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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Observations on the Ethnography and
+Archaeology of the American Aborigines, by Samuel George Morton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some Observations on the Ethnography and Archaeology of the American Aborigines
+
+Author: Samuel George Morton
+
+Release Date: June 24, 2009 [EBook #29215]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON AMERICAN ABORIGINES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from scans of public domain material produced by
+Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a
+description in the complete list found at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+  SOME OBSERVATIONS
+  ON THE
+  ETHNOGRAPHY AND ARCHÆOLOGY
+  OF THE
+  AMERICAN ABORIGINES.
+
+
+  BY
+
+  SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON, M. D.,
+
+  Author of the Crania Americana, Crania Æygptiaca, &c.
+
+
+  EXTRACTED FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, VOL. II, SECOND SERIES.
+
+
+  NEW HAVEN:
+  PRINTED BY B. L. HAMLEN,
+  Printer to Yale College.
+
+  1846.
+
+
+
+
+SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY AND ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN
+ABORIGINES.
+
+
+Nothing in the progress of human knowledge is more remarkable than the
+recent discoveries in American archæology, whether we regard them as
+monuments of art or as contributions to science. The names of Stephens
+and Norman will ever stand preëminent for their extraordinary
+revelations in Mexico and Yucatan; which, added to those previously made
+by Del Rio, Humboldt, Waldeck and D'Orbigny in these and other parts of
+our continent, have thrown a bright, yet almost bewildering light, on
+the former condition of the western world.
+
+Cities have been explored, replete with columns, bas-reliefs, tombs and
+temples; the works of a comparatively civilized people, who were
+surrounded by barbarous yet affiliated tribes. Of the builders we know
+little besides what we gather from their monuments, which remain to
+astonish the mind and stimulate research. They teach us the value of
+archæological facts in tracing the primitive condition and cognate
+relations of the several great branches of the human family; at the same
+time that they prove to us, with respect to the American race at least,
+that we have as yet only entered upon the threshold of investigation.
+
+In fact, ethnography and archæology should go hand in hand; and the
+principal object I have in view in giving publicity to the following too
+desultory remarks, is to impress on travellers and others who are
+favorably situated for making observations, the importance of preserving
+every relic, organic or artificial, that can throw any light on the past
+and present condition of our native tribes. Objects of this nature have
+been too often thrown aside as valueless; or kept as mere curiosities,
+until they were finally lost or become so defaced or broken as to be
+useless. To render such relics available to science and art, their
+history and characteristics should be recorded in the periodicals of the
+day; by which means we shall eventually possess an accumulated mass of
+facts that will be all-important to future generalization. I grant that
+this course has been ably pursued by many intelligent writers, and the
+American Journal of Science is a fruitful depository of such
+observations.[4-*] With every acknowledgment to these praiseworthy
+efforts, let us urge their active continuance. Time and the progress of
+civilization are daily effacing the vestiges of our aboriginal race; and
+whatever can be done to rescue these vestiges from oblivion, must be
+done quickly.
+
+We call attention in the first place, to two skulls from a mound about
+three miles from the mouth of Huron river, Ohio. They were obtained by
+Mr. Charles W. Atwater, and forwarded to Mr. B. Silliman, Jr., through
+whose kindness they have been placed in my hands. These remains possess
+the greater interest, because the many articles found with them present
+no trace of European art; thus confirming the opinion expressed in Mr.
+Atwater's letter:--"There are a great many mounds in the township of
+Huron," he observes, "all which appear to have been built a long time
+previous to the intercourse between the Indians and the white men. I
+have opened a number of these mounds, and have not discovered any
+articles manufactured by the latter. A piece of copper from a small
+mound is the only metal I have yet found."
+
+The stone utensils obtained by Mr. Atwater in the present instance,
+were, as usual, arrow heads, axes, knives for skinning deer,
+sling-stones, and two spheroidal stones on which I shall offer some
+remarks in another place. The materials of which these articles are
+formed, are jasper, quartz, granite stained by copper, and clay slate,
+all showing that peculiar time-worn polish which such substances acquire
+by long inhumation.
+
+The two skeletons were of a man and a woman. "They had been buried on
+the surface of the ground and the earth raised over them. They lay on
+their backs with their feet to the west." The male cranium presents, in
+every particular, the characteristics of the American race. The forehead
+recedes less than usual in these people, but the large size of the jaws,
+the quadrangular orbits, and the width between the cheek bones, are all
+remarkably developed; while the rounded head, elevated vertex, vertical
+occiput and great inter-parietal diameter, (which is no less than 5·7
+inches,) render this skull a type of national conformation. (Fig. 1.)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.]
+
+The female head possesses the same general character, but is more
+elongated in the occipital region, and of more delicate proportions
+throughout.[5-*]
+
+Similar in general conformation to these are all the mound and other
+skulls I have received since the publication of my work on American
+Crania, viz. five from the country of the Araucos, in Chili, from Dr.
+Thomas S. Page of Valparaiso; six of ancient Otomies, Tlascalans and
+Chechemecans, from Don J. Gomez de la Cortina of the city of Mexico;
+three from near Tampa, in Florida, from Dr. R. S. Holmes, U. S. A.; one
+from a mound on Blue river, Illinois, from Dr. Brown of St. Louis; and
+four sent me by Lieut. Meigs, U. S. A., who obtained them from the
+immediate vicinity of Detroit, in Michigan. To these may be added two
+others taken from ancient graves near Fort Chartres, in Illinois, by Dr.
+Wistlizenus of St. Louis; a single cranium from the cemetery of Santiago
+de Tlatelolco, near the city of Mexico, which I have received through
+the kindness of the Baron von Gerolt, Prussian minister at Washington;
+and another very old skull from the Indian burying grounds at Guamay,
+in Northern Peru, for which I am indebted to Dr. Paul Swift. Last but
+not least, I may add the skull obtained by Mr. Stephens[6-*] from a
+vault at Ticul, a ruined aboriginal city of Yucatan, and some mutilated
+but interesting fragments brought me from the latter country, by my
+friend Mr. Norman.[6-+]
+
+These crania, together with upwards of four hundred others of nearly
+sixty tribes and nations, derived from the repositories of the dead in
+different localities over the whole length and breadth of both Americas,
+present a conformable and national type of organization, showing the
+origin of one to be equally the origin of all.
+
+To this prevading[TN-1] cranial type I have already adverted. Even the
+long-headed Aymaras of Peru, whom, in common with Prof. Tiedemann, I at
+first thought to present a congenitally different form of head from the
+nations who surrounded them, are proved, by the recent discoveries of M.
+Alcide D'Orbigny, to have belonged to the same race as the other
+Americans, and to owe their singularly elongated crania to a peculiar
+mode of artificial compression from the earliest infancy.[6-++]
+
+But there is evidence to the same effect, but of more ancient date than
+any we have yet mentioned. The recent explorations of Dr. Lund in the
+district of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, have brought to light human bones
+which he regards as fossil, because they accompany the remains of
+extinct genera and species of quadrupeds, and have undergone the same
+mineral changes with the latter. He has found several crania, all of
+which correspond in form to the present aboriginal type.[6-§]
+
+Even the head of the celebrated _Guadaloupe skeleton_ forms no exception
+to the rule. The skeleton itself is well known to be in the British
+Museum, but wants the cranium, which however is supposed to have been
+recovered in the one more recently found in Guadaloupe by Mr.
+L'Hérminier, and brought by him to Charleston, South Carolina. Dr.
+Moultrie, who has described this very interesting relic, makes the
+following observations:--"Compared with the cranium of a Peruvian
+presented to Prof. Holbrook by Dr. Morton, in the museum of the state of
+South Carolina, the craniological similarity manifested between them is
+too striking to permit us to question their national identity. There is
+in both the same coronal elevation, occipital compression, and lateral
+protuberance accompanied with frontal depression, which mark the
+American variety in general."[7-*]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.]
+
+There is additional proof of identity, not only of original
+conformation, but of conventional modification of the form of the head,
+which I may be excused from reverting to in this place, inasmuch as the
+materials I shall use have but recently come to my hands. The first of
+these subjects is represented by the subjoined wood-cut, (fig. 2.) It
+was politely sent me by Dr. John Houstoun, an intelligent surgeon of the
+British Navy, with the following memorandum: "From an ancient town
+called Chiuhiu, or Atacama Baja, on the river Loa, and on the western
+edge of the desert of Atacama. The bodies are nearly all buried _in the
+sitting posture_, [the conventional usage of most of the American
+nations from Patagonia to Canada,] with the hands either placed on each
+side of the head, or crossed over the breast."[7-+]
+
+This cranium (and another received with it) has that remarkable
+sugar-loaf form which renders them high and broad in front, with a short
+antero-posterior diameter, both the forehead and occiput bearing
+evidence of long continued compression. They correspond precisely with
+the descriptions given by Cieza, Torquemada and others among the
+earliest travellers in Peru, who saw the natives in various parts of the
+country with heads rounded precisely in this manner.[8-*]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3.]
+
+The second head figured, (fig. 3,) is that of a Natchez Indian,[8-+]
+obtained from a mound not far from that city by the late Mr. James
+Tooley, Jr., and by him presented to me. The face in this, as in the
+former instance, has all the characteristics of the native Indian; and
+the cranium has undergone precisely the same process of artificial
+compression, although these tribes were separated from each other by the
+vast geographical distance of four thousand miles!
+
+Could we discover the cranial remains of the older Mexican nations, we
+should doubtless find many of them to possess the same fanciful type of
+conformation;[8-++] for if either of the skulls figured above could be
+again clothed in flesh and blood, would we not have restored to us the
+very heads that are so abundantly sculptured on the monuments of Central
+America, and so graphically described by Herrera, when he tells us that
+the people of Yucatan _flattened their heads and foreheads_?
+
+The following diagrams are copied, on an enlarged scale, from Mr.
+Stephens's Travels,[8-§] and will serve in further illustration of this
+interesting subject. They are taken from bas-reliefs in the _Palace at
+Palenque_. The personage fig. 4, (whose head-dress we have partly
+omitted,) appears to be a king or chieftain, at whose feet are two
+suppliants, naked and cross-legged, of whom we copy the one that
+preserves the most perfect outline, (fig. 5.)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5.]
+
+The principal figure has better features and expression than the other,
+but their heads are formed on the same model; whence we may infer that
+if the suppliant is a servant or a slave of the same race with his
+master, the artificial moulding of the cranium was common to all
+classes. If, on the other hand, we assume that he is an enemy imploring
+mercy, we come to the conclusion that the singular custom of which we
+are speaking, was in use among other and surrounding nations; which
+latter inference is confirmed by other evidence, that, for example,
+derived from the Natchez tribe, and the clay effigies so abundantly
+found at the ruined temples of the sun and moon at Teotihuacan, near the
+city of Mexico.[9-*]
+
+I can aver that sixteen years of almost daily comparisons have only
+confirmed me in the conclusions announced in my _Crania Americana_, that
+all the American nations, excepting the Eskimaux, are of one race, and
+that this race is peculiar and distinct from all others. The first of
+these propositions may be regarded as an axiom in ethnography; the
+second still gives rise to a diversity of opinions, of which the most
+prevalent is that which would merge the American race in the Mongolian.
+
+It has been objected to a common origin for all the American nations,
+and even for those of Mexico, that their _monuments_ should present so
+great a variety in the configuration of the head and face; a fact which
+forcibly impresses every one who examines the numerous effigies in baked
+clay in the collection of the American Philosophical Society; yet they
+are all made of the same material and by the same national artists. The
+varieties are indeed endless; and Mr. Norman in his first work, has
+arrived at a reasonable conclusion, in which we entirely agree with him,
+"that the people prepared these _penates_ according to their respective
+tastes, and with little reference to any standard or canon."[10-*]
+
+They appear to have exercised much ingenuity in this way, blending
+almost every conceivable type of the human countenance, and associating
+this again with those of beasts, birds, and various fanciful animals,
+which last are equal in uncouthness to any productions of the Gothic
+artists of the middle ages.
+
+Mr. Norman in his late and interesting volume of travels in Cuba and
+Mexico, discovered in the latter country some remarkable ruins near the
+town of Panuco, and among them a curious sepulchral effigy. "It was a
+handsome block or slab of stone, (wider at one end than the other,)
+measuring seven feet in length, with an average of nearly two and a half
+feet in width and one foot in thickness. Upon its face was beautifully
+wrought, in bold relief, the full length figure of a man, in a loose
+robe with a girdle about his loins, his arms crossed on his breast, his
+head encased in a close cap or casque, resembling the Roman helmet (as
+represented in the etchings of Pinelli) without the crest, and his feet
+and ankles bound with the ties of sandals. The figure is that of a tall
+muscular man of the finest proportions. The face, in all its features,
+is of the noblest class of the European or Caucasian race."[10-+]
+
+Mr. Norman was himself struck "with the resemblance between this, and
+the stones that cover the tombs of the Knights Templar in some of the
+ancient churches of the old world," but he thinks that neither this nor
+any other circumstance proves this effigy to have been of European
+origin or of modern date. "The material," he adds, "is the same as that
+of all the buildings and works of art in this vicinity, and the style
+and workmanship are those of the great unknown artists of the western
+hemisphere;" and he arrives at the conclusion, as many ingenuous minds
+have done before him, that these and the other archæological remains of
+Mexico and Yucatan, "are the works of a people who have long since
+passed away; and not of the races, _or the progenitors of the races_,
+who inhabited the country at the epoch of the discovery."[11-*]
+
+With the highest respect for this intelligent traveller, I am not able
+to agree with him in his conclusion; but I should not now revive my
+published opinions or contest his, were it not that some new light
+appears to me to have dawned on this very question.
+
+In the first place, then, we regard the effigy found near Panuco as
+probably Caucasian; so does Mr. Norman; but instead of referring it to a
+very remote antiquity, or to some European occupancy of Mexico long
+before the Spanish conquest, we will venture to suggest, that even if
+the town of Panuco was itself older than that event, (of which indeed we
+have no doubt,) it is consistent with collateral facts to infer, that
+the Spaniards may have occupied this very town, in common with, or
+subsequent to, the native inhabitants, and have left this sepulchral
+monument. That the Spaniards did sometimes practice this joint
+occupancy, is well known; and that they have, in some instances, left
+their monuments in places wherein even tradition had almost lost sight
+of their former sojourn, is susceptible of proof.
+
+Mr. Gregg, in a recent and instructive work on the "Commerce of the
+Prairies," states the following particulars, which are the more valuable
+since he had no opinions of his own in reference to the American
+aborigines, and merely gives the facts as he found them.
+
+Mr. Gregg describes the ruins called _La Gran Quivira_, about 100 miles
+south of Santa Fé, as larger than the present capital of New Mexico. The
+architecture of this deserted city is of hewn stone, and there are the
+remains of aqueducts eight or ten miles in length leading from the
+neighboring mountains. These ruins "have been supposed to be the remains
+of a _pueblo_ or aboriginal city;" but he adds that the occurrence of
+the Spanish coat of arms in more than one instance sculptured and
+painted upon the houses, prevents the adoption of such an opinion; and
+that traditional report (and tradition only) mentions this as a city
+that was sacked and desolated in the Indian insurrection of 1680.[12-*]
+Now had it not been for the occurrence of the heraldic paintings, this
+city might have been still regarded as of purely Indian origin and
+occupancy; as might also the analogous ruins of Abo, Tagique and Chilili
+in the same vicinity; for although these may have been originally
+constructed by the natives, yet as they are supposed to be near the
+ancient mines, it is not improbable that the conquerors in these, as in
+many other instances, drove out the rightful owners, and took possession
+for themselves;[12-+] for that they did possess and inhabit the towns
+above enumerated is a fact beyond question.
+
+Why may not events of an analogous character have taken place at Panuco?
+Was it not probably an Indian city into which the Spaniards had intruded
+themselves, and having left traces of their sojourn, as at _La Gran
+Quivira_, subsequently, owing to some dire catastrophe, or some new
+impulse, abandonded[TN-2] it for another and preferable location? This,
+we suggest, is a reasonable explanation of the presence of the Caucasian
+effigy found by Mr. Norman among the deserted ruins of Panuco.
+
+Mr. Stephens has, I think, conclusively proved that the past and present
+Indian races of Mexico were cognate tribes. I had previously arrived at
+the same conclusion from a different kind of evidence. What was manifest
+in the physical man is corroborated by his archæological remains. The
+reiterated testimony of some of the early Spanish travellers, and
+especially of Bernal Diaz and Herrera, is of the utmost importance to
+this question; and all that is necessary in the chain of evidence, is
+some link to connect the demi-civilized nations with the present
+uncultivated and barbarous tribes. These links have been supplied by Mr.
+Gregg. Those peculiar dwellings and other structures, with inclined or
+parapet walls,[12-++] and with or without windows, which are common to
+all epochs of Peruvian and Mexican architecture, are constructed and
+occupied by the Indians of Mexico even at the present day. After
+describing the general character of these modern domicils, Mr. Gregg
+goes on to observe, that "a very curious feature in these buildings, is
+that there is most generally no direct communication between the street
+and the lower rooms, into which they descended from a trap-door from the
+upper story, the latter being accessible by means of a ladder. Even the
+entrance at the upper stories is frequently at the roof. This style of
+building appears to have been adopted for security against their
+marauding neighbors of the wilder tribes, with whom they were often at
+war.
+
+"Though this was their most usual style of architecture, there still
+exists a Pueblo of Taos, composed, for the most part, of but two
+edifices of very singular structure--one on each side of a creek, and
+formerly communicating by a bridge. The base story is a mass of near
+four hundred feet long, a hundred and fifty wide, and divided into
+numerous apartments, upon which other tiers of rooms are built, one
+above another, drawn in by regular grades, forming _a pyramidal pile_ of
+fifty or sixty feet high, and comprising some six or eight stories. The
+outer rooms only seem to be used for dwellings, and are lighted by
+little windows at the sides, but are entered through trap-doors in the
+_azoteas_ or roofs. Most of the inner apartments are employed as
+granaries and storerooms, but a spacious hall in the centre of the mass,
+known as the _estufa_, is reserved for their secret councils. These two
+buildings afford habitation, as is said, for over six hundred souls.
+There is likewise an edifice in the Pueblo of Picuris of the same class,
+and some of those of Moqui are also said to be similar."[13-*]
+
+The Indian city of Santo Domingo, which has an exclusive aboriginal
+population, is built in the same manner, the material being, as usual,
+sun-burnt bricks; and my friend Dr. Wm. Gambel informs me, that in a
+late journey from Santa Fé across the continent to California, he
+constantly observed an analogous style of building, as well in the
+dwellings of the present native inhabitants, as in those older and
+abandoned structures of whose date little or nothing is known.
+
+Who does not see in the builders of these humbler dwellings, the
+descendants of the architects of Palenque, and Yucatan? The style is the
+same in both. The same objects have been arrived at by similar modes of
+construction. The older structures are formed of a better material,
+generally of hewn stone, and often elaborately ornamented with
+sculpture. But the absence of all decoration in the modern buildings, is
+no proof that they have not been erected by people of the same race with
+those who have left such profusely ornamented monuments in other parts
+of Mexico; for the ruins of Pueblo Bonito, in the direction of Navajo,
+and those of the celebrated Casas Grandes on the western Colorado, which
+were regarded by Clavigero as among the oldest Toltecan remains in
+Mexico, are destitute of sculpture or other decoration. In fact, these
+last named ruins appear to date with the primitive wanderings of the
+cultivated tribes, before they established their seats in Yucatan and
+Guatimala, and erected those more finished monuments which could only
+result from the combined efforts of populous communities, acting under
+the favorable influence of peace and prosperity. Every race has had its
+center or centers of comparative civilization. The American aborigines
+had theirs in Peru, Bogota and Mexico. The people, the institutions and
+the architecture were essentially the same in each, though modified by
+local wants and conventional usages. Humboldt was forcibly impressed by
+this archæological identity, for he himself had traced it, with
+occasional interruptions, over an extent of a thousand leagues; and we
+now find that it gradually merges itself into the ruder dwellings of the
+more barbarous tribes; showing, as I have often remarked, that there is,
+in every respect, a gradual ethnographic transition from these into the
+temple-builders of every American epoch.[14-*]
+
+I shall close this communication by a notice of certain _discoidal
+stones_ occasionally found in the mounds of the United States. Of these
+relics I possess sixteen, of which all but two were found by my friend
+Dr. Wm. Blanding, during his long residence in Camden, South Carolina.
+These disks were accompanied, as usual, by earthern[TN-3] vessels, pipes
+of baked clay, arrow-heads and other articles, respecting which Dr.
+Blanding has given me the following locality:--"All the Indian relics,
+save three or four, which I have sent you, were collected on or near the
+banks of the Wateree river, Kershaw district, South Carolina; the
+greater part from the mounds or near the foot of them. All the mounds
+that I have observed in this state, excepting these, do not amount to as
+many as are found on the Wateree within the distance of twenty four
+miles up and down the river, between Lancaster and Sumpter districts.
+The lowest down is called Nixon's mound, the highest up, Harrison's."
+
+"The discoidal stones," adds Dr. Blanding, "were found at the foot of
+the different mounds, not in them. They seemed to be left, where they
+were no doubt used, on the play grounds."
+
+The disks are from an inch and a half to six inches in diameter, and
+present some varieties in other respects.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Fig. 1 represents a profile of the simplest form and at the same time
+the smallest size of these stones, being in diameter about an inch and
+three quarters. The upper and under surfaces are nearly plane, with
+angular edges and oblique margin, but without concavity or perforation.
+
+Fig. 2. A similar form, slightly concave on each surface.
+
+Fig. 3. A large disk of white quartz, measuring five inches in diameter
+and an inch and three fourths in thickness. The margin is rounded, and
+both surfaces are deeply concave though imperforate.
+
+Fig. 4 is another specimen four inches in diameter, deeply concave from
+the margin to the center, with a central perforation. The margin itself
+is slightly convex. The concave surface is marked by two sets of
+superficial grooved lines, which meet something in the form of a
+bird-track. This disk is made of a light-brown ferruginous quartz.
+
+Fig. 5 is a profile view of a solid lenticular stone, much more convex
+on the one side than the other, formed of hard syenitic rock.
+
+Besides these there are other slight modifications of form which it is
+unnecessary to particularize.
+
+These disks are made of the hardest stones, and wrought with admirable
+symmetry and polish, surpassing any thing we could readily conceive of
+in the humbler arts of the present Indian tribes; and the question
+arises, whether they are not the works of their seemingly extinct
+progenitors?--of that people of the same race, (but more directly allied
+to the Toltecans of Mexico,) who appear in former times to have
+constituted populous and cultivated communities throughout the valley of
+the Mississippi, and in the southern and western regions towards the
+gulf of Mexico, and whose last direct and lineal representatives were
+the ill-fated Natchez?
+
+I have made much inquiry as to the localities of these and analogous
+remains, but hitherto with little success. I am assured that they have
+been found in Missouri, perhaps near St. Louis; and in very rare
+instances in the northern part of Delaware. Dr. Ruggles has sent me the
+plaster model of a small, perforated, but irregularly formed stone of
+this kind, taken from an ancient Indian grave at Fall River in Rhode
+Island; but Dr. Edwin H. Davis, of Chilicothe, in a letter recently
+received from him, informs me that he had obtained, during his
+excavations in that vicinity, no less than "two hundred flint disks in a
+single mound, measuring from three and a half to five inches in
+diameter, and from half an inch to an inch in thickness, of three
+different forms, round, oval and triangular." These appear, however, to
+be of a different construction and designed for some other use than
+those I have described; and Dr. Davis himself offers the probable
+suggestion, that "they were rude darts blocked out at the quarries for
+easy transportation to the Indian towns." The same gentleman speaks of
+having found other disks formed of a micaceous slate, of a dark color
+and highly polished. These last appear to correspond more nearly to
+those we have indicated in the above diagrams.
+
+Besides these disks, I have met with a few spheroidal stones, about
+three inches in diameter. One of these accompanies the disks from South
+Carolina, and is marked with a groove to receive the thumb in throwing
+it. A similar but ruder ball is contained among the articles found by
+Mr. Atwater in the mound near Huron, Ohio.
+
+What was the use of the disks in question? Those who have examined the
+series in my possession have offered various explanations; but the only
+one that seems in any degree plausible, is that of my friend Dr.
+Blanding, who supposes them to have been used in a game analogous to
+that of the quoits of the Europeans. It is a curious fact that discoidal
+stones much resembling these have been found in Scandinavia;[17-*]
+whence I was at first led to suppose it possible, especially in
+consideration of their apparently circumscribed occurrence in this
+country, that they might have been introduced here by the Northmen; a
+conjecture that seems to lose all foundation since these relics have
+been found as far west as the Mississippi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Note._--Since the preceding remarks were written, I have received from
+my friend, Mr. William A. Foster, of Lima, ten skulls and two entire
+mummied bodies from the Peruvian cemetery at Arica. "This cemetery,"
+observes Mr. Foster, "lies on the face of a sandhill sloping towards the
+sea. The external surface occupied by these tombs, as far as we
+explored, I should say was five or six acres. In many of the tombs three
+or four bodies were found clustered together, always _in the sitting
+posture_, and wrapped in three or four thicknesses of cloth, with a mat
+thrown over all."
+
+These crania possess an unusual interest, inasmuch as, with two
+exceptions, they present the horizontally elongated form, in every
+degree from its incipient stage to its perfect development.
+
+By what contrivance has the rounded head of the Indian been moulded into
+this fantastic shape? I have elsewhere[17-+] offered some explanations
+of this subject; but the present series of skulls throws yet more light
+on it, and enables me to indicate the precise manner in which this
+singular object has been attained.
+
+It is evident that the forehead was pressed downwards and backwards by
+two compresses, (probably a folded cloth,) one on each side of the
+frontal suture, which was left free; a fact that explains the cause of
+the ridge, which, in every instance, replaces that suture by extending
+from the root of the nose to the coronal suture. To keep these
+compresses in place, a bandage was carried over them from the base of
+the occiput obliquely forwards; and then, in order to confine the
+lateral portions of the skull, the same bandage was continued by another
+turn over the top of the head, immediately behind the coronal suture,
+and probably with an intervening compress; and the bandaging was
+repeated over these parts until they were immovably confined in the
+desired position.
+
+Every one who is acquainted with the pliable condition of the cranial
+bones at birth, will readily conceive how effectually this apparatus
+would mould the head in the elongated or cylindrical form; for, while it
+prevents the forehead from rising, and the sides of the head from
+expanding, it allows the occipital region an entire freedom of growth;
+and thus without sensibly diminishing the volume of the brain, merely
+forces it into a new though unnatural direction, while it preserves, at
+the same time, a remarkable symmetry of the whole structure. The
+following outline of one of these skulls, will further illustrate my
+meaning; merely premising that the course of the bandages is in every
+instance distinctly marked by a corresponding cavity of the bony
+structure, excepting on the forehead, where the action of a firm
+compress has left a plane surface.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This conformation, as we have already observed, was prevalent among the
+old Aymara tribes which inhabited the shores and islands of the Lake of
+Titicaca, and whose civilization seems evidently to antedate that of the
+Inca Peruvians. I was in fact at one time led to consider this form of
+head as peculiar to, and characteristic of, the former people; but Mr.
+Foster's extensive observations conclusively prove that it was as common
+among some tribes of the sea coast, as among those of the mountainous
+region of Bolivia; that it belonged to no particular nation or tribe;
+and that it was, in every instance, the result of mechanical
+compression.
+
+In my Crania Americana I have given abundant instances of a remarkable
+vertical flattening of the occiput, and irregularity of its sides, among
+the Inca Peruvians who were buried in the royal cemetery of Pachacamac,
+near Lima. These heads present no other deviation from the natural form;
+and even this irregularity I have thought might be accounted for by a
+careless mode of binding the infant to the simple board, which, among
+many Indian tribes of both North and South America, is a customary
+substitute for a cradle. It is probable, however, that even this
+configuration was intentional, and may have formed a distinctive badge
+of some particular _caste_ of these singular people, among whom a
+perfectly natural cranium was of extremely rare occurrence.
+
+We are now acquainted with _four_ forms of the head among the old
+Peruvians which were produced by artificial means, viz:
+
+1. The horizontally elongated, or cylindrical form, above described.
+
+2. The conical or sugar-loaf form, represented in the preceding
+diagrams.
+
+3. The simple flattening or depression of the forehead, causing the rest
+of the head to expand, both posteriorly and laterally; a practice yet
+prevalent among the Chenooks and other tribes at the north of the
+Columbia river, in Oregon.
+
+4. A simple vertical elevation of the occiput, giving the head in most
+instances a squared and inequilateral form.
+
+A curious decree of the ecclesiastical court of Lima, dated A. D. 1585,
+and quoted by the late Prof. Blumenbach, alludes to at least four
+artificial conformations of the head, even then common among the
+Peruvians, and forbids the practice of them under certain specified
+penalities.[TN-4] These forms were called in the language of the
+natives, "Caito, Oma, Opalla, &c.;" and the continuance of them at that
+period, affords another instance of the tenacity with which the
+Peruvians clung to the usages of their forefathers.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4-*] See more particularly the communications of Mr. R. C. Taylor, in
+vol. xxxiv, of Mr. S. Taylor, in vol. xxxiv, and of Prof. Forshey in
+vol. xlix.
+
+[5-*] We take this occasion to observe, that skulls taken from the
+mounds, should at once be saturated with a solution of glue or gum, or
+with any kind of varnish, by which precaution further decomposition is
+effectually prevented.
+
+[6-*] Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, I, p. 281.
+
+[6-+] Rambles in Yucatan, p. 217.
+
+[6-++] L'Homme Americain, Tome I, p. 306. I corrected my error before I
+had the pleasure of seeing M. D'Orbigny's very interesting work. Amer.
+Jour. of Science, vol. xxxviii, No. 2. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences of
+Philadelphia, vol. viii; and again in my Distinctive Characteristics of
+the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 6.
+
+[6-§] See Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia for
+Dec. 1844.
+
+[7-*] Amer. Jour. of Science, xxxii, p. 364.
+
+[7-+] See Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Phila., vol. ii,
+p. 274. If I mistake not, I was the first to bring forward this _mode of
+interment_ practiced by our aboriginal nations, as a strong evidence of
+the unity of the American race. "Thus it is that notwithstanding the
+diversity of language, customs and intellectual character, we trace this
+usage throughout both Americas, affording, as we have already stated,
+collateral evidence of the affiliation of all the American
+tribes."--Crania Americana, p. 246, and pl. 69. Mr. Bradford in his
+valuable work, _American Antiquities_, has added some examples of the
+same kind; and the Chevalier D'Eichthal has also adduced this custom, in
+connexion with some traces of it in Polynesia, to prove an exotic origin
+for a part at least of the American race. See _Mémoires de la Société
+Ethnologique de Paris_, Tome II, p. 236. Whence arose this conventional
+position of the body in death? This question has been often asked and
+variously answered. It is obviously an imitation of the attitude which
+the living Indian habitually assumes when sitting at perfect ease, and
+which has been naturally transferred to his lifeless remains as a fit
+emblem of repose.
+
+[8-*] Crania Americana, p. 116.
+
+[8-+] I have been looking to Dr. Dickerson, of Natchez, for more
+complete details derived from the tumuli of that ancient tribe which
+formed a link between the Mexican nations on the one hand, and the
+savage hordes on the other. Dr. Dickerson is amply provided with
+interesting and important materials for this inquiry, which we trust he
+will soon make public.
+
+[8-++] The skull brought me from Ticul by Mr. Stephens, is that of a
+young female. It presents the natural rounded form; which accords with
+the observation of M. D'Orbigny, (L'Homme Americain,) that the
+artificial moulding of the head among some tribes of Peruvians was
+chiefly confined to the men.
+
+[8-§] Travels in Central America, vol. ii, p. 311.
+
+[9-*] Crania Americana, p. 146.
+
+[10-*] Rambles in Yucatan, p. 216.
+
+[10-+] Rambles by Land and Water, p. 145.
+
+[11-*] Rambles by Land and Water, p. 203.
+
+[12-*] Commerce of the Prairies, I, p. 165.
+
+[12-+] Ibid. I, [TN-5] 270.
+
+[12-++] I am aware that the walls of the ancient Mexican and Peruvian
+edifices are often vertical; but where this is the case the pyramidal
+form is attained by piling, one on the other, successive tiers of
+masonry, each receding from the other and leaving a parapet or platform
+at its base.
+
+[13-*] Commerce of the Prairies, I, p. 277.
+
+[14-*] See my Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the
+Aboriginal Race of America, 2d edit., Philad. 1844.
+
+[17-*] See Journal of the Antiquarian Society of Denmark, published in
+Copenhagen in the Danish language, vol. i, tab. 2, figs. 52, 53.
+
+[17-+] Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philad., vol. viii.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+
+The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained.
+
+        Page      Error
+  TN-1   6        prevading should read pervading
+  TN-2  12        abandonded should read abandoned
+  TN-3  14        earthern should read earthen
+  TN-4  19        penalities should read penalties
+  TN-5  fn. 12-+  Ibid. I, 270. should read Ibid. I, p. 270.
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Observations on the Ethnography and
+Archaeology of the American Aborigines, by Samuel George Morton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some Observations on the Ethnography and Archaeology of the American Aborigines
+
+Author: Samuel George Morton
+
+Release Date: June 24, 2009 [EBook #29215]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON AMERICAN ABORIGINES ***
+
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="titlepage"><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They are <ins class="correction" title="correction">marked</ins> and the corrected text is shown in the popup.
+A description of the errors is found in the <a href="#trans_note">list</a> at the end of the text.
+Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been maintained. A <a href="#trans_note">list</a>
+of inconsistently spelled and hyphenated words is found at the end of
+the text.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h1 class="chapterhead"><span style="font-size: 70%;">SOME OBSERVATIONS</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">ON THE</span><br />
+
+  ETHNOGRAPHY AND ARCHÆOLOGY<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 50%;">OF THE</span><br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 70%;">AMERICAN ABORIGINES.</span></h1>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 3em;"><span style="font-size: 70%;">BY</span><br />
+
+  SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON, M. D.,<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 70%;">Author of the Crania Americana, Crania Æygptiaca, &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="declong" style="margin-top: 3em;" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">EXTRACTED FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, VOL. II, SECOND SERIES.</p>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p class="titlepage" style="margin-top: 3em;">NEW HAVEN:<br />
+
+<span style="font-size: 70%;">PRINTED BY B. L. HAMLEN,</span><br />
+<span style="font-size: 70%;">Printer to Yale College.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="decshort" />
+
+<p class="titlepage">1846.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead">SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY AND ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN
+ABORIGINES.</h2>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nothing</span> in the progress of human knowledge is more remarkable than the
+recent discoveries in American archÊology, whether we regard them as
+monuments of art or as contributions to science. The names of Stephens
+and Norman will ever stand preëminent for their extraordinary
+revelations in Mexico and Yucatan; which, added to those previously made
+by Del Rio, Humboldt, Waldeck and D’Orbigny in these and other parts of
+our continent, have thrown a bright, yet almost bewildering light, on
+the former condition of the western world.</p>
+
+<p>Cities have been explored, replete with columns, bas-reliefs, tombs and
+temples; the works of a comparatively civilized people, who were
+surrounded by barbarous yet affiliated tribes. Of the builders we know
+little besides what we gather from their monuments, which remain to
+astonish the mind and stimulate research. They teach us the value of
+archÊological facts in tracing the primitive condition and cognate
+relations of the several great branches of the human family; at the same
+time that they prove to us, with respect to the American race at least,
+that we have as yet only entered upon the threshold of investigation.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>In fact, ethnography and archÊology should go hand in hand; and the
+principal object I have in view in giving publicity to the following too
+desultory remarks, is to impress on travellers and others who are
+favorably situated for making observations, the importance of preserving
+every relic, organic or artificial, that can throw any light on the past
+and present condition of our native tribes. Objects of this nature have
+been too often thrown aside as valueless; or kept as mere curiosities,
+until they were finally lost or become so defaced or broken as to be
+useless. To render such relics available to science and art, their
+history and characteristics should be recorded in the periodicals of the
+day; by which means we shall eventually possess an accumulated mass of
+facts that will be all-important to future generalization. I grant that
+this course has been ably pursued by many intelligent writers, and the
+American Journal of Science is a fruitful depository of such
+observations.<a name="FNanchor_4-1_1" id="FNanchor_4-1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_4-1_1" class="fnanchor">4-*</a> With every acknowledgment to these praiseworthy
+efforts, let us urge their active continuance. Time and the progress of
+civilization are daily effacing the vestiges of our aboriginal race; and
+whatever can be done to rescue these vestiges from oblivion, must be
+done quickly.</p>
+
+<p>We call attention in the first place, to two skulls from a mound about
+three miles from the mouth of Huron river, Ohio. They were obtained by
+Mr. Charles W. Atwater, and forwarded to Mr. B. Silliman, Jr., through
+whose kindness they have been placed in my hands. These remains possess
+the greater interest, because the many articles found with them present
+no trace of European art; thus confirming the opinion expressed in Mr.
+Atwater’s letter:&mdash;“There are a great many mounds in the township of
+Huron,” he observes, “all which appear to have been built a long time
+previous to the intercourse between the Indians and the white men. I
+have opened a number of these mounds, and have not discovered any
+articles manufactured by the latter. A piece of copper from a small
+mound is the only metal I have yet found.”</p>
+
+<p>The stone utensils obtained by Mr. Atwater in the present instance,
+were, as usual, arrow heads, axes, knives for skinning deer,
+sling-stones, and two spheroidal stones on which I shall offer some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+remarks in another place. The materials of which these articles are
+formed, are jasper, quartz, granite stained by copper, and clay slate,
+all showing that peculiar time-worn polish which such substances acquire
+by long inhumation.</p>
+
+<p>The two skeletons were of a man and a woman. “They had been buried on
+the surface of the ground and the earth raised over them. They lay on
+their backs with their feet to the west.” The male cranium presents, in
+every particular, the characteristics of the American race. The forehead
+recedes less than usual in these people, but the large size of the jaws,
+the quadrangular orbits, and the width between the cheek bones, are all
+remarkably developed; while the rounded head, elevated vertex, vertical
+occiput and great inter-parietal diameter, (which is no less than 5·7
+inches,) render this skull a type of national conformation. (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1.</a>)</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 196px;">
+<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a><a href="images/fig-01-full.png"><img src="images/fig-01.png" width="196" height="211" alt="Drawing of a skull" title="Fig. 1." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The female head possesses the same general character, but is more
+elongated in the occipital region, and of more delicate proportions
+throughout.<a name="FNanchor_5-1_2" id="FNanchor_5-1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_5-1_2" class="fnanchor">5-*</a></p>
+
+<p>Similar in general conformation to these are all the mound and other
+skulls I have received since the publication of my work on American
+Crania, viz. five from the country of the Araucos, in Chili, from Dr.
+Thomas S. Page of Valparaiso; six of ancient Otomies, Tlascalans and
+Chechemecans, from Don J. Gomez de la Cortina of the city of Mexico;
+three from near Tampa, in Florida, from Dr. R. S. Holmes, U. S. A.; one
+from a mound on Blue river, Illinois, from Dr. Brown of St. Louis; and
+four sent me by Lieut. Meigs, U. S. A., who obtained them from the
+immediate vicinity of Detroit, in Michigan. To these may be added two
+others taken from ancient graves near Fort Chartres, in Illinois, by Dr.
+Wistlizenus of St. Louis; a single cranium from the cemetery of Santiago
+de Tlatelolco, near the city of Mexico, which I have received through
+the kindness of the Baron von Gerolt, Prussian minister at Washington;
+and another very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> old skull from the Indian burying grounds at Guamay,
+in Northern Peru, for which I am indebted to Dr. Paul Swift. Last but
+not least, I may add the skull obtained by Mr. Stephens<a name="FNanchor_6-1_3" id="FNanchor_6-1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_6-1_3" class="fnanchor">6-*</a> from a
+vault at Ticul, a ruined aboriginal city of Yucatan, and some mutilated
+but interesting fragments brought me from the latter country, by my
+friend Mr. Norman.<a name="FNanchor_6-2_4" id="FNanchor_6-2_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_6-2_4" class="fnanchor">6-†</a></p>
+
+<p>These crania, together with upwards of four hundred others of nearly
+sixty tribes and nations, derived from the repositories of the dead in
+different localities over the whole length and breadth of both Americas,
+present a conformable and national type of organization, showing the
+origin of one to be equally the origin of all.</p>
+
+<p>To this <a name="corr01" id="corr01"></a><ins class="correction" title="pervading">prevading</ins> cranial type I have already adverted. Even the
+long-headed Aymaras of Peru, whom, in common with Prof. Tiedemann, I at
+first thought to present a congenitally different form of head from the
+nations who surrounded them, are proved, by the recent discoveries of M.
+Alcide D’Orbigny, to have belonged to the same race as the other
+Americans, and to owe their singularly elongated crania to a peculiar
+mode of artificial compression from the earliest infancy.<a name="FNanchor_6-3_5" id="FNanchor_6-3_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_6-3_5" class="fnanchor">6-‡</a></p>
+
+<p>But there is evidence to the same effect, but of more ancient date than
+any we have yet mentioned. The recent explorations of Dr. Lund in the
+district of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, have brought to light human bones
+which he regards as fossil, because they accompany the remains of
+extinct genera and species of quadrupeds, and have undergone the same
+mineral changes with the latter. He has found several crania, all of
+which correspond in form to the present aboriginal type.<a name="FNanchor_6-4_6" id="FNanchor_6-4_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6-4_6" class="fnanchor">6-§</a></p>
+
+<p>Even the head of the celebrated <i>Guadaloupe skeleton</i> forms no exception
+to the rule. The skeleton itself is well known to be in the British
+Museum, but wants the cranium, which however is supposed to have been
+recovered in the one more recently found in Guadaloupe by Mr.
+L’Hérminier, and brought by him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> to Charleston, South Carolina. Dr.
+Moultrie, who has described this very interesting relic, makes the
+following observations:&mdash;“Compared with the cranium of a Peruvian
+presented to Prof. Holbrook by Dr. Morton, in the museum of the state of
+South Carolina, the craniological similarity manifested between them is
+too striking to permit us to question their national identity. There is
+in both the same coronal elevation, occipital compression, and lateral
+protuberance accompanied with frontal depression, which mark the
+American variety in general.”<a name="FNanchor_7-1_7" id="FNanchor_7-1_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7-1_7" class="fnanchor">7-*</a></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 179px;">
+<a name="fig2" id="fig2"></a><a href="images/fig-02-full.png"><img src="images/fig-02.png" width="179" height="214" alt="Drawing of skull" title="Fig. 2." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is additional proof of identity, not only of original
+conformation, but of conventional modification of the form of the head,
+which I may be excused from reverting to in this place, inasmuch as the
+materials I shall use have but recently come to my hands. The first of
+these subjects is represented by the subjoined wood-cut, (<a href="#fig2">fig. 2.</a>) It
+was politely sent me by Dr. John Houstoun, an intelligent surgeon of the
+British Navy, with the following memorandum: “From an ancient town
+called Chiuhiu, or Atacama Baja, on the river Loa, and on the western
+edge of the desert of Atacama. The bodies are nearly all buried <i>in the
+sitting posture</i>, [the conventional usage of most of the American
+nations from Patagonia to Canada,] with the hands either placed on each
+side of the head, or crossed over the breast.”<a name="FNanchor_7-2_8" id="FNanchor_7-2_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_7-2_8" class="fnanchor">7-†</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>This cranium (and another received with it) has that remarkable
+sugar-loaf form which renders them high and broad in front, with a short
+antero-posterior diameter, both the forehead and occiput bearing
+evidence of long continued compression. They correspond precisely with
+the descriptions given by Cieza, Torquemada and others among the
+earliest travellers in Peru, who saw the natives in various parts of the
+country with heads rounded precisely in this manner.<a name="FNanchor_8-1_9" id="FNanchor_8-1_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_8-1_9" class="fnanchor">8-*</a></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 165px;">
+<a name="fig3" id="fig3"></a><a href="images/fig-03-full.png"><img src="images/fig-03.png" width="165" height="217" alt="Drawing of a skull" title="Fig. 3." /></a>
+<span class="caption">Fig. 3.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The second head figured, (<a href="#fig3">fig. 3</a>,) is that of a Natchez Indian,<a name="FNanchor_8-2_10" id="FNanchor_8-2_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_8-2_10" class="fnanchor">8-†</a>
+obtained from a mound not far from that city by the late Mr. James
+Tooley, Jr., and by him presented to me. The face in this, as in the
+former instance, has all the characteristics of the native Indian; and
+the cranium has undergone precisely the same process of artificial
+compression, although these tribes were separated from each other by the
+vast geographical distance of four thousand miles!</p>
+
+<p>Could we discover the cranial remains of the older Mexican nations, we
+should doubtless find many of them to possess the same fanciful type of
+conformation;<a name="FNanchor_8-3_11" id="FNanchor_8-3_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_8-3_11" class="fnanchor">8-‡</a> for if either of the skulls figured above could be
+again clothed in flesh and blood, would we not have restored to us the
+very heads that are so abundantly sculptured on the monuments of Central
+America, and so graphically described by Herrera, when he tells us that
+the people of Yucatan <i>flattened their heads and foreheads</i>?</p>
+
+<p>The following diagrams are copied, on an enlarged scale, from Mr.
+Stephens’s Travels,<a name="FNanchor_8-4_12" id="FNanchor_8-4_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_8-4_12" class="fnanchor">8-§</a> and will serve in further illustration of this
+interesting subject. They are taken from bas-reliefs in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> <i>Palace at
+Palenque</i>. The personage <a href="#fig4">fig. 4</a>, (whose head-dress we have partly
+omitted,) appears to be a king or chieftain, at whose feet are two
+suppliants, naked and cross-legged, of whom we copy the one that
+preserves the most perfect outline, (<a href="#fig5">fig. 5.</a>)</p>
+
+<table border="0" summary="figs. 4 and 5">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdc" style="vertical-align: middle;"><a name="fig4" id="fig4"></a><a href="images/fig-04-full.png"><img src="images/fig-04.png" width="174" height="221" alt="Drawing of a Maya head from the art" title="Fig. 4." /></a></td>
+  <td class="tdc" style="vertical-align: middle;"><a name="fig5" id="fig5"></a><a href="images/fig-05-full.png"><img src="images/fig-05.png" width="192" height="198" alt="Drawing of a head from Maya art" title="Fig. 5." /></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdc"><span class="caption">Fig. 4.</span></td>
+  <td class="tdc"><span class="caption">Fig. 5.</span></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The principal figure has better features and expression than the other,
+but their heads are formed on the same model; whence we may infer that
+if the suppliant is a servant or a slave of the same race with his
+master, the artificial moulding of the cranium was common to all
+classes. If, on the other hand, we assume that he is an enemy imploring
+mercy, we come to the conclusion that the singular custom of which we
+are speaking, was in use among other and surrounding nations; which
+latter inference is confirmed by other evidence, that, for example,
+derived from the Natchez tribe, and the clay effigies so abundantly
+found at the ruined temples of the sun and moon at Teotihuacan, near the
+city of Mexico.<a name="FNanchor_9-1_13" id="FNanchor_9-1_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_9-1_13" class="fnanchor">9-*</a></p>
+
+<p>I can aver that sixteen years of almost daily comparisons have only
+confirmed me in the conclusions announced in my <i>Crania Americana</i>, that
+all the American nations, excepting the Eskimaux, are of one race, and
+that this race is peculiar and distinct from all others. The first of
+these propositions may be regarded as an axiom in ethnography; the
+second still gives rise to a diversity of opinions, of which the most
+prevalent is that which would merge the American race in the Mongolian.</p>
+
+<p>It has been objected to a common origin for all the American nations,
+and even for those of Mexico, that their <i>monuments</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> should present so
+great a variety in the configuration of the head and face; a fact which
+forcibly impresses every one who examines the numerous effigies in baked
+clay in the collection of the American Philosophical Society; yet they
+are all made of the same material and by the same national artists. The
+varieties are indeed endless; and Mr. Norman in his first work, has
+arrived at a reasonable conclusion, in which we entirely agree with him,
+“that the people prepared these <i>penates</i> according to their respective
+tastes, and with little reference to any standard or canon.”<a name="FNanchor_10-1_14" id="FNanchor_10-1_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_10-1_14" class="fnanchor">10-*</a></p>
+
+<p>They appear to have exercised much ingenuity in this way, blending
+almost every conceivable type of the human countenance, and associating
+this again with those of beasts, birds, and various fanciful animals,
+which last are equal in uncouthness to any productions of the Gothic
+artists of the middle ages.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Norman in his late and interesting volume of travels in Cuba and
+Mexico, discovered in the latter country some remarkable ruins near the
+town of Panuco, and among them a curious sepulchral effigy. “It was a
+handsome block or slab of stone, (wider at one end than the other,)
+measuring seven feet in length, with an average of nearly two and a half
+feet in width and one foot in thickness. Upon its face was beautifully
+wrought, in bold relief, the full length figure of a man, in a loose
+robe with a girdle about his loins, his arms crossed on his breast, his
+head encased in a close cap or casque, resembling the Roman helmet (as
+represented in the etchings of Pinelli) without the crest, and his feet
+and ankles bound with the ties of sandals. The figure is that of a tall
+muscular man of the finest proportions. The face, in all its features,
+is of the noblest class of the European or Caucasian race.”<a name="FNanchor_10-2_15" id="FNanchor_10-2_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_10-2_15" class="fnanchor">10-†</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Norman was himself struck “with the resemblance between this, and
+the stones that cover the tombs of the Knights Templar in some of the
+ancient churches of the old world,” but he thinks that neither this nor
+any other circumstance proves this effigy to have been of European
+origin or of modern date. “The material,” he adds, “is the same as that
+of all the buildings and works of art in this vicinity, and the style
+and workmanship are those of the great unknown artists of the western
+hemisphere;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>” and he arrives at the conclusion, as many ingenuous minds
+have done before him, that these and the other archÊological remains of
+Mexico and Yucatan, “are the works of a people who have long since
+passed away; and not of the races, <i>or the progenitors of the races</i>,
+who inhabited the country at the epoch of the discovery.”<a name="FNanchor_11-1_16" id="FNanchor_11-1_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_11-1_16" class="fnanchor">11-*</a></p>
+
+<p>With the highest respect for this intelligent traveller, I am not able
+to agree with him in his conclusion; but I should not now revive my
+published opinions or contest his, were it not that some new light
+appears to me to have dawned on this very question.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, then, we regard the effigy found near Panuco as
+probably Caucasian; so does Mr. Norman; but instead of referring it to a
+very remote antiquity, or to some European occupancy of Mexico long
+before the Spanish conquest, we will venture to suggest, that even if
+the town of Panuco was itself older than that event, (of which indeed we
+have no doubt,) it is consistent with collateral facts to infer, that
+the Spaniards may have occupied this very town, in common with, or
+subsequent to, the native inhabitants, and have left this sepulchral
+monument. That the Spaniards did sometimes practice this joint
+occupancy, is well known; and that they have, in some instances, left
+their monuments in places wherein even tradition had almost lost sight
+of their former sojourn, is susceptible of proof.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gregg, in a recent and instructive work on the “Commerce of the
+Prairies,” states the following particulars, which are the more valuable
+since he had no opinions of his own in reference to the American
+aborigines, and merely gives the facts as he found them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gregg describes the ruins called <i>La Gran Quivira</i>, about 100 miles
+south of Santa Fé, as larger than the present capital of New Mexico. The
+architecture of this deserted city is of hewn stone, and there are the
+remains of aqueducts eight or ten miles in length leading from the
+neighboring mountains. These ruins “have been supposed to be the remains
+of a <i>pueblo</i> or aboriginal city;” but he adds that the occurrence of
+the Spanish coat of arms in more than one instance sculptured and
+painted upon the houses, prevents the adoption of such an opinion; and
+that traditional report (and tradition only) mentions this as a city
+that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> was sacked and desolated in the Indian insurrection of 1680.<a name="FNanchor_12-1_17" id="FNanchor_12-1_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_12-1_17" class="fnanchor">12-*</a>
+Now had it not been for the occurrence of the heraldic paintings, this
+city might have been still regarded as of purely Indian origin and
+occupancy; as might also the analogous ruins of Abo, Tagique and Chilili
+in the same vicinity; for although these may have been originally
+constructed by the natives, yet as they are supposed to be near the
+ancient mines, it is not improbable that the conquerors in these, as in
+many other instances, drove out the rightful owners, and took possession
+for themselves;<a name="FNanchor_12-2_18" id="FNanchor_12-2_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_12-2_18" class="fnanchor">12-†</a> for that they did possess and inhabit the towns
+above enumerated is a fact beyond question.</p>
+
+<p>Why may not events of an analogous character have taken place at Panuco?
+Was it not probably an Indian city into which the Spaniards had intruded
+themselves, and having left traces of their sojourn, as at <i>La Gran
+Quivira</i>, subsequently, owing to some dire catastrophe, or some new
+impulse, <a name="corr02" id="corr02"></a><ins class="correction" title="abandoned">abandonded</ins> it for another and preferable location? This,
+we suggest, is a reasonable explanation of the presence of the Caucasian
+effigy found by Mr. Norman among the deserted ruins of Panuco.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stephens has, I think, conclusively proved that the past and present
+Indian races of Mexico were cognate tribes. I had previously arrived at
+the same conclusion from a different kind of evidence. What was manifest
+in the physical man is corroborated by his archÊological remains. The
+reiterated testimony of some of the early Spanish travellers, and
+especially of Bernal Diaz and Herrera, is of the utmost importance to
+this question; and all that is necessary in the chain of evidence, is
+some link to connect the demi-civilized nations with the present
+uncultivated and barbarous tribes. These links have been supplied by Mr.
+Gregg. Those peculiar dwellings and other structures, with inclined or
+parapet walls,<a name="FNanchor_12-3_19" id="FNanchor_12-3_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_12-3_19" class="fnanchor">12-‡</a> and with or without windows, which are common to
+all epochs of Peruvian and Mexican architecture, are constructed and
+occupied by the Indians of Mexico even at the present day. After
+describing the general character of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> modern domicils, Mr. Gregg
+goes on to observe, that “a very curious feature in these buildings, is
+that there is most generally no direct communication between the street
+and the lower rooms, into which they descended from a trap-door from the
+upper story, the latter being accessible by means of a ladder. Even the
+entrance at the upper stories is frequently at the roof. This style of
+building appears to have been adopted for security against their
+marauding neighbors of the wilder tribes, with whom they were often at
+war.</p>
+
+<p>“Though this was their most usual style of architecture, there still
+exists a Pueblo of Taos, composed, for the most part, of but two
+edifices of very singular structure&mdash;one on each side of a creek, and
+formerly communicating by a bridge. The base story is a mass of near
+four hundred feet long, a hundred and fifty wide, and divided into
+numerous apartments, upon which other tiers of rooms are built, one
+above another, drawn in by regular grades, forming <i>a pyramidal pile</i> of
+fifty or sixty feet high, and comprising some six or eight stories. The
+outer rooms only seem to be used for dwellings, and are lighted by
+little windows at the sides, but are entered through trap-doors in the
+<i>azoteas</i> or roofs. Most of the inner apartments are employed as
+granaries and storerooms, but a spacious hall in the centre of the mass,
+known as the <i>estufa</i>, is reserved for their secret councils. These two
+buildings afford habitation, as is said, for over six hundred souls.
+There is likewise an edifice in the Pueblo of Picuris of the same class,
+and some of those of Moqui are also said to be similar.”<a name="FNanchor_13-1_20" id="FNanchor_13-1_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_13-1_20" class="fnanchor">13-*</a></p>
+
+<p>The Indian city of Santo Domingo, which has an exclusive aboriginal
+population, is built in the same manner, the material being, as usual,
+sun-burnt bricks; and my friend Dr. Wm. Gambel informs me, that in a
+late journey from Santa Fé across the continent to California, he
+constantly observed an analogous style of building, as well in the
+dwellings of the present native inhabitants, as in those older and
+abandoned structures of whose date little or nothing is known.</p>
+
+<p>Who does not see in the builders of these humbler dwellings, the
+descendants of the architects of Palenque, and Yucatan? The style is the
+same in both. The same objects have been arrived at by similar modes of
+construction. The older structures<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> are formed of a better material,
+generally of hewn stone, and often elaborately ornamented with
+sculpture. But the absence of all decoration in the modern buildings, is
+no proof that they have not been erected by people of the same race with
+those who have left such profusely ornamented monuments in other parts
+of Mexico; for the ruins of Pueblo Bonito, in the direction of Navajo,
+and those of the celebrated Casas Grandes on the western Colorado, which
+were regarded by Clavigero as among the oldest Toltecan remains in
+Mexico, are destitute of sculpture or other decoration. In fact, these
+last named ruins appear to date with the primitive wanderings of the
+cultivated tribes, before they established their seats in Yucatan and
+Guatimala, and erected those more finished monuments which could only
+result from the combined efforts of populous communities, acting under
+the favorable influence of peace and prosperity. Every race has had its
+center or centers of comparative civilization. The American aborigines
+had theirs in Peru, Bogota and Mexico. The people, the institutions and
+the architecture were essentially the same in each, though modified by
+local wants and conventional usages. Humboldt was forcibly impressed by
+this archÊological identity, for he himself had traced it, with
+occasional interruptions, over an extent of a thousand leagues; and we
+now find that it gradually merges itself into the ruder dwellings of the
+more barbarous tribes; showing, as I have often remarked, that there is,
+in every respect, a gradual ethnographic transition from these into the
+temple-builders of every American epoch.<a name="FNanchor_14-1_21" id="FNanchor_14-1_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_14-1_21" class="fnanchor">14-*</a></p>
+
+<p>I shall close this communication by a notice of certain <i>discoidal
+stones</i> occasionally found in the mounds of the United States. Of these
+relics I possess sixteen, of which all but two were found by my friend
+Dr. Wm. Blanding, during his long residence in Camden, South Carolina.
+These disks were accompanied, as usual, by <a name="corr03" id="corr03"></a><ins class="correction" title="earthen">earthern</ins> vessels, pipes of
+baked clay, arrow-heads and other articles, respecting which Dr.
+Blanding has given me the following locality:&mdash;“All the Indian relics,
+save three or four, which I have sent you, were collected on or near the
+banks of the Wateree river, Kershaw district, South Carolina; the
+greater part from the mounds or near the foot of them. All the mounds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+that I have observed in this state, excepting these, do not amount to as
+many as are found on the Wateree within the distance of twenty four
+miles up and down the river, between Lancaster and Sumpter districts.
+The lowest down is called Nixon’s mound, the highest up, Harrison’s.”</p>
+
+<p>“The discoidal stones,” adds Dr. Blanding, “were found at the foot of
+the different mounds, not in them. They seemed to be left, where they
+were no doubt used, on the play grounds.”</p>
+
+<p>The disks are from an inch and a half to six inches in diameter, and
+present some varieties in other respects.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="illus-p15" id="illus-p15"></a><a href="images/illus-p15-full.jpg"><img src="images/illus-p15.png" width="500" height="220" alt="Five stone disks" title="Five stone disks" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 represents a profile of the simplest form and at the same time
+the smallest size of these stones, being in diameter about an inch and
+three quarters. The upper and under surfaces are nearly plane, with
+angular edges and oblique margin, but without concavity or perforation.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A similar form, slightly concave on each surface.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A large disk of white quartz, measuring five inches in diameter
+and an inch and three fourths in thickness. The margin is rounded, and
+both surfaces are deeply concave though imperforate.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 is another specimen four inches in diameter, deeply concave from
+the margin to the center, with a central perforation. The margin itself
+is slightly convex. The concave surface is marked by two sets of
+superficial grooved lines, which meet something in the form of a
+bird-track. This disk is made of a light-brown ferruginous quartz.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 is a profile view of a solid lenticular stone, much more convex
+on the one side than the other, formed of hard syenitic rock.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>Besides these there are other slight modifications of form which it is
+unnecessary to particularize.</p>
+
+<p>These disks are made of the hardest stones, and wrought with admirable
+symmetry and polish, surpassing any thing we could readily conceive of
+in the humbler arts of the present Indian tribes; and the question
+arises, whether they are not the works of their seemingly extinct
+progenitors?&mdash;of that people of the same race, (but more directly allied
+to the Toltecans of Mexico,) who appear in former times to have
+constituted populous and cultivated communities throughout the valley of
+the Mississippi, and in the southern and western regions towards the
+gulf of Mexico, and whose last direct and lineal representatives were
+the ill-fated Natchez?</p>
+
+<p>I have made much inquiry as to the localities of these and analogous
+remains, but hitherto with little success. I am assured that they have
+been found in Missouri, perhaps near St. Louis; and in very rare
+instances in the northern part of Delaware. Dr. Ruggles has sent me the
+plaster model of a small, perforated, but irregularly formed stone of
+this kind, taken from an ancient Indian grave at Fall River in Rhode
+Island; but Dr. Edwin H. Davis, of Chilicothe, in a letter recently
+received from him, informs me that he had obtained, during his
+excavations in that vicinity, no less than “two hundred flint disks in a
+single mound, measuring from three and a half to five inches in
+diameter, and from half an inch to an inch in thickness, of three
+different forms, round, oval and triangular.” These appear, however, to
+be of a different construction and designed for some other use than
+those I have described; and Dr. Davis himself offers the probable
+suggestion, that “they were rude darts blocked out at the quarries for
+easy transportation to the Indian towns.” The same gentleman speaks of
+having found other disks formed of a micaceous slate, of a dark color
+and highly polished. These last appear to correspond more nearly to
+those we have indicated in the above diagrams.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these disks, I have met with a few spheroidal stones, about
+three inches in diameter. One of these accompanies the disks from South
+Carolina, and is marked with a groove to receive the thumb in throwing
+it. A similar but ruder ball is contained among the articles found by
+Mr. Atwater in the mound near Huron, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>What was the use of the disks in question? Those who have examined the
+series in my possession have offered various explanations; but the only
+one that seems in any degree plausible, is that of my friend Dr.
+Blanding, who supposes them to have been used in a game analogous to
+that of the quoits of the Europeans. It is a curious fact that discoidal
+stones much resembling these have been found in Scandinavia;<a name="FNanchor_17-1_22" id="FNanchor_17-1_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_17-1_22" class="fnanchor">17-*</a>
+whence I was at first led to suppose it possible, especially in
+consideration of their apparently circumscribed occurrence in this
+country, that they might have been introduced here by the Northmen; a
+conjecture that seems to lose all foundation since these relics have
+been found as far west as the Mississippi.</p>
+
+
+<p style="margin-top: 2em;"><i>Note.</i>&mdash;Since the preceding remarks were written, I have received from
+my friend, Mr. William A. Foster, of Lima, ten skulls and two entire
+mummied bodies from the Peruvian cemetery at Arica. “This cemetery,”
+observes Mr. Foster, “lies on the face of a sandhill sloping towards the
+sea. The external surface occupied by these tombs, as far as we
+explored, I should say was five or six acres. In many of the tombs three
+or four bodies were found clustered together, always <i>in the sitting
+posture</i>, and wrapped in three or four thicknesses of cloth, with a mat
+thrown over all.”</p>
+
+<p>These crania possess an unusual interest, inasmuch as, with two
+exceptions, they present the horizontally elongated form, in every
+degree from its incipient stage to its perfect development.</p>
+
+<p>By what contrivance has the rounded head of the Indian been moulded into
+this fantastic shape? I have elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_17-2_23" id="FNanchor_17-2_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_17-2_23" class="fnanchor">17-†</a> offered some explanations
+of this subject; but the present series of skulls throws yet more light
+on it, and enables me to indicate the precise manner in which this
+singular object has been attained.</p>
+
+<p>It is evident that the forehead was pressed downwards and backwards by
+two compresses, (probably a folded cloth,) one on each side of the
+frontal suture, which was left free; a fact that explains the cause of
+the ridge, which, in every instance,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> replaces that suture by extending
+from the root of the nose to the coronal suture. To keep these
+compresses in place, a bandage was carried over them from the base of
+the occiput obliquely forwards; and then, in order to confine the
+lateral portions of the skull, the same bandage was continued by another
+turn over the top of the head, immediately behind the coronal suture,
+and probably with an intervening compress; and the bandaging was
+repeated over these parts until they were immovably confined in the
+desired position.</p>
+
+<p>Every one who is acquainted with the pliable condition of the cranial
+bones at birth, will readily conceive how effectually this apparatus
+would mould the head in the elongated or cylindrical form; for, while it
+prevents the forehead from rising, and the sides of the head from
+expanding, it allows the occipital region an entire freedom of growth;
+and thus without sensibly diminishing the volume of the brain, merely
+forces it into a new though unnatural direction, while it preserves, at
+the same time, a remarkable symmetry of the whole structure. The
+following outline of one of these skulls, will further illustrate my
+meaning; merely premising that the course of the bandages is in every
+instance distinctly marked by a corresponding cavity of the bony
+structure, excepting on the forehead, where the action of a firm
+compress has left a plane surface.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 298px;">
+<a name="illus-p18" id="illus-p18"></a><a href="images/illus-p18-full.png"><img src="images/illus-p18.png" width="298" height="207" alt="Drawing showing angle of bandages to shape head" title="Drawing showing angle of bandages to shape head" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>This conformation, as we have already observed, was prevalent among the
+old Aymara tribes which inhabited the shores and islands of the Lake of
+Titicaca, and whose civilization seems evidently to antedate that of the
+Inca Peruvians. I was in fact at one time led to consider this form of
+head as peculiar to, and characteristic of, the former people; but Mr.
+Foster’s extensive observations conclusively prove that it was as common
+among some tribes of the sea coast, as among those of the mountainous
+region of Bolivia; that it belonged to no particular nation or tribe;
+and that it was, in every instance, the result of mechanical
+compression.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>In my Crania Americana I have given abundant instances of a remarkable
+vertical flattening of the occiput, and irregularity of its sides, among
+the Inca Peruvians who were buried in the royal cemetery of Pachacamac,
+near Lima. These heads present no other deviation from the natural form;
+and even this irregularity I have thought might be accounted for by a
+careless mode of binding the infant to the simple board, which, among
+many Indian tribes of both North and South America, is a customary
+substitute for a cradle. It is probable, however, that even this
+configuration was intentional, and may have formed a distinctive badge
+of some particular <i>caste</i> of these singular people, among whom a
+perfectly natural cranium was of extremely rare occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>We are now acquainted with <i>four</i> forms of the head among the old
+Peruvians which were produced by artificial means, viz:</p>
+
+<p>1. The horizontally elongated, or cylindrical form, above described.</p>
+
+<p>2. The conical or sugar-loaf form, represented in the preceding
+diagrams.</p>
+
+<p>3. The simple flattening or depression of the forehead, causing the rest
+of the head to expand, both posteriorly and laterally; a practice yet
+prevalent among the Chenooks and other tribes at the north of the
+Columbia river, in Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>4. A simple vertical elevation of the occiput, giving the head in most
+instances a squared and inequilateral form.</p>
+
+<p>A curious decree of the ecclesiastical court of Lima, dated A. D. 1585,
+and quoted by the late Prof. Blumenbach, alludes to at least four
+artificial conformations of the head, even then common among the
+Peruvians, and forbids the practice of them under certain specified
+<a name="corr04" id="corr04"></a><ins class="correction" title="penalties.">penalities.</ins> These forms were called in the language of the
+natives, “Caito, Oma, Opalla, &amp;c.;” and the continuance of them at that
+period, affords another instance of the tenacity with which the
+Peruvians clung to the usages of their forefathers.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4-1_1" id="Footnote_4-1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4-1_1"><span class="label">4-*</span></a> See more particularly the communications of Mr. R. C.
+Taylor, in vol. xxxiv, of Mr. S. Taylor, in vol. xxxiv, and of Prof.
+Forshey in vol. xlix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5-1_2" id="Footnote_5-1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5-1_2"><span class="label">5-*</span></a> We take this occasion to observe, that skulls taken from
+the mounds, should at once be saturated with a solution of glue or gum,
+or with any kind of varnish, by which precaution further decomposition
+is effectually prevented.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6-1_3" id="Footnote_6-1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6-1_3"><span class="label">6-*</span></a> Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, I, p. 281.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6-2_4" id="Footnote_6-2_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6-2_4"><span class="label">6-†</span></a> Rambles in Yucatan, p. 217.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6-3_5" id="Footnote_6-3_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6-3_5"><span class="label">6-‡</span></a> L’Homme Americain, Tome I, p. 306. I corrected my error
+before I had the pleasure of seeing M. D’Orbigny’s very interesting
+work. Amer. Jour. of Science, vol. xxxviii, No. 2. Jour. Acad. Nat.
+Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. viii; and again in my Distinctive
+Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6-4_6" id="Footnote_6-4_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6-4_6"><span class="label">6-§</span></a> See Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of
+Philadelphia for Dec. 1844.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7-1_7" id="Footnote_7-1_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7-1_7"><span class="label">7-*</span></a> Amer. Jour. of Science, xxxii, p. 364.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7-2_8" id="Footnote_7-2_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7-2_8"><span class="label">7-†</span></a> See Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Phila.,
+vol. ii, p. 274. If I mistake not, I was the first to bring forward this
+<i>mode of interment</i> practiced by our aboriginal nations, as a strong
+evidence of the unity of the American race. “Thus it is that
+notwithstanding the diversity of language, customs and intellectual
+character, we trace this usage throughout both Americas, affording, as
+we have already stated, collateral evidence of the affiliation of all
+the American tribes.”&mdash;Crania Americana, p. 246, and pl. 69. Mr.
+Bradford in his valuable work, <i>American Antiquities</i>, has added some
+examples of the same kind; and the Chevalier D’Eichthal has also adduced
+this custom, in connexion with some traces of it in Polynesia, to prove
+an exotic origin for a part at least of the American race. See <i>Mémoires
+de la Société Ethnologique de Paris</i>, Tome II, p. 236. Whence arose this
+conventional position of the body in death? This question has been often
+asked and variously answered. It is obviously an imitation of the
+attitude which the living Indian habitually assumes when sitting at
+perfect ease, and which has been naturally transferred to his lifeless
+remains as a fit emblem of repose.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8-1_9" id="Footnote_8-1_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8-1_9"><span class="label">8-*</span></a> Crania Americana, p. 116.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8-2_10" id="Footnote_8-2_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8-2_10"><span class="label">8-†</span></a> I have been looking to Dr. Dickerson, of Natchez, for
+more complete details derived from the tumuli of that ancient tribe
+which formed a link between the Mexican nations on the one hand, and the
+savage hordes on the other. Dr. Dickerson is amply provided with
+interesting and important materials for this inquiry, which we trust he
+will soon make public.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8-3_11" id="Footnote_8-3_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8-3_11"><span class="label">8-‡</span></a> The skull brought me from Ticul by Mr. Stephens, is that
+of a young female. It presents the natural rounded form; which accords
+with the observation of M. D’Orbigny, (L’Homme Americain,) that the
+artificial moulding of the head among some tribes of Peruvians was
+chiefly confined to the men.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8-4_12" id="Footnote_8-4_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8-4_12"><span class="label">8-§</span></a> Travels in Central America, vol. ii, p. 311.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9-1_13" id="Footnote_9-1_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9-1_13"><span class="label">9-*</span></a> Crania Americana, p. 146.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10-1_14" id="Footnote_10-1_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10-1_14"><span class="label">10-*</span></a> Rambles in Yucatan, p. 216.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10-2_15" id="Footnote_10-2_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10-2_15"><span class="label">10-†</span></a> Rambles by Land and Water, p. 145.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11-1_16" id="Footnote_11-1_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11-1_16"><span class="label">11-*</span></a> Rambles by Land and Water, p. 203.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12-1_17" id="Footnote_12-1_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12-1_17"><span class="label">12-*</span></a> Commerce of the Prairies, I, p. 165.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12-2_18" id="Footnote_12-2_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12-2_18"><span class="label">12-†</span></a> Ibid. I, <a name="corr05" id="corr05"></a><ins class="correction" title="p. 270.">270.</ins></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12-3_19" id="Footnote_12-3_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12-3_19"><span class="label">12-‡</span></a> I am aware that the walls of the ancient Mexican and
+Peruvian edifices are often vertical; but where this is the case the
+pyramidal form is attained by piling, one on the other, successive tiers
+of masonry, each receding from the other and leaving a parapet or
+platform at its base.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13-1_20" id="Footnote_13-1_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13-1_20"><span class="label">13-*</span></a> Commerce of the Prairies, I, p. 277.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14-1_21" id="Footnote_14-1_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14-1_21"><span class="label">14-*</span></a> See my Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of
+the Aboriginal Race of America, 2d edit., Philad. 1844.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17-1_22" id="Footnote_17-1_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17-1_22"><span class="label">17-*</span></a> See Journal of the Antiquarian Society of Denmark,
+published in Copenhagen in the Danish language, vol. i, tab. 2, figs.
+52, 53.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17-2_23" id="Footnote_17-2_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17-2_23"><span class="label">17-†</span></a> Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philad., vol. viii.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="titlepage"><a name="trans_note" id="trans_note"></a><b>Transcriber’s&nbsp;Note</b></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">The following errors and inconsistencies have been maintained.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Misspelled words and typographical errors:</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 0;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="typos">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">Page</td>
+  <td>Error</td>
+  <td>Correction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#corr01">6</a></td>
+  <td>prevading</td>
+  <td>pervading</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#corr02">12</a></td>
+  <td>abandonded</td>
+  <td>abandoned</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#corr03">14</a></td>
+  <td>earthern</td>
+  <td>earthen</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#corr04">19</a></td>
+  <td>penalities</td>
+  <td>penalties</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><a href="#corr05">fn. 12-†</a></td>
+  <td>Ibid. I, 270.</td>
+  <td>Ibid. I, p. 270.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Observations on the Ethnography and
+Archaeology of the American Aborigines, by Samuel George Morton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some Observations on the Ethnography and Archaeology of the American Aborigines
+
+Author: Samuel George Morton
+
+Release Date: June 24, 2009 [EBook #29215]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON AMERICAN ABORIGINES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from scans of public domain material produced by
+Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a
+description in the complete list found at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+  SOME OBSERVATIONS
+  ON THE
+  ETHNOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
+  OF THE
+  AMERICAN ABORIGINES.
+
+
+  BY
+
+  SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON, M. D.,
+
+  Author of the Crania Americana, Crania AEygptiaca, &c.
+
+
+  EXTRACTED FROM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, VOL. II, SECOND SERIES.
+
+
+  NEW HAVEN:
+  PRINTED BY B. L. HAMLEN,
+  Printer to Yale College.
+
+  1846.
+
+
+
+
+SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN
+ABORIGINES.
+
+
+Nothing in the progress of human knowledge is more remarkable than the
+recent discoveries in American archaeology, whether we regard them as
+monuments of art or as contributions to science. The names of Stephens
+and Norman will ever stand preeminent for their extraordinary
+revelations in Mexico and Yucatan; which, added to those previously made
+by Del Rio, Humboldt, Waldeck and D'Orbigny in these and other parts of
+our continent, have thrown a bright, yet almost bewildering light, on
+the former condition of the western world.
+
+Cities have been explored, replete with columns, bas-reliefs, tombs and
+temples; the works of a comparatively civilized people, who were
+surrounded by barbarous yet affiliated tribes. Of the builders we know
+little besides what we gather from their monuments, which remain to
+astonish the mind and stimulate research. They teach us the value of
+archaeological facts in tracing the primitive condition and cognate
+relations of the several great branches of the human family; at the same
+time that they prove to us, with respect to the American race at least,
+that we have as yet only entered upon the threshold of investigation.
+
+In fact, ethnography and archaeology should go hand in hand; and the
+principal object I have in view in giving publicity to the following too
+desultory remarks, is to impress on travellers and others who are
+favorably situated for making observations, the importance of preserving
+every relic, organic or artificial, that can throw any light on the past
+and present condition of our native tribes. Objects of this nature have
+been too often thrown aside as valueless; or kept as mere curiosities,
+until they were finally lost or become so defaced or broken as to be
+useless. To render such relics available to science and art, their
+history and characteristics should be recorded in the periodicals of the
+day; by which means we shall eventually possess an accumulated mass of
+facts that will be all-important to future generalization. I grant that
+this course has been ably pursued by many intelligent writers, and the
+American Journal of Science is a fruitful depository of such
+observations.[4-*] With every acknowledgment to these praiseworthy
+efforts, let us urge their active continuance. Time and the progress of
+civilization are daily effacing the vestiges of our aboriginal race; and
+whatever can be done to rescue these vestiges from oblivion, must be
+done quickly.
+
+We call attention in the first place, to two skulls from a mound about
+three miles from the mouth of Huron river, Ohio. They were obtained by
+Mr. Charles W. Atwater, and forwarded to Mr. B. Silliman, Jr., through
+whose kindness they have been placed in my hands. These remains possess
+the greater interest, because the many articles found with them present
+no trace of European art; thus confirming the opinion expressed in Mr.
+Atwater's letter:--"There are a great many mounds in the township of
+Huron," he observes, "all which appear to have been built a long time
+previous to the intercourse between the Indians and the white men. I
+have opened a number of these mounds, and have not discovered any
+articles manufactured by the latter. A piece of copper from a small
+mound is the only metal I have yet found."
+
+The stone utensils obtained by Mr. Atwater in the present instance,
+were, as usual, arrow heads, axes, knives for skinning deer,
+sling-stones, and two spheroidal stones on which I shall offer some
+remarks in another place. The materials of which these articles are
+formed, are jasper, quartz, granite stained by copper, and clay slate,
+all showing that peculiar time-worn polish which such substances acquire
+by long inhumation.
+
+The two skeletons were of a man and a woman. "They had been buried on
+the surface of the ground and the earth raised over them. They lay on
+their backs with their feet to the west." The male cranium presents, in
+every particular, the characteristics of the American race. The forehead
+recedes less than usual in these people, but the large size of the jaws,
+the quadrangular orbits, and the width between the cheek bones, are all
+remarkably developed; while the rounded head, elevated vertex, vertical
+occiput and great inter-parietal diameter, (which is no less than 5.7
+inches,) render this skull a type of national conformation. (Fig. 1.)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.]
+
+The female head possesses the same general character, but is more
+elongated in the occipital region, and of more delicate proportions
+throughout.[5-*]
+
+Similar in general conformation to these are all the mound and other
+skulls I have received since the publication of my work on American
+Crania, viz. five from the country of the Araucos, in Chili, from Dr.
+Thomas S. Page of Valparaiso; six of ancient Otomies, Tlascalans and
+Chechemecans, from Don J. Gomez de la Cortina of the city of Mexico;
+three from near Tampa, in Florida, from Dr. R. S. Holmes, U. S. A.; one
+from a mound on Blue river, Illinois, from Dr. Brown of St. Louis; and
+four sent me by Lieut. Meigs, U. S. A., who obtained them from the
+immediate vicinity of Detroit, in Michigan. To these may be added two
+others taken from ancient graves near Fort Chartres, in Illinois, by Dr.
+Wistlizenus of St. Louis; a single cranium from the cemetery of Santiago
+de Tlatelolco, near the city of Mexico, which I have received through
+the kindness of the Baron von Gerolt, Prussian minister at Washington;
+and another very old skull from the Indian burying grounds at Guamay,
+in Northern Peru, for which I am indebted to Dr. Paul Swift. Last but
+not least, I may add the skull obtained by Mr. Stephens[6-*] from a
+vault at Ticul, a ruined aboriginal city of Yucatan, and some mutilated
+but interesting fragments brought me from the latter country, by my
+friend Mr. Norman.[6-+]
+
+These crania, together with upwards of four hundred others of nearly
+sixty tribes and nations, derived from the repositories of the dead in
+different localities over the whole length and breadth of both Americas,
+present a conformable and national type of organization, showing the
+origin of one to be equally the origin of all.
+
+To this prevading[TN-1] cranial type I have already adverted. Even the
+long-headed Aymaras of Peru, whom, in common with Prof. Tiedemann, I at
+first thought to present a congenitally different form of head from the
+nations who surrounded them, are proved, by the recent discoveries of M.
+Alcide D'Orbigny, to have belonged to the same race as the other
+Americans, and to owe their singularly elongated crania to a peculiar
+mode of artificial compression from the earliest infancy.[6-++]
+
+But there is evidence to the same effect, but of more ancient date than
+any we have yet mentioned. The recent explorations of Dr. Lund in the
+district of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, have brought to light human bones
+which he regards as fossil, because they accompany the remains of
+extinct genera and species of quadrupeds, and have undergone the same
+mineral changes with the latter. He has found several crania, all of
+which correspond in form to the present aboriginal type.[6-Sec.]
+
+Even the head of the celebrated _Guadaloupe skeleton_ forms no exception
+to the rule. The skeleton itself is well known to be in the British
+Museum, but wants the cranium, which however is supposed to have been
+recovered in the one more recently found in Guadaloupe by Mr.
+L'Herminier, and brought by him to Charleston, South Carolina. Dr.
+Moultrie, who has described this very interesting relic, makes the
+following observations:--"Compared with the cranium of a Peruvian
+presented to Prof. Holbrook by Dr. Morton, in the museum of the state of
+South Carolina, the craniological similarity manifested between them is
+too striking to permit us to question their national identity. There is
+in both the same coronal elevation, occipital compression, and lateral
+protuberance accompanied with frontal depression, which mark the
+American variety in general."[7-*]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.]
+
+There is additional proof of identity, not only of original
+conformation, but of conventional modification of the form of the head,
+which I may be excused from reverting to in this place, inasmuch as the
+materials I shall use have but recently come to my hands. The first of
+these subjects is represented by the subjoined wood-cut, (fig. 2.) It
+was politely sent me by Dr. John Houstoun, an intelligent surgeon of the
+British Navy, with the following memorandum: "From an ancient town
+called Chiuhiu, or Atacama Baja, on the river Loa, and on the western
+edge of the desert of Atacama. The bodies are nearly all buried _in the
+sitting posture_, [the conventional usage of most of the American
+nations from Patagonia to Canada,] with the hands either placed on each
+side of the head, or crossed over the breast."[7-+]
+
+This cranium (and another received with it) has that remarkable
+sugar-loaf form which renders them high and broad in front, with a short
+antero-posterior diameter, both the forehead and occiput bearing
+evidence of long continued compression. They correspond precisely with
+the descriptions given by Cieza, Torquemada and others among the
+earliest travellers in Peru, who saw the natives in various parts of the
+country with heads rounded precisely in this manner.[8-*]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3.]
+
+The second head figured, (fig. 3,) is that of a Natchez Indian,[8-+]
+obtained from a mound not far from that city by the late Mr. James
+Tooley, Jr., and by him presented to me. The face in this, as in the
+former instance, has all the characteristics of the native Indian; and
+the cranium has undergone precisely the same process of artificial
+compression, although these tribes were separated from each other by the
+vast geographical distance of four thousand miles!
+
+Could we discover the cranial remains of the older Mexican nations, we
+should doubtless find many of them to possess the same fanciful type of
+conformation;[8-++] for if either of the skulls figured above could be
+again clothed in flesh and blood, would we not have restored to us the
+very heads that are so abundantly sculptured on the monuments of Central
+America, and so graphically described by Herrera, when he tells us that
+the people of Yucatan _flattened their heads and foreheads_?
+
+The following diagrams are copied, on an enlarged scale, from Mr.
+Stephens's Travels,[8-Sec.] and will serve in further illustration of this
+interesting subject. They are taken from bas-reliefs in the _Palace at
+Palenque_. The personage fig. 4, (whose head-dress we have partly
+omitted,) appears to be a king or chieftain, at whose feet are two
+suppliants, naked and cross-legged, of whom we copy the one that
+preserves the most perfect outline, (fig. 5.)
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5.]
+
+The principal figure has better features and expression than the other,
+but their heads are formed on the same model; whence we may infer that
+if the suppliant is a servant or a slave of the same race with his
+master, the artificial moulding of the cranium was common to all
+classes. If, on the other hand, we assume that he is an enemy imploring
+mercy, we come to the conclusion that the singular custom of which we
+are speaking, was in use among other and surrounding nations; which
+latter inference is confirmed by other evidence, that, for example,
+derived from the Natchez tribe, and the clay effigies so abundantly
+found at the ruined temples of the sun and moon at Teotihuacan, near the
+city of Mexico.[9-*]
+
+I can aver that sixteen years of almost daily comparisons have only
+confirmed me in the conclusions announced in my _Crania Americana_, that
+all the American nations, excepting the Eskimaux, are of one race, and
+that this race is peculiar and distinct from all others. The first of
+these propositions may be regarded as an axiom in ethnography; the
+second still gives rise to a diversity of opinions, of which the most
+prevalent is that which would merge the American race in the Mongolian.
+
+It has been objected to a common origin for all the American nations,
+and even for those of Mexico, that their _monuments_ should present so
+great a variety in the configuration of the head and face; a fact which
+forcibly impresses every one who examines the numerous effigies in baked
+clay in the collection of the American Philosophical Society; yet they
+are all made of the same material and by the same national artists. The
+varieties are indeed endless; and Mr. Norman in his first work, has
+arrived at a reasonable conclusion, in which we entirely agree with him,
+"that the people prepared these _penates_ according to their respective
+tastes, and with little reference to any standard or canon."[10-*]
+
+They appear to have exercised much ingenuity in this way, blending
+almost every conceivable type of the human countenance, and associating
+this again with those of beasts, birds, and various fanciful animals,
+which last are equal in uncouthness to any productions of the Gothic
+artists of the middle ages.
+
+Mr. Norman in his late and interesting volume of travels in Cuba and
+Mexico, discovered in the latter country some remarkable ruins near the
+town of Panuco, and among them a curious sepulchral effigy. "It was a
+handsome block or slab of stone, (wider at one end than the other,)
+measuring seven feet in length, with an average of nearly two and a half
+feet in width and one foot in thickness. Upon its face was beautifully
+wrought, in bold relief, the full length figure of a man, in a loose
+robe with a girdle about his loins, his arms crossed on his breast, his
+head encased in a close cap or casque, resembling the Roman helmet (as
+represented in the etchings of Pinelli) without the crest, and his feet
+and ankles bound with the ties of sandals. The figure is that of a tall
+muscular man of the finest proportions. The face, in all its features,
+is of the noblest class of the European or Caucasian race."[10-+]
+
+Mr. Norman was himself struck "with the resemblance between this, and
+the stones that cover the tombs of the Knights Templar in some of the
+ancient churches of the old world," but he thinks that neither this nor
+any other circumstance proves this effigy to have been of European
+origin or of modern date. "The material," he adds, "is the same as that
+of all the buildings and works of art in this vicinity, and the style
+and workmanship are those of the great unknown artists of the western
+hemisphere;" and he arrives at the conclusion, as many ingenuous minds
+have done before him, that these and the other archaeological remains of
+Mexico and Yucatan, "are the works of a people who have long since
+passed away; and not of the races, _or the progenitors of the races_,
+who inhabited the country at the epoch of the discovery."[11-*]
+
+With the highest respect for this intelligent traveller, I am not able
+to agree with him in his conclusion; but I should not now revive my
+published opinions or contest his, were it not that some new light
+appears to me to have dawned on this very question.
+
+In the first place, then, we regard the effigy found near Panuco as
+probably Caucasian; so does Mr. Norman; but instead of referring it to a
+very remote antiquity, or to some European occupancy of Mexico long
+before the Spanish conquest, we will venture to suggest, that even if
+the town of Panuco was itself older than that event, (of which indeed we
+have no doubt,) it is consistent with collateral facts to infer, that
+the Spaniards may have occupied this very town, in common with, or
+subsequent to, the native inhabitants, and have left this sepulchral
+monument. That the Spaniards did sometimes practice this joint
+occupancy, is well known; and that they have, in some instances, left
+their monuments in places wherein even tradition had almost lost sight
+of their former sojourn, is susceptible of proof.
+
+Mr. Gregg, in a recent and instructive work on the "Commerce of the
+Prairies," states the following particulars, which are the more valuable
+since he had no opinions of his own in reference to the American
+aborigines, and merely gives the facts as he found them.
+
+Mr. Gregg describes the ruins called _La Gran Quivira_, about 100 miles
+south of Santa Fe, as larger than the present capital of New Mexico. The
+architecture of this deserted city is of hewn stone, and there are the
+remains of aqueducts eight or ten miles in length leading from the
+neighboring mountains. These ruins "have been supposed to be the remains
+of a _pueblo_ or aboriginal city;" but he adds that the occurrence of
+the Spanish coat of arms in more than one instance sculptured and
+painted upon the houses, prevents the adoption of such an opinion; and
+that traditional report (and tradition only) mentions this as a city
+that was sacked and desolated in the Indian insurrection of 1680.[12-*]
+Now had it not been for the occurrence of the heraldic paintings, this
+city might have been still regarded as of purely Indian origin and
+occupancy; as might also the analogous ruins of Abo, Tagique and Chilili
+in the same vicinity; for although these may have been originally
+constructed by the natives, yet as they are supposed to be near the
+ancient mines, it is not improbable that the conquerors in these, as in
+many other instances, drove out the rightful owners, and took possession
+for themselves;[12-+] for that they did possess and inhabit the towns
+above enumerated is a fact beyond question.
+
+Why may not events of an analogous character have taken place at Panuco?
+Was it not probably an Indian city into which the Spaniards had intruded
+themselves, and having left traces of their sojourn, as at _La Gran
+Quivira_, subsequently, owing to some dire catastrophe, or some new
+impulse, abandonded[TN-2] it for another and preferable location? This,
+we suggest, is a reasonable explanation of the presence of the Caucasian
+effigy found by Mr. Norman among the deserted ruins of Panuco.
+
+Mr. Stephens has, I think, conclusively proved that the past and present
+Indian races of Mexico were cognate tribes. I had previously arrived at
+the same conclusion from a different kind of evidence. What was manifest
+in the physical man is corroborated by his archaeological remains. The
+reiterated testimony of some of the early Spanish travellers, and
+especially of Bernal Diaz and Herrera, is of the utmost importance to
+this question; and all that is necessary in the chain of evidence, is
+some link to connect the demi-civilized nations with the present
+uncultivated and barbarous tribes. These links have been supplied by Mr.
+Gregg. Those peculiar dwellings and other structures, with inclined or
+parapet walls,[12-++] and with or without windows, which are common to
+all epochs of Peruvian and Mexican architecture, are constructed and
+occupied by the Indians of Mexico even at the present day. After
+describing the general character of these modern domicils, Mr. Gregg
+goes on to observe, that "a very curious feature in these buildings, is
+that there is most generally no direct communication between the street
+and the lower rooms, into which they descended from a trap-door from the
+upper story, the latter being accessible by means of a ladder. Even the
+entrance at the upper stories is frequently at the roof. This style of
+building appears to have been adopted for security against their
+marauding neighbors of the wilder tribes, with whom they were often at
+war.
+
+"Though this was their most usual style of architecture, there still
+exists a Pueblo of Taos, composed, for the most part, of but two
+edifices of very singular structure--one on each side of a creek, and
+formerly communicating by a bridge. The base story is a mass of near
+four hundred feet long, a hundred and fifty wide, and divided into
+numerous apartments, upon which other tiers of rooms are built, one
+above another, drawn in by regular grades, forming _a pyramidal pile_ of
+fifty or sixty feet high, and comprising some six or eight stories. The
+outer rooms only seem to be used for dwellings, and are lighted by
+little windows at the sides, but are entered through trap-doors in the
+_azoteas_ or roofs. Most of the inner apartments are employed as
+granaries and storerooms, but a spacious hall in the centre of the mass,
+known as the _estufa_, is reserved for their secret councils. These two
+buildings afford habitation, as is said, for over six hundred souls.
+There is likewise an edifice in the Pueblo of Picuris of the same class,
+and some of those of Moqui are also said to be similar."[13-*]
+
+The Indian city of Santo Domingo, which has an exclusive aboriginal
+population, is built in the same manner, the material being, as usual,
+sun-burnt bricks; and my friend Dr. Wm. Gambel informs me, that in a
+late journey from Santa Fe across the continent to California, he
+constantly observed an analogous style of building, as well in the
+dwellings of the present native inhabitants, as in those older and
+abandoned structures of whose date little or nothing is known.
+
+Who does not see in the builders of these humbler dwellings, the
+descendants of the architects of Palenque, and Yucatan? The style is the
+same in both. The same objects have been arrived at by similar modes of
+construction. The older structures are formed of a better material,
+generally of hewn stone, and often elaborately ornamented with
+sculpture. But the absence of all decoration in the modern buildings, is
+no proof that they have not been erected by people of the same race with
+those who have left such profusely ornamented monuments in other parts
+of Mexico; for the ruins of Pueblo Bonito, in the direction of Navajo,
+and those of the celebrated Casas Grandes on the western Colorado, which
+were regarded by Clavigero as among the oldest Toltecan remains in
+Mexico, are destitute of sculpture or other decoration. In fact, these
+last named ruins appear to date with the primitive wanderings of the
+cultivated tribes, before they established their seats in Yucatan and
+Guatimala, and erected those more finished monuments which could only
+result from the combined efforts of populous communities, acting under
+the favorable influence of peace and prosperity. Every race has had its
+center or centers of comparative civilization. The American aborigines
+had theirs in Peru, Bogota and Mexico. The people, the institutions and
+the architecture were essentially the same in each, though modified by
+local wants and conventional usages. Humboldt was forcibly impressed by
+this archaeological identity, for he himself had traced it, with
+occasional interruptions, over an extent of a thousand leagues; and we
+now find that it gradually merges itself into the ruder dwellings of the
+more barbarous tribes; showing, as I have often remarked, that there is,
+in every respect, a gradual ethnographic transition from these into the
+temple-builders of every American epoch.[14-*]
+
+I shall close this communication by a notice of certain _discoidal
+stones_ occasionally found in the mounds of the United States. Of these
+relics I possess sixteen, of which all but two were found by my friend
+Dr. Wm. Blanding, during his long residence in Camden, South Carolina.
+These disks were accompanied, as usual, by earthern[TN-3] vessels, pipes
+of baked clay, arrow-heads and other articles, respecting which Dr.
+Blanding has given me the following locality:--"All the Indian relics,
+save three or four, which I have sent you, were collected on or near the
+banks of the Wateree river, Kershaw district, South Carolina; the
+greater part from the mounds or near the foot of them. All the mounds
+that I have observed in this state, excepting these, do not amount to as
+many as are found on the Wateree within the distance of twenty four
+miles up and down the river, between Lancaster and Sumpter districts.
+The lowest down is called Nixon's mound, the highest up, Harrison's."
+
+"The discoidal stones," adds Dr. Blanding, "were found at the foot of
+the different mounds, not in them. They seemed to be left, where they
+were no doubt used, on the play grounds."
+
+The disks are from an inch and a half to six inches in diameter, and
+present some varieties in other respects.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Fig. 1 represents a profile of the simplest form and at the same time
+the smallest size of these stones, being in diameter about an inch and
+three quarters. The upper and under surfaces are nearly plane, with
+angular edges and oblique margin, but without concavity or perforation.
+
+Fig. 2. A similar form, slightly concave on each surface.
+
+Fig. 3. A large disk of white quartz, measuring five inches in diameter
+and an inch and three fourths in thickness. The margin is rounded, and
+both surfaces are deeply concave though imperforate.
+
+Fig. 4 is another specimen four inches in diameter, deeply concave from
+the margin to the center, with a central perforation. The margin itself
+is slightly convex. The concave surface is marked by two sets of
+superficial grooved lines, which meet something in the form of a
+bird-track. This disk is made of a light-brown ferruginous quartz.
+
+Fig. 5 is a profile view of a solid lenticular stone, much more convex
+on the one side than the other, formed of hard syenitic rock.
+
+Besides these there are other slight modifications of form which it is
+unnecessary to particularize.
+
+These disks are made of the hardest stones, and wrought with admirable
+symmetry and polish, surpassing any thing we could readily conceive of
+in the humbler arts of the present Indian tribes; and the question
+arises, whether they are not the works of their seemingly extinct
+progenitors?--of that people of the same race, (but more directly allied
+to the Toltecans of Mexico,) who appear in former times to have
+constituted populous and cultivated communities throughout the valley of
+the Mississippi, and in the southern and western regions towards the
+gulf of Mexico, and whose last direct and lineal representatives were
+the ill-fated Natchez?
+
+I have made much inquiry as to the localities of these and analogous
+remains, but hitherto with little success. I am assured that they have
+been found in Missouri, perhaps near St. Louis; and in very rare
+instances in the northern part of Delaware. Dr. Ruggles has sent me the
+plaster model of a small, perforated, but irregularly formed stone of
+this kind, taken from an ancient Indian grave at Fall River in Rhode
+Island; but Dr. Edwin H. Davis, of Chilicothe, in a letter recently
+received from him, informs me that he had obtained, during his
+excavations in that vicinity, no less than "two hundred flint disks in a
+single mound, measuring from three and a half to five inches in
+diameter, and from half an inch to an inch in thickness, of three
+different forms, round, oval and triangular." These appear, however, to
+be of a different construction and designed for some other use than
+those I have described; and Dr. Davis himself offers the probable
+suggestion, that "they were rude darts blocked out at the quarries for
+easy transportation to the Indian towns." The same gentleman speaks of
+having found other disks formed of a micaceous slate, of a dark color
+and highly polished. These last appear to correspond more nearly to
+those we have indicated in the above diagrams.
+
+Besides these disks, I have met with a few spheroidal stones, about
+three inches in diameter. One of these accompanies the disks from South
+Carolina, and is marked with a groove to receive the thumb in throwing
+it. A similar but ruder ball is contained among the articles found by
+Mr. Atwater in the mound near Huron, Ohio.
+
+What was the use of the disks in question? Those who have examined the
+series in my possession have offered various explanations; but the only
+one that seems in any degree plausible, is that of my friend Dr.
+Blanding, who supposes them to have been used in a game analogous to
+that of the quoits of the Europeans. It is a curious fact that discoidal
+stones much resembling these have been found in Scandinavia;[17-*]
+whence I was at first led to suppose it possible, especially in
+consideration of their apparently circumscribed occurrence in this
+country, that they might have been introduced here by the Northmen; a
+conjecture that seems to lose all foundation since these relics have
+been found as far west as the Mississippi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Note._--Since the preceding remarks were written, I have received from
+my friend, Mr. William A. Foster, of Lima, ten skulls and two entire
+mummied bodies from the Peruvian cemetery at Arica. "This cemetery,"
+observes Mr. Foster, "lies on the face of a sandhill sloping towards the
+sea. The external surface occupied by these tombs, as far as we
+explored, I should say was five or six acres. In many of the tombs three
+or four bodies were found clustered together, always _in the sitting
+posture_, and wrapped in three or four thicknesses of cloth, with a mat
+thrown over all."
+
+These crania possess an unusual interest, inasmuch as, with two
+exceptions, they present the horizontally elongated form, in every
+degree from its incipient stage to its perfect development.
+
+By what contrivance has the rounded head of the Indian been moulded into
+this fantastic shape? I have elsewhere[17-+] offered some explanations
+of this subject; but the present series of skulls throws yet more light
+on it, and enables me to indicate the precise manner in which this
+singular object has been attained.
+
+It is evident that the forehead was pressed downwards and backwards by
+two compresses, (probably a folded cloth,) one on each side of the
+frontal suture, which was left free; a fact that explains the cause of
+the ridge, which, in every instance, replaces that suture by extending
+from the root of the nose to the coronal suture. To keep these
+compresses in place, a bandage was carried over them from the base of
+the occiput obliquely forwards; and then, in order to confine the
+lateral portions of the skull, the same bandage was continued by another
+turn over the top of the head, immediately behind the coronal suture,
+and probably with an intervening compress; and the bandaging was
+repeated over these parts until they were immovably confined in the
+desired position.
+
+Every one who is acquainted with the pliable condition of the cranial
+bones at birth, will readily conceive how effectually this apparatus
+would mould the head in the elongated or cylindrical form; for, while it
+prevents the forehead from rising, and the sides of the head from
+expanding, it allows the occipital region an entire freedom of growth;
+and thus without sensibly diminishing the volume of the brain, merely
+forces it into a new though unnatural direction, while it preserves, at
+the same time, a remarkable symmetry of the whole structure. The
+following outline of one of these skulls, will further illustrate my
+meaning; merely premising that the course of the bandages is in every
+instance distinctly marked by a corresponding cavity of the bony
+structure, excepting on the forehead, where the action of a firm
+compress has left a plane surface.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This conformation, as we have already observed, was prevalent among the
+old Aymara tribes which inhabited the shores and islands of the Lake of
+Titicaca, and whose civilization seems evidently to antedate that of the
+Inca Peruvians. I was in fact at one time led to consider this form of
+head as peculiar to, and characteristic of, the former people; but Mr.
+Foster's extensive observations conclusively prove that it was as common
+among some tribes of the sea coast, as among those of the mountainous
+region of Bolivia; that it belonged to no particular nation or tribe;
+and that it was, in every instance, the result of mechanical
+compression.
+
+In my Crania Americana I have given abundant instances of a remarkable
+vertical flattening of the occiput, and irregularity of its sides, among
+the Inca Peruvians who were buried in the royal cemetery of Pachacamac,
+near Lima. These heads present no other deviation from the natural form;
+and even this irregularity I have thought might be accounted for by a
+careless mode of binding the infant to the simple board, which, among
+many Indian tribes of both North and South America, is a customary
+substitute for a cradle. It is probable, however, that even this
+configuration was intentional, and may have formed a distinctive badge
+of some particular _caste_ of these singular people, among whom a
+perfectly natural cranium was of extremely rare occurrence.
+
+We are now acquainted with _four_ forms of the head among the old
+Peruvians which were produced by artificial means, viz:
+
+1. The horizontally elongated, or cylindrical form, above described.
+
+2. The conical or sugar-loaf form, represented in the preceding
+diagrams.
+
+3. The simple flattening or depression of the forehead, causing the rest
+of the head to expand, both posteriorly and laterally; a practice yet
+prevalent among the Chenooks and other tribes at the north of the
+Columbia river, in Oregon.
+
+4. A simple vertical elevation of the occiput, giving the head in most
+instances a squared and inequilateral form.
+
+A curious decree of the ecclesiastical court of Lima, dated A. D. 1585,
+and quoted by the late Prof. Blumenbach, alludes to at least four
+artificial conformations of the head, even then common among the
+Peruvians, and forbids the practice of them under certain specified
+penalities.[TN-4] These forms were called in the language of the
+natives, "Caito, Oma, Opalla, &c.;" and the continuance of them at that
+period, affords another instance of the tenacity with which the
+Peruvians clung to the usages of their forefathers.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4-*] See more particularly the communications of Mr. R. C. Taylor, in
+vol. xxxiv, of Mr. S. Taylor, in vol. xxxiv, and of Prof. Forshey in
+vol. xlix.
+
+[5-*] We take this occasion to observe, that skulls taken from the
+mounds, should at once be saturated with a solution of glue or gum, or
+with any kind of varnish, by which precaution further decomposition is
+effectually prevented.
+
+[6-*] Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, I, p. 281.
+
+[6-+] Rambles in Yucatan, p. 217.
+
+[6-++] L'Homme Americain, Tome I, p. 306. I corrected my error before I
+had the pleasure of seeing M. D'Orbigny's very interesting work. Amer.
+Jour. of Science, vol. xxxviii, No. 2. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences of
+Philadelphia, vol. viii; and again in my Distinctive Characteristics of
+the Aboriginal Race of America, p. 6.
+
+[6-Sec.] See Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia for
+Dec. 1844.
+
+[7-*] Amer. Jour. of Science, xxxii, p. 364.
+
+[7-+] See Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Phila., vol. ii,
+p. 274. If I mistake not, I was the first to bring forward this _mode of
+interment_ practiced by our aboriginal nations, as a strong evidence of
+the unity of the American race. "Thus it is that notwithstanding the
+diversity of language, customs and intellectual character, we trace this
+usage throughout both Americas, affording, as we have already stated,
+collateral evidence of the affiliation of all the American
+tribes."--Crania Americana, p. 246, and pl. 69. Mr. Bradford in his
+valuable work, _American Antiquities_, has added some examples of the
+same kind; and the Chevalier D'Eichthal has also adduced this custom, in
+connexion with some traces of it in Polynesia, to prove an exotic origin
+for a part at least of the American race. See _Memoires de la Societe
+Ethnologique de Paris_, Tome II, p. 236. Whence arose this conventional
+position of the body in death? This question has been often asked and
+variously answered. It is obviously an imitation of the attitude which
+the living Indian habitually assumes when sitting at perfect ease, and
+which has been naturally transferred to his lifeless remains as a fit
+emblem of repose.
+
+[8-*] Crania Americana, p. 116.
+
+[8-+] I have been looking to Dr. Dickerson, of Natchez, for more
+complete details derived from the tumuli of that ancient tribe which
+formed a link between the Mexican nations on the one hand, and the
+savage hordes on the other. Dr. Dickerson is amply provided with
+interesting and important materials for this inquiry, which we trust he
+will soon make public.
+
+[8-++] The skull brought me from Ticul by Mr. Stephens, is that of a
+young female. It presents the natural rounded form; which accords with
+the observation of M. D'Orbigny, (L'Homme Americain,) that the
+artificial moulding of the head among some tribes of Peruvians was
+chiefly confined to the men.
+
+[8-Sec.] Travels in Central America, vol. ii, p. 311.
+
+[9-*] Crania Americana, p. 146.
+
+[10-*] Rambles in Yucatan, p. 216.
+
+[10-+] Rambles by Land and Water, p. 145.
+
+[11-*] Rambles by Land and Water, p. 203.
+
+[12-*] Commerce of the Prairies, I, p. 165.
+
+[12-+] Ibid. I, [TN-5] 270.
+
+[12-++] I am aware that the walls of the ancient Mexican and Peruvian
+edifices are often vertical; but where this is the case the pyramidal
+form is attained by piling, one on the other, successive tiers of
+masonry, each receding from the other and leaving a parapet or platform
+at its base.
+
+[13-*] Commerce of the Prairies, I, p. 277.
+
+[14-*] See my Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the
+Aboriginal Race of America, 2d edit., Philad. 1844.
+
+[17-*] See Journal of the Antiquarian Society of Denmark, published in
+Copenhagen in the Danish language, vol. i, tab. 2, figs. 52, 53.
+
+[17-+] Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philad., vol. viii.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+
+The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained.
+
+        Page      Error
+  TN-1   6        prevading should read pervading
+  TN-2  12        abandonded should read abandoned
+  TN-3  14        earthern should read earthen
+  TN-4  19        penalities should read penalties
+  TN-5  fn. 12-+  Ibid. I, 270. should read Ibid. I, p. 270.
+
+
+
+
+
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+and Archaeology of the American Aborigines, by Samuel George Morton
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #29215 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29215)