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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Religious Life of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century, by George MacLaren Brydon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Religious Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century
+       The Faith of Our Fathers
+
+Author: George MacLaren Brydon
+
+Release Date: April 29, 2009 [EBook #28634]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RELIGIOUS LIFE OF VIRGINIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RELIGIOUS LIFE OF VIRGINIA IN
+THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
+
+The Faith of Our Fathers
+
+By
+GEORGE MACLAREN BRYDON
+Historiographer of Diocese of Virginia
+
+VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION CORPORATION
+WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+1957
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT©, 1957 BY
+VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION
+CORPORATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+
+Jamestown 350th Anniversary
+Historical Booklet, Number 10
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Introduction
+
+Chapter                                      Page
+
+One   Beginnings                               1
+
+Two   The Colonists at Worship                 6
+
+Three Making Bricks Without Straw             12
+
+Four  Building a Christian Community          22
+
+Five  The Coming of the Negro                 26
+
+Six   Fighting Adverse Conditions             34
+
+Seven The Last Decade                         42
+
+Bibliography                                  46
+
+Appendix A                                    47
+
+Appendix B                                    48
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The settlement of Englishmen at Jamestown in 1607 was the outgrowth of
+a vision of transatlantic expansion which had been growing stronger
+steadily during the preceding generation. It was in the following of
+that vision that Queen Elizabeth granted to a group of men headed by
+Sir Walter Raleigh the authority to establish a colony upon the remote
+shores of the Atlantic ocean, and out of the plans of this group came
+the ill-fated colony which was started at Roanoke Island, in what is
+now the State of North Carolina, in the year 1585. This colony after a
+life of a few years disappeared: whether destroyed by Indian attack, or
+by a Spanish fleet which resented the settlement of Englishmen in a
+land that was claimed for Spain, or by famine or disease, no one knows
+to this day. The one permanent result was the giving of the name
+Virginia to their American land in honor of their Queen.
+
+Following the failure of this first effort, a plan was formulated and
+established by charter given by King James in the year 1606. Under this
+charter companies were to be formed in order to found two English
+settlements in America; one to be a colony at some point between the
+34th and 41st degrees of latitude, and the other between the 38th and
+45th degrees. Both companies had the widespread interest of the English
+people, and both made settlements in America in the same year, 1607.
+The Virginia Company established its settlement at Jamestown, from
+which developed the Colony, and later the Commonwealth of Virginia, as
+the first permanent English settlement in America. The Plymouth Company
+made its settlement upon the coast of what is now Maine; but this
+effort failed and the colonists returned home in the following year.
+Permanent settlement of New England began in 1620 with the coming of
+the Pilgrims to Plymouth, Massachusetts. From these two first
+settlements thus widely separated, but with their common ideal of
+English civilization and English concepts of freedom and
+self-government, has grown the American nation of today. This nation,
+while welcoming all the gifts and values which people of other nations
+have brought to the enrichment and broadening of our common life, is
+still basically an English or Anglo-Saxon nation.
+
+Many impelling motives animated the men who organized the Virginia
+company and labored for the establishment of a colony in America. They
+wanted of course the expansion of British trade and a wider market for
+British manufactures; and they naturally hoped for financial profit
+from their investment in shares of stock in the companies. They
+planned, also, not merely trading posts in a foreign land as in India
+and elsewhere, but an extension and expansion of the empire of Great
+Britain.
+
+A most important part of their plan was to make colonies the answer to
+a problem which was pressing for solution: the problem of what to do
+with the increasing overplus of population in many of the cities of
+England. The danger of a population too great for the land of England
+to support and feed was a real one. A colony to which England could
+send her overplus population as part of a greater England was a real
+solution, and a better one than would be the raising of grain and
+foodstuff by foreign countries to feed the hungry of Great Britain.
+That men were thinking along this line appears from the action of
+certain large towns in paying the expense of the voyage of young people
+by the score or hundred to Virginia, and from the plan soon after the
+first settlement, whereby young women of reputable families were sent
+to Virginia to become wives of the colonists.
+
+And still another motive was the religious one. The Virginia Company
+kept constantly in the forefront their plan to Christianize the
+Indians. Their plan as they began to put it into effect included the
+establishment of parishes and the selection of fit clergymen to go
+overseas; to establish a University with a college therein for Indians,
+and to take Indian youths into English families to fit and prepare them
+for their college. They secured from both King and Archbishop the
+authority and permission to bring the expatriated Pilgrim Fathers back
+under the English flag, and give them a settlement in Virginia, a plan
+which failed after the Pilgrims had started for their promised new
+home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER ONE
+
+Beginnings
+
+
+The men who came to Jamestown brought the ideals and ways of life of
+the mother country; its common law, the enactments of Parliament, the
+Church of their people; and as shown in the prayer written in England
+which the commanding officer of the colony was required to use daily at
+the setting of the watch, they hoped also that the natives of the land
+might be brought into the Kingdom of God. They made petition for their
+own needs, but they prayed also:
+
+     And seeing, Lord, the highest end of our plantation here is
+     to set up the standard and display the banner of Jesus
+     Christ, even here where Satan's throne is, Lord let our
+     labour be blessed in labouring the conversion of the
+     heathen; and because thou usest not to work such mighty
+     works by unholy means, Lord sanctifie our spirits and give
+     us holy hearts that so we may be thy instruments in this
+     most glorious work.
+
+It is of real significance that the London Company made its first
+settlement a parish after the manner of the Church of England, and
+elected as its first rector the Reverend Richard Hakluyt, one of the
+most noted clergymen in England, and a man who had captured the
+imagination of all with his books on travel in far lands. He was
+expected to remain in England and represent the needs of the colonists
+and help, perhaps, to select clergymen to go to new parishes which
+would be formed as settlements developed. The religious aspect of the
+movement was approved by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and he approved
+also the selection of the Reverend Robert Hunt who came to Jamestown as
+the vicar of the parish and the pastor of the colonists.
+
+The London Company made a provision that each new settlement should
+become a parish with its own rector. The first settlements were
+established by the Company itself and were called "Cities" after the
+ideal and pattern of Geneva. That city, the home of John Calvin and of
+the Calvinistic theology which so strongly influenced the Church of
+England in the Seventeenth Century, was a self-governing unit in the
+Swiss Confederation. It consisted of the city and its suburban
+territory and was the prototype from which the "City" or "Hundred" in
+Virginia and the "Township" or "town" in Massachusetts were formed.
+
+There were four Cities in Virginia: James City, Charles City, The City
+of Henrico, and Elizabeth City. They were boroughs at the time of the
+first meeting of the General Assembly of Virginia in 1619, each one
+electing its own Burgesses. And as counties now, instead of cities,
+each one elects its own Delegates to the Assembly. There were four
+"cities," three "hundreds," and four "plantations" represented by
+Burgesses in the first Assembly in 1619, and each one was a separate
+parish. Official records have long been lost but the names are known of
+some six clergymen who were incumbents of parishes in Virginia between
+1607 and 1619.
+
+The London Company had a rule that every clergyman who volunteered or
+was invited to go to a parish in Virginia was to be investigated as to
+character and fitness, and each one of them was taken by a committee to
+a church to read the service and preach a sermon as part of the
+investigation.
+
+It is not generally known, perhaps, but plans for the immediate
+development of the life of the colonists included the establishment of
+a university which would set aside one hall or college for the
+education of Indian youth and another for the education of sons of
+English families. The London Company in 1618 made a grant of ten
+thousand acres of land on the north side of the James River and
+immediately to the east of the present-day City of Richmond. That grant
+was to be the seat of the University and was to be developed as a group
+of tenant farms with the college buildings in the center. So great was
+the interest throughout England in the plan that the King as the
+temporal head of the Church presented the matter to the whole people of
+England. In 1617 he wrote the Archbishops of Canterbury and York:
+
+     Most Reverend Father in God: Right trustie and well beloved
+     Counsellor, we greet you well: You have heard ere this of
+     the attempt of divers worthy men, our subjects, to plant in
+     Virginia, under the warrant of our letters of patent, people
+     of this Kingdom, as well as for the enlarging of our
+     dominions as for the propogation of the Gospel amongst
+     infidells; wherein there is good progress made, and hope of
+     further increase: so as the undertakers of that plantation
+     are now in hand with the erection of some churches and
+     schools for the education of the children of these
+     barbarians, which cannot but be to them a very great charge,
+     and above the expense which for the civil plantation doth
+     come to them, in which we doubt not but that you and all
+     others who wish well to the increase of Christian religion
+     will be willing to give all assistance and furtherance you
+     may, and therein to make experience of the zeal and devotion
+     of our well minded subjects; especially those of the clergy.
+
+     Wherefore we do require you, and hereby authorize you to
+     write your letters to the several bishops of the dioceses in
+     your province, that they do give order to the ministers and
+     other zealous men of their dioceses, both by their own
+     example in contribution and by exhortation to others, to
+     move our people within their several charges to contribute
+     to so good a work in as liberal a manner as they may.
+
+Under instructions from the King offerings were to be taken in every
+parish four times a year for two years, the money collected to be sent
+to the bishops and by them forwarded to the treasurer of the London
+Company. The treasurer reported later that more than fifteen hundred
+pounds sterling had been sent to him, and later he reported additional
+amounts. In that period three bequests aggregating more than a thousand
+pounds sterling were reported for the Christianizing of the Indians.
+Other gifts included a "communion cup with cover and a plate of silver
+guilt for the bread" with communion silk and linen cloths and other
+ornaments, all to be placed within a church for Indians to be built
+under another bequest. This communion chalice and paten are owned
+today by one of the oldest parishes in Virginia, and are in St. John's
+Church, of Elizabeth City Parish, at Hampton.
+
+On one of the ships sailing from England to the East Indies an appeal
+was made by the chaplain in behalf of the university in Virginia and
+gifts were made in such large amount that when they were sent to
+Virginia they sufficed for the erection of "a publique free schoole" to
+be connected with the university. They named it "The East India
+School." The General Assembly, when it first met in July 1619, adopted
+a resolution urging English families to take promising Indian youths
+into their homes to teach them the fundamentals and prepare them for
+the opening of the college.
+
+The work of establishing the university was already proceeding; land
+was being cleared; farm houses were being erected; more than one
+hundred artisans and workmen had been sent from England and the college
+buildings were under construction when on Good Friday, March 22,
+1621/22, the great Indian massacre occurred. A full third of all the
+English people in Virginia were killed by Indians in one fatal day. The
+buildings at the university were burned to the ground, and every
+English man, woman and child in every family of the artisans and
+workmen was killed. The East India School was burned to the ground.
+Indeed the only thing that saved the colony from utter extermination
+was that Chanco, an Indian who had become a Christian, had learned of
+the plot the night before the massacre and warned the Englishman,
+Richard Pace, with whom he lived. Pace crossed the James River and
+warned the residents of Jamestown. So it was that Jamestown and some of
+the adjoining settlements were warned in time to protect themselves.
+
+The massacre was of course a terrific catastrophe to the whole colony.
+Outlying settlements had to be abandoned and the colony was engaged in
+war with the Indians for several years. Then a second catastrophe
+occurred. King James became dissatisfied with the independent attitude
+of the London Company and personally secured its dissolution in 1624.
+He then took control of Virginia as a Royal Colony and he himself
+appointed the Governor and Council of the colony.
+
+This ended all plans for the opening of the university. The King died
+in the following year and his son, King Charles I, was not interested
+in a university in Virginia. Nor was he or anyone else interested in
+sending ministers to the colonial parishes.
+
+The London Company, with a membership including representatives of the
+Church and the universities, and of business interests and the higher
+social classes, had the confidence of the people. The King did not. He
+had their loyalty as their sovereign, but the spiritual and cultural
+welfare of a colony overseas carried little weight amid the political
+cross-currents and the self-seeking of a royal court.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWO
+
+The Colonists at Worship
+
+
+There are several first-hand accounts of religious worship in the
+earliest days of the Jamestown colony. Captain John Smith wrote of the
+men at worship in the open air until a chapel could be erected. He
+describes the scene of a celebration of the Holy Communion, with the
+Holy Table standing under an old sail lashed from tree to tree, with a
+bar of wood fastened between two trees as the pulpit, and men kneeling
+on the ground before their first altar. Services were held daily,
+according to the rules of the _Book of Common Prayer_ which they
+brought with them: morning prayer and evening prayer everyday, and
+sermons twice on Sunday and once during the week. The law of the Church
+required the Holy Communion to be celebrated at least three times
+during the year; on Christmas, Easter, and Whitsunday; and
+unquestionably this law was observed at Jamestown. Many clergymen
+celebrated that sacrament oftener. There can be little doubt that the
+first celebration of the Holy Communion at Jamestown was on Whitsunday,
+May 24th (old style) 1607, although the first one of which a record
+remains was held on the third Sunday after Trinity, June 21. That was a
+special celebration, held for a two-fold purpose, one, that Mr. Hunt
+had been able to reconcile serious differences between certain elements
+among the colonists who had been in angry strife with each other, and
+second, because two of the ships which brought the colonists to
+Virginia were to set sail on the following morning upon their return
+trip to England.
+
+William Strachey, writing in a report of the colony in 1610 after Lord
+De la Warr had arrived as the new governor presents the following
+picture:
+
+     In the midst of the market-place, a store-house, a
+     "Corps-du-Garde", and a pretty chapel, all which the Lord
+     Governour ordered to be put in good repair. The chapel was
+     in length sixty feet, in breadth twenty-four, and the Lord
+     Governour had repaired it with a chancel of cedar and a
+     communion table of black walnut; all the pews and pulpit
+     were of cedar, with fair broad windows, also of cedar, to
+     shut and open, as the weather shall occasion. The font was
+     hewen hollow like a canoa, and there were two bells in the
+     steeple at the west end. The Church was so cast as to be
+     very light within, and the Lord Governour caused it to be
+     kept passing sweet and trimmed up with divers flowers. There
+     was a sexton in charge of the church, and every morning at
+     the ringing of a bell by him, about ten o'clock, each man
+     addressed himself to prayers, and so at four of the clock
+     before supper. There was a sermon every Thursday and two
+     sermons every Sunday, the two preachers taking their weekly
+     turns. Every Sunday when the Lord Governour went to church
+     he was accompanied with all the Councillors, Captains, other
+     officers, and all the gentlemen, and with a guard of fifty
+     halberdiers, in his Lordship's livery, fair red cloaks, on
+     each side and behind him. The Lord Governour sat in the
+     choir in a green velvet chair, with a velvet cushion before
+     him on which he knelt, and the Council, Captains and
+     officers sat on each side of him, each in their place; and
+     when the Lord Governour returned home he was waited on in
+     the same manner to his house.
+
+Reverend Alexander Whitaker, the first rector of the City of Henrico
+from its foundation in 1611 until his death by drowning in 1617, and
+who is still remembered as the clergyman who baptized the Indian
+princess Pocahontas, after her conversion to the Christian faith,
+described his services as follows:
+
+     Every Sabbath we preach in the forenoon and catechize in the
+     afternoon. Every Saturday at night I exercise in Sir Thomas
+     Dale's house. Our Church affaires be consulted on by the
+     minister and four of the most religious men. Once every
+     month we have a communion, and once every year a solemn
+     fast.
+
+This method of daily and Sunday services, as the regular rule of the
+Church of England, was adopted in Virginia as far as colonial
+conditions would permit. But apart from Jamestown itself, and the
+schools which came into existence, there would not be many parishes in
+which daily services would be feasible. The people lived too far apart
+on their farms. They might drive or walk three or five miles to Church
+on Sundays, but could not give the time for that on work-days. The same
+objection worked against having two services on Sunday. So the custom
+became general of having a single service in every church and chapel
+every Sunday. The statement made by Rev. Alexander Whitaker, that he
+"catechized" every Sabbath afternoon, is illustrative of the usual
+method of instructing young people of the parish in the Church
+Catechism as preparation for admission to the Holy Communion. Such
+"catechetical classes" might be held as frequently on Sunday afternoons
+as the needs of the parish children, both white and Negro, might
+require: or perhaps sometimes, as frequently as the zeal, or lack of
+zeal of the incumbent minister might determine. When in 1724 the Bishop
+of London sent a questionary to every Anglican clergyman incumbent of a
+parish in America, one of the questions was, "At what times do you
+Catechize the Youth of your Parish?"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     They have builded many pretty villages, faire houses and
+     chapels which are growne good benefices of 120 pounds a
+     yeare besides their own mundall [mundane] industry.
+
+So wrote Captain John Smith a number of years after his return to
+England. There may have been an excess of imagination in describing new
+and raw settlements as "faire villages," but the salary which was to be
+paid to the ministers was a provable fact. Tithes from the culture of
+the land by the parishioners amounted to as much as £120, and the
+minister had a glebe of 100 acres from the cultivation of which his
+tenants and servants through "mundall industry" might greatly increase
+his income.
+
+The London Company had carried to Virginia and fixed for the whole
+duration of the colonial period the parish system of the Church of
+England. Under that system each community became a parish and the
+people of the parish, as the land-owners of the community, supported
+the church and paid the salary of the minister by tithes from the
+produce of the land. There was, however, one change from the custom in
+England. There the tithes of a parish might produce a salary for the
+incumbent in any amount from ten pounds to hundreds of pounds per
+annum. In Virginia the amount of the salary was fixed by the General
+Assembly as a definite quantity of tobacco. There was also a glebe farm
+and a residence. Those who came to Virginia brought with them their
+Bible and their _Book of Common Prayer_ and the Established Church of
+England became the Established Church of the Colony.
+
+The all-pervading fact to be kept in mind in connection with the
+development of religious organization in Virginia is that the Church of
+England itself, during the period from 1600 to the Cromwellian era
+1645-1660, was in a turmoil on account of two diverse schools of
+thought. One school within the Church desired to retain all the ancient
+forms of creed and worship from past centuries except those which had
+been perverted under the centuries of Roman Catholic domination. The
+other school within the Church desired to cast out all liturgical forms
+and the surplice, and also all power of the bishops. They wished to
+reduce worship to the forms of Calvinistic theology. There were also
+many who desired to make the Church broad enough to include both
+schools. The Calvinistic party was already forming dissenting
+congregations.
+
+The Brownists, later to become the Pilgrim Fathers of New England, had
+already been driven out of England; and under King James, who had
+turned against the Calvinists to support the "high church" party,
+ecclesiastical courts were being formed to mete out severe punishment
+to leaders of dissent.
+
+King James had declared he would "harry the dissenters" and force them
+to conform to the Established Church or be driven from the country.
+England's answer to that threat was to establish the colonies of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire; and the
+constantly growing power of dissent resulted in civil war, in
+execution of King Charles I, in the era of the Commonwealth; and in the
+abolition of _Prayer Book_ worship for fifteen years from every church
+and chapel in England.
+
+In 1606 when the Virginia Company was organized the Calvinistic party
+was in power in England, and there were many Calvinists, or Puritans,
+as they were then called, in the universities and elsewhere. The
+Virginia Company itself was under the influence of Puritan leaders; so
+much so, indeed, that this fact was one of the reasons which impelled
+the King to abolish the Virginia Company. He knew the freedom of
+self-government which the Company had established in Virginia and he no
+longer trusted its loyalty to the Monarchy.
+
+From the first settlement in 1607 the policy in Virginia was to let no
+question arise between high-churchman and Calvinist. The earlier laws
+required the minister of a parish to question every newcomer as to his
+religious beliefs, but there is no record of any Protestant dissenter
+or any Calvinist having been presented for trial before an
+ecclesiastical court. It is of course known as an historical fact that
+Sir Edwin Sandys labored long to secure from the King and the
+Archbishop permission to bring the Pilgrim Fathers from Holland, under
+the British flag again and establish them as a "hundred" in Virginia.
+It is of record also that such permission was obtained and that the
+Pilgrim Fathers set forth for the Chesapeake Bay but were diverted from
+their course by storms that carried them to a place which they named
+Plymouth. It is of record furthermore that the Reverend Henry Jacob,
+who founded the first Independent or Baptist congregation in London,
+was later forced out and came to Virginia where he found a home and
+peace until his death.
+
+Reverend Alexander Whitaker, rector of the two adjoining parishes of
+Henrico and Charles City from 1611 until 1617, was the son of a famous
+Puritan divine. In a letter discussing conditions in Virginia he said:
+"I marvaile much--that so few of our English ministers that were so
+hot against the surplis and subscription come hither where neither are
+spoken of." Whitaker was rector of two parishes because William
+Wickham, the minister of one parish, was not of Anglican ordination and
+could not lawfully celebrate the Holy Communion. After the death of
+Whitaker the Governor of Virginia requested the London Company to ask
+the Archbishop of Canterbury to authorize Mr. Wickham to celebrate the
+Sacrament, "there being no one else." Such authorization to a clergyman
+of Presbyterian ordination could have been given by the Archbishop at
+that time as it was permitted then by law. Wickham was not the only
+minister of Presbyterian ordination who served as incumbent of a parish
+of the Established Church in Virginia. In a report made to London in
+1623 it was stated that in Virginia in 1619 "There were three ministers
+with orders and two without." The "two without" were unquestionably of
+Presbyterian ordination.
+
+Among the first laws enacted in Virginia was one requiring every
+minister who came into the colony to take the oath of "conformity" to
+the Church of England. The law did not include laymen; it was the
+minister only who was required to take the oath. Later, the laws
+enacted by the General Assembly required every clergyman coming into
+the colony to subscribe to the Articles of the Christian Faith
+according to the Church of England and to be of Anglican ordination. By
+reason of sheer inability at times to provide sufficient Anglican
+clergymen for the parishes, clergymen of Presbyterian ordination were
+permitted to serve in Virginia parishes; and that was true throughout
+the whole seventeenth century. The last Presbyterian clergyman to hold
+an Anglican parish in Virginia, Rev. Andrew Jackson of Christ Church
+Parish, Lancaster County, died in 1710. Throughout the century the law
+required every citizen to attend the parish church, but there was never
+an ecclesiastical court in which a layman could be tried, convicted or
+punished as a dissenter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THREE
+
+Making Bricks Without Straw
+
+
+The colony of Virginia, after the protective and guiding influence of
+the Virginia Company was taken away, found itself in an almost
+impossible situation so far as religious organization was concerned.
+The leaders of colonial life realized all the more clearly as time
+passed that King Charles I, who succeeded his father King James I in
+1625, was not the least interested in the religious welfare of the
+colony. America was entirely outside the bounds of any diocese or
+province in England, and consequently there was no bishop of a diocese,
+or archbishop of a province with any personal responsibility for the
+guidance or help of the parishes which were being organized in the
+colony. The Church in Virginia was left to itself to live or to die. It
+believed, according to the teachings of the Church, that bishops were
+necessary for the ordination of men to the ministry and for the
+performance of the spiritual rite of confirmation, whereby alone under
+the law of the Church of England baptized Christians could be admitted
+to the sacrament of the Holy Communion. A bishop was also necessary for
+the organization and leadership of a diocese, which was the governing
+body to which every parish and congregation must belong. But no bishop
+was ever sent by the Church of England to Virginia or to any other part
+of America throughout the entire colonial period.
+
+The lack of a bishop left the Anglican Church, which was the
+Established Church of the whole colony, unable to organize for the
+enactment of its own laws or the management of its own affairs. There
+being no diocesan organization the clergymen in charge of parishes had
+no ecclesiastical authority over them. That fact tended to have the
+effect of making each incumbent clergyman a virtually free lance with
+no responsibility to an ecclesiastical superior nor community of
+fellowship with other clergymen in the colony. This condition continued
+until near the end of the century.
+
+The General Assembly of Virginia followed the example of the Parliament
+of England and asserted legislative authority by laws for the temporal
+government of the Church. It divided the occupied territory of the
+colony into parishes and it established new parishes as settlement
+extended steadily to the westward. Because of this fact there was never
+any section which was not part of a parish, and the usual rule when a
+new county was to be created was to establish a new parish covering the
+territory of the proposed county before the county was created. Church
+buildings might be far apart in new parishes, but no section of
+Virginia in which English people were settling was without the
+established forms of religious worship.
+
+The General Assembly enacted laws directing the election of laymen in
+every parish as the governing body of the parish in temporal affairs.
+That group was called the "Vestry." It had authority to buy land for
+churches, churchyards and glebe farms, to erect church buildings and to
+build glebe-houses as residences for ministers. It was also charged
+with the care of the poor and the destitute sick, and orphaned children
+within the parish, with the duty of providing new homes for these
+children in responsible families. The money to pay for the land, the
+buildings, the care of the sick and needy, the salary of the minister,
+and other parish needs was collected from the parishioners through an
+annual "tithe" of so many pounds of tobacco per poll. The vestry upon
+occasion also had certain civil duties not within the scope of
+religious organization.
+
+The setting up of a vestry of laymen as temporal head of the Church in
+a parish or congregation was first developed in Virginia. It was
+extended later to other colonies as the Anglican Church spread through
+them all, and it came over into the life of the Protestant Episcopal
+Church in the United States. Great as the value of the vestry has been
+to the whole Episcopal Church, the vestry in Virginia was of still
+greater value, for by its extension to other colonies and states it has
+given one of its most distinctive features to the Church of today.
+
+In England, with the exception of some few parishes formed within the
+past century or so, no parish has the right to elect its own rector.
+The rector is usually appointed by some institution or individual
+vested with that authority which is called "the advowson of a parish."
+
+Moreover, no diocese in the Established Church of England has the power
+to select its own bishop. The King as temporal head of the Church
+appoints the bishops of all dioceses, and that power is exercised for
+the King by his prime minister. And during the colonial period in
+America the Governor of every colony other than Virginia and
+Pennsylvania appointed the rector of every Anglican parish and inducted
+him into office.
+
+In Virginia the vestries of the parishes fought Governor after Governor
+until they won the right for the vestry itself to choose the minister
+to serve in its parish. That right has extended throughout the
+Episcopal Church today and has gone further so that today the laity of
+the Church have the right to representation in all diocesan conventions
+and councils, and in the general convention of the Church. Thus the
+laity have their part in every election of a clergyman to become the
+bishop of a diocese.
+
+In the seventeenth century the General Assembly also put into effect in
+Virginia the constitutions and canons of the province of Canterbury "as
+far as they can be put into effect in this country." The General
+Assembly thereby made the "doctrine, discipline and worship" of the
+Anglican Church of England that of the Church in Virginia as far as it
+could be done without a bishop.
+
+That was as far as the General Assembly could go. Throughout all the
+seventeenth century the Established Church of Virginia consisted of a
+group of parishes without connection with each other and without
+central spiritual authority. There was therefore no actual power of
+discipline, either of clergymen or laymen.
+
+The situation was made all the more difficult because there was no sure
+way to secure ministers. When a parish became vacant some layman in the
+parish would have to write to his business agent in England, or to some
+friend or relative there and ask that he find a clergyman who would
+come to Virginia. Parishes, when they became vacant, remained vacant as
+a rule for a year or more; sometimes very much more. The vestries early
+adopted the custom of appointing godly laymen as readers whose duty it
+was to assist the minister by leading the congregation in the responses
+in the Church service, and in raising tunes for the singing of metrical
+version of the Psalms. Later, when it was found desirable to erect
+chapels of ease in populous parishes, enough readers were appointed in
+every parish to permit one of them to hold morning service each Sunday
+in each place of worship throughout the parish, while the minister went
+his usual round of service in each church or chapel upon regular
+schedule. Except in remote chapels the custom was to have service each
+Sunday in every church or chapel.
+
+The reader was authorized to conduct morning and evening prayer and to
+read a printed sermon, or a "homily." He could not celebrate the
+sacrament of Holy Communion. Rather frequently, and especially during
+the era of the Commonwealth and the reign of Charles II, several
+adjoining parishes would be vacant at the same time; and at one time
+about the end of the Commonwealth period the statement was made that
+there were only some ten clergymen in Virginia to serve fifty parishes.
+Under such circumstances the reader was called upon to perform many
+duties. He might baptize a dying child, conduct a funeral, or perform a
+marriage ceremony.
+
+There was also in those early days no way of screening out unworthy men
+who appeared occasionally as clergymen in the colony; men who perhaps
+had been forced out of parishes in England because of immorality or
+drunkenness; and occasionally men with forged credentials. Such men
+were occasionally appointed to parishes by vestries who had no way of
+learning their true status; and if the man was thenceforth morally
+decent and had no great fault except occasional drunkenness, he would
+be allowed to stay on because of the need of a priest to celebrate the
+sacraments.
+
+The vestries protected their parishes from unworthy clergymen by the
+uncanonical appointment of a minister as incumbent of a parish for a
+year at a time, rather than present him canonically to the Governor of
+the colony for induction into the rectorship of the parish. Under the
+law of England, and under the law of the Church of England, no rector
+could be forced out of a parish after induction except after an
+ecclesiastical trial by the bishop or his commissary.
+
+In 1656 John Hammond published a pamphlet entitled _Leah and Rachel_,
+extolling the attractiveness of Virginia and Maryland as places of
+residence at that time. He described vividly the difficulties which the
+older colony had suffered in the earlier years of Charles I. He wrote:
+
+     They then began to provide and send home for Gospel
+     ministers, and largely contributed for their maintenance.
+     But Virginia savouring not handsomely in England, very few
+     of good conversation would adventure thither, (as thinking
+     it a place wherein surely the fear of God was not), yet many
+     came, such as wore black coats, and could babble in a
+     pulpet, roare in a tavern, exact from their parishioners,
+     and rather by their dissolutenesse destroy than feed their
+     flocks.
+
+     Loath was the country to be wholly without teachers, and
+     therefore rather retain these than to be destitute; yet
+     still endeavours for better in their places, which were
+     obtained, and these wolves in sheeps cloathing, by their
+     Assemblies questioned, silenced, and some forced to depart
+     the country.
+
+Another problem which the Church faced in Virginia resulted from the
+character of the immigrants who came to the colony. It is a well
+established fact that the men who came in three ships to Jamestown in
+1607 were from various strata of society in England. They all entered
+James River on equality of opportunity and of danger. Some at least had
+come from the higher classes of society; younger sons, perhaps, or
+relatives of stockholders in the London Company, attracted to Virginia
+because of the newness of the adventure and the spice of danger; sons
+of professional men and men of business, intrigued by a new business
+life and opportunity; men from the laboring classes and the peasantry
+of rural sections. But it is extremely doubtful that the Jamestown
+settlement, after its tragic first years, continued very long to be
+attractive to young men seeking adventure only. Many of the families of
+today who boast of their generations of ancestry in Virginia descend
+from or married into the families of the men and women who came to the
+colony in these earliest years of settlement, and have ancestors buried
+among the unknown dead of the Jamestown cemetery and churchyard.
+
+There were three sources from which the settlers came; and these
+sources were more or less in effect throughout the whole of Virginia's
+first century. First and foremost in numbers and importance were the
+sons of small farmers and tenant farmers, and younger sons of the
+laboring classes and small merchants. No matter how large the
+population may be, always there are positions of employment with a
+normal wage; but when the younger sons of a mechanic or other working
+man grow to maturity where there is only one wage-producing employment
+available to the family, the younger sons must seek a living from other
+sources. Farms cannot be reduced below the number of acres required to
+support one family. When that has been done and there are several sons,
+one of them must inherit the farm and the others must seek a living
+elsewhere.
+
+The broad acres of Virginia and its equable climate attracted thousands
+of such younger sons, and also others who had not been successful and
+sought opportunity in a new land. The settlers came from every section
+of England, and from the bleak hills of Scotland; from Wales and also
+from Ireland. The English were mostly from the Anglican parishes of the
+Established Church. The Scottish new-comers were accustomed to
+membership in the Established Church of Scotland and they found little
+difficulty in living within the Established Church of Virginia. Indeed
+there is no recorded effort to establish a Presbyterian congregation in
+Virginia until the last quarter of the seventeenth century. So friendly
+was the feeling between the Anglicans and the Scottish Presbyterians in
+the Norfolk section that Rev. James Porter of Presbyterian ordination
+was the incumbent minister of the Anglican Lynnhaven Parish prior to
+1676 and until his death in 1683.
+
+A second source, certainly in the early years, was the rapidly
+increasing population of the cities and towns of England. It is of
+record that in the days of the London Company one town appropriated
+funds sufficient to pay the expenses to Virginia of a large number of
+its unemployed, and probably the same thing was done by other towns for
+their unemployed. Doubtless a little "pressure" was applied in the case
+of young men who had no occupation and no visible means of support. And
+shanghaiing, to use a modern term, was not unknown.
+
+A third source from which settlers came developed from the custom which
+grew up in England of sending to Virginia, and later to all the
+colonies, persons who had been convicted of law-breaking. At that time
+there were some hundred felonies in the English code of jurisprudence
+for which the sentence of death by hanging could be imposed. These
+felonies included such offenses as stealing a pig or anything of
+greater value than a shilling. The ruling classes of England had long
+realized that punishments were too severe for offenses which today
+would be misdemeanors; and in the fifteenth century an effort had been
+made to mitigate the severity of punishment by an amendment of the law
+of "benefit of clergy." This law was a law of Parliament which had
+come down from earlier ages of the Church. Under that law an
+ecclesiastical person, either priest or monk, who was charged with a
+felony could not be tried by a civil court but was delivered up to the
+bishop of his diocese for trial in an ecclesiastical court.
+
+By the end of the sixteenth century Parliament had amended the benefit
+of clergy law so that every free male who could read and write, upon
+conviction of a first offense of felony might plead "benefit of
+clergy", and upon showing that he could read a verse of Scripture, have
+the penalty remitted. He was then burned in the hand with a hot iron so
+that the scar thereby made would be evidence against him if he should
+plead benefit of clergy a second time.
+
+The benefit of clergy law was early written into the Virginia code and
+continued in that code until after the Revolution. Harsh as was the law
+it showed a real effort to ameliorate still harsher laws, and it saved
+the lives in England and America of many thousands of first offenders.
+The first verse of the fifty-first Psalm was so frequently presented to
+be read by some convicted man or boy that it became known as the "neck
+verse" because it saved a life; and many a kindly official taught a
+'teen-age boy that verse so that he could "read" it when it was
+presented to him.
+
+One of the earliest records of the General Court of Virginia contains
+the following entry under date January 4, 1628/29:
+
+     William Reade, aged thirteen or fourteen years, convicted of
+     manslaughter, when the verdict was read, and William Reade
+     asked what he had to say for himself, that he ought not to
+     die, demanded his clergy, whereupon he was delivered to the
+     Ordinary.
+
+There were many such instances. In Virginia the Governor was the
+Ordinary and as such had authority to accept the boy's plea, have him
+read the "neck verse," and thereby permit him to go free "after the
+burning."
+
+The severity of the laws influenced the courts in many parts of England
+to permit or sentence an offender to escape death by going to one of
+the American colonies, and it became the custom to sentence convicted
+criminals to serve for a period of years in an American colony as an
+indentured servant. A great number of such "convicts" were sent to
+Virginia because of the constant demand there for indentured servants
+to cultivate the fields and for other duties.
+
+Many of the convicts became useful citizens of the colony after their
+terms of servitude ended; but many did not reform and in time became
+such a menace that for a period after 1670 the General Assembly forbade
+that any more convicts be brought into the colony.
+
+It can be seen therefore that from the beginning the population of
+Virginia grew by immigration from various sources and that not all who
+came to the colony were of the best type. The New England colonies had
+the advantage that their immigrants came in large part from dissenters
+from the Established Church of England. They came for "conscience
+sake," however, and with their concept of theocratic government the New
+England colonists could make it difficult indeed for immigrants they
+did not welcome. After Roger Williams had been exiled to Rhode Island
+and a few Quakers had been hanged on Boston Common, it was made clear
+to Baptists and Quakers, to Anglicans and to witches that Virginia was
+a more favorable climate for them than Massachusetts.
+
+In contrast to New England, Virginia was founded and developed as a
+cross-section of the whole life of the British Isles, with its evil as
+well as its good; with ideals of freedom of thought which made no
+attempt to control a man's conscience; and with an ever growing concept
+of self-government and human freedom as already developed during nearly
+a thousand years and set out by the common law and the statute law of
+the race. Virginia was not founded upon any theocratic concept of
+government under the influence of a priestly class.
+
+The life and community consciousness that developed in Virginia into
+the distinctive customs and ways of a well organized and firmly
+established commonwealth were necessarily different from those of the
+colonies in New England because of the differing conditions under which
+men lived. In the township system of New England a village normally
+became the township center and the people lived near enough to each
+other to enable them to meet frequently; to work and play together; to
+transact business; and to gossip of neighborhood affairs. In Virginia
+it was otherwise. In Virginia families lived on separate farms and each
+farm was of necessity a community within itself. Life was geared to the
+basic fact that tobacco was the money crop, and also was the real
+source of the financial strength and stability of the colony. Each
+family required a farm of sufficient acreage to raise tobacco as well
+as food-stuff and cattle; and throughout the whole colonial period the
+genius of Virginian life opposed the development of towns of greater
+population than was required for a shipping point and a warehouse, for
+the storing and grading of tobacco, and for a few agents of English and
+Scottish merchants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FOUR
+
+Building a Christian Community
+
+
+John Hammond, in his pamphlet _Leah and Rachel_ sketched briefly
+conditions which existed in Virginia between the "starving time" of
+1609-10 and the year 1656. His attempt was to correct an opinion widely
+held in England of the lawlessness of colonial life. He interpreted the
+great massacre of 1622 as the end of one phase and the beginning of
+another. He showed that in each phase there was an inevitable period of
+laxity of life and disregard of moral and legal conventions which was
+overcome finally by the better element of citizenry. His writing
+presents a dark picture of conditions, possibly too dark in some
+phases; but his picture of the power of the growing colony to establish
+and maintain general concepts of decency of life and conduct is
+impressive.
+
+Of the period following the great massacre he wrote:
+
+     Receiving a supply of men, ammunition and victuals out of
+     England, they again gathered heart, pursued their enemies,
+     and so often worsted them, that the Indians were glad to sue
+     for peace, and they, (desirous of a cessation) consented to
+     it.
+
+     They again began to bud forth, to spread further, to gather
+     wealth, which they rather profusely spent (as gotten with
+     ease) than providently husbanded, or aimed at any public
+     good; or to make a country for posterity; but from hand to
+     mouth, and for a present being; neglecting discoveries,
+     planting orchards, providing for the winter preservation of
+     their stocks, or thinking of anything stable or firm; and
+     whilst tobacco, the only commodity they had to subsist on,
+     bore a price, they wholly and eagerly followed that,
+     neglecting their very planting of corn, and much relyed on
+     England for the chiefest part of their provisions; so that
+     being not alwayes amply supplied, they were often in such
+     want, that their case and condition being relayted in
+     England, it hindred and kept off many from going thither,
+     who rather cast their eyes on the barren and freezing soyle
+     of New-England, than to joyn with such an indigent and
+     sottish people as were reported to be in Virginia.
+
+     Yet was not Virginia all this while without divers honest
+     and vertuous inhabitants, who, observing the general neglect
+     and licensiousnesses there, caused Assemblies to be call'd
+     and laws to be made tending to the glory of God, the severe
+     suppression of vices, and the compelling them not to neglect
+     (upon strickt punishments) planting and tending such
+     quantities of corn, as would not onely serve themselves,
+     their cattle and hogs plentifully, but to be enabled to
+     supply New-England (then in want) with such proportions, as
+     were extream reliefs to them in their necessities.
+
+     From this industry of theirs and great plenty of corn, (the
+     main staffe of life), proceeded that great plenty of cattle
+     and hogs, (now innumerable) and out of which not only
+     New-England hath been stocked and relieved, but all others
+     parts of the Indies inhabited by Englishmen.
+
+     The inhabitants now finding the benefit of their industries,
+     began to look with delight on their increasing stocks; (as
+     nothing more pleasurable than profit), to take pride in
+     their plentifully furnished tables, to grow not onely civil,
+     but great observers of the Sabbath, to stand upon their
+     reputations, and to be ashamed of that notorious manner of
+     life they had formerly lived and wallowed in....
+
+     Then began the Gospel to flourish, civil, honourable, and
+     men of great estates flocked in; famous buildings went
+     forward, orchards innumerable were planted and preserved;
+     tradesmen set on work and encouraged, staple commodities, as
+     silk, flax, pot-ashes, etc., of which I shall speak further
+     hereafter, attempted on, and with good success brought to
+     perfection; so that this country which had a mean beginning,
+     many back friends, two ruinous and bloody massacres, hath by
+     God's grace out-grown all, and is become a place of pleasure
+     and plenty.
+
+It may possibly be worthwhile to compare the life of Virginia during
+its first two generations with the far west of the United States from
+the gold-rush days of 1849 to the end of the nineteenth century. There
+again, as in the Virginia of 1607, bona fide settlers of moral ideals
+and stability of life prevailed in the long run and developed
+self-governing states which maintained the moral code.
+
+But Virginia had an advantage which the far west of the gold-rush days
+lacked. Virginia had an Established Church which in spite of its own
+problems and difficulties created a parish in every section, and
+provided clergymen as far as they could be obtained. It is granted that
+some at least of the clergymen were unworthy. The vestries themselves
+ejected men of that kind and services could be maintained by readers.
+And so the Word of God was read and prayer was offered regularly; and
+every man who could read had the Ten Commandments staring him in the
+face from the tablets on the wall behind the Holy Table. The individual
+might scorn and sneer but in the end the Law of God became the law of
+the community.
+
+Men came to church in those early days. For one reason, the law of the
+colony required it and there was the threat of punishment if absence
+from church was reported to the grand jury. But there was another
+reason also, even though men and women were compelled to walk five or
+six miles to attend. That other reason was the loneliness of farm life
+in the early days of colonial Virginia. The churchyard on a Sunday
+morning was then the meeting-place of the whole community, and the only
+place where all could meet on the same level. The only other meetings
+were when elections were held at the Court House, every three or four
+years. And men might attend the meetings of the county court; but women
+could not vote, and they did not go to elections; nor were they apt to
+attend meetings of the county court except in rare instances when they
+were engaged in litigation. And the amount of hard liquor consumed on
+election days and county court days was also a deterrent.
+
+Before the day of parish aid societies and women's guilds, the church
+service of a Sunday morning was moreover the only meeting to which
+everybody might come as of right; and while at church the women
+discussed affairs and neighbors within the church building the men
+outside walked about or sat on stumps or logs and held their
+discussions before and after the service hour.
+
+The church with its churchyard was the public forum at which matters of
+public policy and public interest were discussed. It was here also
+that business was transacted; and it was here that community spirit of
+fellowship, of sympathy and of understanding was developed. The
+colonial government recognized all this by directing that every public
+communication which had to be brought to the attention of the people as
+a whole be read to the congregation of every church or chapel in the
+colony. And the Church recognized the same thing by providing that such
+announcements should be made immediately after the reading of the
+second lesson or New Testament lesson in the morning service. The
+approaching worshipper never knew what interesting announcement might
+be made at that time; so there was always an element of expectancy and
+suspense; perhaps an announcement of the banns of matrimony; perhaps
+the reading of a new law, or of some proclamation by the Governor and
+Council; perhaps the baptism of a baby, or even a marriage.
+
+So it was that men and women of all classes came under the influence of
+Christian teaching whether they would or no; and the constant teaching
+and stressing of moral and Christian ideals of life had their effect in
+changing and improving the character of the community life.
+
+[Illustration: Old Church Tower, Jamestown, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Jamestown Church Communion Service
+
+Chalice and paten given by Governor Francis Moryson, in 1661. Both
+bearing the inscription: Mix not holy things with profane. _Ex dono
+Francisco Morrison, Armigeri Anno Domi, 1661._
+
+Large paten at the right given by Sir Edmund Andros, Governor, 1694.
+Inscribed: _In usum Ecclesiae Jacobi-Polis. Ex dono Dni Edmundi Andros,
+Equitis, Virginiae Gubernatoris, Anno Dom. MDCXCIV._
+
+Alms basin, London, 1739. Second on the right. Inscription: For the use
+of James City Parish Church. Given by the old church at Jamestown in
+1758 to Bruton Parish Church.
+
+Courtesy Miss Emily Hall]
+
+[Illustration: COMMUNION SERVICE IN USE AT SMITH'S HUNDRED, 1618.
+
+This three piece communion service now at St. John's Church, Elizabeth
+City Parish, Hampton, Virginia, has the longest history of use in the
+United States of any church silver. The set, a gift to the church
+founded in 1618 at Smith's Hundred in Charles City County, was made
+possible by a legacy in the will (date 1617) of Mrs. Mary Robinson of
+London. Smith's Hundred renamed Southampton Hundred, 1620, was
+practically wiped out in the Indian Massacre of 1622. This communion
+set delivered in 1627 to the Court at Jamestown for safe keeping,
+supposedly, then was given to the second Elizabeth City Church built on
+Southampton (now Hampton) River. The inscription in one line on the
+base of the Chalice is: _The Communion Cupp for Snt Marys Church in
+Smiths Hundred in Virginia_. Hall marks on all three pieces bear London
+date-letters for 1618-19.
+
+Courtesy Mrs. L. T. Jester and Mrs. P. W. Hiden]
+
+[Illustration: The Glebe House, Charles City County, Virginia
+
+Courtesy Valentine Museum, Richmond]
+
+[Illustration: Glebe House, Gloucester County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Christ Church, Middlesex County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Merchant's Hope Church, Prince George County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Saint Lukes Church, Isle of Wight County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Saint Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Robert Hunt Memorial Plaque
+
+Altar-piece. A bronze bas-relief representing the administration of the
+first Anglican communion in America, June 21, 1607. George T. Brewster,
+sc. Gorham Co., founders.
+
+Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum]
+
+[Illustration: Robert Hunt Memorial Shrine
+
+Erected by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in the
+State of Virginia. Presented to the Diocese of Southern Virginia of the
+Protestant Episcopal Church, June 15, 1922. It was placed in the
+perpetual care of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
+Antiquities.
+
+Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum and National Park Service]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIVE
+
+The Coming of the Negro
+
+
+A new element came early into the life of Virginia, with permanent and
+continuous hurt to the welfare of the colony and later to the
+Commonwealth; an element to which the colony was compelled to adapt
+itself because it did not have the power to eradicate it after men
+perceived its danger. It was the element of human slavery.
+
+The first Negro captives were brought into the port of Jamestown in the
+year 1619. They were brought by a foreign ship then described as a
+"Dutch" ship, but presumably a Portuguese slaver seeking the
+enlargement of his market. The Portuguese had developed a market for
+Negro slaves in the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean where the
+enslaved Indians proved unable to perform the hard work demanded of
+them. Unhappily the slavers succeeded in widening their market to
+include Virginia and the other English colonies of the American
+continent and in the West Indies.
+
+The first Negroes were brought to Jamestown in 1619 and sold to English
+masters as indentured servants. As such they were required to serve for
+a definite number of years and after that they would become freemen
+entitled to all the benefit of Virginia law. The goal set before them,
+as before immigrants from France and the Netherlands, was eventual
+freedom and naturalization as full citizens.
+
+The tragedy of the Negro was that he had been procured by the
+Portuguese as a captive taken in war between the native Negro tribes,
+and he came into the life of Virginia utterly ignorant of every British
+ideal of human freedom and government under constitutional law. He knew
+nothing of the English language. The indentured Englishman or Scotsman
+who was sold into service came with inherited knowledge of Anglo-Saxon
+ideals of civil government and Christian faith; and the one great goal
+set before him was that he could become a legal citizen of Virginia
+after he completed his years of servitude. The Negro knew nothing of
+all this.
+
+There would have been little difficulty if the few Negroes in the first
+ship had been all who came. The government could have provided for
+their care and for their instruction in English ideals and the
+Christian faith. But they were not all who came. The first indentured
+Negroes proved useful as hewers of wood and drawers of water, and they
+were capable of far more work in the fields than many of the
+Englishmen: and so the agrarian needs of the community where all men
+were farmers made the governmental authorities willing to admit more
+Negroes.
+
+The authorities must have realized at once that if Negroes were brought
+into the colony in great number they could not be permitted to become
+freemen after any period of indenture. That would have brought into the
+life of Virginia a steadily growing population of men and women who
+knew nothing of English institutions, or of the English language, or of
+the Christian religion. The welfare of the colony required that if they
+were to be admitted at all, they could be admitted only as servants
+under a permanent status of servitude. So slavery was introduced into
+the British empire; and in America the enslavement of the Negro was
+permitted in New England as well as in Virginia, the Carolinas and in
+Georgia.
+
+That was the first act in the great tragedy of Negro slavery in
+America. The second was that the enslavement and sale of Negroes proved
+so profitable that the people of England entered into it by chartering
+the Royal African Company, with authority to purchase captive Negroes
+throughout a large portion of Africa which was assigned to the Company
+for that purpose. At one time at least the King of England owned stock
+in the Company; and he gave his instruction to the royal Governors of
+American colonies that they should not permit the passage through a
+colonial legislature of any act which would interfere with the right to
+import Negroes and sell them into slavery within the colony.
+
+The third act in the tragedy was that after Virginia and perhaps other
+colonies had made many unavailing efforts to check or forbid by
+legislation the bringing of more Negroes from Africa, the War of
+American Independence was fought and won. In the Constitutional
+Convention of the new sovereign states called to create a Federal Union
+of them all, the representatives of Virginia and other states fought
+bitterly for an immediate prohibition against further importation of
+Negro slaves, only to be defeated by the cotton-growing interests of
+some states and the shipping interests of others who demanded that the
+trade be continued for a period of years. And so the Constitution of
+the United States when first put into effect in the Federal Union
+permitted for twenty years the importation of captive Negroes from
+Africa and their sale into slavery.
+
+The increase in the number of Negro slaves in those states where their
+labor proved profitable brought with it the constant fear of a Negro
+insurrection; a fear that continued until the ending of slavery in this
+country. The presence of the Negroes and of English convicts sold into
+servitude made it impossible upon any large plantation for the women
+and children of the master's household ever to be left without the
+protection of a slave-master who had the power of gun and lash to
+protect them from harm.
+
+The preaching of the Christian faith to the heathen Indians, which was
+so strongly present in the purposes of the London Company at the first
+settlement of Virginia, must have been considered when the custom of
+admitting Negro slaves began but there is no recorded evidence bearing
+upon that subject. If there had been a bishop in the colony he could
+have made the conversion of the Negro to Christianity an important part
+of a diocesan program; but without a bishop nothing could be done in
+an organized way. The matter was perforce left to the consciences of
+the incumbent ministers of the several parishes.
+
+It must be remembered that every first generation of the slaves had
+come to America as captives taken in war of one tribe against another.
+Their languages and dialects included perhaps every language in central
+and southern Africa; and their unfamiliar languages made it almost
+impossible for the average citizen or his parson to do much in the way
+of preaching the Christian faith; except perhaps in the observance of
+the universal law of kindness.
+
+The birth of slave children, however, removed the barrier of language,
+for the children were taught English as their native tongue. The
+children therefore could be taught. All teaching of children, whether
+children of the master and mistress or those born as their slaves, was
+considered the duty of the whole family. And the teaching of the
+catechism and the duties of a Christian life to the slave children was
+as important a part of the family responsibility in a Christian home as
+the teaching of the children of the family itself. No clergyman of the
+Church would be willing to baptize a slave child unless there were
+responsible sponsors present who would assume the obligation to give
+steady Christian teaching. So it became a rule of the clergy, or most
+of them, that the master and mistress in the case of each such baptism
+must assume the obligation to give the child Christian training. The
+baptized children could then in early youth be permitted to attend the
+instruction classes which were held by the incumbent minister for them.
+The slave child and the master's child would share the privilege of
+admission to the Sacrament of the Holy Communion when each one had
+shown sufficient knowledge and understanding of right and wrong, and
+had been sufficiently instructed in "the things which a Christian
+should know and believe." No one knows how many or what percentage of
+slave children in Virginia or elsewhere were baptized, or how many
+became communicants because no record was kept. But there were enough
+baptisms to create a new problem.
+
+There was no Negro slavery in England, and it was generally understood
+that when a Negro slave set foot upon the soil of England he became a
+free man. Somehow that concept of freedom became linked in common
+thinking with the concept of baptism into the Christian faith; and
+there arose in practically every slave-holding section of the English
+colonies a question whether the very act of baptizing a slave child did
+not set him free from slavery. Because of that question many
+slave-owners declined to permit the baptism of their slaves until the
+question was settled, and consequently in every slave-owning colony it
+became necessary to secure a legislative enactment establishing the
+legal status of a baptized slave. The question arose in Virginia, and
+in 1667 the following act was adopted by the General Assembly:
+
+    Whereas some doubts have risen whether children that are
+    slaves by birth, and by the charity and piety of their owners
+    made partakers of the blessed sacrament of baptisme, should
+    by virtue of their baptisme be made free; _It is enacted and
+    declared by this Grand Assembly and the authority thereof_,
+    that the conferring of baptisme doth not alter the condition
+    of the person as to his bondage or freedom; that diverse
+    masters, freed from this doubt, may more carefully endeavour
+    the propagation of Christianity by permitting children,
+    though slaves, or those of greater growth if capable to be
+    admitted to that sacrament.
+
+The question was settled likewise throughout all the slave-holding
+colonies of England, and human slavery was written into the laws of the
+various colonies of the British empire, there to remain until the
+ideals of the nineteenth century eliminated it from the constitution
+and the laws of every English-speaking nation.
+
+The following incidents, although they occurred in the first half of
+the eighteenth century, outside the period covered by this booklet, are
+yet of such interest in the continuing story of Negro slavery as to be
+worth recording here.
+
+In 1724 the Bishop of London, Edmund Gibson, sent a questionary to the
+incumbent minister of every Anglican parish in the American colonies.
+Among the questions he asked were two; one inquiring how many
+"infidels," either Indians or Negroes, there were in each parish; and
+two, what efforts were being made to convert them to the Christian
+faith. The answers revealed a serious situation, and the need of more
+definite and better organized efforts to convert the Negroes.
+
+The first effort made by the Bishop of London was as strong a pastoral
+letter as he could write upon the need of more earnest effort to bring
+the Negro slaves into the Christian faith. He also prepared a pamphlet
+to be used for the instruction of Negroes. His pastoral letter and his
+pamphlet were sent to every incumbent minister, and copies were given
+to the heads of families.
+
+Another effort was the organization in England in 1723 by the Rev.
+Thomas Bray of a company called "Dr. Bray's Associates." Dr. Thomas
+Bray was the bishop's commissary to the province of Maryland. The
+purpose of Dr. Bray's Associates was to establish in the colonies
+schools for the education and Christian instruction of Negro children,
+and it did a useful work. It did a notable work in the City of New
+York, and it conducted schools in other places; one of them at
+Williamsburg, in Virginia.
+
+There was another and most unusual development in Virginia. Under the
+urge of the Bishop of London's pastoral letter there came a great
+increase in the number of baptisms of adult Negroes; so sudden an
+increase as to cause concern to Commissary Blair and to Governor Gooch.
+In some way a report had spread among the Negroes that ex-Governor
+Alexander Spotswood, upon his return from a voyage to England, had
+brought with him an order from the King directing that all baptized
+Negro slaves be set free. The story, improbable as it was to English
+ears, was believed implicitly by the Negroes and it brought many of
+them to their parish clergy seeking for baptism. Time passed and there
+was no movement to set the baptized Negroes free. They became
+indignant, for they believed the colonial authorities had ignored the
+King's order. A plot for a Negro uprising was formed; but the plot was
+discovered and the ringleaders were punished.
+
+Another incident occurred two years later. A woman slave who had been
+baptized was convicted of manslaughter in the Gloucester County Court
+which sentenced her to death. She thereupon plead the benefit of
+clergy. Her plea brought a new problem to the courts of Virginia for
+until that time no woman and no slave in the colony had ever been
+permitted to plead benefit of clergy. The County Court considered the
+plea and the vote was a tie between granting the plea and enforcement
+of the sentence. The County Court referred the matter to the General
+Court of the colony; and there again the vote resulted in a tie. The
+General Court therefore referred the case to the Attorney General of
+England. Meanwhile, the General Court ordered that the woman's plea be
+granted, and, in order not to set a precedent in an unsettled question,
+directed that she be sold out of the colony. At a subsequent meeting of
+the General Assembly the matter was settled so far as Virginia was
+concerned by enactment of a law that all persons convicted of a first
+offense of felony, whether male or female, bond or free, might plead
+benefit of clergy.
+
+Slavery existed in the American colonies from Massachusetts and
+Connecticut to Virginia and the Carolinas at the end of the seventeenth
+century. It was alien to English ideals of human freedom. Yet out of it
+all one tremendously important fact has come to pass. The Negro came to
+America from almost every Negro tribe and dialect in central and
+southern Africa; he came without any connection except his connection
+with other slaves when more than one were sold to the same master. He
+came into a highly developed civilization with great organized power of
+leadership and government; and through the generations of slavery the
+Negro in America wrought for himself a national and racial
+consciousness within the sphere of American life. The American Negro
+today is the most highly educated and the most advanced Negro in the
+world. As such he has the opportunity to make his own contribution to
+the culture and the civilization of the world. This their centuries of
+slavery and repression have brought them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SIX
+
+Fighting Adverse Conditions
+
+
+The political conditions in England throughout the middle of the
+seventeenth century bore heavily upon Virginia in religious as well as
+in civil matters. The period of civil war which began in 1642 lasted
+until the King was captured by the parliamentary forces, and Archbishop
+Laud, the hated persecutor of dissenters, was beheaded. After an
+imprisonment of four years the king was beheaded and Oliver Cromwell
+reigned as Protector of the Commonwealth. The civil war had lined up
+the dissenting bodies in England, and the Presbyterian Church in
+Scotland, against the King and the Church of England.
+
+On the American scene the Puritan colonies in New England were in
+hearty sympathy with the dissenters in England. In Virginia the
+government and the great body of the people were in equal sympathy with
+King Charles and the Established Church. It is true there were in
+Virginia the goodly number of several hundred Puritan settlers. In the
+Church also there was some Puritan sympathy among a small group of the
+clergy. One of these, indeed, the Rev. Thomas Harrison, who became
+minister of Elizabeth River Parish (Norfolk) in 1640, was presented for
+trial in the county court in April 1645 "For not reading the Book of
+Common Prayer, and not administering the sacrament of baptism according
+to the canons and order prescribed, and for not catechizing on Sunday
+in the afternoon, according to the Act of Assembly." He was banished to
+Massachusetts in 1648, where he remained for two years and married.
+Afterward he returned to England and was given official position in the
+Commonwealth under Cromwell.
+
+In the heated atmosphere of the times the Puritan group in Virginia
+took occasion to apply to the Puritan church government in
+Massachusetts to send three ordained Puritan "missionaries" to their
+fellow religionists in Virginia, but upon the arrival of the
+missionaries their ship was met by government officials; the three
+missionaries sent back to Massachusetts; and the master of the ship was
+fined for bringing them to the colony. No one in official position in
+Virginia could escape the conviction that the sending of Puritan
+ministers to Virginia at such a time, whether upon request of the
+Nansemond River group or upon suggestion from Boston, was for any
+purpose other than to foment and organize Puritan opposition to the
+King. For that reason Puritanism in Virginia came under suspicion, and
+the Governor, Sir William Berkeley, with the full support of the
+government and public opinion, treated all Puritans as enemies. He made
+their situation so intolerable that the entire group accepted an
+invitation from the proprietor of the Province of Maryland and migrated
+to that colony. There, given land on the Severn River, they gained
+control of the provincial government within a few years. The forcing of
+the group out of Virginia was a political act of defense and was not
+religious persecution.
+
+The English Parliament in 1645 enacted a law abolishing the Church of
+England as an active organization. The law enacted by Parliament drove
+every bishop from his diocese, and forbade the use of the _Book of
+Common Prayer_ in any church or chapel in England. The rectors of over
+two thousand parishes were forced out and their places were filled by
+Presbyterian and Independent or Baptist ministers.
+
+The General Assembly of Virginia, upon learning the action of
+Parliament, adopted an act in 1647 requiring the use of the _Prayer
+Book_ in every church and chapel in Virginia each Sunday in the regular
+forms prescribed in the _Prayer Book_. The Act made further provision
+that in every parish in which the incumbent minister disobeyed the law
+and continued disuse of the _Book of Common Prayer_, his parishioners
+were thereby absolved from paying him any further salary.
+
+In England marriage was held to be a religious service to be performed
+by no one other than a priest of the Church; and Parliament, after
+abolishing the Prayer Book and the canons of the Anglican Church, was
+compelled to enact another law making provision for the performance of
+the marriage ceremony as a civil contract. The new law directed that
+justices of the local courts perform marriages and record them, if
+desired, in the court records. The people of Virginia paid no attention
+to this law except, as far as is known, in one case in Northumberland
+County. In the year 1656 a man and woman in Lancaster County, instead
+of going to the minister, if there were one, or to the reader of the
+parish, went to a county official of Northumberland and were married
+according to the Act of Parliament. Their marriage was recorded in the
+court order book and there nine months later the new incumbent, Samuel
+Cole of Lancaster, found it. He thereupon declared openly that the law
+of Virginia was in effect in his parish and not the Acts of Parliament.
+The affair ended when the parson required the wedded couple to consider
+themselves unwed until he could announce the banns of matrimony for
+them on three separate Sundays and then perform a Christian marriage.
+He then took occasion to go to the Northumberland county court and
+record his certificate of marriage of the couple in the court order
+book. The two certificates still appear in the order book of the county
+court of Northumberland County in the following words:
+
+    Certificate of Marriage, 11 Sept. 1656. John Merryday [i.e.,
+    Meredith] and Mrs. Ann Nash, als. Mallet, were married by
+    Coll. Jno. Trussell, according to Act of Parliament, 24
+    August, 1653. Witnesses Geo. Colclough, Leonard Spencer and
+    Jno. Carter. Rec. 20 Sept. 1656.
+
+    To all such whom it may concern. These are to certifie that
+    John Meredith & Ann Nash, being three times Published
+    according to Law, were married at Currotomon on the 14th of
+    this instant July, 1657 per mee, Samuel Cole, minister,
+    _ibidem_ 20th July 1657 this certificate was recorded.
+
+The colony of Virginia in affairs of both church and state exercised
+more independence of action under the Commonwealth than it ever
+exercised before or afterward until the Declaration of Independence in
+1776. The General Assembly, after it made a treaty of peace with
+Cromwell's commissioners, elected the several governors of the colony
+until the Restoration of Charles Second in 1660 took that authority
+from them. The Burgesses had agreed to discontinue the use of prayers
+for the King and the royal family in public services, and the General
+Assembly enacted a law directing each parish to decide for itself
+whether it would continue or discontinue the use of the _Book of Common
+Prayer_. All questions of parish administration were left to the
+several vestries. If a parish did not wish to use the old form of
+worship it might use such form as it desired.
+
+A number of ministers of Presbyterian ordination, and some openly
+acknowledged Puritans thereupon came into the colony and these became
+incumbent ministers of parishes. The last known one was the Rev. Andrew
+Jackson, incumbent of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster County from
+some years after 1680 until his death in 1711. He was a godly and
+devout minister, beloved by his parishioners. Tradition says that he
+"stood up to read the Psalms, but remained seated when they said the
+Creed."
+
+For twenty-five or thirty years prior to 1675, to the distress of the
+Church and the people as a whole, there was a desperate lack of
+ordained ministers, and inability, to get clergymen from England. Some
+few, driven out of parishes in England by the Parliamentary victors,
+did come to Virginia, but never in sufficient number to supply the
+need. Then, after the restoration of Charles, II, in 1660 and the
+return of the Anglican Church to active life, there were so many
+parishes in England from which non-conforming ministers were removed
+because of refusal to use the _Book of Common Prayer_, that for nearly
+a decade there were almost no clergymen to send overseas. Conditions
+did begin to improve, however, before the end of the decade.
+
+The improvement increased more rapidly after a new bishop of London
+came into that diocese in 1675 and manifested active interest in the
+affairs of the parishes in America.
+
+During the decade 1660-70, shortly after King Charles had been received
+and crowned King of England, the General Assembly of Virginia made
+earnest effort to call the attention of the Crown and the people of
+England to the needs of the Church in the colony. A committee of
+clergymen was sent from Jamestown to London to present the matter to
+the King. The committee published a pamphlet telling of the great need
+and urging a definite programme to help improve religious conditions.
+Three things ought to be done: first, a bishop should be sent at once
+to visit the parishes and ordain as deacons devout laymen who had been
+serving as readers so that there would be at least a deacon in every
+parish; second, fellowships ought to be established at the universities
+of Oxford and Cambridge for the support and training of men for the
+ministry who would agree to serve the Church for a term of years in the
+parishes of Virginia; third, and most important, a bishop ought to be
+consecrated to organize a diocese in Virginia and bring the parishes
+there into the full life of the Anglican Church.
+
+No one knows what influence the pamphlet had in arousing interest.
+Certainly no bishop was sent to ordain readers as deacons; and no
+fellowships were established at the universities to train men to serve
+in the ministry in Virginia. But a movement did start to organize a
+diocese and consecrate a bishop. This occurred after 1670. The movement
+won approval and a charter was prepared for the signature of King
+Charles as the temporal head of the Church. The charter provided that
+the diocese was to be called the Diocese of Virginia, and Jamestown was
+to become the see-city where the bishop was to have his "Cathedral." A
+clergyman was selected by the King to become the new bishop. He was the
+Reverend Alexander Moray who had fled Scotland with Prince Charles and
+had gone as chaplain with the ill-fated campaign ending in defeat at
+the Battle of Worcester in 1652 in which Prince Charles sought to win
+his throne from the Parliamentary conquerors. Mr. Moray then fled to
+Virginia and became rector of Ware Parish in Gloucester County.
+
+But something happened in 1672 after the King had announced publicly
+that he had selected Mr. Moray to be bishop. Nobody knows what it was,
+but the charter was never signed, and Mr. Moray was not made a bishop.
+There is some evidence that he died just at that time and possibly that
+caused the plan to fall through.
+
+It would seem probable that the failure of the plan in 1672 aroused the
+interest of Henry Compton who became Bishop of London in 1675, for in
+that same year he secured from the Crown authority to select and
+license men to serve as ministers of the parishes in America. And
+shortly thereafter a fund called "The King's Bounty" was established,
+from which each clergyman licensed to serve in America was given twenty
+pounds sterling to pay the cost of his voyage. This plan continued
+until the American Revolution. It did great good, for it gave to every
+Anglican clergyman in the colonies a bishop whom he felt he knew, and
+to whom he could write if necessary. The Bishop of London never at any
+time had any authority whatsoever over the laity of the Church in
+America, nor over the work of the vestries as temporal heads of the
+parishes. But his influence with the clergy was of enormous value to
+their morale.
+
+Ten years later Bishop Compton went farther and secured authority to
+appoint clergymen as his personal representatives in the colonies; to
+confer with the clergy; and, if necessary, to remove from their
+parishes clergymen who had proven to be unworthy men. The commissaries
+lost their power some sixty years later when a new Bishop of London
+appointed in 1748 refused to give his commissaries the authority which
+earlier commissaries had exercised.
+
+The first commissaries, James Blair for Virginia and Thomas Bray for
+Maryland, made great contribution to the life of the Church of England
+in the colonies and in England also. Commissary Bray was the moving
+spirit in organizing three missionary societies in England: the Society
+for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge; the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; and, in his old age, the
+society of Dr. Bray's Associates for ministry to Negro slaves in all
+the colonies. He also instituted a plan for sending libraries of
+theological books to parishes in the colonies, an enormous help to
+clergymen in far-off places.
+
+James Blair served as Commissary in Virginia from his appointment in
+1689 until his death in 1743. His greatest work was the establishment
+and development of the Royal College of William and Mary in 1693. He
+raised money for its establishment first by asking pledges from all
+persons in Virginia who were able to give, and then in England where he
+quickly gained the active interest of Queen Mary and King William. He
+secured his charter for the College in 1693 and by 1695 the erection of
+college buildings was well under way. He served as president of the
+college until his death in 1743. He steered it through its early
+difficulties; he fought for it against Governor and Council when
+necessary; and he brought it to its full status as a College with six
+professors and more than a hundred students in 1729. He lived long
+enough to welcome Reverend George Whitefield, the first great leader of
+the evangelical movement, when he came to Williamsburg in 1740, and had
+the happiness to learn that his College had won the admiring approval
+of his visitor. Whitefield wrote in his diary an account of what he
+saw, and ended, "I rejoiced in seeing such a place in America."
+
+Commissary Blair fought steadily and successfully for the rights and
+privileges of the clergy, and secured real increase in clerical
+salaries. He fought also for the right of the vestries to elect the
+rectors of their own parishes, even as he strove when need was, to
+secure the removal of the occasional unworthy clergyman.
+
+The organization of the College of William and Mary in 1693 was indeed
+the culmination of the plan of the London Company to establish a
+University in Virginia. The first effort went up in smoke in 1622.
+There was another effort in the days of Sir William Berkeley after the
+Restoration, but the time was not then ripe. But the opportunity came
+again. Already there were several endowed schools in Virginia: The Syms
+School in Hampton, the Eaton School, also in that parish, the Peasley
+School in Gloucester County, and others. Many parish clergymen also
+became noted for the excellency of their schools. So the College which
+began in 1693 came to head a group of schools which had already spread
+through the colony.
+
+From its beginning it held to the ideal of having a School of Divinity
+to train men for the ministry of the Church of England, as well as a
+school of philosophy or liberal arts as we now describe it, to train
+men for secular life and leadership in the colonial life. When the
+College reached its maturity it had a School of Divinity with two
+professors, and a School of Philosophy with two, in addition to masters
+in other departments. It had also a foundation which could support
+eight men studying for the ministry. From that time until the
+Revolution a steady stream of candidates went from the College to the
+Bishop of London for ordination. But that is part of the story of the
+next century. The beginning came in 1693.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SEVEN
+
+The Last Decade
+
+
+The decade 1690-1700 was an era of steady growth in the religious and
+cultural life of Virginia. New counties were created as population
+spread further and further up the great rivers; and parishes increased
+in numbers as the population grew. The first official list of "The
+parishes and the clergymen in them" which has survived the wreckage of
+time was the list of 1680, and the next is the list of 1702. These
+lists show that in 1680 there were forty-eight parishes and thirty-six
+clergymen incumbents. In the list of 1702 there were fifty parishes and
+forty clergymen.
+
+The one most notable event in the religious life of both England and
+Virginia was enactment by Parliament in 1689 of the Edict of
+Toleration. That act in the first year of the reign of King William and
+Queen Mary was the first incident in the movement of the English people
+through their legislature toward freedom of religion. The Act did not
+repeal the severe laws against dissent adopted in the reign of King
+Charles, II, but it did remove the penalties. It took the first step
+along a new roadway into human freedom; and the English-speaking world
+on both sides of the Atlantic hailed it as such.
+
+As it was a law of England, the act did not come into effect in
+Virginia until it was included within the code of laws of the colony.
+That was not done until 1699, although the Council of State had
+approved the act in principle early in that decade. By that time
+enforcement of law requiring attendance at church every Sunday had been
+relaxed for it was impossible of enforcement under the conditions of
+Virginian life. The law was not repealed until late in the eighteenth
+century and under it every person wherever possible was required to
+accept attendance at church as the duty of every citizen. In revisal of
+the Virginia law in 1699 it was provided that every person must attend
+worship in the parish church at least once every two months. The
+General Assembly at the same time enacted a new proviso whereby
+dissenters from the Established Church of Virginia, who could qualify
+if in England as belonging to denominations or groups permitted under
+the Toleration Act, were free in Virginia from any penalty for
+non-attendance at the parish Church if they attended their own places
+of dissenting worship at least once in the two months period.
+
+In 1699 there were three denominations of dissent in Virginia; the
+Presbyterians, the Baptists and the Quakers. The many thousands of
+immigrants from Scotland who had belonged to the Established
+(Presbyterian) Church of Scotland found little to object to in the
+worship of the Established Church of Virginia, and entered into it
+without difficulty or objection.
+
+But the Presbyterians from England, as dissenters from the Established
+Church of that country, and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who began
+their immigration to Virginia after the Restoration, brought with them
+the determination to organize in America as a Presbyterian
+denomination. They were especially strong in the counties of Princess
+Anne and Norfolk; and the first Presbyterian congregation in Virginia
+was organized in 1692 in that area. It is also of interest to note that
+the Reverend Francis Makemie, who organized the first presbytery in
+Philadelphia about 1705 and later the first Synod of the Presbyterian
+Church in America, lived for many years in Accomac County, Virginia.
+
+There was a Baptist minister in the village of Yorktown during the
+decade 1690-1700 but little is known of his work, nor is it known
+whether there were then one or more organized Baptist congregations.
+
+The Quakers were the most widely scattered and in numbers probably the
+strongest of the three groups. They were especially numerous in Henrico
+County and the eastern section of Hanover County and on the Nansemond
+river. The Church Attendance Act of 1699 and the Toleration Act of the
+English Parliament applied to them as to other dissenters, but they
+were still under suspicion as to their loyalty and also because they
+continued their early custom of open and violent attacks on the
+religion and worship of the orthodox Churches. They gave bitter offense
+by their public announcements in time of war between England and France
+or between England and Spain that they would give aid and furnish such
+supplies as might be needed to any enemy fleet which should come with
+hostile intent into the Virginian waters.
+
+While the laws which punished interruption of religious services were
+still necessary and were enforced, the adoption of the proviso in the
+Virginian Act of 1699 was a real step forward on the way to the
+ultimate goal of entire freedom of worship. It made the worship of the
+dissenters as truly legal as that of the Established Church, and it
+removed from the dissenters the requirement that they attend the
+worship of the Anglican Church.
+
+Thomas Story, the noted English Quaker, who wrote and published a
+journal of his life and work as a Quaker preacher, gives an interesting
+account of his two prolonged visits to Virginia in 1698/99 and in 1705.
+In his daily journal for 1705 he comments at every stopping-place, with
+manifest pleasure, upon the welcome given him and his friends and the
+freedom of public preaching accorded him wherever he went. He was
+welcomed and entertained over and again at Anglican homes and he
+records occasionally the fact that a county sheriff or constable or
+justice of the county court was present at his preaching. He does not
+record any instance in which anyone in civil authority in the colony
+protested against his preaching or attempted to stop him; and the high
+point of his visit came when the Governor of Virginia, learning of his
+approach, invited him and his friends to the Governor's mansion,
+entertained them and gave them fruit to carry with them on their
+journey toward Philadelphia.
+
+So Virginia came to the end of its first century, having fought
+through the various adverse conditions which its people found along the
+way. The colony had come into an era of opportunity and growth with a
+well established government, a seaborne trade which brought prosperity,
+and a concept of religion which made room for all forms of the
+Christian faith that would remain at peace with each other, and as
+citizens be loyal to their government. As the people approached their
+first centennial anniversary celebration in 1707 they looked forward
+with a confidence born of past experience to the new century upon which
+they were to enter.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+In addition to the titles in the following brief list the reader will
+find many references to official papers, and other important and useful
+works, in the author's _Virginia's Mother Church_, volumes one and two.
+A great many of the statements herein made are based upon these two
+volumes.
+
+  Anderson, James S. M. _A History of the Colonial Church_.
+    London: 1843. 3 vols.
+
+  Andrews, Matthew Page. _The Soul of a Nation, The Founding
+    of Virginia and the Projection of New England_. New York:
+    Doubleday, 1943.
+
+  Brydon, George MacLaren. _Virginia's Mother Church and the
+    Political Conditions Under Which It Grew_. Richmond,
+    Virginia: Virginia Historical Society, 1947. Vol. I,
+    1607-1727; Vol. II, 1725-1814.
+
+  Fiske, John. _Old Virginia and Her Neighbors_. Boston and
+    New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1899. 2 vols.
+
+  Goodwin, Edward L. _The Colonial Church in Virginia_.
+    Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Morehouse Publishing Company, 1927.
+
+    With appendix giving list of Anglican clergymen who served
+    in Virginia in the Colonial period.
+
+  Hening, W. W. _Statutes of Virginia_, 1619-1792. 13 vols.
+
+  Mason, George C. _Colonial Churches of Tidewater, Virginia_.
+    Richmond, Virginia: Whittet and Shepperson, 1945.
+
+  Meade, William. _Old Churches, Ministers, and Families in
+    Virginia_. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1857. 2 vols.
+
+    This is the old standard work upon this subject, and is
+    still of great value, but must be used with the
+    understanding that records and other original sources made
+    available since his day disprove many of his statements
+    about local conditions. This is especially true regarding
+    his statements concerning the unworthiness of the colonial
+    clergy. His expressed conviction that most of them were
+    unworthy morally has been entirely disproved by the evidence
+    of records now available.
+
+  Perry, W. S. _History of the American Episcopal Church_.
+    Boston and New York: Osgood, 1899. 2 vols.
+
+    --_Historical Collections Relating to America's Colonial
+    Church. Virginia_: Privately printed, 1870.
+
+  Swem, E. G. _Virginia Historical Index_. Roanoke, Virginia:
+    Stone Printing Co., 1934-36. 2 vols.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+
+The following extracts from the Journal of the Life of Thomas Story,
+during his visit to Virginia in 1698 are indicative of the attitude of
+the people of Virginia toward religious toleration:
+
+    8th Day of the 12th Month, we landed in Mockjack Bay----
+
+    Next Fourth Day being the 1st day of the 1st month (i.e.
+    January, 1698/99) we went again by water to a monthly meeting
+    at Chuckatuck, where came our friend Elizabeth Webb from
+    Gloucestershire in England, who had been through all the
+    English colonies on the Continent of America and was now
+    about to depart for England. The meeting was large and the
+    Sheriff of the County, a Colonel, and some of others of note
+    in that county were there, and very sober and attentive.
+
+    On the 22nd we had a pretty large meeting at Southern Branch,
+    at the house of Robert Burgess. He was not a Friend by
+    profession, but a Justice of the Peace, and of good account
+    in these parts. There had never been a meeting there before;
+    yet the people were generally solid and several of them
+    tendered; and after the meeting the Justice and his wife were
+    very respectful, and treated us to beer and wine, and would
+    gladly have had us to have eaten with them and lodged in
+    their house that night, but being otherwise engaged in the
+    course of the service.
+
+    The next day [several days later] we had a meeting at
+    Romancock, which was large and open. Many persons of note
+    from those parts were there, as Major Palmer, Captain
+    Clayborn, Doctor Walker, and others, all very attentive.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+
+A List of Parishes in Virginia, and the Clergy in them under date of
+July 8, 1702.
+
+Parishes and Incumbent Ministers
+
+Charles City County.
+  Bristol Parish, (part)
+    George Robertson [Robinson]
+  Westover Parish
+    Charles Anderson
+  Martin's Brandon Parish
+  Weyanoke Parish
+    James Bushell
+
+Elizabeth City County
+  Elizabeth City Parish
+    James Wallace
+
+Essex County
+  South Farnham Parish
+    Lewis Latanč
+  Sittenbourn Parish (part)
+    Bartholomew Yates
+  St. Mary's Parish
+    William Andrews
+
+Gloucester County
+  Petsoe (Petsworth) Parish
+    Emmanuel Jones
+  Abingdon Parish
+    Guy Smith
+  Ware Parish
+    James Clack
+
+Henrico County
+  Bristol Parish (part)
+    George Robinson
+  Varina als Henrico Parish
+    James Ware
+  King William Parish
+    Benjamin De Joux
+
+James City County
+  Wallingford Parish
+  Wilmington Parish
+    John Gordon
+  James City Parish
+    James Blair
+  Martin's Hundred Parish
+    Stephen Fouace
+  Bruton Parish (part)
+    Cope D'Oyley
+
+Isle of Wight County
+  Warrosqueake Parish
+    Thomas Sharpe
+  Newport Parish
+    Andrew Monroe
+
+King and Queen County
+  St. Stephen's Parish
+    Ralph Bowker
+  Stratton-Major Parish
+    Edward Portlock
+
+King William County
+  St. John's Parish
+    John Monroe
+
+Lancaster County
+  Christ Church Parish
+    Andrew Jackson
+  St. Mary's White Chapel Parish
+    John Carnegie
+
+Middlesex County
+  Christ Church Parish
+    Robert Yates
+
+Nansemond County
+  Upper Parish
+  Lower Parish
+  Chuchatuck Parish
+
+Norfolk County
+  Elizabeth River Parish
+    William Rudd
+
+New Kent County
+  Blisland Parish
+  St. Peter's Parish
+    James Bowker
+
+Northumberland County
+  Fairfield Parish
+    John Farnifold
+  Wiccocomico Parish
+    John Urquhart
+
+Northampton County
+  Hungars Parish
+    Peter Collier
+
+Princess Anne County
+  Lynnhaven Parish
+    Solomon Wheatley
+
+Richmond County
+  Sittčnbourn Parish (part)
+    Bartholomew Yates
+  North Farnham Parish
+    Peter Kippax
+
+Surry County
+  Southwark Parish
+    Alexander Walker
+  Lawne's Creek Parish
+    Thomas Burnet
+
+Stafford County
+  St. Paul's Parish
+  Overwharton Parish
+    John Frazier
+
+Warwick County
+  Mulberry Island Parish
+  Denbigh Parish
+
+Westmoreland County
+  Cople Parish
+  Washington Parish
+    James Breechin
+
+York County
+  Bruton Parish (part)
+  Yorke Parish
+    Cope D'Oyley
+  Hampton Parish
+    Stephen Fouace
+  Charles Parish
+     James Slater
+
+     James Blair, Commissary to the Bishop of London
+
+     Peregrine Cony, Chaplain to the Governor.
+
+It will be noted that the above list reports fifty-one parishes, or
+after deducting three which appear as partly in two counties, a total
+of forty-eight parishes. These covered the whole territory in which
+English settlers lived. The incumbent clergymen total thirty-five but
+some five or six of the parishes for which no incumbent was named were
+very small in extent or population, and looked to the minister of an
+adjoining parish for services and sacraments. Probably this list
+includes five or six parishes which were vacant. Because of the great
+length of time required to secure clergymen from England this fact is
+evidence of the growing strength and organization of the Church under
+the influence of the Commissary.
+
+Most of the clergymen who came to Virginia were graduates of the
+English and Scottish universities, and brought an element and influence
+of education and culture to the growing life of the Colony. Dr. Philip
+Alexander Bruce, in his notable _Institutional History of Virginia in
+the Seventeenth Century_, makes the following statement:
+
+If we consider as a body the ministers who performed the various duties
+of their calling in Virginia during the Seventeenth Century, there is
+no reason to think they fell below the standard of conscientiousness
+governing the conduct of the English clergyman in the same age. The
+early history of the New World was adorned by no nobler group of
+divines than the group which gives so much distinction from the point
+of view of character and achievement to the years in which the
+foundation of the colony at Jamestown was being permanently laid.
+
+From the middle of the century to the end as from the beginning to the
+middle, a large proportion of the clergymen were not only graduates of
+English universities, but also men of more or less distinguished social
+connections in England. Outside the great towns in England, or the
+wealthiest and most populous of the English rural parishes, there was
+in the course of the century, perhaps no single English living filled
+by a succession of clergymen superior to this body of men, (i.e.,
+incumbents at Jamestown) in combined learning, talents, piety, and
+devotion to duty. And yet there is no reason to think that the ability,
+zeal and fidelity of these ministers who occupied the pulpit at
+Jamestown were overshadowing as compared with the same qualities in the
+clergymen who, one after another, occupied any of the more important
+benefices in York, Surry, Elizabeth City, or Gloucester Counties, or
+the counties situated in the Northern Neck, or Eastern Shore.... All
+the surviving records of the seventeenth century go to show that,
+whatever during that long period may have been the infirmities or
+unworthy acts of individual clergymen, the great body of those
+officiating in Virginia were men who performed all the duties of their
+sacred calling in a manner entitling them to the respect, reverence and
+gratitude of their parishioners.
+
+Very little is known of the activities of the clergy outside of their
+professional duties beyond the fact that a great many of them conducted
+schools at their homes; and these "parsons schools" became a widespread
+influence for good upon the youth of their day. In the generations
+before the founding of the College these schools became the great
+agency throughout the colony for the education of the sons of the
+gentry, and of the occasional youth of a lesser privileged family who
+was taken free by the parson, or supported by a school endowment given
+by some charitable person. In the later days there were many such
+parish funds. We read of George Washington, in the following generation
+attending the school conducted by Parson Marye in Fredericksburg, and
+of his future wife, Martha Dandridge attending another.
+
+It is a notable fact that throughout the whole seventeenth century the
+ideal shown by the General Assembly was to provide for the clergy an
+adequate salary for the comfortable home of an educated man. In 1695
+when the question of increase in clerical salaries was raised, the
+House of Burgesses made a report to Governor Andros upon the purchasing
+value of salaries paid in tobacco, and stated, "They have duly weighed
+the present provision made for the ministers of this country in their
+respective parishes together with their other considerable perquisites
+by marriages, burials, etc., and glebes,----that most if not all the
+ministers of this country are in as good a condition in point of
+livelihood as a gentleman that is well seated and hath twelve or
+fourteen servants." They had previously stated that the tobacco salary
+of the parson would in normal years in the past yield eighty pounds
+sterling when sold.
+
+In contrast with this salary of the clergymen in Virginia attention may
+be called to the statement made in England in 1714, that there were in
+England at that time "5,082 livings under eighty pounds in annual
+value, of which more than 3,000 were under forty pounds, and 471 under
+ten pounds. This report was made to show the importance of the fund
+established by Queen Anne, called Queen Anne's Bounty, for increasing
+the endowment of these weak parishes."
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the U. S.
+copyright on this publication was renewed.
+
+The Table of Contents was added for convenience.
+
+Page 3: Guilt is an obsolete form of gilt
+  (a plate of silver guilt).
+
+Page 16: Changed ecclestiastical to ecclesiastical
+  (after an ecclestiastical trial by the bishop).
+
+Page 23: Changed cattel to cattle
+  (great plenty of cattel and hogs).
+
+Page 50: Changed priviliged to privileged
+  (youth of a lesser priviliged family).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Religious Life of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century, by George MacLaren Brydon
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Religious Life of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century, by George MacLaren Brydon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Religious Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century
+       The Faith of Our Fathers
+
+Author: George MacLaren Brydon
+
+Release Date: April 29, 2009 [EBook #28634]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RELIGIOUS LIFE OF VIRGINIA ***
+
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+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>
+RELIGIOUS LIFE OF VIRGINIA IN<br />
+THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY<br /><br />
+
+<small>The Faith of Our Fathers</small></h1>
+
+<p class="title">By<br />
+<big><span class="smcap">George MacLaren Brydon</span></big><br />
+Historiographer of Diocese of Virginia<br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Williamsburg, Virginia</span><br />
+1957
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<p class="center">
+COPYRIGHT<small><sup>©</sup></small>, 1957 BY<br />
+VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION<br />
+CORPORATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<small>Jamestown 350th Anniversary</small><br />
+<small>Historical Booklet, Number 10</small><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="toc">
+<tr><td align='left'><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><small><b>Chapter</b></small></td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><small><b>Page</b></small></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>One</td><td align='left'>Beginnings</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Two</td><td align='left'>The Colonists at Worship</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Three</td><td align='left'>Making Bricks Without Straw</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Four</td><td align='left'>Building a Christian Community</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Five</td><td align='left'>The Coming of the Negro</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Six</td><td align='left'>Fighting Adverse Conditions</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Seven</td><td align='left'>The Last Decade</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Bibliography</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Appendix A</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Appendix B</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>The settlement of Englishmen at Jamestown in 1607 was the
+outgrowth of a vision of transatlantic expansion which had been
+growing stronger steadily during the preceding generation. It
+was in the following of that vision that Queen Elizabeth granted
+to a group of men headed by Sir Walter Raleigh the authority
+to establish a colony upon the remote shores of the Atlantic ocean,
+and out of the plans of this group came the ill-fated colony which
+was started at Roanoke Island, in what is now the State of North
+Carolina, in the year 1585. This colony after a life of a few years
+disappeared: whether destroyed by Indian attack, or by a Spanish
+fleet which resented the settlement of Englishmen in a land that
+was claimed for Spain, or by famine or disease, no one knows to
+this day. The one permanent result was the giving of the name
+Virginia to their American land in honor of their Queen.</p>
+
+<p>Following the failure of this first effort, a plan was formulated
+and established by charter given by King James in the year 1606.
+Under this charter companies were to be formed in order to found
+two English settlements in America; one to be a colony at some
+point between the 34th and 41st degrees of latitude, and the
+other between the 38th and 45th degrees. Both companies had
+the widespread interest of the English people, and both made
+settlements in America in the same year, 1607. The Virginia
+Company established its settlement at Jamestown, from which
+developed the Colony, and later the Commonwealth of Virginia,
+as the first permanent English settlement in America. The Plymouth
+Company made its settlement upon the coast of what is
+now Maine; but this effort failed and the colonists returned home
+in the following year. Permanent settlement of New England
+began in 1620 with the coming of the Pilgrims to Plymouth,
+Massachusetts. From these two first settlements thus widely separated,
+but with their common ideal of English civilization and
+English concepts of freedom and self-government, has grown
+the American nation of today. This nation, while welcoming all
+the gifts and values which people of other nations have brought
+to the enrichment and broadening of our common life, is still
+basically an English or Anglo-Saxon nation.</p>
+
+<p>Many impelling motives animated the men who organized
+the Virginia company and labored for the establishment of a
+colony in America. They wanted of course the expansion of
+British trade and a wider market for British manufactures; and
+they naturally hoped for financial profit from their investment
+in shares of stock in the companies. They planned, also, not merely
+trading posts in a foreign land as in India and elsewhere, but
+an extension and expansion of the empire of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>A most important part of their plan was to make colonies the
+answer to a problem which was pressing for solution: the problem
+of what to do with the increasing overplus of population in
+many of the cities of England. The danger of a population too
+great for the land of England to support and feed was a real one.
+A colony to which England could send her overplus population
+as part of a greater England was a real solution, and a better one
+than would be the raising of grain and foodstuff by foreign countries
+to feed the hungry of Great Britain. That men were thinking
+along this line appears from the action of certain large towns
+in paying the expense of the voyage of young people by the
+score or hundred to Virginia, and from the plan soon after the
+first settlement, whereby young women of reputable families
+were sent to Virginia to become wives of the colonists.</p>
+
+<p>And still another motive was the religious one. The Virginia
+Company kept constantly in the forefront their plan to Christianize
+the Indians. Their plan as they began to put it into effect
+included the establishment of parishes and the selection of
+fit clergymen to go overseas; to establish a University with a
+college therein for Indians, and to take Indian youths into English
+families to fit and prepare them for their college. They secured
+from both King and Archbishop the authority and permission
+to bring the expatriated Pilgrim Fathers back under the
+English flag, and give them a settlement in Virginia, a plan which
+failed after the Pilgrims had started for their promised new home.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_ONE" id="CHAPTER_ONE"></a>CHAPTER ONE<br /><br />
+
+Beginnings</h2>
+
+
+<p>The men who came to Jamestown brought the ideals and ways
+of life of the mother country; its common law, the enactments
+of Parliament, the Church of their people; and as shown in the
+prayer written in England which the commanding officer of the
+colony was required to use daily at the setting of the watch, they
+hoped also that the natives of the land might be brought into
+the Kingdom of God. They made petition for their own needs,
+but they prayed also:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And seeing, Lord, the highest end of our plantation here is to set
+up the standard and display the banner of Jesus Christ, even here
+where Satan's throne is, Lord let our labour be blessed in labouring
+the conversion of the heathen; and because thou usest not to work
+such mighty works by unholy means, Lord sanctifie our spirits and
+give us holy hearts that so we may be thy instruments in this most
+glorious work.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is of real significance that the London Company made its
+first settlement a parish after the manner of the Church of England,
+and elected as its first rector the Reverend Richard Hakluyt,
+one of the most noted clergymen in England, and a man who
+had captured the imagination of all with his books on travel in
+far lands. He was expected to remain in England and represent
+the needs of the colonists and help, perhaps, to select clergymen
+to go to new parishes which would be formed as settlements developed.
+The religious aspect of the movement was approved by
+the Archbishop of Canterbury, and he approved also the selection
+of the Reverend Robert Hunt who came to Jamestown as the
+vicar of the parish and the pastor of the colonists.</p>
+
+<p>The London Company made a provision that each new settlement
+should become a parish with its own rector. The first settlements<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+were established by the Company itself and were called
+"Cities" after the ideal and pattern of Geneva. That city, the
+home of John Calvin and of the Calvinistic theology which so
+strongly influenced the Church of England in the Seventeenth
+Century, was a self-governing unit in the Swiss Confederation.
+It consisted of the city and its suburban territory and was the
+prototype from which the "City" or "Hundred" in Virginia and
+the "Township" or "town" in Massachusetts were formed.</p>
+
+<p>There were four Cities in Virginia: James City, Charles City,
+The City of Henrico, and Elizabeth City. They were boroughs
+at the time of the first meeting of the General Assembly of Virginia
+in 1619, each one electing its own Burgesses. And as counties
+now, instead of cities, each one elects its own Delegates to
+the Assembly. There were four "cities," three "hundreds," and
+four "plantations" represented by Burgesses in the first Assembly
+in 1619, and each one was a separate parish. Official records have
+long been lost but the names are known of some six clergymen
+who were incumbents of parishes in Virginia between 1607 and
+1619.</p>
+
+<p>The London Company had a rule that every clergyman who
+volunteered or was invited to go to a parish in Virginia was to
+be investigated as to character and fitness, and each one of them
+was taken by a committee to a church to read the service and
+preach a sermon as part of the investigation.</p>
+
+<p>It is not generally known, perhaps, but plans for the immediate
+development of the life of the colonists included the establishment
+of a university which would set aside one hall or college
+for the education of Indian youth and another for the education
+of sons of English families. The London Company in 1618 made
+a grant of ten thousand acres of land on the north side of the
+James River and immediately to the east of the present-day City
+of Richmond. That grant was to be the seat of the University and
+was to be developed as a group of tenant farms with the college
+buildings in the center. So great was the interest throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+England in the plan that the King as the temporal head of the
+Church presented the matter to the whole people of England.
+In 1617 he wrote the Archbishops of Canterbury and York:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Most Reverend Father in God: Right trustie and well beloved
+Counsellor, we greet you well: You have heard ere this of the attempt
+of divers worthy men, our subjects, to plant in Virginia, under the
+warrant of our letters of patent, people of this Kingdom, as well as for
+the enlarging of our dominions as for the propogation of the Gospel
+amongst infidells; wherein there is good progress made, and hope
+of further increase: so as the undertakers of that plantation are now
+in hand with the erection of some churches and schools for the education
+of the children of these barbarians, which cannot but be to
+them a very great charge, and above the expense which for the civil
+plantation doth come to them, in which we doubt not but that you
+and all others who wish well to the increase of Christian religion
+will be willing to give all assistance and furtherance you may, and
+therein to make experience of the zeal and devotion of our well
+minded subjects; especially those of the clergy.</p>
+
+<p>Wherefore we do require you, and hereby authorize you to write
+your letters to the several bishops of the dioceses in your province,
+that they do give order to the ministers and other zealous men of
+their dioceses, both by their own example in contribution and by
+exhortation to others, to move our people within their several charges
+to contribute to so good a work in as liberal a manner as they may.</p></div>
+
+<p>Under instructions from the King offerings were to be taken
+in every parish four times a year for two years, the money collected
+to be sent to the bishops and by them forwarded to the
+treasurer of the London Company. The treasurer reported later
+that more than fifteen hundred pounds sterling had been sent
+to him, and later he reported additional amounts. In that period
+three bequests aggregating more than a thousand pounds sterling
+were reported for the Christianizing of the Indians. Other gifts
+included a "communion cup with cover and a plate of silver guilt
+for the bread" with communion silk and linen cloths and other
+ornaments, all to be placed within a church for Indians to be
+built under another bequest. This communion chalice and paten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+are owned today by one of the oldest parishes in Virginia, and
+are in St. John's Church, of Elizabeth City Parish, at Hampton.</p>
+
+<p>On one of the ships sailing from England to the East Indies
+an appeal was made by the chaplain in behalf of the university
+in Virginia and gifts were made in such large amount that when
+they were sent to Virginia they sufficed for the erection of "a
+publique free schoole" to be connected with the university. They
+named it "The East India School." The General Assembly, when
+it first met in July 1619, adopted a resolution urging English
+families to take promising Indian youths into their homes to
+teach them the fundamentals and prepare them for the opening
+of the college.</p>
+
+<p>The work of establishing the university was already proceeding;
+land was being cleared; farm houses were being erected;
+more than one hundred artisans and workmen had been sent
+from England and the college buildings were under construction
+when on Good Friday, March 22, 1621/22, the great Indian
+massacre occurred. A full third of all the English people in Virginia
+were killed by Indians in one fatal day. The buildings at
+the university were burned to the ground, and every English
+man, woman and child in every family of the artisans and workmen
+was killed. The East India School was burned to the ground.
+Indeed the only thing that saved the colony from utter extermination
+was that Chanco, an Indian who had become a Christian,
+had learned of the plot the night before the massacre and warned
+the Englishman, Richard Pace, with whom he lived. Pace crossed
+the James River and warned the residents of Jamestown. So it
+was that Jamestown and some of the adjoining settlements were
+warned in time to protect themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The massacre was of course a terrific catastrophe to the whole
+colony. Outlying settlements had to be abandoned and the colony
+was engaged in war with the Indians for several years. Then a
+second catastrophe occurred. King James became dissatisfied with
+the independent attitude of the London Company and personally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+secured its dissolution in 1624. He then took control of Virginia
+as a Royal Colony and he himself appointed the Governor and
+Council of the colony.</p>
+
+<p>This ended all plans for the opening of the university. The
+King died in the following year and his son, King Charles I, was
+not interested in a university in Virginia. Nor was he or anyone
+else interested in sending ministers to the colonial parishes.</p>
+
+<p>The London Company, with a membership including representatives
+of the Church and the universities, and of business
+interests and the higher social classes, had the confidence of the
+people. The King did not. He had their loyalty as their sovereign,
+but the spiritual and cultural welfare of a colony overseas carried
+little weight amid the political cross-currents and the self-seeking
+of a royal court.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_TWO" id="CHAPTER_TWO"></a>CHAPTER TWO<br /><br />
+
+The Colonists at Worship</h2>
+
+
+<p>There are several first-hand accounts of religious worship in
+the earliest days of the Jamestown colony. Captain John Smith
+wrote of the men at worship in the open air until a chapel could
+be erected. He describes the scene of a celebration of the Holy
+Communion, with the Holy Table standing under an old sail
+lashed from tree to tree, with a bar of wood fastened between
+two trees as the pulpit, and men kneeling on the ground before
+their first altar. Services were held daily, according to the rules
+of the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> which they brought with them:
+morning prayer and evening prayer everyday, and sermons twice
+on Sunday and once during the week. The law of the Church
+required the Holy Communion to be celebrated at least three
+times during the year; on Christmas, Easter, and Whitsunday;
+and unquestionably this law was observed at Jamestown. Many
+clergymen celebrated that sacrament oftener. There can be little
+doubt that the first celebration of the Holy Communion at Jamestown
+was on Whitsunday, May 24th (old style) 1607, although
+the first one of which a record remains was held on the third
+Sunday after Trinity, June 21. That was a special celebration,
+held for a two-fold purpose, one, that Mr. Hunt had been able
+to reconcile serious differences between certain elements among
+the colonists who had been in angry strife with each other, and
+second, because two of the ships which brought the colonists to
+Virginia were to set sail on the following morning upon their
+return trip to England.</p>
+
+<p>William Strachey, writing in a report of the colony in 1610
+after Lord De la Warr had arrived as the new governor presents
+the following picture:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the midst of the market-place, a store-house, a "Corps-du-Garde",
+and a pretty chapel, all which the Lord Governour ordered to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+put in good repair. The chapel was in length sixty feet, in breadth
+twenty-four, and the Lord Governour had repaired it with a chancel
+of cedar and a communion table of black walnut; all the pews and
+pulpit were of cedar, with fair broad windows, also of cedar, to shut
+and open, as the weather shall occasion. The font was hewen hollow
+like a canoa, and there were two bells in the steeple at the west end.
+The Church was so cast as to be very light within, and the Lord
+Governour caused it to be kept passing sweet and trimmed up with
+divers flowers. There was a sexton in charge of the church, and every
+morning at the ringing of a bell by him, about ten o'clock, each man
+addressed himself to prayers, and so at four of the clock before supper.
+There was a sermon every Thursday and two sermons every
+Sunday, the two preachers taking their weekly turns. Every Sunday
+when the Lord Governour went to church he was accompanied with
+all the Councillors, Captains, other officers, and all the gentlemen,
+and with a guard of fifty halberdiers, in his Lordship's livery, fair
+red cloaks, on each side and behind him. The Lord Governour sat
+in the choir in a green velvet chair, with a velvet cushion before him
+on which he knelt, and the Council, Captains and officers sat on
+each side of him, each in their place; and when the Lord Governour
+returned home he was waited on in the same manner to his house.</p></div>
+
+<p>Reverend Alexander Whitaker, the first rector of the City of
+Henrico from its foundation in 1611 until his death by drowning
+in 1617, and who is still remembered as the clergyman who
+baptized the Indian princess Pocahontas, after her conversion to
+the Christian faith, described his services as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Every Sabbath we preach in the forenoon and catechize in the
+afternoon. Every Saturday at night I exercise in Sir Thomas Dale's
+house. Our Church affaires be consulted on by the minister and four
+of the most religious men. Once every month we have a communion,
+and once every year a solemn fast.</p></div>
+
+<p>This method of daily and Sunday services, as the regular rule
+of the Church of England, was adopted in Virginia as far as
+colonial conditions would permit. But apart from Jamestown itself,
+and the schools which came into existence, there would not
+be many parishes in which daily services would be feasible. The
+people lived too far apart on their farms. They might drive or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+walk three or five miles to Church on Sundays, but could not
+give the time for that on work-days. The same objection worked
+against having two services on Sunday. So the custom became
+general of having a single service in every church and chapel
+every Sunday. The statement made by Rev. Alexander Whitaker,
+that he "catechized" every Sabbath afternoon, is illustrative of the
+usual method of instructing young people of the parish in the
+Church Catechism as preparation for admission to the Holy Communion.
+Such "catechetical classes" might be held as frequently
+on Sunday afternoons as the needs of the parish children, both
+white and Negro, might require: or perhaps sometimes, as frequently
+as the zeal, or lack of zeal of the incumbent minister
+might determine. When in 1724 the Bishop of London sent a
+questionary to every Anglican clergyman incumbent of a parish
+in America, one of the questions was, "At what times do you
+Catechize the Youth of your Parish?"</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>They have builded many pretty villages, faire houses and chapels
+which are growne good benefices of 120 pounds a yeare besides their
+own mundall [mundane] industry.</p></div>
+
+<p>So wrote Captain John Smith a number of years after his return
+to England. There may have been an excess of imagination
+in describing new and raw settlements as "faire villages," but
+the salary which was to be paid to the ministers was a provable
+fact. Tithes from the culture of the land by the parishioners
+amounted to as much as £120, and the minister had a glebe of
+100 acres from the cultivation of which his tenants and servants
+through "mundall industry" might greatly increase his income.</p>
+
+<p>The London Company had carried to Virginia and fixed for
+the whole duration of the colonial period the parish system of
+the Church of England. Under that system each community
+became a parish and the people of the parish, as the land-owners
+of the community, supported the church and paid the salary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+the minister by tithes from the produce of the land. There was,
+however, one change from the custom in England. There the
+tithes of a parish might produce a salary for the incumbent in
+any amount from ten pounds to hundreds of pounds per annum.
+In Virginia the amount of the salary was fixed by the General
+Assembly as a definite quantity of tobacco. There was also a
+glebe farm and a residence. Those who came to Virginia brought
+with them their Bible and their <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> and the
+Established Church of England became the Established Church
+of the Colony.</p>
+
+<p>The all-pervading fact to be kept in mind in connection with
+the development of religious organization in Virginia is that the
+Church of England itself, during the period from 1600 to the
+Cromwellian era 1645-1660, was in a turmoil on account of two
+diverse schools of thought. One school within the Church desired
+to retain all the ancient forms of creed and worship from
+past centuries except those which had been perverted under the
+centuries of Roman Catholic domination. The other school within
+the Church desired to cast out all liturgical forms and the
+surplice, and also all power of the bishops. They wished to reduce
+worship to the forms of Calvinistic theology. There were
+also many who desired to make the Church broad enough to
+include both schools. The Calvinistic party was already forming
+dissenting congregations.</p>
+
+<p>The Brownists, later to become the Pilgrim Fathers of New
+England, had already been driven out of England; and under
+King James, who had turned against the Calvinists to support
+the "high church" party, ecclesiastical courts were being formed
+to mete out severe punishment to leaders of dissent.</p>
+
+<p>King James had declared he would "harry the dissenters" and
+force them to conform to the Established Church or be driven
+from the country. England's answer to that threat was to establish
+the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island
+and New Hampshire; and the constantly growing power of dissent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+resulted in civil war, in execution of King Charles I, in the
+era of the Commonwealth; and in the abolition of <i>Prayer Book</i>
+worship for fifteen years from every church and chapel in England.</p>
+
+<p>In 1606 when the Virginia Company was organized the Calvinistic
+party was in power in England, and there were many
+Calvinists, or Puritans, as they were then called, in the universities
+and elsewhere. The Virginia Company itself was under the
+influence of Puritan leaders; so much so, indeed, that this fact
+was one of the reasons which impelled the King to abolish the
+Virginia Company. He knew the freedom of self-government
+which the Company had established in Virginia and he no longer
+trusted its loyalty to the Monarchy.</p>
+
+<p>From the first settlement in 1607 the policy in Virginia was
+to let no question arise between high-churchman and Calvinist.
+The earlier laws required the minister of a parish to question
+every newcomer as to his religious beliefs, but there is no record
+of any Protestant dissenter or any Calvinist having been presented
+for trial before an ecclesiastical court. It is of course known
+as an historical fact that Sir Edwin Sandys labored long to secure
+from the King and the Archbishop permission to bring the
+Pilgrim Fathers from Holland, under the British flag again and
+establish them as a "hundred" in Virginia. It is of record also
+that such permission was obtained and that the Pilgrim Fathers
+set forth for the Chesapeake Bay but were diverted from their
+course by storms that carried them to a place which they named
+Plymouth. It is of record furthermore that the Reverend Henry
+Jacob, who founded the first Independent or Baptist congregation
+in London, was later forced out and came to Virginia where
+he found a home and peace until his death.</p>
+
+<p>Reverend Alexander Whitaker, rector of the two adjoining
+parishes of Henrico and Charles City from 1611 until 1617,
+was the son of a famous Puritan divine. In a letter discussing
+conditions in Virginia he said: "I marvaile much&mdash;that so few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+of our English ministers that were so hot against the surplis and
+subscription come hither where neither are spoken of." Whitaker
+was rector of two parishes because William Wickham, the minister
+of one parish, was not of Anglican ordination and could
+not lawfully celebrate the Holy Communion. After the death
+of Whitaker the Governor of Virginia requested the London
+Company to ask the Archbishop of Canterbury to authorize Mr.
+Wickham to celebrate the Sacrament, "there being no one else."
+Such authorization to a clergyman of Presbyterian ordination
+could have been given by the Archbishop at that time as it was
+permitted then by law. Wickham was not the only minister of
+Presbyterian ordination who served as incumbent of a parish
+of the Established Church in Virginia. In a report made to London
+in 1623 it was stated that in Virginia in 1619 "There were
+three ministers with orders and two without." The "two without"
+were unquestionably of Presbyterian ordination.</p>
+
+<p>Among the first laws enacted in Virginia was one requiring
+every minister who came into the colony to take the oath of
+"conformity" to the Church of England. The law did not include
+laymen; it was the minister only who was required to take the
+oath. Later, the laws enacted by the General Assembly required
+every clergyman coming into the colony to subscribe to the Articles
+of the Christian Faith according to the Church of England
+and to be of Anglican ordination. By reason of sheer inability
+at times to provide sufficient Anglican clergymen for the parishes,
+clergymen of Presbyterian ordination were permitted to serve
+in Virginia parishes; and that was true throughout the whole
+seventeenth century. The last Presbyterian clergyman to hold
+an Anglican parish in Virginia, Rev. Andrew Jackson of Christ
+Church Parish, Lancaster County, died in 1710. Throughout the
+century the law required every citizen to attend the parish
+church, but there was never an ecclesiastical court in which a
+layman could be tried, convicted or punished as a dissenter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_THREE" id="CHAPTER_THREE"></a>CHAPTER THREE<br /><br />
+
+Making Bricks Without Straw</h2>
+
+
+<p>The colony of Virginia, after the protective and guiding influence
+of the Virginia Company was taken away, found itself
+in an almost impossible situation so far as religious organization
+was concerned. The leaders of colonial life realized all the more
+clearly as time passed that King Charles I, who succeeded his
+father King James I in 1625, was not the least interested in the
+religious welfare of the colony. America was entirely outside the
+bounds of any diocese or province in England, and consequently
+there was no bishop of a diocese, or archbishop of a province
+with any personal responsibility for the guidance or help of the
+parishes which were being organized in the colony. The Church
+in Virginia was left to itself to live or to die. It believed, according
+to the teachings of the Church, that bishops were necessary
+for the ordination of men to the ministry and for the performance
+of the spiritual rite of confirmation, whereby alone under the
+law of the Church of England baptized Christians could be admitted
+to the sacrament of the Holy Communion. A bishop was
+also necessary for the organization and leadership of a diocese,
+which was the governing body to which every parish and congregation
+must belong. But no bishop was ever sent by the
+Church of England to Virginia or to any other part of America
+throughout the entire colonial period.</p>
+
+<p>The lack of a bishop left the Anglican Church, which was
+the Established Church of the whole colony, unable to organize
+for the enactment of its own laws or the management of its own
+affairs. There being no diocesan organization the clergymen in
+charge of parishes had no ecclesiastical authority over them. That
+fact tended to have the effect of making each incumbent clergyman
+a virtually free lance with no responsibility to an ecclesiastical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+superior nor community of fellowship with other clergymen
+in the colony. This condition continued until near the end of
+the century.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly of Virginia followed the example of
+the Parliament of England and asserted legislative authority by
+laws for the temporal government of the Church. It divided the
+occupied territory of the colony into parishes and it established
+new parishes as settlement extended steadily to the westward.
+Because of this fact there was never any section which was not
+part of a parish, and the usual rule when a new county was to
+be created was to establish a new parish covering the territory
+of the proposed county before the county was created. Church
+buildings might be far apart in new parishes, but no section of
+Virginia in which English people were settling was without the
+established forms of religious worship.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly enacted laws directing the election of
+laymen in every parish as the governing body of the parish in
+temporal affairs. That group was called the "Vestry." It had authority
+to buy land for churches, churchyards and glebe farms,
+to erect church buildings and to build glebe-houses as residences
+for ministers. It was also charged with the care of the poor and
+the destitute sick, and orphaned children within the parish,
+with the duty of providing new homes for these children in responsible
+families. The money to pay for the land, the buildings,
+the care of the sick and needy, the salary of the minister, and
+other parish needs was collected from the parishioners through
+an annual "tithe" of so many pounds of tobacco per poll. The
+vestry upon occasion also had certain civil duties not within the
+scope of religious organization.</p>
+
+<p>The setting up of a vestry of laymen as temporal head of the
+Church in a parish or congregation was first developed in Virginia.
+It was extended later to other colonies as the Anglican
+Church spread through them all, and it came over into the life
+of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+as the value of the vestry has been to the whole Episcopal Church,
+the vestry in Virginia was of still greater value, for by its extension
+to other colonies and states it has given one of its most distinctive
+features to the Church of today.</p>
+
+<p>In England, with the exception of some few parishes formed
+within the past century or so, no parish has the right to elect
+its own rector. The rector is usually appointed by some institution
+or individual vested with that authority which is called
+"the advowson of a parish."</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, no diocese in the Established Church of England
+has the power to select its own bishop. The King as temporal
+head of the Church appoints the bishops of all dioceses, and that
+power is exercised for the King by his prime minister. And during
+the colonial period in America the Governor of every colony
+other than Virginia and Pennsylvania appointed the rector of
+every Anglican parish and inducted him into office.</p>
+
+<p>In Virginia the vestries of the parishes fought Governor after
+Governor until they won the right for the vestry itself to choose
+the minister to serve in its parish. That right has extended
+throughout the Episcopal Church today and has gone further
+so that today the laity of the Church have the right to representation
+in all diocesan conventions and councils, and in the general
+convention of the Church. Thus the laity have their part
+in every election of a clergyman to become the bishop of a
+diocese.</p>
+
+<p>In the seventeenth century the General Assembly also put
+into effect in Virginia the constitutions and canons of the province
+of Canterbury "as far as they can be put into effect in this
+country." The General Assembly thereby made the "doctrine,
+discipline and worship" of the Anglican Church of England that
+of the Church in Virginia as far as it could be done without a
+bishop.</p>
+
+<p>That was as far as the General Assembly could go. Throughout
+all the seventeenth century the Established Church of Virginia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+consisted of a group of parishes without connection with each
+other and without central spiritual authority. There was therefore
+no actual power of discipline, either of clergymen or laymen.</p>
+
+<p>The situation was made all the more difficult because there
+was no sure way to secure ministers. When a parish became
+vacant some layman in the parish would have to write to his
+business agent in England, or to some friend or relative there
+and ask that he find a clergyman who would come to Virginia.
+Parishes, when they became vacant, remained vacant as a rule
+for a year or more; sometimes very much more. The vestries early
+adopted the custom of appointing godly laymen as readers whose
+duty it was to assist the minister by leading the congregation
+in the responses in the Church service, and in raising tunes for
+the singing of metrical version of the Psalms. Later, when it
+was found desirable to erect chapels of ease in populous parishes,
+enough readers were appointed in every parish to permit one
+of them to hold morning service each Sunday in each place of
+worship throughout the parish, while the minister went his
+usual round of service in each church or chapel upon regular
+schedule. Except in remote chapels the custom was to have service
+each Sunday in every church or chapel.</p>
+
+<p>The reader was authorized to conduct morning and evening
+prayer and to read a printed sermon, or a "homily." He could not
+celebrate the sacrament of Holy Communion. Rather frequently,
+and especially during the era of the Commonwealth and the
+reign of Charles II, several adjoining parishes would be vacant
+at the same time; and at one time about the end of the Commonwealth
+period the statement was made that there were only
+some ten clergymen in Virginia to serve fifty parishes. Under
+such circumstances the reader was called upon to perform many
+duties. He might baptize a dying child, conduct a funeral, or
+perform a marriage ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>There was also in those early days no way of screening out
+unworthy men who appeared occasionally as clergymen in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+colony; men who perhaps had been forced out of parishes in
+England because of immorality or drunkenness; and occasionally
+men with forged credentials. Such men were occasionally appointed
+to parishes by vestries who had no way of learning their
+true status; and if the man was thenceforth morally decent and
+had no great fault except occasional drunkenness, he would be
+allowed to stay on because of the need of a priest to celebrate the
+sacraments.</p>
+
+<p>The vestries protected their parishes from unworthy clergymen
+by the uncanonical appointment of a minister as incumbent
+of a parish for a year at a time, rather than present him canonically
+to the Governor of the colony for induction into the rectorship
+of the parish. Under the law of England, and under the law of
+the Church of England, no rector could be forced out of a parish
+after induction except after an ecclesiastical trial by the bishop
+or his commissary.</p>
+
+<p>In 1656 John Hammond published a pamphlet entitled <i>Leah
+and Rachel</i>, extolling the attractiveness of Virginia and Maryland
+as places of residence at that time. He described vividly
+the difficulties which the older colony had suffered in the earlier
+years of Charles I. He wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>They then began to provide and send home for Gospel ministers,
+and largely contributed for their maintenance. But Virginia savouring
+not handsomely in England, very few of good conversation would adventure
+thither, (as thinking it a place wherein surely the fear of
+God was not), yet many came, such as wore black coats, and could
+babble in a pulpet, roare in a tavern, exact from their parishioners,
+and rather by their dissolutenesse destroy than feed their flocks.</p>
+
+<p>Loath was the country to be wholly without teachers, and therefore
+rather retain these than to be destitute; yet still endeavours for better
+in their places, which were obtained, and these wolves in sheeps
+cloathing, by their Assemblies questioned, silenced, and some forced
+to depart the country.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another problem which the Church faced in Virginia resulted
+from the character of the immigrants who came to the colony.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+It is a well established fact that the men who came in three
+ships to Jamestown in 1607 were from various strata of society
+in England. They all entered James River on equality of opportunity
+and of danger. Some at least had come from the higher
+classes of society; younger sons, perhaps, or relatives of stockholders
+in the London Company, attracted to Virginia because
+of the newness of the adventure and the spice of danger; sons
+of professional men and men of business, intrigued by a new
+business life and opportunity; men from the laboring classes
+and the peasantry of rural sections. But it is extremely doubtful
+that the Jamestown settlement, after its tragic first years, continued
+very long to be attractive to young men seeking adventure
+only. Many of the families of today who boast of their generations
+of ancestry in Virginia descend from or married into the
+families of the men and women who came to the colony in these
+earliest years of settlement, and have ancestors buried among
+the unknown dead of the Jamestown cemetery and churchyard.</p>
+
+<p>There were three sources from which the settlers came; and
+these sources were more or less in effect throughout the whole
+of Virginia's first century. First and foremost in numbers and
+importance were the sons of small farmers and tenant farmers,
+and younger sons of the laboring classes and small merchants.
+No matter how large the population may be, always there are
+positions of employment with a normal wage; but when the
+younger sons of a mechanic or other working man grow to maturity
+where there is only one wage-producing employment available
+to the family, the younger sons must seek a living from other
+sources. Farms cannot be reduced below the number of acres
+required to support one family. When that has been done and
+there are several sons, one of them must inherit the farm and
+the others must seek a living elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>The broad acres of Virginia and its equable climate attracted
+thousands of such younger sons, and also others who had not
+been successful and sought opportunity in a new land. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+settlers came from every section of England, and from the bleak
+hills of Scotland; from Wales and also from Ireland. The English
+were mostly from the Anglican parishes of the Established
+Church. The Scottish new-comers were accustomed to membership
+in the Established Church of Scotland and they found little
+difficulty in living within the Established Church of Virginia.
+Indeed there is no recorded effort to establish a Presbyterian
+congregation in Virginia until the last quarter of the seventeenth
+century. So friendly was the feeling between the Anglicans and
+the Scottish Presbyterians in the Norfolk section that Rev. James
+Porter of Presbyterian ordination was the incumbent minister
+of the Anglican Lynnhaven Parish prior to 1676 and until his
+death in 1683.</p>
+
+<p>A second source, certainly in the early years, was the rapidly
+increasing population of the cities and towns of England. It
+is of record that in the days of the London Company one town
+appropriated funds sufficient to pay the expenses to Virginia of
+a large number of its unemployed, and probably the same thing
+was done by other towns for their unemployed. Doubtless a little
+"pressure" was applied in the case of young men who had no occupation
+and no visible means of support. And shanghaiing, to
+use a modern term, was not unknown.</p>
+
+<p>A third source from which settlers came developed from the
+custom which grew up in England of sending to Virginia, and
+later to all the colonies, persons who had been convicted of law-breaking.
+At that time there were some hundred felonies in the
+English code of jurisprudence for which the sentence of death
+by hanging could be imposed. These felonies included such offenses
+as stealing a pig or anything of greater value than a shilling.
+The ruling classes of England had long realized that punishments
+were too severe for offenses which today would be misdemeanors;
+and in the fifteenth century an effort had been made
+to mitigate the severity of punishment by an amendment of the
+law of "benefit of clergy." This law was a law of Parliament<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+which had come down from earlier ages of the Church. Under
+that law an ecclesiastical person, either priest or monk, who
+was charged with a felony could not be tried by a civil court
+but was delivered up to the bishop of his diocese for trial in an
+ecclesiastical court.</p>
+
+<p>By the end of the sixteenth century Parliament had amended
+the benefit of clergy law so that every free male who could read
+and write, upon conviction of a first offense of felony might
+plead "benefit of clergy", and upon showing that he could read
+a verse of Scripture, have the penalty remitted. He was then
+burned in the hand with a hot iron so that the scar thereby made
+would be evidence against him if he should plead benefit of
+clergy a second time.</p>
+
+<p>The benefit of clergy law was early written into the Virginia
+code and continued in that code until after the Revolution. Harsh
+as was the law it showed a real effort to ameliorate still harsher
+laws, and it saved the lives in England and America of many
+thousands of first offenders. The first verse of the fifty-first Psalm
+was so frequently presented to be read by some convicted man
+or boy that it became known as the "neck verse" because it saved
+a life; and many a kindly official taught a 'teen-age boy that
+verse so that he could "read" it when it was presented to him.</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest records of the General Court of Virginia
+contains the following entry under date January 4, 1628/29:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>William Reade, aged thirteen or fourteen years, convicted of manslaughter,
+when the verdict was read, and William Reade asked what
+he had to say for himself, that he ought not to die, demanded his
+clergy, whereupon he was delivered to the Ordinary.</p></div>
+
+<p>There were many such instances. In Virginia the Governor
+was the Ordinary and as such had authority to accept the boy's
+plea, have him read the "neck verse," and thereby permit him
+to go free "after the burning."</p>
+
+<p>The severity of the laws influenced the courts in many parts
+of England to permit or sentence an offender to escape death<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+by going to one of the American colonies, and it became the
+custom to sentence convicted criminals to serve for a period of
+years in an American colony as an indentured servant. A great
+number of such "convicts" were sent to Virginia because of the
+constant demand there for indentured servants to cultivate the
+fields and for other duties.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the convicts became useful citizens of the colony
+after their terms of servitude ended; but many did not reform
+and in time became such a menace that for a period after 1670
+the General Assembly forbade that any more convicts be brought
+into the colony.</p>
+
+<p>It can be seen therefore that from the beginning the population
+of Virginia grew by immigration from various sources and
+that not all who came to the colony were of the best type. The
+New England colonies had the advantage that their immigrants
+came in large part from dissenters from the Established Church
+of England. They came for "conscience sake," however, and
+with their concept of theocratic government the New England
+colonists could make it difficult indeed for immigrants they
+did not welcome. After Roger Williams had been exiled to
+Rhode Island and a few Quakers had been hanged on Boston
+Common, it was made clear to Baptists and Quakers, to Anglicans
+and to witches that Virginia was a more favorable climate for
+them than Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>In contrast to New England, Virginia was founded and developed
+as a cross-section of the whole life of the British Isles,
+with its evil as well as its good; with ideals of freedom of thought
+which made no attempt to control a man's conscience; and with
+an ever growing concept of self-government and human freedom
+as already developed during nearly a thousand years and set out
+by the common law and the statute law of the race. Virginia
+was not founded upon any theocratic concept of government
+under the influence of a priestly class.</p>
+
+<p>The life and community consciousness that developed in Virginia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+into the distinctive customs and ways of a well organized
+and firmly established commonwealth were necessarily different
+from those of the colonies in New England because of the differing
+conditions under which men lived. In the township system
+of New England a village normally became the township center
+and the people lived near enough to each other to enable them
+to meet frequently; to work and play together; to transact business;
+and to gossip of neighborhood affairs. In Virginia it was
+otherwise. In Virginia families lived on separate farms and each
+farm was of necessity a community within itself. Life was geared
+to the basic fact that tobacco was the money crop, and also was
+the real source of the financial strength and stability of the colony.
+Each family required a farm of sufficient acreage to raise tobacco
+as well as food-stuff and cattle; and throughout the whole colonial
+period the genius of Virginian life opposed the development of
+towns of greater population than was required for a shipping
+point and a warehouse, for the storing and grading of tobacco,
+and for a few agents of English and Scottish merchants.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FOUR" id="CHAPTER_FOUR"></a>CHAPTER FOUR<br /><br />
+
+Building a Christian Community</h2>
+
+
+<p>John Hammond, in his pamphlet <i>Leah and Rachel</i> sketched
+briefly conditions which existed in Virginia between the "starving
+time" of 1609-10 and the year 1656. His attempt was to correct
+an opinion widely held in England of the lawlessness of colonial
+life. He interpreted the great massacre of 1622 as the end of
+one phase and the beginning of another. He showed that in each
+phase there was an inevitable period of laxity of life and disregard
+of moral and legal conventions which was overcome finally
+by the better element of citizenry. His writing presents a dark
+picture of conditions, possibly too dark in some phases; but his
+picture of the power of the growing colony to establish and maintain
+general concepts of decency of life and conduct is impressive.</p>
+
+<p>Of the period following the great massacre he wrote:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Receiving a supply of men, ammunition and victuals out of England,
+they again gathered heart, pursued their enemies, and so often
+worsted them, that the Indians were glad to sue for peace, and they,
+(desirous of a cessation) consented to it.</p>
+
+<p>They again began to bud forth, to spread further, to gather wealth,
+which they rather profusely spent (as gotten with ease) than providently
+husbanded, or aimed at any public good; or to make a
+country for posterity; but from hand to mouth, and for a present
+being; neglecting discoveries, planting orchards, providing for the
+winter preservation of their stocks, or thinking of anything stable or
+firm; and whilst tobacco, the only commodity they had to subsist
+on, bore a price, they wholly and eagerly followed that, neglecting
+their very planting of corn, and much relyed on England for the
+chiefest part of their provisions; so that being not alwayes amply
+supplied, they were often in such want, that their case and condition
+being relayted in England, it hindred and kept off many from going
+thither, who rather cast their eyes on the barren and freezing soyle
+of New-England, than to joyn with such an indigent and sottish
+people as were reported to be in Virginia.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+<p>Yet was not Virginia all this while without divers honest and
+vertuous inhabitants, who, observing the general neglect and licensiousnesses
+there, caused Assemblies to be call'd and laws to be
+made tending to the glory of God, the severe suppression of vices,
+and the compelling them not to neglect (upon strickt punishments)
+planting and tending such quantities of corn, as would not onely
+serve themselves, their cattle and hogs plentifully, but to be enabled
+to supply New-England (then in want) with such proportions, as
+were extream reliefs to them in their necessities.</p>
+
+<p>From this industry of theirs and great plenty of corn, (the main
+staffe of life), proceeded that great plenty of cattle and hogs, (now
+innumerable) and out of which not only New-England hath been
+stocked and relieved, but all others parts of the Indies inhabited by
+Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants now finding the benefit of their industries, began
+to look with delight on their increasing stocks; (as nothing more
+pleasurable than profit), to take pride in their plentifully furnished
+tables, to grow not onely civil, but great observers of the Sabbath, to
+stand upon their reputations, and to be ashamed of that notorious
+manner of life they had formerly lived and wallowed in....</p>
+
+<p>Then began the Gospel to flourish, civil, honourable, and men
+of great estates flocked in; famous buildings went forward, orchards
+innumerable were planted and preserved; tradesmen set on work and
+encouraged, staple commodities, as silk, flax, pot-ashes, etc., of
+which I shall speak further hereafter, attempted on, and with good
+success brought to perfection; so that this country which had a mean
+beginning, many back friends, two ruinous and bloody massacres,
+hath by God's grace out-grown all, and is become a place of pleasure
+and plenty.</p></div>
+
+<p>It may possibly be worthwhile to compare the life of Virginia
+during its first two generations with the far west of the United
+States from the gold-rush days of 1849 to the end of the nineteenth
+century. There again, as in the Virginia of 1607, bona
+fide settlers of moral ideals and stability of life prevailed in the
+long run and developed self-governing states which maintained
+the moral code.</p>
+
+<p>But Virginia had an advantage which the far west of the gold-rush
+days lacked. Virginia had an Established Church which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+in spite of its own problems and difficulties created a parish in
+every section, and provided clergymen as far as they could be
+obtained. It is granted that some at least of the clergymen were
+unworthy. The vestries themselves ejected men of that kind and
+services could be maintained by readers. And so the Word of
+God was read and prayer was offered regularly; and every man
+who could read had the Ten Commandments staring him in the
+face from the tablets on the wall behind the Holy Table. The
+individual might scorn and sneer but in the end the Law of
+God became the law of the community.</p>
+
+<p>Men came to church in those early days. For one reason, the
+law of the colony required it and there was the threat of punishment
+if absence from church was reported to the grand jury. But
+there was another reason also, even though men and women
+were compelled to walk five or six miles to attend. That other
+reason was the loneliness of farm life in the early days of colonial
+Virginia. The churchyard on a Sunday morning was then the
+meeting-place of the whole community, and the only place where
+all could meet on the same level. The only other meetings were
+when elections were held at the Court House, every three or
+four years. And men might attend the meetings of the county
+court; but women could not vote, and they did not go to elections;
+nor were they apt to attend meetings of the county court
+except in rare instances when they were engaged in litigation.
+And the amount of hard liquor consumed on election days and
+county court days was also a deterrent.</p>
+
+<p>Before the day of parish aid societies and women's guilds, the
+church service of a Sunday morning was moreover the only
+meeting to which everybody might come as of right; and while at
+church the women discussed affairs and neighbors within the
+church building the men outside walked about or sat on stumps
+or logs and held their discussions before and after the service hour.</p>
+
+<p>The church with its churchyard was the public forum at which
+matters of public policy and public interest were discussed. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+was here also that business was transacted; and it was here that
+community spirit of fellowship, of sympathy and of understanding
+was developed. The colonial government recognized all this
+by directing that every public communication which had to be
+brought to the attention of the people as a whole be read to the
+congregation of every church or chapel in the colony. And the
+Church recognized the same thing by providing that such announcements
+should be made immediately after the reading of
+the second lesson or New Testament lesson in the morning service.
+The approaching worshipper never knew what interesting
+announcement might be made at that time; so there was always
+an element of expectancy and suspense; perhaps an announcement
+of the banns of matrimony; perhaps the reading of a new law, or
+of some proclamation by the Governor and Council; perhaps the
+baptism of a baby, or even a marriage.</p>
+
+<p>So it was that men and women of all classes came under the
+influence of Christian teaching whether they would or no; and
+the constant teaching and stressing of moral and Christian ideals
+of life had their effect in changing and improving the character
+of the community life.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 393px;">
+<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="393" height="580" alt="Old Church Tower, Jamestown, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce" title="Old Church Tower, Jamestown, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">Old Church Tower, Jamestown, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="600" height="331" alt="Jamestown Church Communion Service
+
+Chalice and paten given by Governor Francis Moryson, in 1661. Both bearing the inscription: Mix not
+holy things with profane. Ex dono Francisco Morrison, Armigeri Anno Domi, 1661.
+
+Large paten at the right given by Sir Edmund Andros, Governor, 1694. Inscribed: In usum Ecclesiae Jacobi-Polis.
+Ex dono Dni Edmundi Andros, Equitis, Virginiae Gubernatoris, Anno Dom. MDCXCIV.
+
+Alms basin, London, 1739. Second on the right. Inscription: For the use of James City Parish Church. Given
+by the old church at Jamestown in 1758 to Bruton Parish Church.
+
+Courtesy Miss Emily Hall" title="Jamestown Church Communion Service" />
+<span class="caption">Jamestown Church Communion Service<br />
+
+Chalice and paten given by Governor Francis Moryson, in 1661. Both bearing the inscription: Mix not
+holy things with profane. Ex dono Francisco Morrison, Armigeri Anno Domi, 1661.<br />
+
+Large paten at the right given by Sir Edmund Andros, Governor, 1694. Inscribed: In usum Ecclesiae Jacobi-Polis.
+Ex dono Dni Edmundi Andros, Equitis, Virginiae Gubernatoris, Anno Dom. MDCXCIV.<br />
+
+Alms basin, London, 1739. Second on the right. Inscription: For the use of James City Parish Church. Given
+by the old church at Jamestown in 1758 to Bruton Parish Church.<br />
+
+<small>Courtesy Miss Emily Hall</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="600" height="256" alt="COMMUNION SERVICE IN USE AT SMITH&#39;S HUNDRED, 1618.
+
+This three piece communion service now at St. John&#39;s Church, Elizabeth City Parish, Hampton, Virginia,
+has the longest history of use in the United States of any church silver. The set, a gift to the church founded
+in 1618 at Smith&#39;s Hundred in Charles City County, was made possible by a legacy in the will (date 1617) of
+Mrs. Mary Robinson of London. Smith&#39;s Hundred renamed Southampton Hundred, 1620, was practically
+wiped out in the Indian Massacre of 1622. This communion set delivered in 1627 to the Court at Jamestown
+for safe keeping, supposedly, then was given to the second Elizabeth City Church built on Southampton (now
+Hampton) River. The inscription in one line on the base of the Chalice is: The Communion Cupp for Snt
+Marys Church in Smiths Hundred in Virginia. Hall marks on all three pieces bear London date-letters for
+1618-19.
+
+Courtesy Mrs. L. T. Jester and Mrs. P. W. Hiden" title="COMMUNION SERVICE IN USE AT SMITH&#39;S HUNDRED, 1618." />
+<span class="caption">COMMUNION SERVICE IN USE AT SMITH&#39;S HUNDRED, 1618.<br />
+
+This three piece communion service now at St. John&#39;s Church, Elizabeth City Parish, Hampton, Virginia,
+has the longest history of use in the United States of any church silver. The set, a gift to the church founded
+in 1618 at Smith&#39;s Hundred in Charles City County, was made possible by a legacy in the will (date 1617) of
+Mrs. Mary Robinson of London. Smith&#39;s Hundred renamed Southampton Hundred, 1620, was practically
+wiped out in the Indian Massacre of 1622. This communion set delivered in 1627 to the Court at Jamestown
+for safe keeping, supposedly, then was given to the second Elizabeth City Church built on Southampton (now
+Hampton) River. The inscription in one line on the base of the Chalice is: The Communion Cupp for Snt
+Marys Church in Smiths Hundred in Virginia. Hall marks on all three pieces bear London date-letters for
+1618-19.<br />
+
+<small>Courtesy Mrs. L. T. Jester and Mrs. P. W. Hiden</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image004.jpg" width="600" height="352" alt="The Glebe House, Charles City County, Virginia
+
+Courtesy Valentine Museum, Richmond" title="The Glebe House, Charles City County, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">The Glebe House, Charles City County, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Courtesy Valentine Museum, Richmond</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="600" height="341" alt="Glebe House, Gloucester County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce" title="Glebe House, Gloucester County, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">Glebe House, Gloucester County, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 380px;">
+<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="380" height="580" alt="Christ Church, Middlesex County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce" title="Christ Church, Middlesex County, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">Christ Church, Middlesex County, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image007.jpg" width="600" height="356" alt="Merchant&#39;s Hope Church, Prince George County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce" title="Merchant&#39;s Hope Church, Prince George County, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">Merchant&#39;s Hope Church, Prince George County, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image008.jpg" width="600" height="334" alt="Saint Lukes Church, Isle of Wight County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce" title="Saint Lukes Church, Isle of Wight County, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">Saint Lukes Church, Isle of Wight County, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image009.jpg" width="600" height="404" alt="Saint Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce" title="Saint Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia" />
+<span class="caption">Saint Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia<br />
+
+<small>Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/image010.jpg" width="600" height="364" alt="Robert Hunt Memorial Plaque
+
+Altar-piece. A bronze bas-relief representing the administration of the first Anglican communion
+in America, June 21, 1607. George T. Brewster, sc. Gorham Co., founders.
+
+Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum" title="Robert Hunt Memorial Plaque" />
+<span class="caption">Robert Hunt Memorial Plaque<br />
+
+Altar-piece. A bronze bas-relief representing the administration of the first Anglican communion
+in America, June 21, 1607. George T. Brewster, sc. Gorham Co., founders.<br />
+
+<small>Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;">
+<img src="images/image011.jpg" width="412" height="580" alt="Robert Hunt Memorial Shrine
+
+Erected by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in
+the State of Virginia. Presented to the Diocese of Southern Virginia
+of the Protestant Episcopal Church, June 15, 1922. It was placed in
+the perpetual care of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
+Antiquities.
+
+Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum and National Park Service" title="Robert Hunt Memorial Shrine" />
+<span class="caption">Robert Hunt Memorial Shrine<br />
+
+Erected by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in
+the State of Virginia. Presented to the Diocese of Southern Virginia
+of the Protestant Episcopal Church, June 15, 1922. It was placed in
+the perpetual care of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
+Antiquities.<br />
+
+<small>Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum and National Park Service</small></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FIVE" id="CHAPTER_FIVE"></a>CHAPTER FIVE<br /><br />
+
+The Coming of the Negro</h2>
+
+
+<p>A new element came early into the life of Virginia, with
+permanent and continuous hurt to the welfare of the colony and
+later to the Commonwealth; an element to which the colony
+was compelled to adapt itself because it did not have the power
+to eradicate it after men perceived its danger. It was the element
+of human slavery.</p>
+
+<p>The first Negro captives were brought into the port of Jamestown
+in the year 1619. They were brought by a foreign ship
+then described as a "Dutch" ship, but presumably a Portuguese
+slaver seeking the enlargement of his market. The Portuguese
+had developed a market for Negro slaves in the Spanish colonies
+in the Caribbean where the enslaved Indians proved unable to
+perform the hard work demanded of them. Unhappily the slavers
+succeeded in widening their market to include Virginia and the
+other English colonies of the American continent and in the
+West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The first Negroes were brought to Jamestown in 1619 and sold
+to English masters as indentured servants. As such they were
+required to serve for a definite number of years and after that
+they would become freemen entitled to all the benefit of Virginia
+law. The goal set before them, as before immigrants from France
+and the Netherlands, was eventual freedom and naturalization
+as full citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The tragedy of the Negro was that he had been procured by
+the Portuguese as a captive taken in war between the native
+Negro tribes, and he came into the life of Virginia utterly ignorant
+of every British ideal of human freedom and government under
+constitutional law. He knew nothing of the English language.
+The indentured Englishman or Scotsman who was sold into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+service came with inherited knowledge of Anglo-Saxon ideals of
+civil government and Christian faith; and the one great goal set
+before him was that he could become a legal citizen of Virginia
+after he completed his years of servitude. The Negro knew nothing
+of all this.</p>
+
+<p>There would have been little difficulty if the few Negroes in
+the first ship had been all who came. The government could have
+provided for their care and for their instruction in English ideals
+and the Christian faith. But they were not all who came. The
+first indentured Negroes proved useful as hewers of wood and
+drawers of water, and they were capable of far more work in the
+fields than many of the Englishmen: and so the agrarian needs
+of the community where all men were farmers made the governmental
+authorities willing to admit more Negroes.</p>
+
+<p>The authorities must have realized at once that if Negroes
+were brought into the colony in great number they could not be
+permitted to become freemen after any period of indenture. That
+would have brought into the life of Virginia a steadily growing
+population of men and women who knew nothing of English
+institutions, or of the English language, or of the Christian religion.
+The welfare of the colony required that if they were to
+be admitted at all, they could be admitted only as servants under
+a permanent status of servitude. So slavery was introduced into
+the British empire; and in America the enslavement of the Negro
+was permitted in New England as well as in Virginia, the Carolinas
+and in Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>That was the first act in the great tragedy of Negro slavery in
+America. The second was that the enslavement and sale of Negroes
+proved so profitable that the people of England entered
+into it by chartering the Royal African Company, with authority
+to purchase captive Negroes throughout a large portion of Africa
+which was assigned to the Company for that purpose. At one
+time at least the King of England owned stock in the Company;
+and he gave his instruction to the royal Governors of American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+colonies that they should not permit the passage through a colonial
+legislature of any act which would interfere with the right
+to import Negroes and sell them into slavery within the colony.</p>
+
+<p>The third act in the tragedy was that after Virginia and perhaps
+other colonies had made many unavailing efforts to check
+or forbid by legislation the bringing of more Negroes from Africa,
+the War of American Independence was fought and won. In the
+Constitutional Convention of the new sovereign states called to
+create a Federal Union of them all, the representatives of Virginia
+and other states fought bitterly for an immediate prohibition
+against further importation of Negro slaves, only to be defeated
+by the cotton-growing interests of some states and the
+shipping interests of others who demanded that the trade be continued
+for a period of years. And so the Constitution of the
+United States when first put into effect in the Federal Union
+permitted for twenty years the importation of captive Negroes
+from Africa and their sale into slavery.</p>
+
+<p>The increase in the number of Negro slaves in those states
+where their labor proved profitable brought with it the constant
+fear of a Negro insurrection; a fear that continued until the
+ending of slavery in this country. The presence of the Negroes
+and of English convicts sold into servitude made it impossible
+upon any large plantation for the women and children of the
+master's household ever to be left without the protection of a
+slave-master who had the power of gun and lash to protect them
+from harm.</p>
+
+<p>The preaching of the Christian faith to the heathen Indians,
+which was so strongly present in the purposes of the London
+Company at the first settlement of Virginia, must have been
+considered when the custom of admitting Negro slaves began
+but there is no recorded evidence bearing upon that subject. If
+there had been a bishop in the colony he could have made the
+conversion of the Negro to Christianity an important part of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+diocesan program; but without a bishop nothing could be done
+in an organized way. The matter was perforce left to the consciences
+of the incumbent ministers of the several parishes.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that every first generation of the slaves
+had come to America as captives taken in war of one tribe against
+another. Their languages and dialects included perhaps every
+language in central and southern Africa; and their unfamiliar
+languages made it almost impossible for the average citizen or
+his parson to do much in the way of preaching the Christian
+faith; except perhaps in the observance of the universal law of
+kindness.</p>
+
+<p>The birth of slave children, however, removed the barrier of
+language, for the children were taught English as their native
+tongue. The children therefore could be taught. All teaching of
+children, whether children of the master and mistress or those
+born as their slaves, was considered the duty of the whole family.
+And the teaching of the catechism and the duties of a Christian
+life to the slave children was as important a part of the family
+responsibility in a Christian home as the teaching of the children
+of the family itself. No clergyman of the Church would be willing
+to baptize a slave child unless there were responsible sponsors
+present who would assume the obligation to give steady Christian
+teaching. So it became a rule of the clergy, or most of them, that
+the master and mistress in the case of each such baptism must
+assume the obligation to give the child Christian training. The
+baptized children could then in early youth be permitted to attend
+the instruction classes which were held by the incumbent minister
+for them. The slave child and the master's child would share
+the privilege of admission to the Sacrament of the Holy Communion
+when each one had shown sufficient knowledge and
+understanding of right and wrong, and had been sufficiently
+instructed in "the things which a Christian should know and
+believe." No one knows how many or what percentage of slave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+children in Virginia or elsewhere were baptized, or how many
+became communicants because no record was kept. But there
+were enough baptisms to create a new problem.</p>
+
+<p>There was no Negro slavery in England, and it was generally
+understood that when a Negro slave set foot upon the soil of
+England he became a free man. Somehow that concept of freedom
+became linked in common thinking with the concept of
+baptism into the Christian faith; and there arose in practically
+every slave-holding section of the English colonies a question
+whether the very act of baptizing a slave child did not set him
+free from slavery. Because of that question many slave-owners
+declined to permit the baptism of their slaves until the question
+was settled, and consequently in every slave-owning colony it
+became necessary to secure a legislative enactment establishing
+the legal status of a baptized slave. The question arose in Virginia,
+and in 1667 the following act was adopted by the General Assembly:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas some doubts have risen whether children that are slaves
+by birth, and by the charity and piety of their owners made partakers
+of the blessed sacrament of baptisme, should by virtue of their
+baptisme be made free; <i>It is enacted and declared by this Grand
+Assembly and the authority thereof</i>, that the conferring of baptisme
+doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedom;
+that diverse masters, freed from this doubt, may more carefully
+endeavour the propagation of Christianity by permitting children,
+though slaves, or those of greater growth if capable to be admitted
+to that sacrament.</p></div>
+
+<p>The question was settled likewise throughout all the slave-holding
+colonies of England, and human slavery was written
+into the laws of the various colonies of the British empire, there
+to remain until the ideals of the nineteenth century eliminated
+it from the constitution and the laws of every English-speaking
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>The following incidents, although they occurred in the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+half of the eighteenth century, outside the period covered by this
+booklet, are yet of such interest in the continuing story of Negro
+slavery as to be worth recording here.</p>
+
+<p>In 1724 the Bishop of London, Edmund Gibson, sent a questionary
+to the incumbent minister of every Anglican parish in the
+American colonies. Among the questions he asked were two; one
+inquiring how many "infidels," either Indians or Negroes, there
+were in each parish; and two, what efforts were being made to
+convert them to the Christian faith. The answers revealed a
+serious situation, and the need of more definite and better organized
+efforts to convert the Negroes.</p>
+
+<p>The first effort made by the Bishop of London was as strong a
+pastoral letter as he could write upon the need of more earnest
+effort to bring the Negro slaves into the Christian faith. He also
+prepared a pamphlet to be used for the instruction of Negroes.
+His pastoral letter and his pamphlet were sent to every incumbent
+minister, and copies were given to the heads of families.</p>
+
+<p>Another effort was the organization in England in 1723 by the
+Rev. Thomas Bray of a company called "Dr. Bray's Associates."
+Dr. Thomas Bray was the bishop's commissary to the province
+of Maryland. The purpose of Dr. Bray's Associates was to establish
+in the colonies schools for the education and Christian instruction
+of Negro children, and it did a useful work. It did a
+notable work in the City of New York, and it conducted schools
+in other places; one of them at Williamsburg, in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>There was another and most unusual development in Virginia.
+Under the urge of the Bishop of London's pastoral letter there
+came a great increase in the number of baptisms of adult Negroes;
+so sudden an increase as to cause concern to Commissary
+Blair and to Governor Gooch. In some way a report had spread
+among the Negroes that ex-Governor Alexander Spotswood, upon
+his return from a voyage to England, had brought with him an
+order from the King directing that all baptized Negro slaves be
+set free. The story, improbable as it was to English ears, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+believed implicitly by the Negroes and it brought many of them
+to their parish clergy seeking for baptism. Time passed and there
+was no movement to set the baptized Negroes free. They became
+indignant, for they believed the colonial authorities had ignored
+the King's order. A plot for a Negro uprising was formed; but
+the plot was discovered and the ringleaders were punished.</p>
+
+<p>Another incident occurred two years later. A woman slave who
+had been baptized was convicted of manslaughter in the Gloucester
+County Court which sentenced her to death. She thereupon
+plead the benefit of clergy. Her plea brought a new problem to
+the courts of Virginia for until that time no woman and no slave
+in the colony had ever been permitted to plead benefit of clergy.
+The County Court considered the plea and the vote was a tie
+between granting the plea and enforcement of the sentence. The
+County Court referred the matter to the General Court of the
+colony; and there again the vote resulted in a tie. The General
+Court therefore referred the case to the Attorney General of
+England. Meanwhile, the General Court ordered that the woman's
+plea be granted, and, in order not to set a precedent in an
+unsettled question, directed that she be sold out of the colony.
+At a subsequent meeting of the General Assembly the matter
+was settled so far as Virginia was concerned by enactment of a
+law that all persons convicted of a first offense of felony, whether
+male or female, bond or free, might plead benefit of clergy.</p>
+
+<p>Slavery existed in the American colonies from Massachusetts
+and Connecticut to Virginia and the Carolinas at the end of the
+seventeenth century. It was alien to English ideals of human freedom.
+Yet out of it all one tremendously important fact has come
+to pass. The Negro came to America from almost every Negro
+tribe and dialect in central and southern Africa; he came without
+any connection except his connection with other slaves when
+more than one were sold to the same master. He came into a
+highly developed civilization with great organized power of leadership
+and government; and through the generations of slavery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+the Negro in America wrought for himself a national and racial
+consciousness within the sphere of American life. The American
+Negro today is the most highly educated and the most advanced
+Negro in the world. As such he has the opportunity to make his
+own contribution to the culture and the civilization of the world.
+This their centuries of slavery and repression have brought them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SIX" id="CHAPTER_SIX"></a>CHAPTER SIX<br /><br />
+
+Fighting Adverse Conditions</h2>
+
+
+<p>The political conditions in England throughout the middle of
+the seventeenth century bore heavily upon Virginia in religious
+as well as in civil matters. The period of civil war which began
+in 1642 lasted until the King was captured by the parliamentary
+forces, and Archbishop Laud, the hated persecutor of dissenters,
+was beheaded. After an imprisonment of four years the king was
+beheaded and Oliver Cromwell reigned as Protector of the Commonwealth.
+The civil war had lined up the dissenting bodies in
+England, and the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, against the
+King and the Church of England.</p>
+
+<p>On the American scene the Puritan colonies in New England
+were in hearty sympathy with the dissenters in England. In Virginia
+the government and the great body of the people were in
+equal sympathy with King Charles and the Established Church.
+It is true there were in Virginia the goodly number of several
+hundred Puritan settlers. In the Church also there was some
+Puritan sympathy among a small group of the clergy. One of
+these, indeed, the Rev. Thomas Harrison, who became minister
+of Elizabeth River Parish (Norfolk) in 1640, was presented for
+trial in the county court in April 1645 "For not reading the Book
+of Common Prayer, and not administering the sacrament of baptism
+according to the canons and order prescribed, and for not
+catechizing on Sunday in the afternoon, according to the Act of
+Assembly." He was banished to Massachusetts in 1648, where he
+remained for two years and married. Afterward he returned to
+England and was given official position in the Commonwealth
+under Cromwell.</p>
+
+<p>In the heated atmosphere of the times the Puritan group in
+Virginia took occasion to apply to the Puritan church government<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+in Massachusetts to send three ordained Puritan "missionaries"
+to their fellow religionists in Virginia, but upon the arrival of
+the missionaries their ship was met by government officials; the
+three missionaries sent back to Massachusetts; and the master of
+the ship was fined for bringing them to the colony. No one in
+official position in Virginia could escape the conviction that the
+sending of Puritan ministers to Virginia at such a time, whether
+upon request of the Nansemond River group or upon suggestion
+from Boston, was for any purpose other than to foment and organize
+Puritan opposition to the King. For that reason Puritanism
+in Virginia came under suspicion, and the Governor, Sir William
+Berkeley, with the full support of the government and public
+opinion, treated all Puritans as enemies. He made their situation
+so intolerable that the entire group accepted an invitation from
+the proprietor of the Province of Maryland and migrated to that
+colony. There, given land on the Severn River, they gained control
+of the provincial government within a few years. The forcing
+of the group out of Virginia was a political act of defense and
+was not religious persecution.</p>
+
+<p>The English Parliament in 1645 enacted a law abolishing the
+Church of England as an active organization. The law enacted
+by Parliament drove every bishop from his diocese, and forbade
+the use of the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> in any church or chapel
+in England. The rectors of over two thousand parishes were
+forced out and their places were filled by Presbyterian and Independent
+or Baptist ministers.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly of Virginia, upon learning the action
+of Parliament, adopted an act in 1647 requiring the use of the
+<i>Prayer Book</i> in every church and chapel in Virginia each Sunday
+in the regular forms prescribed in the <i>Prayer Book</i>. The Act
+made further provision that in every parish in which the incumbent
+minister disobeyed the law and continued disuse of the
+<i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, his parishioners were thereby absolved
+from paying him any further salary.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In England marriage was held to be a religious service to be
+performed by no one other than a priest of the Church; and
+Parliament, after abolishing the Prayer Book and the canons of
+the Anglican Church, was compelled to enact another law making
+provision for the performance of the marriage ceremony as
+a civil contract. The new law directed that justices of the local
+courts perform marriages and record them, if desired, in the court
+records. The people of Virginia paid no attention to this law
+except, as far as is known, in one case in Northumberland County.
+In the year 1656 a man and woman in Lancaster County, instead
+of going to the minister, if there were one, or to the reader
+of the parish, went to a county official of Northumberland and
+were married according to the Act of Parliament. Their marriage
+was recorded in the court order book and there nine months later
+the new incumbent, Samuel Cole of Lancaster, found it. He
+thereupon declared openly that the law of Virginia was in effect
+in his parish and not the Acts of Parliament. The affair ended
+when the parson required the wedded couple to consider themselves
+unwed until he could announce the banns of matrimony
+for them on three separate Sundays and then perform a Christian
+marriage. He then took occasion to go to the Northumberland
+county court and record his certificate of marriage of the
+couple in the court order book. The two certificates still appear
+in the order book of the county court of Northumberland County
+in the following words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Certificate of Marriage, 11 Sept. 1656. John Merryday [i.e., Meredith]
+and Mrs. Ann Nash, als. Mallet, were married by Coll. Jno. Trussell,
+according to Act of Parliament, 24 August, 1653. Witnesses Geo.
+Colclough, Leonard Spencer and Jno. Carter. Rec. 20 Sept. 1656.</p>
+
+<p>To all such whom it may concern. These are to certifie that John
+Meredith &amp; Ann Nash, being three times Published according to
+Law, were married at Currotomon on the 14th of this instant July,
+1657 per mee, Samuel Cole, minister, <i>ibidem</i> 20th July 1657 this
+certificate was recorded.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<p>The colony of Virginia in affairs of both church and state
+exercised more independence of action under the Commonwealth
+than it ever exercised before or afterward until the Declaration
+of Independence in 1776. The General Assembly, after
+it made a treaty of peace with Cromwell's commissioners, elected
+the several governors of the colony until the Restoration of
+Charles Second in 1660 took that authority from them. The
+Burgesses had agreed to discontinue the use of prayers for the
+King and the royal family in public services, and the General
+Assembly enacted a law directing each parish to decide for
+itself whether it would continue or discontinue the use of the
+<i>Book of Common Prayer</i>. All questions of parish administration
+were left to the several vestries. If a parish did not wish to use
+the old form of worship it might use such form as it desired.</p>
+
+<p>A number of ministers of Presbyterian ordination, and some
+openly acknowledged Puritans thereupon came into the colony
+and these became incumbent ministers of parishes. The last
+known one was the Rev. Andrew Jackson, incumbent of Christ
+Church Parish in Lancaster County from some years after 1680
+until his death in 1711. He was a godly and devout minister, beloved
+by his parishioners. Tradition says that he "stood up to
+read the Psalms, but remained seated when they said the Creed."</p>
+
+<p>For twenty-five or thirty years prior to 1675, to the distress of
+the Church and the people as a whole, there was a desperate lack
+of ordained ministers, and inability, to get clergymen from England.
+Some few, driven out of parishes in England by the Parliamentary
+victors, did come to Virginia, but never in sufficient
+number to supply the need. Then, after the restoration of Charles,
+II, in 1660 and the return of the Anglican Church to active life,
+there were so many parishes in England from which non-conforming
+ministers were removed because of refusal to use the
+<i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, that for nearly a decade there were
+almost no clergymen to send overseas. Conditions did begin to
+improve, however, before the end of the decade.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The improvement increased more rapidly after a new bishop of
+London came into that diocese in 1675 and manifested active interest
+in the affairs of the parishes in America.</p>
+
+<p>During the decade 1660-70, shortly after King Charles had
+been received and crowned King of England, the General Assembly
+of Virginia made earnest effort to call the attention of the
+Crown and the people of England to the needs of the Church
+in the colony. A committee of clergymen was sent from Jamestown
+to London to present the matter to the King. The committee
+published a pamphlet telling of the great need and urging a
+definite programme to help improve religious conditions. Three
+things ought to be done: first, a bishop should be sent at once to
+visit the parishes and ordain as deacons devout laymen who had
+been serving as readers so that there would be at least a deacon in
+every parish; second, fellowships ought to be established at the
+universities of Oxford and Cambridge for the support and training
+of men for the ministry who would agree to serve the Church
+for a term of years in the parishes of Virginia; third, and most
+important, a bishop ought to be consecrated to organize a diocese
+in Virginia and bring the parishes there into the full life of the
+Anglican Church.</p>
+
+<p>No one knows what influence the pamphlet had in arousing
+interest. Certainly no bishop was sent to ordain readers as deacons;
+and no fellowships were established at the universities to train
+men to serve in the ministry in Virginia. But a movement did
+start to organize a diocese and consecrate a bishop. This occurred
+after 1670. The movement won approval and a charter was prepared
+for the signature of King Charles as the temporal head of
+the Church. The charter provided that the diocese was to be
+called the Diocese of Virginia, and Jamestown was to become
+the see-city where the bishop was to have his "Cathedral." A
+clergyman was selected by the King to become the new bishop.
+He was the Reverend Alexander Moray who had fled Scotland
+with Prince Charles and had gone as chaplain with the ill-fated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+campaign ending in defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1652 in
+which Prince Charles sought to win his throne from the Parliamentary
+conquerors. Mr. Moray then fled to Virginia and became
+rector of Ware Parish in Gloucester County.</p>
+
+<p>But something happened in 1672 after the King had announced
+publicly that he had selected Mr. Moray to be bishop.
+Nobody knows what it was, but the charter was never signed,
+and Mr. Moray was not made a bishop. There is some evidence
+that he died just at that time and possibly that caused the plan
+to fall through.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem probable that the failure of the plan in 1672
+aroused the interest of Henry Compton who became Bishop of
+London in 1675, for in that same year he secured from the Crown
+authority to select and license men to serve as ministers of the
+parishes in America. And shortly thereafter a fund called "The
+King's Bounty" was established, from which each clergyman
+licensed to serve in America was given twenty pounds sterling
+to pay the cost of his voyage. This plan continued until the American
+Revolution. It did great good, for it gave to every Anglican
+clergyman in the colonies a bishop whom he felt he knew, and
+to whom he could write if necessary. The Bishop of London
+never at any time had any authority whatsoever over the laity of
+the Church in America, nor over the work of the vestries as
+temporal heads of the parishes. But his influence with the clergy
+was of enormous value to their morale.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years later Bishop Compton went farther and secured
+authority to appoint clergymen as his personal representatives in
+the colonies; to confer with the clergy; and, if necessary, to remove
+from their parishes clergymen who had proven to be unworthy
+men. The commissaries lost their power some sixty years
+later when a new Bishop of London appointed in 1748 refused
+to give his commissaries the authority which earlier commissaries
+had exercised.</p>
+
+<p>The first commissaries, James Blair for Virginia and Thomas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+Bray for Maryland, made great contribution to the life of the
+Church of England in the colonies and in England also. Commissary
+Bray was the moving spirit in organizing three missionary
+societies in England: the Society for the Propagation of Christian
+Knowledge; the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in
+Foreign Parts; and, in his old age, the society of Dr. Bray's Associates
+for ministry to Negro slaves in all the colonies. He also
+instituted a plan for sending libraries of theological books to
+parishes in the colonies, an enormous help to clergymen in far-off
+places.</p>
+
+<p>James Blair served as Commissary in Virginia from his appointment
+in 1689 until his death in 1743. His greatest work
+was the establishment and development of the Royal College
+of William and Mary in 1693. He raised money for its establishment
+first by asking pledges from all persons in Virginia who
+were able to give, and then in England where he quickly gained
+the active interest of Queen Mary and King William. He secured
+his charter for the College in 1693 and by 1695 the erection of
+college buildings was well under way. He served as president of
+the college until his death in 1743. He steered it through its
+early difficulties; he fought for it against Governor and Council
+when necessary; and he brought it to its full status as a College
+with six professors and more than a hundred students in 1729. He
+lived long enough to welcome Reverend George Whitefield, the
+first great leader of the evangelical movement, when he came to
+Williamsburg in 1740, and had the happiness to learn that his
+College had won the admiring approval of his visitor. Whitefield
+wrote in his diary an account of what he saw, and ended, "I rejoiced
+in seeing such a place in America."</p>
+
+<p>Commissary Blair fought steadily and successfully for the
+rights and privileges of the clergy, and secured real increase in
+clerical salaries. He fought also for the right of the vestries to
+elect the rectors of their own parishes, even as he strove when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+need was, to secure the removal of the occasional unworthy
+clergyman.</p>
+
+<p>The organization of the College of William and Mary in 1693
+was indeed the culmination of the plan of the London Company
+to establish a University in Virginia. The first effort went up in
+smoke in 1622. There was another effort in the days of Sir
+William Berkeley after the Restoration, but the time was not
+then ripe. But the opportunity came again. Already there were
+several endowed schools in Virginia: The Syms School in
+Hampton, the Eaton School, also in that parish, the Peasley
+School in Gloucester County, and others. Many parish clergymen
+also became noted for the excellency of their schools. So
+the College which began in 1693 came to head a group of
+schools which had already spread through the colony.</p>
+
+<p>From its beginning it held to the ideal of having a School of
+Divinity to train men for the ministry of the Church of England,
+as well as a school of philosophy or liberal arts as we now describe
+it, to train men for secular life and leadership in the colonial life.
+When the College reached its maturity it had a School of Divinity
+with two professors, and a School of Philosophy with two, in
+addition to masters in other departments. It had also a foundation
+which could support eight men studying for the ministry. From
+that time until the Revolution a steady stream of candidates went
+from the College to the Bishop of London for ordination. But
+that is part of the story of the next century. The beginning came
+in 1693.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SEVEN" id="CHAPTER_SEVEN"></a>CHAPTER SEVEN<br /><br />
+
+The Last Decade</h2>
+
+
+<p>The decade 1690-1700 was an era of steady growth in the
+religious and cultural life of Virginia. New counties were created
+as population spread further and further up the great rivers; and
+parishes increased in numbers as the population grew. The first
+official list of "The parishes and the clergymen in them" which
+has survived the wreckage of time was the list of 1680, and the
+next is the list of 1702. These lists show that in 1680 there were
+forty-eight parishes and thirty-six clergymen incumbents. In the
+list of 1702 there were fifty parishes and forty clergymen.</p>
+
+<p>The one most notable event in the religious life of both England
+and Virginia was enactment by Parliament in 1689 of the
+Edict of Toleration. That act in the first year of the reign of
+King William and Queen Mary was the first incident in the
+movement of the English people through their legislature toward
+freedom of religion. The Act did not repeal the severe laws
+against dissent adopted in the reign of King Charles, II, but it
+did remove the penalties. It took the first step along a new roadway
+into human freedom; and the English-speaking world on
+both sides of the Atlantic hailed it as such.</p>
+
+<p>As it was a law of England, the act did not come into effect
+in Virginia until it was included within the code of laws of the
+colony. That was not done until 1699, although the Council of
+State had approved the act in principle early in that decade. By
+that time enforcement of law requiring attendance at church
+every Sunday had been relaxed for it was impossible of enforcement
+under the conditions of Virginian life. The law was
+not repealed until late in the eighteenth century and under it
+every person wherever possible was required to accept attendance
+at church as the duty of every citizen. In revisal of the Virginia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+law in 1699 it was provided that every person must attend worship
+in the parish church at least once every two months. The
+General Assembly at the same time enacted a new proviso whereby
+dissenters from the Established Church of Virginia, who
+could qualify if in England as belonging to denominations or
+groups permitted under the Toleration Act, were free in Virginia
+from any penalty for non-attendance at the parish Church if
+they attended their own places of dissenting worship at least once
+in the two months period.</p>
+
+<p>In 1699 there were three denominations of dissent in Virginia;
+the Presbyterians, the Baptists and the Quakers. The many
+thousands of immigrants from Scotland who had belonged to the
+Established (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland found little to
+object to in the worship of the Established Church of Virginia,
+and entered into it without difficulty or objection.</p>
+
+<p>But the Presbyterians from England, as dissenters from the
+Established Church of that country, and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians
+who began their immigration to Virginia after the Restoration,
+brought with them the determination to organize in America
+as a Presbyterian denomination. They were especially strong in
+the counties of Princess Anne and Norfolk; and the first Presbyterian
+congregation in Virginia was organized in 1692 in that
+area. It is also of interest to note that the Reverend Francis
+Makemie, who organized the first presbytery in Philadelphia
+about 1705 and later the first Synod of the Presbyterian Church
+in America, lived for many years in Accomac County, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>There was a Baptist minister in the village of Yorktown during
+the decade 1690-1700 but little is known of his work, nor is it
+known whether there were then one or more organized Baptist
+congregations.</p>
+
+<p>The Quakers were the most widely scattered and in numbers
+probably the strongest of the three groups. They were especially
+numerous in Henrico County and the eastern section of Hanover
+County and on the Nansemond river. The Church Attendance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+Act of 1699 and the Toleration Act of the English Parliament
+applied to them as to other dissenters, but they were still under
+suspicion as to their loyalty and also because they continued their
+early custom of open and violent attacks on the religion and
+worship of the orthodox Churches. They gave bitter offense by
+their public announcements in time of war between England
+and France or between England and Spain that they would give
+aid and furnish such supplies as might be needed to any enemy
+fleet which should come with hostile intent into the Virginian
+waters.</p>
+
+<p>While the laws which punished interruption of religious services
+were still necessary and were enforced, the adoption of the
+proviso in the Virginian Act of 1699 was a real step forward on
+the way to the ultimate goal of entire freedom of worship. It
+made the worship of the dissenters as truly legal as that of the
+Established Church, and it removed from the dissenters the requirement
+that they attend the worship of the Anglican Church.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Story, the noted English Quaker, who wrote and
+published a journal of his life and work as a Quaker preacher,
+gives an interesting account of his two prolonged visits to Virginia
+in 1698/99 and in 1705. In his daily journal for 1705 he
+comments at every stopping-place, with manifest pleasure, upon
+the welcome given him and his friends and the freedom of public
+preaching accorded him wherever he went. He was welcomed
+and entertained over and again at Anglican homes and he records
+occasionally the fact that a county sheriff or constable or justice
+of the county court was present at his preaching. He does not
+record any instance in which anyone in civil authority in the
+colony protested against his preaching or attempted to stop him;
+and the high point of his visit came when the Governor of Virginia,
+learning of his approach, invited him and his friends to
+the Governor's mansion, entertained them and gave them fruit
+to carry with them on their journey toward Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>So Virginia came to the end of its first century, having fought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+through the various adverse conditions which its people found
+along the way. The colony had come into an era of opportunity
+and growth with a well established government, a seaborne trade
+which brought prosperity, and a concept of religion which made
+room for all forms of the Christian faith that would remain at
+peace with each other, and as citizens be loyal to their government.
+As the people approached their first centennial anniversary
+celebration in 1707 they looked forward with a confidence born
+of past experience to the new century upon which they were
+to enter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<p>In addition to the titles in the following brief list the reader will find
+many references to official papers, and other important and useful works,
+in the author's <i>Virginia's Mother Church</i>, volumes one and two. A great
+many of the statements herein made are based upon these two volumes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Anderson, James S. M. <i>A History of the Colonial Church</i>. London: 1843.
+3 vols.</p>
+
+<p>Andrews, Matthew Page. <i>The Soul of a Nation, The Founding of Virginia
+and the Projection of New England</i>. New York: Doubleday, 1943.</p>
+
+<p>Brydon, George MacLaren. <i>Virginia's Mother Church and the Political
+Conditions Under Which It Grew</i>. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Historical
+Society, 1947. Vol. I, 1607-1727; Vol. II, 1725-1814.</p>
+
+<p>Fiske, John. <i>Old Virginia and Her Neighbors</i>. Boston and New York:
+Houghton, Mifflin &amp; Co., 1899. 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p>Goodwin, Edward L. <i>The Colonial Church in Virginia</i>. Milwaukee,
+Wisconsin: Morehouse Publishing Company, 1927.<br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With appendix giving list of Anglican clergymen who served in
+Virginia in the Colonial period.</span></p>
+
+<p>Hening, W. W. <i>Statutes of Virginia</i>, 1619-1792. 13 vols.</p>
+
+<p>Mason, George C. <i>Colonial Churches of Tidewater, Virginia</i>. Richmond,
+Virginia: Whittet and Shepperson, 1945.</p>
+
+<p>Meade, William. <i>Old Churches, Ministers, and Families in Virginia</i>.
+Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1857. 2 vols.<br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This is the old standard work upon this subject, and is still of great
+value, but must be used with the understanding that records and other
+original sources made available since his day disprove many of his
+statements about local conditions. This is especially true regarding
+his statements concerning the unworthiness of the colonial clergy.
+His expressed conviction that most of them were unworthy morally
+has been entirely disproved by the evidence of records now available.</span></p>
+
+<p>Perry, W. S. <i>History of the American Episcopal Church</i>. Boston and
+New York: Osgood, 1899. 2 vols.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;<i>Historical Collections Relating to America's Colonial Church. Virginia</i>:
+Privately printed, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>Swem, E. G. <i>Virginia Historical Index</i>. Roanoke, Virginia: Stone Printing
+Co., 1934-36. 2 vols.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a>APPENDIX A</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following extracts from the Journal of the Life of Thomas Story,
+during his visit to Virginia in 1698 are indicative of the attitude of the
+people of Virginia toward religious toleration:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>8th Day of the 12th Month, we landed in Mockjack Bay&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Next Fourth Day being the 1st day of the 1st month (i.e. January,
+1698/99) we went again by water to a monthly meeting at Chuckatuck,
+where came our friend Elizabeth Webb from Gloucestershire in England,
+who had been through all the English colonies on the Continent
+of America and was now about to depart for England. The meeting was
+large and the Sheriff of the County, a Colonel, and some of others of note
+in that county were there, and very sober and attentive.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22nd we had a pretty large meeting at Southern Branch, at
+the house of Robert Burgess. He was not a Friend by profession, but a
+Justice of the Peace, and of good account in these parts. There had never
+been a meeting there before; yet the people were generally solid and
+several of them tendered; and after the meeting the Justice and his wife
+were very respectful, and treated us to beer and wine, and would gladly
+have had us to have eaten with them and lodged in their house that
+night, but being otherwise engaged in the course of the service.</p>
+
+<p>The next day [several days later] we had a meeting at Romancock,
+which was large and open. Many persons of note from those parts were
+there, as Major Palmer, Captain Clayborn, Doctor Walker, and others,
+all very attentive.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B</h2>
+
+
+<p>A List of Parishes in Virginia, and the Clergy in them under date of
+July 8, 1702.</p>
+
+<p>
+Parishes and Incumbent Ministers<br />
+<br />
+Charles City County.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bristol Parish, (part)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George Robertson [Robinson]</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westover Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Charles Anderson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin's Brandon Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weyanoke Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Bushell</span><br />
+<br />
+Elizabeth City County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth City Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Wallace</span><br />
+<br />
+Essex County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South Farnham Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lewis Latanč</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sittenbourn Parish (part)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bartholomew Yates</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Mary's Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Andrews</span><br />
+<br />
+Gloucester County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petsoe (Petsworth) Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Emmanuel Jones</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abingdon Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Guy Smith</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ware Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Clack</span><br />
+<br />
+Henrico County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bristol Parish (part)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">George Robinson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Varina als Henrico Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Ware</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King William Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Benjamin De Joux</span><br />
+<br />
+James City County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wallingford Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wilmington Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Gordon</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James City Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Blair</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin's Hundred Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stephen Fouace</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bruton Parish (part)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cope D'Oyley</span><br />
+<br />
+Isle of Wight County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warrosqueake Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thomas Sharpe</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newport Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Andrew Monroe</span><br />
+<br />
+King and Queen County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Stephen's Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ralph Bowker</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stratton-Major Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Edward Portlock</span><br />
+<br />
+King William County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. John's Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Monroe</span><br />
+<br />
+Lancaster County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christ Church Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Andrew Jackson</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Mary's White Chapel Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Carnegie</span><br />
+<br />
+Middlesex County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Christ Church Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Robert Yates</span><br />
+<br />
+Nansemond County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upper Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lower Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chuchatuck Parish</span><br />
+<br />
+Norfolk County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth River Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">William Rudd</span><br />
+<br />
+New Kent County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blisland Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Peter's Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Bowker</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span><br />
+Northumberland County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fairfield Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Farnifold</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiccocomico Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Urquhart</span><br />
+<br />
+Northampton County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hungars Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peter Collier</span><br />
+<br />
+Princess Anne County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lynnhaven Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Solomon Wheatley</span><br />
+<br />
+Richmond County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sittčnbourn Parish (part)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bartholomew Yates</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Farnham Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peter Kippax</span><br />
+<br />
+Surry County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southwark Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Alexander Walker</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawne's Creek Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thomas Burnet</span><br />
+<br />
+Stafford County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Paul's Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overwharton Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Frazier</span><br />
+<br />
+Warwick County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mulberry Island Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Denbigh Parish</span><br />
+<br />
+Westmoreland County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cople Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Breechin</span><br />
+<br />
+York County<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bruton Parish (part)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yorke Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cope D'Oyley</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hampton Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stephen Fouace</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles Parish</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Slater</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">James Blair, Commissary to the Bishop of London</span><br />
+
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Peregrine Cony, Chaplain to the Governor.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>It will be noted that the above list reports fifty-one parishes, or after
+deducting three which appear as partly in two counties, a total of forty-eight
+parishes. These covered the whole territory in which English settlers
+lived. The incumbent clergymen total thirty-five but some five or six of
+the parishes for which no incumbent was named were very small in
+extent or population, and looked to the minister of an adjoining parish
+for services and sacraments. Probably this list includes five or six parishes
+which were vacant. Because of the great length of time required to secure
+clergymen from England this fact is evidence of the growing strength
+and organization of the Church under the influence of the Commissary.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the clergymen who came to Virginia were graduates of the
+English and Scottish universities, and brought an element and influence
+of education and culture to the growing life of the Colony. Dr. Philip
+Alexander Bruce, in his notable <i>Institutional History of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century</i>, makes the following statement:</p>
+
+<p>If we consider as a body the ministers who performed the various duties
+of their calling in Virginia during the Seventeenth Century, there is no
+reason to think they fell below the standard of conscientiousness governing
+the conduct of the English clergyman in the same age. The early
+history of the New World was adorned by no nobler group of divines
+than the group which gives so much distinction from the point of view<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+of character and achievement to the years in which the foundation of
+the colony at Jamestown was being permanently laid.</p>
+
+<p>From the middle of the century to the end as from the beginning to
+the middle, a large proportion of the clergymen were not only graduates
+of English universities, but also men of more or less distinguished social
+connections in England. Outside the great towns in England, or the
+wealthiest and most populous of the English rural parishes, there was
+in the course of the century, perhaps no single English living filled by
+a succession of clergymen superior to this body of men, (i.e., incumbents
+at Jamestown) in combined learning, talents, piety, and devotion to duty.
+And yet there is no reason to think that the ability, zeal and fidelity of
+these ministers who occupied the pulpit at Jamestown were overshadowing
+as compared with the same qualities in the clergymen who, one after
+another, occupied any of the more important benefices in York, Surry,
+Elizabeth City, or Gloucester Counties, or the counties situated in the
+Northern Neck, or Eastern Shore.... All the surviving records of the
+seventeenth century go to show that, whatever during that long period
+may have been the infirmities or unworthy acts of individual clergymen,
+the great body of those officiating in Virginia were men who performed
+all the duties of their sacred calling in a manner entitling them to the
+respect, reverence and gratitude of their parishioners.</p>
+
+<p>Very little is known of the activities of the clergy outside of their
+professional duties beyond the fact that a great many of them conducted
+schools at their homes; and these "parsons schools" became a widespread
+influence for good upon the youth of their day. In the generations before
+the founding of the College these schools became the great agency
+throughout the colony for the education of the sons of the gentry, and
+of the occasional youth of a lesser privileged family who was taken free
+by the parson, or supported by a school endowment given by some
+charitable person. In the later days there were many such parish funds.
+We read of George Washington, in the following generation attending
+the school conducted by Parson Marye in Fredericksburg, and of his
+future wife, Martha Dandridge attending another.</p>
+
+<p>It is a notable fact that throughout the whole seventeenth century the
+ideal shown by the General Assembly was to provide for the clergy an
+adequate salary for the comfortable home of an educated man. In 1695
+when the question of increase in clerical salaries was raised, the House
+of Burgesses made a report to Governor Andros upon the purchasing
+value of salaries paid in tobacco, and stated, "They have duly weighed
+the present provision made for the ministers of this country in their
+respective parishes together with their other considerable perquisites by
+marriages, burials, etc., and glebes,&mdash;&mdash;that most if not all the ministers
+of this country are in as good a condition in point of livelihood
+as a gentleman that is well seated and hath twelve or fourteen servants."
+They had previously stated that the tobacco salary of the parson would
+in normal years in the past yield eighty pounds sterling when sold.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In contrast with this salary of the clergymen in Virginia attention
+may be called to the statement made in England in 1714, that there
+were in England at that time "5,082 livings under eighty pounds in
+annual value, of which more than 3,000 were under forty pounds, and
+471 under ten pounds. This report was made to show the importance of
+the fund established by Queen Anne, called Queen Anne's Bounty, for
+increasing the endowment of these weak parishes."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+
+
+<p>Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the U. S.
+copyright on this publication was renewed.</p>
+
+<p>The Table of <a href="#CONTENTS">Contents</a> was added for convenience.<br /><br />
+
+Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>: Guilt is an obsolete form of gilt<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(a plate of silver guilt).</span><br /><br />
+
+Page <a href="#Page_16">16</a>: Changed ecclestiastical to ecclesiastical<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(after an ecclestiastical trial by the bishop).</span><br /><br />
+
+Page <a href="#Page_23">23</a>: Changed cattel to cattle<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(great plenty of cattel and hogs).</span><br /><br />
+
+Page <a href="#Page_50">50</a>: Changed priviliged to privileged<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(youth of a lesser priviliged family).</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Religious Life of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century, by George MacLaren Brydon
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Religious Life of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century, by George MacLaren Brydon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Religious Life of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century
+       The Faith of Our Fathers
+
+Author: George MacLaren Brydon
+
+Release Date: April 29, 2009 [EBook #28634]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RELIGIOUS LIFE OF VIRGINIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+RELIGIOUS LIFE OF VIRGINIA IN
+THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
+
+The Faith of Our Fathers
+
+By
+GEORGE MACLAREN BRYDON
+Historiographer of Diocese of Virginia
+
+VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION CORPORATION
+WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+1957
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT(C), 1957 BY
+VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION
+CORPORATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA
+
+
+Jamestown 350th Anniversary
+Historical Booklet, Number 10
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Introduction
+
+Chapter                                      Page
+
+One   Beginnings                               1
+
+Two   The Colonists at Worship                 6
+
+Three Making Bricks Without Straw             12
+
+Four  Building a Christian Community          22
+
+Five  The Coming of the Negro                 26
+
+Six   Fighting Adverse Conditions             34
+
+Seven The Last Decade                         42
+
+Bibliography                                  46
+
+Appendix A                                    47
+
+Appendix B                                    48
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The settlement of Englishmen at Jamestown in 1607 was the outgrowth of
+a vision of transatlantic expansion which had been growing stronger
+steadily during the preceding generation. It was in the following of
+that vision that Queen Elizabeth granted to a group of men headed by
+Sir Walter Raleigh the authority to establish a colony upon the remote
+shores of the Atlantic ocean, and out of the plans of this group came
+the ill-fated colony which was started at Roanoke Island, in what is
+now the State of North Carolina, in the year 1585. This colony after a
+life of a few years disappeared: whether destroyed by Indian attack, or
+by a Spanish fleet which resented the settlement of Englishmen in a
+land that was claimed for Spain, or by famine or disease, no one knows
+to this day. The one permanent result was the giving of the name
+Virginia to their American land in honor of their Queen.
+
+Following the failure of this first effort, a plan was formulated and
+established by charter given by King James in the year 1606. Under this
+charter companies were to be formed in order to found two English
+settlements in America; one to be a colony at some point between the
+34th and 41st degrees of latitude, and the other between the 38th and
+45th degrees. Both companies had the widespread interest of the English
+people, and both made settlements in America in the same year, 1607.
+The Virginia Company established its settlement at Jamestown, from
+which developed the Colony, and later the Commonwealth of Virginia, as
+the first permanent English settlement in America. The Plymouth Company
+made its settlement upon the coast of what is now Maine; but this
+effort failed and the colonists returned home in the following year.
+Permanent settlement of New England began in 1620 with the coming of
+the Pilgrims to Plymouth, Massachusetts. From these two first
+settlements thus widely separated, but with their common ideal of
+English civilization and English concepts of freedom and
+self-government, has grown the American nation of today. This nation,
+while welcoming all the gifts and values which people of other nations
+have brought to the enrichment and broadening of our common life, is
+still basically an English or Anglo-Saxon nation.
+
+Many impelling motives animated the men who organized the Virginia
+company and labored for the establishment of a colony in America. They
+wanted of course the expansion of British trade and a wider market for
+British manufactures; and they naturally hoped for financial profit
+from their investment in shares of stock in the companies. They
+planned, also, not merely trading posts in a foreign land as in India
+and elsewhere, but an extension and expansion of the empire of Great
+Britain.
+
+A most important part of their plan was to make colonies the answer to
+a problem which was pressing for solution: the problem of what to do
+with the increasing overplus of population in many of the cities of
+England. The danger of a population too great for the land of England
+to support and feed was a real one. A colony to which England could
+send her overplus population as part of a greater England was a real
+solution, and a better one than would be the raising of grain and
+foodstuff by foreign countries to feed the hungry of Great Britain.
+That men were thinking along this line appears from the action of
+certain large towns in paying the expense of the voyage of young people
+by the score or hundred to Virginia, and from the plan soon after the
+first settlement, whereby young women of reputable families were sent
+to Virginia to become wives of the colonists.
+
+And still another motive was the religious one. The Virginia Company
+kept constantly in the forefront their plan to Christianize the
+Indians. Their plan as they began to put it into effect included the
+establishment of parishes and the selection of fit clergymen to go
+overseas; to establish a University with a college therein for Indians,
+and to take Indian youths into English families to fit and prepare them
+for their college. They secured from both King and Archbishop the
+authority and permission to bring the expatriated Pilgrim Fathers back
+under the English flag, and give them a settlement in Virginia, a plan
+which failed after the Pilgrims had started for their promised new
+home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER ONE
+
+Beginnings
+
+
+The men who came to Jamestown brought the ideals and ways of life of
+the mother country; its common law, the enactments of Parliament, the
+Church of their people; and as shown in the prayer written in England
+which the commanding officer of the colony was required to use daily at
+the setting of the watch, they hoped also that the natives of the land
+might be brought into the Kingdom of God. They made petition for their
+own needs, but they prayed also:
+
+     And seeing, Lord, the highest end of our plantation here is
+     to set up the standard and display the banner of Jesus
+     Christ, even here where Satan's throne is, Lord let our
+     labour be blessed in labouring the conversion of the
+     heathen; and because thou usest not to work such mighty
+     works by unholy means, Lord sanctifie our spirits and give
+     us holy hearts that so we may be thy instruments in this
+     most glorious work.
+
+It is of real significance that the London Company made its first
+settlement a parish after the manner of the Church of England, and
+elected as its first rector the Reverend Richard Hakluyt, one of the
+most noted clergymen in England, and a man who had captured the
+imagination of all with his books on travel in far lands. He was
+expected to remain in England and represent the needs of the colonists
+and help, perhaps, to select clergymen to go to new parishes which
+would be formed as settlements developed. The religious aspect of the
+movement was approved by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and he approved
+also the selection of the Reverend Robert Hunt who came to Jamestown as
+the vicar of the parish and the pastor of the colonists.
+
+The London Company made a provision that each new settlement should
+become a parish with its own rector. The first settlements were
+established by the Company itself and were called "Cities" after the
+ideal and pattern of Geneva. That city, the home of John Calvin and of
+the Calvinistic theology which so strongly influenced the Church of
+England in the Seventeenth Century, was a self-governing unit in the
+Swiss Confederation. It consisted of the city and its suburban
+territory and was the prototype from which the "City" or "Hundred" in
+Virginia and the "Township" or "town" in Massachusetts were formed.
+
+There were four Cities in Virginia: James City, Charles City, The City
+of Henrico, and Elizabeth City. They were boroughs at the time of the
+first meeting of the General Assembly of Virginia in 1619, each one
+electing its own Burgesses. And as counties now, instead of cities,
+each one elects its own Delegates to the Assembly. There were four
+"cities," three "hundreds," and four "plantations" represented by
+Burgesses in the first Assembly in 1619, and each one was a separate
+parish. Official records have long been lost but the names are known of
+some six clergymen who were incumbents of parishes in Virginia between
+1607 and 1619.
+
+The London Company had a rule that every clergyman who volunteered or
+was invited to go to a parish in Virginia was to be investigated as to
+character and fitness, and each one of them was taken by a committee to
+a church to read the service and preach a sermon as part of the
+investigation.
+
+It is not generally known, perhaps, but plans for the immediate
+development of the life of the colonists included the establishment of
+a university which would set aside one hall or college for the
+education of Indian youth and another for the education of sons of
+English families. The London Company in 1618 made a grant of ten
+thousand acres of land on the north side of the James River and
+immediately to the east of the present-day City of Richmond. That grant
+was to be the seat of the University and was to be developed as a group
+of tenant farms with the college buildings in the center. So great was
+the interest throughout England in the plan that the King as the
+temporal head of the Church presented the matter to the whole people of
+England. In 1617 he wrote the Archbishops of Canterbury and York:
+
+     Most Reverend Father in God: Right trustie and well beloved
+     Counsellor, we greet you well: You have heard ere this of
+     the attempt of divers worthy men, our subjects, to plant in
+     Virginia, under the warrant of our letters of patent, people
+     of this Kingdom, as well as for the enlarging of our
+     dominions as for the propogation of the Gospel amongst
+     infidells; wherein there is good progress made, and hope of
+     further increase: so as the undertakers of that plantation
+     are now in hand with the erection of some churches and
+     schools for the education of the children of these
+     barbarians, which cannot but be to them a very great charge,
+     and above the expense which for the civil plantation doth
+     come to them, in which we doubt not but that you and all
+     others who wish well to the increase of Christian religion
+     will be willing to give all assistance and furtherance you
+     may, and therein to make experience of the zeal and devotion
+     of our well minded subjects; especially those of the clergy.
+
+     Wherefore we do require you, and hereby authorize you to
+     write your letters to the several bishops of the dioceses in
+     your province, that they do give order to the ministers and
+     other zealous men of their dioceses, both by their own
+     example in contribution and by exhortation to others, to
+     move our people within their several charges to contribute
+     to so good a work in as liberal a manner as they may.
+
+Under instructions from the King offerings were to be taken in every
+parish four times a year for two years, the money collected to be sent
+to the bishops and by them forwarded to the treasurer of the London
+Company. The treasurer reported later that more than fifteen hundred
+pounds sterling had been sent to him, and later he reported additional
+amounts. In that period three bequests aggregating more than a thousand
+pounds sterling were reported for the Christianizing of the Indians.
+Other gifts included a "communion cup with cover and a plate of silver
+guilt for the bread" with communion silk and linen cloths and other
+ornaments, all to be placed within a church for Indians to be built
+under another bequest. This communion chalice and paten are owned
+today by one of the oldest parishes in Virginia, and are in St. John's
+Church, of Elizabeth City Parish, at Hampton.
+
+On one of the ships sailing from England to the East Indies an appeal
+was made by the chaplain in behalf of the university in Virginia and
+gifts were made in such large amount that when they were sent to
+Virginia they sufficed for the erection of "a publique free schoole" to
+be connected with the university. They named it "The East India
+School." The General Assembly, when it first met in July 1619, adopted
+a resolution urging English families to take promising Indian youths
+into their homes to teach them the fundamentals and prepare them for
+the opening of the college.
+
+The work of establishing the university was already proceeding; land
+was being cleared; farm houses were being erected; more than one
+hundred artisans and workmen had been sent from England and the college
+buildings were under construction when on Good Friday, March 22,
+1621/22, the great Indian massacre occurred. A full third of all the
+English people in Virginia were killed by Indians in one fatal day. The
+buildings at the university were burned to the ground, and every
+English man, woman and child in every family of the artisans and
+workmen was killed. The East India School was burned to the ground.
+Indeed the only thing that saved the colony from utter extermination
+was that Chanco, an Indian who had become a Christian, had learned of
+the plot the night before the massacre and warned the Englishman,
+Richard Pace, with whom he lived. Pace crossed the James River and
+warned the residents of Jamestown. So it was that Jamestown and some of
+the adjoining settlements were warned in time to protect themselves.
+
+The massacre was of course a terrific catastrophe to the whole colony.
+Outlying settlements had to be abandoned and the colony was engaged in
+war with the Indians for several years. Then a second catastrophe
+occurred. King James became dissatisfied with the independent attitude
+of the London Company and personally secured its dissolution in 1624.
+He then took control of Virginia as a Royal Colony and he himself
+appointed the Governor and Council of the colony.
+
+This ended all plans for the opening of the university. The King died
+in the following year and his son, King Charles I, was not interested
+in a university in Virginia. Nor was he or anyone else interested in
+sending ministers to the colonial parishes.
+
+The London Company, with a membership including representatives of the
+Church and the universities, and of business interests and the higher
+social classes, had the confidence of the people. The King did not. He
+had their loyalty as their sovereign, but the spiritual and cultural
+welfare of a colony overseas carried little weight amid the political
+cross-currents and the self-seeking of a royal court.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER TWO
+
+The Colonists at Worship
+
+
+There are several first-hand accounts of religious worship in the
+earliest days of the Jamestown colony. Captain John Smith wrote of the
+men at worship in the open air until a chapel could be erected. He
+describes the scene of a celebration of the Holy Communion, with the
+Holy Table standing under an old sail lashed from tree to tree, with a
+bar of wood fastened between two trees as the pulpit, and men kneeling
+on the ground before their first altar. Services were held daily,
+according to the rules of the _Book of Common Prayer_ which they
+brought with them: morning prayer and evening prayer everyday, and
+sermons twice on Sunday and once during the week. The law of the Church
+required the Holy Communion to be celebrated at least three times
+during the year; on Christmas, Easter, and Whitsunday; and
+unquestionably this law was observed at Jamestown. Many clergymen
+celebrated that sacrament oftener. There can be little doubt that the
+first celebration of the Holy Communion at Jamestown was on Whitsunday,
+May 24th (old style) 1607, although the first one of which a record
+remains was held on the third Sunday after Trinity, June 21. That was a
+special celebration, held for a two-fold purpose, one, that Mr. Hunt
+had been able to reconcile serious differences between certain elements
+among the colonists who had been in angry strife with each other, and
+second, because two of the ships which brought the colonists to
+Virginia were to set sail on the following morning upon their return
+trip to England.
+
+William Strachey, writing in a report of the colony in 1610 after Lord
+De la Warr had arrived as the new governor presents the following
+picture:
+
+     In the midst of the market-place, a store-house, a
+     "Corps-du-Garde", and a pretty chapel, all which the Lord
+     Governour ordered to be put in good repair. The chapel was
+     in length sixty feet, in breadth twenty-four, and the Lord
+     Governour had repaired it with a chancel of cedar and a
+     communion table of black walnut; all the pews and pulpit
+     were of cedar, with fair broad windows, also of cedar, to
+     shut and open, as the weather shall occasion. The font was
+     hewen hollow like a canoa, and there were two bells in the
+     steeple at the west end. The Church was so cast as to be
+     very light within, and the Lord Governour caused it to be
+     kept passing sweet and trimmed up with divers flowers. There
+     was a sexton in charge of the church, and every morning at
+     the ringing of a bell by him, about ten o'clock, each man
+     addressed himself to prayers, and so at four of the clock
+     before supper. There was a sermon every Thursday and two
+     sermons every Sunday, the two preachers taking their weekly
+     turns. Every Sunday when the Lord Governour went to church
+     he was accompanied with all the Councillors, Captains, other
+     officers, and all the gentlemen, and with a guard of fifty
+     halberdiers, in his Lordship's livery, fair red cloaks, on
+     each side and behind him. The Lord Governour sat in the
+     choir in a green velvet chair, with a velvet cushion before
+     him on which he knelt, and the Council, Captains and
+     officers sat on each side of him, each in their place; and
+     when the Lord Governour returned home he was waited on in
+     the same manner to his house.
+
+Reverend Alexander Whitaker, the first rector of the City of Henrico
+from its foundation in 1611 until his death by drowning in 1617, and
+who is still remembered as the clergyman who baptized the Indian
+princess Pocahontas, after her conversion to the Christian faith,
+described his services as follows:
+
+     Every Sabbath we preach in the forenoon and catechize in the
+     afternoon. Every Saturday at night I exercise in Sir Thomas
+     Dale's house. Our Church affaires be consulted on by the
+     minister and four of the most religious men. Once every
+     month we have a communion, and once every year a solemn
+     fast.
+
+This method of daily and Sunday services, as the regular rule of the
+Church of England, was adopted in Virginia as far as colonial
+conditions would permit. But apart from Jamestown itself, and the
+schools which came into existence, there would not be many parishes in
+which daily services would be feasible. The people lived too far apart
+on their farms. They might drive or walk three or five miles to Church
+on Sundays, but could not give the time for that on work-days. The same
+objection worked against having two services on Sunday. So the custom
+became general of having a single service in every church and chapel
+every Sunday. The statement made by Rev. Alexander Whitaker, that he
+"catechized" every Sabbath afternoon, is illustrative of the usual
+method of instructing young people of the parish in the Church
+Catechism as preparation for admission to the Holy Communion. Such
+"catechetical classes" might be held as frequently on Sunday afternoons
+as the needs of the parish children, both white and Negro, might
+require: or perhaps sometimes, as frequently as the zeal, or lack of
+zeal of the incumbent minister might determine. When in 1724 the Bishop
+of London sent a questionary to every Anglican clergyman incumbent of a
+parish in America, one of the questions was, "At what times do you
+Catechize the Youth of your Parish?"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     They have builded many pretty villages, faire houses and
+     chapels which are growne good benefices of 120 pounds a
+     yeare besides their own mundall [mundane] industry.
+
+So wrote Captain John Smith a number of years after his return to
+England. There may have been an excess of imagination in describing new
+and raw settlements as "faire villages," but the salary which was to be
+paid to the ministers was a provable fact. Tithes from the culture of
+the land by the parishioners amounted to as much as L120, and the
+minister had a glebe of 100 acres from the cultivation of which his
+tenants and servants through "mundall industry" might greatly increase
+his income.
+
+The London Company had carried to Virginia and fixed for the whole
+duration of the colonial period the parish system of the Church of
+England. Under that system each community became a parish and the
+people of the parish, as the land-owners of the community, supported
+the church and paid the salary of the minister by tithes from the
+produce of the land. There was, however, one change from the custom in
+England. There the tithes of a parish might produce a salary for the
+incumbent in any amount from ten pounds to hundreds of pounds per
+annum. In Virginia the amount of the salary was fixed by the General
+Assembly as a definite quantity of tobacco. There was also a glebe farm
+and a residence. Those who came to Virginia brought with them their
+Bible and their _Book of Common Prayer_ and the Established Church of
+England became the Established Church of the Colony.
+
+The all-pervading fact to be kept in mind in connection with the
+development of religious organization in Virginia is that the Church of
+England itself, during the period from 1600 to the Cromwellian era
+1645-1660, was in a turmoil on account of two diverse schools of
+thought. One school within the Church desired to retain all the ancient
+forms of creed and worship from past centuries except those which had
+been perverted under the centuries of Roman Catholic domination. The
+other school within the Church desired to cast out all liturgical forms
+and the surplice, and also all power of the bishops. They wished to
+reduce worship to the forms of Calvinistic theology. There were also
+many who desired to make the Church broad enough to include both
+schools. The Calvinistic party was already forming dissenting
+congregations.
+
+The Brownists, later to become the Pilgrim Fathers of New England, had
+already been driven out of England; and under King James, who had
+turned against the Calvinists to support the "high church" party,
+ecclesiastical courts were being formed to mete out severe punishment
+to leaders of dissent.
+
+King James had declared he would "harry the dissenters" and force them
+to conform to the Established Church or be driven from the country.
+England's answer to that threat was to establish the colonies of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire; and the
+constantly growing power of dissent resulted in civil war, in
+execution of King Charles I, in the era of the Commonwealth; and in the
+abolition of _Prayer Book_ worship for fifteen years from every church
+and chapel in England.
+
+In 1606 when the Virginia Company was organized the Calvinistic party
+was in power in England, and there were many Calvinists, or Puritans,
+as they were then called, in the universities and elsewhere. The
+Virginia Company itself was under the influence of Puritan leaders; so
+much so, indeed, that this fact was one of the reasons which impelled
+the King to abolish the Virginia Company. He knew the freedom of
+self-government which the Company had established in Virginia and he no
+longer trusted its loyalty to the Monarchy.
+
+From the first settlement in 1607 the policy in Virginia was to let no
+question arise between high-churchman and Calvinist. The earlier laws
+required the minister of a parish to question every newcomer as to his
+religious beliefs, but there is no record of any Protestant dissenter
+or any Calvinist having been presented for trial before an
+ecclesiastical court. It is of course known as an historical fact that
+Sir Edwin Sandys labored long to secure from the King and the
+Archbishop permission to bring the Pilgrim Fathers from Holland, under
+the British flag again and establish them as a "hundred" in Virginia.
+It is of record also that such permission was obtained and that the
+Pilgrim Fathers set forth for the Chesapeake Bay but were diverted from
+their course by storms that carried them to a place which they named
+Plymouth. It is of record furthermore that the Reverend Henry Jacob,
+who founded the first Independent or Baptist congregation in London,
+was later forced out and came to Virginia where he found a home and
+peace until his death.
+
+Reverend Alexander Whitaker, rector of the two adjoining parishes of
+Henrico and Charles City from 1611 until 1617, was the son of a famous
+Puritan divine. In a letter discussing conditions in Virginia he said:
+"I marvaile much--that so few of our English ministers that were so
+hot against the surplis and subscription come hither where neither are
+spoken of." Whitaker was rector of two parishes because William
+Wickham, the minister of one parish, was not of Anglican ordination and
+could not lawfully celebrate the Holy Communion. After the death of
+Whitaker the Governor of Virginia requested the London Company to ask
+the Archbishop of Canterbury to authorize Mr. Wickham to celebrate the
+Sacrament, "there being no one else." Such authorization to a clergyman
+of Presbyterian ordination could have been given by the Archbishop at
+that time as it was permitted then by law. Wickham was not the only
+minister of Presbyterian ordination who served as incumbent of a parish
+of the Established Church in Virginia. In a report made to London in
+1623 it was stated that in Virginia in 1619 "There were three ministers
+with orders and two without." The "two without" were unquestionably of
+Presbyterian ordination.
+
+Among the first laws enacted in Virginia was one requiring every
+minister who came into the colony to take the oath of "conformity" to
+the Church of England. The law did not include laymen; it was the
+minister only who was required to take the oath. Later, the laws
+enacted by the General Assembly required every clergyman coming into
+the colony to subscribe to the Articles of the Christian Faith
+according to the Church of England and to be of Anglican ordination. By
+reason of sheer inability at times to provide sufficient Anglican
+clergymen for the parishes, clergymen of Presbyterian ordination were
+permitted to serve in Virginia parishes; and that was true throughout
+the whole seventeenth century. The last Presbyterian clergyman to hold
+an Anglican parish in Virginia, Rev. Andrew Jackson of Christ Church
+Parish, Lancaster County, died in 1710. Throughout the century the law
+required every citizen to attend the parish church, but there was never
+an ecclesiastical court in which a layman could be tried, convicted or
+punished as a dissenter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER THREE
+
+Making Bricks Without Straw
+
+
+The colony of Virginia, after the protective and guiding influence of
+the Virginia Company was taken away, found itself in an almost
+impossible situation so far as religious organization was concerned.
+The leaders of colonial life realized all the more clearly as time
+passed that King Charles I, who succeeded his father King James I in
+1625, was not the least interested in the religious welfare of the
+colony. America was entirely outside the bounds of any diocese or
+province in England, and consequently there was no bishop of a diocese,
+or archbishop of a province with any personal responsibility for the
+guidance or help of the parishes which were being organized in the
+colony. The Church in Virginia was left to itself to live or to die. It
+believed, according to the teachings of the Church, that bishops were
+necessary for the ordination of men to the ministry and for the
+performance of the spiritual rite of confirmation, whereby alone under
+the law of the Church of England baptized Christians could be admitted
+to the sacrament of the Holy Communion. A bishop was also necessary for
+the organization and leadership of a diocese, which was the governing
+body to which every parish and congregation must belong. But no bishop
+was ever sent by the Church of England to Virginia or to any other part
+of America throughout the entire colonial period.
+
+The lack of a bishop left the Anglican Church, which was the
+Established Church of the whole colony, unable to organize for the
+enactment of its own laws or the management of its own affairs. There
+being no diocesan organization the clergymen in charge of parishes had
+no ecclesiastical authority over them. That fact tended to have the
+effect of making each incumbent clergyman a virtually free lance with
+no responsibility to an ecclesiastical superior nor community of
+fellowship with other clergymen in the colony. This condition continued
+until near the end of the century.
+
+The General Assembly of Virginia followed the example of the Parliament
+of England and asserted legislative authority by laws for the temporal
+government of the Church. It divided the occupied territory of the
+colony into parishes and it established new parishes as settlement
+extended steadily to the westward. Because of this fact there was never
+any section which was not part of a parish, and the usual rule when a
+new county was to be created was to establish a new parish covering the
+territory of the proposed county before the county was created. Church
+buildings might be far apart in new parishes, but no section of
+Virginia in which English people were settling was without the
+established forms of religious worship.
+
+The General Assembly enacted laws directing the election of laymen in
+every parish as the governing body of the parish in temporal affairs.
+That group was called the "Vestry." It had authority to buy land for
+churches, churchyards and glebe farms, to erect church buildings and to
+build glebe-houses as residences for ministers. It was also charged
+with the care of the poor and the destitute sick, and orphaned children
+within the parish, with the duty of providing new homes for these
+children in responsible families. The money to pay for the land, the
+buildings, the care of the sick and needy, the salary of the minister,
+and other parish needs was collected from the parishioners through an
+annual "tithe" of so many pounds of tobacco per poll. The vestry upon
+occasion also had certain civil duties not within the scope of
+religious organization.
+
+The setting up of a vestry of laymen as temporal head of the Church in
+a parish or congregation was first developed in Virginia. It was
+extended later to other colonies as the Anglican Church spread through
+them all, and it came over into the life of the Protestant Episcopal
+Church in the United States. Great as the value of the vestry has been
+to the whole Episcopal Church, the vestry in Virginia was of still
+greater value, for by its extension to other colonies and states it has
+given one of its most distinctive features to the Church of today.
+
+In England, with the exception of some few parishes formed within the
+past century or so, no parish has the right to elect its own rector.
+The rector is usually appointed by some institution or individual
+vested with that authority which is called "the advowson of a parish."
+
+Moreover, no diocese in the Established Church of England has the power
+to select its own bishop. The King as temporal head of the Church
+appoints the bishops of all dioceses, and that power is exercised for
+the King by his prime minister. And during the colonial period in
+America the Governor of every colony other than Virginia and
+Pennsylvania appointed the rector of every Anglican parish and inducted
+him into office.
+
+In Virginia the vestries of the parishes fought Governor after Governor
+until they won the right for the vestry itself to choose the minister
+to serve in its parish. That right has extended throughout the
+Episcopal Church today and has gone further so that today the laity of
+the Church have the right to representation in all diocesan conventions
+and councils, and in the general convention of the Church. Thus the
+laity have their part in every election of a clergyman to become the
+bishop of a diocese.
+
+In the seventeenth century the General Assembly also put into effect in
+Virginia the constitutions and canons of the province of Canterbury "as
+far as they can be put into effect in this country." The General
+Assembly thereby made the "doctrine, discipline and worship" of the
+Anglican Church of England that of the Church in Virginia as far as it
+could be done without a bishop.
+
+That was as far as the General Assembly could go. Throughout all the
+seventeenth century the Established Church of Virginia consisted of a
+group of parishes without connection with each other and without
+central spiritual authority. There was therefore no actual power of
+discipline, either of clergymen or laymen.
+
+The situation was made all the more difficult because there was no sure
+way to secure ministers. When a parish became vacant some layman in the
+parish would have to write to his business agent in England, or to some
+friend or relative there and ask that he find a clergyman who would
+come to Virginia. Parishes, when they became vacant, remained vacant as
+a rule for a year or more; sometimes very much more. The vestries early
+adopted the custom of appointing godly laymen as readers whose duty it
+was to assist the minister by leading the congregation in the responses
+in the Church service, and in raising tunes for the singing of metrical
+version of the Psalms. Later, when it was found desirable to erect
+chapels of ease in populous parishes, enough readers were appointed in
+every parish to permit one of them to hold morning service each Sunday
+in each place of worship throughout the parish, while the minister went
+his usual round of service in each church or chapel upon regular
+schedule. Except in remote chapels the custom was to have service each
+Sunday in every church or chapel.
+
+The reader was authorized to conduct morning and evening prayer and to
+read a printed sermon, or a "homily." He could not celebrate the
+sacrament of Holy Communion. Rather frequently, and especially during
+the era of the Commonwealth and the reign of Charles II, several
+adjoining parishes would be vacant at the same time; and at one time
+about the end of the Commonwealth period the statement was made that
+there were only some ten clergymen in Virginia to serve fifty parishes.
+Under such circumstances the reader was called upon to perform many
+duties. He might baptize a dying child, conduct a funeral, or perform a
+marriage ceremony.
+
+There was also in those early days no way of screening out unworthy men
+who appeared occasionally as clergymen in the colony; men who perhaps
+had been forced out of parishes in England because of immorality or
+drunkenness; and occasionally men with forged credentials. Such men
+were occasionally appointed to parishes by vestries who had no way of
+learning their true status; and if the man was thenceforth morally
+decent and had no great fault except occasional drunkenness, he would
+be allowed to stay on because of the need of a priest to celebrate the
+sacraments.
+
+The vestries protected their parishes from unworthy clergymen by the
+uncanonical appointment of a minister as incumbent of a parish for a
+year at a time, rather than present him canonically to the Governor of
+the colony for induction into the rectorship of the parish. Under the
+law of England, and under the law of the Church of England, no rector
+could be forced out of a parish after induction except after an
+ecclesiastical trial by the bishop or his commissary.
+
+In 1656 John Hammond published a pamphlet entitled _Leah and Rachel_,
+extolling the attractiveness of Virginia and Maryland as places of
+residence at that time. He described vividly the difficulties which the
+older colony had suffered in the earlier years of Charles I. He wrote:
+
+     They then began to provide and send home for Gospel
+     ministers, and largely contributed for their maintenance.
+     But Virginia savouring not handsomely in England, very few
+     of good conversation would adventure thither, (as thinking
+     it a place wherein surely the fear of God was not), yet many
+     came, such as wore black coats, and could babble in a
+     pulpet, roare in a tavern, exact from their parishioners,
+     and rather by their dissolutenesse destroy than feed their
+     flocks.
+
+     Loath was the country to be wholly without teachers, and
+     therefore rather retain these than to be destitute; yet
+     still endeavours for better in their places, which were
+     obtained, and these wolves in sheeps cloathing, by their
+     Assemblies questioned, silenced, and some forced to depart
+     the country.
+
+Another problem which the Church faced in Virginia resulted from the
+character of the immigrants who came to the colony. It is a well
+established fact that the men who came in three ships to Jamestown in
+1607 were from various strata of society in England. They all entered
+James River on equality of opportunity and of danger. Some at least had
+come from the higher classes of society; younger sons, perhaps, or
+relatives of stockholders in the London Company, attracted to Virginia
+because of the newness of the adventure and the spice of danger; sons
+of professional men and men of business, intrigued by a new business
+life and opportunity; men from the laboring classes and the peasantry
+of rural sections. But it is extremely doubtful that the Jamestown
+settlement, after its tragic first years, continued very long to be
+attractive to young men seeking adventure only. Many of the families of
+today who boast of their generations of ancestry in Virginia descend
+from or married into the families of the men and women who came to the
+colony in these earliest years of settlement, and have ancestors buried
+among the unknown dead of the Jamestown cemetery and churchyard.
+
+There were three sources from which the settlers came; and these
+sources were more or less in effect throughout the whole of Virginia's
+first century. First and foremost in numbers and importance were the
+sons of small farmers and tenant farmers, and younger sons of the
+laboring classes and small merchants. No matter how large the
+population may be, always there are positions of employment with a
+normal wage; but when the younger sons of a mechanic or other working
+man grow to maturity where there is only one wage-producing employment
+available to the family, the younger sons must seek a living from other
+sources. Farms cannot be reduced below the number of acres required to
+support one family. When that has been done and there are several sons,
+one of them must inherit the farm and the others must seek a living
+elsewhere.
+
+The broad acres of Virginia and its equable climate attracted thousands
+of such younger sons, and also others who had not been successful and
+sought opportunity in a new land. The settlers came from every section
+of England, and from the bleak hills of Scotland; from Wales and also
+from Ireland. The English were mostly from the Anglican parishes of the
+Established Church. The Scottish new-comers were accustomed to
+membership in the Established Church of Scotland and they found little
+difficulty in living within the Established Church of Virginia. Indeed
+there is no recorded effort to establish a Presbyterian congregation in
+Virginia until the last quarter of the seventeenth century. So friendly
+was the feeling between the Anglicans and the Scottish Presbyterians in
+the Norfolk section that Rev. James Porter of Presbyterian ordination
+was the incumbent minister of the Anglican Lynnhaven Parish prior to
+1676 and until his death in 1683.
+
+A second source, certainly in the early years, was the rapidly
+increasing population of the cities and towns of England. It is of
+record that in the days of the London Company one town appropriated
+funds sufficient to pay the expenses to Virginia of a large number of
+its unemployed, and probably the same thing was done by other towns for
+their unemployed. Doubtless a little "pressure" was applied in the case
+of young men who had no occupation and no visible means of support. And
+shanghaiing, to use a modern term, was not unknown.
+
+A third source from which settlers came developed from the custom which
+grew up in England of sending to Virginia, and later to all the
+colonies, persons who had been convicted of law-breaking. At that time
+there were some hundred felonies in the English code of jurisprudence
+for which the sentence of death by hanging could be imposed. These
+felonies included such offenses as stealing a pig or anything of
+greater value than a shilling. The ruling classes of England had long
+realized that punishments were too severe for offenses which today
+would be misdemeanors; and in the fifteenth century an effort had been
+made to mitigate the severity of punishment by an amendment of the law
+of "benefit of clergy." This law was a law of Parliament which had
+come down from earlier ages of the Church. Under that law an
+ecclesiastical person, either priest or monk, who was charged with a
+felony could not be tried by a civil court but was delivered up to the
+bishop of his diocese for trial in an ecclesiastical court.
+
+By the end of the sixteenth century Parliament had amended the benefit
+of clergy law so that every free male who could read and write, upon
+conviction of a first offense of felony might plead "benefit of
+clergy", and upon showing that he could read a verse of Scripture, have
+the penalty remitted. He was then burned in the hand with a hot iron so
+that the scar thereby made would be evidence against him if he should
+plead benefit of clergy a second time.
+
+The benefit of clergy law was early written into the Virginia code and
+continued in that code until after the Revolution. Harsh as was the law
+it showed a real effort to ameliorate still harsher laws, and it saved
+the lives in England and America of many thousands of first offenders.
+The first verse of the fifty-first Psalm was so frequently presented to
+be read by some convicted man or boy that it became known as the "neck
+verse" because it saved a life; and many a kindly official taught a
+'teen-age boy that verse so that he could "read" it when it was
+presented to him.
+
+One of the earliest records of the General Court of Virginia contains
+the following entry under date January 4, 1628/29:
+
+     William Reade, aged thirteen or fourteen years, convicted of
+     manslaughter, when the verdict was read, and William Reade
+     asked what he had to say for himself, that he ought not to
+     die, demanded his clergy, whereupon he was delivered to the
+     Ordinary.
+
+There were many such instances. In Virginia the Governor was the
+Ordinary and as such had authority to accept the boy's plea, have him
+read the "neck verse," and thereby permit him to go free "after the
+burning."
+
+The severity of the laws influenced the courts in many parts of England
+to permit or sentence an offender to escape death by going to one of
+the American colonies, and it became the custom to sentence convicted
+criminals to serve for a period of years in an American colony as an
+indentured servant. A great number of such "convicts" were sent to
+Virginia because of the constant demand there for indentured servants
+to cultivate the fields and for other duties.
+
+Many of the convicts became useful citizens of the colony after their
+terms of servitude ended; but many did not reform and in time became
+such a menace that for a period after 1670 the General Assembly forbade
+that any more convicts be brought into the colony.
+
+It can be seen therefore that from the beginning the population of
+Virginia grew by immigration from various sources and that not all who
+came to the colony were of the best type. The New England colonies had
+the advantage that their immigrants came in large part from dissenters
+from the Established Church of England. They came for "conscience
+sake," however, and with their concept of theocratic government the New
+England colonists could make it difficult indeed for immigrants they
+did not welcome. After Roger Williams had been exiled to Rhode Island
+and a few Quakers had been hanged on Boston Common, it was made clear
+to Baptists and Quakers, to Anglicans and to witches that Virginia was
+a more favorable climate for them than Massachusetts.
+
+In contrast to New England, Virginia was founded and developed as a
+cross-section of the whole life of the British Isles, with its evil as
+well as its good; with ideals of freedom of thought which made no
+attempt to control a man's conscience; and with an ever growing concept
+of self-government and human freedom as already developed during nearly
+a thousand years and set out by the common law and the statute law of
+the race. Virginia was not founded upon any theocratic concept of
+government under the influence of a priestly class.
+
+The life and community consciousness that developed in Virginia into
+the distinctive customs and ways of a well organized and firmly
+established commonwealth were necessarily different from those of the
+colonies in New England because of the differing conditions under which
+men lived. In the township system of New England a village normally
+became the township center and the people lived near enough to each
+other to enable them to meet frequently; to work and play together; to
+transact business; and to gossip of neighborhood affairs. In Virginia
+it was otherwise. In Virginia families lived on separate farms and each
+farm was of necessity a community within itself. Life was geared to the
+basic fact that tobacco was the money crop, and also was the real
+source of the financial strength and stability of the colony. Each
+family required a farm of sufficient acreage to raise tobacco as well
+as food-stuff and cattle; and throughout the whole colonial period the
+genius of Virginian life opposed the development of towns of greater
+population than was required for a shipping point and a warehouse, for
+the storing and grading of tobacco, and for a few agents of English and
+Scottish merchants.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FOUR
+
+Building a Christian Community
+
+
+John Hammond, in his pamphlet _Leah and Rachel_ sketched briefly
+conditions which existed in Virginia between the "starving time" of
+1609-10 and the year 1656. His attempt was to correct an opinion widely
+held in England of the lawlessness of colonial life. He interpreted the
+great massacre of 1622 as the end of one phase and the beginning of
+another. He showed that in each phase there was an inevitable period of
+laxity of life and disregard of moral and legal conventions which was
+overcome finally by the better element of citizenry. His writing
+presents a dark picture of conditions, possibly too dark in some
+phases; but his picture of the power of the growing colony to establish
+and maintain general concepts of decency of life and conduct is
+impressive.
+
+Of the period following the great massacre he wrote:
+
+     Receiving a supply of men, ammunition and victuals out of
+     England, they again gathered heart, pursued their enemies,
+     and so often worsted them, that the Indians were glad to sue
+     for peace, and they, (desirous of a cessation) consented to
+     it.
+
+     They again began to bud forth, to spread further, to gather
+     wealth, which they rather profusely spent (as gotten with
+     ease) than providently husbanded, or aimed at any public
+     good; or to make a country for posterity; but from hand to
+     mouth, and for a present being; neglecting discoveries,
+     planting orchards, providing for the winter preservation of
+     their stocks, or thinking of anything stable or firm; and
+     whilst tobacco, the only commodity they had to subsist on,
+     bore a price, they wholly and eagerly followed that,
+     neglecting their very planting of corn, and much relyed on
+     England for the chiefest part of their provisions; so that
+     being not alwayes amply supplied, they were often in such
+     want, that their case and condition being relayted in
+     England, it hindred and kept off many from going thither,
+     who rather cast their eyes on the barren and freezing soyle
+     of New-England, than to joyn with such an indigent and
+     sottish people as were reported to be in Virginia.
+
+     Yet was not Virginia all this while without divers honest
+     and vertuous inhabitants, who, observing the general neglect
+     and licensiousnesses there, caused Assemblies to be call'd
+     and laws to be made tending to the glory of God, the severe
+     suppression of vices, and the compelling them not to neglect
+     (upon strickt punishments) planting and tending such
+     quantities of corn, as would not onely serve themselves,
+     their cattle and hogs plentifully, but to be enabled to
+     supply New-England (then in want) with such proportions, as
+     were extream reliefs to them in their necessities.
+
+     From this industry of theirs and great plenty of corn, (the
+     main staffe of life), proceeded that great plenty of cattle
+     and hogs, (now innumerable) and out of which not only
+     New-England hath been stocked and relieved, but all others
+     parts of the Indies inhabited by Englishmen.
+
+     The inhabitants now finding the benefit of their industries,
+     began to look with delight on their increasing stocks; (as
+     nothing more pleasurable than profit), to take pride in
+     their plentifully furnished tables, to grow not onely civil,
+     but great observers of the Sabbath, to stand upon their
+     reputations, and to be ashamed of that notorious manner of
+     life they had formerly lived and wallowed in....
+
+     Then began the Gospel to flourish, civil, honourable, and
+     men of great estates flocked in; famous buildings went
+     forward, orchards innumerable were planted and preserved;
+     tradesmen set on work and encouraged, staple commodities, as
+     silk, flax, pot-ashes, etc., of which I shall speak further
+     hereafter, attempted on, and with good success brought to
+     perfection; so that this country which had a mean beginning,
+     many back friends, two ruinous and bloody massacres, hath by
+     God's grace out-grown all, and is become a place of pleasure
+     and plenty.
+
+It may possibly be worthwhile to compare the life of Virginia during
+its first two generations with the far west of the United States from
+the gold-rush days of 1849 to the end of the nineteenth century. There
+again, as in the Virginia of 1607, bona fide settlers of moral ideals
+and stability of life prevailed in the long run and developed
+self-governing states which maintained the moral code.
+
+But Virginia had an advantage which the far west of the gold-rush days
+lacked. Virginia had an Established Church which in spite of its own
+problems and difficulties created a parish in every section, and
+provided clergymen as far as they could be obtained. It is granted that
+some at least of the clergymen were unworthy. The vestries themselves
+ejected men of that kind and services could be maintained by readers.
+And so the Word of God was read and prayer was offered regularly; and
+every man who could read had the Ten Commandments staring him in the
+face from the tablets on the wall behind the Holy Table. The individual
+might scorn and sneer but in the end the Law of God became the law of
+the community.
+
+Men came to church in those early days. For one reason, the law of the
+colony required it and there was the threat of punishment if absence
+from church was reported to the grand jury. But there was another
+reason also, even though men and women were compelled to walk five or
+six miles to attend. That other reason was the loneliness of farm life
+in the early days of colonial Virginia. The churchyard on a Sunday
+morning was then the meeting-place of the whole community, and the only
+place where all could meet on the same level. The only other meetings
+were when elections were held at the Court House, every three or four
+years. And men might attend the meetings of the county court; but women
+could not vote, and they did not go to elections; nor were they apt to
+attend meetings of the county court except in rare instances when they
+were engaged in litigation. And the amount of hard liquor consumed on
+election days and county court days was also a deterrent.
+
+Before the day of parish aid societies and women's guilds, the church
+service of a Sunday morning was moreover the only meeting to which
+everybody might come as of right; and while at church the women
+discussed affairs and neighbors within the church building the men
+outside walked about or sat on stumps or logs and held their
+discussions before and after the service hour.
+
+The church with its churchyard was the public forum at which matters of
+public policy and public interest were discussed. It was here also
+that business was transacted; and it was here that community spirit of
+fellowship, of sympathy and of understanding was developed. The
+colonial government recognized all this by directing that every public
+communication which had to be brought to the attention of the people as
+a whole be read to the congregation of every church or chapel in the
+colony. And the Church recognized the same thing by providing that such
+announcements should be made immediately after the reading of the
+second lesson or New Testament lesson in the morning service. The
+approaching worshipper never knew what interesting announcement might
+be made at that time; so there was always an element of expectancy and
+suspense; perhaps an announcement of the banns of matrimony; perhaps
+the reading of a new law, or of some proclamation by the Governor and
+Council; perhaps the baptism of a baby, or even a marriage.
+
+So it was that men and women of all classes came under the influence of
+Christian teaching whether they would or no; and the constant teaching
+and stressing of moral and Christian ideals of life had their effect in
+changing and improving the character of the community life.
+
+[Illustration: Old Church Tower, Jamestown, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Jamestown Church Communion Service
+
+Chalice and paten given by Governor Francis Moryson, in 1661. Both
+bearing the inscription: Mix not holy things with profane. _Ex dono
+Francisco Morrison, Armigeri Anno Domi, 1661._
+
+Large paten at the right given by Sir Edmund Andros, Governor, 1694.
+Inscribed: _In usum Ecclesiae Jacobi-Polis. Ex dono Dni Edmundi Andros,
+Equitis, Virginiae Gubernatoris, Anno Dom. MDCXCIV._
+
+Alms basin, London, 1739. Second on the right. Inscription: For the use
+of James City Parish Church. Given by the old church at Jamestown in
+1758 to Bruton Parish Church.
+
+Courtesy Miss Emily Hall]
+
+[Illustration: COMMUNION SERVICE IN USE AT SMITH'S HUNDRED, 1618.
+
+This three piece communion service now at St. John's Church, Elizabeth
+City Parish, Hampton, Virginia, has the longest history of use in the
+United States of any church silver. The set, a gift to the church
+founded in 1618 at Smith's Hundred in Charles City County, was made
+possible by a legacy in the will (date 1617) of Mrs. Mary Robinson of
+London. Smith's Hundred renamed Southampton Hundred, 1620, was
+practically wiped out in the Indian Massacre of 1622. This communion
+set delivered in 1627 to the Court at Jamestown for safe keeping,
+supposedly, then was given to the second Elizabeth City Church built on
+Southampton (now Hampton) River. The inscription in one line on the
+base of the Chalice is: _The Communion Cupp for Snt Marys Church in
+Smiths Hundred in Virginia_. Hall marks on all three pieces bear London
+date-letters for 1618-19.
+
+Courtesy Mrs. L. T. Jester and Mrs. P. W. Hiden]
+
+[Illustration: The Glebe House, Charles City County, Virginia
+
+Courtesy Valentine Museum, Richmond]
+
+[Illustration: Glebe House, Gloucester County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Christ Church, Middlesex County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Merchant's Hope Church, Prince George County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Saint Lukes Church, Isle of Wight County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Saint Peters Church, New Kent County, Virginia
+
+Photo by Flournoy, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce]
+
+[Illustration: Robert Hunt Memorial Plaque
+
+Altar-piece. A bronze bas-relief representing the administration of the
+first Anglican communion in America, June 21, 1607. George T. Brewster,
+sc. Gorham Co., founders.
+
+Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum]
+
+[Illustration: Robert Hunt Memorial Shrine
+
+Erected by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in the
+State of Virginia. Presented to the Diocese of Southern Virginia of the
+Protestant Episcopal Church, June 15, 1922. It was placed in the
+perpetual care of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia
+Antiquities.
+
+Courtesy Cook Collection, Valentine Museum and National Park Service]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER FIVE
+
+The Coming of the Negro
+
+
+A new element came early into the life of Virginia, with permanent and
+continuous hurt to the welfare of the colony and later to the
+Commonwealth; an element to which the colony was compelled to adapt
+itself because it did not have the power to eradicate it after men
+perceived its danger. It was the element of human slavery.
+
+The first Negro captives were brought into the port of Jamestown in the
+year 1619. They were brought by a foreign ship then described as a
+"Dutch" ship, but presumably a Portuguese slaver seeking the
+enlargement of his market. The Portuguese had developed a market for
+Negro slaves in the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean where the
+enslaved Indians proved unable to perform the hard work demanded of
+them. Unhappily the slavers succeeded in widening their market to
+include Virginia and the other English colonies of the American
+continent and in the West Indies.
+
+The first Negroes were brought to Jamestown in 1619 and sold to English
+masters as indentured servants. As such they were required to serve for
+a definite number of years and after that they would become freemen
+entitled to all the benefit of Virginia law. The goal set before them,
+as before immigrants from France and the Netherlands, was eventual
+freedom and naturalization as full citizens.
+
+The tragedy of the Negro was that he had been procured by the
+Portuguese as a captive taken in war between the native Negro tribes,
+and he came into the life of Virginia utterly ignorant of every British
+ideal of human freedom and government under constitutional law. He knew
+nothing of the English language. The indentured Englishman or Scotsman
+who was sold into service came with inherited knowledge of Anglo-Saxon
+ideals of civil government and Christian faith; and the one great goal
+set before him was that he could become a legal citizen of Virginia
+after he completed his years of servitude. The Negro knew nothing of
+all this.
+
+There would have been little difficulty if the few Negroes in the first
+ship had been all who came. The government could have provided for
+their care and for their instruction in English ideals and the
+Christian faith. But they were not all who came. The first indentured
+Negroes proved useful as hewers of wood and drawers of water, and they
+were capable of far more work in the fields than many of the
+Englishmen: and so the agrarian needs of the community where all men
+were farmers made the governmental authorities willing to admit more
+Negroes.
+
+The authorities must have realized at once that if Negroes were brought
+into the colony in great number they could not be permitted to become
+freemen after any period of indenture. That would have brought into the
+life of Virginia a steadily growing population of men and women who
+knew nothing of English institutions, or of the English language, or of
+the Christian religion. The welfare of the colony required that if they
+were to be admitted at all, they could be admitted only as servants
+under a permanent status of servitude. So slavery was introduced into
+the British empire; and in America the enslavement of the Negro was
+permitted in New England as well as in Virginia, the Carolinas and in
+Georgia.
+
+That was the first act in the great tragedy of Negro slavery in
+America. The second was that the enslavement and sale of Negroes proved
+so profitable that the people of England entered into it by chartering
+the Royal African Company, with authority to purchase captive Negroes
+throughout a large portion of Africa which was assigned to the Company
+for that purpose. At one time at least the King of England owned stock
+in the Company; and he gave his instruction to the royal Governors of
+American colonies that they should not permit the passage through a
+colonial legislature of any act which would interfere with the right to
+import Negroes and sell them into slavery within the colony.
+
+The third act in the tragedy was that after Virginia and perhaps other
+colonies had made many unavailing efforts to check or forbid by
+legislation the bringing of more Negroes from Africa, the War of
+American Independence was fought and won. In the Constitutional
+Convention of the new sovereign states called to create a Federal Union
+of them all, the representatives of Virginia and other states fought
+bitterly for an immediate prohibition against further importation of
+Negro slaves, only to be defeated by the cotton-growing interests of
+some states and the shipping interests of others who demanded that the
+trade be continued for a period of years. And so the Constitution of
+the United States when first put into effect in the Federal Union
+permitted for twenty years the importation of captive Negroes from
+Africa and their sale into slavery.
+
+The increase in the number of Negro slaves in those states where their
+labor proved profitable brought with it the constant fear of a Negro
+insurrection; a fear that continued until the ending of slavery in this
+country. The presence of the Negroes and of English convicts sold into
+servitude made it impossible upon any large plantation for the women
+and children of the master's household ever to be left without the
+protection of a slave-master who had the power of gun and lash to
+protect them from harm.
+
+The preaching of the Christian faith to the heathen Indians, which was
+so strongly present in the purposes of the London Company at the first
+settlement of Virginia, must have been considered when the custom of
+admitting Negro slaves began but there is no recorded evidence bearing
+upon that subject. If there had been a bishop in the colony he could
+have made the conversion of the Negro to Christianity an important part
+of a diocesan program; but without a bishop nothing could be done in
+an organized way. The matter was perforce left to the consciences of
+the incumbent ministers of the several parishes.
+
+It must be remembered that every first generation of the slaves had
+come to America as captives taken in war of one tribe against another.
+Their languages and dialects included perhaps every language in central
+and southern Africa; and their unfamiliar languages made it almost
+impossible for the average citizen or his parson to do much in the way
+of preaching the Christian faith; except perhaps in the observance of
+the universal law of kindness.
+
+The birth of slave children, however, removed the barrier of language,
+for the children were taught English as their native tongue. The
+children therefore could be taught. All teaching of children, whether
+children of the master and mistress or those born as their slaves, was
+considered the duty of the whole family. And the teaching of the
+catechism and the duties of a Christian life to the slave children was
+as important a part of the family responsibility in a Christian home as
+the teaching of the children of the family itself. No clergyman of the
+Church would be willing to baptize a slave child unless there were
+responsible sponsors present who would assume the obligation to give
+steady Christian teaching. So it became a rule of the clergy, or most
+of them, that the master and mistress in the case of each such baptism
+must assume the obligation to give the child Christian training. The
+baptized children could then in early youth be permitted to attend the
+instruction classes which were held by the incumbent minister for them.
+The slave child and the master's child would share the privilege of
+admission to the Sacrament of the Holy Communion when each one had
+shown sufficient knowledge and understanding of right and wrong, and
+had been sufficiently instructed in "the things which a Christian
+should know and believe." No one knows how many or what percentage of
+slave children in Virginia or elsewhere were baptized, or how many
+became communicants because no record was kept. But there were enough
+baptisms to create a new problem.
+
+There was no Negro slavery in England, and it was generally understood
+that when a Negro slave set foot upon the soil of England he became a
+free man. Somehow that concept of freedom became linked in common
+thinking with the concept of baptism into the Christian faith; and
+there arose in practically every slave-holding section of the English
+colonies a question whether the very act of baptizing a slave child did
+not set him free from slavery. Because of that question many
+slave-owners declined to permit the baptism of their slaves until the
+question was settled, and consequently in every slave-owning colony it
+became necessary to secure a legislative enactment establishing the
+legal status of a baptized slave. The question arose in Virginia, and
+in 1667 the following act was adopted by the General Assembly:
+
+    Whereas some doubts have risen whether children that are
+    slaves by birth, and by the charity and piety of their owners
+    made partakers of the blessed sacrament of baptisme, should
+    by virtue of their baptisme be made free; _It is enacted and
+    declared by this Grand Assembly and the authority thereof_,
+    that the conferring of baptisme doth not alter the condition
+    of the person as to his bondage or freedom; that diverse
+    masters, freed from this doubt, may more carefully endeavour
+    the propagation of Christianity by permitting children,
+    though slaves, or those of greater growth if capable to be
+    admitted to that sacrament.
+
+The question was settled likewise throughout all the slave-holding
+colonies of England, and human slavery was written into the laws of the
+various colonies of the British empire, there to remain until the
+ideals of the nineteenth century eliminated it from the constitution
+and the laws of every English-speaking nation.
+
+The following incidents, although they occurred in the first half of
+the eighteenth century, outside the period covered by this booklet, are
+yet of such interest in the continuing story of Negro slavery as to be
+worth recording here.
+
+In 1724 the Bishop of London, Edmund Gibson, sent a questionary to the
+incumbent minister of every Anglican parish in the American colonies.
+Among the questions he asked were two; one inquiring how many
+"infidels," either Indians or Negroes, there were in each parish; and
+two, what efforts were being made to convert them to the Christian
+faith. The answers revealed a serious situation, and the need of more
+definite and better organized efforts to convert the Negroes.
+
+The first effort made by the Bishop of London was as strong a pastoral
+letter as he could write upon the need of more earnest effort to bring
+the Negro slaves into the Christian faith. He also prepared a pamphlet
+to be used for the instruction of Negroes. His pastoral letter and his
+pamphlet were sent to every incumbent minister, and copies were given
+to the heads of families.
+
+Another effort was the organization in England in 1723 by the Rev.
+Thomas Bray of a company called "Dr. Bray's Associates." Dr. Thomas
+Bray was the bishop's commissary to the province of Maryland. The
+purpose of Dr. Bray's Associates was to establish in the colonies
+schools for the education and Christian instruction of Negro children,
+and it did a useful work. It did a notable work in the City of New
+York, and it conducted schools in other places; one of them at
+Williamsburg, in Virginia.
+
+There was another and most unusual development in Virginia. Under the
+urge of the Bishop of London's pastoral letter there came a great
+increase in the number of baptisms of adult Negroes; so sudden an
+increase as to cause concern to Commissary Blair and to Governor Gooch.
+In some way a report had spread among the Negroes that ex-Governor
+Alexander Spotswood, upon his return from a voyage to England, had
+brought with him an order from the King directing that all baptized
+Negro slaves be set free. The story, improbable as it was to English
+ears, was believed implicitly by the Negroes and it brought many of
+them to their parish clergy seeking for baptism. Time passed and there
+was no movement to set the baptized Negroes free. They became
+indignant, for they believed the colonial authorities had ignored the
+King's order. A plot for a Negro uprising was formed; but the plot was
+discovered and the ringleaders were punished.
+
+Another incident occurred two years later. A woman slave who had been
+baptized was convicted of manslaughter in the Gloucester County Court
+which sentenced her to death. She thereupon plead the benefit of
+clergy. Her plea brought a new problem to the courts of Virginia for
+until that time no woman and no slave in the colony had ever been
+permitted to plead benefit of clergy. The County Court considered the
+plea and the vote was a tie between granting the plea and enforcement
+of the sentence. The County Court referred the matter to the General
+Court of the colony; and there again the vote resulted in a tie. The
+General Court therefore referred the case to the Attorney General of
+England. Meanwhile, the General Court ordered that the woman's plea be
+granted, and, in order not to set a precedent in an unsettled question,
+directed that she be sold out of the colony. At a subsequent meeting of
+the General Assembly the matter was settled so far as Virginia was
+concerned by enactment of a law that all persons convicted of a first
+offense of felony, whether male or female, bond or free, might plead
+benefit of clergy.
+
+Slavery existed in the American colonies from Massachusetts and
+Connecticut to Virginia and the Carolinas at the end of the seventeenth
+century. It was alien to English ideals of human freedom. Yet out of it
+all one tremendously important fact has come to pass. The Negro came to
+America from almost every Negro tribe and dialect in central and
+southern Africa; he came without any connection except his connection
+with other slaves when more than one were sold to the same master. He
+came into a highly developed civilization with great organized power of
+leadership and government; and through the generations of slavery the
+Negro in America wrought for himself a national and racial
+consciousness within the sphere of American life. The American Negro
+today is the most highly educated and the most advanced Negro in the
+world. As such he has the opportunity to make his own contribution to
+the culture and the civilization of the world. This their centuries of
+slavery and repression have brought them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SIX
+
+Fighting Adverse Conditions
+
+
+The political conditions in England throughout the middle of the
+seventeenth century bore heavily upon Virginia in religious as well as
+in civil matters. The period of civil war which began in 1642 lasted
+until the King was captured by the parliamentary forces, and Archbishop
+Laud, the hated persecutor of dissenters, was beheaded. After an
+imprisonment of four years the king was beheaded and Oliver Cromwell
+reigned as Protector of the Commonwealth. The civil war had lined up
+the dissenting bodies in England, and the Presbyterian Church in
+Scotland, against the King and the Church of England.
+
+On the American scene the Puritan colonies in New England were in
+hearty sympathy with the dissenters in England. In Virginia the
+government and the great body of the people were in equal sympathy with
+King Charles and the Established Church. It is true there were in
+Virginia the goodly number of several hundred Puritan settlers. In the
+Church also there was some Puritan sympathy among a small group of the
+clergy. One of these, indeed, the Rev. Thomas Harrison, who became
+minister of Elizabeth River Parish (Norfolk) in 1640, was presented for
+trial in the county court in April 1645 "For not reading the Book of
+Common Prayer, and not administering the sacrament of baptism according
+to the canons and order prescribed, and for not catechizing on Sunday
+in the afternoon, according to the Act of Assembly." He was banished to
+Massachusetts in 1648, where he remained for two years and married.
+Afterward he returned to England and was given official position in the
+Commonwealth under Cromwell.
+
+In the heated atmosphere of the times the Puritan group in Virginia
+took occasion to apply to the Puritan church government in
+Massachusetts to send three ordained Puritan "missionaries" to their
+fellow religionists in Virginia, but upon the arrival of the
+missionaries their ship was met by government officials; the three
+missionaries sent back to Massachusetts; and the master of the ship was
+fined for bringing them to the colony. No one in official position in
+Virginia could escape the conviction that the sending of Puritan
+ministers to Virginia at such a time, whether upon request of the
+Nansemond River group or upon suggestion from Boston, was for any
+purpose other than to foment and organize Puritan opposition to the
+King. For that reason Puritanism in Virginia came under suspicion, and
+the Governor, Sir William Berkeley, with the full support of the
+government and public opinion, treated all Puritans as enemies. He made
+their situation so intolerable that the entire group accepted an
+invitation from the proprietor of the Province of Maryland and migrated
+to that colony. There, given land on the Severn River, they gained
+control of the provincial government within a few years. The forcing of
+the group out of Virginia was a political act of defense and was not
+religious persecution.
+
+The English Parliament in 1645 enacted a law abolishing the Church of
+England as an active organization. The law enacted by Parliament drove
+every bishop from his diocese, and forbade the use of the _Book of
+Common Prayer_ in any church or chapel in England. The rectors of over
+two thousand parishes were forced out and their places were filled by
+Presbyterian and Independent or Baptist ministers.
+
+The General Assembly of Virginia, upon learning the action of
+Parliament, adopted an act in 1647 requiring the use of the _Prayer
+Book_ in every church and chapel in Virginia each Sunday in the regular
+forms prescribed in the _Prayer Book_. The Act made further provision
+that in every parish in which the incumbent minister disobeyed the law
+and continued disuse of the _Book of Common Prayer_, his parishioners
+were thereby absolved from paying him any further salary.
+
+In England marriage was held to be a religious service to be performed
+by no one other than a priest of the Church; and Parliament, after
+abolishing the Prayer Book and the canons of the Anglican Church, was
+compelled to enact another law making provision for the performance of
+the marriage ceremony as a civil contract. The new law directed that
+justices of the local courts perform marriages and record them, if
+desired, in the court records. The people of Virginia paid no attention
+to this law except, as far as is known, in one case in Northumberland
+County. In the year 1656 a man and woman in Lancaster County, instead
+of going to the minister, if there were one, or to the reader of the
+parish, went to a county official of Northumberland and were married
+according to the Act of Parliament. Their marriage was recorded in the
+court order book and there nine months later the new incumbent, Samuel
+Cole of Lancaster, found it. He thereupon declared openly that the law
+of Virginia was in effect in his parish and not the Acts of Parliament.
+The affair ended when the parson required the wedded couple to consider
+themselves unwed until he could announce the banns of matrimony for
+them on three separate Sundays and then perform a Christian marriage.
+He then took occasion to go to the Northumberland county court and
+record his certificate of marriage of the couple in the court order
+book. The two certificates still appear in the order book of the county
+court of Northumberland County in the following words:
+
+    Certificate of Marriage, 11 Sept. 1656. John Merryday [i.e.,
+    Meredith] and Mrs. Ann Nash, als. Mallet, were married by
+    Coll. Jno. Trussell, according to Act of Parliament, 24
+    August, 1653. Witnesses Geo. Colclough, Leonard Spencer and
+    Jno. Carter. Rec. 20 Sept. 1656.
+
+    To all such whom it may concern. These are to certifie that
+    John Meredith & Ann Nash, being three times Published
+    according to Law, were married at Currotomon on the 14th of
+    this instant July, 1657 per mee, Samuel Cole, minister,
+    _ibidem_ 20th July 1657 this certificate was recorded.
+
+The colony of Virginia in affairs of both church and state exercised
+more independence of action under the Commonwealth than it ever
+exercised before or afterward until the Declaration of Independence in
+1776. The General Assembly, after it made a treaty of peace with
+Cromwell's commissioners, elected the several governors of the colony
+until the Restoration of Charles Second in 1660 took that authority
+from them. The Burgesses had agreed to discontinue the use of prayers
+for the King and the royal family in public services, and the General
+Assembly enacted a law directing each parish to decide for itself
+whether it would continue or discontinue the use of the _Book of Common
+Prayer_. All questions of parish administration were left to the
+several vestries. If a parish did not wish to use the old form of
+worship it might use such form as it desired.
+
+A number of ministers of Presbyterian ordination, and some openly
+acknowledged Puritans thereupon came into the colony and these became
+incumbent ministers of parishes. The last known one was the Rev. Andrew
+Jackson, incumbent of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster County from
+some years after 1680 until his death in 1711. He was a godly and
+devout minister, beloved by his parishioners. Tradition says that he
+"stood up to read the Psalms, but remained seated when they said the
+Creed."
+
+For twenty-five or thirty years prior to 1675, to the distress of the
+Church and the people as a whole, there was a desperate lack of
+ordained ministers, and inability, to get clergymen from England. Some
+few, driven out of parishes in England by the Parliamentary victors,
+did come to Virginia, but never in sufficient number to supply the
+need. Then, after the restoration of Charles, II, in 1660 and the
+return of the Anglican Church to active life, there were so many
+parishes in England from which non-conforming ministers were removed
+because of refusal to use the _Book of Common Prayer_, that for nearly
+a decade there were almost no clergymen to send overseas. Conditions
+did begin to improve, however, before the end of the decade.
+
+The improvement increased more rapidly after a new bishop of London
+came into that diocese in 1675 and manifested active interest in the
+affairs of the parishes in America.
+
+During the decade 1660-70, shortly after King Charles had been received
+and crowned King of England, the General Assembly of Virginia made
+earnest effort to call the attention of the Crown and the people of
+England to the needs of the Church in the colony. A committee of
+clergymen was sent from Jamestown to London to present the matter to
+the King. The committee published a pamphlet telling of the great need
+and urging a definite programme to help improve religious conditions.
+Three things ought to be done: first, a bishop should be sent at once
+to visit the parishes and ordain as deacons devout laymen who had been
+serving as readers so that there would be at least a deacon in every
+parish; second, fellowships ought to be established at the universities
+of Oxford and Cambridge for the support and training of men for the
+ministry who would agree to serve the Church for a term of years in the
+parishes of Virginia; third, and most important, a bishop ought to be
+consecrated to organize a diocese in Virginia and bring the parishes
+there into the full life of the Anglican Church.
+
+No one knows what influence the pamphlet had in arousing interest.
+Certainly no bishop was sent to ordain readers as deacons; and no
+fellowships were established at the universities to train men to serve
+in the ministry in Virginia. But a movement did start to organize a
+diocese and consecrate a bishop. This occurred after 1670. The movement
+won approval and a charter was prepared for the signature of King
+Charles as the temporal head of the Church. The charter provided that
+the diocese was to be called the Diocese of Virginia, and Jamestown was
+to become the see-city where the bishop was to have his "Cathedral." A
+clergyman was selected by the King to become the new bishop. He was the
+Reverend Alexander Moray who had fled Scotland with Prince Charles and
+had gone as chaplain with the ill-fated campaign ending in defeat at
+the Battle of Worcester in 1652 in which Prince Charles sought to win
+his throne from the Parliamentary conquerors. Mr. Moray then fled to
+Virginia and became rector of Ware Parish in Gloucester County.
+
+But something happened in 1672 after the King had announced publicly
+that he had selected Mr. Moray to be bishop. Nobody knows what it was,
+but the charter was never signed, and Mr. Moray was not made a bishop.
+There is some evidence that he died just at that time and possibly that
+caused the plan to fall through.
+
+It would seem probable that the failure of the plan in 1672 aroused the
+interest of Henry Compton who became Bishop of London in 1675, for in
+that same year he secured from the Crown authority to select and
+license men to serve as ministers of the parishes in America. And
+shortly thereafter a fund called "The King's Bounty" was established,
+from which each clergyman licensed to serve in America was given twenty
+pounds sterling to pay the cost of his voyage. This plan continued
+until the American Revolution. It did great good, for it gave to every
+Anglican clergyman in the colonies a bishop whom he felt he knew, and
+to whom he could write if necessary. The Bishop of London never at any
+time had any authority whatsoever over the laity of the Church in
+America, nor over the work of the vestries as temporal heads of the
+parishes. But his influence with the clergy was of enormous value to
+their morale.
+
+Ten years later Bishop Compton went farther and secured authority to
+appoint clergymen as his personal representatives in the colonies; to
+confer with the clergy; and, if necessary, to remove from their
+parishes clergymen who had proven to be unworthy men. The commissaries
+lost their power some sixty years later when a new Bishop of London
+appointed in 1748 refused to give his commissaries the authority which
+earlier commissaries had exercised.
+
+The first commissaries, James Blair for Virginia and Thomas Bray for
+Maryland, made great contribution to the life of the Church of England
+in the colonies and in England also. Commissary Bray was the moving
+spirit in organizing three missionary societies in England: the Society
+for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge; the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; and, in his old age, the
+society of Dr. Bray's Associates for ministry to Negro slaves in all
+the colonies. He also instituted a plan for sending libraries of
+theological books to parishes in the colonies, an enormous help to
+clergymen in far-off places.
+
+James Blair served as Commissary in Virginia from his appointment in
+1689 until his death in 1743. His greatest work was the establishment
+and development of the Royal College of William and Mary in 1693. He
+raised money for its establishment first by asking pledges from all
+persons in Virginia who were able to give, and then in England where he
+quickly gained the active interest of Queen Mary and King William. He
+secured his charter for the College in 1693 and by 1695 the erection of
+college buildings was well under way. He served as president of the
+college until his death in 1743. He steered it through its early
+difficulties; he fought for it against Governor and Council when
+necessary; and he brought it to its full status as a College with six
+professors and more than a hundred students in 1729. He lived long
+enough to welcome Reverend George Whitefield, the first great leader of
+the evangelical movement, when he came to Williamsburg in 1740, and had
+the happiness to learn that his College had won the admiring approval
+of his visitor. Whitefield wrote in his diary an account of what he
+saw, and ended, "I rejoiced in seeing such a place in America."
+
+Commissary Blair fought steadily and successfully for the rights and
+privileges of the clergy, and secured real increase in clerical
+salaries. He fought also for the right of the vestries to elect the
+rectors of their own parishes, even as he strove when need was, to
+secure the removal of the occasional unworthy clergyman.
+
+The organization of the College of William and Mary in 1693 was indeed
+the culmination of the plan of the London Company to establish a
+University in Virginia. The first effort went up in smoke in 1622.
+There was another effort in the days of Sir William Berkeley after the
+Restoration, but the time was not then ripe. But the opportunity came
+again. Already there were several endowed schools in Virginia: The Syms
+School in Hampton, the Eaton School, also in that parish, the Peasley
+School in Gloucester County, and others. Many parish clergymen also
+became noted for the excellency of their schools. So the College which
+began in 1693 came to head a group of schools which had already spread
+through the colony.
+
+From its beginning it held to the ideal of having a School of Divinity
+to train men for the ministry of the Church of England, as well as a
+school of philosophy or liberal arts as we now describe it, to train
+men for secular life and leadership in the colonial life. When the
+College reached its maturity it had a School of Divinity with two
+professors, and a School of Philosophy with two, in addition to masters
+in other departments. It had also a foundation which could support
+eight men studying for the ministry. From that time until the
+Revolution a steady stream of candidates went from the College to the
+Bishop of London for ordination. But that is part of the story of the
+next century. The beginning came in 1693.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER SEVEN
+
+The Last Decade
+
+
+The decade 1690-1700 was an era of steady growth in the religious and
+cultural life of Virginia. New counties were created as population
+spread further and further up the great rivers; and parishes increased
+in numbers as the population grew. The first official list of "The
+parishes and the clergymen in them" which has survived the wreckage of
+time was the list of 1680, and the next is the list of 1702. These
+lists show that in 1680 there were forty-eight parishes and thirty-six
+clergymen incumbents. In the list of 1702 there were fifty parishes and
+forty clergymen.
+
+The one most notable event in the religious life of both England and
+Virginia was enactment by Parliament in 1689 of the Edict of
+Toleration. That act in the first year of the reign of King William and
+Queen Mary was the first incident in the movement of the English people
+through their legislature toward freedom of religion. The Act did not
+repeal the severe laws against dissent adopted in the reign of King
+Charles, II, but it did remove the penalties. It took the first step
+along a new roadway into human freedom; and the English-speaking world
+on both sides of the Atlantic hailed it as such.
+
+As it was a law of England, the act did not come into effect in
+Virginia until it was included within the code of laws of the colony.
+That was not done until 1699, although the Council of State had
+approved the act in principle early in that decade. By that time
+enforcement of law requiring attendance at church every Sunday had been
+relaxed for it was impossible of enforcement under the conditions of
+Virginian life. The law was not repealed until late in the eighteenth
+century and under it every person wherever possible was required to
+accept attendance at church as the duty of every citizen. In revisal of
+the Virginia law in 1699 it was provided that every person must attend
+worship in the parish church at least once every two months. The
+General Assembly at the same time enacted a new proviso whereby
+dissenters from the Established Church of Virginia, who could qualify
+if in England as belonging to denominations or groups permitted under
+the Toleration Act, were free in Virginia from any penalty for
+non-attendance at the parish Church if they attended their own places
+of dissenting worship at least once in the two months period.
+
+In 1699 there were three denominations of dissent in Virginia; the
+Presbyterians, the Baptists and the Quakers. The many thousands of
+immigrants from Scotland who had belonged to the Established
+(Presbyterian) Church of Scotland found little to object to in the
+worship of the Established Church of Virginia, and entered into it
+without difficulty or objection.
+
+But the Presbyterians from England, as dissenters from the Established
+Church of that country, and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who began
+their immigration to Virginia after the Restoration, brought with them
+the determination to organize in America as a Presbyterian
+denomination. They were especially strong in the counties of Princess
+Anne and Norfolk; and the first Presbyterian congregation in Virginia
+was organized in 1692 in that area. It is also of interest to note that
+the Reverend Francis Makemie, who organized the first presbytery in
+Philadelphia about 1705 and later the first Synod of the Presbyterian
+Church in America, lived for many years in Accomac County, Virginia.
+
+There was a Baptist minister in the village of Yorktown during the
+decade 1690-1700 but little is known of his work, nor is it known
+whether there were then one or more organized Baptist congregations.
+
+The Quakers were the most widely scattered and in numbers probably the
+strongest of the three groups. They were especially numerous in Henrico
+County and the eastern section of Hanover County and on the Nansemond
+river. The Church Attendance Act of 1699 and the Toleration Act of the
+English Parliament applied to them as to other dissenters, but they
+were still under suspicion as to their loyalty and also because they
+continued their early custom of open and violent attacks on the
+religion and worship of the orthodox Churches. They gave bitter offense
+by their public announcements in time of war between England and France
+or between England and Spain that they would give aid and furnish such
+supplies as might be needed to any enemy fleet which should come with
+hostile intent into the Virginian waters.
+
+While the laws which punished interruption of religious services were
+still necessary and were enforced, the adoption of the proviso in the
+Virginian Act of 1699 was a real step forward on the way to the
+ultimate goal of entire freedom of worship. It made the worship of the
+dissenters as truly legal as that of the Established Church, and it
+removed from the dissenters the requirement that they attend the
+worship of the Anglican Church.
+
+Thomas Story, the noted English Quaker, who wrote and published a
+journal of his life and work as a Quaker preacher, gives an interesting
+account of his two prolonged visits to Virginia in 1698/99 and in 1705.
+In his daily journal for 1705 he comments at every stopping-place, with
+manifest pleasure, upon the welcome given him and his friends and the
+freedom of public preaching accorded him wherever he went. He was
+welcomed and entertained over and again at Anglican homes and he
+records occasionally the fact that a county sheriff or constable or
+justice of the county court was present at his preaching. He does not
+record any instance in which anyone in civil authority in the colony
+protested against his preaching or attempted to stop him; and the high
+point of his visit came when the Governor of Virginia, learning of his
+approach, invited him and his friends to the Governor's mansion,
+entertained them and gave them fruit to carry with them on their
+journey toward Philadelphia.
+
+So Virginia came to the end of its first century, having fought
+through the various adverse conditions which its people found along the
+way. The colony had come into an era of opportunity and growth with a
+well established government, a seaborne trade which brought prosperity,
+and a concept of religion which made room for all forms of the
+Christian faith that would remain at peace with each other, and as
+citizens be loyal to their government. As the people approached their
+first centennial anniversary celebration in 1707 they looked forward
+with a confidence born of past experience to the new century upon which
+they were to enter.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+In addition to the titles in the following brief list the reader will
+find many references to official papers, and other important and useful
+works, in the author's _Virginia's Mother Church_, volumes one and two.
+A great many of the statements herein made are based upon these two
+volumes.
+
+  Anderson, James S. M. _A History of the Colonial Church_.
+    London: 1843. 3 vols.
+
+  Andrews, Matthew Page. _The Soul of a Nation, The Founding
+    of Virginia and the Projection of New England_. New York:
+    Doubleday, 1943.
+
+  Brydon, George MacLaren. _Virginia's Mother Church and the
+    Political Conditions Under Which It Grew_. Richmond,
+    Virginia: Virginia Historical Society, 1947. Vol. I,
+    1607-1727; Vol. II, 1725-1814.
+
+  Fiske, John. _Old Virginia and Her Neighbors_. Boston and
+    New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1899. 2 vols.
+
+  Goodwin, Edward L. _The Colonial Church in Virginia_.
+    Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Morehouse Publishing Company, 1927.
+
+    With appendix giving list of Anglican clergymen who served
+    in Virginia in the Colonial period.
+
+  Hening, W. W. _Statutes of Virginia_, 1619-1792. 13 vols.
+
+  Mason, George C. _Colonial Churches of Tidewater, Virginia_.
+    Richmond, Virginia: Whittet and Shepperson, 1945.
+
+  Meade, William. _Old Churches, Ministers, and Families in
+    Virginia_. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1857. 2 vols.
+
+    This is the old standard work upon this subject, and is
+    still of great value, but must be used with the
+    understanding that records and other original sources made
+    available since his day disprove many of his statements
+    about local conditions. This is especially true regarding
+    his statements concerning the unworthiness of the colonial
+    clergy. His expressed conviction that most of them were
+    unworthy morally has been entirely disproved by the evidence
+    of records now available.
+
+  Perry, W. S. _History of the American Episcopal Church_.
+    Boston and New York: Osgood, 1899. 2 vols.
+
+    --_Historical Collections Relating to America's Colonial
+    Church. Virginia_: Privately printed, 1870.
+
+  Swem, E. G. _Virginia Historical Index_. Roanoke, Virginia:
+    Stone Printing Co., 1934-36. 2 vols.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+
+The following extracts from the Journal of the Life of Thomas Story,
+during his visit to Virginia in 1698 are indicative of the attitude of
+the people of Virginia toward religious toleration:
+
+    8th Day of the 12th Month, we landed in Mockjack Bay----
+
+    Next Fourth Day being the 1st day of the 1st month (i.e.
+    January, 1698/99) we went again by water to a monthly meeting
+    at Chuckatuck, where came our friend Elizabeth Webb from
+    Gloucestershire in England, who had been through all the
+    English colonies on the Continent of America and was now
+    about to depart for England. The meeting was large and the
+    Sheriff of the County, a Colonel, and some of others of note
+    in that county were there, and very sober and attentive.
+
+    On the 22nd we had a pretty large meeting at Southern Branch,
+    at the house of Robert Burgess. He was not a Friend by
+    profession, but a Justice of the Peace, and of good account
+    in these parts. There had never been a meeting there before;
+    yet the people were generally solid and several of them
+    tendered; and after the meeting the Justice and his wife were
+    very respectful, and treated us to beer and wine, and would
+    gladly have had us to have eaten with them and lodged in
+    their house that night, but being otherwise engaged in the
+    course of the service.
+
+    The next day [several days later] we had a meeting at
+    Romancock, which was large and open. Many persons of note
+    from those parts were there, as Major Palmer, Captain
+    Clayborn, Doctor Walker, and others, all very attentive.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+
+A List of Parishes in Virginia, and the Clergy in them under date of
+July 8, 1702.
+
+Parishes and Incumbent Ministers
+
+Charles City County.
+  Bristol Parish, (part)
+    George Robertson [Robinson]
+  Westover Parish
+    Charles Anderson
+  Martin's Brandon Parish
+  Weyanoke Parish
+    James Bushell
+
+Elizabeth City County
+  Elizabeth City Parish
+    James Wallace
+
+Essex County
+  South Farnham Parish
+    Lewis Latane
+  Sittenbourn Parish (part)
+    Bartholomew Yates
+  St. Mary's Parish
+    William Andrews
+
+Gloucester County
+  Petsoe (Petsworth) Parish
+    Emmanuel Jones
+  Abingdon Parish
+    Guy Smith
+  Ware Parish
+    James Clack
+
+Henrico County
+  Bristol Parish (part)
+    George Robinson
+  Varina als Henrico Parish
+    James Ware
+  King William Parish
+    Benjamin De Joux
+
+James City County
+  Wallingford Parish
+  Wilmington Parish
+    John Gordon
+  James City Parish
+    James Blair
+  Martin's Hundred Parish
+    Stephen Fouace
+  Bruton Parish (part)
+    Cope D'Oyley
+
+Isle of Wight County
+  Warrosqueake Parish
+    Thomas Sharpe
+  Newport Parish
+    Andrew Monroe
+
+King and Queen County
+  St. Stephen's Parish
+    Ralph Bowker
+  Stratton-Major Parish
+    Edward Portlock
+
+King William County
+  St. John's Parish
+    John Monroe
+
+Lancaster County
+  Christ Church Parish
+    Andrew Jackson
+  St. Mary's White Chapel Parish
+    John Carnegie
+
+Middlesex County
+  Christ Church Parish
+    Robert Yates
+
+Nansemond County
+  Upper Parish
+  Lower Parish
+  Chuchatuck Parish
+
+Norfolk County
+  Elizabeth River Parish
+    William Rudd
+
+New Kent County
+  Blisland Parish
+  St. Peter's Parish
+    James Bowker
+
+Northumberland County
+  Fairfield Parish
+    John Farnifold
+  Wiccocomico Parish
+    John Urquhart
+
+Northampton County
+  Hungars Parish
+    Peter Collier
+
+Princess Anne County
+  Lynnhaven Parish
+    Solomon Wheatley
+
+Richmond County
+  Sittenbourn Parish (part)
+    Bartholomew Yates
+  North Farnham Parish
+    Peter Kippax
+
+Surry County
+  Southwark Parish
+    Alexander Walker
+  Lawne's Creek Parish
+    Thomas Burnet
+
+Stafford County
+  St. Paul's Parish
+  Overwharton Parish
+    John Frazier
+
+Warwick County
+  Mulberry Island Parish
+  Denbigh Parish
+
+Westmoreland County
+  Cople Parish
+  Washington Parish
+    James Breechin
+
+York County
+  Bruton Parish (part)
+  Yorke Parish
+    Cope D'Oyley
+  Hampton Parish
+    Stephen Fouace
+  Charles Parish
+     James Slater
+
+     James Blair, Commissary to the Bishop of London
+
+     Peregrine Cony, Chaplain to the Governor.
+
+It will be noted that the above list reports fifty-one parishes, or
+after deducting three which appear as partly in two counties, a total
+of forty-eight parishes. These covered the whole territory in which
+English settlers lived. The incumbent clergymen total thirty-five but
+some five or six of the parishes for which no incumbent was named were
+very small in extent or population, and looked to the minister of an
+adjoining parish for services and sacraments. Probably this list
+includes five or six parishes which were vacant. Because of the great
+length of time required to secure clergymen from England this fact is
+evidence of the growing strength and organization of the Church under
+the influence of the Commissary.
+
+Most of the clergymen who came to Virginia were graduates of the
+English and Scottish universities, and brought an element and influence
+of education and culture to the growing life of the Colony. Dr. Philip
+Alexander Bruce, in his notable _Institutional History of Virginia in
+the Seventeenth Century_, makes the following statement:
+
+If we consider as a body the ministers who performed the various duties
+of their calling in Virginia during the Seventeenth Century, there is
+no reason to think they fell below the standard of conscientiousness
+governing the conduct of the English clergyman in the same age. The
+early history of the New World was adorned by no nobler group of
+divines than the group which gives so much distinction from the point
+of view of character and achievement to the years in which the
+foundation of the colony at Jamestown was being permanently laid.
+
+From the middle of the century to the end as from the beginning to the
+middle, a large proportion of the clergymen were not only graduates of
+English universities, but also men of more or less distinguished social
+connections in England. Outside the great towns in England, or the
+wealthiest and most populous of the English rural parishes, there was
+in the course of the century, perhaps no single English living filled
+by a succession of clergymen superior to this body of men, (i.e.,
+incumbents at Jamestown) in combined learning, talents, piety, and
+devotion to duty. And yet there is no reason to think that the ability,
+zeal and fidelity of these ministers who occupied the pulpit at
+Jamestown were overshadowing as compared with the same qualities in the
+clergymen who, one after another, occupied any of the more important
+benefices in York, Surry, Elizabeth City, or Gloucester Counties, or
+the counties situated in the Northern Neck, or Eastern Shore.... All
+the surviving records of the seventeenth century go to show that,
+whatever during that long period may have been the infirmities or
+unworthy acts of individual clergymen, the great body of those
+officiating in Virginia were men who performed all the duties of their
+sacred calling in a manner entitling them to the respect, reverence and
+gratitude of their parishioners.
+
+Very little is known of the activities of the clergy outside of their
+professional duties beyond the fact that a great many of them conducted
+schools at their homes; and these "parsons schools" became a widespread
+influence for good upon the youth of their day. In the generations
+before the founding of the College these schools became the great
+agency throughout the colony for the education of the sons of the
+gentry, and of the occasional youth of a lesser privileged family who
+was taken free by the parson, or supported by a school endowment given
+by some charitable person. In the later days there were many such
+parish funds. We read of George Washington, in the following generation
+attending the school conducted by Parson Marye in Fredericksburg, and
+of his future wife, Martha Dandridge attending another.
+
+It is a notable fact that throughout the whole seventeenth century the
+ideal shown by the General Assembly was to provide for the clergy an
+adequate salary for the comfortable home of an educated man. In 1695
+when the question of increase in clerical salaries was raised, the
+House of Burgesses made a report to Governor Andros upon the purchasing
+value of salaries paid in tobacco, and stated, "They have duly weighed
+the present provision made for the ministers of this country in their
+respective parishes together with their other considerable perquisites
+by marriages, burials, etc., and glebes,----that most if not all the
+ministers of this country are in as good a condition in point of
+livelihood as a gentleman that is well seated and hath twelve or
+fourteen servants." They had previously stated that the tobacco salary
+of the parson would in normal years in the past yield eighty pounds
+sterling when sold.
+
+In contrast with this salary of the clergymen in Virginia attention may
+be called to the statement made in England in 1714, that there were in
+England at that time "5,082 livings under eighty pounds in annual
+value, of which more than 3,000 were under forty pounds, and 471 under
+ten pounds. This report was made to show the importance of the fund
+established by Queen Anne, called Queen Anne's Bounty, for increasing
+the endowment of these weak parishes."
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the U. S.
+copyright on this publication was renewed.
+
+The Table of Contents was added for convenience.
+
+Page 3: Guilt is an obsolete form of gilt
+  (a plate of silver guilt).
+
+Page 16: Changed ecclestiastical to ecclesiastical
+  (after an ecclestiastical trial by the bishop).
+
+Page 23: Changed cattel to cattle
+  (great plenty of cattel and hogs).
+
+Page 50: Changed priviliged to privileged
+  (youth of a lesser priviliged family).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Religious Life of Virginia in the
+Seventeenth Century, by George MacLaren Brydon
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