serapis also suffered from Landais's attack, but
+not so much as the Richard, which lay between the other two ships.</p>
+
+<p>After the Serapis and the Richard had been well lashed together, there
+began a new phase of the battle, which had already lasted about an hour.
+There were only three guns left in action on the Richard, nine-pounders
+on the quarter-deck, and the ship was badly leaking. The
+eighteen-pounders of the enemy had riddled the gun-deck of the American
+ship, rendering her, below-decks, entirely untenable. The real fight
+from this time to the end was consequently above-decks. Jones abandoned
+any attempt at great gun fire, except by the three small pieces on the
+quarter-deck, drew practically his entire remaining crew from below to
+the upper deck and the tops, and devoted his attention to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> sweeping the
+decks of the enemy by the musketry of his French marines from the
+quarter and poop decks, and of the American sailors in the tops. The
+crew of the Serapis, on the other hand, were forced mainly to take
+refuge in their well-protected lower decks, from which they continued to
+fire their great guns into the already riddled hull and lower decks of the Richard.</p>
+
+<p>After the juncture of the vessels Captain Pearson made several desperate
+attempts to cut the anchor loose, hoping in that way to become free
+again of the Richard, in which case he knew that the battle was his.
+Jones, of course, was equally determined to defend the anchor
+fastenings. He personally directed the fire of his French marines
+against the British in their repeated attempts to sever the two ships,
+to such good purpose that not a single British sailor reached the
+coveted goal. So determined was Jones on this important point that he
+took loaded muskets from the hands of his French marines and shot down
+several of the British with his own hand.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p><p>The captain of the French marines, who rendered at this important stage
+of the action such good service, had been wounded early in the battle,
+and the succeeding lieutenants had also been either killed or disabled.
+The marines had been greatly diminished in numbers and were much
+disheartened at the time Jones took personal command of them. Nathaniel
+Fanning vividly narrates the manner in which Jones handled these
+Frenchmen: "I could distinctly hear, amid the crashing of the musketry,
+the great voice of the commodore, cheering the French marines in their
+own tongue, uttering such imprecations upon the enemy as I never before
+or since heard in French or any other language, exhorting them to take
+good aim, pointing out objects for their fire, and frequently giving
+them direct example by taking their loaded muskets from their hands into
+his and firing himself. In fact, toward the very last, he had about him
+a group of half a dozen marines who did nothing but load their firelocks
+and hand them to the commodore,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> who fired them from his own shoulder,
+standing on the quarter-deck rail by the main topmast backstay."</p>
+
+<p>A French sailor, Pierre Gerard, who has left a memoir of the battle,
+tells how his countrymen responded to Jones's presence: "Commodore Jones
+sprang among the shaking marines on the quarter-deck like a tiger among
+calves. They responded instantly to him. In an instant they were filled
+with courage! The indomitable spirit, the unconquerable courage of the
+commodore penetrated every soul, and every one who saw his example or
+heard his voice became as much a hero as himself!"</p>
+
+<p>Both vessels were at this time, and later, on fire in various places.
+Captain Pearson says in his official report that the Serapis was on fire
+no less than ten or twelve times. Half the men on both ships had been
+killed or disabled. The leak in the Richard's hold grew steadily worse,
+and the mainmast of the Serapis was about to go by the board. The
+Alliance again appeared and, paying no heed to Jones's signal to lay the
+Serapis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> alongside, raked both vessels for a few minutes
+indiscriminately, went serenely on her way, and brought her inglorious
+and inexplicable part in the action to a close. Captain Pearson had, for
+a moment, towards the end of the action, a ray of hope. A gunner on the
+Richard, thinking the ship was actually sinking, called for quarter, but
+Jones stunned him with the butt end of a pistol, and replied to Pearson,
+who had again hailed to know if the Richard had struck, to quote his own
+report, "in the most determined negative." About the same time, the
+master at arms, also believing the ship to be sinking, opened the
+hatches and released nearly two hundred British prisoners, taken in the
+various prizes of the cruise.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing, apparently, could be more desperate than the situation of Paul
+Jones then. His guns useless, his ship sinking and on fire, half of his
+crew dead or disabled, the Alliance firing into him, a portion of his
+crew panic-stricken, and two hundred British prisoners at large on the
+ship! But with Lieutenant Richard Dale to help him, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> boldly ordered
+the prisoners to man the pumps, and continued the fight with
+undiminished energy. Soon after occurred the event which practically
+decided the battle in his favor. He had given orders to drop hand
+grenades from the tops of the Richard down through the enemy's main
+hatch. It was by this means that the Serapis had been so often set on
+fire. Now at an opportune moment, a hand grenade fell among a pile of
+cartridges strung out on the deck of the Serapis and caused a terrible
+explosion, killing many men. This seemed to reduce materially the
+fighting appetite of the British, and soon after a party of seamen from
+the Richard, with the dashing John Mayrant at their head, boarded the
+Serapis, and met with little resistance. Captain Pearson thereupon
+struck his colors, and the victory which marked the zenith of Jones's
+career, and upon which all else in his life merely served as commentary,
+was scored. Captain Pearson, in his court-martial, which was a formality
+in the British navy in case of defeat, explained Jones's victory in a
+nutshell: "It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> was clearly apparent," he said, "that the American ship
+was dominated by a commanding will of the most unalterable resolution,"
+and again, "the extraordinary and unheard-of desperate stubbornness of
+my adversary had so depressed the spirits of my people that, when more
+than two hundred had been slain or disabled out of 317 all told, I could
+not urge the remnant to further resistance."</p>
+
+<p>The capture of the British ship, which took place about half-past ten at
+night, came none too soon, for the old Bonhomme Richard was sinking. The
+flames were extinguished by combined efforts of crew and prisoners by
+ten o'clock the next morning, but with seven feet of water, constantly
+increasing in the hold, it was then apparent that it was impossible to
+keep the old vessel afloat, and men, prisoners, and powder were
+transferred to the Serapis. On the morning of the 25th Jones obtained,
+"with inexpressible grief," as he said, "the last glimpse of the
+Bonhomme Richard," as she went down.</p>
+
+<p>The desperate battle fought in the bright moonlight was witnessed by
+many persons in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> Scarborough and on Flamborough Head, and they spread
+the alarming tidings throughout England. In a letter to Robert Morris,
+written soon after, Jones said, of the cruise in general: "We alarmed
+their coasts prodigiously from Cape Clear round to Hull; and had I not
+been concerned with sons of interest I could have done much."</p>
+
+<p>With his two new prizes (for the Countess of Scarborough had after a
+short action struck to the greatly superior Pallas) Jones set off for
+the Texel, with a most dilapidated crew and fleet. The Alliance, well
+called a "Comet" by the editor of the Janette-Taylor collection of
+Jones's papers, disappeared again after the battle. Landais, whose
+conduct was described by Jones as being that of "either a fool, a
+madman, or a villain," was afterwards dismissed the service, but not
+until he had cut up other extraordinary pranks. He now went off with his
+swift and uninjured frigate to the Texel, leaving Jones, laden down with
+prisoners and wounded, unassisted. Of the Richard's crew of 323, 67 men
+had been killed, leaving 106<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> wounded and 150 others to be accommodated
+on the injured Serapis. Then there were 211 English prisoners on the
+Richard at the beginning of the action; and of the 332 (including 8 sick
+men and 7 non-combatants) men composing the crew of the Serapis, there
+were 245 left to be cared for&mdash;134 wounded, 87 having been killed. There
+were, consequently, only 150 well men to look after 562 wounded and
+prisoners. Some of the latter were afterwards transferred to the Pallas,
+but altogether it was an unwieldy fleet which slowly sailed for the
+Texel, at which neutral port Jones arrived October 3, none too soon, for
+as he entered the roads, an English squadron, consisting of a sixty-four
+ship of the line and three heavy frigates, which had been looking for
+him, hove in sight.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of the cruise was very great. The English people, alarmed and
+incensed, never forgot it. Never before had one of their ships of war
+been conquered by a vessel of greatly inferior force. Their coasts,
+deemed impregnable, were again invaded by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> the man whom they called, in
+the blindness of their rage, pirate and renegade. Professor Houghton, a
+serious-minded historian, writing of Jones said: "His moral character
+can be summed up in one word&mdash;detestable." English comment on Paul Jones
+may be summed up truthfully in one word,&mdash;envenomed. Jones's exploits,
+moreover, greatly increased the prestige of young America, and made of
+himself a still greater hero at home and particularly in France. For the
+rest of his life, indeed, Jones, in France especially, where spectacles
+are peculiarly appreciated, was the man on horseback, and he enjoyed the
+position intensely. Fanning narrates how Jones, while at Amsterdam, soon
+after his arrival in the Texel, "was treated as a conqueror. This so
+elated him with pride, that he had the vanity to go into the State
+House, mount the balcony or piazza, and show himself in the front
+thereof, to the populace and people of distinction then walking on the public parade."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI</h2>
+
+<h3>DIPLOMACY AT THE TEXEL</h3>
+
+<p>Jones found himself in a position at the Texel which demanded all the
+shrewdness as well as the determination of his character. Impatient,
+irritable, and passionate as he often was, his judgment was nevertheless
+excellent. Benjamin Franklin, when Jones at a later time was again put
+in a delicate situation, wrote him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You have shown your abilities in fighting; you have now an opportunity
+of showing the other necessary part in the character of a great
+chief,&mdash;your abilities in policy."</p>
+
+<p>Jones's ability in policy appeared in a more favorable light in the
+Texel than at any other period of his career, although too great weight
+has been laid upon the degree of it. The important problem to be solved
+was how to induce the Dutch authorities to allow him and his battered
+ships to remain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> for a time in the shelter of their port. Jones knew
+that the attainment of this object would help to bring about a rupture
+between England and Holland. The latter country was secretly in sympathy
+with the revolted colonies, but eager at that time to maintain
+officially friendly relations with England. Consequently, when Jones
+arrived with his prizes, the Dutch authorities were in a quandary, much
+aggravated by the action of the British minister in Holland, Sir Joseph
+Yorke, who demanded that the "pirate's" prizes be delivered up to
+England. He reiterated his demand to the States-General in the following
+language: "I only discharge the orders of his Majesty in renewing the
+most strong and urgent demand for the seizure and restitution of said
+vessels as well as for the enlargement of their crews, who have been
+seized by the pirate, Paul Jones, a Scotchman, a rebellious subject, and state criminal."</p>
+
+<p>Jones, in reply to the allegations of the British minister, copies of
+whose letters had been sent him, wrote the States-General an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> able
+letter. He inclosed a copy of his commission from the United States
+government, and then argued that the United States was a "sovereign
+power" and entitled to issue such a commission. He pointed out that the
+sovereignty had been recognized by France and Spain, and that
+belligerent rights had been recognized by Prussia and by Russia. Only
+one of Sir Joseph's charges he admitted to be true,&mdash;that he was a
+Scotchman, but he denied the inference made from it,&mdash;that he was a
+"state criminal." He wrote: "It cannot have escaped the attention of
+Your High Mightinesses that every man now giving fealty to the cause of
+American Independence was born a British subject." If he were a "state
+criminal," then, he argued, General Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and
+all other American patriots were also "state criminals."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this letter was received the States-General passed a
+resolution declining to "consider any question affecting the validity of
+Paul Jones's commission or his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> status as a person." They declined
+likewise "to do anything from which it might lawfully be inferred that
+they recognized the independence of the American colonies." They also
+resolved that Paul Jones should be asked to leave their port, but not
+until the wind and weather should be favorable. They had refused,
+therefore, to consider Jones as a pirate, or to deliver up his prizes.</p>
+
+<p>Paul Jones's plan was not to admit that a favorable wind had arisen
+until the last possible moment. He did not wish to be taken by the
+strong British fleet waiting for him outside the harbor, and he desired,
+as he said, in order to provoke war between Holland and England, "to try
+the patience of the English party to the last bit of strain it would
+bear by keeping my anchorage in Dutch waters on plea of distress, and at
+the same time I wished to be ready for instant departure the moment I
+saw that the plea of distress could no longer be plausibly held."</p>
+
+<p>The French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, however, fearing that
+ultimately the pressure would be so great that the squadron would be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+compelled to depart and thus fall into the clutches of the British,
+demanded that the French flag, which naturally commanded greater respect
+from Holland than the flag of the United States, should be displayed.
+Benjamin Franklin agreed with the French minister, but Jones protested:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"In vain I expostulated with them that by accepting the shelter of the
+French flag I should do exactly of all things what Sir Joseph Yorke
+wished me to do, namely, withdraw all pretensions of the United States
+as a party to the situation, and thereby confess that the United States
+claimed no status as a sovereign power in a neutral port."</p>
+
+<p>Jones was forced to yield, the French flag was displayed, the command
+was given to the French captain, Cottineau, and Jones retained only the
+Alliance, an American ship, from which he was allowed, however, to fly
+the American flag.</p>
+
+<p>To add to Jones' sorrows de Sartine offered him, through the Duc de
+Vauguyan, a French commission to command the Alliance as a letter of
+marque. He rejected it with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>indignation: "My rank from the beginning
+knew no superior in the marine of America; how then must I be humbled
+were I to accept a letter of marque! I should, my lord, esteem myself
+inexcusable were I to accept even a commission of equal or superior
+denomination to that I bear, unless I were previously authorized by
+Congress, or some other competent authority in Europe." That the
+Serapis, the prize for which he had so bravely contended, had been taken
+from him, was another of the wrongs which rankled deeply in Jones's soul.</p>
+
+<p>Jones must have got a great deal of satisfaction, however, from the fact
+that he continued defiantly to wave the American flag from the Alliance,
+and that he delayed his enforced departure, in spite of great pressure
+from the admiral of the Dutch fleet, until December 26, when with the
+Alliance he dashed out of the harbor "under his best American colors,"
+ran the gauntlet of the British fleet cruising outside, and escaped into the open sea.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving the Texel, Jones, on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>December 17, 1779, wrote Dr.
+Bancroft: "I am sure that the strain put upon the relations between
+Holland and England must end in rupture between them within this year."</p>
+
+<p>War was indeed declared between England and Holland on December 19,
+1780, and in the bill of grievances set forth in the proclamation of a
+state of war against Holland, the statement is made: "That, in violation
+of treaty, they [the States-General] suffered an American Pirate (one
+Paul Jones, a Rebel, and State Criminal) to remain several weeks in one of their ports."</p>
+
+<p>It is clear, therefore, that Jones's pertinacious stay in the Dutch port
+brought about important results.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance of Jones's <i>sang-froid</i> in matters where time was given
+for his judgment to come into play, was the way he treated Landais at
+the Texel. On his arrival at that port Jones sent to Dr. Franklin
+charges against the captain of the Alliance, whom he removed from
+command. Whereupon Landais sent Jones a challenge to a duel. Fanning
+narrates: "But the latter [Jones],<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> perhaps not thinking it prudent to
+expose himself with a single combatant, who was a complete master of the
+smallsword, declined." In the second edition of his memoir Fanning said
+that Jones accepted Landais's challenge, but insisted on substituting
+pistols, with which he was an expert, for swords, a proposition which Landais refused.</p>
+
+<p>Although again on the sea and free from the irritations of the Texel,
+Jones, when he had eluded the British fleet, found plenty of other
+things to annoy him. He had fortunately transferred many of his
+trustworthy men from the Serapis to the Alliance, but there were enough
+of the latter ship's old officers and men to divide the crew into two
+hostile camps. The discontent at the delay over payment of wages and
+prize money had deepened. Although the crew was large, fierce in temper,
+and at first very anxious to look for further prizes, they yet, after
+the cruise had continued for some time without success, refused to
+continue unless they were paid. Jones, in order to induce them to embark
+from Corunna, Spain, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> the Alliance had put in for repairs and
+provisions, promised that he would sail immediately for L'Orient, where
+they should receive their prize money. As soon as he was again at sea,
+however, Jones informed his officers that he intended to make a further
+cruise of twenty days. Fanning, one of the officers, quotes Jones:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'And,' says he, with a kind of contemptuous smile, which he was much
+addicted to, 'Gentlemen, you cannot conceive what an additional honor it
+would be to all of us, if in cruising a few days we should have the good
+luck to fall in with an English frigate of our force and carry her in
+with us.... This would crown our former victories, and our names, in
+consequence thereof, would be handed down to latest posterity by some
+faithful historian of our country.'" Fanning adds in a footnote: "Jones
+had a wonderful notion of his name being handed down to posterity."</p>
+
+<p>When the officers remonstrated on the ground that the men were badly
+clothed, Jones flew into a rage and ordered them to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> go to their duty.
+He found, however, that he could not, with a mutinous crew, continue his
+course effectively, and reluctantly sailed for L'Orient, where he
+arrived on February 10, 1780.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII</h2>
+
+<h3>SOCIETY IN PARIS</h3>
+
+<p>The following year, passed mainly in France, at Paris or L'Orient, was
+spent by Jones in trying to collect prize money, secure an important
+command, and in society, where he shone more resplendently than ever. He
+wrote rather more than his usual large number of letters,&mdash;to Franklin,
+Robert Morris, the Duchesse de Chartres, Arthur Lee, Dr. Bancroft, and
+many others,&mdash;in practically all of them urging some one of his warmly
+desired projects.</p>
+
+<p>His correspondence with Benjamin Franklin was largely about prize money
+and the expense of repairing the Alliance, which he undertook to do
+immediately on his arrival at L'Orient. The frugal doctor attempted to
+curb, in the matter of expense, the free-handed Jones. The latter had an
+enormous respect for Franklin, and it is quite likely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> that he attempted
+to be economical, but he seems to have been less successful in that
+direction than in any other. Fanning speaks of the "great and
+unnecessary expense" involved in Jones's elaborate alterations, and
+narrates how, at a later period, when Jones was in command of the Ariel,
+anchored in the harbor at L'Orient, a magnificent spectacle was given on
+board for the entertainment of the ladies and gentlemen invited by
+Jones. A mock fight between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis, in
+which vast quantities of ammunition were destroyed, took place. The
+vessel was finely carpeted and decorated, a regal banquet was served,
+military music played, and in general "neither cash nor pains," says
+Fanning, "were spared in order that the scene every way should appear
+magnificent." Although the hero never seemed to take account of the
+extreme poverty of the infant republic, it is only fair to add that he
+spent his own money as freely as any one else's, and that he often
+served without pay, a fact continually attested to by himself in his
+letters and journals.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p><p>Jones's lack of success, in spite of his energetic attempts in
+collecting at this time the prize money, about which there were many
+annoying technicalities, increased the discontent of his crew, and
+prepared the way for the seizure of the Alliance by the mad Landais.
+Arthur Lee, formerly one of the American commissioners in Europe, had
+always been hostile to Jones and unsympathetic with Dr. Franklin and
+with the revolutionary party generally; to such a degree, indeed, that
+he was accused, not unjustly, of treachery to the cause of American
+independence. At the time that the Alliance was at L'Orient, Lee was
+waiting an opportunity to return to America. Captain Landais, who had
+been deprived of the command of the Alliance by order of Benjamin
+Franklin, then the sole representative of the United States in France,
+and who had likewise been ordered by the doctor to report to the Marine
+Committee on the charge of infamous conduct, planned to take the
+Alliance from Jones, and was supported in the attempt by Lee, who
+contended that neither Franklin<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> nor Jones could deprive Landais of a
+command given him by Congress. Lee's desire to take the ship from Jones
+was augmented by the latter's refusal to make room for the
+ex-commissioner's many effects, including two fine coaches,&mdash;space which
+was much needed for the accommodation of supplies for Washington's army.</p>
+
+<p>Lee and Landais consequently encouraged the discontent among the crew of
+the Alliance, and one day, June 13, when Jones was on shore at L'Orient,
+Landais went on board the ship, and, supported by his old officers and
+by Lee, took possession. When Jones heard of it he was very angry, and
+acted, according to Fanning, "more like a madman than a conqueror;" but,
+as usual, his anger was quickly controlled and the definite steps he
+took in the affair were marked by great moderation. The commandant of
+the defenses at L'Orient had received orders from the French government
+to fire on the Alliance, if Landais should attempt to take her out of
+the harbor; and it seems he would have obeyed and probably sunk the
+ship, had not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> Jones himself interfered, and induced him to stay his
+hand. In a letter to Franklin, Jones said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Your humanity will, I know, justify the part I acted in preventing a
+scene that would have made me miserable the rest of my life."</p>
+
+<p>Jones was probably not over sorry to lose the Alliance. There was
+nothing very thrilling in the prospect of carrying supplies to America,
+and Jones at that time hoped fervently to get hold of the Serapis and
+other ships and make another warlike cruise against the coast of
+England. So Landais sailed away with the Alliance, but to his own ruin,
+as the clear-sighted Jones had predicted in a remarkable letter written
+a short time before the ship sailed to a mutinous officer on the
+Alliance. On the voyage Landais's eccentricity caused his friend Lee to
+put him under arrest, and on the arrival in America, a court of inquiry
+found him unfit for command, and he never again burdened the service.</p>
+
+<p>Jones was left at L'Orient with the little Ariel, armed with eighteen
+twelve-pounders<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> and four six-pounders, a ship loaned by the king to Dr.
+Franklin, and with high hopes, as usual, of more glorious opportunities.
+But many months intervened before he sailed again,&mdash;a time he devoted to
+business and society. As Jones and his interesting midshipman Fanning
+separated at the end of this period, the latter's final impressions of
+his captain may here be given:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Captain Jones was a man of about five feet six inches high, well shaped
+below his head and shoulders, rather round shouldered, with a visage
+fierce and warlike, and wore the appearance of great application to
+study, which he was fond of. He was an excellent seaman and knew naval
+tactics as well as almost any man of his age; but it must be allowed
+that his character was somewhat tinctured with bad qualities ... his
+courage and bravery as a naval commander cannot be doubted. His
+smoothness of tongue and flattery to seamen when he wanted them was
+persuasive, and in which he excelled any other man I was ever acquainted
+with.... His pride and vanity while at Paris and Amsterdam was not
+generally approved of."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p><p>Fanning has many anecdotes to relate in regard to Jones's affairs of
+gallantry of an humble character. Several of Jones's biographers have
+dwelt upon the gorgeous and aristocratic nature of the hero's amours.
+Fanning has the solitary distinction of narrating the other side. Jones,
+indeed, was a good deal of a snob, but he was broadly appreciative of
+the fair sex. He probably was never deeply in love with anybody,
+certainly not with any woman of humble character. Of such his
+appreciation was of a simple and earthly kind.</p>
+
+<p>Although Jones seems to have had no intimate friends, with possibly one
+exception, there certainly was about him a very strong charm, which made
+him a favorite in good society. He had a flattering tongue, a ready wit,
+and a gallant manner. Of Jones's attractions Benjamin Franklin once
+wrote to a woman:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I must confess to your Ladyship that when face to face with him neither
+man nor, so far as I can learn, woman can for a moment resist the
+strange magnetism of his presence,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> the indescribable charm of his
+manner, a commingling of the most compliant deference with the most
+perfect self-esteem that I have ever seen in a man; and, above all, the
+sweetness of his voice and the purity of his language."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Varnum of Rhode Island, who met Jones only in connection with public
+business, said of him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I confess there was a magic about his way and manner that I have never
+before seen. Whatever he said carried conviction with it."</p>
+
+<p>Even more sensible of Jones's charms than the men were the women, who
+were universally dazzled by the brilliant hero. Miss Edes-Herbert, an
+Englishwoman living in Paris, writes, among other flattering things about him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Since my last, the famous Paul Jones has dined here and also been
+present at afternoon teas. If I am in love with him, for love I may die,
+I am sure, because I have as many rivals as there are ladies."</p>
+
+<p>She records that Jones wrote verses for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> the ladies extempore, and gives
+a sample, the sentiments of which are as characteristic of the
+declamatory century as of the na&iuml;vely vain Jones:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class='stanza'><div>"Insulted Freedom bled,&mdash;I felt her cause,</div>
+<div>And drew my sword to vindicate her laws,</div>
+<div>From principle, and not from vain applause.</div>
+<div>I've done my best; self-interest far apart,</div>
+<div>And self-reproach a stranger to my heart;</div>
+<div>My zeal still prompts, ambitious to pursue</div>
+<div>The foe, ye fair, of liberty and you:</div>
+<div>Grateful for praise, spontaneous and unbought,</div>
+<div>A generous people's love not meanly sought;</div>
+<div>To merit this, and bend the knee to beauty,</div>
+<div>Shall be my earliest and latest duty."</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many of Jones's flowery letters to distinguished women are preserved. On
+one occasion he wrote to a certain countess, informing her that he was
+composing a secret cipher for a key to their correspondence, and added:
+"I beseech you to accept the within lock (of hair). I am sorry that it
+is now eighteen inches shorter than it was three months ago."</p>
+
+<p>The only case in which Jones's affections seem to have reached beyond
+good nature, common kindness, or gallantry, to the point of love, was
+that of Aim&eacute;e de Thelison. She was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> the natural daughter of Louis XV.,
+and this fact no doubt greatly heightened her interest in the eyes of
+the aristocratic Jones. She was a person of beauty and charm, and felt
+deep love for Jones. His love for her was of a cool character, which did
+not interfere with any of the enterprises taking him so frequently away
+from Paris. His letters to her are with one exception hardly love
+letters. The warmest words in that exception are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The last French packet brought no letter to me from the person whose
+happiness is dearer to me than anything else.... Your silence makes even honors insipid."</p>
+
+<p>It was while Jones was waiting thus gayly to sail for America, that the
+king of France bestowed upon him, in recognition of his services to the
+common cause, the Royal Order of Military Merit and a gold-mounted sword
+of honor, and made him Chevalier of France. It was, as Jones himself
+frequently wrote, a singular honor, he being the first alien to be made
+a French chevalier; and Jones prized this favor from a king more than he
+would the gift of a million dollars. The gold sword<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> also pleased him
+deeply, and he asked the countess to whom he had sent the lock of hair
+to keep it for him, lest he lose it. He wrote of this gift:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"His Majesty ordered a superb sword to be made for me, which I have
+since received, and it is called much more elegant than that presented
+to the Marquis de la Fayette."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII</h2>
+
+<h3>PRIVATE AMBITION AND PUBLIC BUSINESS</h3>
+
+<p>Benjamin Franklin, knowing the value of the supplies to Washington's
+army, had implored Jones to embark several months before the little
+Ariel actually set sail, October 8, 1780. But Jones, hoping for an
+important command in Europe, and delayed by business in connection with
+fitting out his ship, and perhaps by the gayeties he was engaged in at
+Paris, did not show much concern over General Washington's distress.
+When he finally did sail, he encountered a terrible storm, and it was
+only the best of seamanship which enabled him to avoid shipwreck. As it
+was, he was compelled to put back for repairs to L'Orient, where, in a
+series of letters, he man&oelig;uvred in vain for the loan of the fine ship Terpsichore.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until December 18 that the Ariel got under way again for
+America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> The voyage was uneventful, with the exception of a night
+battle with a British privateer sloop of inferior force. Jones cleverly
+concealed his greater strength, and thus lured the Englishman to engage.
+After a ten-minute fight, the Triumph struck its colors, but, when the
+Ariel ceased firing, sailed away and escaped, to Jones's exceeding mortification.</p>
+
+<p>"The English captain," he wrote in his journal, "may properly be called
+a knave, because after he surrendered his ship, begged for and obtained
+quarter, he basely ran away, contrary to the laws of naval war and the
+practice of civilized nations."</p>
+
+<p>Paul Jones, when he arrived in Philadelphia, the 18th of February, 1781,
+was thirty-three years old and had actively served in the United States
+navy for five years and five months. He never fought another battle
+under the United States flag; indeed, with the exception of his
+distressing experiences in Russia, he never fought again under any flag.
+But to his dying day he did not cease to plan great naval deeds and to
+hope for greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> opportunity to harass the enemy&mdash;any enemy. In view of
+his great ambition and ability, circumstances allowed him to accomplish
+little. He had only one opportunity, and the way he responded made him
+famous; but though it brought him honor it did not satisfy him, and the
+rest of his life was a series of disappointments. His bitterness grew
+apace, and before he died he was a genuinely pathetic figure.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after Jones's arrival at Philadelphia, the Board of Admiralty
+required him to give "all the information in his power relative to the
+detention of the clothing and arms in France intended for Washington's
+army;" and a series of forty-seven questions, on the subject not only of
+the delay but also on matters connected generally with his cruises, were
+submitted to him. He attributed, with probable justice, the instigation
+of this investigation to his enemy Arthur Lee, whom he desired in
+consequence to challenge to a duel. He was dissuaded, however, from this
+step, as well as from the publication of a paper he had written called
+"Arthur Lee in France,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> in which he made a circumstantial charge
+against Lee of "treason, perfidy, and the office of a spy," by some of
+his distinguished friends, including Morris and Livingston.</p>
+
+<p>Without either the duel or the publication of the paper, Jones was,
+however, completely vindicated. He answered the questions with clearness
+and skill, to the complete satisfaction of the board, which recommended
+that Congress confer on the hero some distinguished mark of approbation.
+A committee was appointed to question Jones personally, and the
+impression he made upon it is another proof of the remarkable suavity,
+plausibility and magnetism of the man. One of the examining committeemen wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"From his beginning no one thought of disputing him. Toward the end we
+seldom ventured to ask him any questions. He made himself master of the
+situation throughout. At the end the committee felt honored by having
+had the privilege of listening to him."</p>
+
+<p>On the committee's recommendation Congress, which had already on Jones's
+arrival resolved "that Congress entertain a high<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> sense of the
+distinguished bravery and military conduct of John Paul Jones, Esq.,
+captain in the navy of the United States, and particularly in his
+victory over the British frigate Serapis," gave Jones a further vote of
+thanks, "for the zeal, prudence, and intrepidity with which he has
+supported the honor of the American flag; for his bold and successful
+enterprises to redeem from captivity the citizens of these States who
+had fallen under the power of the enemy, and in general for the good
+conduct and eminent services by which he has added lustre to his
+character and to the American arms."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after, the intrepid man to whom were given so many testimonials and
+so few satisfactory commands received an appreciative letter from
+General Washington, who, after stating his satisfaction with Jones's
+explanation of the delay of the supplies, said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Whether our naval affairs have in general been well or ill conducted
+would be presumptuous in me to determine. Instances of bravery and good
+conduct in several of our officers have not, however, been wanting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+Delicacy forbids me to mention that particular instance which has
+attracted the admiration of all the world and which has influenced the
+most illustrious monarch to confer a mark of his favor which can only be
+obtained by a long and honorable service or by the performance of some brilliant action."</p>
+
+<p>It now seemed to Jones a favorable opportunity to improve his rank, and
+on May 28 he sent a memorial to Congress reiterating his claims to stand
+above the captains who had been unjustly put ahead of him. He failed,
+probably on account of the political influence wielded by the captains;
+but in the way of compensation he was appointed commander of the new
+vessel then building at Portsmouth, a seventy-four, called the America,
+the only ship of the line owned by the States,&mdash;a "singular honor," as
+he expressed it. John Adams, who had at one time been unfriendly to
+Jones, looking upon him as "a smooth, plausible, and rather capable
+adventurer," wrote him, <i>&agrave; propos</i> of this appointment:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The command of the America could not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> have been more judiciously
+bestowed, and it is with impatience that I wish her at sea, where she
+will do honor to her name."</p>
+
+<p>Jones had hoped to join Washington's army, then campaigning against
+Cornwallis, as a volunteer, but he cheerfully gave up this exciting
+prospect in order to prepare the America for sea,&mdash;"the most lingering
+and disagreeable task," he wrote, "he had been charged with during the
+whole of the war." He did his job with his usual efficiency, however,
+and with his usual extravagance, which he called simplicity. He wrote in
+his journal: "The plan which Captain Jones projected for the sculpture
+expressed dignity and simplicity. The head was a female figure crowned
+with laurels. The right arm was raised, with the forefinger pointing to
+heaven.... On the left arm was a buckler, with a blue ground and
+thirteen silver stars. The legs and feet were covered here and there
+with wreaths of smoke, to represent the dangers and difficulties of war.
+On the stern, under the windows of the great cabin, appeared two large
+figures in bas-relief, representing Tyranny and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>Oppression, bound and
+biting the ground, with the cap of Liberty on a pole above their heads.
+On the back part of the starboard quarter was a large Neptune; and on
+the back part of the larboard quarter gallery, a large Mars."</p>
+
+<p>As a reward for all this industry and &aelig;sthetic effort Jones had another
+disappointment; for in August, 1782, the French seventy-four gunship,
+the Magnifique, was wrecked at the entrance to Boston harbor, and
+Congress gave the America to the king of France.</p>
+
+<p>With undaunted energy Jones now attempted to get hold of the South
+Carolina, originally called the Indien, which he had formerly, when he
+crossed the ocean in the Ranger, failed to secure. She was now, under
+the new name, in the service of the States, and Robert Morris tried to
+turn her over to Jones, that he might again "harass the enemy." But the
+plan failed, and Jones remained without a command. Unable to rest,
+although his health had for some time been failing, he now requested and
+obtained consent "to embark as a volunteer in pursuit of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> military
+marine knowledge with the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in order to enable him
+the better to serve his country when America should increase her navy."
+He went off, accordingly, on the cruise with the French fleet; but the
+expedition, during the course of which peace was declared, was
+uneventful, and Jones, who had had an attack of fever, spent the summer
+of 1783 quietly in the town of Bethlehem. In the following November,
+however, he renewed his activity, and on his application was appointed
+by Congress agent to collect all moneys due from the sale of the prizes
+taken in European waters by vessels under his command.</p>
+
+<p>Although money was subordinate, in Jones's mind, to glory and the
+opportunity for action, he was an excellent business man. His commercial
+transactions had been successful enough to enable him to pay with his
+own resources the crews of the Alfred and Providence, so that when he
+set sail in the Ranger he had advanced &pound;1500 to the United States. After
+the close of the war, at a period of comparative inactivity, he began a
+profitable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> trade in illuminating oils, and in his character as prize
+money agent he continued to show his business dexterity. He began a long
+campaign of a year of most pertinacious and vigorous dunning for money
+due the United States, himself, and the officers and sailors under his
+command. He wrote innumerable letters to Franklin, to de Castries, the
+new Minister of Marine, to de Vergennes, Minister of Foreign Affairs; to
+many others, and prepared for the king a careful account of his cruises,
+in order to show that prize money was due. In arguing for all that he
+could get he showed great acuteness, legal sense, and, beyond
+everything, invincible determination. He also again demonstrated his
+happy talent for abuse of those who stood in his way. He finally secured
+the allowance of his claims; and the settlements, which began in
+January, 1784, were completed, as far as France was concerned, in July,
+1785. He was paid 181,000 livres, which he turned over, less deductions
+for expenses and his own share of the prize money, to Thomas Jefferson,
+then minister to France, who approved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> the account. Jones charged for
+his ordinary expenses, however, the sum of 48,000 livres and his share
+of prize money was 13,000 livres, a total of 61,000 livres, a generous
+allowance. One of the free-handed man's biographers, A. S. MacKenzie,
+pointed out that Jones "charged his shipmates for his expenses, during
+less than two years, more than General Washington did the people of the
+United States throughout the Revolutionary War."</p>
+
+<p>The next public business of Jones was to attempt to collect indemnity
+from the Danish government for the delivery to England of the prizes
+sent by the mad Landais, during Jones's most famous cruise, to Bergen,
+Denmark. He delayed his trip to Copenhagen, however, for a number of
+reasons. At this time he was carrying on several private business
+enterprises of importance, was occupied with society in London and
+Paris, and was eagerly desirous of being sent by the French government
+against the Dey of Algiers, who held in bondage many Christians. At
+various times during his career Jones showed a keen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> sense of the wrongs
+inflicted on Americans by the Barbary pirates in search of tribute, and
+in his letters to Jefferson and others he often suggested plans for
+their extermination. For de Vergennes and de Castries he prepared a
+memorandum urging the necessity of a movement against the pirates, and
+ably pointing out the good that would accrue therefrom to the world, and
+particularly to France, to which nation he attributed future dominion in
+North Africa, provided action was taken in time to forestall Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>"The knowledge of the race persuades me," he wrote, "that England will
+soon invade the Mediterranean&mdash;doubtless as soon as she recovers from
+the exhaustion of the late war."</p>
+
+<p>The United States, however, were after the war lacking so completely in
+resources that a war with the pirates was impossible, and France was on
+the brink of her great Revolution, and had more important things to
+consider. So Jones died before the expedition for which he had so
+ardently hoped, and which brought so much honor, as he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> predicted,
+to the man who commanded it&mdash;Commodore Dale, once Jones's first
+lieutenant on the Bonhomme Richard&mdash;was dispatched.</p>
+
+<p>Jones finally set off for Copenhagen to collect the indemnity from the
+Danish government; but hearing of a crisis in an important business
+matter in which he was interested, he made, before arriving at his
+destination, a flying trip to America. While there, he was awarded a
+gold medal by Congress, and said in his journal that such a medal had
+been given to only six officers.</p>
+
+<p>"To General Washington, for the capture of Boston; General Gates, for
+the capture of Burgoyne's army; General Wayne, for the taking of Rocky
+Point;... General Morgan, for having defeated and destroyed a
+detachment of 1100 officers and soldiers of the best troops of England,
+with 900 militia merely; General Greene, for having scored a decisive
+victory on the enemy at Euta Spring.... But all these medals, although
+well merited, were given in moments of enthusiasm. I had the unique
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>satisfaction of receiving the same honor, by the unanimous voice of the
+United States assembled in Congress, the sixteenth October, 1787, in
+memory of the services which I rendered eight years earlier."</p>
+
+<p>It was not until January, 1788, that Paul Jones arrived at Copenhagen,
+where, during his short stay, he was magnificently entertained by the
+court. The negotiations for the indemnity, which he began almost
+immediately, were abruptly terminated by the transfer of the matter for
+settlement to Paris. Jones, on the day he agreed to suspend the
+negotiations, received from the Danish government a patent for a pension
+of 1500 crowns a year, "for the respect he had shown the Danish flag
+while he commanded in the European seas." Jones kept this transaction,
+for which he possibly felt ashamed, to himself, until several years
+afterwards, when, writing to Jefferson, he said: "I have felt myself in
+an embarrassing situation, with regard to the king's patent, and I have
+not yet made use of it, though three years have elapsed since I received it."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p><p>On Jones's return to Paris from America, previous to his Copenhagen
+trip, the Russian ambassador to France, Baron Simolin, had made, through
+Mr. Jefferson, a proposition looking to the appointment of the conqueror
+of the Serapis to a position in the navy of Russia, then about to war
+with the Turks. Simolin wrote Catherine II. of Russia that, "with the
+chief command of the fleet and <i>carte blanche</i> he would undertake that
+in a year Paul Jones would make Constantinople tremble." This exciting
+possibility was no doubt constantly in Jones's mind while he was at
+Copenhagen, and probably increased his willingness to dismiss the
+indemnity negotiations. He began immediately to man&oelig;uvre for the
+highest command possible. He demurred to the rank of captain-commandant,
+equal to that of major-general in the army, and maintained that nothing
+less than rear-admiral was fitting. He laid the account of all his deeds
+and honors before the dazzled Russian minister at Copenhagen, and said:
+"The unbounded admiration and profound respect which I have long felt
+for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> glorious character of her Imperial Majesty, forbids the idea
+that a sovereign so magnanimous should sanction any arrangement that may
+give pain at the outset to the man she deigns to honor with her notice,
+and who wishes to devote himself entirely to her service." In order to
+be in a better position for extorting honors from the empress, Jones
+wrote Jefferson suggesting that Congress bestow upon him the rank of
+rear-admiral; and took occasion to assert, on the eve of taking service
+under a despot, the undying character of his love for America.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not forsaking," he wrote, "the country that has had so many
+distinguished and difficult proofs of my affection; and can never
+renounce the glorious title of <i>a citizen of the United States</i>"
+[Italics are Jones's].</p>
+
+<p>Jones left Copenhagen on his ill-fated Russian mission, April 11, and
+made a flying and perilous trip to St. Petersburg. He crossed the
+ice-blocked Baltic in a small boat, compelled, at the muzzle of his
+pistols, the unwilling boatmen to proceed, and on his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>arrival at his
+destination, on April 23, was presented to the empress, who conferred
+upon him the coveted rank of rear-admiral, to the intense irritation of
+many of the English officers in the service of Russia, who looked upon
+Jones as a red-handed pirate. In June Catherine wrote to her favorite at
+the time: "I am sorry that all the officers are raging about Paul Jones.
+I hope fervently that they will cease their mad complaints, for he is
+necessary to us." In 1792, long after the war in which Jones had played
+a part, Catherine said, with a different accent: "Ce Paul Jones &eacute;tait
+une bien mauvaise t&ecirc;te." Certainly Jones's diplomacy, which was of a
+direct character, was not equal to his present situation, unfamiliar to
+him, and for success demanding conduct tortuous and insincere to an
+Oriental degree. Jones, in comparison with his associates in Russia, was
+remarkably truthful,&mdash;a trait which involved him in humiliating
+difficulties, and which was a source of irritation to the empress and to all concerned.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX</h2>
+
+<h3>IN THE RUSSIAN SERVICE</h3>
+
+<p>Paul Jones left St. Petersburg on May 7, to take command of the Russian
+squadron in the Black Sea. Before his departure he requested of the
+empress "never to be condemned unheard." This, one of the most modest
+demands Jones ever made, was, as the sequel will show, denied him. He
+arrived on the 19th at St. Elizabeth, the headquarters of Prince
+Potemkin, the former favorite of the empress and the commander in chief
+of the war against the Turks. Potemkin, under whose orders Jones stood,
+was of a thoroughly despotic type. As Potemkin was a prince, Jones was
+at first disposed to flatter him extravagantly, but the commodore was by
+nature averse to being dictated to, particularly by those whom he deemed
+his inferiors, and it was not long before they began to quarrel.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p><p>Paul Jones was put in command of the squadron which was to oppose the
+fleet of the Capitan Pacha, and thus help the Russian army to take
+Oczakow, a town lying at the junction of the Bog with the Knieper, which
+had been strongly fortified by the Turks. Unfortunately, Jones was not
+only subject to the orders of Prince Potemkin, but the immediate command
+of the fleet was divided between him and a thoroughly incompetent and
+arrogant adventurer, the Prince of Nassau. Jones commanded the heavier
+ships, forming the squadron, while Nassau was in charge of a
+considerable force of Russian gunboats and barges, composing what was
+called the flotilla. Between Jones and Nassau existed extreme jealousy.
+In fact, the only officer in high position with whom Jones stood on an
+amicable footing was the distinguished General Suwarrow. Early in the
+campaign the Russian had advised Jones to allow Potemkin to take the
+credit of any success that might result, and to hold his tongue,&mdash;two
+things which Jones, unfortunately, was quite incapable of doing.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p><p>It is impossible to enter into the details of this campaign, but enough
+may be given to explain the difficulties which Jones encountered. After
+some unimportant engagements between the two fleets, an action of
+importance occurred which disclosed the deep differences between Jones
+and his Russian allies. The Capitan Pacha attempted to attack the
+Russian fleet, but one of his ships ran aground, and the others
+anchored. Jones saw his opportunity and ordered a general attack on the
+confused Turkish fleet, which cut anchor and fled, with Jones in
+pursuit. The Wolodimer, Jones's flagship, steered straight for the
+Capitan Pacha's ship, which ran aground; whereupon one of Jones's
+officers, without orders, dropped the Wolodimer's anchor. In the mean
+time the flotilla, under Nassau, lagged behind, and Jones, in order to
+offset the operations of the Turkish flotilla, which had already
+destroyed one of the Russian frigates, left his anchored flagship to go
+in search of Nassau, whom he found with his flotilla occupied in firing
+on two Turkish ships which were aground and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> were, moreover, under the
+guns of the Russian ships, and might justly be regarded as prizes.
+Nassau persisted in this useless undertaking until the enemy's vessels
+had been burned and the crews had perished in the flames. When Jones
+found he was unable to withdraw the prince from this bloody and
+unprofitable proceeding, he ordered an attack, with a part of Nassau's
+ships, upon the Turkish flotilla, which was soon driven off.</p>
+
+<p>During the night the Capitan Pacha attempted to pass out from the Liman,
+with the remains of his squadron; but nine of his ships grounded, and,
+being thus brought within range of the Russian fort on the extreme point
+of Kinburn, were fired upon and were practically at the mercy of the
+Russians. Nevertheless, the Prince of Nassau advanced in the morning
+with his flotilla, and, to Jones's extreme rage, burned the grounded
+Turkish ships, three thousand Turks who were practically prisoners
+perishing in the flames.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1 Nassau, with his flotilla, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>advanced against the flotilla of
+the Turks, but did not seem anxious to go within grapeshot; and Jones,
+with his heavier ships, went to capture five Turkish galleys lying under
+the cover of the guns of the Turkish battery and flotilla. Two of these
+galleys were captured and the others destroyed. Nassau and Alexiano
+directed their belligerent efforts against the captured galleys, one of
+which was&mdash;with all the slaves on board,&mdash;ruthlessly burned. Other
+Turkish ships were likewise needlessly destroyed, a mode of warfare
+quite at variance with the traditions of Jones. He expressed his
+consequent disgust in terms more genuine than diplomatic.</p>
+
+<p>As a reward of his idiotic actions, on the basis of an inflated and
+dishonest report of the battle which was sent to the empress, Nassau
+received a valuable estate, the military order of St. George, and
+authority to hoist the flag of rear-admiral; other officers were also
+substantially rewarded; while all that was given to Jones, whose honest
+but unflattering report had been rejected by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> Potemkin, was the order of
+St. Anne. It is easy to imagine Jones's bitterness. He says in his
+journal: "If he (Nassau) has received the rank of vice-admiral, I will
+say in the face of the universe that he is unworthy of it."</p>
+
+<p>Referring to the cowardice of his associates who, in order to escape, he
+says, provided their boats with small <i>chaloupes</i>, Jones writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"For myself I took no precautions. I saw that I must conquer or die."</p>
+
+<p>Jones's bitterness, partly justified by the facts, seems at this time to
+have reached almost the point of madness, and the quarrel between him
+and his associates increased in virulence. In the course of the
+unimportant operations following the defeat of the Turks, during which
+the squadron maintained a strict blockade of Oczakow, Jones was sent on
+a number of trivial enterprises by Potemkin, whose language was
+carefully chosen to irritate the fiery Scotchman. On one occasion he
+commanded Jones "to receive him (the Capitan Pacha) courageously, and
+drive<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> him back. I require that this be done without loss of time; if
+not, you will be made answerable for every neglect." In reply, Jones
+complained of the injustice done his officers. Shortly afterwards Jones
+doubted the wisdom of one of Potemkin's orders, and wrote: "Every man is
+master of his opinion, and this is mine." When Potemkin again wrote
+Jones "to defend himself courageously," the latter's annotation was: "It
+will be hard to believe that Prince Potemkin addressed such words to
+Paul Jones." To the prince he wrote in terms alternately flattering and complaining:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Your Highness has so good a heart that you will excuse the hastiness of
+expression which escaped me. I am anxious to continue in the service."</p>
+
+<p>But the despotic Potemkin had made up his mind that he could not get
+along with Paul Jones, and with an indirectness characteristic of him,
+secured an order for the latter for service "in the northern seas." This
+was practically a dismissal for Jones, who returned in virtual disgrace
+to St. Petersburg, where<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> he hoped to be put in command of the Baltic
+fleet. Catherine, however, was now sincerely anxious to get rid of
+Jones, but on account of his powerful friends in France did not dare to
+do so openly. She had "condemned him unheard," and repeated her
+injustice in a still more pointed way; for in March, 1789, while Jones
+was waiting for the command which never came, he was falsely accused of
+an atrocious crime and forbidden to approach the palace of the empress,
+being again "condemned unheard." Had it not been for the French
+ambassador, de S&eacute;gur, who had a strong influence on Catherine, the crime
+might always have been attributed to Paul Jones. De S&eacute;gur, however,
+proved to Catherine that Jones was the victim of a plot, and she was
+forced to recall the unfortunate man to court. Soon afterwards Jones,
+who had for a long time been greatly suffering in health, was given two
+years' leave of absence.</p>
+
+<p>Paul Jones's experience in Russia was the most unfortunate part of an
+unfortunate career. His services to that country, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> were
+considerable, were never recognized. His report of the Liman campaign
+had been rejected, and he had been unjustly deposed from the actual
+command and an empty promise substituted. His letters had been
+systematically intercepted, and he was a victim, not only of a
+detestable plot involving his moral character, but of many other charges
+equally virulent and untrue.</p>
+
+<p>It was grotesquely reported, for instance, that he had murdered his
+nephew, who in reality did not exist. The leave of absence, moreover,
+must have been to a man of his spirit a severe blow.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the journal of the Liman campaign Jones's bitterness is
+pathetically expressed in inflated self-praise, called out by the desire
+to confute the calumnies of his enemies. "Every one to whom I have the
+honor to be known," he wrote, "is aware that I am the least selfish of
+mankind.... This is known to the whole American people.... Have I not
+given proofs sufficiently striking that I have a heart the most
+sensitive, a soul the most elevated?... I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> the only man in the world
+that possesses a sword given by the king of France ... but what
+completes my happiness is the esteem and friendship of the most virtuous
+of men, whose fame will be immortal; and that a Washington, a Franklin,
+a D'Estaing, a La Fayette, think the bust of Paul Jones worthy of being
+placed side by side with their own.... Briefly, I am satisfied with myself."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="X" id="X"></a>X</h2>
+
+<h3>LAST DAYS</h3>
+
+<p>On August 18, 1789, Paul Jones left St. Petersburg, never to return, and
+never again to fight a battle. He was only forty-two years old, but
+although his ambition was as intense as ever, his health had through
+unremitting exertions and exposure become undermined. For many years the
+active man had not known what it was to sleep four hours at a time, and
+now his left lung was badly affected, and he had only a few years more
+to live. After an extended tour, devoted mainly to business and
+society,&mdash;during the course of which he met Kosciusko at Warsaw,
+visited, among other cities, Vienna, Munich, Strassburg, and
+London,&mdash;Jones reached Paris, where Aim&eacute;e de Thelison and his true home
+were, on May 30, 1790. He resigned from his position in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> Russian
+navy, and remained most of the time until his death in the French capital.</p>
+
+<p>The great French Revolution had taken place; and Paul Jones occupied the
+position, unusual for him, of a passive spectator of great events.
+Acquainted with men of all parties, with Bertrand Bar&egrave;re, Carnot,
+Robespierre, and Danton, as well as with the more conservative men with
+whom his own past had led him to sympathize,&mdash;Lafayette, Mirabeau, and
+Malesherbes,&mdash;Jones's last days were not lacking in picturesque
+opportunity for observation. He felt great sympathy for the king, with
+whom he had been acquainted, and who had bestowed upon him the title of
+chevalier and the gold sword. For Mirabeau, as for other really great
+men Jones knew,&mdash;Franklin, Washington, and Suwarrow,&mdash;he had extreme
+admiration, and on the occasion of the famous Frenchman's death wrote:
+"I have never seen or read of a man capable of such mastery over the
+passions and the follies of such a mob. There is no one to take the
+place of Mirabeau." Of the mob Jones wrote with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>aristocratic hatred:
+"There have been many moments when my heart turned to stone towards
+those who call themselves 'the people' in France. More than once have I
+harbored the wish that I might be intrusted by Lafayette with the
+command of the Palace, with <i>carte blanche</i> to defend the constitution;
+and that I might have once more with me, if only for one day, my old
+crews of the Ranger, the Richard, and the Alliance! I surely would have
+made the thirty cannon of the courtyard teach to that mad rabble the
+lesson that grapeshot has its uses in struggles for the rights of man!"</p>
+
+<p>Jones always had much to say on the organization of navies and the
+principles of naval warfare. About this time he wrote a letter to
+Admiral Kersaint, of the French navy, in which he criticised fearlessly
+and trenchantly the naval tactics of the French. Their policy, he
+explained, was to "neutralize the power of their adversaries, if
+possible, by grand man&oelig;uvres rather than to destroy it by grand
+attack;" and objecting to this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> policy, the dashing Jones, who always
+desired to "get alongside the enemy," wrote: "Their (the French)
+combinations have been superb; but as I look at them, they have not been
+harmful enough; they have not been calculated to do as much capturing or
+sinking of ships, and as much crippling or killing of seamen, as true
+and lasting success in naval warfare seems to me to demand.... Should
+France thus honor me [with a command] it must be with the unqualified
+understanding that I am not to be restricted by the traditions of her
+naval tactics; but with full consent that I may, on suitable occasion,
+to be decreed by my judgment on the spot, try conclusions with her foes
+to the bitter end or to death, at shorter range and at closer quarters
+than have hitherto been sanctioned by her tactical authorities."</p>
+
+<p>Paul Jones, although in these last years he was forced, more than was
+agreeable to him, to play the r&ocirc;le of an intelligent commentator,
+remained a man of action to the end. He sought, this time in vain, to
+extract from the French government wages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> still due the crew of the old
+Bonhomme Richard. His failure brought out an unusually bitter letter, in
+which he again recounted his services and the wrongs done him by the
+various ministers of marine. As he grew older and more disappointed the
+deeds he had done seemed mountain high to him. "My fortitude and
+self-denial alone dragged Holland into the war, a service of the
+greatest importance to this nation; for without that great event, no
+calculation can ascertain when the war would have ended.... Would you
+suppose that I was driven out of the Texel in a single frigate belonging
+to the United States, in the face of forty-two English ships and vessels
+posted to cut off my retreat?"</p>
+
+<p>With equal energy the failing commodore never ceased to hope and strive
+for an important command. To head an expedition against the Barbary
+pirates had long been with him a favorite scheme, and now he looked
+forward eagerly to a position in the French navy.</p>
+
+<p>By the irony of fate a letter came from Mr. Jefferson announcing Jones's
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>appointment as commissioner for treating with the Dey and government of
+Algiers. But it was too late, for before the letter arrived in Paris
+Paul Jones was dead. On July 11, 1792, a week before he died, he had
+attended a session of the French Assembly and had made a felicitous
+speech. He expressed his love for America, for France, and for the cause
+of liberty, and regretted his failing health as interfering with his
+activity in their service. He closed with the pathetic words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"But ill as I am, there is yet something left of the man&mdash;not the
+admiral, not the chevalier&mdash;but the plain, simple man whom it delights
+me to hear you call 'Paul Jones,' without any rank but that of
+fellowship, and without any title but that of comrade. So now I say to
+you that whatever is left of that man, be it never so faint or feeble,
+will be laid, if necessary, upon the altar of French Liberty as
+cheerfully as a child lies down to pleasant dreams! My friends, I would
+love to pursue this theme, but, as you see, my voice is failing and my
+lower limbs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> become swollen when I stand up too long. At any rate I have
+said enough. I am now ready to act whenever and wheresoever bidden by
+the voice of France."</p>
+
+<p>Jones's cough and the swelling in his legs continued; a few days later
+jaundice and dropsy set in, and it was clear to his friends that the end
+was near. Aim&eacute;e de Thelison, Gouverneur Morris, and some of the
+distinguished revolutionists were about him during the last few days of
+his life. On the afternoon of July 18, 1792, his will was witnessed, and
+about seven o'clock in the evening he was found in his room, lying with
+his clothes on, face down across the middle of the bed, dead.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the National Assembly passed a resolution decreeing "that
+twelve of its members shall assist at the funeral of a man who has so
+well served the cause of liberty."</p>
+
+<p>True or not, the words attributed to Napoleon after Trafalgar, in 1805,
+are no more than justice to Paul Jones.</p>
+
+<p>"How old," Napoleon asked, "was Paul Jones when he died?"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p><p>On being told that Jones was forty-five years old at the time of his
+death, Napoleon said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Then he did not fulfill his destiny. Had he lived to this time, France
+might have had an admiral."</p>
+
+<p>Paul Jones has been called by his friends patriot, and by his enemies
+pirate. In reality he was neither. He was not one of those deeply
+ethical natures that subordinate personal glory and success to the
+common good. As an American he cannot be ranked with his great
+contemporaries, for his patriotism consisted merely in being fair and
+devoted to the side he had for the time espoused rather than in quiet
+work as a citizen after the spectacular opportunity had passed. He was
+ready to serve wherever he saw the best chance for himself, whether it
+was with the United States, Russia, or France. In no unworthy sense of
+the word, however, was he an adventurer. The deepest thing in his soul,
+the love of glory, rendered him incapable at once of meanness and of
+true patriotism. In search for fame he gave up family,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> friends, and
+religion. In these relations of life he would have been and was, as far
+as he went, tolerant and kind; but in them he was not interested. Love
+of glory made him a lonely figure. It rendered him a <i>poseur</i>, vain and
+snobbish, but it also spurred him on to contend, with phenomenal energy,
+against almost innumerable difficulties.</p>
+
+<p>As far as his deeds are concerned, Paul Jones appears in the popular
+consciousness as he really was,&mdash;a bolt of effectiveness, a desperate,
+successful fighter, a sea captain whose habit was to appear unexpectedly
+to confound his enemies, and then to disappear, no one knew where, only
+to reappear with telling effect. He has been the hero of the novelists,
+who, expressing the popular idea, have pictured him with essential
+truth. A popular hero, indeed, he was, and will remain so, justly, in the memory of men.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4>The Riverside Press<br />
+<i>Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton &amp; Co.</i><br />
+<i>Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.</i></h4>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Paul Jones, by Hutchins Hapgood
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Paul Jones, by Hutchins Hapgood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Paul Jones
+
+Author: Hutchins Hapgood
+
+Release Date: April 29, 2009 [EBook #28633]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PAUL JONES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Riverside Biographical Series
+
+NUMBER 12
+
+PAUL JONES
+
+BY
+
+HUTCHINS HAPGOOD
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Riverside Biographical Series
+
+1.  ANDREW JACKSON, by W. G. BROWN.
+
+2.  JAMES B. EADS, by LOUIS HOW.
+
+3.  BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, by PAUL E. MORE.
+
+4.  PETER COOPER, by R. W. RAYMOND.
+
+5.  THOMAS JEFFERSON, by H. C. MERWIN.
+
+6.  WILLIAM PENN, by GEORGE HODGES.
+
+7.  GENERAL GRANT, by WALTER ALLEN.
+
+8.  LEWIS AND CLARK, by WILLIAM R. LIGHTON.
+
+9.  JOHN MARSHALL, by JAMES B. THAYER.
+
+10. ALEXANDER HAMILTON, by CHAS. A. CONANT.
+
+11. WASHINGTON IRVING, by H. W. BOYNTON.
+
+12. PAUL JONES, by HUTCHINS HAPGOOD.
+
+13. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, by W. G. BROWN.
+
+14. SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, by H. D. SEDGWICK, Jr.
+
+15. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, by HORACE E. SCUDDER.
+
+Each about 140 pages, 16mo, with photogravure
+portrait, vols. 1-9, 75 cents; other subsequent
+vols., each 65 cents, _net_; _School Edition_,
+each, 50 cents, _net_.
+
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: Paul Jones [signature]]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PAUL JONES
+
+BY
+HUTCHINS HAPGOOD
+
+[Illustration: Publisher's logo]
+
+BOSTON AND NEW YORK
+HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
+The Riverside Press, Cambridge
+1901
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY HUTCHINS HAPGOOD
+
+ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+
+_Published November, 1901_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The amount of material bearing on Paul Jones is very large, and consists
+mainly of his extensive correspondence, published and unpublished, his
+journals, memoirs by his private secretary and several of his officers,
+published and unpublished impressions by his contemporaries, and a
+number of sketches and biographies, some of which contain rich
+collections of his letters and extracts from his journals. The
+biographies which I have found most useful are the "Life," by John Henry
+Sherburne, published in 1825, which is mainly a collection of Jones's
+correspondence; another volume, composed largely of extracts from his
+letters and journals, called the "Janette-Taylor Collection," published
+in 1830; the first and only extended narrative at once readable and
+impartial, by Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, published in 1845; and the
+recently published "Life" by Augustus C. Buell. To Mr. Buell's
+exhaustive work I am indebted for considerable original material not
+otherwise accessible to me. On the basis of the foregoing mass of
+material I have attempted, in a short sketch, to give merely an unbiased
+account of the man.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAP.                                             PAGE
+
+   I. EARLY VOYAGES                                  1
+
+  II. CRUISES OF THE PROVIDENCE AND THE ALFRED      17
+
+ III. THE CRUISE OF THE RANGER                      30
+
+  IV. EFFORTS IN FRANCE TO SECURE A COMMAND         44
+
+   V. THE FIGHT WITH THE SERAPIS                    56
+
+  VI. DIPLOMACY AT THE TEXEL                        70
+
+ VII. SOCIETY IN PARIS                              80
+
+VIII. PRIVATE AMBITION AND PUBLIC BUSINESS          91
+
+  IX. IN THE RUSSIAN SERVICE                       108
+
+   X. LAST DAYS                                    118
+
+_The portrait is from the original by C. W. Peale, in Independence Hall_
+
+
+
+
+PAUL JONES
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+EARLY VOYAGES
+
+
+John Paul, known as Paul Jones, who sought restlessly for distinction
+all his life, was born the son of a peasant, in July, 1747, near the
+ocean on which he was to spend a large portion of his time. His father
+lived in Scotland, near the fishing hamlet of Arbigland, county of
+Kirkcudbright, on the north shore of Solway Firth, and made a living for
+the family of seven children by fishing and gardening. The mother,
+Jeanne Macduff, was the daughter of a Highlander, and in Paul Jones's
+blood the Scotch canniness and caution of his Lowland father was united
+with the wild love of physical action native to his mother's race.
+
+Little is known of the early life of the fifth and famous child of the
+Scotch gardener. He went to the parish school, but not for long, for the
+sea called him at an early age. When he was twelve years old he could
+handle his fishing-boat like a veteran. His skill and daring were the
+talk of the village. One day James Younger, a ship-owning merchant from
+Whitehaven, then a principal seaport on the neighboring coast of
+England, visited Arbigland, in search of seamen for one of his vessels.
+It happened on that day that Paul Jones was out in his yawl when a
+severe squall arose. Mr. Younger and the villagers watched the boy bring
+his small sailing-boat straight against the northeaster into the harbor;
+and Mr. Younger expressed his surprise to Paul's father, who remarked:
+"That's my boy conning the boat, Mr. Younger. This isn't much of a
+squall for him." The result was that Mr. Younger took Paul back with him
+to Whitehaven, bound shipmaster's apprentice. A little while after that,
+Paul Jones made his first of a series of merchant-ship voyages to the
+colonies and the West Indies. He continued in Mr. Younger's employ for
+four years; when he was seventeen he made a round voyage to America as
+second mate, and was first mate a year later.
+
+Paul left Mr. Younger's service in 1766 and acquired a sixth interest in
+a ship called King George's Packet, in which he went, as first mate, to
+the West Indies. The business instinct, always strong in him, received
+some satisfaction during this voyage by the transportation of blacks
+from Africa to Jamaica, where they were sold as slaves. The slave-trade
+was not regarded at that time as dishonorable, but Jones's eagerness to
+engage in "any private enterprise"--a phrase constantly used by him--was
+not accompanied by any keen moral sensitiveness. He was always in
+pursuit of private gain or immediate or posthumous honor, and his grand
+sentiments, of which he had many, were largely histrionic in type. After
+one more voyage he gave up the slave-trading business, probably because
+he realized that no real advancement lay in that line.
+
+On the John O'Gaunt, in which Jones shipped for England, after leaving
+Jamaica, the captain, mate, and all but five of the crew died of yellow
+fever, and the ship was taken by Paul into Whitehaven. For this he
+received a share in the cargo, and in 1768, when he was twenty-one years
+old, the owners of the John (a merchantman sailing from the same port)
+gave him command, and in her he made several voyages to America. Life on
+a merchantman is rough enough to-day, and was still rougher at that
+time. To maintain discipline at sea requires a strong hand and a not too
+gentle tongue, and Jones was fully equipped in these necessaries. During
+the third voyage of the John, when fever had greatly reduced the crew,
+Mungo Maxwell, a Jamaica mulatto, became mutinous, and Jones knocked him
+down with a belaying pin. Jones satisfactorily cleared himself of the
+resulting charge of murder, and gave, during the trial, one of the
+earliest evidences of his power to express himself almost as clearly and
+strongly in speech as in action.
+
+Up to this time in Paul's career there are two facts which stand out
+definitely: one, that his rough life, in association with common seamen
+from the time that he was twelve years old, and his lack of previous
+education, made difficult his becoming what he ardently desired to
+be,--a cultivated gentleman. Stories told of his impulsive roughness in
+later life, such as the quaint ones of how he used to kick his
+lieutenants and then invite them to dinner, are probable enough. It is
+even more clear, however, that in some way he had educated himself, not
+only in seamanship and navigation, but also in naval history and in the
+French and Spanish languages, to a considerable degree. On a voyage his
+habit was to study late at night, and on shore, instead of carousing
+with his associates, to hunt out the most distinguished person he could
+find, or otherwise to improve his condition. His passion for acquisition
+was enormous, but his early education was so deficient that his
+handwriting always remained that of a schoolboy. He dictated many of his
+innumerable letters, particularly those in French, which language he
+spoke incorrectly but fluently.
+
+It was during Paul's last voyage as captain of a merchantman that the
+event took place which determined him to change his name and to live in
+America. Several years previously his brother, who had been adopted by a
+Virginia planter named Jones, had come at the death of the latter into
+possession of the property, and Captain Paul was named as next in
+succession. In 1773, when the captain reached the Rappahannock during
+his final merchant voyage, he found his brother dying, and, in
+accordance with the terms of old Jones's will, he took the name by which
+he is famous and became the owner of the plantation. He consequently
+gave up his sea life and settled down to "calm contemplation and poetic
+ease," as he expressed it at a later period.
+
+But Jones was very far from being contemplative, although he certainly
+was rather fond of inflated poetry, and even as a planter, surrounded by
+his acres and his slaves, there is no evidence that he led a lazy life.
+He seems to have been partly occupied in continuing the important
+acquaintances he had made at the intervals between his voyages and in
+watching the progress of events leading to war with England. Jones was
+given to gallantry, and while on the plantation he carried on the social
+affairs which he afterwards continued, as recognized hero and chevalier
+of France, on a magnificent scale. He resisted, as he did all through
+his life, any benevolent efforts on the part of the colonial dames to
+marry him off, and as the war grew nearer his activity in promoting it
+grew greater. He made frequent visits to his patriot friends, met,
+besides Joseph Hewes, whom he had already known, Thomas Jefferson,
+Philip Livingston, Colonel Washington and the Lees, and was later, if
+not at this time, in an intimate official relation with Robert and
+Gouverneur Morris. In Jones's intercourse with these men he showed
+himself one of the most fiery of Whigs. In a letter to Joseph Hewes
+written in 1774, he tells how a British officer made a remark reflecting
+on the virtue of colonial women. "I at once knocked Mr. Parker down,"
+he adds, in a style that suggests the straightforward character of his
+official reports.
+
+Although dueling was at that time the conventional method of settling
+affairs of that nature, no personal encounter resulted between Jones and
+Mr. Parker. Jones, indeed, did not seem averse to such an issue, for he
+sent a friend to propose pistols, with which he was a crack shot. It is
+nevertheless a striking fact that Paul Jones, the desperate fighter, who
+was certainly as brave as any one, and was often placed in favorable
+situations for such settlements, never fought a duel. Add to this that
+his temper was quick and passionate, and that he had to the full the
+high-flown sentiments of honor of the time, and the fact seems all the
+more remarkable. The truth is that Jones was as cautious as he was
+brave. He acted sometimes impulsively, but reflection quickly came, and
+he never manifested a dare-devil desire to put his life unnecessarily in
+danger. When there was anything to be gained by exposing his person, he
+did it with the utmost coolness, but he consistently refused to put
+himself at a disadvantage. When, on at least one occasion, he was
+challenged to fight with swords, with which he was only moderately
+skillful, he demanded pistols. Fame was Jones's end, and he knew that
+premature death was inconsistent with that consummation.
+
+Although Jones was, at the time, in financial difficulties, he no doubt
+welcomed the outbreak of the war. Service in the cause of the colonies
+could not be remunerative, and Jones knew it. A privateering command
+would have paid better than a regular commission, but Jones constantly
+refused such an appointment; and yet he has been called buccaneer and
+pirate by many who have written about him, including as recent writers
+as Rudyard Kipling, John Morley, and Theodore Roosevelt. Nor is it
+likely that a feeling of patriotism led Jones to serve the colonies
+against his native land. The reason lay in his overpowering desire of
+action. He saw in the service of the colonies an opportunity to employ
+his energies on a larger and more glorious scale than in any other way.
+Service in the British navy in an important capacity was impossible for
+a man with no family or position. Jones accordingly went in for the
+highest prize within his reach, and with the instinct of the true
+sportsman served well the side he had for the time espoused.
+
+Soon after the battle of Lexington Jones wrote a letter to Joseph Hewes,
+sending copies to Jefferson, Robert Morris, and Livingston. "I cannot
+conceive of submission to complete slavery. Therefore only war is in
+sight.... I beg you to keep my name in your memory when the Congress
+shall assemble again, and ... to call upon me in any capacity which your
+knowledge of my seafaring experience and your opinion of my
+qualifications may dictate." Soon after Congress met, a Marine
+Committee, Robert Morris, chairman, was appointed, and Jones was
+requested to report on the "proper qualifications of naval officers and
+the kind of armed vessels most desirable for the service of the United
+States, keeping in view the limited resources of the Congress." He was
+also asked to serve on a committee to report upon the availability of
+the vessels at the disposal of Congress. Jones was practically the head
+of this committee, and showed the utmost industry and efficiency in
+selecting, arming, and preparing for sea the unimportant vessels within
+the disposition of the government.
+
+At the beginning of the war there was no American navy. Some of the
+colonies had, indeed, fitted out merchant vessels with armaments, to
+resist the aggressions of the British on their coasts, and in several
+instances the cruisers of the enemy had been captured while in port by
+armed citizens. The colonial government had empowered Washington, as
+commander in chief, to commission some of these improvised war vessels
+of the colonies to attack, in the service of the "continent," the
+transports and small cruisers of the British, in order to secure powder
+for the Continental army. It was not, however, until October of 1775
+that the first official attempt towards the formation of a continental,
+as opposed to a colonial, navy, was made. The large merchant marine put
+at the disposal of the new government many excellent seamen and skippers
+and a good number of ships, few of them, however, adapted for war. To
+build regular warships on a large scale was impossible for a nation so
+badly in need of funds. It was almost equally difficult to secure
+officers trained in naval matters, for the marine captains, although as
+a rule good seamen, were utterly lacking in naval knowledge and the
+principles of organization.
+
+In this state of affairs Paul Jones proved a very useful man. He was not
+only a thorough seaman, but had studied the art of naval warfare, was in
+some respects ahead of his time in his ideas of armament, and was
+familiar with the organization and history of the British navy. In the
+early development of our navy he played, therefore, an important part,
+not only in equipping and arming ships for immediate service, and in
+determining upon the most effective and practicable kind of vessels to
+be built, but also in laying before the committee a statement of the
+necessary requirements for naval officers.
+
+To the request of Congress for reports, Jones answered with two
+remarkable documents. One was a long, logical argument in favor of swift
+frigates of a certain size, rather than ships of the line, and showed
+thorough knowledge, not only of naval construction and cost of building,
+but also of the general international situation, and the best method of
+conducting the war on the sea. On the latter point he wrote: "Keeping
+such a squadron in British waters, alarming their coasts, intercepting
+their trade, and descending now and then upon their least protected
+ports, is the only way that we, with our slender resources, can sensibly
+affect our enemy by sea-warfare." This is an exact outline of the policy
+which Jones and other United States captains actually carried out.
+
+Jones also made the statement, wonderfully foreshadowing his own
+exploits and their effect, that, "the capture ... of one or two of
+their crack frigates would raise us more in the estimation of Europe,
+where we now most of all need countenance, than could the defeat or even
+capture of one of their armies on the land here in America. And at the
+same time it would fill all England with dismay. If we show to the world
+that we can beat them afloat with an equal force, ship to ship, it will
+be more than anyone else has been able to do in modern times, and it
+will create a great and most desirable sentiment of respect and favor
+towards us on the continent of Europe, where really, I think, the
+question of our fate must ultimately be determined.
+
+"Beyond this, if by exceedingly desperate fighting, one of our ships
+shall conquer one of theirs of markedly superior force, we shall be
+hailed as the pioneers of a new power on the sea, with untold prospects
+of development, and the prestige if not the substance of English
+dominion over the ocean will be forever broken. Happy, indeed, will be
+the lot of the American captain upon whom fortune shall confer the
+honor of fighting that battle!"
+
+Jones was that happy captain, for both the events mentioned as highly
+desirable he brought to pass.
+
+In the report on the qualifications of naval officers Jones showed
+himself to be quite abreast of our own times in the philosophy of naval
+organization, and, moreover, possessed of a pen quite capable of
+expressing, always with clearness and dignity and sometimes with
+elegance, the full maturity of his thought. George Washington, one of
+whose great qualities was the power to know men, read this report of
+Jones and said: "Mr. Jones is clearly not only a master mariner within
+the scope of the art of navigation, but he also holds a strong and
+profound sense of the political and military weight of command on the
+sea. His powers of usefulness are great and must be constantly kept in
+view."
+
+Jones was appointed first lieutenant in the navy on the 22d of December,
+1775. He was sixth on the list of appointees, the other five being made
+captains. Subsequent events showed that Jones would have been the best
+man for the first place. He thought so himself, but hastened on board
+his ship to serve as lieutenant, and was the first man who ever hoisted
+the American flag on a man-of-war,--a spectacular trifle that gave him
+much pleasure.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+CRUISES OF THE PROVIDENCE AND THE ALFRED
+
+
+The infant squadron of the United States, under the command of Ezek
+Hopkins, consisting of the Alfred, of which Jones was the first
+lieutenant, the Columbus, the Andria Doria, and the Cabot, sailed in
+February, 1776, against Fort Nassau, New Providence Island, in the
+Bahamas. The only vessel of any force in the squadron was the Alfred, an
+East Indiaman, which Jones had armed with twenty-four nine-pounders on
+the gun-deck, and six six-pounders on the quarter-deck. The only officer
+in the fleet who, with the exception of Jones, ever showed any ability
+was Nicholas Biddle of the Doria. The expedition, consequently, was
+sufficiently inglorious. A barren descent was made on New Providence
+Island, and later the fleet was engaged with the British sloop of war
+Glasgow, which, in spite of the odds against her, seems to have had the
+best of the encounter. Jones was stationed between decks to command the
+Alfred's first battery, which he trained on the enemy with his usual
+efficiency. He says in his journal what was evidently true: "Mr. Jones,
+therefore, did his duty; and as he had no direction whatever, either of
+the general disposition of the squadron, or the sails and helm of the
+Alfred, he can stand charged with no part of the disgrace of that
+night."
+
+A number of courts-martial resulted from this inept affair and from
+other initial mistakes. Captain Hazard of the Providence, a sloop of war
+of fourteen guns and 103 men, was dismissed from the service, and Jones
+was put in command of the ship. "This proves," said Jones, "that Mr.
+Jones did his duty on the Providence expedition."
+
+Jones continued to do his duty by making a number of energetic descents
+on the enemy's shipping. His method was to hunt out the merchant vessels
+in harbor, whence they could not escape, rather than to search for them
+on the open sea. In June, 1776, he cruised in the Providence from
+Bermuda to the Banks of Newfoundland, a region infested with the war
+vessels of the British, captured sixteen vessels, made an attack on
+Canso, Nova Scotia, thereby releasing several American prisoners, burned
+three vessels belonging to the Cape Breton fishery, and in a descent on
+the Isle of Madame destroyed several fishing smacks. He twice escaped,
+through superior seamanship, from heavy English frigates. One of these
+strong frigates, the Milford, continued to fire from a great distance,
+after the little Providence was out of danger. Of this Jones wrote: "He
+excited my contempt so much, by his continued firing, at more than twice
+the proper distance, that when he rounded to, to give his broadside, I
+ordered my marine officer to return the salute with only a single
+musket."
+
+While Jones was on this cruise his plantation was ravaged by the
+British--buildings burned, live stock destroyed, and slaves carried off.
+He was dependent upon the income from this estate, having drawn up to
+that time only L50 from the government, not for pay, but for the expense
+of enlisting seamen. On his return to port he wrote to Mr. Hewes: "It
+thus appears that I have no fortune left but my sword, and no prospect
+except that of getting alongside the enemy."
+
+It was during the same cruise that Jones, by the act of Congress of
+October 10, 1776, was made captain in the United States navy, an
+appointment that brought him more bitterness of spirit than pleasure,
+for he was only number eighteen in the list of appointees. This was an
+injustice which Jones never forgot, and to which he referred at
+intervals all through his life. He thought he ought to have been not
+lower than sixth in rank, because, by the law of the previous year,
+there were only five captains ahead of him. In the mean time, too, he
+had done good service, while the new captains ranking above him were
+untried. It was no doubt an instance of political influence outweighing
+practical service, and Jones was entitled to feel aggrieved,--a
+privilege he was not likely to forego. Rank was to him a passion, not
+merely because it would enable him to be more effective, but for its own
+sake. He liked all the signs of display,--busts, epaulets, medals, marks
+of honor of all kinds. "How near to the heart," he wrote, "of every
+military officer is rank, which opens the door to glory!"
+
+In regard to this appointment he wrote Thomas Jefferson a bitter and
+sarcastic letter. He attributed the injustice to the desire of John
+Adams to create captains from among the "respectable skippers" of New
+England. "If their fate," he wrote, "shall be like that of his share in
+the first five captains last year, I can only say that Mr. Adams has
+probably provided for a greater number of courts-martial than of naval
+victories! You are well aware, honored sir, that I have no family
+connections at my back, but rest my case wholly on what I do. As I
+survey the list of twelve captains who have been newly jumped over me by
+the act of October 10th, I cannot help seeing that all but three are
+persons of high family connection in the bailiwick of Mr. Adams!"
+
+He wrote, at this time and later, many vehement letters about these
+"skippers." To Joseph Hewes: "There are characters among the thirteen on
+the list who are truly contemptible--with such, as a private gentleman,
+I would disdain to sit down--I would disdain to be acquainted.... Until
+they give proof of their superior ability, I never shall acknowledge
+them as my senior officers--I never will act under their command." He
+wrote to Robert Morris: " ... Nor will I ever draw my sword under the
+command of any man who was not in the service as early as myself, unless
+he hath merited a preference by his superior services or abilities." In
+these and similar remarks, Jones did not show that sense of absolute
+subordination which he had said, in his report on the qualifications of
+naval officers, was of prime importance, and which he strenuously
+demanded from his inferiors in rank. He was always jealous of any
+superior in his own line, but, fortunately, after his first cruise, he
+was always the ranking officer on his ship.
+
+Jones protested, however, without avail, but on the 4th of November,
+1776, he was put in command of the Alfred, and with the Providence in
+company made a cruise of about a month, captured seven merchant ships of
+the enemy, several of them carrying valuable supplies to the army, and
+again cleverly avoided the superior British frigates. Complaining of the
+action of the Providence, "which gave him the slip in the night," as he
+put it, Jones wrote Hewes: "If such doings are permitted, the navy will
+never rise above contempt!... the aforesaid noble captain doth not
+understand the first case of plain Trigonometry." On the subject of the
+navy he wrote Robert Morris, at a later period: "The navy is in a
+wretched condition. It wants a man of ability at its head who could
+bring on a purgation, and distinguish between the abilities of a
+gentleman and those of a mere sailor or boatswain's mate." In still
+another letter: "If my feeble voice is heard when I return to
+Philadelphia, our navy matters will assume a better face." Again, as
+late as 1782, he wrote Captain O'Neill: "I am altogether in the dark
+about what has been done to reestablish the credit of our marine. In the
+course of near seven years' service I have continually suggested what
+has occurred to me as most likely to promote its honor and render it
+serviceable; but my voice has been like a cry in the wilderness."
+
+After his return from the cruise in the Alfred, Jones served on the
+Board of Advice to the Marine Committee, and was very useful in many
+ways. He urged strongly the necessity of making a cruise in European
+waters for the sake of moral prestige,--he, of course, to be in command
+of the squadron. His energy and dashing character made a strong
+impression on Lafayette, who was then in the country, and who heartily
+supported Jones in the projected scheme. Lafayette was one of the
+strongest advocates for an alliance between the colonies and France, and
+believed that a fleet fitted out in French ports under the United
+States flag would not only help out the weak colonial navy, but would
+precipitate war between England and France. He wrote a letter to General
+Washington strongly recommending Jones as leader of such an undertaking.
+About the same time Jones had an interview with Washington to appeal
+against what he deemed another injustice. The Trumbull, one of the fine
+new frigates just completed and built in accordance with Jones's
+recommendations, was placed under the command of Captain Saltonstall,
+who had been captain of the Alfred when Jones was first lieutenant of
+the same ship, and against whom the latter had made charges of
+incompetence. Jones did not get the Trumbull, but the interview was
+probably instrumental in procuring an order from the Marine Committee
+for Jones to enlist seamen for a European cruise. On June 14, 1777,
+Congress appointed him to the command of the sloop of war Ranger,
+eighteen guns, and on the same day the permanent flag of the United
+States was determined upon. Jones, as usual, saw his spectacular
+opportunity and said: "That flag and I are twins; born the same hour
+from the same womb of destiny. We cannot be parted in life or in death.
+So long as we can float, we shall float together. If we must sink, we
+shall go down as one!"
+
+Jones, with the Ranger, sailed for France under the Stars and Stripes
+November 1, 1777, bearing with him dispatches to the American
+commissioners, the news of Burgoyne's surrender, and instructions from
+the Marine Committee to the commissioners to invest him with a fine
+swift-sailing frigate. On his arrival at Nantes he immediately sent to
+the commissioners--Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee--a
+letter developing his general scheme of annoying the enemy. "It seems to
+be our most natural province," he wrote, "to surprise their defenseless
+places, and thereby divert their attention and draw it from our own
+coasts."
+
+It had been the intention of the commissioners to give Jones the Indien,
+a fine strong frigate building secretly at Amsterdam. But this proved to
+be one more of Jones's many disappointments, for the British minister
+to the Netherlands discovered the destination of the vessel and
+protested to the States-General. The result was that the commissioners
+were forced to sell the ship to France, to keep her out of the hands of
+England, and Jones was compelled to make his invasion in the Ranger.
+
+While proceeding in this little sloop to L'Orient, for the purpose of
+fitting her out, he met the great French fleet and demanded and obtained
+the first salute ever given the United States flag by the war vessels of
+a foreign power. He wrote to the Marine Committee triumphantly: "I am
+happy in having it in my power to congratulate you on my having seen the
+American flag, for the first time, recognized in the fullest and
+completest manner by the flag of France.... It was in fact an
+acknowledgment of American independence." As the secret treaty between
+France and the United States was signed about that time, it perhaps
+needed less than the pertinacity of Paul Jones to extract a salute from
+the imperial fleet. Shortly before sailing on his first famous cruise,
+the restless man sent Silas Deane a letter proposing a plan of
+operations for the French fleet in the coming war with England. The
+scheme was for the superior French fleet to attack the English fleet
+under Lord Howe, and destroy it or block it up in the Delaware. Jones
+said in his journal that the plan, which was adopted, would have
+succeeded if it had been put in immediate execution, and complained
+because the credit of the scheme had been given to others.
+
+This was only one of the bits of business which the energetic Jones
+transacted before he sailed in the Ranger to harass England. He wrote,
+as usual, innumerable letters, proposing, condemning, recommending. He
+had trouble with an insubordinate first lieutenant. He began, too, his
+social career in France. It was then that he met the Duchesse de
+Chartres, great-granddaughter of Louis XIV. and mother of Louis
+Philippe, who at a later time called Jones the Bayard of the Sea, and
+whom Jones at that time promised "to lay an English frigate at her
+feet." He kept his word in spirit, for years afterwards he gave her the
+sword of Captain Pearson, commander of his famous prize, the Serapis.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE CRUISE OF THE RANGER
+
+
+Jones started on his cruise in the Ranger April 10, 1778, and, after
+taking several unimportant prizes on the way to the Irish Channel,
+decided to make a descent upon the town that had served him as
+headquarters when he was a merchant sailor, Whitehaven, where he knew
+there were about two hundred and fifty merchant ships, which he hoped to
+destroy; "to put an end," as he said, "by one good fire, in England, of
+shipping, to all the burnings in America."
+
+Owing to contrary winds Jones was unable to make the attack until
+midnight of April 22. His daring scheme was, with the small force of
+thirty-two men in two small boats, to land in a hostile port, defended
+by two forts, surprise the sleeping inhabitants, and burn the ships
+before the people could assemble against him. By the time the boats
+reached the outer pier, day had dawned and no time was to be lost. The
+forts were surprised and taken, the guns spiked by Jones with his own
+hand; but while he was thus occupied his officers had failed to fire the
+shipping, in accordance with his orders, Lieutenant Wallingford stating
+as an excuse that "nothing could be gained by burning poor people's
+property." Jones thought otherwise, however; and although the
+townspeople were beginning to assemble in consequence of the pistols
+that had been fired in capturing the forts, he made fire in the steerage
+of a large ship, closely surrounded by many others, and an enormous
+conflagration ensued. He stood, pistol in hand, near the burning wreck,
+and kept off the constantly increasing crowd until the sun was an hour
+high, when he and his men retired to the Ranger, taking away with them
+three of the captured soldiers, "as a sample," Jones said, and followed
+by the eyes of the gaping multitude of English country folk.
+
+Although the amount of property destroyed by this raid was small, the
+importance of it was considerable, and is well stated by Jones himself,
+who, if proper allowance is made for the effects of his vanity, is, as a
+rule, his own best biographer: "The moral effect of it was very great,"
+he writes, "as it taught the English that the fancied security of their
+coasts was a myth, and thereby compelled their government to take
+expensive measures for the defense of numerous ports hitherto relying
+for protection wholly on the vigilance and supposed omnipotence of their
+navy. It also doubled or more the rates of insurance, which in the long
+run proved the most grievous damage of all."
+
+On the same day Jones made a descent on the estate of the Earl of
+Selkirk, near his old home in Kirkcudbright, with the intention of
+carrying off the earl as a hostage. But the earl was not at home, and
+Jones consented, he says, to let his men, mutinous and greedy, seize the
+Selkirk family plate, which Jones put himself at a great deal of trouble
+and some expense to restore at a later date. This incident is
+interesting chiefly as it was the cause of a letter illustrative of
+Jones's character, sent by him to the Countess of Selkirk, who was
+present at the time of the raid. After stating in rather inflatedly
+polite terms that he could not well restrain his men from the raid,
+Jones promised to return the plate, condemned the brutalities of the
+English, spoke of the horrors of war, boasted of his victory over the
+Drake the evening following the raid, spoke of the English dead and his
+chivalrous treatment of them,--"I buried them in a spacious grave, with
+the honors due to the memory of the brave,"--and then made the following
+rather amusing statements: "Though I have drawn my sword in the present
+generous struggle for the rights of men, yet I am not in arms as an
+American, nor am I in pursuit of riches. My fortune is liberal enough,
+having no wife nor family, and having lived long enough to know that
+riches cannot secure happiness. I profess myself a citizen of the world,
+totally unfettered by the little mean distinctions of climate or of
+country, which diminish the benevolence of the heart and set bounds to
+philanthropy. Before this war had begun, I had, at an early time of
+life, withdrawn from sea service in favor of 'calm contemplation and
+poetic ease.' I have sacrificed not only my favorite scheme of life, but
+the softer affections of the heart and my prospects of domestic
+happiness, and I am ready to sacrifice my life also with cheerfulness if
+that forfeiture could restore peace among mankind.... I hope this cruel
+contest will soon be closed; but should it continue, I wage no war with
+the fair. I acknowledge their force, and bend before it with
+submission."
+
+Jones was probably sincere when he wrote that letter, although it is
+full of misstatements. He was not a self-conscious man and did not
+analyze his motives very carefully. He always posed, with perfect
+sincerity, as a hero, and when he had to do with a distinguished woman
+his exalted words exactly expressed, no doubt, his sentiments.
+
+Jones's next exploit was the famous capture of the Drake on April 23.
+Previous to the attack on Whitehaven, while off Carrickfergus, he had
+conceived the bold project of running into Belfast Loch, where the
+British man-of-war Drake, of twenty guns, was at anchor; where he hoped
+to overlay the Drake's cable, fall foul of her bow, and thus, with her
+decks exposed to the Ranger's musketry, to board. He did, indeed, enter
+the harbor at night, but failed after repeated efforts, on account of
+the strong wind, to get in a proper position to board. Three days later,
+after the Earl of Selkirk affair, Jones was again off Carrickfergus,
+looking for the Drake, which, having heard of his devastations from the
+alarmed country people, sailed out to punish the invader of the sacred
+soil of England. The two sloops of war were very nearly matched, though
+the Drake technically rated at twenty guns and the Ranger at eighteen.
+When they came within range of one another they hoisted their colors
+almost at the same time, but the Drake hailed:--
+
+"What ship is that?"
+
+Jones directed the sailing-master to answer:
+
+"The American Continental ship Ranger. We are waiting for you. Come on.
+The sun is now near setting, and it is time to begin."
+
+The Ranger then opened fire with a full broadside. The Drake replied
+with the same, and the two ships ran along together at close quarters,
+pouring in broadsides for more than an hour, when the enemy called for
+quarter. The action had been, as Jones said in his terse official
+report, "warm, close, and obstinate." There was little manoeuvring,
+just straight fighting, the victory being due, according to Jones, to
+the superior gunnery of the Americans. At first Jones's gunners hulled
+the Drake, as she rolled, below the water-line, but Jones desired to
+take the enemy's ship as a prize, rather than to sink her, and told his
+men so.
+
+"The alert fellows," he said in a letter to Joseph Hewes, "instantly
+took this hint and began firing as their muzzles rose, by which practice
+they soon crippled the Drake's spars and rigging, and made her an
+unmanageable log on the water. I am persuaded that if I had not advised
+them to this effect, my gunners would have sunk the Drake in an hour! As
+it was, we had to put spare sails over the side after she struck, to
+keep her afloat, and careen her as much as we could the next day to plug
+the holes they had already made between wind and water."
+
+The Drake, indeed, was almost a wreck, while the Ranger was little
+injured. Jones lost only two men killed and six wounded, to the enemy's
+approximate loss of forty-two killed and wounded. It was the first
+battle of the war which resulted in the capture of a regular British
+man-of-war by a ship of equal if not inferior force. The Drake belonged
+to a regularly established navy, not accustomed to defeat. Perhaps that
+fact inspired her commander with overconfidence, but McKenzie's
+statement of the cause of the victory is no doubt correct: "The result,"
+he said, "was eminently due to the skill and courage of Jones, and his
+inflexible resolution to conquer." That resolution, which was indeed a
+characteristic of Jones, reached on at least one occasion, that of the
+later battle with the Serapis, a degree of inflexibility which amounted
+to genius.
+
+The effect of this bold cruise was great. Jones had not, however, been
+the only American captain, by any means, to render good service in
+destroying the commerce of the enemy and in annoying the British coast.
+Before the French alliance more than six hundred British vessels fell a
+prey to American cruisers, mainly privateers. There were, likewise,
+captains in the regular United States navy who had before this cruise of
+Jones's borne the flag to Europe. The first of these was the gallant
+Wickes, in the summer of 1777. Though Jones was not the first captain,
+therefore, to make a brilliant and destructive cruise in the English
+Channel, he was nevertheless the first to inspire terror among the
+inhabitants by incursions inshore. The cruise of the little Ranger
+showed that the British, when they ravaged the coast of New England,
+might expect effective retaliation on their own shores; and the capture
+of the Drake inspired France, then about to take arms in support of the
+American cause, by the realization of what they themselves had longed to
+do--to worst England on the high seas--with increased respect for their
+allies. It filled Great Britain with wild, exaggerated, and unjust
+condemnation of Paul Jones, who has been looked upon for more than a
+hundred years, and is even to-day in England, by sober historians, as a
+bloody-handed, desperate buccaneer. The persistent charge, often of late
+refuted, hardly needs refutation, in view of the well-authenticated fact
+that Jones never served on a war vessel except under a regular
+commission. Moreover, he was a man too ambitious and too sensible to
+hurt his prospects by being anything so low and undistinguished as a
+pirate.
+
+After the battle with the Drake, Jones saw that he would have to bring
+the cruise to a close. His crew of 139 men had, through the necessity of
+manning the several merchant prizes and the Drake, been reduced to
+eighty-six men, and he consequently put into Brest, reluctantly, on the
+8th of May, 1778. He was there met by the great French fleet, then
+actually at war with England, and he and his prize were admired by
+visiting French officers. From that time Jones, hated in England, was a
+hero in France, feted whenever he was at the capital, and favored by
+fair ladies.
+
+He was a hero, however, with a thorny path all through life. He arrived
+at Brest with a miserably clothed, wholly unpaid, discontented, and
+partly mutinous crew. During the voyage his first lieutenant, Simpson,
+had stirred up dissatisfaction among the men, and had refused to obey
+orders, for which Jones had him put in irons. The unpaid men, not
+assigning their troubles to the true but unseen cause, the poverty of
+the government, easily believed that their captain was responsible for
+all their ills. Under no conditions, however, was Jones likely to be
+popular with the greater number of his men, for the energetic man was
+bent on making them, as well as himself, work for glory to the
+uttermost, and the common run of seamen care more for ease and pelf than
+for fame. Jones's unpopularity with the crew of the Ranger is attested
+by a passage from the diary of Ezra Green, one of Jones's officers, on
+the occasion, at a later period, of the Ranger's sailing back to
+America: "This day Thomas Simpson, Esq., came on board with orders to
+take command of the Ranger; to the joy and satisfaction of the whole
+ship's company."
+
+With the impulsive inconsistency which, in spite of his shrewdness,
+sometimes marked his conduct, Jones alternately demanded a court-martial
+for Simpson and recommended him to the command of the Ranger, he himself
+hoping for a more important vessel; it was Jones's own conduct, as much
+as any other circumstance, which finally resulted in the sailing away of
+the Ranger under the mutinous Simpson. With the frankness customary with
+him when not writing to anybody particularly distinguished, Jones wrote
+Simpson, at one stage of their quarrel: "The trouble with you, Mr.
+Simpson, is that you have the heart of a lion and the head of a sheep."
+
+Even more annoying to the imperious and high-handed Jones than the
+trouble with Simpson was the manner in which, on his arrival at Brest,
+the commissioners refused to honor his draft for 24,000 livres. He held
+a letter of credit authorizing him to draw on the commissioners for
+money to defray necessary expenses; but instead of dealing with the
+regular American agent at Brest, he placed his order with a Brest
+merchant, who, when Jones's draft was returned dishonored, stopped his
+supplies. Jones thereupon wrote the commissioners: "I know not where or
+how to provide food for to-morrow's dinner to feed the great number of
+mouths that depend on me for food. Are then the Continental ships of war
+to depend on sale of their prizes for the daily dinner of their men?
+Publish it not 'in Gath'!"
+
+He then, without authority, but very possibly forced by the necessities
+of his crew, sold one of his prizes, with the money from which he paid
+the Brest merchant. Of this act he said: "I could not waste time
+discussing questions of authority when my crew and prisoners were
+starving."
+
+The point of view of the commissioners is tersely expressed in a letter
+from them to the French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, June 15, 1778:
+"We think it extremely irregular ... in captains of ships of war to draw
+for any sums they please without previous notice and express
+permission.... Captain Jones has had of us near a hundred thousand
+livres for such purposes [necessaries]."
+
+The frugality of Benjamin Franklin, the most important commissioner, is
+well known, and also the financial straits of the country at that time.
+That Jones was in a difficult position at Brest is certain, and he
+perhaps asked for no more than he needed. But that he was naturally
+inclined to extravagant expenditure there can be no doubt,--a fact that
+will appear saliently in a later stage of this narrative.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+EFFORTS IN FRANCE TO SECURE A COMMAND
+
+
+War having broken out between England and France, Jones was detained in
+Europe, instead of sailing home in the Ranger, through the request of
+the French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, who wished an important
+command to be assigned to the famous conqueror of the Drake. The
+difficulties, however, in the way of doing so were great. The
+commissioners had few resources, and one of them, Arthur Lee, was
+hostile to Jones. Moreover the French government naturally thought first
+of its own officers, of whom there were too many for the available
+vessels. Several privateering expeditions were suggested to Jones, which
+he quite justly rejected. Several opportunities had also been given him
+for small commands, which he had likewise rejected. His manner in doing
+so could not exactly be called diplomatic. He wrote M. Chaumont, that
+patriotic and benevolent gentleman whom Jones alternately flattered and
+reviled, a rather typical letter: "I wish to have no connection with any
+ship that does not sail fast; for I intend to go _in harm's way_. You
+know, I believe, that this is not every one's intention. Therefore buy a
+frigate that sails fast, and that is sufficiently large to carry
+twenty-six or twenty-eight guns on one deck. I would rather be shot
+ashore than sent to sea in such things as the armed prizes I have
+described."
+
+The innumerable delays which consequently intervened between his arrival
+at Brest, in May, 1778, and his departure on his next cruise a year
+later, in June, 1779, put the active Scotchman in a state of constant
+irritation. He continued his dunning correspondence with the greatest
+energy, alternately cajoling, proposing, complaining, begging to be sent
+on some important enterprise. He wrote innumerable letters to de
+Sartine, Franklin, the Duc de Rochefoucauld, de Chaumont, and many
+others, and finally to the king himself, with whom he afterwards had an
+interview. The statement of his wrongs in his letter to the king,
+reiterated in letters to many others, involves an account of the many
+promises de Sartine had made and broken, and of Jones's various
+important proposals for the public good, which had been slighted.
+
+"Thus, sire," he writes, "have I been chained down to shameful
+inactivity for nearly five months. I have lost the best season of the
+year and such opportunities of serving my country and acquiring honor as
+I can hardly expect again in this war; and to my infinite mortification,
+having no command, I am considered everywhere an officer cast off and in
+disgrace for secret reasons."
+
+Jones's pertinacity and perseverance in working for a command are quite
+on a par with his indomitable resolution in battle, and he was finally
+rewarded, probably through the king's direct order, by being put in
+command of a small squadron, with which he made the cruise resulting in
+the capture of the Serapis and in his own fame.
+
+Jones was highly delighted with the appointment, but his troubles
+continued in full measure, and to all his troubles Jones gave wide and
+frequent publicity. All the ships of his squadron, with the exception of
+the Alliance, were French, largely officered and manned by Frenchmen.
+The expense of fitting out the expedition was the king's. The flag and
+the commissions of the officers were American. The object of the French
+government was to secure the services of the marauding Jones against the
+coasts and shipping of England. This could better be done under the
+United States flag than under that of France; for the rules of civilized
+warfare had up to that time prevented the British from ravaging the
+coasts of France as they had those of rebel America, and France was
+therefore not morally justified in harassing the English shipping and
+coasts directly; as, on the principle of retaliation, it was fair for
+America to do.
+
+This peculiar character of the expedition brought with it many drawbacks
+and difficulties for the unfortunate Jones. He had a motley array of
+ships,--those which were left over after the French officers had been
+satisfied. The flagship, the Bonhomme Richard, was a worn-out old East
+Indiaman, which Jones refitted and armed with six eighteen-pounders,
+twenty-eight twelve-pounders, and eight nine-pounders--a battery of
+forty-two guns. The crew of 375, of many nationalities, contained, when
+the fleet sailed, only about fifty Americans; but fortunately, a few
+days later, Jones was compelled to put back to port, where he was
+unexpectedly able, owing to a recent exchange of prisoners, to get rid
+of some of his aliens, and to secure 114 American officers and sailors,
+who proved to be the backbone of the Richard's crew. The Alliance, the
+only American ship, was a good frigate rating as a large thirty-two or
+medium thirty-six, but captained by a mad Frenchman in the American
+service, Landais, who refused to obey Jones, and in the important fight
+with the Serapis turned his guns against his commander. The Pallas,
+thirty-two guns, the Vengeance, twelve guns, and the little Cerf were
+all officered and manned by Frenchmen.
+
+The greatest hindrance, however, to the efficiency of the squadron was
+the famous _concordat_, or agreement between the captains, which Jones
+was compelled to sign just before sailing. The terms, indeed, which
+related largely to the distribution of prize money, left Jones in the
+position of commander in chief, but the fact that there was any
+agreement whatever between Jones and his subordinates weakened his
+authority. Of this, as of so many other injustices, Jones complained
+most bitterly all through his subsequent life. He signed it, however,
+because, he said in his journal, he feared that he would otherwise be
+removed from his position as commodore. In a letter to Hewes he gave
+Franklin's command as the cause.
+
+The squadron, accompanied at the outset by two French privateers, sailed
+finally from L'Orient, after one futile attempt, August 14, 1779, and
+made during the first forty days of the fifty days' cruise a number of
+unimportant prizes. On the 18th of August, the privateer Monsieur,
+which was not bound by the _concordat_, took a prize, which the captain
+of the Monsieur rifled, and then ordered into port. Jones, however,
+opposed the captain's order, and sent the prize to L'Orient, whereupon
+the Monsieur parted company with the squadron. According to Fanning, one
+of Jones's midshipmen, who has left a spirited account of the cruise,
+Jones attempted to prevent the departure of the privateer by force, and
+when she escaped was so angry that he "struck several of his officers
+with his speaking trumpet over their heads," and confined one of them
+below, but immediately afterwards invited him to dinner. "Thus it was
+with Jones," says Fanning, "passionate to the highest degree one minute,
+and the next ready to make a reconciliation."
+
+The defection of the Monsieur was, however, only the beginning of
+Jones's troubles with the insubordinate officers. While attempting to
+capture a brigantine, Jones, through the desertion of some of his
+English sailors, lost two of his small boats, for which he was bitterly
+and unjustly reproached by the crazy, incompetent, and greedy Landais,
+captain of the Alliance, who said that hereafter he would chase in the
+manner he saw fit. Shortly afterwards, the Cerf abruptly left the fleet,
+and the other privateer also went off on its own account. Jones was left
+with only the Bonhomme Richard, the Pallas, the Vengeance, and the
+Alliance; and it would have been better, as the result showed, if the
+last-mentioned vessel and its extraordinary captain had also decamped at
+this time for good. Landais paid no attention to Jones's signals, but
+left the squadron for days, unfortunately returning. Against Jones's
+orders he sent two prizes into Bergen, Norway, where they were given by
+the Danish government to the English, and were for many years after the
+war a source of trouble between Denmark and the United States.
+
+Jones was also compelled to treat with the other French captains, and
+several times modified his course in compliance with their demands. He
+had formed a daring design to lay Leith, on the coast of Scotland, and
+perhaps Edinburgh, under contribution, but first he had to argue the
+matter with his captains. Fanning says: "Jones displayed so artfully his
+arguments in favor of his plan that it was agreed pretty unanimously to
+put it in immediate execution." Jones's art was manifested in this
+instance, according to his account, by showing the captains "a large
+heap of gold at the end of the prospect." During this enforced
+conference, however, the wind shifted, and the undertaking had to be
+given up. Fanning quaintly remarks: "All his [Jones's] vast projects of
+wealth and aggrandizement became at once a shadow that passeth away,
+never more to appear again!"
+
+Jones, however, said that he would have succeeded, even at this late
+hour, if his plan had been followed, and showed a touch of the weak side
+of his character when he added: "Nothing prevented me from pursuing my
+design but the reproach that would have been cast upon my character, as
+a man of prudence, had the enterprise miscarried. It would have been
+said: 'Was he not forewarned by Captain Cottineau and others?'"
+
+With his old ship, his motley squadron, and his insubordinate officers,
+Jones then cruised along the Yorkshire coast, destroyed or captured a
+number of vessels, and was preparing to end his voyage at the Texel,
+Holland, when chance threw in his way the opportunity which he so
+greatly embraced.
+
+On the 23d of September the squadron was chasing a ship off Flamborough
+Head, when the Baltic fleet of merchantmen, for which Jones had been
+looking, hove in sight. The commodore hoisted the signal for a general
+chase. Landais, however, ignored the signal and went off by himself. The
+merchant ships, when they saw Jones's squadron bearing down upon them,
+made for the shore and escaped, protected by two ships of war, frigates,
+which stood out and made preparations to fight, in order to save their
+convoy.
+
+These British ships of war were the Serapis, a new frigate of forty-four
+guns, and the Countess of Scarborough, twenty guns. The Alliance, at
+that time, which was late in the afternoon, was not in sight, and the
+little Vengeance, which had been sent to look for Landais, was also not
+available. There were, therefore, two ships on each side, and Jones
+ordered Captain Cottineau, of the Pallas, to look after the Countess of
+Scarborough, while he himself took care of the Serapis. Jones never lost
+his head in action, and yet he decided, with that "cool, determined
+bravery," of which Benjamin Franklin spoke, and with "that presence of
+mind which never deserted him" in action, recorded by Fanning, to engage
+a ship known by him to be the superior of the Bonhomme Richard in almost
+every respect. It has been said of Jones by one who fought with him that
+only in battle was he absolutely at ease: only at times of comparative
+inaction, when he could not exert himself fully, was he restless and
+irritable. On this occasion he joyfully engaged a ship which threw a
+weight of metal superior to his by three to two, that sailed much
+faster, and was consequently at an advantage in manoeuvring for
+position, and that had a crew equal to that of Jones in numbers, and
+far more disciplined and homogeneous. A battle resulted which for
+desperate fighting has never been excelled, and perhaps never equaled on
+the sea.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FIGHT WITH THE SERAPIS
+
+
+Jones crowded on all possible sail, and the Bonhomme Richard came within
+pistol shot of the Serapis. It was seven o'clock of a fine moonlight
+night. Captain Pearson, of the British ship, then hailed, and was
+answered with a whole broadside from the Bonhomme Richard, an unfriendly
+salute which was promptly returned by the British ship.
+
+From the beginning the fight seemed to go against the Bonhomme Richard.
+There was hardly any stage of the three and a half hours' desperate
+combat when Jones might not, with perfect propriety, have surrendered.
+Hardly had the battle begun when two of the six old eighteen-pounders
+forming the battery of the lower gun-deck of the Richard exploded,
+killing the men working them and rendering the whole battery useless for
+the rest of the action. Captain Pearson, perceiving his advantage in
+speed and power of shot, attempted again and again to pass the bow of
+the Richard and rake her. Jones's whole effort, on the other hand, was
+to close with the Serapis and board, knowing that it was only a question
+of time when, in a broadside fight, the Richard would be sunk.
+
+After the broadsiding had continued with unremitting fury for about
+three quarters of an hour, and several of the Richard's twelve-pounders
+also had been put out of action, Captain Pearson thought he saw an
+opportunity, the Serapis having veered and drawn ahead of the Richard,
+to luff athwart the latter's hawse and rake her. But he attempted the
+manoeuvre too soon, and perceiving that the two ships would be brought
+together if he persisted in his course, he put his helm alee, bringing
+the two vessels in a line; and the Serapis having lost her headway by
+this evolution, the Richard ran into her weather quarter. Jones was
+quick to make his first attempt to board, but he could not mass enough
+men at the point of contact to succeed, and the ships soon swung apart.
+
+The Richard, even at this early stage of the action, was in a deplorable
+condition. Little of her starboard battery was left. Henry Gardner, a
+gunner during the action, stated in his account of the battle that, at
+this time, of the 140 odd officers and men stationed in the main
+gun-deck battery at the beginning, over eighty were killed or wounded.
+There were three or four feet of water in the hold, caused by the
+Serapis's eighteen-pound shot, which had repeatedly pierced the hull of
+the Richard.
+
+It is no wonder that Captain Pearson, knowing that his enemy was hard
+put to it, thought, after the failure to board, that Jones was ready to
+surrender.
+
+"Has your ship struck?" he called, and Jones made his famous reply:--
+
+"I have not yet begun to fight."
+
+That Jones really made some such reply, there is no doubt. Certainly, it
+was characteristic enough. Jones fought all his life, and yet when he
+died he had hardly begun the conflict, so many of his ambitious
+projects remained unrealized.
+
+When the ships had swung apart, the broadsiding continued, increasingly
+to the advantage of the Serapis. Had not a lucky wind, favorable to the
+Richard, arisen at this point, doubtless her time above water would have
+been short. The veering and freshening breeze enabled the Richard to
+blanket the enemy's vessel, which consequently lost her headway, and
+another fortunate puff of wind brought the Richard in contact with the
+Serapis in such a way that the two vessels lay alongside one another,
+bow to stern, and stern to bow. Jones, with his own hand, helped to lash
+the two ships together. The anchor of the Serapis fortunately hooked the
+quarter of the Richard, thus binding the frigates still more firmly
+together.
+
+During the critical time when Jones was bending every nerve to grapple
+with the Serapis, the Alliance made her first appearance, poured a
+broadside or two into the Richard, and disappeared. Of this remarkable
+deed Jones wrote to Dr. Franklin: "At last the Alliance appeared, and I
+now thought the battle at an end; but to my utter astonishment he
+discharged a broadside full into the stern of the Bon Homme Richard." It
+is probable that the Serapis also suffered from Landais's attack, but
+not so much as the Richard, which lay between the other two ships.
+
+After the Serapis and the Richard had been well lashed together, there
+began a new phase of the battle, which had already lasted about an hour.
+There were only three guns left in action on the Richard, nine-pounders
+on the quarter-deck, and the ship was badly leaking. The
+eighteen-pounders of the enemy had riddled the gun-deck of the American
+ship, rendering her, below-decks, entirely untenable. The real fight
+from this time to the end was consequently above-decks. Jones abandoned
+any attempt at great gun fire, except by the three small pieces on the
+quarter-deck, drew practically his entire remaining crew from below to
+the upper deck and the tops, and devoted his attention to sweeping the
+decks of the enemy by the musketry of his French marines from the
+quarter and poop decks, and of the American sailors in the tops. The
+crew of the Serapis, on the other hand, were forced mainly to take
+refuge in their well-protected lower decks, from which they continued to
+fire their great guns into the already riddled hull and lower decks of
+the Richard.
+
+After the juncture of the vessels Captain Pearson made several desperate
+attempts to cut the anchor loose, hoping in that way to become free
+again of the Richard, in which case he knew that the battle was his.
+Jones, of course, was equally determined to defend the anchor
+fastenings. He personally directed the fire of his French marines
+against the British in their repeated attempts to sever the two ships,
+to such good purpose that not a single British sailor reached the
+coveted goal. So determined was Jones on this important point that he
+took loaded muskets from the hands of his French marines and shot down
+several of the British with his own hand.
+
+The captain of the French marines, who rendered at this important stage
+of the action such good service, had been wounded early in the battle,
+and the succeeding lieutenants had also been either killed or disabled.
+The marines had been greatly diminished in numbers and were much
+disheartened at the time Jones took personal command of them. Nathaniel
+Fanning vividly narrates the manner in which Jones handled these
+Frenchmen: "I could distinctly hear, amid the crashing of the musketry,
+the great voice of the commodore, cheering the French marines in their
+own tongue, uttering such imprecations upon the enemy as I never before
+or since heard in French or any other language, exhorting them to take
+good aim, pointing out objects for their fire, and frequently giving
+them direct example by taking their loaded muskets from their hands into
+his and firing himself. In fact, toward the very last, he had about him
+a group of half a dozen marines who did nothing but load their firelocks
+and hand them to the commodore, who fired them from his own shoulder,
+standing on the quarter-deck rail by the main topmast backstay."
+
+A French sailor, Pierre Gerard, who has left a memoir of the battle,
+tells how his countrymen responded to Jones's presence: "Commodore Jones
+sprang among the shaking marines on the quarter-deck like a tiger among
+calves. They responded instantly to him. In an instant they were filled
+with courage! The indomitable spirit, the unconquerable courage of the
+commodore penetrated every soul, and every one who saw his example or
+heard his voice became as much a hero as himself!"
+
+Both vessels were at this time, and later, on fire in various places.
+Captain Pearson says in his official report that the Serapis was on fire
+no less than ten or twelve times. Half the men on both ships had been
+killed or disabled. The leak in the Richard's hold grew steadily worse,
+and the mainmast of the Serapis was about to go by the board. The
+Alliance again appeared and, paying no heed to Jones's signal to lay the
+Serapis alongside, raked both vessels for a few minutes
+indiscriminately, went serenely on her way, and brought her inglorious
+and inexplicable part in the action to a close. Captain Pearson had, for
+a moment, towards the end of the action, a ray of hope. A gunner on the
+Richard, thinking the ship was actually sinking, called for quarter, but
+Jones stunned him with the butt end of a pistol, and replied to Pearson,
+who had again hailed to know if the Richard had struck, to quote his own
+report, "in the most determined negative." About the same time, the
+master at arms, also believing the ship to be sinking, opened the
+hatches and released nearly two hundred British prisoners, taken in the
+various prizes of the cruise.
+
+Nothing, apparently, could be more desperate than the situation of Paul
+Jones then. His guns useless, his ship sinking and on fire, half of his
+crew dead or disabled, the Alliance firing into him, a portion of his
+crew panic-stricken, and two hundred British prisoners at large on the
+ship! But with Lieutenant Richard Dale to help him, he boldly ordered
+the prisoners to man the pumps, and continued the fight with
+undiminished energy. Soon after occurred the event which practically
+decided the battle in his favor. He had given orders to drop hand
+grenades from the tops of the Richard down through the enemy's main
+hatch. It was by this means that the Serapis had been so often set on
+fire. Now at an opportune moment, a hand grenade fell among a pile of
+cartridges strung out on the deck of the Serapis and caused a terrible
+explosion, killing many men. This seemed to reduce materially the
+fighting appetite of the British, and soon after a party of seamen from
+the Richard, with the dashing John Mayrant at their head, boarded the
+Serapis, and met with little resistance. Captain Pearson thereupon
+struck his colors, and the victory which marked the zenith of Jones's
+career, and upon which all else in his life merely served as commentary,
+was scored. Captain Pearson, in his court-martial, which was a formality
+in the British navy in case of defeat, explained Jones's victory in a
+nutshell: "It was clearly apparent," he said, "that the American ship
+was dominated by a commanding will of the most unalterable resolution,"
+and again, "the extraordinary and unheard-of desperate stubbornness of
+my adversary had so depressed the spirits of my people that, when more
+than two hundred had been slain or disabled out of 317 all told, I could
+not urge the remnant to further resistance."
+
+The capture of the British ship, which took place about half-past ten at
+night, came none too soon, for the old Bonhomme Richard was sinking. The
+flames were extinguished by combined efforts of crew and prisoners by
+ten o'clock the next morning, but with seven feet of water, constantly
+increasing in the hold, it was then apparent that it was impossible to
+keep the old vessel afloat, and men, prisoners, and powder were
+transferred to the Serapis. On the morning of the 25th Jones obtained,
+"with inexpressible grief," as he said, "the last glimpse of the
+Bonhomme Richard," as she went down.
+
+The desperate battle fought in the bright moonlight was witnessed by
+many persons in Scarborough and on Flamborough Head, and they spread
+the alarming tidings throughout England. In a letter to Robert Morris,
+written soon after, Jones said, of the cruise in general: "We alarmed
+their coasts prodigiously from Cape Clear round to Hull; and had I not
+been concerned with sons of interest I could have done much."
+
+With his two new prizes (for the Countess of Scarborough had after a
+short action struck to the greatly superior Pallas) Jones set off for
+the Texel, with a most dilapidated crew and fleet. The Alliance, well
+called a "Comet" by the editor of the Janette-Taylor collection of
+Jones's papers, disappeared again after the battle. Landais, whose
+conduct was described by Jones as being that of "either a fool, a
+madman, or a villain," was afterwards dismissed the service, but not
+until he had cut up other extraordinary pranks. He now went off with his
+swift and uninjured frigate to the Texel, leaving Jones, laden down with
+prisoners and wounded, unassisted. Of the Richard's crew of 323, 67 men
+had been killed, leaving 106 wounded and 150 others to be accommodated
+on the injured Serapis. Then there were 211 English prisoners on the
+Richard at the beginning of the action; and of the 332 (including 8 sick
+men and 7 non-combatants) men composing the crew of the Serapis, there
+were 245 left to be cared for--134 wounded, 87 having been killed. There
+were, consequently, only 150 well men to look after 562 wounded and
+prisoners. Some of the latter were afterwards transferred to the Pallas,
+but altogether it was an unwieldy fleet which slowly sailed for the
+Texel, at which neutral port Jones arrived October 3, none too soon, for
+as he entered the roads, an English squadron, consisting of a sixty-four
+ship of the line and three heavy frigates, which had been looking for
+him, hove in sight.
+
+The effect of the cruise was very great. The English people, alarmed and
+incensed, never forgot it. Never before had one of their ships of war
+been conquered by a vessel of greatly inferior force. Their coasts,
+deemed impregnable, were again invaded by the man whom they called, in
+the blindness of their rage, pirate and renegade. Professor Houghton, a
+serious-minded historian, writing of Jones said: "His moral character
+can be summed up in one word--detestable." English comment on Paul Jones
+may be summed up truthfully in one word,--envenomed. Jones's exploits,
+moreover, greatly increased the prestige of young America, and made of
+himself a still greater hero at home and particularly in France. For the
+rest of his life, indeed, Jones, in France especially, where spectacles
+are peculiarly appreciated, was the man on horseback, and he enjoyed the
+position intensely. Fanning narrates how Jones, while at Amsterdam, soon
+after his arrival in the Texel, "was treated as a conqueror. This so
+elated him with pride, that he had the vanity to go into the State
+House, mount the balcony or piazza, and show himself in the front
+thereof, to the populace and people of distinction then walking on the
+public parade."
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+DIPLOMACY AT THE TEXEL
+
+
+Jones found himself in a position at the Texel which demanded all the
+shrewdness as well as the determination of his character. Impatient,
+irritable, and passionate as he often was, his judgment was nevertheless
+excellent. Benjamin Franklin, when Jones at a later time was again put
+in a delicate situation, wrote him:--
+
+"You have shown your abilities in fighting; you have now an opportunity
+of showing the other necessary part in the character of a great
+chief,--your abilities in policy."
+
+Jones's ability in policy appeared in a more favorable light in the
+Texel than at any other period of his career, although too great weight
+has been laid upon the degree of it. The important problem to be solved
+was how to induce the Dutch authorities to allow him and his battered
+ships to remain for a time in the shelter of their port. Jones knew
+that the attainment of this object would help to bring about a rupture
+between England and Holland. The latter country was secretly in sympathy
+with the revolted colonies, but eager at that time to maintain
+officially friendly relations with England. Consequently, when Jones
+arrived with his prizes, the Dutch authorities were in a quandary, much
+aggravated by the action of the British minister in Holland, Sir Joseph
+Yorke, who demanded that the "pirate's" prizes be delivered up to
+England. He reiterated his demand to the States-General in the following
+language: "I only discharge the orders of his Majesty in renewing the
+most strong and urgent demand for the seizure and restitution of said
+vessels as well as for the enlargement of their crews, who have been
+seized by the pirate, Paul Jones, a Scotchman, a rebellious subject, and
+state criminal."
+
+Jones, in reply to the allegations of the British minister, copies of
+whose letters had been sent him, wrote the States-General an able
+letter. He inclosed a copy of his commission from the United States
+government, and then argued that the United States was a "sovereign
+power" and entitled to issue such a commission. He pointed out that the
+sovereignty had been recognized by France and Spain, and that
+belligerent rights had been recognized by Prussia and by Russia. Only
+one of Sir Joseph's charges he admitted to be true,--that he was a
+Scotchman, but he denied the inference made from it,--that he was a
+"state criminal." He wrote: "It cannot have escaped the attention of
+Your High Mightinesses that every man now giving fealty to the cause of
+American Independence was born a British subject." If he were a "state
+criminal," then, he argued, General Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and
+all other American patriots were also "state criminals."
+
+Soon after this letter was received the States-General passed a
+resolution declining to "consider any question affecting the validity of
+Paul Jones's commission or his status as a person." They declined
+likewise "to do anything from which it might lawfully be inferred that
+they recognized the independence of the American colonies." They also
+resolved that Paul Jones should be asked to leave their port, but not
+until the wind and weather should be favorable. They had refused,
+therefore, to consider Jones as a pirate, or to deliver up his prizes.
+
+Paul Jones's plan was not to admit that a favorable wind had arisen
+until the last possible moment. He did not wish to be taken by the
+strong British fleet waiting for him outside the harbor, and he desired,
+as he said, in order to provoke war between Holland and England, "to try
+the patience of the English party to the last bit of strain it would
+bear by keeping my anchorage in Dutch waters on plea of distress, and at
+the same time I wished to be ready for instant departure the moment I
+saw that the plea of distress could no longer be plausibly held."
+
+The French Minister of Marine, de Sartine, however, fearing that
+ultimately the pressure would be so great that the squadron would be
+compelled to depart and thus fall into the clutches of the British,
+demanded that the French flag, which naturally commanded greater respect
+from Holland than the flag of the United States, should be displayed.
+Benjamin Franklin agreed with the French minister, but Jones
+protested:--
+
+"In vain I expostulated with them that by accepting the shelter of the
+French flag I should do exactly of all things what Sir Joseph Yorke
+wished me to do, namely, withdraw all pretensions of the United States
+as a party to the situation, and thereby confess that the United States
+claimed no status as a sovereign power in a neutral port."
+
+Jones was forced to yield, the French flag was displayed, the command
+was given to the French captain, Cottineau, and Jones retained only the
+Alliance, an American ship, from which he was allowed, however, to fly
+the American flag.
+
+To add to Jones' sorrows de Sartine offered him, through the Duc de
+Vauguyan, a French commission to command the Alliance as a letter of
+marque. He rejected it with indignation: "My rank from the beginning
+knew no superior in the marine of America; how then must I be humbled
+were I to accept a letter of marque! I should, my lord, esteem myself
+inexcusable were I to accept even a commission of equal or superior
+denomination to that I bear, unless I were previously authorized by
+Congress, or some other competent authority in Europe." That the
+Serapis, the prize for which he had so bravely contended, had been taken
+from him, was another of the wrongs which rankled deeply in Jones's
+soul.
+
+Jones must have got a great deal of satisfaction, however, from the fact
+that he continued defiantly to wave the American flag from the Alliance,
+and that he delayed his enforced departure, in spite of great pressure
+from the admiral of the Dutch fleet, until December 26, when with the
+Alliance he dashed out of the harbor "under his best American colors,"
+ran the gauntlet of the British fleet cruising outside, and escaped into
+the open sea.
+
+Before leaving the Texel, Jones, on December 17, 1779, wrote Dr.
+Bancroft: "I am sure that the strain put upon the relations between
+Holland and England must end in rupture between them within this year."
+
+War was indeed declared between England and Holland on December 19,
+1780, and in the bill of grievances set forth in the proclamation of a
+state of war against Holland, the statement is made: "That, in violation
+of treaty, they [the States-General] suffered an American Pirate (one
+Paul Jones, a Rebel, and State Criminal) to remain several weeks in one
+of their ports."
+
+It is clear, therefore, that Jones's pertinacious stay in the Dutch port
+brought about important results.
+
+Another instance of Jones's _sang-froid_ in matters where time was given
+for his judgment to come into play, was the way he treated Landais at
+the Texel. On his arrival at that port Jones sent to Dr. Franklin
+charges against the captain of the Alliance, whom he removed from
+command. Whereupon Landais sent Jones a challenge to a duel. Fanning
+narrates: "But the latter [Jones], perhaps not thinking it prudent to
+expose himself with a single combatant, who was a complete master of the
+smallsword, declined." In the second edition of his memoir Fanning said
+that Jones accepted Landais's challenge, but insisted on substituting
+pistols, with which he was an expert, for swords, a proposition which
+Landais refused.
+
+Although again on the sea and free from the irritations of the Texel,
+Jones, when he had eluded the British fleet, found plenty of other
+things to annoy him. He had fortunately transferred many of his
+trustworthy men from the Serapis to the Alliance, but there were enough
+of the latter ship's old officers and men to divide the crew into two
+hostile camps. The discontent at the delay over payment of wages and
+prize money had deepened. Although the crew was large, fierce in temper,
+and at first very anxious to look for further prizes, they yet, after
+the cruise had continued for some time without success, refused to
+continue unless they were paid. Jones, in order to induce them to embark
+from Corunna, Spain, where the Alliance had put in for repairs and
+provisions, promised that he would sail immediately for L'Orient, where
+they should receive their prize money. As soon as he was again at sea,
+however, Jones informed his officers that he intended to make a further
+cruise of twenty days. Fanning, one of the officers, quotes Jones:--
+
+"'And,' says he, with a kind of contemptuous smile, which he was much
+addicted to, 'Gentlemen, you cannot conceive what an additional honor it
+would be to all of us, if in cruising a few days we should have the good
+luck to fall in with an English frigate of our force and carry her in
+with us.... This would crown our former victories, and our names, in
+consequence thereof, would be handed down to latest posterity by some
+faithful historian of our country.'" Fanning adds in a footnote: "Jones
+had a wonderful notion of his name being handed down to posterity."
+
+When the officers remonstrated on the ground that the men were badly
+clothed, Jones flew into a rage and ordered them to go to their duty.
+He found, however, that he could not, with a mutinous crew, continue his
+course effectively, and reluctantly sailed for L'Orient, where he
+arrived on February 10, 1780.
+
+
+
+
+VII
+
+SOCIETY IN PARIS
+
+
+The following year, passed mainly in France, at Paris or L'Orient, was
+spent by Jones in trying to collect prize money, secure an important
+command, and in society, where he shone more resplendently than ever. He
+wrote rather more than his usual large number of letters,--to Franklin,
+Robert Morris, the Duchesse de Chartres, Arthur Lee, Dr. Bancroft, and
+many others,--in practically all of them urging some one of his warmly
+desired projects.
+
+His correspondence with Benjamin Franklin was largely about prize money
+and the expense of repairing the Alliance, which he undertook to do
+immediately on his arrival at L'Orient. The frugal doctor attempted to
+curb, in the matter of expense, the free-handed Jones. The latter had an
+enormous respect for Franklin, and it is quite likely that he attempted
+to be economical, but he seems to have been less successful in that
+direction than in any other. Fanning speaks of the "great and
+unnecessary expense" involved in Jones's elaborate alterations, and
+narrates how, at a later period, when Jones was in command of the Ariel,
+anchored in the harbor at L'Orient, a magnificent spectacle was given on
+board for the entertainment of the ladies and gentlemen invited by
+Jones. A mock fight between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis, in
+which vast quantities of ammunition were destroyed, took place. The
+vessel was finely carpeted and decorated, a regal banquet was served,
+military music played, and in general "neither cash nor pains," says
+Fanning, "were spared in order that the scene every way should appear
+magnificent." Although the hero never seemed to take account of the
+extreme poverty of the infant republic, it is only fair to add that he
+spent his own money as freely as any one else's, and that he often
+served without pay, a fact continually attested to by himself in his
+letters and journals.
+
+Jones's lack of success, in spite of his energetic attempts in
+collecting at this time the prize money, about which there were many
+annoying technicalities, increased the discontent of his crew, and
+prepared the way for the seizure of the Alliance by the mad Landais.
+Arthur Lee, formerly one of the American commissioners in Europe, had
+always been hostile to Jones and unsympathetic with Dr. Franklin and
+with the revolutionary party generally; to such a degree, indeed, that
+he was accused, not unjustly, of treachery to the cause of American
+independence. At the time that the Alliance was at L'Orient, Lee was
+waiting an opportunity to return to America. Captain Landais, who had
+been deprived of the command of the Alliance by order of Benjamin
+Franklin, then the sole representative of the United States in France,
+and who had likewise been ordered by the doctor to report to the Marine
+Committee on the charge of infamous conduct, planned to take the
+Alliance from Jones, and was supported in the attempt by Lee, who
+contended that neither Franklin nor Jones could deprive Landais of a
+command given him by Congress. Lee's desire to take the ship from Jones
+was augmented by the latter's refusal to make room for the
+ex-commissioner's many effects, including two fine coaches,--space which
+was much needed for the accommodation of supplies for Washington's army.
+
+Lee and Landais consequently encouraged the discontent among the crew of
+the Alliance, and one day, June 13, when Jones was on shore at L'Orient,
+Landais went on board the ship, and, supported by his old officers and
+by Lee, took possession. When Jones heard of it he was very angry, and
+acted, according to Fanning, "more like a madman than a conqueror;" but,
+as usual, his anger was quickly controlled and the definite steps he
+took in the affair were marked by great moderation. The commandant of
+the defenses at L'Orient had received orders from the French government
+to fire on the Alliance, if Landais should attempt to take her out of
+the harbor; and it seems he would have obeyed and probably sunk the
+ship, had not Jones himself interfered, and induced him to stay his
+hand. In a letter to Franklin, Jones said:--
+
+"Your humanity will, I know, justify the part I acted in preventing a
+scene that would have made me miserable the rest of my life."
+
+Jones was probably not over sorry to lose the Alliance. There was
+nothing very thrilling in the prospect of carrying supplies to America,
+and Jones at that time hoped fervently to get hold of the Serapis and
+other ships and make another warlike cruise against the coast of
+England. So Landais sailed away with the Alliance, but to his own ruin,
+as the clear-sighted Jones had predicted in a remarkable letter written
+a short time before the ship sailed to a mutinous officer on the
+Alliance. On the voyage Landais's eccentricity caused his friend Lee to
+put him under arrest, and on the arrival in America, a court of inquiry
+found him unfit for command, and he never again burdened the service.
+
+Jones was left at L'Orient with the little Ariel, armed with eighteen
+twelve-pounders and four six-pounders, a ship loaned by the king to Dr.
+Franklin, and with high hopes, as usual, of more glorious opportunities.
+But many months intervened before he sailed again,--a time he devoted to
+business and society. As Jones and his interesting midshipman Fanning
+separated at the end of this period, the latter's final impressions of
+his captain may here be given:--
+
+"Captain Jones was a man of about five feet six inches high, well shaped
+below his head and shoulders, rather round shouldered, with a visage
+fierce and warlike, and wore the appearance of great application to
+study, which he was fond of. He was an excellent seaman and knew naval
+tactics as well as almost any man of his age; but it must be allowed
+that his character was somewhat tinctured with bad qualities ... his
+courage and bravery as a naval commander cannot be doubted. His
+smoothness of tongue and flattery to seamen when he wanted them was
+persuasive, and in which he excelled any other man I was ever acquainted
+with.... His pride and vanity while at Paris and Amsterdam was not
+generally approved of."
+
+Fanning has many anecdotes to relate in regard to Jones's affairs of
+gallantry of an humble character. Several of Jones's biographers have
+dwelt upon the gorgeous and aristocratic nature of the hero's amours.
+Fanning has the solitary distinction of narrating the other side. Jones,
+indeed, was a good deal of a snob, but he was broadly appreciative of
+the fair sex. He probably was never deeply in love with anybody,
+certainly not with any woman of humble character. Of such his
+appreciation was of a simple and earthly kind.
+
+Although Jones seems to have had no intimate friends, with possibly one
+exception, there certainly was about him a very strong charm, which made
+him a favorite in good society. He had a flattering tongue, a ready wit,
+and a gallant manner. Of Jones's attractions Benjamin Franklin once
+wrote to a woman:--
+
+"I must confess to your Ladyship that when face to face with him neither
+man nor, so far as I can learn, woman can for a moment resist the
+strange magnetism of his presence, the indescribable charm of his
+manner, a commingling of the most compliant deference with the most
+perfect self-esteem that I have ever seen in a man; and, above all, the
+sweetness of his voice and the purity of his language."
+
+Mr. Varnum of Rhode Island, who met Jones only in connection with public
+business, said of him:--
+
+"I confess there was a magic about his way and manner that I have never
+before seen. Whatever he said carried conviction with it."
+
+Even more sensible of Jones's charms than the men were the women, who
+were universally dazzled by the brilliant hero. Miss Edes-Herbert, an
+Englishwoman living in Paris, writes, among other flattering things
+about him:--
+
+"Since my last, the famous Paul Jones has dined here and also been
+present at afternoon teas. If I am in love with him, for love I may die,
+I am sure, because I have as many rivals as there are ladies."
+
+She records that Jones wrote verses for the ladies extempore, and gives
+a sample, the sentiments of which are as characteristic of the
+declamatory century as of the naively vain Jones:--
+
+
+     "Insulted Freedom bled,--I felt her cause,
+     And drew my sword to vindicate her laws,
+     From principle, and not from vain applause.
+     I've done my best; self-interest far apart,
+     And self-reproach a stranger to my heart;
+     My zeal still prompts, ambitious to pursue
+     The foe, ye fair, of liberty and you:
+     Grateful for praise, spontaneous and unbought,
+     A generous people's love not meanly sought;
+     To merit this, and bend the knee to beauty,
+     Shall be my earliest and latest duty."
+
+
+Many of Jones's flowery letters to distinguished women are preserved. On
+one occasion he wrote to a certain countess, informing her that he was
+composing a secret cipher for a key to their correspondence, and added:
+"I beseech you to accept the within lock (of hair). I am sorry that it
+is now eighteen inches shorter than it was three months ago."
+
+The only case in which Jones's affections seem to have reached beyond
+good nature, common kindness, or gallantry, to the point of love, was
+that of Aimee de Thelison. She was the natural daughter of Louis XV.,
+and this fact no doubt greatly heightened her interest in the eyes of
+the aristocratic Jones. She was a person of beauty and charm, and felt
+deep love for Jones. His love for her was of a cool character, which did
+not interfere with any of the enterprises taking him so frequently away
+from Paris. His letters to her are with one exception hardly love
+letters. The warmest words in that exception are:--
+
+"The last French packet brought no letter to me from the person whose
+happiness is dearer to me than anything else.... Your silence makes even
+honors insipid."
+
+It was while Jones was waiting thus gayly to sail for America, that the
+king of France bestowed upon him, in recognition of his services to the
+common cause, the Royal Order of Military Merit and a gold-mounted sword
+of honor, and made him Chevalier of France. It was, as Jones himself
+frequently wrote, a singular honor, he being the first alien to be made
+a French chevalier; and Jones prized this favor from a king more than he
+would the gift of a million dollars. The gold sword also pleased him
+deeply, and he asked the countess to whom he had sent the lock of hair
+to keep it for him, lest he lose it. He wrote of this gift:--
+
+"His Majesty ordered a superb sword to be made for me, which I have
+since received, and it is called much more elegant than that presented
+to the Marquis de la Fayette."
+
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+PRIVATE AMBITION AND PUBLIC BUSINESS
+
+
+Benjamin Franklin, knowing the value of the supplies to Washington's
+army, had implored Jones to embark several months before the little
+Ariel actually set sail, October 8, 1780. But Jones, hoping for an
+important command in Europe, and delayed by business in connection with
+fitting out his ship, and perhaps by the gayeties he was engaged in at
+Paris, did not show much concern over General Washington's distress.
+When he finally did sail, he encountered a terrible storm, and it was
+only the best of seamanship which enabled him to avoid shipwreck. As it
+was, he was compelled to put back for repairs to L'Orient, where, in a
+series of letters, he manoeuvred in vain for the loan of the fine ship
+Terpsichore.
+
+It was not until December 18 that the Ariel got under way again for
+America. The voyage was uneventful, with the exception of a night
+battle with a British privateer sloop of inferior force. Jones cleverly
+concealed his greater strength, and thus lured the Englishman to engage.
+After a ten-minute fight, the Triumph struck its colors, but, when the
+Ariel ceased firing, sailed away and escaped, to Jones's exceeding
+mortification.
+
+"The English captain," he wrote in his journal, "may properly be called
+a knave, because after he surrendered his ship, begged for and obtained
+quarter, he basely ran away, contrary to the laws of naval war and the
+practice of civilized nations."
+
+Paul Jones, when he arrived in Philadelphia, the 18th of February, 1781,
+was thirty-three years old and had actively served in the United States
+navy for five years and five months. He never fought another battle
+under the United States flag; indeed, with the exception of his
+distressing experiences in Russia, he never fought again under any flag.
+But to his dying day he did not cease to plan great naval deeds and to
+hope for greater opportunity to harass the enemy--any enemy. In view of
+his great ambition and ability, circumstances allowed him to accomplish
+little. He had only one opportunity, and the way he responded made him
+famous; but though it brought him honor it did not satisfy him, and the
+rest of his life was a series of disappointments. His bitterness grew
+apace, and before he died he was a genuinely pathetic figure.
+
+Soon after Jones's arrival at Philadelphia, the Board of Admiralty
+required him to give "all the information in his power relative to the
+detention of the clothing and arms in France intended for Washington's
+army;" and a series of forty-seven questions, on the subject not only of
+the delay but also on matters connected generally with his cruises, were
+submitted to him. He attributed, with probable justice, the instigation
+of this investigation to his enemy Arthur Lee, whom he desired in
+consequence to challenge to a duel. He was dissuaded, however, from this
+step, as well as from the publication of a paper he had written called
+"Arthur Lee in France," in which he made a circumstantial charge
+against Lee of "treason, perfidy, and the office of a spy," by some of
+his distinguished friends, including Morris and Livingston.
+
+Without either the duel or the publication of the paper, Jones was,
+however, completely vindicated. He answered the questions with clearness
+and skill, to the complete satisfaction of the board, which recommended
+that Congress confer on the hero some distinguished mark of approbation.
+A committee was appointed to question Jones personally, and the
+impression he made upon it is another proof of the remarkable suavity,
+plausibility and magnetism of the man. One of the examining committeemen
+wrote:--
+
+"From his beginning no one thought of disputing him. Toward the end we
+seldom ventured to ask him any questions. He made himself master of the
+situation throughout. At the end the committee felt honored by having
+had the privilege of listening to him."
+
+On the committee's recommendation Congress, which had already on Jones's
+arrival resolved "that Congress entertain a high sense of the
+distinguished bravery and military conduct of John Paul Jones, Esq.,
+captain in the navy of the United States, and particularly in his
+victory over the British frigate Serapis," gave Jones a further vote of
+thanks, "for the zeal, prudence, and intrepidity with which he has
+supported the honor of the American flag; for his bold and successful
+enterprises to redeem from captivity the citizens of these States who
+had fallen under the power of the enemy, and in general for the good
+conduct and eminent services by which he has added lustre to his
+character and to the American arms."
+
+Soon after, the intrepid man to whom were given so many testimonials and
+so few satisfactory commands received an appreciative letter from
+General Washington, who, after stating his satisfaction with Jones's
+explanation of the delay of the supplies, said:--
+
+"Whether our naval affairs have in general been well or ill conducted
+would be presumptuous in me to determine. Instances of bravery and good
+conduct in several of our officers have not, however, been wanting.
+Delicacy forbids me to mention that particular instance which has
+attracted the admiration of all the world and which has influenced the
+most illustrious monarch to confer a mark of his favor which can only be
+obtained by a long and honorable service or by the performance of some
+brilliant action."
+
+It now seemed to Jones a favorable opportunity to improve his rank, and
+on May 28 he sent a memorial to Congress reiterating his claims to stand
+above the captains who had been unjustly put ahead of him. He failed,
+probably on account of the political influence wielded by the captains;
+but in the way of compensation he was appointed commander of the new
+vessel then building at Portsmouth, a seventy-four, called the America,
+the only ship of the line owned by the States,--a "singular honor," as
+he expressed it. John Adams, who had at one time been unfriendly to
+Jones, looking upon him as "a smooth, plausible, and rather capable
+adventurer," wrote him, _a propos_ of this appointment:--
+
+"The command of the America could not have been more judiciously
+bestowed, and it is with impatience that I wish her at sea, where she
+will do honor to her name."
+
+Jones had hoped to join Washington's army, then campaigning against
+Cornwallis, as a volunteer, but he cheerfully gave up this exciting
+prospect in order to prepare the America for sea,--"the most lingering
+and disagreeable task," he wrote, "he had been charged with during the
+whole of the war." He did his job with his usual efficiency, however,
+and with his usual extravagance, which he called simplicity. He wrote in
+his journal: "The plan which Captain Jones projected for the sculpture
+expressed dignity and simplicity. The head was a female figure crowned
+with laurels. The right arm was raised, with the forefinger pointing to
+heaven.... On the left arm was a buckler, with a blue ground and
+thirteen silver stars. The legs and feet were covered here and there
+with wreaths of smoke, to represent the dangers and difficulties of war.
+On the stern, under the windows of the great cabin, appeared two large
+figures in bas-relief, representing Tyranny and Oppression, bound and
+biting the ground, with the cap of Liberty on a pole above their heads.
+On the back part of the starboard quarter was a large Neptune; and on
+the back part of the larboard quarter gallery, a large Mars."
+
+As a reward for all this industry and aesthetic effort Jones had another
+disappointment; for in August, 1782, the French seventy-four gunship,
+the Magnifique, was wrecked at the entrance to Boston harbor, and
+Congress gave the America to the king of France.
+
+With undaunted energy Jones now attempted to get hold of the South
+Carolina, originally called the Indien, which he had formerly, when he
+crossed the ocean in the Ranger, failed to secure. She was now, under
+the new name, in the service of the States, and Robert Morris tried to
+turn her over to Jones, that he might again "harass the enemy." But the
+plan failed, and Jones remained without a command. Unable to rest,
+although his health had for some time been failing, he now requested and
+obtained consent "to embark as a volunteer in pursuit of military
+marine knowledge with the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in order to enable him
+the better to serve his country when America should increase her navy."
+He went off, accordingly, on the cruise with the French fleet; but the
+expedition, during the course of which peace was declared, was
+uneventful, and Jones, who had had an attack of fever, spent the summer
+of 1783 quietly in the town of Bethlehem. In the following November,
+however, he renewed his activity, and on his application was appointed
+by Congress agent to collect all moneys due from the sale of the prizes
+taken in European waters by vessels under his command.
+
+Although money was subordinate, in Jones's mind, to glory and the
+opportunity for action, he was an excellent business man. His commercial
+transactions had been successful enough to enable him to pay with his
+own resources the crews of the Alfred and Providence, so that when he
+set sail in the Ranger he had advanced L1500 to the United States. After
+the close of the war, at a period of comparative inactivity, he began a
+profitable trade in illuminating oils, and in his character as prize
+money agent he continued to show his business dexterity. He began a long
+campaign of a year of most pertinacious and vigorous dunning for money
+due the United States, himself, and the officers and sailors under his
+command. He wrote innumerable letters to Franklin, to de Castries, the
+new Minister of Marine, to de Vergennes, Minister of Foreign Affairs; to
+many others, and prepared for the king a careful account of his cruises,
+in order to show that prize money was due. In arguing for all that he
+could get he showed great acuteness, legal sense, and, beyond
+everything, invincible determination. He also again demonstrated his
+happy talent for abuse of those who stood in his way. He finally secured
+the allowance of his claims; and the settlements, which began in
+January, 1784, were completed, as far as France was concerned, in July,
+1785. He was paid 181,000 livres, which he turned over, less deductions
+for expenses and his own share of the prize money, to Thomas Jefferson,
+then minister to France, who approved the account. Jones charged for
+his ordinary expenses, however, the sum of 48,000 livres and his share
+of prize money was 13,000 livres, a total of 61,000 livres, a generous
+allowance. One of the free-handed man's biographers, A. S. MacKenzie,
+pointed out that Jones "charged his shipmates for his expenses, during
+less than two years, more than General Washington did the people of the
+United States throughout the Revolutionary War."
+
+The next public business of Jones was to attempt to collect indemnity
+from the Danish government for the delivery to England of the prizes
+sent by the mad Landais, during Jones's most famous cruise, to Bergen,
+Denmark. He delayed his trip to Copenhagen, however, for a number of
+reasons. At this time he was carrying on several private business
+enterprises of importance, was occupied with society in London and
+Paris, and was eagerly desirous of being sent by the French government
+against the Dey of Algiers, who held in bondage many Christians. At
+various times during his career Jones showed a keen sense of the wrongs
+inflicted on Americans by the Barbary pirates in search of tribute, and
+in his letters to Jefferson and others he often suggested plans for
+their extermination. For de Vergennes and de Castries he prepared a
+memorandum urging the necessity of a movement against the pirates, and
+ably pointing out the good that would accrue therefrom to the world, and
+particularly to France, to which nation he attributed future dominion in
+North Africa, provided action was taken in time to forestall Great
+Britain.
+
+"The knowledge of the race persuades me," he wrote, "that England will
+soon invade the Mediterranean--doubtless as soon as she recovers from
+the exhaustion of the late war."
+
+The United States, however, were after the war lacking so completely in
+resources that a war with the pirates was impossible, and France was on
+the brink of her great Revolution, and had more important things to
+consider. So Jones died before the expedition for which he had so
+ardently hoped, and which brought so much honor, as he had predicted,
+to the man who commanded it--Commodore Dale, once Jones's first
+lieutenant on the Bonhomme Richard--was dispatched.
+
+Jones finally set off for Copenhagen to collect the indemnity from the
+Danish government; but hearing of a crisis in an important business
+matter in which he was interested, he made, before arriving at his
+destination, a flying trip to America. While there, he was awarded a
+gold medal by Congress, and said in his journal that such a medal had
+been given to only six officers.
+
+"To General Washington, for the capture of Boston; General Gates, for
+the capture of Burgoyne's army; General Wayne, for the taking of Rocky
+Point;... General Morgan, for having defeated and destroyed a
+detachment of 1100 officers and soldiers of the best troops of England,
+with 900 militia merely; General Greene, for having scored a decisive
+victory on the enemy at Euta Spring.... But all these medals, although
+well merited, were given in moments of enthusiasm. I had the unique
+satisfaction of receiving the same honor, by the unanimous voice of the
+United States assembled in Congress, the sixteenth October, 1787, in
+memory of the services which I rendered eight years earlier."
+
+It was not until January, 1788, that Paul Jones arrived at Copenhagen,
+where, during his short stay, he was magnificently entertained by the
+court. The negotiations for the indemnity, which he began almost
+immediately, were abruptly terminated by the transfer of the matter for
+settlement to Paris. Jones, on the day he agreed to suspend the
+negotiations, received from the Danish government a patent for a pension
+of 1500 crowns a year, "for the respect he had shown the Danish flag
+while he commanded in the European seas." Jones kept this transaction,
+for which he possibly felt ashamed, to himself, until several years
+afterwards, when, writing to Jefferson, he said: "I have felt myself in
+an embarrassing situation, with regard to the king's patent, and I have
+not yet made use of it, though three years have elapsed since I received
+it."
+
+On Jones's return to Paris from America, previous to his Copenhagen
+trip, the Russian ambassador to France, Baron Simolin, had made, through
+Mr. Jefferson, a proposition looking to the appointment of the conqueror
+of the Serapis to a position in the navy of Russia, then about to war
+with the Turks. Simolin wrote Catherine II. of Russia that, "with the
+chief command of the fleet and _carte blanche_ he would undertake that
+in a year Paul Jones would make Constantinople tremble." This exciting
+possibility was no doubt constantly in Jones's mind while he was at
+Copenhagen, and probably increased his willingness to dismiss the
+indemnity negotiations. He began immediately to manoeuvre for the
+highest command possible. He demurred to the rank of captain-commandant,
+equal to that of major-general in the army, and maintained that nothing
+less than rear-admiral was fitting. He laid the account of all his deeds
+and honors before the dazzled Russian minister at Copenhagen, and said:
+"The unbounded admiration and profound respect which I have long felt
+for the glorious character of her Imperial Majesty, forbids the idea
+that a sovereign so magnanimous should sanction any arrangement that may
+give pain at the outset to the man she deigns to honor with her notice,
+and who wishes to devote himself entirely to her service." In order to
+be in a better position for extorting honors from the empress, Jones
+wrote Jefferson suggesting that Congress bestow upon him the rank of
+rear-admiral; and took occasion to assert, on the eve of taking service
+under a despot, the undying character of his love for America.
+
+"I am not forsaking," he wrote, "the country that has had so many
+distinguished and difficult proofs of my affection; and can never
+renounce the glorious title of _a citizen of the United States_"
+[Italics are Jones's].
+
+Jones left Copenhagen on his ill-fated Russian mission, April 11, and
+made a flying and perilous trip to St. Petersburg. He crossed the
+ice-blocked Baltic in a small boat, compelled, at the muzzle of his
+pistols, the unwilling boatmen to proceed, and on his arrival at his
+destination, on April 23, was presented to the empress, who conferred
+upon him the coveted rank of rear-admiral, to the intense irritation of
+many of the English officers in the service of Russia, who looked upon
+Jones as a red-handed pirate. In June Catherine wrote to her favorite at
+the time: "I am sorry that all the officers are raging about Paul Jones.
+I hope fervently that they will cease their mad complaints, for he is
+necessary to us." In 1792, long after the war in which Jones had played
+a part, Catherine said, with a different accent: "Ce Paul Jones etait
+une bien mauvaise tete." Certainly Jones's diplomacy, which was of a
+direct character, was not equal to his present situation, unfamiliar to
+him, and for success demanding conduct tortuous and insincere to an
+Oriental degree. Jones, in comparison with his associates in Russia, was
+remarkably truthful,--a trait which involved him in humiliating
+difficulties, and which was a source of irritation to the empress and to
+all concerned.
+
+
+
+
+IX
+
+IN THE RUSSIAN SERVICE
+
+
+Paul Jones left St. Petersburg on May 7, to take command of the Russian
+squadron in the Black Sea. Before his departure he requested of the
+empress "never to be condemned unheard." This, one of the most modest
+demands Jones ever made, was, as the sequel will show, denied him. He
+arrived on the 19th at St. Elizabeth, the headquarters of Prince
+Potemkin, the former favorite of the empress and the commander in chief
+of the war against the Turks. Potemkin, under whose orders Jones stood,
+was of a thoroughly despotic type. As Potemkin was a prince, Jones was
+at first disposed to flatter him extravagantly, but the commodore was by
+nature averse to being dictated to, particularly by those whom he deemed
+his inferiors, and it was not long before they began to quarrel.
+
+Paul Jones was put in command of the squadron which was to oppose the
+fleet of the Capitan Pacha, and thus help the Russian army to take
+Oczakow, a town lying at the junction of the Bog with the Knieper, which
+had been strongly fortified by the Turks. Unfortunately, Jones was not
+only subject to the orders of Prince Potemkin, but the immediate command
+of the fleet was divided between him and a thoroughly incompetent and
+arrogant adventurer, the Prince of Nassau. Jones commanded the heavier
+ships, forming the squadron, while Nassau was in charge of a
+considerable force of Russian gunboats and barges, composing what was
+called the flotilla. Between Jones and Nassau existed extreme jealousy.
+In fact, the only officer in high position with whom Jones stood on an
+amicable footing was the distinguished General Suwarrow. Early in the
+campaign the Russian had advised Jones to allow Potemkin to take the
+credit of any success that might result, and to hold his tongue,--two
+things which Jones, unfortunately, was quite incapable of doing.
+
+It is impossible to enter into the details of this campaign, but enough
+may be given to explain the difficulties which Jones encountered. After
+some unimportant engagements between the two fleets, an action of
+importance occurred which disclosed the deep differences between Jones
+and his Russian allies. The Capitan Pacha attempted to attack the
+Russian fleet, but one of his ships ran aground, and the others
+anchored. Jones saw his opportunity and ordered a general attack on the
+confused Turkish fleet, which cut anchor and fled, with Jones in
+pursuit. The Wolodimer, Jones's flagship, steered straight for the
+Capitan Pacha's ship, which ran aground; whereupon one of Jones's
+officers, without orders, dropped the Wolodimer's anchor. In the mean
+time the flotilla, under Nassau, lagged behind, and Jones, in order to
+offset the operations of the Turkish flotilla, which had already
+destroyed one of the Russian frigates, left his anchored flagship to go
+in search of Nassau, whom he found with his flotilla occupied in firing
+on two Turkish ships which were aground and were, moreover, under the
+guns of the Russian ships, and might justly be regarded as prizes.
+Nassau persisted in this useless undertaking until the enemy's vessels
+had been burned and the crews had perished in the flames. When Jones
+found he was unable to withdraw the prince from this bloody and
+unprofitable proceeding, he ordered an attack, with a part of Nassau's
+ships, upon the Turkish flotilla, which was soon driven off.
+
+During the night the Capitan Pacha attempted to pass out from the Liman,
+with the remains of his squadron; but nine of his ships grounded, and,
+being thus brought within range of the Russian fort on the extreme point
+of Kinburn, were fired upon and were practically at the mercy of the
+Russians. Nevertheless, the Prince of Nassau advanced in the morning
+with his flotilla, and, to Jones's extreme rage, burned the grounded
+Turkish ships, three thousand Turks who were practically prisoners
+perishing in the flames.
+
+On July 1 Nassau, with his flotilla, advanced against the flotilla of
+the Turks, but did not seem anxious to go within grapeshot; and Jones,
+with his heavier ships, went to capture five Turkish galleys lying under
+the cover of the guns of the Turkish battery and flotilla. Two of these
+galleys were captured and the others destroyed. Nassau and Alexiano
+directed their belligerent efforts against the captured galleys, one of
+which was--with all the slaves on board,--ruthlessly burned. Other
+Turkish ships were likewise needlessly destroyed, a mode of warfare
+quite at variance with the traditions of Jones. He expressed his
+consequent disgust in terms more genuine than diplomatic.
+
+As a reward of his idiotic actions, on the basis of an inflated and
+dishonest report of the battle which was sent to the empress, Nassau
+received a valuable estate, the military order of St. George, and
+authority to hoist the flag of rear-admiral; other officers were also
+substantially rewarded; while all that was given to Jones, whose honest
+but unflattering report had been rejected by Potemkin, was the order of
+St. Anne. It is easy to imagine Jones's bitterness. He says in his
+journal: "If he (Nassau) has received the rank of vice-admiral, I will
+say in the face of the universe that he is unworthy of it."
+
+Referring to the cowardice of his associates who, in order to escape, he
+says, provided their boats with small _chaloupes_, Jones writes:--
+
+"For myself I took no precautions. I saw that I must conquer or die."
+
+Jones's bitterness, partly justified by the facts, seems at this time to
+have reached almost the point of madness, and the quarrel between him
+and his associates increased in virulence. In the course of the
+unimportant operations following the defeat of the Turks, during which
+the squadron maintained a strict blockade of Oczakow, Jones was sent on
+a number of trivial enterprises by Potemkin, whose language was
+carefully chosen to irritate the fiery Scotchman. On one occasion he
+commanded Jones "to receive him (the Capitan Pacha) courageously, and
+drive him back. I require that this be done without loss of time; if
+not, you will be made answerable for every neglect." In reply, Jones
+complained of the injustice done his officers. Shortly afterwards Jones
+doubted the wisdom of one of Potemkin's orders, and wrote: "Every man is
+master of his opinion, and this is mine." When Potemkin again wrote
+Jones "to defend himself courageously," the latter's annotation was: "It
+will be hard to believe that Prince Potemkin addressed such words to
+Paul Jones." To the prince he wrote in terms alternately flattering and
+complaining:--
+
+"Your Highness has so good a heart that you will excuse the hastiness of
+expression which escaped me. I am anxious to continue in the service."
+
+But the despotic Potemkin had made up his mind that he could not get
+along with Paul Jones, and with an indirectness characteristic of him,
+secured an order for the latter for service "in the northern seas." This
+was practically a dismissal for Jones, who returned in virtual disgrace
+to St. Petersburg, where he hoped to be put in command of the Baltic
+fleet. Catherine, however, was now sincerely anxious to get rid of
+Jones, but on account of his powerful friends in France did not dare to
+do so openly. She had "condemned him unheard," and repeated her
+injustice in a still more pointed way; for in March, 1789, while Jones
+was waiting for the command which never came, he was falsely accused of
+an atrocious crime and forbidden to approach the palace of the empress,
+being again "condemned unheard." Had it not been for the French
+ambassador, de Segur, who had a strong influence on Catherine, the crime
+might always have been attributed to Paul Jones. De Segur, however,
+proved to Catherine that Jones was the victim of a plot, and she was
+forced to recall the unfortunate man to court. Soon afterwards Jones,
+who had for a long time been greatly suffering in health, was given two
+years' leave of absence.
+
+Paul Jones's experience in Russia was the most unfortunate part of an
+unfortunate career. His services to that country, which were
+considerable, were never recognized. His report of the Liman campaign
+had been rejected, and he had been unjustly deposed from the actual
+command and an empty promise substituted. His letters had been
+systematically intercepted, and he was a victim, not only of a
+detestable plot involving his moral character, but of many other charges
+equally virulent and untrue.
+
+It was grotesquely reported, for instance, that he had murdered his
+nephew, who in reality did not exist. The leave of absence, moreover,
+must have been to a man of his spirit a severe blow.
+
+At the close of the journal of the Liman campaign Jones's bitterness is
+pathetically expressed in inflated self-praise, called out by the desire
+to confute the calumnies of his enemies. "Every one to whom I have the
+honor to be known," he wrote, "is aware that I am the least selfish of
+mankind.... This is known to the whole American people.... Have I not
+given proofs sufficiently striking that I have a heart the most
+sensitive, a soul the most elevated?... I am the only man in the world
+that possesses a sword given by the king of France ... but what
+completes my happiness is the esteem and friendship of the most virtuous
+of men, whose fame will be immortal; and that a Washington, a Franklin,
+a D'Estaing, a La Fayette, think the bust of Paul Jones worthy of being
+placed side by side with their own.... Briefly, I am satisfied with
+myself."
+
+
+
+
+X
+
+LAST DAYS
+
+
+On August 18, 1789, Paul Jones left St. Petersburg, never to return, and
+never again to fight a battle. He was only forty-two years old, but
+although his ambition was as intense as ever, his health had through
+unremitting exertions and exposure become undermined. For many years the
+active man had not known what it was to sleep four hours at a time, and
+now his left lung was badly affected, and he had only a few years more
+to live. After an extended tour, devoted mainly to business and
+society,--during the course of which he met Kosciusko at Warsaw,
+visited, among other cities, Vienna, Munich, Strassburg, and
+London,--Jones reached Paris, where Aimee de Thelison and his true home
+were, on May 30, 1790. He resigned from his position in the Russian
+navy, and remained most of the time until his death in the French
+capital.
+
+The great French Revolution had taken place; and Paul Jones occupied the
+position, unusual for him, of a passive spectator of great events.
+Acquainted with men of all parties, with Bertrand Barere, Carnot,
+Robespierre, and Danton, as well as with the more conservative men with
+whom his own past had led him to sympathize,--Lafayette, Mirabeau, and
+Malesherbes,--Jones's last days were not lacking in picturesque
+opportunity for observation. He felt great sympathy for the king, with
+whom he had been acquainted, and who had bestowed upon him the title of
+chevalier and the gold sword. For Mirabeau, as for other really great
+men Jones knew,--Franklin, Washington, and Suwarrow,--he had extreme
+admiration, and on the occasion of the famous Frenchman's death wrote:
+"I have never seen or read of a man capable of such mastery over the
+passions and the follies of such a mob. There is no one to take the
+place of Mirabeau." Of the mob Jones wrote with aristocratic hatred:
+"There have been many moments when my heart turned to stone towards
+those who call themselves 'the people' in France. More than once have I
+harbored the wish that I might be intrusted by Lafayette with the
+command of the Palace, with _carte blanche_ to defend the constitution;
+and that I might have once more with me, if only for one day, my old
+crews of the Ranger, the Richard, and the Alliance! I surely would have
+made the thirty cannon of the courtyard teach to that mad rabble the
+lesson that grapeshot has its uses in struggles for the rights of man!"
+
+Jones always had much to say on the organization of navies and the
+principles of naval warfare. About this time he wrote a letter to
+Admiral Kersaint, of the French navy, in which he criticised fearlessly
+and trenchantly the naval tactics of the French. Their policy, he
+explained, was to "neutralize the power of their adversaries, if
+possible, by grand manoeuvres rather than to destroy it by grand
+attack;" and objecting to this policy, the dashing Jones, who always
+desired to "get alongside the enemy," wrote: "Their (the French)
+combinations have been superb; but as I look at them, they have not been
+harmful enough; they have not been calculated to do as much capturing or
+sinking of ships, and as much crippling or killing of seamen, as true
+and lasting success in naval warfare seems to me to demand.... Should
+France thus honor me [with a command] it must be with the unqualified
+understanding that I am not to be restricted by the traditions of her
+naval tactics; but with full consent that I may, on suitable occasion,
+to be decreed by my judgment on the spot, try conclusions with her foes
+to the bitter end or to death, at shorter range and at closer quarters
+than have hitherto been sanctioned by her tactical authorities."
+
+Paul Jones, although in these last years he was forced, more than was
+agreeable to him, to play the role of an intelligent commentator,
+remained a man of action to the end. He sought, this time in vain, to
+extract from the French government wages still due the crew of the old
+Bonhomme Richard. His failure brought out an unusually bitter letter, in
+which he again recounted his services and the wrongs done him by the
+various ministers of marine. As he grew older and more disappointed the
+deeds he had done seemed mountain high to him. "My fortitude and
+self-denial alone dragged Holland into the war, a service of the
+greatest importance to this nation; for without that great event, no
+calculation can ascertain when the war would have ended.... Would you
+suppose that I was driven out of the Texel in a single frigate belonging
+to the United States, in the face of forty-two English ships and vessels
+posted to cut off my retreat?"
+
+With equal energy the failing commodore never ceased to hope and strive
+for an important command. To head an expedition against the Barbary
+pirates had long been with him a favorite scheme, and now he looked
+forward eagerly to a position in the French navy.
+
+By the irony of fate a letter came from Mr. Jefferson announcing Jones's
+appointment as commissioner for treating with the Dey and government of
+Algiers. But it was too late, for before the letter arrived in Paris
+Paul Jones was dead. On July 11, 1792, a week before he died, he had
+attended a session of the French Assembly and had made a felicitous
+speech. He expressed his love for America, for France, and for the cause
+of liberty, and regretted his failing health as interfering with his
+activity in their service. He closed with the pathetic words:--
+
+"But ill as I am, there is yet something left of the man--not the
+admiral, not the chevalier--but the plain, simple man whom it delights
+me to hear you call 'Paul Jones,' without any rank but that of
+fellowship, and without any title but that of comrade. So now I say to
+you that whatever is left of that man, be it never so faint or feeble,
+will be laid, if necessary, upon the altar of French Liberty as
+cheerfully as a child lies down to pleasant dreams! My friends, I would
+love to pursue this theme, but, as you see, my voice is failing and my
+lower limbs become swollen when I stand up too long. At any rate I have
+said enough. I am now ready to act whenever and wheresoever bidden by
+the voice of France."
+
+Jones's cough and the swelling in his legs continued; a few days later
+jaundice and dropsy set in, and it was clear to his friends that the end
+was near. Aimee de Thelison, Gouverneur Morris, and some of the
+distinguished revolutionists were about him during the last few days of
+his life. On the afternoon of July 18, 1792, his will was witnessed, and
+about seven o'clock in the evening he was found in his room, lying with
+his clothes on, face down across the middle of the bed, dead.
+
+The next day the National Assembly passed a resolution decreeing "that
+twelve of its members shall assist at the funeral of a man who has so
+well served the cause of liberty."
+
+True or not, the words attributed to Napoleon after Trafalgar, in 1805,
+are no more than justice to Paul Jones.
+
+"How old," Napoleon asked, "was Paul Jones when he died?"
+
+On being told that Jones was forty-five years old at the time of his
+death, Napoleon said:--
+
+"Then he did not fulfill his destiny. Had he lived to this time, France
+might have had an admiral."
+
+Paul Jones has been called by his friends patriot, and by his enemies
+pirate. In reality he was neither. He was not one of those deeply
+ethical natures that subordinate personal glory and success to the
+common good. As an American he cannot be ranked with his great
+contemporaries, for his patriotism consisted merely in being fair and
+devoted to the side he had for the time espoused rather than in quiet
+work as a citizen after the spectacular opportunity had passed. He was
+ready to serve wherever he saw the best chance for himself, whether it
+was with the United States, Russia, or France. In no unworthy sense of
+the word, however, was he an adventurer. The deepest thing in his soul,
+the love of glory, rendered him incapable at once of meanness and of
+true patriotism. In search for fame he gave up family, friends, and
+religion. In these relations of life he would have been and was, as far
+as he went, tolerant and kind; but in them he was not interested. Love
+of glory made him a lonely figure. It rendered him a _poseur_, vain and
+snobbish, but it also spurred him on to contend, with phenomenal energy,
+against almost innumerable difficulties.
+
+As far as his deeds are concerned, Paul Jones appears in the popular
+consciousness as he really was,--a bolt of effectiveness, a desperate,
+successful fighter, a sea captain whose habit was to appear unexpectedly
+to confound his enemies, and then to disappear, no one knew where, only
+to reappear with telling effect. He has been the hero of the novelists,
+who, expressing the popular idea, have pictured him with essential
+truth. A popular hero, indeed, he was, and will remain so, justly, in
+the memory of men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Riverside Press
+
+_Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co._
+
+_Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Paul Jones, by Hutchins Hapgood
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