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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/29244-8.txt b/29244-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce04862 --- /dev/null +++ b/29244-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22033 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Chronicles of Border Warfare, by Alexander Scott Withers + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chronicles of Border Warfare + or, a History of the Settlement by the Whites, of + North-Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres + in that section of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that + section of the State + +Author: Alexander Scott Withers + +Editor: Reuben Gold Thwaites + +Release Date: June 26, 2009 [EBook #29244] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** + + + + +Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +This is a 1971 reprint edition of the 1895 edition of "Chronicles of +Border Warfare." The modern title page and verso have been relocated +to the end of the text. + +The 1895 edition includes and expands on the original 1831 edition. +Throughout this text, the pagination of the original edition is +indicated by brackets, such as [54]. + +Capitalization standards for the time (i.e. "fort Morgan," "mrs. +Pindall," "Ohio river") have been preserved. + +Variable hyphenation has been preserved. + +Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. + +Author's punctuation style has been preserved. + +Typographical problems have been corrected as listed in the +Transcriber's Note at the end of the text. + +Passages in italics are indicated by _underscores_. + + + + +CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + + CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE + + OR, A + + History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-Western + Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres + in that section of the State + + WITH + + REFLECTIONS, ANECDOTES, &c. + + BY + + ALEXANDER SCOTT WITHERS + + A New Edition + + EDITED AND ANNOTATED BY + + REUBEN GOLD THWAITES + + Secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, editor of "Wisconsin + Historical Collections," and author of "The Colonies, 1492-1750," + "Historic Waterways," "Story of Wisconsin," etc. + + _With the addition of a Memoir of the Author, and several Illustrative + Notes._ + + BY THE LATE + + LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER + + Author of "King's Mountain and Its Heroes," "Autograph Collections + of the Signers," etc. + + CINCINNATI + THE ROBERT CLARKE COMPANY + 1895 + + + + +Copyright, 1895 + +By REUBEN GOLD THWAITES + +All rights reserved + + + + +CONTENTS. + +Portrait of the Author Frontispiece. + +PAGE + +Editor's Preface v + +Memoir of the Author, by Lyman C. Draper viii + +Original Title-page (photographic fac-simile) xiii + +Original Copyright Notice xiv + +Original Advertisement xv + +Original Table of Contents (with pagination revised) xvii + +Author's Text (with editorial notes) 1 + +Index, by the Editor 431 + + + + +EDITOR'S PREFACE. + + +It is sixty-four years since the original edition of Withers's +_Chronicles of Border Warfare_ was given to the public. The author was +a faithful recorder of local tradition. Among his neighbors were sons +and grandsons of the earlier border heroes, and not a few actual +participants in the later wars. He had access, however, to few +contemporary documents. He does not appear to have searched for them, +for there existed among the pioneer historians of the West a respect +for tradition as the prime source of information, which does not now +obtain; to-day, we desire first to see the documents of a period, and +care little for reminiscence, save when it fills a gap in or illumines +the formal record. The weakness of the traditional method is well +exemplified in Withers's work. His treatment of many of the larger +events on the border may now be regarded as little else than a thread +on which to hang annotations; but in most of the local happenings +which are here recorded he will always, doubtless, remain a leading +authority--for his informants possessed full knowledge of what +occurred within their own horizon, although having distorted notions +regarding affairs beyond it. + +The _Chronicles_ had been about seven years upon the market, when a +New York youth, inspired by the pages of Doddridge, Flint, and +Withers, with a fervid love for border history, entered upon the +task of collecting documents and traditions with which to correct +and amplify the lurid story which these authors had outlined. In the +prosecution of this undertaking, Lyman C. Draper became so absorbed +with the passion of collecting that he found little opportunity for +literary effort, and in time his early facility in this direction +became dulled. He was the most successful of collectors of materials +for Western history, and as such did a work which must earn for +him the lasting gratitude of American historical students; but +unfortunately he did little more than collect and investigate, and +the idea which to the last strongly possessed him, of writing a +series of biographies of trans-Alleghany pioneers, was never +realized. He died August 26, 1891, having accomplished wondrous deeds +for the Wisconsin Historical Society, of which he was practically the +founder, and for thirty-three years the main stay; in the broader +domain of historical scholarship, however, he had failed to reach +his goal. His great collection of manuscripts and notes, he willed +to his Society, which has had them carefully classified and +conveniently bound--a lasting treasure for historians of the West +and Southwest, for the important frontier period between about 1740 +and 1816. + +Dr. Draper had exhibited much ability as an editor, in the first ten +volumes of the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_. In 1890, the Robert +Clarke Company engaged him, as the best living authority on the +details of Western border history, to prepare and edit a new edition +of Withers. He set about the task with interest, and was engaged in +the active preparation of "copy" during his last months on earth; +indeed, his note upon page 123 of this edition is thought to have been +his final literary work. He had at that time prepared notes for about +one-fourth of the book, and had written his "Memoir of the Author." + +The matter here rested until the autumn of 1894, when the publishers +requested the present writer to take up the work where his revered +friend had left it, and see the edition through the press. He has done +this with some reluctance, conscious that he approached the task with +a less intimate knowledge of the subject than his predecessor; +nevertheless he was unwilling that Dr. Draper's notes on the early +pages should be lost, and has deemed it a labor of love to complete +the undertaking upon which the last thoughts of the latter fondly +dwelt. + +In the preparation of his own notes, the editor has had the great +advantage of free access to the Draper Manuscripts; without their +help, it would have been impossible to throw further light on many of +the episodes treated by the author. The text of Withers has been +preserved intact, save that where errors have obviously been +typographical, and not intended by the author, the editor has +corrected them--perhaps in a dozen instances only, for the original +proof-reading appears to have been rather carefully done. The +pagination of the original edition has in this been indicated by +brackets, as [54]. In the original, the publisher's "Advertisement" +and the "Table of Contents" were bound in at the end of the work,--see +collation in Field's _Indian Bibliography_,--but evidently this was a +make-shift of rustic binders in a hurry to get out the long-delayed +edition, and the editor has taken the liberty to transfer them to +their proper place; also, while preserving typographical peculiarities +therein, to change the pagination in the "Contents" to accord with the +present edition. In order clearly to indicate the authorship of notes, +those by Withers himself are unsigned; those by Dr. Draper are signed +"L. C. D."; and those by the present writer, "R. G. T." + + REUBEN GOLD THWAITES. + +Madison, Wis., + February, 1895. + + + + +MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. + +BY LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER. + + +In 1831, an interesting volume appeared from the press of Joseph +Israel, of Clarksburg, in North Western Virginia, prepared by +Alexander Scott Withers, on the border wars of the West. It was well +received at the time of its publication, when works on that subject +were few, and read with avidity by the surviving remnant of the +participators in the times and events so graphically described, and by +their worthy descendants. + +Historians and antiquarians also received it cordially, universally +according it high praise. Mann Butler, the faithful historian of +Kentucky, declared that it was "a work to which the public was deeply +indebted," composed, as it was, with "so much care and interest." The +late Samuel G. Drake, the especial historian of the Red Man, +pronounced it "a work written with candor and judgment." The late +Thomas W. Field, the discriminating writer on _Indian Bibliography_, +says: "Of this scarce book, very few copies are complete or in good +condition. Having been issued in a remote corner of North-Western +Virginia, and designed principally for a local circulation, almost +every copy was read by a country fireside until scarcely legible. Most +of the copies lack the table of contents. The author took much pains +to be authentic, and his chronicles are considered by Western +antiquarians, to form the best collection of frontier life and Indian +warfare, that has been printed." + +Of such a work, now difficult to procure at any price, a new edition +is presented to the public. In 1845, the writer of this notice visited +the Virginia Valley, collecting materials on the same general subject, +going over much the same field of investigation, and quite naturally, +at that early period, identifying very large the sources of Mr. +Withers's information, thus making it possible to reproduce his work +with new lights and explanations, such as generally give pleasure and +interest to the intelligent reader of border history.[1] + +In 1829, a local antiquary, of Covington, a beautiful little village +nestling in a high mountain valley near the head of James River, in +Alleghany County, Virginia, gathered from the aged pioneers still +lingering on the shores of time, the story of the primitive +settlement and border wars of the Virginia Valley. Hugh Paul +Taylor, for such was his name, was the precursor, in all that +region, of the school of historic gleaners, and published in the +nearest village paper, _The Fincastle Mirror_, some twenty miles away, +a series of articles, over the signature of "Son of Cornstalk," +extending over a period of some forty stirring years, from about 1740 +to the close of the Revolutionary War. These articles formed at least +the chief authority for several of the earlier chapters of Mr. +Withers's work. Mr. Taylor had scarcely molded his materials into +shape, and put them into print, when he was called hence at an early +age, without having an opportunity to revise and publish the +results of his labors under more favorable auspices. + +Soon after Mr. Taylor's publication, Judge Edwin S. Duncan, of Peel +Tree, in then Harrison, now Barbour County, West Virginia, a gentleman +of education, and well fitted for such a work, residing in the heart +of a region rife with the story of Indian wars and hair-breadth +escapes, made a collection of materials, probably including Mr. +Taylor's sketches, with a view to a similar work; but his professional +pursuits and judicial services interposed to preclude the faithful +prosecution of the work, so he turned over to Mr. Withers his historic +gatherings, with such suggestions, especially upon the Indian race, +as by his studies and reflections he was enabled to offer. + +Other local gleaners in the field of Western history, particularly +Noah Zane, of Wheeling, John Hacker, of the Hacker's Creek settlement, +and others, freely furnished their notes and statements for the work. +Mr. Withers, under these favorable circumstances, became quite well +equipped with materials regarding especially the first settlement and +Indian wars of the region now comprising West Virginia; and, to a +considerable extent, the region of Staunton and farther southwest, +of the French and Indian War period, together with Dunmore's War, +and the several campaigns from the western borders of Virginia and +Pennsylvania into the Ohio region, during the Revolutionary War. + +Alexander Scott Withers, for his good services in the field of Western +history, well deserves to have his name and memory perpetuated as a +public benefactor. Descending, on his father's side, from English +ancestry, he was the fourth child of nine, in the family of Enoch K. +and Jennet Chinn Withers, who resided at a fine Virginia homestead, +called Green Meadows, half a dozen miles from Warrenton, Fauquier +county, Virginia, where the subject of this sketch was born on the +12th of October, 1792--on the third centennial anniversary of the +discovery of America by Columbus. His mother was the daughter of +Thomas Chinn and Jennet Scott--the latter a native of Scotland, and a +first cousin of Sir Walter Scott. + +Passing his early years in home and private schools, he became from +childhood a lover of books and knowledge. He read Virgil at the early +age of ten; and, in due time, entered Washington College, and thence +entered the law department of the venerable institution of William and +Mary, where Jefferson, Monroe, Wythe, and other Virginia notables, +received their education. + +Procuring a license to practice, he was admitted to the bar in +Warrenton, where for two or three years he practiced his profession. +His father dying in 1813, he abandoned his law practice, which he did +not like, because he could not overcome his diffidence in public +speaking; and, for quite a period, he had the management of his +mother's plantation. + +In August, 1815, he was united in marriage with Miss Melinda Fisher, a +most estimable lady, a few months his junior; and about 1827, having a +growing family, he looked to the Great West for his future home and +field of labor, and moved to West Virginia, first locating temporarily +in Bridgeport, in Harrison County, and subsequently settling near +Clarksburg in the same county, where he devoted much time in +collecting materials for and writing his _Chronicles of Border +Warfare_. + +The publisher, Joseph Israel, who took a deep interest in the work, as +his "Advertisement" of it suggests, must have realized ample +recompense for the work, as he had subscribers for the full edition +issued; yet, from some cause, he failed pecuniarily, and Mr. Withers +got nothing whatever for his diligence and labor in producing it, save +two or three copies of the work itself. He used to say, that had he +published the volume himself, he would have made it much more +complete, and better in every way; for he was hampered, limited, and +hurried--often correcting proof of the early, while writing the later +chapters. Mr. Israel, the publisher, died several years ago. + +After this worthy but unremunerative labor, Mr. Withers turned his +attention to Missouri for a suitable home for his old age. He was +disappointed in his visit to that new state, as the richer portions +of the country, where he would have located, were more or less +unhealthy. So he returned to West Virginia, and settled near +Weston, a fine, healthful region of hills and valleys, where he +engaged in agricultural pursuits, in which he always took a deep +interest. He also served several years as a magistrate, the only +public position he ever filled. + +The death of his wife in September, 1853, broke sadly into his +domestic enjoyments; his family were now scattered, and his home was +henceforward made with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Jennet S. Tavenner, +and her husband, Thomas Tavenner, who in 1861 removed to a home +adjoining Parkersburg, in West Virginia. Here our author lived a +retired, studious life, until his death, which occurred, after a few +days' illness, January 23, 1865, in the seventy-third year of his +age. + +Mr. Withers had no talent for the acquisition of wealth; but he met +with marked success in acquiring knowledge. He was an admirer of +ancient literature, and to his last days read the Greek classics in +the original. A rare scholar, a lover of books, his tastes were +eminently domestic; he was, from his nature, much secluded from the +busy world around him. Nearly six feet high, rather portly and +dignified, as is shown by his portrait, taken when he was about sixty +years of age--he was kind and obliging to all, and emphatically a true +Virginia gentleman of the old school. His sympathies during the War of +Secession, were strongly in favor of the Union cause, the happy +termination of which he did not live to witness. His son, Henry W. +Withers, served with credit during the war in the Union service in the +Twelfth Virginia Regiment. + +Mr. Withers was blessed with two sons and three daughters--one of the +sons has passed away; the other, Major Henry W. Withers, resides in +Troy, Gilmer county, West Virginia; Mrs. Tavenner still lives at +Parkersburg; Mrs. Mary T. Owen, at Galveston, Texas, and Mrs. +Elizabeth Ann Thornhill, in New Orleans. + +----- + [1] The venerable Mark L. Spotts, an intelligent and + long-time resident of Lewisburg, West Virginia, writes, in + December, 1890: "I had an old and particular friend, Mr. Thomas + Matthews, of this place, who, many years ago, conceived the + idea of preparing and publishing a revised edition of Withers's + _Border Warfare_, and no doubt had collected many facts looking + to such a publication; but the old man's health gave way, he + died, and his widow moved away, and what became of his notes, I + can not say--perhaps destroyed."--L. C. D. + + + + +CHRONICLES + +OF + +BORDER WARFARE, + +OR + +A HISTORY + +OF THE + +SETTLEMENT BY THE WHITES, + +OF NORTH-WESTERN VIRGINIA: + +AND + +OF THE INDIAN WARS AND MASSACRES, + +IN THAT SECTION OF THE STATE, + +WITH + +REFLECTIONS, ANECDOTES, &c. + +BY ALEXANDER S. WITHERS. + +CLARKSBURG, V.A. + +PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH ISRAEL, + +1831 + + + + +WESTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA, _to wit_: + +Be it remembered, That on the twenty-sixth day of January, in the +Fifty-fifth year of the Independence of the United States of America, +JOSEPH ISRAEL, of the said District, hath deposited in this Office, +the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in the +words following, To wit: + +"Chronicles of Border Warfare, or a history of the settlement, by the +whites, of North-Western Virginia: and of the Indian wars and +massacres, in that section of the State; with reflections, anecdotes, +&c.--By ALEXANDER S. WITHERS, 1831," in conformity to the act of +Congress of the United States, entitled "An act for the encouragement +of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the +Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the times therein +mentioned;" and also to an act, entitled "An act for the encouragement +of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the +Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the times therein +mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of +Designing, Engraving and Etching historical and other prints." + +JASPER YEATES DODDRIDGE, + +_Clerk of the Western District of Virginia_. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + +The "Chronicles of Border Warfare" are now completed and presented to +the public. Circumstances, over which the publisher had no control, +have operated to delay their appearance beyond the anticipated period; +and an apprehension that such might be the case, induced him, when +issuing proposals for their publication, not positively to name a time +at which the work would be completed and ready for delivery. + +This delay, although unavoidable, has been the source of regret to the +publisher, and has added considerably to the expenditure otherwise +necessarily made, in attempting to rescue from oblivion the many +interesting incidents, now, for the first time recorded. To preserve +them from falling into the gulph of forgetfulness, was the chief +motive which the publisher had in view; and should the profits of the +work be sufficient to defray the expenses, actually incurred in its +preparation and completion, he will be abundantly satisfied. That he +will be thus far remunerated, is not for an instant doubted,--the +subscription papers having attached to them, as many names as there +are copies published. + +In regard to the manner of its execution, it does not perhaps become +him to speak. He was attentive to his duties, and watched narrowly the +press; and if typographical errors are to be found, it must be +attributed to the great difficulty of preventing them, even when the +author is at hand to correct each proof sheet. They are however, +certainly few, and such as would be likely to escape observation. + +JOSEPH ISRAEL, _Publisher_. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +INTRODUCTION.--General view of the discovery of North America, by +England, France and Spain. 1 to 11. Aborigines of America--Their +origin. 12-27. Their persons and character--Indian antiquities. +28-43. + +CHAPTER 1. Of the country west of Blue ridge, difficulties attending +its first settlement; Indians in neighborhood--their tribes and +numbers. Various parties explore the Valley; their adventures. +Benjamin Burden receives a grant of land; settles 100 families, their +general character, West of Blue ridge divided into two counties; its +present population, &c. Discovery of Greenbrier, explored by Martin +and Seal; by the Lewis's, Greenbrier Company, settlement of Muddy +Creek and Big Levels, of New river and Holstein; of Gallipolis by +French. 44-62. + +CHAP. 2nd. North Western Virginia, divisions and population, +Importance of Ohio river to the French, and the English; Ohio Company; +English traders made prisoners by French, attempt to establish fort +frustrated, French erect Fort du Quesne; War; Braddock's defeat; +Andrew Lewis, character and services; Grant's defeat, capture of Fort +du Quesne and erection of Fort Pitt: Tygart and Files settle on East +Fork of Monongahela, File's family killed by Indians, Dunkards visit +the country, settle on Cheat, their fate; settlement under Decker on +the Monongahela, destroyed by Indians, pursuit by Gibson, origin of +Long knives. 63-80. + +CHAP. 3rd. Expedition to the mouth of Big Sandy, ordered back by +governor, their extreme sufferings: Dreadful catastrophe at Levit's +Fort, Shawnees visit James river settlements, their depredations and +defeat, fortunate escape of Hannah Dennis, destruction at Muddy creek +and Big Levels, Mrs. Clendennin, Indians visit Jackson and Catawba +rivers, discovered, pursued, overtaken and dispersed, Mrs. Gunn. +81-99. + +CHAP. 4th. Indians commit depredations in Pennsylvania, burn three +prisoners, excesses of Paxton Boys, Black Boys of great service to +frontier, engagement at Turtle creek, Traders attempt to supply +Indians, affair at Sidelong hill, Fort Bedford taken by Blackboys, +Capt. James Smith, his character and services. 100-116. + +CHAP. 5th. Deserters from Fort Pitt visit head of Monongahela, The +Pringles, Settlements of Buckhannon, of Hacker's creek, Monongahela +and other places, Of Wheeling by Zane's, Their Character, Character of +Wm. Lowther, Objects and character of the first settlers generally. +117-133. + +CHAP. 6th. War of 1774, Inquiry into its cause, Boone and others visit +Kentucky, Emigrants attacked by Indians, Surveyors begin operations +there, Affair at Captina, and opposite Yellow creek, Excesses of +Indians, Preparations for [ii] war, Expedition against Wappatomica, +Incursion of Logan and others, Of Indians on West Fork. 134-158. + +CHAP. 7th. Indians come on Big Kenhawa, Lewis and Jacob Whitsel taken +prisoners, Their adventurous conduct, Plan of Dunmore's campaign, +Battle at Point Pleasant, Dunmore enters Indian country and makes +peace, Reflections on the motives of Dunmore's conduct. 159-186. + +CHAP. 8th. General view of the relative situation of Great Britain and +the colonies, British emissaries and American Tories stimulate the +Savages to war, Progress of settlements in Kentucky, Character of +Harrod, Boone and Logan, Attack on Harrod's fort, on Boone's and on +Logan's, Bowman arrives to its relief, Cornstock visits Point +Pleasant, Projected campaign against the Indians abortive, Cornstock's +son visits him, Gilmore killed, Murder of Cornstock, Of Ellinipsico +and others, Character of Cornstock. 187-214. + +CHAP. 9. General alarm on the frontier, Savages commit depredations, +Intelligence of contemplated invasion, Condition of Wheeling, Indians +seen near it, Two parties under captain Mason and captain Ogal decoyed +within the Indian lines and cut to pieces, Girty demands the surrender +of Wheeling, Col. Zane's reply, Indians attacks the fort and retire, +Arrival of col. Swearingen with a reinforcement, of captain Foreman, +Ambuscade at Grave creek narrows, conspiracy of Tories discovered and +defeated, Petro and White taken prisoners, Irruption into Tygarts +Valley, Murder at Conoly's and at Stewarts. 215-235. + +CHAP. 10. Measures of defence, Fort M'Intosh erected, exposed +situation, commencement of hostilities, Attack on Harbert's +blockhouse, Murder at Morgan's on Cheat, Of Lowther and Hughes, +Indians appear before Fort at the point, Decoy Lieut. Moore into an +ambuscade, a larger army visits Fort, stratagem to draw out the +garrison, Prudence and precaution of capt. M'Kee. Fort closely +besieged, Siege raised, Heroic adventure of Prior and Hammond to save +Greenbrier, Attack on Donnelly's Fort, Dick Pointer, Affair at West's +Fort, Successful artifice of Hustead, Affair at Cobern's fort, at +Strader's, Murder of Stephen Washburn, captivity, &c. of James, +Projected invasion of Indian country, Col. Clarke takes Kaskaskias and +other towns, Fort Lawrens erected by Gen. M'Intosh and garrisoned. +236-256. + +CHAP. 11. Gov. Hamilton marches to St. Vincent--critical situation of +col. Clarke, his daring expedition against Hamilton, condition of Fort +Lawren's, Successful stratagem of Indians there, Gen. M'Intosh arrives +with an army, Fort evacuated, Transactions in Kentucky, captivity of +Boone, his escape and expedition against Paint creek town, Indian +[iii] army under Du Quesne appear before Boone's fort, politic conduct +of Boone, Fort assaulted, Assailants repulsed, Expedition against +Chilicothe towns under Bowman, Its failure, Kentucky increases rapidly +in population. 257-274. + +CHAP. 12. Hacker's creek settlement breaks up, Alarm of Indians near +Pricket's fort, Stephen and Sarah Morgan sent to farm, Dream and +anxiety of their father, His fearful encounter with two Indians, Kills +both, Heroism of Mrs. Bozarth, Murders on Snow creek, captivity of +Leonard Schoolcraft, Indians surprize Martin's fort, destruction +there, Irruptions into Tygart's valley, Indians attack the house of +Samuel Cottrail, Murder of John Schoolcraft's family, Projected +campaign of British and Indians, Indians again in Tygart's Valley, +mischief there, West's fort invested, Hazardous adventure of Jesse +Hughs to obtain assistance, Skirmish between whites and savages, +coolness and intrepidity of Jerry Curl, Austin Schoolcraft killed and +his niece taken prisoner, Murder of Owens and Judkins, of Sims, Small +Pox terrifies Indians, Transactions in Greenbrier, Murder of Baker and +others, last outrage in that country. 275-293 + +CHAP. 13. Operations of combined army of British and Indians, +Surrender of Ruddle's Station, Outrages of savages there, Col. Byrd +enabled to restrain them, Martin's station surrenders, Byrd returns to +the Indian towns, Escape of Hinkstone, Invasion of North Western +Virginia, Plan of campaign, Indians discovered near Wheeling, Take +prisoners, Alarmed for their own safety, kill their prisoners and +retire, Expedition under Col. Broadhead, against the Munsies, against +Coshocton, excesses of the whites there, Expedition under Gen. Clarke +against Chilicothe and Piqua, Battle at Piqua, Indian depredations in +Virginia, murder of capt. Thomas and family, of Schoolcraft, Manear, +and others, Destruction of Leading creek settlement, aggressors +overtaken by a party under Col. Lowther, Affair of Indian creek, +murder of Mrs. Furrenash, Williamson's first expedition against +Moravian Indians, Prisoners taken sent to Fort Pitt, Set at liberty, +Their settlements broken up by Wyandotts. 294-317. + +CHAP. 14. The murder of Monteur and his family, others taken +prisoners, Second expedition of Williamson against Moravians, its +success and the savage conduct of the whites, Expedition under +Crawford, his defeat--Is taken prisoner and burned; captivity and +escape of Doctor Knight, of Slover; Death of Mills--Signal achievement +of Lewis Whitsel. 318-339. + +CHAP. 15. Murder of White, Dorman and wife taken prisoners; +Inhabitants on Buckhannon evacuate the fort, attacked by Indians on +their way to the Valley; Whites visiting [iv] Buckhannon settlement +discovered and watched by Indians--conduct of George Jackson to obtain +aid, Stalnaker killed, Indians cross Alleghany--miss Gregg killed by +Dorman, murder of mrs. Pindall, of Charles Washburn, of Arnold and +Richards--Daring conduct of Elias Hughes--murder of Corbly's +family--Grand council of Indians at Chillicothe, Its determinations; +Indian army enters Kentucky; Affair at Bryants station; Battle of Blue +Licks--Expedition under Gen. Clarke, Attack on Wheeling, Attempt to +demolish the fort with a wooden cannon, Signal exploit of Elizabeth +Zane, Noble conduct of Francis Duke, Indians withdraw, Attack on Rives +[Rice's] Fort, Encounter of Poe with two Indians. 340-364. + +CHAP. 16. Peace with G. Britain, War continued by Indians--Operations +in N. W. Virginia--murder of Daniel Radcliff, Attack on Cunninghams upon +Bingamon, murders there; murders in Tazewell, of Davison, of Moore, +mrs. Moore and seven children taken prisoners, their fate--murder of +Ice, &c. Levi Morgan encounters two Indians, Indians steal horses on +West Fork, pursued and punished by col. Lowther--murder of the Wests +on Hacker's creek, Remarkable recovery of J. Hacker's daughter--murder +of the Johnsons on Ten-mile creek, At Macks, Artifice of John Sims. +365-383. + +CHAP. 17. Rapid increase of population of Kentucky, operations +there--Preparations of the general Government to carry on the war in +the Indian country, Settlement of Marietta, Of Cincinatti, Fort +Washington erected, Settlement of Duck creek, Big Bottom and Wolf +creeks--Harmar's campaign, murder of whites on Big Bottom, murder +of John Bush--Affair at Hansucker's on Dunkard--murder of Carpenter +and others and escape of Jesse Hughes--campaign under Gen. St. +Clair--Attack at Merrill's, Heroic conduct of mrs. Merrill, Signal +success of expedition under Gen. Scott. 384-407. + +CHAP. 18. Indians visit Hacker's creek--murder of the Waggoners and +captivity of others--murder of Neal and Triplet, major Truman and col. +Hardin killed, Greater preparations made by General Government, John +and Henry Johnson, Attack on the hunting camp of Isaac Zane, Noble +conduct of Zane--Treatment of Indian prisoners, Fort Recovery erected, +Escape of Joseph Cox--murder of miss Runyan and attack on Carder's, +Indians kill and make prisoners the Cozads, Affair at Joseph Kanaan's, +Progress of army under Gen. Wayne, Indians attack and defeat +detachment under M'Mahon, battle of Au Glaize and victory of General +Wayne, Affair at Bozarth's on Buckhannon--Treaty of Greenville. +408-430. + + + + +[3] INTRODUCTION. + +CHAPTER I. + + +It is highly probable that the continent of America was known to the +Ancient Carthaginians, and that it was the great island Atalantis, of +which mention is made by Plato, who represents it as larger than Asia +and Africa. The Carthaginians were a maritime people, and it is known +that they extended their discoveries beyond the narrow sphere which +had hitherto limited the enterprise of the mariner. And although Plato +represents Atalantis as having been swallowed by an earthquake, and +all knowledge of the new continent, if any such ever existed, was +entirely lost, still it is by no means improbable, that it had been +visited by some of the inhabitants of the old world, prior to its +discovery by Columbus in 1492. The manner of this discovery is well +known, as is also the fact that Americo Vespucci, a Florentine, under +the authority of Emmanuel king of Portugal, in sailing as far as +Brazil discovered the main land and gave name to America. + +These discoveries gave additional excitement to the adventurous spirit +which distinguished those times, and the flattering reports made of +the country which they had visited, inspired the different nations of +Europe, with the desire of reaping the rich harvest, which the +enlightened and enterprising mind of Columbus, had unfolded to their +view. Accordingly, as early as March 1496, (less than two years after +the discovery by Columbus) a commission was granted by Henry VII king +of England, to John Cabot and his three sons, empowering them to sail +under the English banner in quest of new discoveries, and in the event +of their success to take possession, in the name of the king of +England, of the countries thus discovered and not inhabited by +_Christian people_. + +The expedition contemplated in this commission was never carried into +effect. But in May 1498 Cabot with his son Sebastian, embarked on a +voyage to attain the desired object, and succeeded in his design so +far as to effect a discovery of [4] North America, and although he +sailed along the coast from Labrador to Virginia, yet it does not now +appear that he made any attempt either at settlement or conquest. + +This is said to have been the first discovery ever made of that +portion of our continent which extends from the Gulph of Mexico to the +North pole; and to this discovery the English trace their title to +that part of it, subsequently reduced into possession by them.[1] + +As many of the evils endured by the inhabitants of the western part of +Virginia, resulted from a contest between England and France, as to +the validity of their respective claims to portions of the newly +discovered country, it may not be amiss to take a general view of the +discoveries and settlements effected by each of those powers. + +After the expedition of Cabot, no attempt on the part of England, to +acquire territory in America, seems to have been made until the year +1558. In this year letters patent were issued by Queen Elizabeth, +empowering Sir Humphrey Gilbert to "discover and take possession of +such remote, heathen, and barbarous lands, as were not actually +possessed by any _christian prince or people_." Two expeditions, +conducted by this gentleman terminated unfavorably. Nothing was done +by him towards the accomplishment of the objects in view, more than +the taking possession of the island of New Foundland in the name of +the English Queen. + +In 1584 a similar patent was granted to Sir Walter Raleigh, under +whose auspices was discovered the country south of Virginia. In April +of that year he dispatched two vessels under the command of Amidas and +Barlow, for the purpose of visiting, and obtaining such a knowledge of +the country which he proposed to colonize, as would facilitate the +attainment of his object. In their voyage they approached the North +American continent towards the Gulph of Florida, and sailing +northwardly touched at an island situate on the inlet into Pamlico +sound, in the state of North Carolina. To this island they gave the +name of Wocoken, and proceeding from thence reached Roanoke near the +mouth of Albemarle sound. After having remained here some weeks, and +obtained from the natives the best information which they could impart +concerning the country, Amidas and Barlow returned to England. + +In the succeeding year Sir Walter had fitted out a squadron of seven +ships, the command of which he gave to Sir Richard [5] Grenville. On +board of this squadron were passengers, arms, ammunition and +provisions for a settlement. He touched at the islands of Wocoken and +Roanoke, which had been visited by Amidas and Barlow, and leaving a +colony of one hundred and eight persons in the island of Roanoke, he +returned to England. These colonists, after having remained about +twelve months and explored the adjacent country, became so discouraged +and exhausted by fatigue and famine, that they abandoned the country. +Sir Richard Grenville returning shortly afterwards to America, and not +being able to find them, and at a loss to conjecture their fate, left +in the island another small party of settlers and again set sail for +England. + +The flattering description which was given of the country, by those +who had visited it, so pleased Queen Elizabeth, that she gave to it +the name of Virginia, as a memorial that it had been discovered in the +reign of a Virgin Queen. + +Other inefficient attempts were afterwards made to colonize North +America during the reign of Elizabeth, but it was not 'till the year +1607, that a colony was permanently planted there. In December of the +preceding year a small vessel and two barks, under the command of +captain Newport, and having on board one hundred and five men, +destined to remain, left England. In April they were driven by a storm +into Chesapeak bay, and after a fruitless attempt to land at Cape +Henry, sailed up the Powhatan (since called James) River, and on the +13th of May 1607, debarked on the north side of the river at a place +to which they gave the name of Jamestown. From this period the country +continued in the occupancy of the whites, and remained subject to the +crown of Great Britain until the war of the revolution. + +A new charter which was issued in 1609 grants to "the treasurer and +company of the adventurers, of the city of London for the first colony +of Virginia, in absolute property the lands extending from Point +Comfort along the sea coast two hundred miles to the northward, and +from the same point, along the sea coast two hundred miles to the +southward, and up into the land throughout from sea to sea, west and +north-west; and also all islands lying within one hundred miles of the +coast of both seas of the precinct aforesaid." Conflicting charters, +granted to other corporations, afterwards narrowed her limits; that +she has been since reduced to her present comparatively small extent +of territory, is attributable exclusively [6] to the almost suicidal +liberality of Virginia herself. + +On the part of France, voyages for the discovery and colonization of +North America were nearly contemporaneous with those made by England +for like objects. As early as the year 1540, a commission was issued +by Francis 1st for the establishment of Canada.[2] In 1608, a French +fleet, under the command of Admiral Champlaine, arrived in the St. +Lawrence and founded the city of Quebec. So successful were her +attempts to colonize that province, that, notwithstanding its +proximity to the English colonies, and the fact that a Spanish sailor +had previously entered the St. Lawrence and established a port at the +mouth of Grand river--neither of those powers seriously contested the +right of France to its possession.--Yet it was frequently the theatre +of war; and as early as 1629 was subdued by England. By the treaty of +St. Germains in 1632 it was restored to France, as was also the then +province of Acadie, now known as Nova Scotia. There is no doubt but +that this latter province was, by priority of settlement, the property +of France, but its principal town having been repeatedly reduced to +possession by the English, it was ceded to them by the treaty of +Utrecht in 1713. + +To the country bordering the Mississippi river, and its tributary +streams, a claim was made by England, France and Spain. The claim of +England (based on the discovery by the Cabots of the eastern shore of +the United States,) included all the country between the parallels of +latitude within which the Atlantic shore was explored, extending +westwardly to the Pacific ocean--a zone athwart the continent between +the thirtieth and forty-eighth degrees of North latitude. + +From the facility with which the French gained the good will and +friendly alliance of the Natives in Canada, by intermarrying with, and +assimilating themselves to the habits and inclinations of, these +children of the forest, an intimacy arose which induced the Indians to +impart freely to the French their knowledge of the interior country. +Among other things information was communicated to them, of the fact +that farther on there was a river of great size and immense length, +which pursued a course opposite to that of the St. Lawrence, and +emptied itself into an unknown sea. It was conjectured that it must +necessarily flow either into the Gulph of Mexico, or the South Sea; +and in 1673 Marquette and Joliet, French missionaries, together with +five other men, commenced a journey [7] from Quebec to ascertain the +fact and examine the country bordering its shores. + +From lake Michigan they proceeded up the Fox river nearly to its +source; thence to Ouisconsin; down it to the Mississippi, in which +river they sailed as far as to about the thirty-third degree of north +latitude. From this point they returned through the Illinois country +to Canada. + +At the period of this discovery M. de La Salle, a Frenchman of +enterprise, courage and talents but without fortune, was commandant of +fort Frontignac. Pleased with the description given by Marquette and +Joliet, of the country which they had visited, he formed the +determination of examining it himself, and for this purpose left +Canada in the close of the summer of 1679, in company with father +Louis Hennepin and some others.[3] On the Illinois he erected fort +Crevecoeur, where he remained during the winter, and instructing +father Hennepin, in his absence to ascend the Mississippi to its +sources, returned to Canada. M. de La Salle subsequently visited this +country, and establishing the villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, left +them under the command of M. de Tonti, and going back to Canada, +proceeded from thence to France to procure the co-operation of the +Ministry in effecting a settlement of the valley of the Mississippi. +He succeeded in impressing on the minds of the French Ministry, the +great benefits which would result from its colonization, and was the +first to suggest the propriety of connecting the settlements on the +Mississippi with those in Canada by a cordon of forts; a measure which +was subsequently attempted to be carried into effect. + +With the aid afforded him by the government of France, he was enabled +to prepare an expedition to accomplish his object, and sailing in 1684 +for the mouth of the Mississippi, steered too far westward and landed +in the province of Texas, and on the banks of the river Guadaloupe. +Every exertion which a brave and prudent man could make to effect the +security of his little colony, and conduct them to the settlement in +Illinois, was fruitlessly made by him. In reward for all his toil and +care he was basely assassinated; the remnant of the party whom he was +conducting through the wilderness, finally reached the Arkansas, where +was a settlement of French emigrants from Canada. The colonists left +by him at the bay of St. Bernard were mostly murdered by the natives, +the remainder were carried away by the Spaniards in 1689. + +[8] Other attempts made by the French to colonize the Mississippi near +the Gulph of Mexico, were for some time unavailing. In an expedition +for that purpose, conducted by M. Ibberville, a suit of armor on which +was inscribed Ferdinand de Soto, was found in the possession of some +Indians. In the year 1717 the spot, on which New Orleans now stands, +was selected as the centre of the settlements, then first made in +Louisiana, and the country continued in the possession of France until +1763. By the treaty of Paris in that year, she ceded to Great Britain, +together with Canada her possessions east of the Mississippi, +excepting only the island of New Orleans--this and her territory on +the west bank of that river were transferred to Spain. + +The title of Spain to the valley of the Mississippi, if made to depend +on priority of discovery, would perhaps, to say the least, be as good +as that of either of the other powers. Ferdinand de Soto, governor of +Cuba, was most probably the first white man who saw that majestic +stream. + +The Spaniards had early visited and given name to Florida. In 1528 +Pamphilo de Narvaez obtained a grant of it, and fitting out an +armament, proceeded with four or five hundred men to explore and +settle the country. He marched to the Indian village of Appalachas, +when he was attacked and defeated by the natives. The most of +those who escaped death from the hands of the savages, perished in a +storm, by which they were overtaken on their voyage home. Narvaez +himself perished in the wreck, and was succeeded in his attempt at +colonization by de Soto. + +Ferdinand de Soto, then governor of Cuba, was a man of chivalrous and +enterprising spirit, and of cool, deliberate courage. In his +expedition to Florida, although attacked by the Indians, immediately +on his landing, yet, rather seeking than shunning danger, he +penetrated the interior, and crossing the Mississippi, sickened and +died on Red river. So frequent and signal had been the victories which +he had obtained over the Indians, that his name alone had become an +object of terror to them; and his followers, at once to preserve his +remains from violation, and prevent the natives from acquiring a +knowledge of his death, enclosed his body in a hollow tree, sunk it in +the Red river and returned to Florida. + +Thus, it is said, were different parts of this continent discovered; +and by virtue of the settlements thus effected, by [9] those three +great powers of Europe, the greater portion of it was claimed as +belonging to them respectively, in utter disregard of the rights of +the Aborigines. And while the historian records the colonization of +America as an event tending to meliorate the condition of Europe, and +as having extended the blessings of civil and religious liberty, +humanity must drop the tear of regret, that it has likewise forced the +natives of the new, and the inhabitants of a portion of the old world, +to drink so deeply from the cup of bitterness. + +The cruelties which have been exercised on the Aborigines of +America, the wrong and outrage heaped on them from the days of +Montezuma and Guatimozin, to the present period, while they excite +sympathy for their sufferings, should extenuate, if not justify the +bloody deeds, which revenge prompted the untutored savages to +commit. Driven as they were from the lands of which they were the +rightful proprietors--Yielding to encroachment after encroachment +'till forced to apprehend their utter annihilation--Witnessing the +destruction of their villages, the prostration of their towns and the +sacking of cities adorned with splendid magnificence, who can feel +surprised at any attempt which they might make to rid the country +of its invaders. Who, but must applaud the spirit which prompted +them, when they beheld their prince a captive, the blood of their +nobles staining the earth with its crimson dye, and the Gods of +their adoration scoffed and derided, to aim at the destruction of +their oppressors.--When Mexico, "with her tiara of proud towers," +became the theatre in which foreigners were to revel in rapine and in +murder, who can be astonished that the valley of Otumba resounded +with the cry of "Victory or Death?" And yet, resistance on their part, +served but as a pretext for a war of extermination; waged too, with a +ferocity, from the recollection of which the human mind involuntarily +revolts, and with a success which has forever blotted from the book +of national existence, once powerful and happy tribes. + +But they did not suffer alone. As if to fill the cup of oppression to +the brim, another portion of the human family were reduced to abject +bondage, and made the unwilling cultivators of those lands, of which +the Indians had been dispossessed. Soon after the settlement of North +America was commenced, the negroes of Africa became an article of +commerce, and from subsequent importations and natural [10] increase +have become so numerous as to excite the liveliest apprehensions in +the bosom of every friend to this country. Heretofore they have had +considerable influence on the affairs of our government; and recently +the diversity of interest, occasioned in Virginia, by the possession +of large numbers of them in the country east of the blue ridge of +mountains, seemed for a while to threaten the integrity of the +state.--Happily this is now passing away, but how far they may effect +the future destines of America, the most prophetic ken cannot foresee. +Yet, although the philanthropist must weep over their unfortunate +situation, and the patriot shudder in anticipation of a calamity which +it may defy human wisdom to avert; still it would be unfair to charge +the existence of slavery among us to the policy of the United States, +or to brand their present owners as the instruments of an evil which +they cannot remove. And while others boast that they are free from +this dark spot, let them remember, that but for them our national +escutcheon might have been as pure and unsullied as their own.[4] + +We are indebted to the Dutch for their introduction into Virginia, and +to the ships of other than slave holding communities, for their +subsequent unhallowed transportation to our shores. Yet those who were +mainly instrumental in forging the chains of bondage, have since +rendered the condition of the negro slave more intolerable by +fomenting discontent among them, and by "scattering fire brands and +torches," which are often not to be extinguished but in blood. + +Notwithstanding those two great evils which have resulted from the +discovery and colonization of America, yet to these the world is +indebted for the enjoyment of many and great blessings. They enlarged +the theatre of agricultural enterprise, and thus added to the +facilities of procuring the necessaries of life. They encouraged the +industry of Europeans, by a dependence on them for almost every +species of manufacture, and thus added considerably to their +population, wealth and happiness; while the extensive tracts of +fertile land, covering the face of this country and inviting to its +bosom the enterprising [11] foreigner, has removed a far off any +apprehension of the ill effects arising from a too dense population. + +In a moral and political point of view much good has likewise resulted +from the settlement of America. Religion, freed from the fetters which +enthralled her in Europe, has shed her benign influence on every +portion of our country. Divorced from an adulterous alliance with +state, she has here stalked forth in the simplicity of her founder; +and with "healing on her wings, spread the glad tidings of salvation +to all men." It is true that religious intolerance and blind bigotry, +for some time clouded our horizon, but they were soon dissipated; and +when the sun arose which ushered in the dawn of our national existence +scarce a speck could be seen to dim its lustre. Here too was reared +the standard of civil liberty, and an example set, which may teach to +the nations of the old world, that as people are really the source of +power, government should be confided to them. Already have the +beneficial effects of this example been manifested, and the present +condition of Europe clearly shows, that the lamp of liberty, which was +lighted here, has burned with a brilliancy so steady as to have +reflected its light across the Atlantic. Whether it will be there +permitted to shine, is somewhat problematical. But should a "holy +alliance of legitimates" extinguish it, it will be but for a season. +Kings, Emperors and Priests cannot succeed much longer in staying the +march of freedom. The people are sensibly alive to the oppression of +their rulers--they have groaned beneath the burden 'till it has become +too intolerable to be borne; and they are now speaking in a voice +which will make tyrants tremble on their throne. + +----- + [1] The author errs somewhat in his review of the voyages of + the Cabots. In 1497, John set out to reach Asia by way of the + north-west, and sighted Cape Breton, for which the generous + king gave him £10 and blessed him with "great honours." In + 1498, Sebastian's voyage was intended to supplement his + father's; his exploration of the coast extended down to the + vicinity of Chesapeake Bay.--R. G. T. + + [2] This refers to the explorations of Jacques Cartier. But + as early as 1534 Cartier sailed up the estuary of the St. + Lawrence "until land could be seen on either side;" the + following year he ascended the river as far as the La Chine + rapids, and wintered upon the island mountain there which he + named Mont Real. It was in 1541 that he made his third voyage, + and built a fort at Quebec. The author's reference, a few lines + below, to a "Spanish sailor" in the St. Lawrence, is the result + of confusion over Cartier's first voyages; Cortereal was at + Newfoundland for the Portuguese in 1500; and Gomez for Spain in + 1525.--R. G. T. + + [3] The author wrote at too early a date to have the benefit + of Parkman's researches. La Salle had probably discovered the + Ohio River four years before the voyage of Joliet and + Marquette.--R. G. T. + + [4] It is said, that Georgia, at an early period of her + colonial existence, endeavored by legislative enactment to + prevent the importation of slaves into her territory, but that + the King of England invariably negatived those laws, and + ultimately Oglethorpe was dismissed from office, for + persevering in the endeavor to accomplish so desirable an + object. It is an historical fact that slaves were not permitted + to be taken into Georgia, for some time after a colony was + established there. + + + + +[3] INTRODUCTION. + +CHAPTER II. + + +When America was first visited by Europeans, it was found that its +inhabitants were altogether ignorant of the country from which their +ancestors had migrated, and of the period at which they had been +transplanted to the new world. And although there were among them +traditions seeming to cast a light upon these subjects, yet when +thoroughly investigated, they tended rather to bewilder than lead to +any certain conclusion. The origin of the natives has ever since been +a matter of curious speculation with the learned; conjecture has +succeeded conjecture, hypothesis has yielded to hypothesis, as wave +recedes before wave, still it remains involved in a labyrinth of +inexplicable difficulties, from which the most ingenious mind will +perhaps never be able to free it. + +In this respect the situation of the aborigines of America does not +differ from that of the inhabitants of other portions of the globe. An +impenetrable cloud hangs over the early history of other nations, and +defies the researches of the learned in any attempt to trace them to +their origin. The attempt has nevertheless been repeatedly made; and +philosophers, arguing from a real or supposed conformity of one people +to another, have vainly imagined that they had attained to certainty +on these subjects. And while one has in this manner, undertaken to +prove China to have been an Egyptian colony, another, pursuing the +same course of reasoning, has, by way of ridicule, shewn how easily a +learned man of Tobolski or Pekin might as satisfactorily prove France +to have been a Trojan, a Greek or even an Arabian colony; thus making +manifest the utter futility of endeavoring to arrive at certainty in +this way.[1] + +[13] Nor is this to be at all wondered at, when we reflect on the +barbarous state of those nations in their infancy, the imperfection +of traditionary accounts of what had transpired centuries before, and +in many instances the entire absence of a written language, by +which, either to perpetuate events, or enable the philosopher by +analogy of language to ascertain their affinity with other nations. +Conjectural then as must be every disquisition as to the manner in +which this continent was first peopled, still however, as many men +eminent for learning and piety have devoted much labor and time to the +investigation of the subject, it may afford satisfaction to the +curious to see some of those speculations recorded. Discordant as +they are in many respects, there is nevertheless one fact as to +the truth of which they are nearly all agreed; Mr. Jefferson is +perhaps the only one, of those who have written on the subject, who +seems to discredit the assertion that America was peopled by +emigrants from the old world. How well the conjecture, that the +eastern inhabitants of Asia were descendants of the Indians of +America can be supported by any knowledge which is possessed of +the different languages spoken by the Aborigines, will be for +others to determine. "Neque confirmare argumentis, neque refellere, +in animo est; ex ingenio suo, quisque demat vel addat fidem." + +Among those who have given to the world their opinions on the origin +of the natives of America, is Father Jos. Acosta, a Jesuit who was for +some time engaged as a missionary among them. From the fact that no +ancient author has made mention of the [14] compass, he discredits the +supposition that the first inhabitants of this country found their way +here by sea. His conclusion is that they must have found a passage by +the North of Asia and Europe which he supposes to join each other; or +by those regions which lie southward of the straits of Magellan. + +Gregorio Garcia, who was likewise a missionary among the Mexicans and +Peruvians, from the traditions of those nations, and from the variety +of characters, customs, languages and religion, observable in the new +world, has formed the opinion that it was peopled by several different +nations. + +John de Laet, a Flemish writer, maintains that America received its +first inhabitants from Scythia or Tartary, and soon after the +dispersion of Noah's grand-sons. The resemblance of the northern +Indians, in feature, complexion and manner of living, to the +Scythians, Tartars, and Samojedes, being greater than to any other +nations. + +Emanuel de Moraez, in his history of Brazil, says that this +continent was wholly peopled by the Carthaginians and Israelites. In +confirmation of this opinion, he mentions the discoveries which the +Carthaginians are known to have made beyond the coast of Africa. The +progress of these discoveries being stopped by the Senate of Carthage, +those who happened to be in the newly discovered countries, cut off +from all communication with their countrymen, and being destitute of +many of the necessaries of life, easily fell into a state of +barbarism. + +George de Huron, a Dutch writer on this subject, considering the short +space of time which elapsed between the creation of the world and the +deluge, maintains that America could not have been peopled before the +flood. He likewise supposes that its first inhabitants were located in +the north; and that the primitive colonies extended themselves over +the whole extent of the continent, by means of the Isthmus of Panama. +It is his opinion that the first founders of these Indian colonies +were Scythians; that the Phoenicians and Carthaginians subsequently +got to America across the Atlantic, and the Chinese across the Pacific +ocean, and that other nations might have landed there by one of these +means, or been thrown on the coast by tempest: since through the whole +extent of the continent, both in its northern and southern parts there +are evident marks of a mixture of the northern nations with those who +have come from other places. + +[15] He also supposes that another migration of the Phoenicians took +place during a three years voyage made by the Tyrian fleet in the +service of king Solomon. He asserts, on the authority of Josephus, +that the port at which this embarkation was made, lay in the +Mediterranean. The fleet, he adds, went in quest of Elephants' teeth +and Peacocks, to the western coast of Africa, which is Tarshish, then +for gold to Ophir, which is Haite or the Island of Hispaniola. In the +latter opinion he is supported by Columbus, who, when he discovered +that Island, thought he could trace the furnaces in which the gold had +been refined. + +Monsieur Charlevoix, who travelled through North America, is of +opinion that it received its first inhabitants from Tartary and +Hyrcania. In support of this impression he says that some of the +animals which are to be found here, must have come from those +countries: a fact which would go to prove that the two hemispheres +join to the northward of Asia. And in order to strengthen this +conjecture, he relates the following story, which he says was told to +him by Father Grollon, a French Jesuit, as matter of fact. + +Father Grollon said, that after having labored some time in the +missions of New France, he passed over to China. One day as he was +travelling in Tartary he met a Huron woman whom he had known in +Canada. He asked her by what adventure she had been carried into a +country so very remote from her own; she replied that having been +taken in war, she was conducted from nation to nation, until she +reached the place where she then was. + +Monsieur Charlevoix narrates another circumstance of a similar kind. +He says that he had been assured, another Jesuit had met with a +Floridian woman in China. She also had been made captive by certain +Indians, who gave her to those of a more distant country, and by these +again she was given to those of another nation, 'till having been +successively passed from country to country, and after having +travelled through regions extremely cold, she at length found herself +in Tartary. Here she had married a Tartar, who had attended the +conquerors in China, and with whom she then was. + +Arguing from these facts and from the similarity of several kinds of +wild beasts which are found in America, with those of Hyrcania and +Tartary, he arrives at what he deems, a [16] rational conclusion, that +more than one nation in America had Scythian or Tartarian extraction. + +Charlevoix possessed a good opportunity of becoming acquainted with +the character and habits of the American Indians. His theory however +has been controverted by some, possessing equal advantages of +observation. Mr. Adair, an intelligent gentleman who resided among the +nations during the space of forty years, and who became well +acquainted with their manners, customs, religion, traditions and +language, has given to them a very different origin. But perfect +soever as may have been his knowledge of their manners, customs, +religion and traditions, yet it must be admitted that any inquiry into +these, with a view to discover their origin, would most probably prove +fallacious. A knowledge of the primitive language, alone can cast much +light on the subject. Whether this knowledge can ever be attained, is, +to say the least, very questionable--Being an unwritten language, and +subject to change for so many centuries, it can scarcely be supposed +now to bear much, if any affinity, to what it was in its purity. + +Mr. Adair says, that from the most exact observation he could make +during the long time which he traded among the Indians, he was forced +to believe them lineally descended from the Israelites, either when +they were a maritime power, or soon after the general captivity; most +probably the latter. + +He thinks that had the nine tribes and a half, which were carried off +by Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, and which settled in Media, remained +there long, they would, by intermarrying with the nations of that +country, from a natural fickleness and proneness to idolatry, and from +the force of example, have adopted and bowed before the Gods of the +Medes and Assyrians; and have carried them along with them. But he +affirms that there is not the least trace of this idolatry to be +discovered among the Indians: and hence he argues that those of the +ten tribes who were the forefathers of the natives, soon advanced +eastward from Assyria and reached their settlements in the new +continent, before the destruction of the first Temple. + +In support of the position that the American Indians are thus +descended, Mr. Adair adduces among others the following arguments: + +_1st, Their division into tribes._ + +"As each nation has its particular symbol, so each tribe has [17] the +badge from which it is denominated. The Sachem is a necessary party +in conveyances and treaties, to which he affixes the mark of his +tribe. If we go from nation to nation among them, we shall not find +one, who does not distinguish himself by his respective family. The +genealogical names which they assume, are derived either from the +names of those animals whereof the cherubim is said in revelation +to be compounded; or from such creatures as are most similar to them. +The Indians bear no religious respect to the animals from which they +derive their names; on the contrary they kill them whenever an +opportunity serves. + +"When we consider that these savages have been upwards of twenty +centuries without the aid of letters to carry down their traditions, +it can not be reasonably expected, that they should still retain the +identical names of their primogenial tribes: their main customs +corresponding with those of the Israelites, sufficiently clear the +subject. Moreover they call some of their tribes by the names of the +cherubinical figures, which were carried on the four principal +standards of Israel." + +_2nd, Their worship of Jehovah._ + +"By a strict, permanent, divine precept, the Hebrew nation was ordered +to worship at Jerusalem, Jehovah the true and living God, who by the +Indians is styled '_Yohewah_.' The seventy-two interpreters have +translated this word so as to signify, _Sir_, _Lord_, _Master_, +applying to mere earthly potentates, without the least signification +or relation to that great and awful name, which describes the divine +presence." + +_3rd, Their notions of a theocracy._ + +"Agreeably to the theocracy or divine government of Israel, the +Indians think the deity to be the immediate head of the state. All the +nations of Indians have a great deal of religious pride, and an +inexpressible contempt for the white people. In their war orations +they used to call us _the accursed people_, but flatter themselves +with the name of the _beloved people_, because their supposed +ancestors were, as they affirm, under the immediate government of the +Deity, who was present with them in a peculiar manner, and directed +them by Prophets, while the rest of the world were aliens to the +covenant.[2] When the old Archimagus, or any of their Magi, is [18] +persuading the people at their religious solemnities, to a strict +observance of the old _beloved or divine speech_, he always calls them +the _beloved or holy people_, agreeably to the Hebrew epithet, _Ammi_, +(my people) during the theocracy of Israel. It is this opinion, that +God has chosen them out of the rest of mankind, as his peculiar +people, which inspires the white Jew, and the red American, with that +steady hatred against all the world except themselves, and renders +them hated and despised by all." + +_5th, Their language and dialects._ + +"The Indian language and dialects appear to have the very idiom and +genius of the Hebrew. Their words and sentences are expressive, +concise, emphatical, sonorous and bold; and often both the letters and +signification are synonymous with the Hebrew language." Of these Mr. +Adair cites a number of examples. + +_6th, Their manner of counting time._ + +"The Indians count time after the manner of the Hebrews. They divide +the year into spring, summer, autumn and winter. They number their +year from any of these four periods, for they have no name for a year; +and they subdivide these and count the year by lunar months, like the +Israelites who counted time by moons, as their name sufficiently +testifies. + +"The number and regular periods of the religious feasts among the +Indians, is a good historical proof that they counted time by and +observed a weekly Sabbath, long after their arrival in America. They +began the year at the appearance of the first new moon of the vernal +equinox, according to the ecclesiastical year of Moses. 'Till the +seventy years captivity [19] commenced, the Israelites had only +numeral names for their months, except Abib and Ethanim; the former +signifying a _green ear of corn_, the latter _robust or valiant_; by +the first name the Indians as an explicative, term their passover, +which the trading people call _the green corn dance_." + +_7th, Their prophets or high priests._ + +"In conformity to, or after the manner of the Jews, the Indians have +their prophets, high priests, and others of a religious order. As the +Jews have a Sanctum Sanctorum, so have all the Indian nations. There +they deposit their consecrated vessels--none of the laity daring to +approach that sacred place. The Indian tradition says, that their +forefathers were possessed of an extraordinary divine spirit by which +they foretold future events; and that this was transmitted to their +offspring, provided they obeyed the sacred laws annexed to it.[3] [20] +_Ishtoallo_ is the name of all their priestly order and their +pontifical office descends by inheritance to the eldest. There are +traces of agreement, though chiefly lost, in their pontifical dress. +Before the Indian Archimagus officiates in making the supposed holy +fire for the yearly atonement of sin, the _Sagan_ clothes him with a +white ephod, which is a waistcoat without sleeves. In resemblance of +the Urim and Thummim the American Archimagus wears a breastplate made +of a white conch-shell, with two holes bored in the middle of it, +through which he puts the ends of an otter-skin strap; and fastens a +buck-horn white button to the outside of each; as if in imitation of +the precious stones of the Urim." + +In remarking upon this statement of Mr. Adair, Faber, a learned divine +of the church of England, has said, that Ishtoallo (the name according +to Adair of the Indian priests) is most probably a corruption of +_Ish-da-Eloah_, a man of God, (the term used by the Shunemitish woman +in speaking of Elisha;) and that _Sagan_ is the very name by which the +Hebrews called the deputy of the High Priest, who supplied his office +and who performed the functions of it in the absence of the high +priest, or when any accident had disabled him from officiating in +person. + +_8th, Their festivals, fasts and religious rites._ + +"The ceremonies of the Indians in their religious worship,[21] are +more after the Mosaic institution, than of Pagan imitation. This could +not be the fact if a majority of the old nations were of heathenish +descent. They are utter strangers to all the gestures practiced by +Pagans in their religious rites. They have likewise an appellative, +which with them is the mysterious, essential name of God; the +_tetragrammaton_, which they never use in common speech. They are +very particular of the time and place, when and where they mention it, +and this is always done in a very solemn manner. It is known that the +Jews had so great and sacred regard for the four lettered, divine +name, as scarcely ever to mention it, except when the High Priest went +into the sanctuary for the expiation of sins." + +Mr. Adair likewise says that the American Indians, like the Hebrews, +have an ark in which are kept various holy vessels, and which is never +suffered to rest on the bare ground. "On hilly ground, where stones +are plenty, they always place it on them, but on level land it is made +to rest on short legs. They have also a faith, in the power and +holiness of their ark, as strong as the Israelites had in theirs. It +is too sacred and dangerous to be touched by any one, except the +chieftain and his waiter. The leader virtually acts the part of a +priest of war protempore, in imitation of the Israelites fighting +under the divine military banner." + +Among their other religious rites the Indians, according to Adair, cut +out the sinewy part of the thigh; in commemoration, as he says, of the +Angel wrestling with Jacob. + +_12th, Their abstinence from unclean things._ + +"Eagles of every kind are esteemed by the Indians to be unclean food; +as also ravens, crows, bats, buzzards and every species of owl. They +believe that swallowing gnats, flies and the like, always breed +sickness. To this that divine sarcasm alludes 'swallowing a camel and +straining at a gnat.'" Their purifications for their Priests, and for +having touched a dead body or other unclean thing, according to Mr. +Adair, are quite Levitical. He acknowledges however, that they have no +traces of circumcision; but he supposes that they lost this rite in +their wanderings, as it ceased among the Hebrews, during the forty +years in the wilderness. + +_15th, Their cities of refuge._ + +"The Israelites had cities of refuge for those who killed persons +unawares. According to the same particular divine [22] law of mercy, +each of the Indian nations has a house or town of refuge, which is a +sure asylum to protect a man-slayer, or the unfortunate captive, if +they can but once enter into it. In almost every nation they have +peaceable towns, called ancient holy, or white towns. These seem to +have been towns of refuge; for it is not in the memory of man, that +ever human blood was shed in them, although they often force persons +from thence and put them to death elsewhere." + +_16th, Their purifications and ceremonies preparatory._ + +"Before the Indians go to war they have many preparatory ceremonies of +purification and fasting like what is recorded of the Israelites." + +_21st, Their raising seed to a deceased brother._ + +"The surviving brother, by the Mosaic law, was to raise seed to a +deceased brother, who left a widow childless. The Indian custom looks +the very same way; but in this as in their law of blood, the eldest +brother can redeem." + +With these and many arguments of a like kind, has Mr. Adair endeavored +to support the conjecture, that the American Indians are lineally +descended from the Israelites; and gravely asks of those who may +dissent from his opinion of their origin and descent, to inform him +how they came here, and by what means they formed the long chain of +rites and customs so similar to those of the Hebrews, and dissimilar +to the rites and customs of the pagan world. + +Major Carver, a provincial officer who sojourned some time with the +Indians and visited twelve different nations of them, instead of +observing the great similarity, mentioned by Adair as existing between +the natives and Hebrews, thought he could trace features of +resemblance between them and the Chinese and Tartars; and has +undertaken to shew how they might have got here. He says, + +"Although it is not ascertained certainly, that the continents of Asia +and America join each other, yet it is proven that the sea which is +supposed to divide them, is full of islands the distance from which to +either continent, is comparatively trifling. From these islands a +communication with the main land could be more readily effected than +from any other point." "It is very evident that the manners and +customs of the American Indians, resemble that of the Tartars; and I +have no doubt that in some future era, it will be reduced to a +certainty that in some of the wars between the Chinese and Tartars, a +part [23] of the inhabitants of the northern provinces were driven +from their country and took refuge in some of these islands, and from +thence found their way to America. At different periods each nation +might prove victorious, and the conquered by turns fly before the +conquerors; and hence might arise the similitude of the Indians to all +these people, and that animosity which exists among so many of their +tribes." + +After remarking on the similarity which exists between the Chinese and +Indians, in the singular custom of shaving or plucking out the hair +leaving only a small spot on the crown of the head; and the +resemblance in sound and signification which many of the Chinese and +Indian words bear to each other, he proceeds, "After the most critical +inquiry and mature deliberation, I am of opinion that America received +its first inhabitants from the northeast, by way of the islands +mentioned as lying between Asia and America. This might have been +effected at different times and from different parts: from Tartary, +China, Japan or Kamschatka, the inhabitants of these countries +resembling each other, in color, feature and shape." + +Other writers on this subject, coinciding in opinion with Carver, +mention a tradition which the Indians in Canada have, that foreign +merchants clothed in silk formerly visited them in great ships: these +are supposed to have been Chinese, the ruins of Chinese ships having +been found on the American coast. The names of many of the American +kings, are said to be Tartar; and Tartarax, who reigned formerly in +Quivira, means the Tartar. Manew, the founder of the Peruvian empire, +most probably came from the Manchew Tartars. Montezuma, the title of +the emperors of Mexico, is of Japanese extraction; for according to +some authors it is likewise the appellation of the Japanese Monarch. +The plant Ginseng, since found in America, where the natives termed +it Garentoguen, a word of the same import in their language, with +Ginseng in the Tartar, both meaning THE THIGHS OF A MAN. + +Dr. Robertson is decidedly of opinion, that the different tribes of +American Indians, excepting the Esquimaux, are of Asiatic extraction. +He refers to a tradition among the Mexicans of the migration of their +ancestors from a remote country, situated to the north-west of Mexico, +and says they point out their various stations as they advanced into +the interior provinces, which is precisely the route they must have +held, if they had been emigrants from Asia. + +Mr. Jefferson, in his notes on Virginia, says, that the passage from +Europe to America was always practicable, even to the imperfect [24] +navigation of the ancient times; and that, from recent discoveries, it +is proven, that if Asia and America be separated at all it is only by +a narrow streight. "Judging from the resemblance between the Indians +of America and the eastern inhabitants of Asia, we should say that the +former are descendants of the latter, or the latter of the former, +except indeed the Esquimaux, who, from the same circumstance of +resemblance, and from identity of language, must be derived from the +Greenlanders. A knowledge of their several languages would be the most +certain evidence of their derivation which could be produced. In fact +it is the best proof of the affinity of nations, which ever can be +referred to." + +After regretting that so many of the Indian tribes have been suffered +to perish, without our having collected and preserved the general +rudiments of their language, he proceeds, + +"Imperfect as is our knowledge of the tongues spoken in America, it +suffices to discover the following remarkable fact. Arranging them +under the radical ones to which they may be palpably traced, and doing +the same by those of the red men of Asia, there will be found probably +twenty in America, for one in Asia, of those radical languages; so +called because if ever they were the same, they have lost all +resemblance to one another. A separation into dialects may be the work +of a few ages only, but for two dialects to recede from one another, +'till they have lost all vestiges of their common origin, must require +an immense course of time; perhaps not less than many people give to +the age of the earth. A greater number of those radical changes of +language having taken place among the red men of America proves them +of greater antiquity than those of Asia." + +Indian traditions say, that "in ancient days the Great Island appeared +upon the big waters, the earth brought forth trees, herbs and fruits: +that there were in the world a good and a bad spirit, the good spirit +formed creeks and rivers on the great island, and created numerous +species of animals to inhabit the forests, and fishes of all kinds to +inhabit the water. He also made two beings to whom he gave living +souls and named them Ea-gwe-howe, (real people). Subsequently some of +the people became giants and committed outrages upon the others. After +many years a body of Ea-gwe-howe people encamped on the bank of a +majestic stream, which they named, Kanawaga (St. Lawrence.) After a +long time a number of foreign people sailed from a part unknown, but +unfortunately the winds drove them off and they ultimately landed on +the southern part of the great island and many of the crew perished. +Those who survived, selected a place for residence, erected +fortifications, became a numerous people and extended their +settlements."[4] + +Thus various and discordant are the conjectures respecting the manner +in which this continent was first peopled. Although some [25] of them +appear more rational and others, yet are they at best but hypothetical +disquisitions on a subject which will not now admit of certainty. All +agree that America was inhabited long anterior to its discovery by +Columbus, and by a race of human beings, who, however numerous they +once were, are fast hastening to extinction; some centuries hence and +they will be no more known. The few memorials, which the ravages of +time have suffered to remain of them, in those portions of the country +from which they have been long expelled; have destruction dealt them +by the ruthless hand of man. History may transmit to after ages, the +fact that they once were, and give their "local habitation and their +name." These will probably be received as the tales of fiction, and +posterity be at as much loss to determine, whether they ever had an +existence, as we now are to say from whence they sprang. + + "I have stood upon Achilles' tomb + And heard Troy doubted. Time will doubt of Rome." + +----- + [1] "If a learned man of Tobolski or Pekin were to read some + of our books, be might in this way demonstrate, that the French + are descended from the Trojans. The most ancient writings, he + might say, and those in most esteem in France, are romances: + these were written in a pure language, derived from the ancient + Romans, who were famous for never advancing a falsehood. Now + upwards of twenty of these authentic books, affirm that + Francis, the founder of the monarchy of the Franks, was son to + Hector. The name of Hector has ever since been preserved by + this nation; and even in the present century one of the + greatest generals was called Hector de Villars. + + "The neighboring nations (he would continue,) are so + unanimous in acknowledging this truth, that Ariosto, one of + the most learned of the Italians, owns in his Orlando, that + Charlemagne's knights fought for Hector's helmet. Lastly, + there is one proof which admits of no reply; namely, that the + ancient Franks to perpetuate the memory of the Trojans, their + ancestors, built a new city called Troye, in the province of + Champagne; and these modern Trojans have always retained so + strong an aversion to their enemies, the Greeks, that there + is not at present four persons in the whole province of + Champagne, who will learn their language; nay, they would + never admit any Jesuits among them; probably because they had + heard it said, that some of that body used formerly to + explain Homer in their public schools." + + Proceeding in this manner, M. de Voltaire shows how easily + this hypothesis might be overturned; and while one might + thus demonstrate that the Parisians are descended from the + Greeks, other profound antiquarians might in like manner prove + them to be of Egyptian, or even of Arabian extraction; and + although the learned world might much puzzle themselves to + decide the question, yet would it remain undecided and in + uncertainty.--_Preface to the Life of Peter the Great._ + + [2] In a small work entitled "Ancient History of the Six + Nations," written by David Cusick, an educated Indian of the + Tuscarora village, frequent mention is made of the actual + presence among them, of Tarenyawagua, or Holder of the Heavens, + who guided and directed them when present, and left rules for + their government, during his absence. Several miracles + performed by him are particularly mentioned. It likewise speaks + of the occasional visits of Angels or 'agents of the Superior + power' as they are called by Cusick; and tells of a visitor who + came among the Tuscaroras long anterior to the discovery of + America by Columbus. "He appeared to be a very old man, taught + them many things, and informed them that the people beyond the + great water had killed their Maker, but that he rose again. The + old man died among them and they buried him--soon after some + person went to the grave and found that he had risen; he was + never heard of afterwards." + + [3] In confirmation of this tradition among the Indians, the + following somewhat singular circumstance related by Mr. Carver, + may with propriety be adduced: + + While at Grand Portage, from the number of those who were there + and the fact that the traders did not arrive as soon as was + expected, there was a great scarcity of provisions, and much + consequent anxiety as to the period of their arrival. One day, + Mr. Carver says, that while expressing their wishes for the + event, and looking anxiously to ascertain if they could be seen + on the Lake, the chief Priest of the Kilistines told them that + he would endeavor in a conference with the Great Spirit, to + learn at what time the traders would arrive: and the following + evening was fixed upon for the spiritual conference. + + When every preparation had been made, the king conducted Mr. + Carver to a spacious tent, the covering of which was so drawn + up as to render visible to those without, every thing which + passed within. Mr. Carver being seated beside the king within + the tent, observed in the centre a place of an oblong shape, + composed of stakes stuck at intervals in the ground, forming + something like a coffin, and large enough to contain the body + of a man. The sticks were far enough from each other to admit a + distinct view by the spectators, of what ever passed within + them; while the tent was perfectly illuminated. + + When the Priest entered, a large Elk-skin being spread on the + ground, he divested himself of all his clothing, except that + around his middle, and laying down on the skin enveloped + himself (save only his head) in it. The skin was then bound + round with about forty yards of cord, and in that situation he + was placed within the ballustrade of sticks. + + In a few seconds he was heard to mutter, but his voice, + gradually assuming a higher tone, was at length extended to its + utmost pitch, and sometimes praying, he worked himself into + such an agitation as to produce a foaming at the mouth. To this + succeeded a speechless state of exhaustion, of short duration; + when suddenly springing on his feet, and shaking off the skin, + as easily as if the bands with which it had been lashed around + him, were burned asunder, he addressed the company in a firm + and audible voice: "My Brothers, said he, the Great Spirit has + deigned to hold a talk with his servant. He has not indeed told + me when the traders will be here; but tomorrow when the sun + reaches the highest point in the heavens, a canoe will arrive, + the people in that canoe will inform us when the traders will + arrive." + + Mr. Carver adds that on the next day at noon a canoe was descried + on the lake at the distance of about three miles,--completely + verifying the prediction of the High Priest, in point of time. + From the people on board this canoe they learned that the + traders would be at the portage on the second day thereafter, + at which time they actually did arrive. + + [4] Indian traditions by Cusick. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + +CHAPTER III. + + +The aborigines of America, although divided into many different +tribes, inhabiting various climates, and without a community of +language, are yet assimilated to each other in stature and complexion, +more strikingly than are the inhabitants of the different countries of +Europe. The manners and customs of one nation, are very much the +manners and customs of all; and although there be peculiarities +observable among all, yet are they fewer and less manifest than those +which mark the nations of the old world, and distinguish them so +palpably from each other. A traveller might have traversed the +country, when occupied exclusively by the natives, without remarking +among them, the diversity which exists in Europe; or being impressed +with the contrast which a visit across the Pyrennes would exhibit, +between the affability and vivacity of a Frenchman at a theatre or in +the Elysian fields, and the hauteur and reserve of a Spaniard at their +bloody circus, when "bounds with one lashing spring the mighty +brute." + +[26] Nor is there much in savage life, calculated to inspire the mind +of civilized man, with pleasurable sensations. Many of the virtues +practised by them, proceed rather from necessity or ignorance than +from any ethical principle existing among them. The calm composure +with which they meet death and their stoical indifference to bodily +pain, are perhaps more attributable to recklessness of life and +physical insensibility,[1] than to fortitude or magnanimity; +consequently they do not much heighten the zest of reflection, in +contemplating their character. The christian and the philanthropist, +with the benevolent design of improving their morals and meliorating +their condition, may profitably study every peculiarity and trait of +character observable among them; it will facilitate their object and +enable them the more readily to reclaim them from a life of heathenish +barbarity, and to extend to them the high boons of civilization and +christianity. + +It has been observed that the different tribes of natives of North +America, resemble each other very much in stature and complexion, in +manners and customs; a general description of these will therefor be +sufficient. + +The stature of an Indian, is generally that of the medial stature of +the Anglo Americans; the Osages are said to form an exception to this +rule, being somewhat taller. They are almost universally straight and +well proportioned; their limbs are clean, but less muscular than those +of the whites, and their whole appearance strongly indicative of +effeminacy. In walking, they invariable place one foot directly before +the other--the toes never verging from a right line with the heel. +When traveling in companies, their manner of marching is so peculiar +as to have given rise to the expression, "_Indian file_;" and while +proceeding in this way, each carefully places his foot in the vestige +of the foremost of the party, so as to leave the impression of the +footsteps of but one. They have likewise in their gait and carriage +something so entirely different from the gait and carriage of the +whites, as to enable a person to pronounce on one at a considerable +distance. The hair of an Indian is also strikingly different from that +of the whites. It is always black and straight, hangs loose and looks +as if it were [27] oiled. There is a considerable resemblance in +appearance, between it and the glossy black mane of a thoroughbred +horse; though its texture is finer. + +In the squaws there exist, the same delicacy of proportion, the same +effeminacy of person, the same slenderness of hand and foot, which +characterise the female of refined society; in despite too of the +fact, that every laborious duty and every species of drudgery, are +imposed on them from childhood. Their faces are broad, and between the +eyes they are exceedingly wide; their cheek bones are high and the +eyes black in both sexes--the noses of the women inclining generally +to the flat nose of the African; while those of the men are more +frequently aquiline than otherwise. + +Instances of decrepitude and deformity, are rarely known to exist +among them: this is probably owing to the manner in which they are +tended and nursed in infancy. It is not necessary that the mother +should, as has been supposed, be guilty of the unnatural crime of +murdering her decrepid or deformed offspring--the hardships they +encounter are too great to be endured by infants not possessed of +natural vigor, and they sink beneath them. + +Their countenances are for the most inflexible, stern and immovable. +The passions which agitate or distract the mind, never alter its +expression, nor do the highest ecstacies of which their nature is +susceptible, ever relax its rigidity. With the same imperturbability +of feature, they encounter death from the hand of an enemy, and +receive the greetings of a friend. + +In their intercourse with others, they seem alike insensible to +emotions of pleasure and of pain; and rarely give vent to feelings of +either. The most ludicrous scenes scarcely ever cause them to laugh, +or the most interesting recitals draw from them more than their +peculiar monosyllabic expression of admiration. + +In conversation they are modest and unassuming; indeed taciturnity is +as much a distinguishing trait of Indian character, as it ever was of +the Roman. In their councils and public meetings, they never manifest +an impatience to be heard, or a restlessness under observations, +either grating to personal feeling or opposite to their individual +ideas of propriety: on the contrary they are still, silent and +attentive; and each is heard with the respect due to his years, his +wisdom, his experience, or the fame which his exploits may have +acquired him. [28] A loud and garrulous Indian is received by the +others with contempt, and a cowardly disposition invariably attributed +to him-- + + "Bold at the council board, + But in the field he shuns the sword," + +is as much and truly an apothegm with them as with us. + +Their taciturnity and irrisibility however, are confined to their +sober hours. When indulging their insatiate thirst for spirit, they +are boisterous and rude, and by their obstreperous laughter, their +demoniacal shrieks and turbulent vociferations, produce an appalling +discord, such as might well be expected to proceed from a company of +infernal spirits at their fiendish revels; and exhibit a striking +contrast to the low, monotonous tones used by them at other times. + +There can be no doubt that the Indians are the most lazy, indolent +race of human beings. No attempt which has ever been made to convert +them into slaves, has availed much. The rigid discipline of a Spanish +master, has failed to overcome that inertness, from which an Indian is +roused only by war and the chase--Engaged in these, he exhibits as +much activity and perseverance, as could be displayed by any one; and +to gratify his fondness for them, will encounter toils and privations, +from which others would shrink. His very form indicates at once, an +aptitude for that species of exercise which war and hunting call into +action, and an unfitness for the laborious drudgery of husbandry and +many of the mechanic arts. Could they have been converted into +profitable slaves, it is more than probable we should never have been +told, that "the hand of providence was visible in the surprising +instances of mortality among the Indians, to make room for the +whites." + +In their moral character many things appear of a nature, either so +monstrous as to shock humanity, or so absurd as to excite derision; +yet they have some redeeming qualities which must elicit commendation. +And while we view with satisfaction those bright spots, shining more +brilliantly from the gloom which surrounds them, their want of +learning and the absence of every opportunity for refinement, should +plead in extenuation of their failings and their vices. Some of the +most flagrant of these, if not encouraged, have at least been +sanctioned by the whites. In the war between the New England colonies +and the Narragansetts, it was the misfortune of the brave Philip, +after having witnessed the destruction of the [29] greater part of +his nation, to be himself slain by a Mohican. After his head had been +taken off, Oneco, chief of the Mohicans, then in alliance with the +colonists, claimed that he had a right to feast himself on the body of +his fallen adversary. The whites did not object to this, but +composedly looked on Oneco, broiling and eating the flesh of +Philip--and yet cannibalism was one of their most savage traits of +character. + +This was a general, if not an universal custom among the Indians, when +America became known to the whites. Whether it has yet entirely ceased +is really to be doubted: some of those who have been long intimate +with them, affirm that it has not; though it is far from being +prevalent. + +The Indians are now said to be irritable; but when Europeans first +settled among them, they were not more irascible than their new +neighbors. In their anger however, they differ very much from the +whites. They are not talkative and boisterous as these are, but +silent, sullen and revengeful. If an injury be done them, they never +forget, they never forgive it. Nothing can be more implacable than +their resentment--no time can allay it--no change of circumstances +unfix its purpose. Revenge is to them as exhilarating, as the cool +draught from the fountain, to the parched and fevered lips of a dying +man. + +When taking vengeance of an enemy, there is no cruelty which can be +exercised, no species of torture, which their ingenuity can devise, +too severe to be inflicted. To those who have excited a spirit of +resentment in the bosom of an Indian, the tomahawk and scalping knife +are instruments of mercy. Death by the faggot--by splinters of the +most combustible wood, stuck in the flesh and fired--maiming and +disemboweling, tortures on which the soul sickens but to reflect, are +frequently practiced. To an enemy of their own color, they are perhaps +more cruel and severe, than to the whites. In requiting upon him, +every refinement of torture is put in requisition, to draw forth a +sigh or a groan, or cause him to betray some symptom of human +sensibility. This they never effect. An Indian neither shrinks from a +knife, nor winces at the stake; on the contrary he seems to exult in +his agony, and will mock his tormentors for the leniency and mildness +of their torture.[2] + +[30] Drinking and gambling are vices, to which the Indians, as well as +the whites, are much addicted. Such is their fondness for spirit of +any kind that they are rarely known to be sober, when they have it in +their power to be otherwise. Neither a sense of honor or of shame has +been able to overcome their propensity for its use; and when drunk, +the ties of race, of friendship and of kindred are too weak, to bind +their ferocious tempers. + +In gambling they manifest the same anxiety, which we see displayed at +the card table of the whites. The great difference seems to be, that +we depend too frequently on sleight and dexterity; whereas while they +are shaking their gourd neck of half whited plumbstones, they only use +certain _tricks_ of conjuration, which in their simplicity they +believe will ensure them success. To this method of attaining an +object, they have frequent recourse. Superstition is the concomitant +of ignorance. The most enlightened, are rarely altogether exempt from +its influence--with the uninformed it is a master passion, swaying and +directing the mind in all its operations. + +In their domestic economy, Indians are, in some respects, like the +rude of all countries. They manifest but little respect for the +female; imposing on her not only the duties of the hut, but also the +more laborious operations of husbandry; and observing towards them the +hauteur and distance of superior beings. + +There are few things, indeed, which mark with equal precision, the +state of civilization existing in any community, as the rank assigned +in it to females. In the rude and barbarous stages of society, they +are invariably regarded as inferior beings, [31] instruments of +sensual gratification, and unworthy the attention and respect of men. +As mankind advance to refinement, females gradually attain an +elevation of rank, and acquire an influence in society, which smoothes +the asperities of life and produces the highest polish, of which human +nature is susceptible. + +Among the Indians there is, however rude they may be in other +respects, a great respect always paid to female chastity. Instances in +which it has been violated by them, if to be found at all, are +extremely few. However much the passion of revenge may stimulate to +acts of cruelty, the propensities of nature never lead them to +infringe the virtue of women in their power. + +The general character of the Indians, was more estimable, when they +first became known to Europeans, than it is at present. This has been +ascribed to the introduction of ardent spirits among them--other +causes however, have conspired to produce the result. + +The cupidity of those who were engaged in commerce with the natives, +too frequently prompted them to take every advantage, for self +aggrandizement, which they could obtain over the Indians. In the +lucrative traffic carried on with them, the influence of honesty +was not predominant--the real value of the commodity procured, was +never allowed; while upon every article given in exchange, extortion +alone affixed the price. These examples could not fail to have a +deteriorating effect upon their untutored minds; and we find them +accordingly losing their former regard for truth, honesty and +fidelity; and becoming instead deceitful, dishonest and treacherous. +Many of their ancient virtues however, are still practised by them. + +The rights of hospitality are accorded to those who go among them, +with a liberality and sincerity which would reflect credit on +civilized man. And although it has been justly said that they rarely +forgive an enemy, yet is it equally true that they never forsake their +friends; to them they are always kind, generous and beneficent. + +After the ceremony of introduction is over,[3] a captive enemy, [32] +who is adopted by them, is also treated with the utmost humanity and +attention. An Indian cheerfully divides his last morsel with an +adopted son or brother; and will readily risk life in his defence. +Such indeed, is the kindness which captives thus situated invariably +receive, that they frequently regret the hour of their redemption, and +refuse to leave their red brethren, to return and mingle with the +whites. + +As members of a community, they are at all times willing to devote +their every faculty, for the good of the whole. The honor and welfare +of their respective tribes, are primary considerations with them. To +promote these, they cheerfully encounter every privation, endure every +hardship, and face every danger. Their patriotism is of the most pure +and disinterested character; and of those who have made us feel so +sensibly, the horrors of savage warfare, many were actuated by motives +which would reflect honor on the citizens of any country. The +unfortunate Tecumseh was a remarkable example of the most ardent and +patriotic devotion to his country. + +Possessed of an acute and discerning mind, he witnessed the extending +influence of the whites, with painful solicitude. Listening with +melancholy rapture, to the traditionary accounts of the former +greatness of his nation, and viewing in anticipation the exile or +extinction of his race, his noble soul became fired with the hope that +he might retrieve the fallen fortune of his country, and restore it to +its pristine dignity and grandeur. His attachment to his tribe +impelled him to exertion and every nerve was strained in its cause. + +Determined if possible to achieve the independence of his nation, and +to rid her of those whom he considered her oppressors, he formed the +scheme of uniting in hostility against the United States, all the +tribes dwelling east of the Mississippi river. In the prosecution of +this purpose, he travelled from Mackinaw to Georgia,[4] and with +wonderful adroitness practised on the different feelings of his red +brethren. Assuming at times the character of a prophet, he wrought +powerfully on their credulity and superstition.--Again, depending on +the force of oratory, the witchery of his eloquence drew many [33] to +his standard. But all was in vain--His plans were entirely frustrated. +He had brought none of his auxiliaries into the field; and was totally +unprepared for hostilities, when his brother, the celebrated Shawanese +prophet, by a premature attack on the army under Gen. Harrison, at an +inauspicious moment, precipitated him into a war with the United +States. + +Foiled by this means, Tecumseh joined the standard of Great Britain in +the war of 1812; and as a Brigadier General in her army, lost his +life, bravely supporting the cause which he had espoused. He deserved +a better fate; and but for prejudice which is so apt to dim the eye +and distort the object, Tecumseh would, most probably, be deemed a +martyr for his country, and associated in the mind with the heroes of +Marathon and Thermopylæ. + +To contemplate the Indian character, in a religious point of view, is +less gratifying than to consider it in regard to the lesser morals. At +the period of the settlement of Western Virginia, excepting the +Moravians, and a few others who had been induced by the zeal and +exertions of Roman catholic missionaries to wear the cross, the +Indians north west of the Ohio river, were truly heathens. They +believed indeed in a First Cause, and worshiped the Good Spirit; but +they were ignorant of the great truths of Christianity, and their +devotions were but superstitious acts of blind reverence. In this +situation they remain generally at the present day, notwithstanding +the many laudable endeavors which have been made to christianize +them. + +Perhaps there was never a tribe in America, but believed in the +existence of a Deity; yet were their ideas of the nature and +attributes of God, not only obscure, but preposterous and absurd. They +believe also in the existence of many inferior deities, whom they +suppose to be employed as assistants in managing the affairs of the +world, and in inspecting the actions of men. Eagles and Owls are +thought by some to have been placed here as observers of the actions +of men; and accordingly, when an eagle is seen to soar about them by +day, or an owl to perch near them at night, they immediately offer +sacrifice, that a good report may be made of them to the Great +Spirit. + +They are likewise believers in the immortality of the soul; and have +such an idea of a future state of existence, as accords with their +character and condition here. Strangers to [34] intellectual +pleasures, they suppose that their happiness hereafter will consist of +mere sensual gratifications; and that when they die, they will be +translated to a delightful region, where the flowers never fade, nor +the leaves fall from the trees; where the forests abound in game, and +the lakes in fish, and where they expect to remain forever, enjoying +all the pleasures which delighted them here.[5] + +In consequence of this belief, when an Indian dies, and is buried, +they place in the grave with him, his bow and arrows and such weapons +as they use in war, that he may be enabled to procure game and +overcome an enemy. And it has been said, that they grieve more for the +death of an infant unable to provide for itself in the world of +spirits, than for one who had attained manhood and was capable of +taking care of himself. An interesting instance of this is given by +Major Carver, and furnishes at once, affecting evidence of their +incongruous creed and of their parental tenderness. Maj. Carver says: + +"Whilst I remained with them, a couple whose tent was near to mine, +lost a son about four years old. The parents were so inconsolable for +its loss, and so much affected by its death, that they pursued the +usual testimonies of grief with such uncommon vigor, as through the +weight of sorrow and loss of blood, to occasion the death of the +father. The mother, who had been hitherto absorbed in grief, no sooner +beheld her husband expire, than she dried up her tears, and appeared +cheerful and resigned. + +"As I knew not how to account for so extraordinary a transition, I +took an opportunity to ask her the reason of it. She replied, that as +the child was so young when it died, and unable to support itself in +the country of spirits, both she and her husband had been apprehensive +that its situation would be far from pleasant; but no sooner did she +behold its father depart for the same place, and who not only loved +the child with the tenderest affection, but was a good hunter and [35] +able to provide plentifully for its support, than she ceased to mourn. +She added that she saw no reason to continue her tears, as the child +was now happy under the protection of a fond father; and that she had +only one wish remaining to be gratified, and that was a wish to be +herself with them."[6] + +In relation to the Indian antiquities so frequently met with in +America, much doubt still exists. When and for what purpose many of +those vast mounds of earth, so common in the western country, were +heaped up, is matter of uncertainty. Mr. Jefferson has pronounced them +to be repositories of the dead; and many of them certainly were +designed for that purpose; perhaps all with which he had become +acquainted previous to the writing of his notes of Virginia. Mr. +Jefferson did not deem them worthy the name of monuments. Since the +country has been better explored, many have been discovered justly +entitled to that appellation, some of which seem to have been +constructed for purposes other than inhumation.[7] These are +frequently met with in the valley of the Mississippi, and are said to +extend into Mexico. The most celebrated works of this class, are +believed to be those at Circleville in Ohio, which have so frequently +been described, and are justly considered memorials of the labor and +perseverance of those by whom they were erected. + +There is a tradition among the Indians of the north, which if true +would furnish a very rational solution to the question, "for what +purpose were they constructed?" According to this tradition about "two +thousand two hundred years, before Columbus discovered America, the +northern nations appointed a prince, and immediately after, repaired +to the south and visited the GOLDEN CITY, the capital of a vast +empire. After a time the emperor of the south built many forts +throughout his dominions, and extending them northwardly almost +penetrated the lake Erie. This produced much excitement. The people of +the north, afraid that they would be deprived of the country on the +south side of the great lakes, determined to defend it against the +infringement of any foreign people; long and bloody wars ensued which +lasted about one hundred years. The people of the north, being more +skillful in the use of bows and arrows, and capable of enduring +hardships which proved fatal to those of the south, gained the +conquest; and all the towns and forts, which had been erected by their +enemy, were totally destroyed and left in a heap of ruins."[8] + +The most considerable of those tumuli or sepulchral mounds, which are +found in Virginia, is that on the bottoms of Grave creek, near its +entrance into the Ohio, about twelve miles below Wheeling, and is the +only large one in this section of the country. Its diameter at the +base, is said to be one hundred yards, its perpendicular height about +eighty feet, and the diameter at its summit, forty-five feet. Trees, +of all sizes and of various kinds, are growing on its sides; and +fallen [36] and decayed timber, is interspersed among them; a single +white oak rises out of a concavity in the centre of its summit.[9] + +Near to Cahokia there is a group (of about two hundred) of these +mounds, of various dimensions.[10] The largest of these is said to +have a base of eight hundred yards circumference, and an altitude of +ninety feet. These and the one mentioned as being on Grave creek and +many smaller ones in various parts of the country, were no doubt +places of inhumation.[11]--Many have been opened, and found to contain +human bones promiscuously thrown together. Mr. Jefferson supposed the +one examined by him, (the diameter of whose base was only forty feet +and height twelve) to contain the bones of perhaps a thousand human +beings, of each sex and of every age. Others have been examined, in +which were the skeletons of men of much greater stature, than that of +any of the Indians in America, at the time of its discovery, or of +those with whom we have since become acquainted. + +It is a well known fact, that since the whites became settled in the +country, the Indians were in the habit of collecting the bones of +their dead and of depositing them in one general cemetery; but the +earth and stone used by them, were taken from the adjacent land. This +was not invariably the case, with those ancient heaps of earth found +in the west. In regard to many of them, this singular circumstance is +said to be a fact, that the earth, of which they are composed, is of +an altogether different nature, from that around them; and must, in +some instances, have been carried a considerable distance. The +tellurine structures at Circleville are of this sort; and the material +of which they were constructed, is said to be distinctly different, +from the earth any where near to them. + +The immensity of the size of these and many others, would induce the +supposition that they could not have been raised by a race of people +as indolent as the Indians have been, ever since a knowledge was had +of them. Works, the construction of which would now require the +concentrated exertions of at least one thousand men, aided by the +mechanical inventions of later days, for several months, could hardly +have been erected by persons, so subject to lassitude under labor as +they are: unless indeed their population was infinitely greater than +we now conceive it to have been. Admitting however, this density of +population to have existed, other circumstances would corroborate the +belief, that the country once had other inhabitants, than the +progenitors of those who have been called, the aborigines of America: +one of these circumstances is the uncommon size of many of the +skeletons found in the smaller mounds upon the hills. + +If the fact be, as it is represented, that the larger skeletons are +invariably found on elevated situations, remote from the larger water +courses, it would tend to show that there was a diversity of habit, +and admitting their cotemporaneous existence, perhaps no alliance or +intercourse between those, whose remains they are, and the persons by +whom those large mounds and fortifications were erected, [37] these +being found only on plains in the contiguity of large streams or +inland lakes; and containing only the bones of individuals of ordinary +stature. + +Another and stronger evidence that America was occupied by others than +the ancestors of the present Indians, is to be found in those +antiquities, which demonstrate that iron was once known here, and +converted to some of the uses ordinarily made of it. + +In graduating a street in Cincinnati, there was found, twenty-five +feet below the surface of the earth, a small horse shoe, in which were +several nails. It is said to present the appearance of such erosion as +would result from the oxidation of some centuries. It was smaller than +would be required for a common mule.[12] + +Many are the instances of pieces of timber found, various depths below +the surface of the earth, with the marks of the axe palpably visible +on them.[13] A sword too, said to have been enclosed in the wood of +the roots of a tree not less than five hundred years old, is preserved +in Ohio as a curiosity. Many other instances might, if necessary, be +adduced to prove, that implements of iron were in use in this country, +prior to its occupation by the whites. Now if a people once have the +use of that metal, it is far from probable that it will ever after be +lost to them: the essential purposes to which it may be applied, would +preserve it to them. The Indians however, 'till taught by the +Europeans, had no knowledge of it. + +Many of the antiquities discovered in other parts of the country, show +that the arts once flourished to an extent beyond what they have ever +been known to do among the Indians. The body found in the saltpetre +cave of Kentucky, was wrapped in blankets made of linen and interwoven +with feathers of the wild turkey, tastefully arranged. It was much +smaller than persons of equal age at the present day, and had +yellowish hair. In Tennessee many walls of faced stone, and even +walled wells have been found in so many places, at such depths and +under such circumstances, as to preclude the idea of their having been +made by the whites since the discovery by Columbus. + +[38] In this state too, have been found burying grounds, in which the +skeletons seem all to have been those of pigmies: the graves, in which +the bodies had been deposited, were seldom three feet in length; yet +the teeth in the skulls prove that they were the bodies of persons of +mature age. + +Upon the whole there cannot be much doubt, that America was once +inhabited by a people, not otherwise allied to the Indians of the +present day, than that they were descendants of him, from whom has +sprung the whole human family. + +----- + [1] It is said that the nerves of an Indian do not shrink as + much, nor shew the same tendency to spasm, under the knife of + the surgeon, as the nerves of a white man in a similar + situation. + + [2] A Narraganset, made prisoner by Maj. Talcott in 1679, + begged to be delivered to the Mohicans that he might be put to + death in their own way. The New Englanders complying with his + request, preparations were made for the tragical event. "The + Mohicans, formed a circle, and admitting within it as many of + the whites as chose to witness their proceedings, placed the + prisoner in the centre. One of the Mohicans, who had lost a son + in the late engagement, with a knife cut off the PRISONER'S + EARS! then his NOSE! and then the FINGERS off each hand! after + the lapse of a few moments, his EYES WERE DUG OUT, AND THEIR + SOCKETS FILLED WITH HOT EMBERS!! All this time the prisoner + instead of bewailing his fate, seemed to surpass his tormentors + in expressions of joy. At length when exhausted with loss of + blood and unable to stand, his executioner closed the tragic + scene by beating out his brains with a tomahawk."--_Indian + Wars, by Trumbull._ + + [3] Indians consider the running of the gauntlet, as but the + ceremony of an introduction; and say that it is "like the shake + hands and howde do, of the whites." + + [4] While performing this tour, Tecumseh carried a RED + STICK, the acceptance of which was considered a joining of his + party--Hence those Indians who were hostile to the United + States, were denominated RED STICKS. + + [5] Pope has very finely expressed the leading articles of + religion among the Indians in the following lines. + + Lo, the poor Indian! whose untutor'd mind + Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind; + His soul proud science never taught to stray + Far as the Solar Walk or Milky Way; + Yet simple nature to his hope has giv'n, + Behind the cloud-topt hill an humbler heav'n; + Some safer world in depth of woods embrac'd, + Some happier island in the wat'ry waste; + Where slaves once more their native land behold, + No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold. + To BE, contents his natural desire, + He asks no angel's wing, no seraph's fire: + But thinks admitted to that equal sky, + His faithful dog shall bear him company. + + [6] The author's summary of Indian character is for the most + part excellent, and in accord with more recent conclusions. See + Chap. I. of _The Colonies_, in "Epochs of American History" + (Longmans, 1892.)--R. G. T. + + [7] Gen. George Rogers Clark, an early and careful observer, + scouted the idea advanced by Noah Webster, in Carey's _American + Museum_, in 1789, that these extraordinary Western military + defenses were the work of De Soto. "As for his being the author + of these fortifications," says Clark, "it is quite out of the + question; they are more numerous than he had men, and many of + them would have required fifty thousand men for their + occupancy."--L. C. D. + + [8] Indian traditions, by Cusick. + + [9] This description, written by Withers in 1831, still + holds good in the main. The mound, which proves to have been a + burial tumulus, is now surrounded by the little city of + Moundsville, W. Va., and is kept inclosed by the owner as one + of the sights of the place. The writer visited it in May, + 1894.--R. G. T. + + [10] George Rogers Clark, who was repeatedly at Cahokia + during the period 1778-80, says: "We easily and evidently + traced the town for upwards of five miles in the beautiful + plain below the present town of Kahokia. There could be no + deception here, because the remains of ancient works were + thick--the whole were mounds, etc." Clark's MS. statement; + Schoolcraft's _Indian Tribes_, IV., p. 135.--L. C. D. + + [11] This mound was used, at least in part, for burial + purposes. Nearly fifty years ago, when the writer of this note + explored this remarkable artificial elevation of eighty feet in + height, he found in the excavation numerous beads of shell or + bone, or both, ornaments of the dead buried there.--L. C. D. + + [12] This proves nothing. A silver medal of John Quincy + Adams's administration, evidently presented to some Indian + chief was, in 1894, found in Wisconsin, twelve feet below the + surface. Iron and silver tools and ornaments, evidently made in + Paris for the Indian trade, have been found in Ohio and + Wisconsin mounds. It is now sufficiently demonstrated that the + mound-builders were the ancestors of the aborigines found in + the country by the first white settlers, and that the mounds + are of various ages, ranging perhaps from three hundred to a + thousand years. Various _Reports_ of the Bureau of Ethnology go + into the matter with convincing detail.--R. G. T. + + [13] Jacob Wolf, in digging a well on Hacker's creek, found a + piece of timber which had been evidently cut off at one end, + twelve or thirteen feet in the ground--marks of the axe were + plainly distinguishable on it. + + + + +[39] CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE. + +CHAPTER I + + +At the time when Virginia became known to the whites, it was occupied +by many different tribes of Indians, attached to different nations. +That portion of the state lying north west of the Blue ridge, and +extending to the lakes was possessed by the Massawomees. These were a +powerful confederacy, rarely in amity with the tribes east of that +range of mountains; but generally harrassing them by frequent hostile +irruptions into their country. Of their subsequent history, nothing is +now known. They are supposed by some to have been the ancestors of the +Six Nations. It is however more probable, that they afterwards became +incorporated with these, as did several other tribes of Indians, who +used a language so essentially different from that spoken by the Six +Nations, as to render the intervention of interpreters necessary +between them. + +As settlements were extended from the sea shore, the Massawomees +gradually retired; and when the white population reached the Blue +ridge of mountains, the valley between it and the Alleghany, was +entirely uninhabited. This delightful region of country was then only +used as a hunting ground, and as a highway for belligerant parties of +different nations, in their military expeditions against each other. +In consequence of the almost continued hostilities between the +northern and southern Indians, these expeditions were very frequent, +and tended somewhat to retard the settlement of the valley, and render +a residence in it, for some time, insecure and unpleasant. Between +the Alleghany mountains and the Ohio river, within the present limits +of Virginia, there were some villages interspersed, inhabited by small +numbers of Indians; the most [40] of whom retired north west of that +river, as the tide of emigration rolled towards it. Some however +remained in the interior, after settlements began to be made in their +vicinity. + +North of the present boundary of Virginia, and particularly near the +junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and in the +circumjacent country the Indians were more numerous, and their +villages larger. In 1753, when Gen. Washington visited the French +posts on the Ohio, the spot which had been selected by the Ohio +company, as the site for a fort, was occupied by Shingess, king of the +Delawares; and other parts of the proximate country, were inhabited by +Mingoes and Shawanees.[1] When the French were forced to abandon the +position, which they had taken at the forks of Ohio, the greater part +of the adjacent tribes removed farther west. So that when improvements +were begun to be made in the wilderness of North Western Virginia, it +had been almost entirely deserted by the natives; and excepting a few +straggling hunters and warriors, who occasionally traversed it in +quest of game, or of human beings on whom to wreak their vengeance, +almost its only tenants were beasts of the forest. + +In the country north west of the Ohio river, there were many +warlike tribes of Indians, strongly imbued with feelings of +rancorous hostility to the neighboring colonists. Among the more +powerful of these were the Delawares, who resided on branches of +Beaver Creek, Cayahoga, and Muskingum; and whose towns contained +about six hundred inhabitants--The Shawanees, who to the number of +300, dwelt upon the Scioto and Muskingum--The Chippewas, near +Mackinaw, of 400--Cohunnewagos, of 300, and who inhabited near +Sandusky--The Wyandots, whose villages were near fort St. Joseph, +and embraced a population of 250--The Twightees, near fort Miami, +with a like population--The Miamis, on the river Miami, near the +fort of that name, reckoning 300 persons--The Pottowatomies of 300, +and the Ottawas of 550, in their villages near to forts St. Joseph +and Detroit,[2] and of 250, in the towns near Mackinaw. Besides +these, there were in the same district of country, others of less +note, yet equally inimical to the whites; and who contributed much +to the annoyance [41] of the first settlers on the Ohio, and its +tributaries. + +There were likewise the Munsies, dwelling on the north branch of the +Susquehanna, and on the Allegheny river--The Senecas, on the waters of +the Susquehanna, Ontario and the heads of the Allegheny--The Cayugas, +on Cayuga lake, and the Sapoonies, who resided in the neighborhood of +the Munsies. In these tribes was an aggregate population of 1,380 +souls, and they likewise aided in committing depredations on our +frontiers. + +Those who ventured to explore and occupy the south western portion +of Virginia, found also in its vicinity some powerful and warlike +tribes. The Cherokees possessed what was then, the western part of +North Carolina and numbered 2,500--The Chicasaws, residing south of +the Cherokees, had a population of 750--and the Catawbas, on the +Catawba river in South Carolina with only 150 persons. These latter +were remarkably adventurous, enterprising and courageous; and +notwithstanding their remote situation, and the paucity of their +numbers, frequently traversed the valley of Virginia, and even +penetrated the country on the north branch of the Susquehanna, and +between the Ohio river and lake Erie, to wage war upon the Delawares. +Their success in many of these expeditions, is preserved in the +traditions of the Delawares, who continue to regard them as having +used in these wars, a degree of cunning and stratagem, to which +other tribes have never approached.[3] + +Such were the numbers and positions of many of the proximate Indians +about the time settlements were begun to be [42] made on the +Monongahela river and its branches. Anterior to this period, +adventurers had explored, and established themselves, in various +parts of the valley between the Blue ridge and the Alleghany mountain. +That section of it, which was included within the limits of the +Northern-Neck, was the first to become occupied by the whites. The +facilities afforded by the proprietor for obtaining land within his +grant, the greater salubrity of climate and fertility of soil near +to the Blue ridge, caused the tide of emigration to flow rapidly +towards the upper country, and roll even to the base of that +mountain. Settlements were soon after extended westwardly across +the Shenandoah, and early in the eighteenth century Winchester +became a trading post, with sparse improvements in its vicinity. + +About this time Thomas Morlin, a pedlar trading from Williamsburg to +Winchester, resolved, in conjunction with John Salling a weaver also +from Williamsburg, to prosecute an examination of the country, beyond +the limits which had hitherto bounded the exploratory excursions of +other adventurers. With this view, they travelled up the valley of the +Shenandoah, and crossing James river and some of its branches, +proceeded as far as the Roanoke, when Salling was taken captive by a +party of Cherokees. Morlin was fortunate enough to elude their +pursuit, and effect a safe retreat to Winchester. + +Upon the return of the party by whom Salling had been captivated, he +was taken to Tennessee where he remained for some years. When on a +hunting expedition to the Salt licks of Kentucky, in company with some +Cherokees to kill buffalo, they were surprised by a party of Illinois +Indians, with whom the Cherokees were then at war, and by them Salling +was again taken prisoner. He was then carried to Kaskaskia, when he +was adopted into the family of a squaw whose son had been killed in +the wars. + +While with this nation of Indians, Salling frequently accompanied +parties of them on hunting excursions, a considerable distance to the +south. On several occasions he went with them below the mouth of the +Arkansas, and once to the Gulph of Mexico. In one of those expeditions +they met with a party of Spaniards, exploring the country and who +needed an interpreter. For this purpose they purchased Salling of his +Indian mother for three strands of beads and a Calumet. Salling +attended them to the post at Crevecoeur; from which [43] place he was +conveyed to fort Frontignac: here he was redeemed by the Governor of +Canada, who sent him to the Dutch settlement in New York, whence he +made his way home after an absence of six years.[4] + +The emigration from Great Britain to Virginia was then very great, and +at the period of Salling's return to Williamsburg, there were then +many adventurers, who had but recently arrived from Scotland and the +north of England. Among these adventurers were John Lewis[5] and John +Mackey. Salling's return excited a considerable and very general +interest, and drew around him many, particularly of those who had but +lately come to America, and to whom the narrative of one, who had been +nearly six years a captive among the Indians, was highly gratifying. +Lewis and Mackey listened attentively to the description given of the +country in the valley, and pleased with its beauty and fertility as +represented by Salling, they prevailed on him to accompany them on a +visit to examine it more minutely, and if found correspondent with his +description to select in it situations for their future residence. + +Lewis made choice of, and improved, a spot a few miles below Staunton, +on a creek which bears his name--Mackey on the middle branch of the +Shenandoah near Buffalo-gap; and Salling in the forks of James river, +below the Natural Bridge, where some of his descendants still reside. +Thus was effected the first white settlement ever made on the James +river, west of the Blue ridge.[6] + +In the year 1736, Lewis, being in Williamsburg, met with Benjamin +Burden (who had then just come to the country as agent of Lord +Fairfax, proprietor of the Northern Neck,) and on whom he prevailed to +accompany him home. Burden remained at Lewis's the greater part of the +summer, and on his return to Williamsburg, took with him a buffalo +calf, which while hunting with Samuel[7] and Andrew Lewis (elder sons +of John) they had caught and afterwards tamed. He presented this calf +to Gov. Gooch, who thereupon entered on his journal, [44] an order, +authorizing Burden to locate conditionally, any quantity of land not +exceeding 500,000 acres on any of the waters of the Shenandoah, or of +James river west of the Blue ridge. The conditions of this grant were, +that he should interfere with no previous grants--that he should +settle 100 families, in ten years, within its limits; and should have +1000 acres adjoining each cabin which he should cause to be built, +with liberty to purchase any greater quantity adjoining, at the rate +of fifty pounds per thousand acres. In order to effect a compliance +with one of these conditions, Burden visited Great Britain in 1737; +and on his return to Virginia brought with him upwards of one hundred +families of adventurers, to settle on his grant.[8] Amongst these +adventurers were, John Patton, son-in-law to Benjamin Burden, who +settled on Catawba, above Pattonsburg[9]--Ephraim McDowell, who +settled at Phoebe's falls--John, the son of Ephraim,[10] who settled +at Fairfield, where Col. James McDowell now lives--Hugh Telford, who +settled at the Falling spring, in the forks of James river--Paul +Whitley, who settled on Cedar creek, where the Red Mill now +is--Archibald Alexander, who settled on the North river, opposite +Lexington--Andrew Moore, who settled adjoining Alexander--Sampson +Archer, who settled at Gilmore's spring, east of the Bridge tavern, +and Capt. John Matthews, who married Betsy Archer, (the daughter of +Sampson) settled where Major Matthews lives, below the Natural +bridge. + +Among others who came to Virginia at this time, was an Irish girl +named Polly Mulhollin. On her arrival she was hired to James Bell to +pay her passage; and with whom she remained during the period her +servitude was to continue. At its expiration she attired herself in +the habit of a man; and with hunting shirt and mocassons, went into +Burden's grant, for the purpose of making improvements and acquiring a +title to land. Here she erected thirty cabins, by virtue of which she +held one hundred acres adjoining each. When Benjamin Burden the +younger, came on to make deeds to those who held cabin rights, he was +astonished to see so many in the name of Mulhollin. Investigation led +to a discovery of the mystery, to the great mirth of the other +claimants. She resumed her christian name and feminine dress, and many +of [45] her respectable descendants still reside within the limits of +Burden's grant.[11] + +When in 1752 Robert Dinwiddie came over as governor of Virginia, he +was accompanied by many adventurers; among whom was John Stuart,[12] +an intimate friend of Dinwiddie, who had married the widow of John +Paul (son of Hugh, bishop of Nottingham.) John Paul, a partizan of the +house of Stuart, had perished in the siege of Dalrymple castle in +1745, leaving three children--John, who became a Roman catholic priest +and died on the eastern shore of Maryland--Audley, who was for ten +years an officer in the British colonial forces,--and Polly, who +married Geo. Matthews, afterwards governor of Georgia. Mrs. Paul +(formerly Jane Lynn, of the Lynns of Loch-Lynn, a sister to the wife +of John Lewis) had issue, by Stuart, John, since known as Col. Stuart +of Greenbrier, and Betsy, who became the wife of Col. Richard Woods of +Albemarle. + +The greater part of those, who thus ventured "on the untried +being" of a wilderness life, were Scottish presbyterian dissenters; +a class of religionists, of all others perhaps, the most remarkable +for rigid morality. They brought with them, their religious +principles, and sectional prepossessions; and acting upon those +principles acquired for their infant colony a moral and devotional +character rarely possessed by similar establishments. While these +sectional prepossessions, imbibed by their descendants, gave to their +religious persuasions, an ascendency in that section of country, +which it still retains. + +They were also men of industry and enterprise. Hunting, which too +frequently occupies the time, of those who make the forest their +dwelling place, and abstracts the attention from more important +pursuits, was to them a recreation--not the business of life. To +improve their condition, by converting the woods into fertile plains, +and the wilderness into productive meadows, was their chief object. In +the attainment of this, they were eminently successful. Their +individual circumstances became prosperous, and the country +flourishing. + +The habits and manners of the primeval inhabitants of any country, +generally give to it a distinctive character, which marks it through +after ages. Notwithstanding the influx of strangers, bringing with +them prejudices and prepossessions, at variance with those of the +community in which they come; [46] yet such is the influence of +example, and such the facility with which the mind imbibes the +feelings and sentiments of those with whom it associates, that former +habits are gradually lost and those which prevail in society, +imperceptibly adopted by its new members. + +In like manner, the moral and religious habits of those who +accompanied Burden to Virginia, were impressed on the country which +they settled, and entailed on it that high character for industry, +morality and piety, which it still possesses, in an eminent degree. + +At the time of the establishment of this settlement, all that part of +Virginia lying west of the Blue ridge mountains, was included in the +county of Orange. At the fall session, of the colonial legislature, in +1738, the counties of Frederick and Augusta were formed out of +Orange--The country included within the boundaries of the Potomac +river, on the north, the Blue ridge, on the east, and a line, to be +run from the head spring of Hedgman, to the head spring of Potomac, on +the south and west, to be the county of Frederick; the remainder of +the state west of the Blue ridge, to the utmost limits of Virginia to +constitute Augusta. Within its limits were included, not only a +considerable portion of Virginia as she now is, but an extent of +territory out of which has been already carved four states, possessing +great natural advantages, and the extreme fertility of whose soil, +will enable them to support perhaps a more dense population, than any +other portion of North America of equal dimensions. As the settlements +were extended, subdivisions were made, 'till what was once Augusta +county south east of the Ohio river, has been chequered on the map of +Virginia, into thirty-three counties with an aggregate population of +289,362.[13] + +[48] About the year 1749 there was in the county of Frederick, a man +subject to lunacy, and who, when laboring under the influence of this +disease, would ramble a considerable distance into the neighboring +wilderness. In one of these wanderings he came on some of the waters +of Greenbrier river. Surprised to see them flowing in a westwardly +direction, on his return to Winchester he made known the fact, and +that the country abounded very much with different kinds of Game. In +consequence of this information two men, recently from New England, +visited the country and took up their residence on the Greenbrier +river. + +Having erected a cabin and being engaged in making some other +improvements, an altercation arose, which caused Stephen Suel,[14] one +of them, to forsake the cabin and abide for some time in a hollow tree +not far from the improvement, which was still occupied by his old +companion. They were thus situated in 1751, when John Lewis, of +Augusta and his son Andrew were exploring the country; to whom Suel +made known the cause of their living apart, and the great pleasure +which he experienced now in their morning salutations, when issuing +from their respective habitations; whereas when they slept under the +same roof, none of those kindly greetings passed between them. Suel +however did not long remain in the vicinity of Martin, the other of +the two adventurers; he moved forty miles west of his first +improvement, and soon after fell a prey to Indian ferocity. Martin is +said to have returned to the settlements. + +There was no other attempt made by the whites, to improve the +Greenbrier country for several years. Lewis and his son thoroughly +examined it; and when permission was given to the Greenbrier company +(of which John Lewis was a member) to locate 100,000 acres, on the +waters of this river, they became agents to make the surveys and +locations. The war between France and England in 1754 checked their +proceedings; and when they, on the restoration of peace, would have +resumed them, they were interdicted by a royal proclamation, issued in +1761, commanding all those who had made settlements on the western +waters to remove from them; and those who were engaged in making +surveys to desist. Sound policy requiring, that a good understanding +should be maintained with the Indians (who claimed the country) to +prevent a further cooperation on their part with France.[15] + +Previous to the issuing of this proclamation, some families had moved +to Greenbrier and made two settlements--the one on Muddy creek, the +other in the Big-Levels. These, disregarding the command of his royal +majesty and rather regardless of their own safety, remained until they +were destroyed by the Indians, in 1763.[16] From this time 'till 1769 +Greenbrier was altogether uninhabited. Capt. John Stuart and a few +other young men, then began to settle and improve the country; and +although attempts were subsequently made by the Indians to exterminate +them, yet they ever after continued in possession of it. + +[49] In the year 1756 settlements were also made on New river and on +Holstein.[17] Among the daring adventurers who effected them, were +Evan Shelby, William Campbell, William Preston and Daniel Boone, all +of whom became distinguished characters in subsequent history. Thomas +Walden,[18] who was afterwards killed on Clinch river and from whom +the mountain dividing Clinch and Powel rivers derived its name, was +likewise one of them. The lands taken up by them, were held as "_corn +rights_" each acquiring a title to an hundred acres of the adjoining +land, for every acre planted in corn. + +Nearly cotemporaneous with these establishments, was that at +Galliopolis, on the north western bank of the Ohio, and below Point +Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa. This was made by a party +of French Jesuits, by whom the Indians were incited to make +incursions, and commit the most enormous barbarities on the then +frontiers.[19] This place and the mouth of Great Sandy were the chief +points of rendezvous for the Ohio Indians. From the former of these +places they would ascend the Kenhawa and Greenbrier rivers, and from +thence crossing the mountains enter into Augusta; or after having +ascended the Kenhawa, go up the New river, from which they would pass +over to the James and Roanoke. From the mouth of Great Sandy they +would ascend that river, and by the way of Bluestone fall over on the +Roanoke and New river. From those two points, expeditions were +frequently made by the Indians, which brought desolation and death +into the infant settlements of the south west, and retarded their +growth very much. In the spring of 1757 nearly the whole Roanoke +settlement was destroyed by a party of Shawanees, who had thus made +their way to it. + +That portion of the valley of Virginia in which establishments were +thus begun to be made, was at that time one continued forest; +overspreading a limestone soil of great fertility; and intersected by +rivers affording extensive bottoms of the most productive alluvial +land. Indeed few rivers of equal size, are bordered with as wide and +fertile levels of this formation of earth, as those which water that +section of country: the Roanoke particularly affords large bodies of +it, capable of producing in great abundance hemp, tobacco and the +different kinds of grain usually grown. In the country generally, +every species of vegetable, to which the climate was congenial, grew +with great luxuriancy; while the calcareous nature of the soil, +adapted it finely to the production of that kind of grain, to which +European emigrants were mostly used. + +The natural advantages of the country were highly improved by the +persevering industry of its inhabitants. Its forests, felled by +untiring labor, were quickly reduced to profitable cultivation, and +the weeds which spontaneously sprang from the earth, were soon +succeeded by the various grasses calculated to furnish the most +nutritious food, for the lowing herds with which their farmers were +early stocked; these yielded a present profit, and laid the sure +foundation [50] of future wealth. Some of the most extensive and +successful graziers of Virginia, now inhabit that country; and reap +the rich reward of their management and industry, in the improved and +more contiguous market of Richmond. + +In the infancy of these establishments, their only market was at +Williamsburg. Thither the early settlers _packed_ their butter and +poultry, and received in exchange salt, iron, and some of the luxuries +of life; their beef and other stock was taken to the same place. In +the process of time, as the country east of the Blue ridge became +more improved, other markets were opened to them; and the facilities +of communication were gradually increased. Their successors have +already derived great advantage from those improvements; and the +present generation will not only witness their farther extension, +but most probably see the country first tenanted by Lewis and his +cotemporaries, a great thoroughfare for the produce of several of the +western states--a link of communication between the Chesapeak bay and +the Gulph of Mexico. + +----- + [1] King Shingiss was a famous village chief, "a terror to + the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania." A brother, and later + the successor of King Beaver, his camp was at the mouth of + Beaver Creek, which empties into the Ohio twenty-six miles + below "the forks" (site of Pittsburg). Christopher Gist visited + him November 24, 1750. In 1759, when Fort Pitt was built, + Shingiss moved up Beaver Creek to Kuskuskis on the Mahoning, + and finally to the Muskingum. The land about the mouth of + Beaver Creek is called "Shingis Old Town" in the Ft. Stanwix + treaty, 1784.--R. G. T. + + [2] The numbers here set down and those given below, are as + they were ascertained by Capt. Hutchins, who visited the most + of the tribes for purpose of learning their population in + 1768. + + [3] A tradition among the Delawares says that formerly the + Catawbas came near one of their hunting camps and remaining in + ambush at night sent two or three of their party round the camp + with Buffalo hoofs fixed to their feet, to make artificial + buffalo tracks and thus decoy the hunters from their camp. In + the morning the Delawares, discovering the tracks and supposing + them to have been made by buffaloes, followed them some time; + when suddenly the Catawbas rose from their covert, fired at and + killed several of the hunters; the others fled, collected a + party and went in pursuit of the Catawbas. These had brought + with them, rattle snake poison corked up in a piece of cane + stalk; into which they dipped small reed splinters, which they + set up along their path. The Delawares in pursuit were much + injured by those poisoned splinters, and commenced retreating + to their camp. The Catawbas discovering this, turned upon their + pursuers, and killed and scalped many of them. + + [4] John Peter Salling, sometimes spoken of as Peter Adam + Salling, was, if not of German birth, of German descent. With + his brother Henry, he early settled in the forks of James River + and North Branch, in the southern part of what is now + Rockbridge county, Va. The details of his early explorations in + the West are involved in doubt, but that he had such adventures + there seems no good reason to doubt. It will be noticed that + Withers omits the date; some writers have placed it at about + 1724, but the probable time was 1738-40. His descendants told + Draper (about 1850) that the family tradition was, that Salling + and a son were employed by the governor of Virginia to explore + the country to the southwest; and when near the present Salem, + Roanoke county, they were captured by Cherokees and carried to + the Ohio River--one account says by way of the Tennessee, + another by the New (Great Kanawha), their boat being made of + buffalo skins. They appear by this tradition to have escaped, + and in descending the Mississippi to have fallen into the hands + of Spaniards. The son died, and the father was sent in a vessel + bound for Spain, there to be tried as a British spy; but the + Spaniard being captured by an English vessel, our hero was + landed at Charleston, whence he reached his frontier home after + an absence of over three years. This story differs in many + details from the one in Kercheval's _History of the Valley of + Virginia_, and also that in Withers's text, above. Salling kept + a journal which was extant in 1745, for in the Wisconsin + Historical Society's library is a diary kept by Capt. John + Buchanan, who notes that in that year he spent two days in + copying a part of it. In Du Pratz' _History of Louisiana_ + (London, 1774), Salling and one John Howard are said to have + made this trip in 1742, and the authority is said to be a + _Report of the Government of Virginia_. But Salling must have + returned home by 1742, for his name is in the roll of Capt. + John McDowell's militia company, and he was probably in the + fight with the Indians (Dec. 14) that year, in which McDowell + lost his life. In 1746, we found Salling himself a militia + captain in the Rockbridge district of Augusta county. In + September, 1747, he was cited to appear at court martial for + not turning out to muster--and this is the last record we have + of him. Descendants, named Sallee, now live in Kentucky and + Tennessee.--R. G. T. + + [5] John Lewis, the father of Gen. Andrew Lewis, was + probably of Welsh descent, and born in 1678 in County + Donegal, Ireland. About 1716 he married Margaret Lynn, of the + famous Lynns of Loch Lynn, Scotland. In a dispute over his + tenancy (1729), he killed a man of high station,--some say, + his Catholic landlord,--and fled to Portugal, whence in 1731, + after strange adventures, he emigrated to America, and was + joined there by his family. Fearing to live near a sea-port + he established himself on the frontier, in the Valley of + Virginia, two miles east of the present site of Staunton. + His house was of stone, built for defense, and in 1754 it + successfully stood an Indian siege. Lewis was colonel of + the Augusta county militia as early as 1743, presiding + justice in 1745, and high sheriff in 1748. In 1751, then 73 + years of age, he assisted his son Andrew, then agent of the + Loyal Company, to explore and survey the latter's grant on + Greenbrier River. It was because the old man became entangled + in the thicket of greenbriers, that he gave this name to the + stream. He died at his old fort homestead, February 1, 1762, + aged 84 years. Some accounts state that he was a Presbyterian; + he was, however, an Episcopalian.--R. G. T. + + [6] Lewis soon afterwards obtained leave from Governor Gooch + to locate 100,000 acres of land in separate parcels on the + waters of the Shenandoah and James rivers; and when he would go + out in search of good land to locate, Mackey would accompany + him to hunt buffalo. The former amassed a large estate, while + the latter lived and died in comparative poverty. + + [7] As Col. John Lewis had no son Samuel, probably Thomas + Lewis, the elder brother of Andrew, though near-sighted, may + have engaged in buffalo hunting.--L. C. D. + + [8] Of the origin of Benjamin Borden, Sr. (the name was + mispronounced Burden, on the frontier), little is known. He was + probably from New Jersey, and early became a fur trader on the + Virginia frontier; later he was in Lord Fairfax's employ as a + land agent. As such, he visited Governor Gooch and obtained + from him several valuable tracts--one of them (October 3, + 1734), Borden Manor, on Sprout run, Frederick county; another, + 100,000 acres at the head of the James, on condition of + locating thereon a hundred families. At the end of two years he + had erected 92 cabins with as many families, and a patent was + granted him November 8, 1739, for 92,100 acres. He died in + 1742, before further development of his enterprise. His son + Benjamin succeeded to his vast estate, but died of small-pox in + 1753. In 1744, he married the widow of John McDowell, mentioned + on the next page, who had been killed in the Indian fight of + December 14, 1742.--R. G. T. + + [9] The daughter of John Patton subsequently became the wife + of Col. W. Preston, and the mother of James Patton Preston, + late a governor of Virginia. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--This note of Mr. Withers, derived from + Taylor's sketches (mentioned below), is erroneous both as to + Patton and Preston. Col. Patton's first name was not John, but + James, as both the records and his own autograph sufficiently + attest. Neither did John Preston, nor his son Col. Wm. Preston, + marry Col. Patton's daughter, but John Preston married his + sister. Miss Elizabeth Patton, while crossing the Shannon in a + boat, met the handsome John Preston, then a young ship + carpenter, and an attachment grew out of their accidental + meeting. But as Miss Patton belonged to the upper class of + society, there was a wide gulf between their conditions, and a + runaway match was the only way out of the difficulty. Gov. + James Patton Preston was named after his grand-uncle. James + Patton was born in County Londonderry, Ireland, in 1692. For + many years he was a prosperous navigator, and crossed the + Atlantic twenty-five times with "redemptioners" for Virginia; + he was also an officer in the royal navy in the wars with the + Netherlands. Having obtained a grant of 120,000 acres above the + Blue Ridge, he himself settled in Virginia in 1735. A man of + wealth, enterprise and influence, he was a justice, sheriff, + Indian treaty commissioner, and finally county lieutenant of + Augusta. In 1755, he was killed by Indians while conveying + ammunition to the borderers. + + [10] Capt. John McDowell was of Scotch descent, and born in + Ulster, Ireland, but in early manhood came to America, settling + first in Pennsylvania, and then the Virginia Valley (autumn of + 1737). He at once became one of Benjamin Borden's surveyors, + and for five years made surveys on Borden's Manor. Becoming a + captain in the Augusta militia, he was ordered to go out + against a party of Northern Indians who, on the war-path + against the Catawbas, had taken in the Virginia Valley on their + way, and annoyed and plundered the white settlers. The savages + were overtaken on the North Branch of James River, some fifteen + miles from McDowell's place, and an engagement ensued (Dec. 14, + 1742), in which McDowell and seven others lost their lives. The + Indians escaped with small losses. This was the first battle + between whites and Indians, in the Virginia Valley.--R. G. T. + + [11] This incident is well authenticated. See the deposition + of Mrs. Mary Greenlee, preserved in the famous Borden land + suit, among the court records of Augusta county, Va. Mrs. + Greenlee was the sister of Capt. John McDowell, and among the + very earliest settlers of that part of Augusta, now Rockbridge + county. Mrs Greenlee's deposition is published in full in + Peyton's _History of Augusta County, Va._ (Staunton, Va., + 1882), pp. 69-74.--L. C. D. + + [12] The late Charles A. Stuart, of Greenbrier, son of Col. + John Stuart, after the appearance of Hugh Paul Taylor's + sketches over the signature of "Son of Cornstalk," published in + the _Staunton Spectator_ of August 21, 1829, over the signature + of "Son of Blue Jacket," a brief criticism, in the nature of + some corrections regarding his own family, to this effect: That + Mrs. Jane Paul was no relative of Mrs. Margaret Lewis, wife of + Col. John Lewis; that her first husband, Mr. Paul--not John, + but probably Hugh Paul--was apparently from the north of + Ireland--their son Audley Paul was born before the migration of + the family to Pennsylvania; Mr. Paul, Sr., it is said, became + the pastor of the Presbyterian congregation of Chester, in that + province; but as Chester was a Quaker settlement, it is more + likely that he located in some Presbyterian community in that + region, and there must have died. Mrs. Paul, for her second + husband, married Col. David Stuart, also from Ireland, by whom + she had John Stuart and two daughters. Mrs. Stuart's + grandchild, Charles A. Stuart, resided many years in Augusta, + representing that county in the State senate, subsequently + removed back to Greenbrier county, where he died about 1850, at + the age of about sixty-five years. He was a man of sterling + qualities.--L. C. D. + + [13] The following table exhibits a list of the several counties west + of the Blue ridge--the counties from which each was taken--when + established--their area in square miles--population in 1830, and + amount of taxation for the same year. + + Counties. From what When Area. Population. Taxation. + taken. formed. + + Augusta, Orange, 1738 948 19,925 6,734 + Alleghany, Bath, Botetourt + and Monroe, 1822 521 2,816 526 + Bath, Augusta, + Botetourt and + Greenbrier, 1791 795 4,068 865 + [47] Brooke, Ohio, 1797 202 7,040 1,136 + Berkeley, Frederick, 1772 308 10,528 3,356 + Botetourt, Augusta, 1770 1057 16,354 3,809 + Cabell, Kanawha, 1809 1033 5,884 629 + Frederick, Orange, 1738 745 26,045 9,396 + Greenbrier, Botet't & + Montg'ry, 1778 1409 9,059 1,716 + Giles, Montgomery, + Monroe and + Tazewell, 1806 935 5,300 541 + Grayson, Wythe, 1793 927 7,675 537 + Harrison, Monongalia, 1784 1095 14,713 1,669 + Hampshire, Augusta & + Fred'k, 1754 989 11,279 2,402 + Hardy, Hampshire, 1786 1156 5,700 2,633 + Jefferson, Berkeley, 1801 225 12,927 4,721 + Kanawha, Greenb'r & + M'tg'ry, 1789 2090 9,334 1,453 + Lewis, Harrison, 1816 1754 6,241 630 + Logan, Giles, Kanawha, + Cabell & + Tazewell, 1824 2930 3,680 245 + Lee, Russell, 1793 512 9,461 789 + Monongalia, District of + W. A'g'ta, 1776 721 14,056 1,492 + Monroe, Greenbrier, 1799 614 7,798 1,158 + Morgan, Berkeley and + Hampshire, 1820 271 2,702 546 + Montgomery, Fincastle, 1777 1089 12,306 1,666 + Mason, Kanawha, 1804 904 6,534 915 + Nicholas, Kanawha, + Greenbrier and + Randolph, 1818 1431 3,338 373 + Ohio, District of + W. A'g'ta, 1776 375 15,590 1,968 + Preston, Monongalia, 1818 601 5,144 441 + Pendleton, Augusta, Hardy + and Rockingham, 1788 999 6,271 1,120 + Pocahontas, Bath, Pendleton + and Randolph, 1821 794 2,542 405 + Randolph, Harrison, 1787 2061 5,000 644 + Russell, Washington, 1786 1370 6,717 739 + Rockingham, Augusta, 1778 833 20,663 5,056 + Rockbridge, Augusta & + Botetourt, 1778 680 14,244 3,276 + Scott, Lee, Russell and + Washington, 1814 624 5,712 503 + Shenandoah, Frederick, 1772 767 19,750 4,922 + Tyler, Ohio, 1814 855 4,308 757 + Tazewell, Russell & Wythe, 1799 1305 5,573 727 + Washington, Fincastle, 1777 1754 15,614 2,918 + Wythe, Montgomery, 1790 1998 12,163 2,178 + Wood, Harrison, 1799 1223 6,418 1,257 + + Total, 378,293 76,848 + + [14] Little and Big Sewell mountains, dividing Fayette and + Greenbrier counties, seem to perpetuate the name and memory of + this early and adventurous pioneer. Col. John Stuart states, + that Sewell's final settlement was forty miles west of his + primitive one, and on a creek bearing his name originating in + Sewell mountain, and flowing into Gauley. Col. Preston, in his + _Register_, gives September, 1756, as the date of Stephen + Sewell's death by the Indians, and Jackson's River as the + locality. + + Mrs. Anne Royall, in _Sketches of the History, Life and Manners + of the United States_, (New Haven, 1826), p. 60, who visited + the Greenbrier country in 1824, gives the name of Carver as + Sewell's companion. "These two men," says Mrs. Royall, "lived + in a cave for several years, but at length they disagreed on + the score of religion, and occupied different camps. They took + care, however, not to stay far from each other, their camps + being in sight. Sewell used to relate that he and his friend + used to sit up all night without sleep, with their guns cocked, + ready to fire at each other. 'And what could that be for?' + 'Why, because we couldn't agree.' 'Only two of you, and could + you not agree--what did you quarrel about?' 'Why, about + re-la-gin.' One of them, it seems, was a Presbyterian, and the + other an Episcopalian."--L. C. D. + + [15] An error as to date. King George's proclamation was + dated Oct. 7, 1763. For full text, see _Wisconsin Historical + Collections_, XI., pp. 46 et seq.--R. G. T. + + [16] Thomas King, one of the ablest of the Iroquois chiefs, + related an incident at an Indian conference held at Easton, + Pa., Oct. 18, 1758, which may explain why the Indians evinced + so much hostility against the Greenbrier settlements. "About + three years ago," said Chief King, "eight Seneca warriors were + returning from war, with seven prisoners and scalps with them; + and, at a place called Greenbrier, they met with a party of + soldiers, not less than one hundred and fifty, who kindly + invited them to come to a certain store, saying they would + supply them with provisions. Accordingly they travelled two + days with them, in a friendly manner, and when they came to the + house, they took their arms from the Senecas. The head men + cried out, 'here is death; defend yourselves as well as you + can,' which they did, and two of them were killed on the spot, + and one, a young boy, was taken prisoner. This gave great + offense; and the more so, as it was upon the warrior's road, + and we were in perfect peace with our brethren. It provoked us + to such a degree that we could not get over it. He wished the + boy returned, if alive; and told his name, Squissatego." See + Hazard's _Penna. Register_, V., p. 373; and _Penna. Records_, + VIII., pp. 197-98.--L. C. D. + + [17] There were settlers on both New and Holston rivers prior + to 1756--Vause, Stalnacker and others on New River; and Stephen + Holston, at least, on the river bearing his name, which was + known as such anterior to April, 1748, when Dr. Walker, in his + _Journal_ of 1750, refers to it by that designation. But + William Campbell did not settle on Holston until 1767; Wm. + Preston settled in 1769; Evan Shelby and family in 1771; and, + while Daniel Boone passed through that country as early, it is + believed, as 1760, he never "settled" there. + + A further notice of Stephen Holston, or Holstein, seems fitting + in this connection. He was of an adventurous turn, and prior to + 1748 had, during a hunt, discovered the river named after him. + It was after this discovery that he settled on the Little + Saluda, near Saluda Old Town, in South Carolina, where, in the + summer of 1753, a party of Cherokees returning from a visit to + Gov. Glen, at Charleston, behaved so rudely to Mrs. Holston, in + her husband's absence, as to frighten her and her domestics + away, fleeing several miles to the nearest settlement, when the + house was robbed of utensils and corn, and two valuable horses + were also taken. Holston and some of his neighbors settled on + Holston's River, in what subsequently became Botetourt county: + soon after this, they constructed canoes, and passed down the + Holston into the Tennessee River, through the Muscle Shoals, + and down the Ohio and Mississippi as far as Natchez. Returning + from this notable adventure, his name became fixed to the noble + stream which he discovered, and upon which he made the + primitive settlement. His location on Holston was at the head + spring of the Middle Fork; his log cabin was on the hill side + some thirty rods from the spring. In 1774, one Davis occupied + the place, and related that Holston had left several years + before that date. On the breaking out of the Indian war in + 1754, he seems to have retired with his family to Culpeper + county, which was then not exempt from Indian forays; and + Holston, about 1757, was captured by the Indians. But in due + time he returned to the Holston country, served in the battle + of Point Pleasant in 1774, on Christian's campaign against the + Cherokees in 1776, and was reported in service in 1776 or 1777. + As we hear no more of him, he probably did not long survive + after this period.--L. C. D. + + [18] The first name of Walden was not Thomas--Elisha + Walden was his proper name. He was a son-in-law of William + Blevins, and both Walden and Blevins lived, in 1774, at the + "Round-About" on Smith's River, two miles east of what is + now Martinsville, Henry county, Virginia. He was then about + forty years of age, nearly six feet in height, a rough + frontiersman, and a noted hunter. He and several others, in + 1761, penetrated into Powell's Valley, naming Walden's Mountain + and Walden's Creek, and proceeded on through Cumberland Gap + to Cumberland River, and a few miles beyond to the Laurel + Mountain, where meeting a party of Indians, they returned. In + subsequent years, Walden settled on Holston, about eighteen + miles above Knoxville, where he was residing in 1796; a few + years later, he removed to Powell's Valley, but soon after + migrated to Missouri, where he lived hunting up to extreme + old age. Save what is related from Haywood's _Hist. of + Tennessee_ about the trip of 1761, this information was + communicated to the writer in 1849, by Maj. John Redd, of + Henry county, Va., who personally knew the old hunter very + well.--L. C. D. + + [19] A curious misconception, this. Some of the founders of + Marietta acquired in 1788 a large tract west and north of their + own, and as a private speculation organized the Scioto Company. + Joel Barlow, the poet, was sent to Paris to negotiate the sale + of the lands. To the "Society of the Scioto," formed by him + there, he sold three million acres, and France was deluged with + rose-colored immigration pamphlets written by Barlow. In + February, 1790, six hundred Frenchmen--chiefly professional men + and small artisans from the large towns, with not an + agriculturist among them--arrived in Alexandria, Va., _en + route_ for the Scioto. They found that the Society, not having + paid for its lands, had forfeited its rights, and deeds granted + to the intending settlers were void. Five hundred finally went + west, and founded Gallipolis. Poor, not knowing how to work the + soil, and simple folk with no notions of independence, they + suffered from famine, Indians, and yellow fever. They finally + repurchased their lands, and upon the cessation of the border + war gained some strength; but Gallipolis was never more than a + weakling until Americans and Germans came in and put it on its + feet.--R. G. T. + + + + +[51] CHAPTER II. + + +The tract of country usually denominated North Western Virginia, +includes the counties of Brook, Ohio, Tyler, Wood, Lewis, Randolph, +Preston, Harrison and Monongalia, covering an area of 8,887 square +miles, and having a population, according to the census of 1830, of +78,510 souls. These counties, with a portion of Pennsylvania then +deemed to be within the limits of Virginia, constituted the district +of West Augusta; and was the last grand division of the state, to +become occupied by the whites. This was perhaps owing to natural +causes, as well as to the more immediate proximity of hostile +Indians. + +The general surface of this district of country is very broken, its +hills, though rich, are yet steep and precipitous, and the various +streams which flow along their bases, afford but few bottoms; and +these of too narrow and contracted dimensions to have attracted the +adventurer, when more invited portions of the country, were alike open +to his enterprise.--The Alleghany ridge of mountains, over which the +eastern emigrant had to pass, presented too, no inconsiderable barrier +to its earlier location; while the cold, bleak, inhospitable region, +extending from the North Branch to the Cheat and Valley rivers, seemed +to threaten an entire seclusion from the eastern settlements, and to +render it an isolated spot, not easily connected with any other +section of the state. + +The first attempt on the part of the English to occupy the country +contiguous to the Ohio river, was made in consequence of the measures +adopted by the French to possess themselves of it. France had early +become acquainted with the country, so far as to perceive the facility +with which her possessions in the north, might, by means of a free +communication down the valley of the Mississippi, be connected with +those in the south. To preserve this communication uninterrupted, to +acquire influence over the neighboring Indians and to prevent the +occupancy and settlement by England of the country west [52] of the +Alleghany mountains, the French were early induced to establish +trading posts among the Indians on the Ohio, and to obtain and +preserve possession of the country by the erection of a chain of forts +to extend from Canada to Louisiana.[1] + +To counteract those operations of the French, to possess herself of +the country, to which she deemed her title to be good, and to enjoy +the lucrative traffic which was then to be carried on with the +Indians, England gave to an association of gentlemen in Great Britain +and Virginia, (under the title of the Ohio Company,) liberty to locate +and hold in their own right, 600,000 acres of land within the country +then claimed by both England and France. In pursuance of this grant, +steps were directly taken to effect those objects, by establishing +trading houses among the Indians near the Ohio, and by engaging +persons to make such a survey of the country, as would enable the +grantees to effect a location of the quantity allowed them, out of the +most valuable lands. The company endeavored to complete their survey +with all possible secrecy, and by inducing the Indians to believe +their object to be purely commercial, to allay any apprehensions, +which might otherwise arise, of an attempt to gain possession of the +country. + +The attempt to accomplish their purpose of territorial aggrandizement, +with secrecy, was fruitless and unavailing.--The Pennsylvania traders, +fearful that they would lose the profitable commerce carried on with +the Indians, excited their jealousy by acquainting them with the real +motive of the company; while the French actually seized, and made +prisoners, of their traders, and opened and secured, by detachments of +troops stationed at convenient situations, a communication from Presq' +Isle to the Ohio river. + +The Ohio company sent a party of men to erect a stockade fort at the +confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, which had been +recommended by General Washington as a suitable position for the +erection of fortifications.[2] This party of men was accompanied by a +detachment of militia, which had been ordered out by the governor; but +before they could effect their object, they were driven off by the +French, [53] who immediately took possession of the place, and erected +thereon Fort du Quesne. These transactions were immediately succeeded +by the war, usually called Braddock's war, which put an end to the +contemplated settlement, and the events of which are, for the most +part, matter of general history. It may not however be amiss to relate +some incidents connected with this war, which though of minor +importance, may yet be interesting to some; and which have escaped the +pen of the historian. + +In Braddock's army there were two regiments of volunteer militia from +Virginia.[3] One of these was commanded by Col. Russel of Fairfax; +the other by Col. Fry, and was from Shenandoah and James rivers. In +this latter regiment there was a company from Culpepper, commanded by +Capt. Grant, (afterwards known as a considerable land holder in +Kentucky) and of which John Field (who was killed in the battle at +Point Pleasant) was a lieutenant. There was likewise in this regiment, +a company of riflemen, from Augusta, commanded by Capt. Samuel Lewis, +(the eldest son of John Lewis, who, with Mackey and Salling, had been +foremost in settling that country) who was afterwards known as Col. +Samuel Lewis of Rockingham.[4] In this company was also contained the +five brothers of Capt. Lewis. Andrew, afterwards Gen. Lewis of +Botetourt--Charles, afterwards Col. Lewis, who was likewise killed at +Point Pleasant--William, John and Thomas. Among their compatriots in +arms, were the five sons of Capt. John Matthews, (who had accompanied +Burden to Virginia) Elihu Barkley, John McDowell,[5] Paul Whitly, +James Bell, Patrick Lockard, and a number of others of the first +settlers of Augusta, Rockbridge and Rockingham. + +From the time the army crossed the Alleghany mountain, its movements +were constantly watched by Indian spies, from Fort du Quesne; and as +it approached nearer the point of destination, runners were regularly +despatched, to acquaint the garrison with its progress, and manner of +marching.--When intelligence was received that Braddock still moved in +close order, the Indians laid the plan for surprising him, and carried +it into most effectual execution with but little assistance from the +French.[6] + +[54] At the place where the English crossed the Monongahela river, +there are about two acres of bottom land, bounded by the river on the +east, and by a ledge of high cliffs on the west. Through these cliffs +there is a considerable ravine, formed by the flowing of a small +rivulet--On the summit, a wide prospect opens to the west, of a +country whose base is level, but surface uneven. On this summit lay +the French and Indians concealed by the prairie grass and timber, and +from this situation, in almost perfect security, they fired down upon +Braddock's men. The only exposure of the French and Indians, resulted +from the circumstance of their having to raise their heads to peep +over the verge of the cliff, in order to shoot with more deadly +precision. In consequence, all of them who were killed in the early +part of the action, were shot through the head.[7] + +The companies, commanded by Capt. Grant and Lewis,[8] were the first +to cross the river. As fast as they landed they formed, and proceeding +up the ravine, arrived at the plain on the head of the rivulet, +without having discovered the concealed enemy which they had just +passed. So soon as the rear of Braddock's army had crossed the river, +the enemy raised a heart rending yell, and poured down a constant and +most deadly fire. Before General Braddock received his wound, he gave +orders for the whole line to countermarch and form a phalanx on the +bottom, so as to cover their retreat across the river. When the main +column was wheeled, Grant's and Lewis' companies had proceeded so far +in advance, that a large body of the enemy rushed down from both sides +of the ravine, and intercepted them. A most deadly contest ensued. +Those who intercepted Grant and Lewis, could not pass down the defile, +as the main body of Braddock's army was there, and it would have been +rushing into the midst of it, to inevitable destruction--the sides of +the ravine were too steep and rocky to admit of a retreat up them, and +their only hope of escape lay in cutting down those two companies and +passing [55] out at the head of the ravine. A dreadful slaughter was +the consequence. Opposed in close fight, and with no prospect of +security, but by joining the main army in the bottom, the companies of +Grant and Lewis literally cut their way through to the mouth of the +ravine. Many of Lewis's men were killed and wounded, and not more than +half of Grant's lived to reach the river bank. Almost the only loss +the enemy sustained was in this conflict. + +The unfortunate result of the campaign of 1755, gave to the French a +complete ascendency over the Indians on the Ohio. In consequence of +this there was a general distress on the frontier settlements of +Virginia. The incursions of the Indians became more frequent and were +extended so far, that apprehensions existed of an irruption into the +country east of the Blue ridge.[9] This state of things continued +until the capture of Fort du Quesne in 1758, by Gen. Forbes. + +In the regiment commanded by Washington in the army of 1758, Andrew +Lewis was a Major. With this gentleman, Gen. Washington had become +acquainted during the campaign of 1754, and had formed of him, as a +military man, the highest expectations; his conduct at the defeat of +Major Grant, realized those expectations, and acquired for him a +reputation for prudence and courage which he sustained unimpaired, +during a long life of public service.[10] + +Gen. Lewis was in person upwards of six feet high, finely proportioned, +of uncommon strength and great activity. His countenance was stern and +rather forbidding--his deportment distant and reserved; this rendered +his person more awful than engaging. When he was at Fort Stanwich in +1768, as one of the commissioners from the colony of Virginia, to +treat, in conjunction with commissioners from the eastern colonies, +with the Six Nations, the Governor of New York remarked "that the earth +seemed to tremble under his tread." + +When the war of the revolution commenced, and General [56] Washington +was commissioned commander in chief, he is said to have expressed a +wish, that the appointment had been given to Gen. Lewis. Be this as it +may, it is certain that he accepted the commission of Brigadier +General at the solicitation of Washington; and when, from wounded +pride[11] and a shattered constitution, he was induced to express an +intention of resigning, Gen. Washington wrote him, entreating that he +would not do so, and assuring him that justice should be done, as +regarded his rank. Gen. Lewis, however, had become much reduced by +disease, and did not think himself able, longer to endure the +hardships of a soldier's life--he resigned his commission in 1780, and +died in the county of Bedford, on the way to his home in Botetourt on +Roanoke river. + +When Major Grant, (who had been sent with a detachment for the purpose +of reconnoitering the country about Fort du Quesne,) arrived in view +of it, he resolved on attempting its reduction. Major Lewis +remonstrated with him, on the propriety of that course, and endeavored +to dissuade him from the attempt. Grant deemed it practicable to +surprise the garrison and effect an easy conquest, and was unwilling +that the provincial troops should divide with his Highland regulars +the glory of the achievment--he therefore ordered Major Lewis two +miles into the rear, with that part of the Virginia regiment then +under his command. + +Soon after the action had commenced, Lewis discovered by the +retreating fire, that Grant was in an unpleasant situation, and +leaving Capt. Bullet with fifty men to guard the baggage, hastened to +his relief. On arriving at the battle ground, and finding Grant and +his detachment surrounded by the Indians, who had passed his rear +under covert of the banks of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, +Major Lewis commenced a brisk fire and made so vigorous an attack on +the Indians as to open a passage through which Grant and some few of +his men effected an escape. Lewis and his brave provincials became +enclosed within the Indian lines and suffered dreadfully. Out of eight +officers five were killed, a sixth wounded and a seventh taken +prisoner. Capt. Bullet, [57] who defended the baggage with great +bravery and contributed much to save the remnant of the detachment, +was the only officer who escaped unhurt.[12] Out of one hundred and +sixty-six men, sixty-two were killed on the spot and two were +wounded. + +Major Lewis was himself made prisoner; and although stripped by the +Indians of every article of his clothing, and reduced to perfect +nudity, he was protected from bodily injury by a French officer, who +took him to his tent and supplied him with clothes. Grant who had +wandered all night with five or six of his men, came in, on the +morning after the engagement, and surrendered himself a prisoner of +war. + +While Grant and Lewis were prisoners, the former addressed a letter to +Gen. Forbes giving a detailed account of the engagement and +attributing the defeat to the ill conduct of the latter. This letter, +(being inspected by the French who knew the falsehood of the charge it +contained) was handed to Maj. Lewis. Exasperated at this charge, Lewis +waited on Major Grant and in the interview between them, after having +bestowed on him some abusive epithets, challenged him to the field. +Grant declined to accept the invitation; and Lewis, after spitting in +his face in the presence of several of the French officers, left him +to reflect on his baseness. + +After this defeat a council was held by the Indians to determine on +the course proper for them to pursue. The most of them had come from +about Detroit at the instance of the French commandant there, to +fortify Fort du Quesne against an attack by Forbes--the hunting season +had arrived and many of them were anxious to return to their town. The +question which attracted their attention most seriously was, whether +Gen. Forbes would then retreat or advance. As Grant had been most +signally defeated, many supposed that the main arm would retire into +winter quarters, as Dunbar had, after the battle on the Monongahela. +The French expressed a different opinion, and endeavored to prevail on +the Indians to remain and witness the result. This however they +refused to do, and the greater part of them left du Quesne. Upon this +the commandant of the fort, in order to learn the course which Gen. +Forbes would pursue, and to impress upon the English, an idea that the +French were in return preparing to attack them, ordered the remainder +of the Indians, a number of Canadians and some French regulars to +reconnoitre the route [58] along which Gen. Forbes would be most +likely to march his army, to watch their motions and harrass them as +much as possible; determining if they could not thus force him to +abandon the idea of attacking Du Quesne during that campaign, they +would evacuate the fort and retire into Canada. + +When Major Grant with his men had been ordered on to Du Quesne, the +main army had been left at Raystown, where it continued for some time; +an advance was however posted at fort Ligonier. Between this vanguard +and the detachment from Du Quesne there was a partial engagement, +which resulted in the loss of some of the Maryland troops. Fort +Ligonier was then closely watched by the French and Indians, and +several of the sentinels were killed, before the point from which the +fires were directed, was discovered; it was at length ascertained that +parties of the enemy would creep under the bank of the Loyal Hanna +till they could obtain a position from which to do execution. Some +soldiers were then stationed to guard this point, who succeeded in +killing two Indians, and in wounding and making prisoner of one +Frenchman. From him the English obtained information that the greater +part of the Indians had left Du Quesne, and that the fort was +defenceless: the army then moved forward and taking possession of its +ruins established thereon Fort Pitt.[13] The country around began +immediately to be settled, and several other forts were erected to +protect emigrants, and to keep the Indians in awe. + +Previous to this an attempt had been made by David Tygart and a Mr. +Files to establish themselves on an upper branch of the Monongahela +river.[14] They had been for some time frontier's men, and were +familiar with the scenes usually exhibited on remote and unprotected +borders; and nothing daunted by the cruel murders and savage +enormities, which they had previously witnessed, were induced by some +cause, most probably the uninterrupted enjoyment of the forest in the +pursuit of game, to venture still farther into the wilderness. About +the year 1754 these two men with their families arrived on the east +fork of the Monongahela, and after examining the country, selected +positions for their future residence. Files chose a spot on the river, +at the mouth of a creek which still bears his name, where Beverly, the +county seat of Randolph has been since established. Tygart settled a +few miles farther up and also on the river. The valley in which they +had thus taken up their abode, has been since called Tygart's [59] +valley, and the east fork of the Monongahela, Tygart's-valley river. + +The difficulty of procuring bread stuffs for their families, their +contiguity to an Indian village, and the fact that an Indian war path +passed near their dwellings, soon determined them to retrace their +steps.[15] Before they carried this determination into effect, the +family of Files became the victims of savage cruelty. At a time when +all the family were at their cabin, except an elder son, they were +discovered by a party of Indians, supposed to be returning from the +South Branch, who inhumanly butchered them all.[16] Young Files being +not far from the house and hearing the uproar, approached until he +saw, too distinctly, the deeds of death which were doing; and feeling +the utter impossibility of affording relief to his own, resolved if he +could, to effect the safety of Tygart's family. This was done and the +country abandoned by them. + +Not long after this, Doctor Thomas Eckarly and his two brothers came +from Pennsylvania and camped at the mouth of a creek, emptying into +the Monongahela, 8 or 10 miles below Morgantown; they were Dunkards, +and from that circumstance, the watercourse on which they fixed +themselves for a while, has been called Dunkard's creek. While their +camp continued at this place, these men were engaged in exploring the +country; and ultimately settled on Cheat river, at the Dunkard bottom. +Here they erected a cabin for their dwelling, and made such +improvements as enabled them to raise the first year, a crop of corn +sufficient for their use, and some culinary vegetables: their guns +supplied them with an abundance of meat, of a flavor as delicious as +the refined palate of a modern epicure could well wish. Their clothes +were made chiefly of the skins of animals, and were easily procured: +and although calculated to give a grotesque appearance to a fine +gentleman in a city drawing room; yet were they particularly suited to +their situation, and afforded them comfort. + +Here they spent some years entirely unmolested by the Indians, +although a destructive war was then raging, and prosecuted with +cruelty, along the whole extent of our frontier. At length to obtain +an additional supply of ammunition, salt and shirting, Doctor Eckarly +left Cheat, with a pack of furs and skins, to visit a trading post on +the Shenandoah. On his return, he stopped at Fort Pleasant, on the +South Branch; and having communicated to its inhabitants the place of +his residence, and the length of time he had been living there, he was +charged with being in confederacy with the Indians, and probably at +that instant a spy, examining the condition of the fort. In vain the +Doctor protested his innocence and the fact that he had not even seen +an Indian in the country; the suffering condition [59] of the border +settlements, rendered his account, in their opinion improbable, and he +was put in confinement. + +The society, of which Doctor Eckarly was a member, was rather +obnoxious to a number of the frontier inhabitants. Their intimacy with +the Indians, although cultivated with the most laudable motives, and +for noble purposes, yet made them objects at least of distrust to +many. Laboring under these disadvantages, it was with difficulty that +Doctor Eckarly prevailed on the officer of the fort to release him; +and when this was done he was only permitted to go home under certain +conditions--he was to be escorted by a guard of armed men, who were to +carry him back if any discovery were made prejudicial to him. Upon +their arrival at Cheat, the truth of his statement was awfully +confirmed. The first spectacle which presented itself to their view, +when the party came within sight of where the cabin had been, was a +heap of ashes. On approaching the ruins, the half decayed, and +mutilated bodies of the poor Dunkards, were seen in the yard; the +hoops, on which their scalps had been dried, were there, and the +ruthless hand of desolation had waved over their little fields. Doctor +Eckarly aided in burying the remains of his unfortunate brothers, and +returned to the fort on the South Branch. + +In the fall of 1758, Thomas Decker and some others commenced a +settlement on the Monongahela river, at the mouth of what is now, +Decker's creek. In the ensuing spring it was entirely broken up by a +party of Delawares and Mingoes; and the greater part of its +inhabitants murdered. + +There was at this time at Brownsville a fort, then known as +Redstone fort, under the command of Capt. Paul.[17] One of Decker's +party escaped from the Indians who destroyed the settlement, and +making his way to Fort Redstone, gave to its commander the melancholy +intelligence. The garrison being too weak to admit of sending a +detachment in pursuit, Capt. Paul despatched a runner with the +information to Capt. John Gibson, then stationed at Fort Pitt. +Leaving the fort under the command of Lieut. Williamson, Capt. Gibson +set out with thirty men to intercept the Indians, on their return +to their towns. + +In consequence of the distance which the pursuers had to go, and the +haste with which the Indians had retreated, the expedition failed in +its object; they however accidentally came on a party of six or seven +Mingoes, on the head of Cross Creek in Ohio (near Steubenville)--these +had been prowling about the river, below Fort Pitt, seeking an +opportunity of committing depredations.[18] As Capt. Gibson passed the +point of a small knoll, just after day break, he came unexpectedly +upon them--some of them were lying down; the others were sitting round +a fire, making thongs of green hides. Kiskepila or Little Eagle, a +Mingo chief, headed the party. So soon as he discovered Capt. Gibson, +he raised the war whoop and fired [61] his rifle--the ball passed +through Gibson's hunting shirt and wounded a soldier just behind him. +Gibson sprang forward, and swinging his sword with herculean force, +severed the head of the Little Eagle from his body--two other Indians +were shot down, and the remainder escaped to their towns on +Muskingum. + +When the captives, who were restored under the treaty of 1763, came +in, those who were at the Mingo towns when the remnant of Kiskepila's +party returned, stated that the Indians represented Gibson as having +cut off the Little Eagle's head with a _long knife_. Several of the +white persons were then sacrificed to appease the manes of Kiskepila; +and a war dance ensued, accompanied with terrific shouts and bitter +denunciations of revenge on "_the Big knife warrior_." This name was +soon after applied to the Virginia militia generally; and to this day +they are known among the north western Indians as the "_Long knives_," +or "_Big knife nation_."[19] + +These are believed to have been the only attempts to effect a +settlement of North Western Virginia, prior to the close of the French +war. The capture of Fort du Quesne and the erection and garrisoning of +Fort Pitt, although they gave to the English an ascendency in that +quarter; yet they did not so far check the hostile irruptions of the +Indians, as to render a residence in this portion of Virginia, by any +means secure.--It was consequently not attempted 'till some years +after the restoration of peace in 1765. + +----- + [1] This is misleading. The author has told us, in the + preceding chapter, of several attempts of English coast + colonists to make transmontane settlements, quite apart from + thought of ousting the French. Englishmen had no sooner landed + in America than they attempted to cross the Western mountain + barrier. Ralph Lane made the attempt in 1586, Christopher + Newport and John Smith in 1606, and Newport himself in 1607. + John Lederer, a German surgeon exploring for Governor Berkeley, + of Virginia, reached the top of Blue Ridge in 1609, but did not + descend the western slope. Two years later, Abraham Wood + discovered the Great Kanawha. It is possible that the French + Jesuit Le Moyne was on the Alleghany River as early as 1656. La + Salle was probably at the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) in + 1669. But it was not until about 1700 that French and English + fur-traders met in open rivalry on the Ohio. It was with no + thought of the French that Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, + passed over the Blue Ridge in 1714. The situation in short, was + this: The English colonists early wanted the over-mountain + country watered by the Ohio, but were too weak at first to hold + for agricultural settlement lands so far from home, in the face + of a savage foe. The French wanted the valley solely for the + fur trade, but Iroquois opposition long kept them from + entering; when at last they were able to do so, the English + colonists had also grown strong enough to move in, and then + ensued the long and bloody struggle in which New France + fell.--R. G. T. + + [2] In the journal (drawn up for the inspection of Gov. + Dinwiddie) of the events of his mission to the commander of the + French forces on the Ohio; this was the first of those splendid + acts of a public nature, performed by Gen. Washington. + + [3] Only five companies of the first Virginia regiment + served on Braddock's campaign--hence there was no second + regiment, nor any Colonel Russell engaged in that service; there + was, however, at this period, a Colonel or Lieut.-Colonel + William Russell, who emigrated from England when a young lawyer, + to Virginia, about 1710, and settled in Culpeper, and by the + readjustment of county lines he was thrown into the new county + of Orange. He was a man of much prominence, and at one time was + high sheriff of Orange; and apparently lieutenant-colonel of + militia, and as such, in the early part of the French and + Indian War, did some frontier service, though rather advanced + in years at the time. In 1753, he was sent as a commissioner + to pacify the Indians in the region where Pittsburg was + subsequently located. He died October 18, 1757, aged about + seventy-two years. His son of the same name served with + reputation at the battle of Point Pleasant, and during the + Revolutionary War, retiring at its close with the brevet rank + of brigadier-general.--L. C. D. + + [4] It has already been stated that Col. John Lewis's eldest + son was Thomas, not Samuel.--L. C. D. + + [5] Capt. John McDowell was killed in an engagement with the + Indians, in December, 1742, and of course could not have served + under either Andrew or Charles Lewis.--L. C. D. + + [6] James Smith, afterwards Col. Smith of Bourbon county in + Kentucky, was then a prisoner at du Quesne. He says that the + Indians in council planned the attack on Braddock's army and + selected the ground from which to make it--that the assailants + did not number more than 400 men, of whom but a small + proportion were French. One of the Indians laughed when he + heard the order of march in Braddock's army, and said "we'll + shoot them down all as one pigeon." Washington beheld the event + in fearful anticipation, and exerted himself in vain with Gen. + Braddock, to alter the order of march. + + [7] It is evident that the author never saw the site of + Braddock's defeat, just below the mouth of Turtle Creek, for + his description is quite inaccurate. June 30, 1755, the army, + which had been following the Ohio Company's road from Will's + Creek, _via_ East Meadows, crossed the Youghiogheny and + proceeding in a devious course struck the head of Turtle Creek, + which was followed nearly to its mouth, whence a southern + course was taken to avoid the steep hills. Reaching the + Monongahela just below the mouth of the Youghiogheny, they + crossed (July 9) to the west side, where there is a long, + narrow bottom. Nearly opposite the mouth of Turtle Creek, and + about four miles below the first crossing, hills again closely + approach the west bank, and the east side becomes the more + favorable for marching. Here, only eight miles across country + from Fort Duquesne, Braddock forded the second time, and in + angling up the rather easy slope upon which is now built the + busy iron-making town of Braddock, Pa., was obliged to pass + through a heavily-wooded ravine. This was the place of the + ambuscade, where his army was cut to pieces. Indians from the + Upper Lakes, under the leadership of Charles Langlade, a + Wisconsin fur-trader, were the chief participants in this + affair, on the French side.--R. G. T. + + [8] This statement about Capts. Grant and Lewis having taken + part in the battle of the Monongahela, is altogether a mistake. + It must have originated in some traditional account, and become + confused in some way with Grant's defeat, three years later, in + which Maj. James Grant and Maj. Andrew Lewis both took a + prominent part. There is no record of any Capt. Grant in + Braddock's army. Andrew Lewis, though a major, was still in + command of his company, and at the time of Braddock's defeat + was on detached service. Gov. Dinwiddie, writing to Maj. Lewis, + July 8, 1755, says: "You were ordered to Augusta with your + company to protect the frontier of that county;" and, in a + letter of the same date, to Col. Patton, the Governor adds: + "Enclosed you have a letter to Capt. Lewis, which please + forward to him: _I think he is at Greenbrier._" Capt. Robt. + Orme, aide-de-camp to Gen. Braddock, in his Journal appended to + Sargent's _History of Braddock's Expedition_, states under date + of April, 1755, that the Virginia troops having been clothed, + were ordered to march to Winchester, for arming and drilling, + and then adds: "Capt. Lewis was ordered with his company of + Rangers to Greenbrier river, there to build two stockade forts, + in one of which he was to remain himself and to detach to the + other a subaltern and fifteen men. These forts were to cover + the western settlers of Virginia from any inroads of + Indians."--L. C. D. + + [9] The MS. Journal of Col. Charles Lewis, in possession of + the Wisconsin Historical Society, covering the period from + October 10 to December 27, 1755, is an unconsciously eloquent + picture of the hardships of life on the Virginia frontier, at + this time.--R. G. T. + + [10] After the capitulation of Fort Necessity, and while + some of the soldiers of each army were intermixed, an + Irishman, exasperated with an Indian near him, "cursed the + copper-coloured scoundrel" and raised his musket to shoot + him. Gen. Lewis who had been twice wounded in the engagement, + and was then hobbling on a staff, raised the Irishman's + gun, as he was in the act of firing, and thus not only saved + the life of the Indian, but probably prevented a general + massacre of the Virginia troops. + + [11] Congress had given to Gen. Stephens, and some others + (whose senior Lewis had been in former services) commissions as + Major Generals. + + [12] Thomas Bullitt was a native of Prince William county, + Virginia. He was appointed an ensign in Washington's first + Virginia regiment, July 20, 1754, and promoted to a lieutenancy + on October 30th following. It is said that he served in + Braddock's defeat; but the records of the Virginia officers + present do not include Lieut. Bullitt's name. He was, perhaps, + with Capt. Lewis in the Greenbrier country, or on some other + detached service. In May, 1756, he was stationed at Winchester; + in July following, in command of Fort Frederick, on Jackson's + River, and in November of that year, in command of Fort + Cumberland. He was in active service in 1757, and early the + next year we find him a captain; as such, he distinguished + himself in checking the enemy and saving many of the fugitives + at Grant's defeat, and shared in Gen. Forbes's successful + expedition in the capture of Fort Du Quesne. In May, 1759, + while guarding with one hundred men, fifteen wagons loaded with + provisions for the westward, he was attacked and defeated by a + strong party of French and Indians, losing thirty-five of his + party killed and prisoners and all his wagons. In 1760, he was + appointed a surveyor of a district bordering on the Ohio, and + had much to do in early Kentucky exploration and surveys, + making an early location and survey at the Falls of Ohio in + 1773. In September, 1775, he was appointed adjutant-general of + all the Virginia forces; and on the 9th of December following, + he aided Colonel Woodford in defeating Capt. Fordyce and party + at the Great Bridge. In March, 1776, Congress appointed him + deputy adjutant-general of the Southern Department with the + rank of lieutenant-colonel, and advanced him in May following + to the full rank of colonel. He died while yet in service, in + 1778.--L. C. D. + + [13] The French destroyed Fort Duquesne in November, 1758. + During the winter following, Fort Pitt was erected by the + English troops. In his _Journal of a Tour to the Ohio River_ + (1770), Washington says of it: "The fort is built on the point + between the rivers Alleghany and Monongahela, but not so near + the pitch of it as Fort Duquesne stood. It is five-sided and + regular, two of which next the land are of brick; the others + stockade. A moat encompasses it." Fort Pitt was invested by the + Indians during Pontiac's War (1763). It was fully garrisoned + until 1772, when a corporal and a few men were left as + care-takers. In October of that year, the property was sold, + and several houses were built out of the material. In the + course of the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and + Virginia, the latter colony took possession of the ruins, + through Lord Dunmore's agent there, John Conolly.--R. G. T. + + [14] The author overlooks the settlement made by Christopher + Gist, the summer of 1753, in the town of Dunbar, Fayette + county, Pa., two or three miles west of the Youghiogheny and + some seventy miles northwest of Will's Creek; the site was + doubtless selected by him in his trip of 1751-52. Washington, + who visited him there in November, 1753, on the way to Fort Le + Boeuf, calls it "Gist's new settlement," but the owner's name + for his place was "Monongahela." It was the first settlement of + which there is record, upon the Ohio Company's lands. Gist + induced eleven families to settle near him; and on his journey + home, in January, 1754, Washington met them going out to the + new lands. The victory of the French over Washington, at Fort + Necessity, in July, led to the expulsion from the region of all + English-speaking settlers. The French commander, De Villiers, + reports that he "burnt down all the settlements" on the + Monongahela (from Redstone down), and in the vicinity of + Gist's.--R. G. T. + + [15] This trail was a continuation of the famous "Warrior + Branch," which coming up from Tennessee passed through Kentucky + and Southern Ohio, and threading the valley of Fish Creek + crossed over to Dunkard's Creek and so on to the mouth of + Redstone Creek.--R. G. T. + + [16] In Col. Preston's MS. Register of Indian Depredations, + in the Wisconsin Historical Society's library, it is stated + that Robert Foyle, wife and five children, were killed on the + Monongahela in 1754. Gov. Dinwiddie, in his speech to the + Virginia house of burgesses in February, 1754, refers to this + barbarous affair, giving the same number of the family + destroyed; and the gazettes of that period state that Robert + Foyle, together with his wife and five children, the youngest + about ten years of age, were killed at the head of the + Monongahela; their bodies, scalped, were discovered February + 4th, and were supposed to have been killed about two months + before.--L. C. D. + + [17] In 1750, the Ohio Company, as a base of operations and + supplies, built a fortified warehouse at Will's Creek (now + Cumberland, Md.), on the upper waters of the Potomac. Col. + Thomas Cresap, an energetic frontiersman, and one of the + principal agents of the Company, was directed to blaze a + pack-horse trail over the Laurel Hills to the Monongahela. He + employed as his guide an Indian named Nemacolin, whose camp was + at the mouth of Dunlap Creek (site of the present Brownsville, + Pa.), an affluent of the Monongahela. Nemacolin pointed out an + old Indian trace which had its origin, doubtless, in an + over-mountain buffalo trail; and this, widened a little by + Cresap, was at first known as Nemacolin's Path. It led through + Little Meadows and Great Meadows--open marshes grown to grass, + and useful for feeding traders' and explorers' horses. + Washington traveled this path in 1753, when he went to warn the + French at Fort Le Boeuf. Again, but widened somewhat, it was + his highway in 1754, as far north as Gist's plantation; and at + Great Meadows he built Fort Necessity, where he was defeated. + Braddock followed it in great part, in 1755, and henceforth it + became known as "Braddock's Road." The present National Road + from Cumberland to Brownsville, via Uniontown, differs in + direction but little from Nemacolin's Path. For a map of + Braddock's Road, see Lowdermilk's _History of Cumberland, Md._, + p. 140, with description on pages 51, 52, 140-148. Ellis's + _History of Fayette Co., Pa._, also has valuable data. + + The terminus of Nemacolin's Path was Dunlap's Creek (Brownsville). + A mile-and-a-quarter below Dunlap's, enters Redstone Creek, and + the name "Redstone" became affixed to the entire region hereabout, + although "Monongahela" was sometimes used to indicate the + panhandle between the Monongahela and the Youghiogheny. In 1752, + the Ohio Company built a temporary warehouse at the mouth of + Dunlap's Creek, at the end of the over-mountain trail. In 1754, + Washington's advance party (Capt. Trent) built a log fort, called + "The Hangard," at the mouth of the Redstone, but this was, later + in the year, destroyed by the French officer De Villiers. In 1759, + Colonel Burd, as one of the features of Forbes's campaign against + Fort Duquesne, erected Fort Burd at the mouth of Dunlap's, + which was a better site. This fort was garrisoned as late as + the Dunmore War (1774), but was probably abandoned soon after the + Revolutionary War. The name "Redstone Old Fort" became attached + to the place, because within the present limits of Brownsville + were found by the earliest comers, and can still be traced, + extensive earthworks of the mound-building era.--R. G. T. + + [18] Cross Creek empties into the Ohio through Mingo Bottom + (site of Mingo Junction, O.). On this bottom was, for many + years, a considerable Mingo village.--R. G. T. + + [19] This statement, that Capt. Audley Paul commanded at + Redstone, and of his attempting to intercept a foraging Indian + party, can not possibly be true. There was no fort, and + consequently no garrison, at Redstone in 1758. It was not built + 'till 1759, and then by Col. James Burd, of the Pennsylvania + forces. James L. Bowman, a native of Brownsville, the locality + of Redstone Old Fort, wrote a sketch of the history of that + place, which appeared in the _American Pioneer_ in February, + 1843, in which he says: "We have seen it stated in a creditable + work, that the fort was built by Capt. Paul--doubtless an + error, as the Journal of Col. Burd is ample evidence to settle + that matter." Col. Burd records in his Journal: "Ordered, in + Aug. 1759, to march with two hundred of my battalion to the + mouth of Redstone Creek, to cut a road to that place, and to + erect a fort." He adds: "When I had cut the road, and finished + the fort," etc. + + The other part of the story, about Capt. John Gibson commanding + at Fort Pitt in "the fall of 1758," is equally erroneous, as + Gen. Forbes did not possess himself of Fort Duquesne till Nov. + 25th, 1758, within five days of the conclusion of "fall" in + that year; and Gen. Forbes commanded there in person until he + left for Philadelphia, Dec. 3d following. There is, moreover, + no evidence that Gibson was then in service. The story of his + decapitating Kis-ke-pi-la, or the Little Eagle, if there was + such a person, or of his beheading any other Indian, is not at + all probable. He was an Indian trader for many years, and was + made prisoner by the Indians in 1763, and detained a long time + in captivity. + + Gibson could not by any such decapitating exploit, have + originated the designation of "Big Knife," or "Big Knife + warrior," for this appellation had long before been applied + to the Virginians. Gist says in his Journal, Dec. 7th, 1750, in + speaking of crossing Elk's Eye Creek--the Muskingum--and + reaching an Indian hamlet, that the Indians were all out + hunting; that "the old Frenchman, Mark Coonce, living there, + was civil to me; but after I was gone to my camp, upon his + understanding I came from Virginia, he called me _Big + Knife_." Col. James Smith, then a prisoner with the Indians, + says the Indians assigned as a reason why they did not oppose + Gen. Forbes in 1758, that if they had been only red coats + they could have subdued them; "but they could not withstand + _Ash-a-le-co-a_, or the _Great Knife_, which was the name they + gave the Virginians."--L. C. D. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--See note on p. 77, regarding erection of + early forts at Redstone. James Veech, in _Monongahela of Old_, + says, "We know that the late Col. James Paull served a month's + duty in a drafted militia company in guarding Continental + stores here [Fort Burd] in 1778." The term "Big Knives" or + "Long Knives" may have had reference either to the long knives + carried by early white hunters, or the swords worn by backwoods + militia officers. See Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, I., p. + 197. + + + + +[62] CHAPTER III. + + +The destruction of the Roanoke settlement in the spring of 1757, by a +party of Shawanees, gave rise to the campaign, which was called by the +old settlers the "Sandy creek voyage." To avenge this outrage, +Governor Dinwiddie ordered out a company of regulars (taken chiefly +from the garrison at Fort Dinwiddie, on Jackson's river) under the +command of Capt. Audley Paul; a company of minute-men from Boutetourt, +under the command of Capt. William Preston; and two companies from +Augusta, under Captains John Alexander[1] and William Hogg. In Capt. +Alexander's company, John M'Nutt, afterwards governor of Nova Scotia, +was a subaltern. The whole were placed under the command of Andrew +Lewis.[2] + +Beside the chastisement of the Indians, the expedition had for its +object, the establishment of a military post at the mouth of the Great +Sandy. This would have enabled them, not only to maintain a constant +watch over marauding parties of Indians from that quarter; but to +check the communication between them and the post at Galliopolis; and +thus counteract the influence which the French there had obtained over +them.[3] + +The different companies detailed upon the Shawanee expedition, were +required to rendezvous on the Roanoke, near to the present town of +Salem in Bottetourt, where Col. Lewis was then posted. The company +commanded by Capt. Hogg failed to attend at the appointed time; and +Col. Lewis after delaying a week for its arrival, marched forward, +expecting to be speedily overtaken by it. + +To avoid an early discovery by the Indians, which would have been the +consequence of their taking the more public route by the Great +Kenhawa; and that they might fall upon the Indians towns in the valley +of the Scioto, without being interrupted or seen by the French at +Galliopolis, they took the route by the way of New river and Sandy. +Crossing New river below the Horse-shoe, they descended it to the +mouth of Wolf creek; and ascending this to its source, passed over to +the head of Bluestone river; where they delayed another week awaiting +the arrival of Capt. Hogg and his company.[4]--They then marched to +the head of the north fork of Sandy, and continued down it to the +great Burning Spring, where they also remained a day. Here the salt +and provisions, which had been conveyed [63] on pack horses, were +entirely exhausted. Two buffaloes, killed just above the spring, were +also eaten while the army continued here; and their hides were hung +upon a beech tree. After this their subsistence was procured +exclusively by hunting. + +The army then resumed their march; and in a few days after, it was +overtaken by a runner with the intelligence that Capt. Hogg and his +company were only a day's march in the rear. Col. Lewis again halted; +and the day after he was overtaken by Hogg, he was likewise overtaken +by an express from Francis Fauquier[5] with orders for the army to +return home; and for the disbanding of all the troops except Capt. +Paul's regulars,[6] who were to return to Fort Dinwiddie. + +This was one of the first of Gov. Fauquier's official acts; and it was +far from endearing him to the inhabitants west of the Blue ridge. They +had the utmost confidence in the courage and good conduct of Col. +Lewis, and of the officers and men under his command--they did not for +an instant doubt the success of the expedition, and looked forward +with much satisfaction, to their consequent exemption in a great +degree, from future attacks from the Indians. It was not therefore +without considerable regret, that they heard of their countermanding +orders. + +Nor were they received by Lewis and his men with very different +feelings. They had endured much during their march, from the +inclemency of the weather; more from the want of provisions--They had +borne these hardships without repining; anticipating a chastisement of +the Indians, and the deriving of an abundant supply of provisions from +their conquered towns--They had arrived within ten miles of the Ohio +river, and could not witness the blasting of their expectations, +without murmuring. A council of war was held--disappointment and +indignation were expressed in every feature. A majority of the +officers were in favor of proceeding to the Ohio river, under the +expectation that they might fall in with some of the enemy--they +marched to the river and encamped two nights on its banks. Discovering +nothing of an enemy, they then turned to retrace their steps through +pathless mountains, a distance of three hundred miles, in the midst of +winter and without provisions. + +The reasons assigned by the friends of Gov. Fauquier, for the issuing +of those orders were, that the force detailed by Gov. Dinwiddie, was +not sufficient to render secure an establishment at the contemplated +point--near the Indian towns on the Scioto--within a few days journey +of several thousand warriors on the Miami--in the vicinity of the +hostile post at Galliopolis and so remote from the settled part of +Virginia, that they could not be furnished with assistance, and +supplied with provisions and military stores, without incurring an +expenditure, both of blood and money, beyond what the colony could +spare, for the accomplishment of that object. + +Had Capt. Hogg with his company, been at the place of rendezvous at +the appointed time, the countermanding orders of the governor [64] +could not have reached the army, until it had penetrated the enemy's +country. What might have been its fate, it is impossible to say--the +bravery of the troops--their familiar acquaintance with the Indian +mode of warfare--their confidence in the officers and the experience +of many of them, seemed to give every assurance of success--While the +unfortunate result of many subsequent expeditions of a similar nature, +would induce the opinion that the governor's apprehensions were +perhaps prudent and well founded. That the army would soon have had to +encounter the enemy, there can be no doubt; for although not an Indian +had been seen, yet it seems probable from after circumstances, that it +had been discovered and watched by them previous to its return. + +On the second night of their march homeward, while encamped at the +Great falls, some of Hogg's men went out on the hills to hunt turkeys, +and fell in with a party of Indians, painted as for war. As soon as +they saw that they were discovered, they fired, and two of Hogg's men +were killed--the fire was returned and a Shawanee warrior was wounded +and taken prisoner. The remaining Indians, yelling their war whoop, +fled down the river. + +Many of the whites, thinking that so small a party of Indians would +not have pursued the army alone, were of opinion that it was only an +advanced scout of a large body of the enemy, who were following them: +the wounded Indian refused to give any information of their number or +object. A council of war was convoked; and much diversity of opinion +prevailed at the board. It was proposed by Capt. Paul to cross the +Ohio river, invade the towns on the Scioto, and burn them, or perish +in the attempt.[7] The proposition was supported by Lieut. M'Nutt, but +overruled; and the officers, deeming it right to act in conformity +with the governor's orders, determined on pursuing their way home. +Orders were then given that no more guns should be fired, and no fires +kindled in camp, as their safe return depended very much on silence +and secrecy. + +An obedience to this order, produced a very considerable degree of +suffering, as well from extreme cold as from hunger. The pack horses, +which were no longer serviceable (having no provisions to transport) +and some of which had given out for want of provender, were killed and +eaten. When the army arrived at the Burning spring, the buffalo hides, +which had been left there on their way down, were cut into tuggs, or +long thongs, and eaten by the troops, after having been exposed to the +heat produced by the flame from the spring.--Hence they called it Tugg +river--a name by which it is still known. After this the army +subsisted for a while on beachnuts; but a deep snow falling these +could no longer be obtained, and the restrictions were removed. + +About thirty men then detached themselves from the main body, to hunt +their way home. Several of them were known to have perished from cold +and hunger--others were lost and never afterwards [65] heard of; as +they had separated into small parties, the more certainly to find game +on which to live. The main body of the army was conducted home by Col. +Lewis, after much suffering--the strings of their mocasons, the belts +of their hunting shirts, and the flaps of their shot pouches, having +been all the food which they had eaten for some days.[8] + +A journal of this campaign was kept by Lieut. M'Nutt, a gentleman of +liberal education and fine mind. On his return to Williamsburg he +presented it to Governor Fauquier by whom it was deposited in the +executive archives. In this journal Col. Lewis was censured for not +having proceeded directly to the Scioto towns; and for imposing on the +army the restrictions, as to fire and shooting, which have been +mentioned.--This produced an altercation between Lewis and M'Nutt, +which was terminated by a personal encounter.[9] + +During the continuance of this war, many depredations were committed +by hostile Indians, along the whole extent of the Virginia frontier. +Individuals, leaving the forts on any occasion, scarcely ever +returned; but were, almost always, intercepted by Indians, who were +constantly prowling along the border settlements, for purposes of +rapine and murder. The particulars of occurrences of this kind, and +indeed of many of a more important character, no longer exist in the +memory of man--they died with them who were contemporaneous with the +happening of them.[10] On one occasion however, such was the extent of +savage duplicity, and such, and so full of horror, the catastrophe +resulting from misplaced confidence, that the events which marked it, +still live in the recollection of the descendants of some of those, +who suffered on the theatre of treachery and blood. + +On the south fork of the South Branch of Potomac, in, what is now, the +county of Pendleton, was the fort of Capt. Sivert.[11] In this fort, +the inhabitants of what was then called the "Upper Tract," all sought +shelter from the tempest of savage ferocity; and at the time the +Indians appeared before [66] it, there were contained within its walls +between thirty and forty persons of both sexes and of different ages. +Among them was Mr. Dyer, (the father of Col. Dyer now of Pendleton) +and his family. On the morning of the fatal day, Col. Dyer and his +sister left the fort for the accomplishment of some object, and +although no Indians had been seen there for some time, yet did they +not proceed far, before they came in view of a party of forty or fifty +Shawanees, going directly towards the fort. Alarmed for their own +safety, as well as for the safety of their friends, the brother and +sister endeavored by a hasty flight to reach the gate and gain +admittance into the garrison; but before they could effect this, they +were overtaken and made captives. + +The Indians rushed immediately to the fort and commenced a furious +assault on it. Capt. Sivert prevailed, (not without much opposition,) +on the besieged, to forbear firing 'till he should endeavor to +negotiate with, and buy off the enemy. With this view, and under the +protection of a flag he went out, and soon succeeded in making the +wished for arrangement. When he returned, the gates were thrown open, +and the enemy admitted. + +No sooner had the money and other articles, stipulated to be given, +been handed over to the Indians, than a most bloody tragedy was begun +to be acted. Arranging the inmates of the fort, in two rows, with a +space of about ten feet between them, two Indians were selected; who +taking each his station at the head of a row, with their tomahawks +most cruelly murdered almost every white person in the fort; some few, +whom caprice or some other cause, induced them to spare, were carried +into captivity,--such articles as could be well carried away were +taken off by the Indians; the remainder was consumed, with the fort, +by fire. + +The course pursued by Capt. Sivert, has been supposed to have been +dictated by timidity and an ill founded apprehension of danger from +the attack. It is certain that strong opposition was made to it by +many; and it has been said that his own son raised his rifle to shoot +him, when he ordered the gates to be thrown open; and was only +prevented from executing his purpose, by the interference of some near +to him. Capt. Sivert was also supported by many, in the plan which he +proposed to rid the fort of its assailants: it was known to be weak, +and incapable of withstanding a vigorous onset; and [67] its garrison +was illy supplied with the munitions of war. Experience might have +taught them, however, the futility of any measure of security, founded +in a reliance on Indian faith, in time of hostility; and in deep and +bitter anguish, they were made to feel its realization in the present +instance. + +In the summer of 1761, about sixty Shawanee warriors penetrated the +settlements on James river. To avoid the fort at the mouth of Looney's +creek, on this river, they passed through Bowen's gap in Purgatory +mountain, in the night; and ascending Purgatory creek, killed Thomas +Perry, Joseph Dennis and his child and made prisoner his wife, Hannah +Dennis. They then proceeded to the house of Robert Renix, where they +captured Mrs. Renix, (a daughter of Sampson Archer) and her five +children, William, Robert, Thomas, Joshua and Betsy--Mr. Renix not +being at home. They then went to the house of Thomas Smith, where +Renix was; and shot and scalped him and Smith; and took with them, +Mrs. Smith and Sally Jew, a white servant girl.[12] + +William and Audley Maxwell, and George Matthews, (afterwards governor +of Georgia,) were then going to Smith's house; and hearing the report +of the guns, supposed that there was a shooting match. But when they +rode to the front of the house and saw the dead bodies of Smith and +Renix lying in the yard, they discovered their mistake; and +contemplating for a moment the awful spectacle, wheeled to ride back. +At this instant several guns were fired at them; fortunately without +doing any execution, except the cutting off the club of Mr. Matthews' +cue. The door of the house was then suddenly opened; the Indians +rushed out and raising the war cry, several of them fired--Audley +Maxwell was slightly wounded in the arm. + +It appeared afterwards, that the Indians had seen Matthews and the +Maxwells coming; and that some of them had crowded into the house, +while the others with the prisoners went to the north side of it, and +concealed themselves behind some fallen timber. Mrs. Renix, after she +was restored to her friends in 1766, stated that she was sitting tied, +in the midst of four Indians, who laying their guns on a log, took +deliberate aim at Matthews; the others firing at the Maxwells--The +sudden wheeling of their horses no doubt saved the lives of all +three. + +The Indians then divided, and twenty of them taking the [68] +prisoners, the plunder and some horses which they had stolen, set off +by the way of Jackson's river, for the Ohio; the remainder started +towards Cedar creek, with the ostensible view of committing farther +depredations. But Matthews and the Maxwells had sounded the alarm, and +the whole settlement were soon collected at Paul's stockade fort, at +the Big spring near to Springfield. Here the women and children were +left to be defended by Audley Maxwell and five other men; while the +others, forming a party of twenty-two, with George Matthews at their +head, set out in quest of the enemy. + +The Indians were soon overtaken, and after a severe engagement, were +forced to give ground. Matthews and his party followed in pursuit, as +far as Purgatory creek; but the night being very dark in consequence +of a continued rain, the fugitives effected an escape; and overtaking +their comrades with the prisoners and plunder, on the next evening, at +the forks of the James and Cowpasture rivers, proceeded to Ohio +without further molestation. + +When Matthews and his men, on the morning succeeding the engagement, +returned to the field of battle, they found nine Indians dead; whom +they buried on the spot. Benjamin Smith, Thomas Maury and the father +of Sally Jew, were the only persons of Matthews' party, who were +killed--these, together with those who had been murdered on the +preceding day, were buried near the fork of a branch, in (what is now) +the meadow of Thomas Cross sr. + +In Boquet's treaty with the Ohio Indians, it was stipulated that the +whites detained by them in captivity were to be brought in and +redeemed. In compliance with this stipulation, Mrs. Renix was brought +to Staunton in 1767 and ransomed, together with two of her sons, +William, the late Col. Renix of Greenbrier, and Robert, also of +Greenbrier--Betsy, her daughter, had died on the Miami. Thomas +returned in 1783, but soon after removed and settled, on the Scioto, +near Chilicothe. Joshua never came back; he took an Indian wife and +became a Chief among the Miamies--he amassed a considerable fortune +and died near Detroit in 1810. + +Hannah Dennis was separated from the other captives, and allotted to +live at the Chilicothe towns.[13] She learned their language; painted +herself as they do; and in many respects conformed to their manners +and customs. She was attentive to sick persons and was highly esteemed +by the Indians, as [69] one well skilled in the art of curing +diseases. Finding them very superstitious and believers in necromancy; +she professed witchcraft, and affected to be a prophetess. In this +manner she conducted herself, 'till she became so great a favorite +with them, that they gave her full liberty and honored her as a queen. +Notwithstanding this, Mrs. Dennis was always determined to effect her +escape, when a favorable opportunity should occur; and having remained +so long with them, apparently well satisfied, they ceased to entertain +any suspicions of such a design. + +In June 1763, she left the Chilicothe towns, _ostensibly_ to procure +herbs for medicinal purposes, (as she had before frequently done,) but +_really_ to attempt an escape. As she did not return that night, her +intention became suspected; and in the morning, some warriors were +sent in pursuit of her. In order to leave as little trail as possible, +she had crossed the Scioto river three times, and was just getting +over the fourth time 40 miles below the towns, when she was discovered +by her pursuers. They fired at her across the river without effect; +but in endeavoring to make a rapid flight, she had one of her feet +severely cut by a sharp stone. + +The Indians then rushed across the river to overtake and catch her, +but she eluded them by crawling into the hollow limb, of a large +fallen sycamore. They searched around for her some time, frequently +stepping on the log which concealed her; and encamped near it that +night. On the next day they went on to the Ohio river, but finding no +trace of her, they returned home. + +Mrs. Dennis remained at that place three days, doctoring her wound, +and then set off for home. She crossed the Ohio river, at the mouth of +Great Kenhawa, on a log of driftwood, travelling only during the +night, for fear of discovery--She subsisted on roots, herbs, green +grapes, wild cherries and river muscles--and entirely exhausted by +fatigue and hunger, sat down by the side of Greenbrier river, with no +expectation of ever proceeding farther. In this situation she was +found by Thomas Athol and three others from Clendennin's settlement, +which she had passed without knowing it. She had been then upwards of +twenty days on her disconsolate journey, alone, on foot--but 'till +then, cheered with the hope of again being with her friends. + +She was taken back to Clendennin's, where they kindly [70] ministered +to her, 'till she became so far invigorated, as to travel on horseback +with an escort, to Fort Young on Jackson's river; from whence she was +carried home to her relations. + +In the course of a few days after Hannah Dennis had gone from +Clendennins, a party of about sixty warriors came to the settlement on +Muddy creek, in the county of Greenbrier. That region of country then +contained no inhabitants, but those on Muddy creek, and in the Levels; +and these are believed to have consisted of at least one hundred +souls. The Indians came apparently as friends, and the French war +having been terminated by the treaty of the preceding spring, the +whites did not for an instant doubt their sincerity. They were +entertained in small parties at different houses, and every civility +and act of kindness, which the new settlers could proffer, were +extended to them. In a moment of the most perfect confidence in the +innocense of their intentions, the Indians rose on them and tomahawked +and scalped all, save a few women and children of whom they made +prisoners. + +After the perpetration of this most barbarous and bloody outrage, the +Indians (excepting some few who took charge of the prisoners) +proceeded to the settlement in the Levels. Here, as at Muddy creek, +they disguised their horrid purpose, and wearing the mask of +friendship, were kindly received at the house of Mr. Clendennin.[14] +This gentleman had just returned from a successful hunt, and brought +home three fine elks--these and the novelty of being with _friendly +Indians_, soon drew the whole settlement to his house. Here too the +Indians were well entertained and feasted on the fruit of Clendennin's +hunt, and every other article of provision which was there, and could +minister to their gratification. An old woman, who was of the party, +having a very sore leg and having understood that Indians could +perform a cure of any ulcer, shewed it to one near her; and asked if +he could heal it--The inhuman monster raised his tomahawk and buried +it in her head. This seemed to be the signal of a general massacre and +promptly was it obeyed--nearly every man of the settlement was killed +and the women and children taken captive. + +While this tragedy was acting, a negro woman, who was [71] endeavoring +to escape, was followed by her crying child.--To save it from savage +butchery, she turned round and murdered it herself. + +Mrs. Clendennin, driven to despair by the cruel and unprovoked murder +of her husband and friends, and the spoliation and destruction of all +their property, boldly charged the Indians with perfidy and treachery; +and alleged that cowards only could act with such duplicity. The +bloody scalp of her husband was thrown in her face--the tomahawk was +raised over her head; but she did not cease to revile them. In going +over Keeny's knot on the next day, the prisoners being in the centre, +and the Indians in the front and rear, she gave her infant child to +one of the women to hold for a while.--She then stepped into the +thicket unperceived, and made her escape. The crying of the infant +soon lead to a discovery of her flight--one of the Indians observed +that he could "bring the cow to her calf," and taking the child by the +heels, beat out its brains against a tree. + +Mrs. Clendennin returned that night to her home, a distance of ten +miles; and covering the body of her husband with rails and trash, +retired into an adjoining corn field, lest she might be pursued and +again taken prisoner. While in the corn field, her mind was much +agitated by contending emotions; and the prospect of effecting an +escape to the settlements, seemed to her dreary and hopeless. In a +moment of despondency, she thought she beheld a man, with the aspect +of a murderer, standing near her; and she became overwhelmed with +fear. It was but the creature of a sickly and terrified imagination; +and when her mind regained its proper tone, she resumed her flight and +reached the settlement in safety.[15] + +These melancholy events occurring so immediately after the escape of +Hannah Dennis; and the unwillingness of the Indians that she should be +separated from them, has induced the supposition that the party +committing those dreadful outrages were in pursuit of her. If such +were the fact, dearly were others made to pay the penalty of her +deliverance. + +This and other incidents, similar in their result, satisfied the +whites that although the war had been terminated on the part of the +French; yet it was likely to be continued with all its horrors, by +their savage allies. This was then, and has since been, attributed to +the smothered hostility of the French in [72] Canada and on the Ohio +river; and to the influence which they had acquired over the Indians. +This may have had its bearing on the event; but from the known +jealousy entertained by the Indians, of the English Colonists; their +apprehensions that they would be dispossessed of the country, which +they then held (England claiming jurisdiction over it by virtue of the +treaty of Paris;) and their dissatisfaction at the terms on which +France had negotiated a peace, were in themselves sufficient to induce +hostilities on the part of the Indians. Charity would incline to the +belief that the continuance of the war was rightly attributable to +these causes--the other reason assigned for it, supposing the +existence of a depravity, so deep and damning, as almost to stagger +credulity itself. + +In October, 1764, about fifty Delaware and Mingo warriors ascended +the Great Sandy and came over on New river, where they separated; +and forming two parties, directed their steps toward different +settlements--one party going toward Roanoke and Catawba--the other in +the direction of Jackson's river. They had not long passed, when +their trail was discovered by three men, (Swope, Pack and Pitman) +who were trapping on New river. These men followed the trail till +they came to where the Indian party had divided; and judging from +the routes which, had been taken, that their object was to visit +the Roanoke and Jackson's river settlements, they determined on +apprizing the inhabitants of their danger. Swope and Pack set out +for Roanoke and Pitman for Jackson's river. But before they could +accomplish their object, the Indians had reached the settlements on +the latter river, and on Catawba. + +The Party which came to Jackson's river, travelled down Dunlap's creek +and crossed James river, above Fort Young, in the night and unnoticed; +and going down this river to William Carpenter's, where was a stockade +fort under the care of a Mr. Brown, they met Carpenter just above his +house and killed him. They immediately proceeded to the house, and +made prisoners of a son of Mr. Carpenter, two sons of Mr. Brown[16] +[73] (all small children) and one woman--the others belonging to the +house, were in the field at work. The Indians then dispoiled the house +and taking off some horses, commenced a precipitate retreat--fearing +discovery and pursuit. + +When Carpenter was shot, the report of the gun was heard by those at +work in the field; and Brown carried the alarm to Fort Young. In +consequence of the weakness of this fort, a messenger was despatched +to Fort Dinwiddie, with the intelligence. Capt. Paul (who still +commanded there,) immediately commenced a pursuit with twenty of his +men; and passing out at the head of Dunlap's creek, descended Indian +creek and New river to Piney creek; without making any discovery of +the enemy. On Indian creek they met Pitman, who had been running all +the day and night before, to apprise the garrison at Fort Young of the +approach of the Indians. Pitman joined in pursuit of the party who had +killed Carpenter; but they, apprehending that they would be followed, +had escaped to Ohio, by the way of Greenbrier and Kenhawa rivers.[17] + +As Capt. Paul and his men were returning, they accidently met with the +other party of Indians, who had been to Catawba, and committed some +depredations and murders there. They were discovered about midnight, +encamped on the north bank of New river, opposite an island at the +mouth of Indian creek. Excepting some few who were watching three +prisoners, (whom they had taken on Catawba, and who were sitting in +the midst of them,) they were lying around a small fire, wrapped in +skins and blankets. Paul's men not knowing that there were captives +among them, fired in the midst, killed three Indians, and wounded +several others, one of whom drowned himself to preserve his scalp--the +rest of the party fled hastily down the river and escaped. + +In an instant after the firing, Capt. Paul and his men rushed forward +to secure the wounded and prevent further escapes. One of the foremost +of his party seeing, as he supposed, a squaw sitting composedly +awaiting the result, raised his tomahawk and just as it was +descending, Capt. Paul threw himself between the assailant and his +victim; and receiving the blow on his arm, exclaimed, "It is a shame +to hurt a woman, even a squaw." Recognising the voice of Paul, the +woman named him. She was Mrs. Catharine Gunn, an English lady, who had +come to the country some years before; and who, previously to her +marriage, had lived in the family of Capt. Paul's father-in-law, where +she became acquainted with that gentleman--She had been taken captive +by the Indians, on the Catawba, a few days before, when her husband +and two only children were killed by them. When questioned why she had +not cried out, or otherwise made known that she was a white prisoner, +she replied, "I had as soon be killed as not--my husband is +murdered--my children are slain--my parents are dead. I have not a +relation in America--every thing dear to me here is gone--I have no +wishes--no hopes--no fears--I would not have risen to my feet to save +my life." + +[74] When Capt. Paul came on the enemy's camp, he silently posted his +men in an advantageous situation for doing execution, and made +arrangements for a simultaneous fire. To render this the more deadly +and efficient, they dropped on one knee, and were preparing to take +deliberate aim, when one of them (John M'Collum) called to his +comrades, "Pull steady and send them all to hell." This ill timed +expression of anxious caution, gave the enemy a moment's warning of +their danger; and is the reason why greater execution was not done. + +The Indians had left all their guns, blankets and plunder--these +together with the three white captives, were taken by Capt. Paul to +Fort Dinwiddie.[18] + +----- + [1] Father of Dr. Archibald Alexander, sometime president of + Hampden Sydney College in Virginia, and afterwards a professor + at Princeton in New Jersey. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--He was the grandfather of Dr. + Alexander. + + [2] The attacks on the Roanoke settlement, mentioned by + Withers, occurred in June and July, 1755 (not the spring of + 1757, as he states); that on Greenbrier, in September + following; and the expedition against the Shawnees did not take + place in 1757, but in February and March, 1756. Diaries and + other documents in the Wisconsin Historical Society's library + prove this. Dr. Draper estimated that Lewis's force was about + 263 whites and 130 Cherokees--418 in all. The several companies + were officered by Peter Hogg, John Smith, William Preston, + Archibald Alexander, Robert Breckenridge, Obadiah Woodson, John + Montgomery, and one Dunlap. Two of Dr. Thomas Walker's + companions in his Kentucky exploration of 1750, were in the + expedition--Henry Lawless and Colby Chew. Governor Dinwiddie + had stipulated in his note to Washington, in December, 1755, + that either Col. Adam Stephen or Maj. Andrew Lewis was to + command. Washington having selected the latter, dispatched him + from Winchester about the middle of January, 1756, with orders + to hurry on the expedition. To the mismanagement of the guides + is attributed much of the blame for its failure. The + interesting Journals of Capt. William Preston and Lieut. Thomas + Norton are in the possession of the Wisconsin Historical + Society.--R. G. T. + + [3] But Gallipolis was not settled until 1790, as has been + previously shown. Withers confounds the modern French town of + Gallipolis, whose residents were the sad victims of Indian + outrages rather than the abettors of them, with the old Shawnee + town just below the mouth of the Scioto (site of Alexandria, + O.). This fur-trading center was a village of log huts built by + the French for the accommodation of their Shawnee allies, and + was a center of frontier disturbances.--R. G. T. + + [4] Preston's Journal does not lay much stress on Hogg's + delay. Norton's Journal, speaking of Hogg, says, "common + soldiers were by him scarcely treated with humanity," and he + seems to have regularly overruled and disobeyed Lewis. There + was much rancor in camp, and Norton writes of the Cherokee + allies, "The conduct and concord that was kept up among the + Indians might shame us, for they were in general quite + unanimous and brotherly."--R. G. T. + + [5] This expedition was sent out under the auspices of Gov. + Dinwiddie--Fauquier did not become governor until 1758. No + countermanding orders were sent.--L. C. D. + + [6] Audley Paul was first lieutenant in Preston's + company.--L. C. D. + + [7] Withers, deriving his information from Taylor's + sketches, was misled as to any intention of establishing a + fort at the mouth of the Kanawha; and also as to Paul's, or + any one else's proposition to cross the Ohio, and invade the + Shawnee towns. The only aim was, to reach the Upper Shawnee + town.--L. C. D. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--"Upper Shawnee town" was an Indian + village at the mouth of Old Town Creek, emptying into the Ohio + from the north, 39 miles above the mouth of the Great Kanawha. + + [8] If such a journal ever existed, it passed into the hands + of Gov. Dinwiddie, or possibly to Gov. Fauquier; but no + reference to it is found among the _Dinwiddie Papers_, as + published by the Virginia Historical Society; nor in the + _Calendar of State Papers_, published by the State of Virginia. + It is to be remarked, however, that few of the records of that + period have been preserved by that State.--L. C. D. + + [9] Shortly after, M'Nutt was appointed governor of Nova + Scotia, where he remained until the commencement of the + American revolution. In this contest he adhered to the cause of + liberty, and joined his countrymen in arms under Gen. Gates at + Saratoga. He was afterwards known as a meritorious officer in + the brigade of Baron de Kalb, in the south--he died in 1811, + and was buried in the Falling Spring church yard, in the forks + of James river. + + [10] Preston's MS. Register of the persons of Augusta county, + Va., killed, wounded, captured by the Indians, and of those who + escaped, from 1754 to May, 1758, is in the Wisconsin Historical + Society's library. It is to be regretted that Col. Preston, + whose opportunities were so good, did not continue the Register + till the end of the Indian wars. It is a most valuable document + as far as it goes, and supplies many dates and facts hitherto + involved in doubt and obscurity.--L. C. D. + + [11] Seybert's Fort was situated on the South Fork, twelve + miles northeast of Franklin, in Pendleton County. At the time + of this invasion, there was a fort located on the South Branch, + garrisoned by Capt. James Dunlap and a company of rangers from + Augusta county. Preston's Register states, that on the 27th of + April, 1758, the fort at which Capt. Dunlap was stationed, was + attacked and captured, the captain and twenty-two others + killed; and, the next day, the same party, no doubt, attacked + Seybert's Fort, killing Capt. Seybert and sixteen others, while + twenty-four others were missing. Washington, at the time, + placed the number as "about sixty persons killed and missing." + + A gazette account, published at Williamsburg, May 5th ensuing, + says: "The Indians lately took and burnt two forts, where were + stationed one of our ranging companies, forty of whom were + killed and scalped, and Lieut. Dunlap and nineteen missing." + + Kercheval's _History of the Valley_ gives some further + particulars: That Seybert's Fort was taken by surprise; that + ten of the thirty persons occupying it, were bound, taken + outside; the others were placed on a log and tomahawked. James + Dyer, a lad of fourteen, was spared, taken first to Logstown, + and then to Chillicothe, and retained a year and ten months, + when as one of an Indian party he visited Fort Pitt, and + managed to evade his associates while there, and finally + reached the settlements in Pennsylvania, and two years later + returned to the South Fork. It is added by the same historian, + as another tradition, that after the fort had been invested two + days, and two of the Indians had been killed, the garrison + agreed to surrender on condition of their lives being spared, + which, was solemnly promised. That when the gate was opened, + the Indians rushed in with demoniac yells, the whites fled, but + were retaken, except one person; the massacre then took place, + and ten were carried off into captivity. + + Still another tradition preserved by Kercheval, says the noted + Delaware chief, Killbuck, led the Indians. Seybert's son, a lad + of fifteen, exhibited great bravery in the defense of the fort. + Killbuck called out to Capt. Seybert, in English, to surrender, + and their lives should be spared; when young Seybert at this + instant, aimed his loaded gun at the chief, and the father + seized it, and took it from him, saying they could not + successfully defend the place, and to save their lives should + surrender, confiding in Killbuck's assurances. Capt. Seybert + was among the first of those sacrificed. Young Seybert was + among the prisoners, and told the chief how near he came to + killing him. "You young rascal," laughingly replied Killbuck, + "if you had killed me, you would have saved the fort, for had I + fallen, my warriors would have immediately fled, and given up + the siege in despair."--L. C. D. + + [12] The name is Renick. Robert Renick, who was killed on the + occasion referred to, was a man of character and influence in + his day. His name appears on Capt. John Smith's company roll of + Augusta militia as early as 1742; and four years later, he was + lieutenant of a mounted company of Augusta militia. Instead of + 1761, the captivity of the Renick family occurred July 25, + 1757, as shown by the Preston Register, which states that + Renick and another were killed on that day--Mrs. Renick and + seven children, and a Mrs. Dennis, captured; and the same day, + at Craig's Creek, one man was killed and two wounded. The + Renick traditions state that Mrs. Renick had only five children + when taken; and one born after reaching the Indian towns; and + corrects some other statements not properly related in + Withers's narrative of the affair.--L. C. D. + + [13] In 1763-65, the great Shawnee village just below the + mouth of the Scioto (site of Alexandria, O.), was destroyed by + floods. Some of the tribesmen rebuilt their town on a higher + bottom just above the mouth (site of Portsmouth, O.), while + others ascended the Scioto and built successively Old and New + Chillicothe.--R. G. T. + + [14] Where Ballard Smith now resides. + + [15] Further particulars of this captivity are in Royall's + _Sketches of History, Life, and Manners in U. S._ (New Haven, + 1826), pp. 60-66.--R. G. T. + + [16] Carpenter's son (since Doctor Carpenter of Nicholas) + came home about fifteen years afterwards--Brown's youngest son, + (the late Col. Samuel Brown of Greenbrier) was brought home in + 1769--the elder son never returned. He took an Indian wife, + became wealthy and lived at Brown's town in Michigan. He acted + a conspicuous part in the late war and died in 1815. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--Adam Brown, who was captured as + mentioned in the above text and note, was thought by his last + surviving son, Adam Brown, Jr., whom I visited in Kansas in + 1868, to have been about six years old when taken; and he died, + he thought, about 1817, at about seventy-five years of age. But + these dates, and his probable age, do not agree; he was either + older when taken, or not so old at his death. The mother was + killed when the sons were captured, and the father and some + others of the family escaped. The late William Walker, an + educated Wyandott, and at one time territorial governor of + Kansas, stated to me, that the Wyandotts never made chiefs of + white captives, but that they often attained, by their merits, + considerable consequence. It is, however, certain that Abraham + Kuhn, a white prisoner, grew up among the Wyandotts, and, + according to Heckewelder, became a war chief among them, and + signed the treaty at Big Beaver in 1785; and Adam Brown himself + signed the treaties of 1805 and 1808, and doubtless would have + signed later ones had he not sided with the British Wyandotts, + and retired to Canada, near Malden, where he died. + + [17] It is highly probable that this foray took place in + 1763. During this year, as features of the Pontiac uprising, + bloody forays were made on the more advanced settlements on + Jackson, Greenbrier, and Calf Pasture rivers, and several + severe contests ensued between whites and Indians. Captains + Moffett and Phillips, with sixty rangers, were ambuscaded with + the loss of fifteen men. Col. Charles Lewis pursued the savages + with 150 volunteers raised in a single night, and on October + 3rd surprised them at the head of the South Fork of the + Potomac, killing twenty-one, with no white losses. The spoils + of this victory, beside the "five horses with all their + trappings," sold for £250. This was the most notable of the + several skirmishes which took place on the Virginia frontier, + that year.--R. G. T. + + [18] Perhaps this affair is that related by Capt. William + Christian, in a letter dated Roanoke, Oct. 19th, 1763, as + published in the gazettes of that day--there are, at least, + some suggestive similarities: "Being joined by Capt. + Hickenbotham, with twenty-five of the Amherst militia, we + marched on Tuesday last, to Winston's Meadows, where our + scouts informed us, that they had discovered a party of + Indians about three miles off. Night coming on, prevented our + meeting them; and next day, being rainy, made it difficult to + follow their tracks. As they were on their return, Capt. + Hickenbotham marched to join Capt. Ingles down New River. I, + with nineteen men and my ensign, took a different route in + quest of them. We marched next day on their tracks until + two hours before sunset, when we heard some guns, and soon + afterwards discovered three large fires, which appeared to + be on the bank of Turkey Creek, where it empties into New + river. Upon this we immediately advanced, and found they + were on an island. Being within gun-shot, we fired on them, + and loading again, forded the creek. The Indians, after + killing Jacob Kimberlain, a prisoner they had with them, made + but a slight resistence, and ran off. We found one Indian + killed on the spot, and, at a little distance, four blankets + shot through, and very bloody. We took all their bundles, + four guns, eight tomahawks, and two mares. They had several + other horses, which being frightened by the firing, ran off + and were lost. The party consisted of upwards of twenty + Indians. By the tracks of blood, we imagined several of them + were wounded." This affair occurred Oct. 12th.--L. C. D. + + + + +[75] CHAPTER IV. + + +During the continuance of the French war, and of that with the Indians +which immediately succeeded it, the entire frontier from New York to +Georgia was exposed to the merciless fury of the savages. In no +instance were the measures of defence adopted by the different +colonies, adequate to their object.--From some unaccountable fatuity +in those who had the direction of this matter, a defensive war, which +alone could have checked aggression and prevented the effusion of +blood, was delayed 'till the whole population, of the country west of +the Blue ridge, had retired east of those mountains; or were cooped up +in forts. + +The chief means of defence employed, were the militia of the adjoining +counties, and the establishment of a line of forts and block-houses, +dispersed along a considerable extent of country, and occupied by +detachments of British colonial troops, or by militiamen. All these +were utterly incompetent to effect security; partly from the +circumstances of the case, and somewhat from the entire want of +discipline, and the absence of that subordination which is absolutely +necessary to render an army effective. + +So great and apparent were the insubordination and remissness of duty, +on the part of the various garrisons, that Gen. Washington, declared +them "utterly inefficient and useless;" and the inhabitants +themselves, could place no reliance whatever on them, for protection. +In a particular instance, such were the inattention and carelessness +of the garrison that several children playing under the walls of the +fort, were run down and caught by the Indians, who were not discovered +'till they arrived at the very gate.[1] + +In Virginia the error of confiding on the militia, soon became +apparent.[2] Upon the earnest remonstrance and entreaty of General +Washington, the colonial legislature substituted a force of +regulars,[3] [76] which at once effected the partial security of her +frontier, and gave confidence to the inhabitants. + +In Pennsylvania, from the pacific disposition of her rulers and their +abhorrence of war of any kind, her border settlements suffered most +severely. The whole extent of her frontier was desolated by the +Indians, and irruptions were frequently made by them into the +interior. The establishments, which had been made in the Conococheague +valley, were altogether broken up and scenes of the greatest +barbarity, on one side, and of the utmost suffering on the other, were +constantly exhibiting. A few instances of this suffering and of that +barbarity, may not be improperly adduced here. They will serve to +illustrate the condition of those who were within reach of the savage +enemy; and perhaps, to palliate the enormities practiced on the +christian Indians. + +In the fall of 1754 about forty or fifty Indians entered that +province, and dividing themselves into two parties, sought the +unprotected settlements, for purposes of murder and devastation: the +smaller party went about the forks of Delaware--the other directing +their steps along the Susquehanna. On the 2nd of October, twelve of +the former appeared before the house of Peter Williamson, (a +Scotchman, with no family but his wife,) who had made considerable +improvement near the Delaware river. Mrs. Williamson being from home, +he sat up later than usual, and about 11 o'clock was astounded at the +savage war whoop, resounding from various directions, near to the +house. Going to the window, he perceived several Indians standing in +the yard, one of whom, in broken English, promised that if he would +come out and surrender he should not be killed; threatening at the +same time that if he did not, they would burn him up in his house. +Unable to offer an effectual resistance, and preferring the chance of +safety by surrendering, to the certainty of a horrid death if he +attempted an opposition, he yielded himself up a prisoner. + +So soon as he was in their power they plundered the house of such +articles as they could conveniently take with them, and set fire to +it, and to the barn, in which was a quantity of wheat, some horses and +other cattle. After inflicting some severe tortures on Williamson, and +forcing him to carry a heavy weight of the plunder, which they had +taken from him, they went to a neighboring house, occupied by Jacob +Snyder, his wife, five children and a servant. The piercing cries, and +[77] agonizing shrieks of these poor creatures, made no impression on +the savages. The father, mother, and children were tomahawked and +scalped, and their bodies consumed by fire together with the house. +The servant was spared that he might aid in carrying their plunder; +but manifesting deep distress at his situation as prisoner, he was +tomahawked before they proceeded far. + +Before they could accomplish farther mischief a fall of snow, making +them apprehensive that they would be pursued by the united force of +the settlement, induced them to return to Alamingo--taking Williamson +with them. + +On their way back, they met with the party of Indians, which had +separated from them, as they approached the settlements. These had +been lower down on the Susquehanna, and had succeeded in making +greater havoc, and committing more depredations, than it had fallen to +the lot of those who had taken Williamson, to commit. They had with +them three prisoners and twenty scalps. According to the account of +their transactions as detailed by the prisoners, they had on one day +killed and scalped John Lewis, his wife and three children, and in a +few days after had murdered, with almost every circumstance of +cruelty, Jacob Miller, his wife and six children, and George Folke, +his wife and nine children, cutting up the bodies of the latter +family and giving them piece-meal to the hogs in the pen. Wherever +they had been, destruction marked their course. In every instance the +houses, barns and grain stacks were consumed by fire; and the stock +killed. + +The three prisoners who had been brought in by the last party, +endeavored soon after to effect an escape; but their ignorance of the +country, and the persevering activity and vigilance of the Indians, +prevented the accomplishment of their attempt. They were overtaken, +and brought back; and then commenced a series of cruelties, tortures +and death, sufficient to shock the sensibilities of the most obdurate +heart, if unaccustomed to the perpetration of such enormities. + +Two of them were tied to trees, around which large fires were kindled, +and they suffered to remain for some time, in the gradual but horrible +state of being scorched to death. After the Indians had enjoyed awhile +the writhings of agony and the tears of anguish, which were drawn from +these suffering victims, one, stepping within the circle, ripped open +their bodies and threw their bowels into the flames. Others, to +emulate [78] this most shocking deed, approached, and with knives, +burning sticks, and heated irons, continued to lacerate, pierce and +tear the flesh from their breasts, arms and legs, 'till death closed +the scene of horrors and rendered its victims insensible to its +pains. + +The third was reserved a few hours, that he might be sacrificed under +circumstances of peculiar enormity. A hole being dug in the ground of +a depth sufficient to enable him to stand upright, with his head only +exposed, his arms were pinioned to his body, he placed in it, and the +loose earth thrown in and rammed closely around him. He was then +scalped and permitted to remain in that situation for several hours. A +fire was next kindled near his head. In vain did the poor suffering +victim of hellish barbarity exclaim, that his brains were boiling in +his head; and entreat the mercy of instant death. Deaf to his cries, +and inexorable to his entreaties, they continued the fire 'till his +eye balls burst and gushed from their sockets, and death put a period +to his sufferings. + +Of all these horrid spectacles, Williamson was an unwilling spectator; +and supposing that he was reserved for some still more cruel and +barbarous fate, determined on escaping. This he was soon enabled to +do; and returned to the settlements.[4] + +The frequent infliction of such enormities as these upon the +helpless and unoffending women and children, as well as upon those +who were more able to resist and better qualified to endure them; +together with the desolation of herds, the devastation of crops, and +the conflagration of houses which invariably characterized those +incursions, engendered a general feeling of resentment, that sought +in some instances, to wreak itself on those who were guiltless of any +participation in those bloody deeds. That vindictive spirit led to +the perpetration of offences against humanity, not less atrocious +than those which they were intended to requite; and which obliterated +every discriminative feature between the perpetrators of them, and +their savage enemies. + +The Canestoga Indians, to the number of forty, lived in a village, in +the vicinity of Lancaster; they were in amity with the whites, and had +been in peace and quiet for a considerable length of time. An +association of men, denominated the "Paxton boys," broke into their +little town and murdered all who were found at home--fourteen men, +women and children fell a prey to the savage brutality of those sons +of civilization [79]. The safety of the others was sought to be +effected, by confining them in the jail at Lancaster. It was in vain. +The walls of a prison could afford no protection, from the relentless +fury of these exasperated men. The jail doors were broken open, and +its wretched inmates cruelly murdered.--And, as if their deaths could +not satiate their infuriate murderers, their bodies were brutally +mangled, the hands and feet lopped off, and scalps torn from the +bleeding heads of innocent infants. + +A similar fate impended the christian Indians of Nequetank and Nain; +and was only averted, by the timely interposition of the government of +Pennsylvania. They were removed to Philadelphia, where they remained +from November 1763 'till after the close of the war in December 1764; +during which time the Paxton boys twice assembled in the neighborhood +of the city, for the purpose of assaulting the barracks and murdering +the Indians, but were deterred by the military preparations made to +oppose them; and ultimately, but reluctantly, desisted. + +Had the feelings excited in the minds of these misguided men, by the +cruelties of the Indians, been properly directed, it would have +produced a quite different result. If, instead of avenging the +outrages of others, upon those who were no otherwise guilty than in +the complexion of their skin, they had directed their exertions to the +repressing of invasion, and the punishment of its authors, much good +might have been achieved; and they, instead of being stigmatized as +murderers of the innocent, would have been hailed as benefactors of +the border settlements. Associations of this kind were formed in that +province, and contributed no little to lessen the frequency of Indian +massacres, and to prevent the effusion of blood, and the destruction +of property. At the time the Paxton boys were meditating and +endeavoring to effect the destruction of the peaceable christian +Indians, another company, formed by voluntary league, was actively +engaged in checking the intrusions, of those who were enemies, and in +punishing their aggressions. A company of riflemen, called the Black +boys (from the fact of their painting themselves red and black, after +the Indian fashion,) under the command of Capt. James Smith, +contributed to preserve the Conococheague valley, during the years +1763 and 1764, from the devastation [80] which had overspread it early +after the commencement of Braddock's war. + +Capt. Smith had been captured by the Indians in the spring of 1755, +and remained with them until the spring of 1759, when he left them at +Montreal, and after some time arrived at home in Pennsylvania. He was +in Fort du Quesne, when the Indians and French went out to surprise +Gen. Braddock; and witnessed the burnings and other dreadful tortures +inflicted upon those who were so unfortunate as to have been made +prisoners; and the orgies and demoniacal revels with which the victory +was celebrated. He was subsequently adopted into a family, by which he +was kindly treated; and became well acquainted with their manner of +warfare, and the various arts practised by them, to ensure success in +their predatory incursions, and afterwards to elude pursuit. He became +satisfied from observation, that to combat Indians successfully, they +must be encountered in their own way; and he accordingly instructed +his men in the Indian mode of warfare, dressed them after the Indian +fashion, and fought after the Indian manner.[5] + +An instance of the good effect resulting from practicing the arts +and stratagems of the Indians, occurred during this war; and to +its success the garrison of Fort Pitt were indebted for their +preservation. + +After the ratification of the treaty of peace which had been concluded +between England and France, war continued to be waged by the Indians +on the whole western frontier. A large body of them had collected and +marched to Fort Pitt, with a view to its reduction by famine. It had +been invested for some time and the garrison being too weak to sally +out and give battle to the besiegers, Capt. Ecuyer dispatched +messengers with the intelligence of his situation and a request for +aid and provisions: these were either compelled to return or be +killed, as the country for some distance east of Fort Pitt was in the +possession of the savages.[6] + +At length a quantity of provisions were ordered by Gov. Amherst for +the relief of the fort, and forwarded under a strong guard commanded +by Colonel Boquet. The Indians were soon apprized of this and +determined on intercepting the provisions, and if practicable, to +prevent their reaching the place of their destination. With this +object in view, a considerable force was detached, to watch the +motions of Col. Boquet and [81] upon a favorable opportunity to give +him battle. In a narrow defile on Turtle creek an attack was made by +the Indians, and a severe engagement ensued. Both armies fought with +the most obstinate bravery, from one o'clock 'till night, and in the +morning it was resumed, and continued with unabated fury for several +hours. At length Col. Boquet, having placed four companies of infantry +and grenadiers in ambush, ordered a retreat. So soon as this was +commenced, the Indians, confident of victory, pressed forward with +considerable impetuosity, and fell into the ambuscade. This decided +the contest--the Indians were repulsed with great slaughter and +dispersed. + +The loss of the British, in killed and wounded, exceeded one hundred. +That they were not entirely cut off, was attributable to the stratagem +of the retreat (a favorite one of the Indians;) the success of which +not only saved the detachment under Col. Boquet, but likewise +preserved Fort Pitt, from falling into the hands of the savage foe. + +The loss sustained by the enemy, must have equaled that of the +British; several of their most distinguished chiefs and warriors, were +of the number of the slain: and so decisive was the victory obtained +over them, that in the succeeding campaign against the Indians on the +Muskingum, Boquet found not much difficulty in bringing them to terms. +A cessation of hostilities was agreed to, upon condition that they +would give up all the whites then detained by them in captivity. +Upwards of three hundred prisoners were then redeemed; but the season +being far advanced and the others scattered in different parts of the +country, it was stipulated, that they should be brought into Fort Pitt +early in the ensuing spring; and as a security that they would comply +with this condition of the armistice, six of their chiefs were +delivered up as hostages--these however succeeded in making their +escape before the army arrived at Fort Pitt.[7] + +The ill success which had attended the combined operations of the +Indians, during this war, the difficulty of procuring ammunition to +support it, and the fact that it had begun to be carried into their +own country, disposed them to make peace. A treaty was accordingly +concluded with them by Sir William Johnson in 1765. Previous to this +however, some few depredations were committed by the Indians, in +contravention of the agreement made with them by Col. Boquet; and +which induced a belief that the want of clothes and ammunition,[82] +was the real cause of their partial forbearance. It was therefore of +great consequence, to prevent their obtaining a supply of these +necessaries, until there could be some stronger assurance, than had +been given, of their pacific disposition. + +Notwithstanding the prevalence of this impression, and the fact, that +a royal proclamation had been issued, forbidding any person trading +with the Indians, yet in March 1765 a number of wagons, laden with +goods and warlike stores for the Indians, was sent from Philadelphia +to Henry Pollens of Conococheague, to be thence transported on pack +horses to Fort Pitt. This very much alarmed the country; and many +individuals remonstrated against the propriety of supplying the +Indians at that particular juncture; alleging the well known fact, +that they were then destitute of ammunition and clothing, and that to +furnish them with those articles, would be to aid in bringing on +another frontier war, and to lend themselves to the commission of +those horrid murders, by which those wars were always distinguished. +Remonstrance was fruitless. The gainful traffick which could be then +carried on with the Indians, banished every other consideration; and +seventy horses, packed with goods, were directed on to Fort Pitt. + +In this situation of things, Capt. James Smith, (who had been with +Boquet during the campaign of 1764, and was well convinced that a +supply at that time of clothing and ammunition, would be the signal +for the recommencement of hostilities) collected ten of his "Black +boys," painted and dressed as Indians; and waylaid the caravan, near a +place called the "Side long Hill." He disposed his men in pairs, +behind trees along the road, at intervals of about 60 yards, with +orders for the second not to fire 'till the first had reloaded, so +that a regular, slow fire might be maintained at once, from front to +rear. + +As soon as the cavalcade approached, the firing commenced, and the +pack horses beginning to fall by the side of their conductors, excited +the fear of the latter, and induced them to cry out "Gentlemen what +would you have us to do." Captain Smith replied, "collect all your +loads to the front, deposit them in one place; take your private +property and retire." These things were accordingly done; and the +goods left (consisting of blankets, shirts, beads, vermillion, powder, +lead, tomahawks, scalping knives, &c.) were immediately burned or +otherwise destroyed. + +[83] The traders then went to Fort Loudon, and obtaining of the +commanding officer a party of Highland soldiers, proceeded in quest of +the _Robbers_ (as they termed them;) some of whom were taken and +carried into the Fort. Capt. Smith then raised about 300 riflemen, and +marching to Fort Loudon, occupied a position on an eminence near it. +He had not been long there before he had more than twice as many of +the garrison, prisoners in his camp, as there were of his men in the +guard house. Under a flag of truce proceeding from the Fort, a +convention for the exchange of prisoners was entered into between +Capt. Grant, the commander of the garrison, and Capt. Smith, and the +latter with his men, immediately returned to their homes. [8] + +Occurrences such as this, were afterwards of too frequent [84] +recurrence. The people had been taught by experience, that the fort +afforded very little, if any protection to those who were not confined +within its walls--they were jealous of the easy, and yet secure life +led by the garrison, and apprehensive of the worst consequences from +the intercourse of traders with the Indians. Under those feelings, +they did not scruple to intercept the passage of goods to the trading +posts, and commit similar outrages to those above described, if there +were any interference on the part of the neighboring forts. On one +occasion, Capt. Grant was himself taken prisoner, and [85] detained +'till restitution was made the inhabitants of some guns, which had +been taken from them, by soldiers from the garrison; and in 1769, a +quantity of powder, lead and other articles was taken from some +traders passing through Bedford county, and destroyed. Several +persons, supposed to have been of the party who committed this +outrage, were apprehended, and laid in irons in the guard house at +Fort Bedford. + +Capt. Smith, although in no wise engaged in this transaction, nor yet +approving it, was nevertheless so indignant that an offence against +the civil authorities, should be attempted to be punished by a +military tribunal, that he resolved on effecting their release. To +accomplish this, he collected eighteen of his "Black boys," in whom he +knew he could confide; and marched along the main road in the +direction of Fort Bedford. On his way to that place, he did not +attempt to conceal his object, but freely told to every one who +enquired, that he was going to take Fort Bedford. On the evening of +the second day of their march, they arrived at the crossings of +Juniata, (14 miles from Bedford) and erected tents as if they intended +encamping there all night. + +Previous to this, Capt. Smith had communicated his intention to Mr. +William Thompson (who lived in Bedford and on whom he could rely,) and +prevailed on him to obtain what information he could as to the effect +produced in the garrison by the preparations which he was making for +its attack; and acquaint him with it. That he might be enabled to do +this with greater certainty, a place and hour were appointed at which +Capt. Smith would meet him. + +About 11 o'clock at night the march was resumed, and moving +briskly they arrived near to Bedford, where they met Thompson; who +communicated to them the fact, that the garrison had been apprized +of their object that in consequence of having heard from them on +the preceding evening, at the Crossings of Juniata, it was not +expected they would arrive before mid-day, that their number was +known, and the enterprise ridiculed. Thompson then returned to +Bedford, and the party moved silently under covert of the banks of the +river, 'till they approached near to the Fort, where they lay +concealed, awaiting the opening of the gate. About day light +Thompson apprised them that the guard had thrown open the gate, and +were taking their morning's dram; that the arms were stacked not far +from the entrance into the Fort, and three centinels on the wall. + +Upon hearing these things, Capt. Smith with his men rushed rapidly to +the Fort, and the morning being misty, were not discovered 'till they +had reached the gate. At that instant the centinels fired their guns +and gave the alarm; but Capt. Smith and his men took possession of the +arms, and raised a loud shout, before the soldiers of the garrison +could learn the cause of the alarm, or get to the scene of action. + +[86] Having thus obtained possession of the Fort, Capt. Smith had the +prisoners released from the guardhouse, and compelling a blacksmith to +knock off their irons, left the Fort with them and returned to +Conococheaque. "This, Capt. Smith says, was the first British fort in +America, taken by what they called American rebels." + +Some time after this, an attempt was made to apprehend Capt. Smith, as +he was proceeding to survey and locate land on the Youghogany river. +In the encounter which succeeded, a man (by the name of Johnson) was +killed; and the murder being charged on Smith, he was confined for a +time in Bedford jail; but fearing a release, the civil authority sent +him privately through the wilderness to Carlisle, to await a trial for +the alledged offence. On hearing this, upwards of three hundred +persons (among whom were his old "Black boys,") proceeded to Carlisle +to effect a rescue; and were only prevented the accomplishment of +their object, by the solicitation of Smith himself. He knew his +innocence, and preferred awaiting a trial; and how willing soever he +might have been to oppose any encroachments of the military, he held +in just abhorrence, an opposition to the civil authority of his +country. He was put on his trial and acquitted.[9] + +[87] Events such as those which have been narrated, serve to shew the +state of things which existed at that day; and to point out the evils +necessarily resulting, from an absence of municipal regulations. Man, +in every station and condition of life, requires the controlling hand +of civil power, to confine him in his proper sphere, and to check +every advance of invasion, on the rights of others. Unrestrained +liberty speedily degenerates into licentiousness. Without the +necessary curbs and restraints of law, men would relapse into a state +of nature; [88] and although the obligations of justice (the basis of +society) be natural obligations; yet such are the depravity and +corruption of human nature, that without some superintending and +coercive power, they would be wholly disregarded; and human society, +would become the field of oppression and outrage--instead of a theatre +for the interchange of good offices. Civil institutions and judicial +establishments; the comminations of punishment and the denunciations +of law, are barely sufficient to repress the evil propensities of man. +Left to themselves, they spurn all natural restrictions, and riot in +the unrestrained indulgence of every passion. + +----- + [1] At Dickenson's fort in 1755. + + [2] When the Indians were most troublesome, and threatening + even the destruction of Winchester, Lord Fairfax who was + commandant of the militia of Frederick and Hampshire, ordered + them out. Three days active exertion on his part, brought only + 20 in the field. + + [3] Rather rangers, who seem to have been enlisted to serve + a year, and were re-engaged when necessary.--L. C. D. + + [4] Peter Williamson had singular adventures. When a boy he + was kidnapped at Aberdeen, and sent to America, for which he + afterwards recovered damages. It is said that he passed a + considerable period among the Cherokees. He instituted the + first penny post at Edinburgh, for which, when the government + assumed it, he received a pension. His _Memoirs_, and _French + and Indian Cruelty Examplified_, were works of interest. He + died in Edinburgh in 1799.--L. C. D. + + [5] Col. James Smith was born in Franklin county, Pa., in + 1737; was captured by Indians in 1755, remaining in captivity + until his escape in 1759. He served as ensign in 1763, and + lieutenant under Bouquet in 1764; he was a leader, for several + years, of the Black Boys--a sort of regulators of the traders + who, the Black Boys thought, supplied the Indians with the + munitions of war. As the troubles with the mother country + began, Smith was selected for frontier service, and held civil + and military positions--captain in the Pennsylvania line; then + in 1777 as major under Washington; in 1778, he was promoted to + the rank of colonel of militia, and led an expedition against + the Indian town on French Creek. In 1788, he removed to + Kentucky; served in the early Kentucky conventions, preparatory + to State organization, and also in the legislature. He did + missionary work in Kentucky and Tennessee, and preached among + the Indians. He wrote a valuable account of his Indian + captivity, republished a few years since by Robert Clarke & + Co., Cincinnati, and a treatise on Indian warfare, besides two + controversial pamphlets against the Shakers. He died in + Washington county, Ky., in 1812, aged about seventy-five + years.--L. C. D. + + [6] Captain Simeon Ecuyer, like Bouquet, was a native of + Switzerland; he did good service on the frontiers, especially + in the gallant defense of Fort Pitt in 1763. He became + disgusted with the bad conduct of his soldiers, especially the + grenadiers, and begged leave to resign. "For God's sake," he + implored Bouquet, "let me go, and raise cabbages."--L. C. D. + + [7] Henry Bouquet was born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne, + Switzerland, in 1721, and at the age of seventeen he entered + into the service of the states general of Holland; subsequently + engaged under the banner of Sardinia, and distinguished himself + at the battle of Cony. In 1748, he was a lieutenant-colonel in + the Swiss guards, in the service of Holland. At length, in + 1756, he entered the English army, serving in the Royal + Americans, and co-operated with Gen. Forbes on the campaign + against Fort Du Quesne, repulsing an attack of French and + Indians on Loyal Hanna. He afterwards served in Canada, and was + sent for the relief of Fort Pitt, when beleagured in 1763. + While marching on this service, he signally defeated the + Indians at Bushy Run, after a two days' engagement, in August + of that year, and relieved Fort Pitt. In 1764, he led an + expedition against the Ohio Indians, compelling them to sue for + peace. He died at Pensacola, September 2, 1765, of a prevailing + fever, in the prime of life, at the age of forty-four years. He + had attained the rank of general.--L. C. D. + + [8] The following song was soon after composed by Mr. George Campbell + (an Irish gentleman who had been educated in Dublin,) and was + frequently sung in the neighborhood to the tune of the _Black Joke_. + + Ye patriot souls who love to sing, + What serves your country and your king, + In wealth, peace, and royal estate; + Attention give whilst I rehearse, + A modern fact, in jingling verse, + How party interest strove what it cou'd, + To profit itself by public blood, + But justly met its merited fate. + + Let all those Indian traders claim, + Their just reward, in glorious fame, + For vile, base and treacherous ends, + To Pollins in the spring they sent + Much warlike stores, with an intent, + To carry them to our barbarous foes, + Expecting that nobody dare oppose + A present to their Indian friends. + + Astonished at the wild design + Frontier inhabitants combin'd, + With brave souls to stop their career, + Although some men apostatized + Who first the grand attempt advis'd, + The bold frontiers they bravely stood, + To act for their king, and their country's good + In joint league, and strangers to fear. + + On March the fifth, in sixty-five, + Their Indian presents did arrive, + In long pomp and cavalcade, + Near Sidelong-hill, where in disguise, + Some patriots did their train surprise, + And quick as lightning tumbled their loads + And kindled them bonfires in the woods; + And mostly burnt their whole brigade. + + At Loudon when they heard the news, + They scarcely knew which way to choose, + For blind rage and discontent; + At length some soldiers they sent out, + With guides for to conduct the route, + And seized some men that were travelling there + And hurried them into Loudon, where + They laid them fast with one consent. + + But men of resolution thought + Too much to see their neighbors caught + For no crime but false surmise; + Forthwith they join'd a warlike band, + And march'd to Loudon out of hand, + And kept the jailors pris'ners there, + Until our friends enlarged were, + Without fraud or any disguise. + + Let mankind censure or commend, + This rash performance in the end, + Then both sides will find their account. + 'Tis true no law can justify + To burn our neighbors property, + But when this property is design'd + To serve the enemies of mankind, + Its high treason in the amount. + + [9] The following extract from the _Pennsylvania Gazette_ of + November 2d, 1769, details the circumstances of this + transaction. + + "James Smith, his brother and brother in law, were going out + to survey and improve their land, on the waters of the + Youghogany.--Expecting to be gone some time, they took with + them their arms, and horses loaded with necessaries; and as + Smith's brother in law was an artist in surveying, he had also + with him the instruments for that business. Travelling on + their way and within nine miles of Bedford, they overtook + and joined in company with one Johnson and Moorhead, who had + likewise horses packed with liquor and seed wheat--their + intentions being also to make improvements on their lands. + Arrived at the parting of the road near Bedford, they + separated, one party going through town for the purpose of + having a horse shod; these were apprehended and put under + confinement.--James Smith, Johnson and Moorhead taking the + other road, met John Holmes of Bedford, to whom Smith spoke + in a friendly manner but received no answer. Smith and his + companions proceeded to where the two roads again united; + and waited there the arrival of the others. + + "At this time a number of men came riding up, and asked Smith + his name. On his telling them who he was, they immediately + presented their pistols, and commanded him to surrender or he + was a dead man. Smith stepped back and asking if they were + highwaymen, charged them to keep off; when immediately Robert + George (one of the assailants) snapped a pistol at Smith's + head; and that (as George acknowledged under oath) before Smith + had offered to [87] shoot. Smith then presented his gun at + another of the assailants, who was holding Johnson with one + hand, while with the other he held a pistol, which he was + preparing to discharge. Two shots were fired, one by Smith's + gun, the other by the pistol, so quick as to be just + distinguishable, and Johnson fell. Smith was then taken and + carried to Bedford, where John Holmes (who had met him on the + road, and hastened to Bedford with the intelligence) held an + inquest over the dead body of Johnson. One of the assailants + being the only witness examined, it was found that "Johnson had + been murdered by Smith," who was thereupon committed for trial. + But jealousy arising in the breasts of many, that the inquest + was not so fair as it should have been, William Deny, (the + coroner of Bedford county) thought proper to re-examine the + matter; and summoning a jury of unexceptionable men, out of + three townships--men whose candour, probity, and honesty are + unquestionable, and having raised the corpse, held a solemn + inquest over it for three days. + + "In the course of their scrutiny, they found the shirt of + Johnson, around the bullet hole, blackened by the powder of the + charge with which he had been killed. One of the assailants + being examined, swore to the respective spots of ground on + which they stood at the time of firing, which being measured, + was found to be 28 feet distance from each other. The + experiment was then made of shooting at the shirt an equal + distance both with and against the wind, to ascertain if the + powder produced the stain; but it did not. Upon the whole the + jury, after the most accurate examination and mature + deliberation, brought in their verdict that one of the + assailants must necessarily have done the murder." + + Captain Smith was a brave and enterprising man. In 1766, he, in + company with Joshua Horton, Uriah Stone, William Baker and + James Smith, by the way of Holstein, explored the country south + of Kentucky at a time when it was entirely uninhabited; and the + country between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, to their + entrance into the Ohio. Stone's river, a branch of the + Cumberland and emptying into it not far above Nashville, was + named by them in this expedition. + + After his acquittal from the charge of having murdered + Johnson, he was elected and served as one of the board of + commissioners, for regulating taxes and laying the county + levy, in the county of Bedford. [88] He was for several years + a delegate from the county of Westmoreland, to the General + Assembly of Pennsylvania; and in the war of the revolution was + an officer of merit and distinction. In 1781 he removed to + Kentucky and settled in Bourbon county not far from Paris; + was a member of the convention which set at Danville, to + confer about a separation from the state of Virginia, in 1788, + from which time until 1799, with the exception of two years, he + was either a delegate of the convention or of the General + Assembly of Kentucky. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--It would seem from Col. Smith's own + statement, that his removal to, and settlement in, Bourbon + county, Ky., was in 1788. + + + + +[89] CHAPTER V. + + +The comparative security and quiet, which succeeded the treaty of +1765, contributed to advance the prosperity of the Virginia frontiers. +The necessity of congregating in forts and blockhouses, no longer +existing, each family enjoyed the felicities of its own fireside, +undisturbed by fearful apprehensions of danger from the prowling +savage, and free from the bustle and confusion consequent on being +crowded together. No longer forced to cultivate their little fields in +common, and by the united exertions of a whole neighborhood, with +tomahawks suspended from their belts and rifles attached to their plow +beams, their original spirit of enterprise was revived: and while a +certainty of reaping in unmolested safety, the harvest for which they +had toiled, gave to industry, a stimulus which increased their +prosperity, it also excited others to come and reside among them--a +considerable addition to their population, and a rapid extension of +settlements, were the necessary consequence. + +It was during the continuation of this exemption from Indian aggression, +that several establishments were made on the Monongahela and its +branches, and on the Ohio river. These were nearly cotemporaneous; the +first however, in order of time, was that made on the Buchannon--a fork +of the Tygart's valley river, and was induced by a flattering account +of the country as given by two brothers; who had spent some years in +various parts of it, under rather unpleasant circumstances. + +Among the soldiers who garrisoned Fort Pitt, were William Childers, +John and Samuel Pringle and Joseph Linsey. In 1761, these four men +deserted from the fort, and ascended the Monongahela as far as to the +mouth of George's creek (the site afterwards selected by Albert +Gallatin, for the town of Geneva.) Here they remained awhile; but not +liking the [90] situation crossed over to the head of the Youghogany; +and encamping in the glades, continued there about twelve months. + +In one of their hunting rambles, Samuel Pringle came on a path, which +he supposed would lead to the inhabited part of Virginia. On his +return he mentioned the discovery and his supposition, to his +comrades, and they resolved on tracing it. This they accordingly did, +and it conducted them to Loony's creek, then the most remote western +settlement. While among the inhabitants on Loony's creek, they were +recognized and some of the party apprehended as deserters. John and +Samuel Pringle succeeded in making an escape to their camp in the +glades, where they remained 'till some time in the year 1764. + +During this year, and while in the employ of John Simpson (a trapper, +who had come there in quest of furs,) they determined on removing +farther west. Simpson was induced to this, by the prospect of enjoying +the woods free from the intrusion of other hunters (the glades having +begun to be a common hunting ground for the inhabitants of the South +Branch;) while a regard for their personal safety, caused the Pringles +to avoid a situation, in which they might be exposed to the +observation of other men. + +In journeying through the wilderness, and after having crossed Cheat +river at the Horse shoe, a quarrel arose between Simpson and one of +the Pringles; and notwithstanding that peace and harmony were so +necessary to their mutual safety and comfort; yet each so far indulged +the angry passions which had been excited, as at length to produce a +separation. + +Simpson crossed over the Valley river, near the mouth of Pleasant +creek, and passing on to the head of another water course, gave to it +the name of Simpson's creek. Thence he went westwardly, and fell over +on a stream which he called Elk: at the mouth of this he erected a +camp, and continued to reside for more than twelve months. During this +time he neither saw the Pringles nor any other human being; and at the +expiration of it went to the South Branch, where he disposed of his +furs and skins and then returned to, and continued at, his encampment +at the mouth of Elk, until permanent settlements were made in its +vicinity. + +The Pringles kept up the Valley river 'till they observed a large +right hand fork, (now Buchannon),[1] which they ascended [91] some +miles; and at the mouth of a small branch (afterward called Turkey +run) they took up their abode in the cavity of a large Sycamore +tree.[2] The stump of this is still to be seen, and is an object of no +little veneration with the immediate descendants of the first +settlers. + +The situation of these men, during a residence here of several years, +although rendered somewhat necessary by their previous conduct, could +not have been very enviable. Deserters from the army, a constant fear +of discovery filled their minds with inquietude.--In the vicinity of a +savage foe, the tomahawk and scalping knife were ever present to their +imaginations.--Remote from civilized man, their solitude was hourly +interrupted by the frightful shrieks of the panther, or the hideous +howlings of the wolf.--And though the herds of Buffalo, Elk and Deer, +which gamboled sportively around, enabled them easily to supply their +larder; yet the want of salt, of bread, and of every species of +kitchen vegetable, must have abated their relish for the, otherwise, +delicious loin of the one, and haunch of the others. The low state of +their little magazine too, while it limited their hunting, to the bare +procuration of articles of subsistence, caused them, from a fear of +discovery, to shrink at the idea of being driven to the settlements, +for a supply of ammunition. And not until they were actually reduced +to two loads of powder, could they be induced to venture again into +the vicinity of their fellow men. In the latter part of the year 1767, +John left his brother, and intending to make for a trading post on the +Shenandoah, appointed the period of his return. + +Samuel Pringle, in the absence of John, suffered a good deal. The +stock of provisions left him became entirely exhausted--one of his +loads of powder, was expended in a fruitless attempt to shoot a +buck--his brother had already delayed his return several days longer +than was intended, and he was apprehensive that he had been +recognized, taken to Port Pitt and would probably never get back. With +his remaining load of powder, however he was fortunate enough to kill +a fine buffalo; and John soon after returned with the news of peace, +both with the Indians and French. The two brothers agreed to leave +their retirement. + +Their wilderness habitation was not left without some regret. Every +object around, had become more or less endeared to them. The tree, in +whose hollow they had been so [92] frequently sheltered from storm and +tempest, was regarded by them with so great reverence, that they +resolved, so soon as they could prevail on a few others to accompany +them, again to return to this asylum of their exile. + +In a population such as then composed the chief part of the South +Branch settlement, this was no difficult matter. All of them were used +to the frontier manner of living; the most of them had gone thither to +acquire land; many had failed entirely in this object, while others +were obliged to occupy poor and broken situations off the river; the +fertile bottoms having been previously located. Add to this the +passion for hunting (which was a ruling one with many,) and the +comparative scarcity of game in their neighborhood, and it need not +excite surprise that the proposition of the Pringles to form a +settlement, in such a country as they represented that on Buchannon to +be, was eagerly embraced by many. + +In the fall of the ensuing year (1768) Samuel Pringle, and several +others who wished first to examine for themselves, visited the country +which had been so long occupied by the Pringles alone. Being pleased +with it, they, in the following spring, with a few others, repaired +thither, with the view of cultivating as much corn, as would serve +their families the first year after their emigration. And having +examined the country, for the purpose of selecting the most desirable +situations; some of them proceeded to improve the spots of their +choice. John Jackson (who was accompanied by his sons, George and +Edward) settled at the mouth of Turkey run, where his daughter, Mrs. +Davis, now lives--John Hacker[3] higher up on the Buchannon river, +where Bush's fort was afterwards established, and Nicholas Heavener +now lives--Alexander and Thomas Sleeth, near to Jackson's, on what is +now known as the Forenash plantation. The others of the party (William +Hacker, Thomas and Jesse Hughes, John and William Radcliff and John +Brown) appear to have employed their time exclusively in hunting; +neither of them making any improvement of land for his own benefit. +Yet were they of very considerable service to the new settlement. +Those who had commenced clearing land, were supplied by them with +abundance of meat, while in their hunting excursions through the +country, a better knowledge of it was obtained, than could have been +acquired, had they been engaged in making improvements. + +[93] In one of these expeditions they discovered, and gave name to +Stone coal creek; which flowing westwardly, induced the supposition +that it discharged itself directly into the Ohio. Descending this +creek, to ascertain the fact, they came to its confluence with a +river, which they then called, and has since been known as, the West +Fork. After having gone some distance down the river, they returned by +a different route to the settlement, better pleased with the land on +it and some of its tributaries, than with that on Buchannon. + +Soon after this, other emigrants arrived under the guidance of Samuel +Pringle. Among them were, John and Benjamin Cutright, who settled on +Buchannon, where John Cutright the younger, now lives; and Henry Rule +who improved just above the mouth of Fink's run. Before the arrival of +Samuel Pringle, John Hacker had begun to improve the spot which +Pringle had chosen for himself. To prevent any unpleasant result, +Hacker agreed that if Pringle would clear as much land, on a creek +which had been recently discovered by the hunters, as he had on +Buchannon, they could then exchange places. Complying with this +condition Pringle took possession of the farm on Buchannon, and Hacker +of the land improved by Pringle on the creek, which was hence called +Hacker's creek.[4] John and William Radcliff, then likewise settled on +this stream--the former on the farm, where the Rev. John Mitchel now +lives; the latter at the place now owned by William Powers Esq.--These +comprise all the improvements which were made on the upper branches of +the Monongahela in the years 1769 and 1770. + +At the close of the working season of 1769 some of these adventurers, +went to their families on the South Branch; and when they returned to +gather their crops in the fall, found them entirely destroyed. In +their absence the buffaloes, no longer awed by the presence of man, +had trespassed on their enclosures, and eaten their corn to the +ground--this delayed the removal of their families 'till the winter of +1770. + +Soon after the happening of this event, other settlements were made on +the upper branches of the Monongahela river. Capt. James Booth and +John Thomas established themselves on what has been since called +Booth's creek--The former at the place now owned by Jesse Martin; and +the latter where William Martin at present resides, and which is +perhaps the [94] most valuable landed estate in North Western +Virginia, off the Ohio river. + +Previous however to the actual settlement of the country above the +forks of the Monongahela, some few families (in 1767) had established +themselves in the vicinity of Fort Redstone, now Brownsville, in +Pennsylvania.[5] At the head of these were Abraham Tegard, James +Crawford, John Province, and John Harden. The latter of these +gentlemen afterwards removed to Kentucky and became distinguished in +the early history of that state, as well for the many excellencies of +his private and public life, as for the untimely and perfidious manner +of his death. + +In the succeeding year Jacob Vanmeter, John Swan, Thomas Hughes and +some others settled on the west side of the Monongahela, near the +mouth of Muddy creek, where Carmichaelstown now stands.[6] + +In this year too, the place which had been occupied for a while by +Thomas Decker and his unfortunate associates, and where Morgantown is +now situated, was settled by a party of emigrants; one of which was +David Morgan, who became so conspicuous for personal prowess, and for +the daring, yet deliberate courage displayed by him, during the +subsequent hostilities with the Indians. + +In 1769, Col. Ebenezer Zane, his brothers Silas and Jonathan, with +some others from the south Branch, visited the Ohio river for the +purpose of commencing improvements;[7] [95] and severally proceeded to +select positions for their future residence. Col. Zane chose for his, +an eminence above the mouth of Wheeling creek, near to the Ohio, and +opposite a beautiful and considerable island in that river. The spot +thus selected by him, is now occupied by his son Noah Zane, Esq. and +is nearly the centre of the present flourishing town of Wheeling. +Silas Zane commenced improving on Wheeling creek where Col. Moses +Shepherd now lives, and Jonathan resided with his brother Ebenezer. +Several of those who accompanied the adventurers, likewise remained +with Colonel Zane, in the capacity of laborers. + +After having made those preparations which were immediately +requisite for the reception of their respective families, they +returned to their former homes. In the ensuing year they finally left +the South Branch, and accompanied by Col. David Shepherd, (the father +of Col. Moses Shepherd,) John Wetzel (the father of Lewis) and the +McCulloughs--men whose names are identified with the early history +of that country--repaired again to the wilderness, and took up their +permanent abode in it. + +Soon after this, other settlements were made at different points, both +above and below Wheeling; and the country on Buffalo, Short, and Grave +creeks,[8] and on the Ohio river, became the abode of civilized man. +Among those who were first to occupy above Wheeling, were George +Lefler, John Doddridge, Benjamin Biggs, Daniel Greathouse, Joshua +Baker and Andrew Swearingen.[9] + +[96] The settlement thus made constituting a kind of advance _guard_, +through which an Indian enemy would have to penetrate, before they +could reach the interior, others were less reluctant to occupy the +country between them and the Alleghany mountains. Accordingly various +establishments were soon made in it by adventurers from different +parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; and those places in +which settlements had been previously effected, received considerable +accessions to their population. + +In 1772, that comparatively beautiful region of country, lying on the +east fork of the Monongahela river, between the Alleghany mountains, +on its south eastern, and the Laurel Hill, or as it is there called +the Rich mountain, on its north western side, and which had received +the denomination of Tygart's valley, again attracted the attention of +emigrants.--In the course of that year, the greater part of this +valley was located, by persons said to have been enticed thither by +the description given of it, by some hunters from Greenbrier who had +previously explored it. Game, though a principal, was not however +their sole object. They possessed themselves at once of nearly all the +level land lying between those mountains--a plain of 25 or 30 miles in +length and varying from three fourths to two miles in width, and of +fine soil. Among those who were first to occupy that section of +country, we find the names of Hadden, Connelly, Whiteman, Warwick, +Nelson, Stalnaker, Riffle and Westfall: the latter of these found and +interred the bones of Files' family, which had lain, bleaching in the +sun, after their murder by the Indians, in 1754. + +Cheat river too, on which no attempt at settlement had been made, but +by the unfortunate Eckarly's, became an object of attention, The Horse +Shoe bottom was located by Capt. James Parsons, of the South Branch; +and in his neighborhood settled Robert Cunningham, Henry Fink, John +Goff and John Minear. Robert Butler, William Morgan and some others +settled on the Dunkard bottom. + +In this year too, settlements were made on Simpson's creek, the West +Fork river and on Elk creek. Those who made the former, were John +Powers, who purchased Simpson's right (a tomahawk improvement)[10] to +the land on which Benjamin [97] Stout now resides; and James Anderson +and Jonas Webb who located themselves farther up the creek. + +On Elk, and in the vicinity of Clarksburg there settled Thomas Nutter, +near to the Forge-mills--Samuel Cottrial, on the east side of the +creek and nearly opposite to Clarksburg--Sotha Hickman, on the west +side of the same creek, and above Cottrial--Samuel Beard at the mouth +of Nanny's run--Andrew Cottrial above Beard, and at the farm now owned +by John W. Patton--Daniel Davisson, where Clarksburg is now situated, +and Obadiah Davisson and John Nutter on the West Fork; the former near +to the old Salt works, and the latter at the place now owned by Adam +Hickman, jr. + +There was likewise, at this time, a considerable accession to the +settlements on Buchannon and Hacker's creek. So great was the increase +of population in this latter neighborhood, that the crops of the +preceding season did not afford more than one third of the breadstuff, +which would be ordinarily consumed in the same time, by an equal +number of persons. Such indeed was the state of suffering among the +inhabitants, consequent on this scarcity, that the year 1773 is called +in the traditionary legends of that day, the _starving year_; and such +were the exertions of William Lowther to mitigate that suffering, and +so great the success with which they were crowned, that his name has +been transmitted to their descendants, hallowed by the blessings of +those, whose wants he contributed so largely to relieve.[11] + +[98] These were the principal settlements begun in North Western +Virginia, prior to the year 1774. Few and scattered as they were, no +sooner was it known that they were commenced, than hundreds flocked to +them from different parts; and sought there the gratifications of +their respective predilections. That spirit of adventurous emigration, +which has since peopled, with such unprecedented rapidity, the south +western and western states, and which was then beginning to develope +itself, overcame the fond attachments of youth, and impelled its +possessors, to the dreary wilderness. Former homes, encircled by the +comforts of civilization, endeared by the grateful recollections of +by-gone days, and not unfrequently, consecrated as the spots where +their tenants had first inhaled the vital fluid, were readily +exchanged for "the variety of untried being, the new scenes and +changes," which were to be passed, before the trees of the forest +could be supplanted, by the fruits of the field, or society be reared +in the solitude of the desert. With a capability to sustain fatigue, +not to be subdued by toil; and with a cheerfulness, not easily to be +depressed; a patience which could mock at suffering and a daring which +nothing could daunt, every difficulty which intervened, every obstacle +which was interposed between them and the accomplishment of the +objects of their pursuit, was surmounted or removed; and in a +comparatively brief space of time, they rose to the enjoyment of many +of those gratifications, which are experienced in earlier and more +populous settlements. That their morals should, for a while, have +suffered deterioration, and their manners and habits, instead of [99] +approximating those of refined society, should have become perhaps, +more barbarous and uncouth, was the inevitable consequence of their +situation, and the certain result of circumstances, which they could +not control. When that situation was changed, and these circumstances +ceased to exist, a rapid progress was made in the advancement of many +sections of the country, to the refinements of civilized society. + +The infantile state of all countries exhibits, in a greater or less +degree, a prevalence of barbarism. The planting of colonies, or +the formation of establishments in new countries, is ever attended +with circumstances unpropitious to refinement. The force with which +these circumstances act, will be increased or diminished in proportion +to the remoteness or proximity of those new establishments, to +older societies, in which the arts and sciences are cultivated; and to +the facility of communication between them. Man is, at all times, +the creature of circumstances. Cut off from an intercourse with his +fellow men, and divested of the conveniences of life, he will readily +relapse into a state of nature.--Placed in contiguity with the +barbarous and the vicious; his manners will become rude, his +morals perverted.--Brought into collision with the sanguinary and +revengeful; and his own conduct will eventually be distinguished, +by bloody and vindictive deeds. + +Such was really the situation of those who made the first establishments +in North Western Virginia. And when it is considered, that they were, +mostly, men from the humble walks of life; comparatively illiterate and +unrefined; without civil or religious institutions, and with a love of +liberty, bordering on its extreme; their more enlightened descendants can +not but feel surprise, that their dereliction from propriety had not been +greater; their virtue less. + +The objects, for the attainment of which they voluntarily placed +themselves in this situation, and tempted the dangers inseparable +from a residence in the contiguity of Indians, jealous of territorial +encroachment, were almost as various as their individual character. +Generally speaking, they were men in indigent circumstances, unable +to purchase land in the neigborhoods from which they came, and +unwilling longer to remain the tenants of others. These were induced +to [100] emigrate, with the laudable ambition of acquiring homes, +from which they would not be liable to expulsion, at the whim and +caprice of some haughty lordling. Upon the attainment of this object, +they were generally content; and made but feeble exertions to +acquire more land, than that to which they obtained title, by virtue +of their settlements. Some few, however, availed themselves of the +right of pre-emption, and becoming possessed of the more desirable +portions of the country, added considerably to their individual +wealth. + +Those who settled on the Ohio, were of a more enterprising and +ambitious spirit, and looked more to the advancement of their +condition in a pecuniary point of view. The fertile bottoms of +that river, and the facility with which, by means of it, their +surplus produce might be transported to a ready market,[12] were +considerations which influenced many. Others, again, looking +forward to the time when the Indians would be divested of the +country north west of the Ohio river, and it be open to location +in the same manner its south eastern shores were, selected this as +a situation, from which they might more readily obtain possession +of the fertile land, with which its ample plains were known to +abound. In anticipation of this period, there were some who +embraced every opportunity, afforded by intervals of peace with +the Indians, to explore that country and select in it what they +deemed, its most valuable parts. Around these they would generally +mark trees, or otherwise define boundaries, by which they could be +afterwards identified. The cession by Virginia to the United States, +of the North Western Territory, and the manner in which its lands +were subsequently brought into market, prevented the realization +of those flattering, and apparently, well founded expectations. + +There were also, in every settlement, individuals, who had been drawn +to them solely by their love of hunting, and an attachment to the +wild, unshackled scenes of a wilderness life. These were perhaps, +totally regardless of all the inconveniencies, [101] resulting from +their new situation; except that of being occasionally pent up in +forts; and thus debarred the enjoyment of their favorite pastimes. + +Although hunting was not the object of most of the old settlers, yet +it was for a good part of the year, the chief employment of their +time. And of all those, who thus made their abode in the dense forest, +and tempted aggression from the neighboring Indians, none were so well +qualified to resist this aggression, and to retaliate upon its +authors, as those who were mostly engaged in this pursuit. Of all +their avocations, this "mimickry of war" best fitted them to thwart +the savages in their purpose, and to mitigate the horrors of their +peculiar mode of warfare. Those arts which enabled them, unperceived +to approach the watchful deer in his lair, enabled them likewise to +circumvent the Indian in his ambush; and if not always punish, yet +frequently defeat him in his object. Add to this the perfect knowledge +which they acquired of the woods, and the ease and certainty with +which they consequently, when occasion required, could make their way +to any point of the settlements and apprize the inhabitants of +approaching danger; and it will be readily admitted that the more +expert and successful the huntsman, the more skillful and effective +the warrior. + +But various soever, as may have been their objects in emigrating, no +sooner had they come together, than there existed in each settlement, +a perfect unison of feeling. Similitude of situation and community of +danger, operating as a magic charm, stifled in their birth those +little bickerings, which are so apt to disturb the quiet of society. +Ambition of preferment and the pride of place, too often lets and +hindrances to social intercourse, were unknown among them. Equality of +condition rendered them strangers alike, to the baneful distinctions +created by wealth and other adventitious circumstances; and to envy, +which gives additional virus to their venom. A sense of mutual +dependence for their common security linked them in amity; and +conducting their several purposes in harmonious concert, together they +toiled and together suffered. + +Not all the "pomp and pride and pageantry" of life, could vie with the +Arcadian scenes which encircled the rude cottages of those men. Their +humble dwellings were the abode of virtues, rarely found in the "cloud +capt towers and [102] gorgeous palaces" of splendid ambition. And when +peace reigned around them, neither the gaudy trappings of wealth, nor +the insignia of office, nor the slaked thirst for distinction, could +have added to the happiness which they enjoyed. + +In their intercourse with others they were kind, beneficent and +disinterested; extending to all, the most generous hospitality which +their circumstances could afford. That selfishness, which prompts to +liberality for the sake of remuneration, and proffers the civilities +of life with an eye to individual interest, was unknown to them. They +were kind for kindness sake; and sought no other recompense, than the +never failing concomitant of good deeds--the reward of an approving +conscience. + +It is usual for men in the decline of life, to contrast the scenes +which are then being exhibited, with those through which they passed +in the days of youth; and not unfrequently, to moralize on the decay +of those virtues, which enhance the enjoyment of life and give to +pleasure its highest relish. The mind is then apt to revert to +earlier times, and to dwell with satisfaction on the manners and +customs which prevailed in the hey-day of youth. Every change which +may have been wrought in them is deemed a deteriorating innovation, +and the sentence of their condemnation unhesitatingly pronounced. This +is not always, the result of impartial and discriminating judgment. It +is perhaps, more frequently founded in prepossession; and based on the +prejudices of education and habit. + +On the other hand those who are just entering on the vestibule of +life, are prone to give preference to the habits of the present +generation; viewing, too often, with contemptuous derision, those of +the past. Mankind certainly advance in intelligence and refinement; +but virtue and happiness do not at all times keep pace with this +progress. "To inform the understanding," is not always "to correct and +enlarge the heart;" nor do the blandishments of life invariably add to +the sum of moral excellence; they are often "as dead sea fruit that +tempts the eye, but turns to ashes on the lips."--While a rough +exterior as frequently covers a temper of the utmost benignity, happy +in itself and giving happiness to all around. + +Such were the pioneers of this country; and the greater part of +mankind might now derive advantage from the [103] contemplation of +"their humble virtues, hospitable homes and spirits patient, noble, +proud and free--their self respect, grafted on innocent thoughts; +their days of health and nights of sleep--their toils, by danger +dignified, yet guiltless--their hopes of cheerful old age and a quiet +grave, with cross and garland over its green turf, and their grand +children's love for epitaph." + +----- + [1] Now spelled Buckhannon.--R. G. T. + + [2] Sycamores, which attain gigantic proportions, are given + to rotting in the lower portions of the trunk, and chambers + eight feet in diameter are not uncommon. In the course of a + canoe voyage down the Ohio, in the summer of 1894, I frequently + saw such cavities, with the openings stopped by pickets or + rails, utilized by small bottom farmers as hog-pens, + chicken-coops, and calf stalls. + + L. V. McWhorter, of Berlin, W. Va., who has kindly sent me + several MS. notes on Withers's _Chronicles_ (all of which will + be duly credited where used in this edition), writes: "The aged + sycamore now (1894) occupying the site, is the third + generation--the grand-child--of that which housed the Pringles. + It stands on the farm of Webster Dix, who assures me that it + shall not be destroyed. A tradition held by his descendants has + it, that when John Pringle went back to the South Branch for + ammunition, Charity, the wife of Samuel, who was left behind, + started immediately for the wilderness home of her husband, and + found him by the path which John had blazed for his own + return."--R. G. T. + + [3] This early and meritorious pioneer was born near + Winchester, Va., Jan. 1, 1743, figured prominently in the + Indian wars of his region, and served on Col. G. R. Clark's + Illinois campaign of 1778; he died at his home on Hacker's + Creek, April 20, 1821, in his 82d year.--L. C. D. + + [4] Its Indian name signified "Muddy Water."--R. G. T. + + [5] We have already seen (p. 74, _note_), that Gist settled + at Mount Braddock, Fayette county, in 1753, and that eleven + families joined him in January, 1754. There is a tradition that + settlers were in the district even before Gist. It has been + shown that the Gist settlements, and others in the lower + Monongahela, were burned by the French in July, 1754. The + English borderers fled upon the outbreak of disturbances, and + did not return until about 1760-61, when confidence had been + restored.--R. G. T. + + [6] Both Van Meter and Swan afterwards served under Col. G. + R. Clark--at least, on the Kaskaskia campaign; Swan commanded a + company on Clark's Shawnee campaign of 1780, and Van Meter on + that of 1782. The latter moved to Kentucky in 1780; settled in + Hardin county, Ky., Nov. 16th, 1798, in his seventy-sixth + year.--L. C. D. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--This note, written by Dr. Draper a few + days before his death (Aug. 26, 1891), was probably his last + stroke of literary work. + + [7] These gentlemen were descendants of a Mr. Zane who + accompanied William Penn, to his province of Pennsylvania, and + from whom, one of the principal streets in Philadelphia, + derived its name. Their father was possessed of a bold and + daring spirit of adventure, which was displayed on many + occasions, in the earlier part of his life. Having rendered + himself obnoxious to the Society of Friends (of which he was a + member,) by marrying without the pale of that society, he moved + to Virginia and settled on the South Branch, where the town of + Moorfield has been since erected. One of his sons (Isaac) was + taken by the Indians, when he was only nine years old, and + carried in captivity, to Mad river, in Ohio. Here he continued + 'till habit reconciled him to his situation, when he married a + squaw, became a chief and spent the remainder of his life with + them. He was never known to wage war against the whites; but + was, on several occasions, of infinite service, by apprising + them of meditated attacks of the Indians. His descendants still + reside in Ohio. + + The brothers, Ebenezer, Silas and Jonathan, who settled + Wheeling, [95] were also men of enterprise, tempered with + prudence, and directed by sound judgment. Ready at all times, + to resist and punish the aggression of the Indians, they were + scrupulously careful not to provoke them by acts of wanton + outrage, such as were then, too frequently committed along the + frontier. Col. Ebenezer Zane had been among the first, to + explore the country from the South Branch, through the + Alleghany glades, and west of them. He was accompanied in that + excursion by Isaac Williams, two gentlemen of the name of + Robinson and some others; but setting off rather late in the + season, and the weather being very severe, they were compelled + to return, without having penetrated to the Ohio river. On + their way home, such was the extremity of cold, that one of the + Robinsons died of its effects. Williams was much frost bitten, + and the whole party suffered exceedingly. To the bravery and + good conduct of those three brothers, the Wheeling settlement + was mainly indebted for its security and preservation, during + the war of the revolution. + + [8] Joseph Tomlinson surveyed a claim at the mouth of Grave + Creek, about 1770, but did not settle there until 1772. His + cabin was the nucleus of the present Moundsville, W. + Va.--R. G. T. + + [9] John Doddridge settled in Washington county, Pa., on the + Ohio River a few miles east of the Pennsylvania-Virginia state + line, in 1773; his son, Joseph Doddridge, was the author of + _Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the Western Parts + of Virginia and Pennsylvania_, 1763-83, a valuable antiquarian + work. The names of Greathouse and Baker became execrable + through their connection with the massacre of Chief Logan's + family, in 1774. Leffler and Biggs attained prominence in + border warfare.--R. G. T. + + [10] "At an early period of our settlements, there was an + inferior kind of land title, denominated a tomahawk right. This + was made by [97] deadening a few trees near a spring, and + marking on one or more of them, the initials of the name of the + person, by whom the improvement was made. Rights, acquired in + this way, were frequently bought and sold."--_Doddridge's Notes + on Western Virginia._ + + [11] William Lowther was the son of Robert, and came with his + father to the Hacker creek settlement in 1772. He soon became + one of the most conspicuous men in that section of country; + while his private virtues and public actions endeared him to + every individual of the community. During the war of 1774 and + subsequently, he was the most active and efficient defender of + that vicinity, against the insidious attacks of the savage foe; + and there were very few if any scouting parties proceeding from + thence, by which the Indians were killed or otherwise much + annoyed, but those which were commanded by him. + + He was the first justice of the peace in the district of West + Augusta--the first sheriff in the county of Harrison and Wood, + and [98] once a delegate to the General Assembly of the States. + His military merits carried him through the subordinate grades + to the rank of Colonel. Despising the pomp and pageantry of + office, he accepted it for the good of the community, and was + truly an effective man. Esteemed, beloved by all, he might have + exerted his influence, over others, to the advancement of his + individual interest; but he sought the advancement of the + general weal, not a personal or family aggrandizement. His + example might teach others, that offices were created for the + public good, not for private emolument. If aspirants for office + at the present day, were to regard its perquisites less, and + their fitness for the discharge of its duties more, the country + would enjoy a greater portion of happiness and prosperity, and + a sure foundation for the permanence of these be laid, in the + more disinterested character of her counsellors, and their + consequently, increased devotion to her interests. + + [12] The Spaniards at New Orleans, from the first settlement + of the country west of the Alleghany Mountains, sought to + attach it to the province of Louisiana. Knowing the powerful + efficacy of gold, in producing such results, they dispensed it + with a liberal hand, to such as made New Orleans their market. + The attachment of the first settlers, to the free institutions + of our country, baffled every attempt to detach them from it. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--The Spanish conspiracy was, in the main, + "baffled" by the prompt action of our general government. + George Rogers Clark and several other leading Kentuckians were + quite willing to be "detached," for a consideration. The fact + is, that at first the sense of national patriotism was weak, + west of the Alleghanies; the eighteenth century had closed + before efforts at separation from the East were commonly + regarded as treason. The interests of the Western people + apparently were centered in the south-flowing Mississippi; they + seemed to have at the time little in common with the East. So + long as Spain held the mouth of the river, many Western leaders + thought it not improper that the West should ally itself with + that power; when our government finally purchased the Spanish + claim, the Western men had no further complaint. See + Roosevelt's treatment of the Spanish conspiracy, in his + _Winning of the West_, III., ch. iii.--R. G. T. + + + + +[104] CHAPTER VI. + + +In the year 1774, the peace, which had subsisted with but little +violation since the treaty of 1765, received an interruption, which +checked for a while the emigration to the North Western frontier; and +involved its infant settlements in a war with the Indians. This result +has been attributed to various causes. Some have asserted that it had +its origin in the murder of some Indians on the Ohio river both above +and below Wheeling, in the spring of that year. Others suppose it to +have been produced by the instigation of British emissaries, and the +influence of Canadian traders. + +That it was not caused by the murders at Captina, and opposite the +mouth of Yellow creek,[1] is fairly inferrible from the fact, that +several Indians had been previously murdered by the whites in a period +of the most profound tranquillity, without having led to a similar +issue; or even given rise to any act of retaliation, on the part of +the friends or countrymen of those, who had been thus murdered. + +At different periods of time, between the peace of 1765, and the +renewal of hostilities in 1774, three Indians were unprovokedly +killed by John Ryan, on the Ohio, Monongahela and Cheat rivers. The +first who suffered from the unrestrained licentiousness of this +man, was an Indian of distinction in his tribe, and known by the name +of Capt. Peter; the other two were private warriors. And but that +Governor Dunmore, from the representations made to him, was induced +[105] to offer a reward for his apprehension, which caused him to +leave the country, Ryan would probably have continued to murder +every Indian, with whom he should chance to meet, wandering +through the settlements. + +Several Indians were likewise killed on the South Branch, while on a +friendly visit to that country, in the interval of peace. This deed is +said to have been done by Henry Judah, Nicholas Harpold and their +associates; and when Judah was arrested for the offence, so great was +the excitement among those who had suffered from savage enmity, that +he was rescued from confinement by upwards of two hundred men, +collected for that especial purpose. + +The Bald Eagle was an Indian of notoriety, not only among his own +nation, but also with the inhabitants of the North Western frontier; +with whom he was in the habit of associating and hunting. In one of +his visits among them, he was discovered alone, by Jacob Scott, +William Hacker and Elijah Runner, who, reckless of the consequences, +murdered him, solely to gratify a most wanton thirst for Indian blood. +After the commission of this most outrageous enormity, they seated him +in the stern of a canoe, and with a piece of journey-cake thrust into +his mouth, set him afloat in the Monongahela. In this situation he was +seen descending the river, by several, who supposed him to be as +usual, returning from a friendly hunt with the whites in the upper +settlements, and who expressed some astonishment that he did not stop +to see them. The canoe floating near to the shore, below the mouth of +George's creek, was observed by a Mrs. Province, who had it brought to +the bank, and the friendly, but unfortunate old Indian decently +buried. + +Not long after the murder of the Bald Eagle, another outrage of a +similar nature was committed on a peaceable Indian, by William White; +and for which he was apprehended and taken to Winchester for trial. +But the fury of the populace did not suffer him to remain there +awaiting that event.--The prison doors were forced, the irons knocked +off him and he again set at liberty. + +But a still more atrocious act is said to have been soon after +perpetrated. Until then the murders committed, were only on such as +were found within the limits of white settlements, and on men & +warriors. In 1772, there is every reason to believe, that women and +children likewise became victims to the exasperated feelings of our +[106] own citizens; and this too, while quietly enjoying the comforts +of their own huts, in their own village. + +There was at that time an Indian town on the Little Kenhawa, (called +Bulltown) inhabited by five families, who were in habits of social and +friendly intercourse with the whites on Buchannon and on Hacker's +creek; frequently visiting and hunting with them.[2] There was +likewise residing on Gauley river, the family of a German by the name +of Stroud.[3] In the summer of that year, Mr. Stroud being from home, +his family were all murdered, his house plundered, and his cattle +driven off. The trail made by these leading in the direction of +Bulltown, induced the supposition that the Indians of that village had +been the authors of the outrage, and caused several to resolve on +avenging it upon them. + +A party of five men, (two of whom were William White and William +Hacker,[4] who had been concerned in previous murders) expressed a +determination to proceed immediately to Bulltown. The remonstrance of +the settlement generally, could not operate to effect a change in +that determination. They went; and on their return, circumstances +justified the belief that the pre-apprehension of those who knew +the temper and feelings of White and Hacker, had been well founded; +and that there had been some fighting between them and the Indians. +And notwithstanding that they denied ever having seen an Indian in +their absence, yet it was the prevailing opinion, that they had +destroyed all the men, women and children at Bulltown, and threw their +bodies into the river. Indeed, one of the party is said to have, +inadvertently, used expressions, confirmatory of this opinion; and to +have then justified the deed, by saying that the clothes and other +things known to have belonged to Stroud's family, were found in the +possession of the Indians. The village was soon after visited, and +found to be entirely desolated, and nothing being ever after heard +of its former inhabitants, there can remain no doubt but that the +murder of Stroud's family, was requited on them. + +Here then was a fit time for the Indians to commence a system of +retaliation and war, if they were disposed to engage in hostilities, +for offences of this kind alone. Yet no such event was the consequence +of the killing of the Bulltown Indians, or of those other murders +which preceded that outrage; and it may be hence rationally concluded, +that the murders on the Ohio river did not lead to such an event. If +however, a doubt should still remain, that doubt is surely removed by +the declaration of Logan himself. It was his family that was killed +opposite Yellow creek, about the last of April; and in the following +July (after the expedition against the Wappatomica towns, under Col. +McDonald) he says, "the Indiens are not angry on account of those +murders, but only myself." The fact is, that hostilities had commenced +before the happening of the affair at Captina, or that near Yellow +creek; and these, instead of having produced that event, were the +consequence of the previous hostile movements of the Indians. + +[107] Those who lived more immediately in the neighborhood of the +scene of action at that time, were generally of opinion, that the +Indians were urged to war by the instigation of emissaries from +Great Britain, and of the Canadian traders; and, independently of +any knowledge which they may have had of the conduct of these, +circumstances of a general nature would seem to justify that opinion. + +The relative situation of the American colonies and the mother +country, is matter of general history, and too well known to require +being repeated here. It is equally well known too, that from the first +establishment of a colony in Canada, the Canadians obtained an +influence over the Natives, greater than the Anglo-Americans were ever +able to acquire; and that this influence was frequently exercised by +them, to the great annoyance, and manifest injury of the latter. +France and England have been long considered as natural enemies; and +the inhabitants of their respective plantations in America, +entertained strong feelings of jealousy towards each other. When by +the treaty of Paris, the French possessions in North America (which +had not been ceded to Spain,) were transferred to Great Britain, those +feelings were not subdued. The Canadians still regarded themselves as +a different people. Their national prejudices were too great to be +extinguished by an union under the same prince. Under the influence of +these prejudices, and the apprehension, that the lucrative commerce of +the natives might, by the competition of the English traders, be +diverted from its accustomed channels, they may have exerted +themselves to excite the Indians to war; but that alone would hardly +have produced this result. There is in man an inherent partiality for +self, which leads him to search for the causes of any evil, elsewhere +than in his own conduct; and under the operation of this propensity to +assign the burden of wrong to be borne by others, the Jesuits from +Canada and Louisiana were censured for the continuation of the war on +the part of the Indians, after it had been terminated with their +allies by the treaty of 1763. Yet that event was, no doubt, justly +attributable to the erection of forts, and the location of land, in +the district of country claimed by the natives, in the province of +Pennsylvania. And in like manner, the origin of the war of 1774 may +fairly be charged to the encroachments which were then being made on +the Indian territory. To be convinced of this, it is necessary to +advert to the promptitude of resistance on the part of the Natives, by +which those encroachments were invariably met; and to recur to events +happening in other sections of the country.--Events, perhaps no +otherwise connected with the history of North Western Virginia, than +as they are believed to have been the proximate causes of an +hostility, eventuating in the effusion of much of its blood; and +pregnant with other circumstances, having an important bearing on its +prosperity and advancement. + +In the whole history of America, from the time when it first [108] +became apparent that the occupancy of the country was the object of +the whites, up to the present period, is there perhaps to be found a +solitary instance, in which an attempt, made by the English to effect +a settlement in a wilderness claimed by the Natives, was not succeeded +by immediate acts of hostility on the part of the latter. Every +advance of the kind was regarded by them, as tending to effect their +expulsion from a country, which they had long considered as their own, +and as leading, most probably, to their entire extinction as a people. +This excited in them feelings of the most dire resentment; stimulating +to deeds of cruelty and murder, at once to repel the encroachment and +to punish its authors. Experience of the utter futility of those means +to accomplish these purposes, has never availed to repress their use, +or to produce an acquiesence in the wrong. Even attempts to extend +jurisdiction over a country, the right of soil in which was never +denied them, have ever given rise to the most lively apprehensions of +their fatal consequences, and prompted to the employment of means to +thwart that aim. An Indian sees no difference between the right of +empire and the right of domain; and just as little can he discriminate +between the right of property, acquired by the actual cultivation of +the earth, and that which arises from its appropriation to other +uses. + +Among themselves they have lines of demarkation, which distinguish +the territory of one nation from that of another; and these are of such +binding authority, that a transgression of them by neighboring Indians, +leads invariably to war. In treaties of purchase, and other +conventional arrangements, made with them by the whites, the validity +of their rights to land, have been repeatedly recognized; and an +infraction of those rights by the Anglo-Americans, encounters +opposition at its threshold. The history of every attempt to settle a +wilderness, to which the Indian title was not previously extinguished, +has consequently been a history of plunder, conflagration and massacre. + +That the extension of white settlements into the Indian country, was +the cause of the war of 1774, will be abundantly manifested by a +recurrence to the early history of Kentucky; and a brief review of the +circumstances connected with the first attempts to explore and make +establishments in it. For several reasons, these circumstances merit a +passing notice in this place. Redstone and Fort Pitt (now Brownsville +and Pittsburgh) were for some time, the principal points of +embarkation for emigrants to that country; many of whom were from the +establishments which had been then not long made, on the Monongahela. +The Indians, regarding the settlements in North Western Virginia as +the line from which swarmed the adventurers to Kentucky, directed +their operations to prevent the success of these adventurers, as well +against the inhabitants of the upper country, as against them. While +at the same time, in the efforts which were made to compel the Indians +to desist from farther opposition, the North Western Virginians +frequently combined [109] their forces, and acted in conjunction, the +more certainly to accomplish that object. In truth the war, which was +then commenced, and carried on with but little intermission up to the +treaty of Fort Greenville in 1795 was a war in which they were equally +interested, having for its aim the indiscriminate destruction of the +inhabitants of both those sections of country, as the means of +preventing the farther extension of settlements by the whites.[5] + +When Kentucky was first begun to be explored, it is said not to have +been claimed in individual property by any nation of Indians. Its +extensive forests, grassy plains and thick cane brakes, abounding with +every variety of game common to such latitudes, were used as common +hunting grounds, and considered by them, as open for all who chose to +resort to them. The Cherokees, the Chickasaws, the Cataubas, and the +Chicamaugas, from the south east; and the Illinois, the Peorias, the +Delawares, the Mingoes and Shawanees from the west, claimed and +exercised equal rights and privileges within its limits. When the +tribes of those different nations would however meet there, frequent +collisions would arise between them; and so deadly were the conflicts +ensuing upon these, that, in conjunction with the gloom of its dense +forests, they acquired for it the impressive appellation of "the dark +and bloody ground." But frequent and deadly as may have been those +conflicts, they sprang from some other cause, than a claim to +exclusive property in it. + +In the summer of 1769, Daniel Boone, in company with John Finley (who +had previously hunted through the country) and a few other men, +entered Kentucky, and travelled over much of its surface, without +meeting with an Indian, until the December following.[6] At this time +Boone and John Steward (one of his companions,) while on a hunting +excursion, were discovered by a party of Indians, who succeeded in +making them prisoners. After a detention of but few days, these men +effected their escape; & returning to their old camp, found that it +had been plundered, and their associates, either killed or taken into +captivity. They were shortly after joined by a brother of Daniel Boone +and another man, from North Carolina, who were so fortunate in +wandering through the wilderness, as to discover the only, though +temporary residence of civilized man within several hundred miles. But +the Indians had become alarmed for the possession of that country; and +fearing that if Boone and Steward should be suffered to escape to the +settlements, they might induce others to attempt its permanent +occupancy, they sought with vigilance to discover and murder them. +They succeeded in killing Steward; but Daniel Boone and his brother, +then the only persons left (the man who came out with the younger +Boone having been killed by a wolf,) escaped from them, and soon after +returned to North Carolina. + +The Indians were not disappointed in their expectations. The +description given of the country by the Boones, soon led others to +attempt its settlement; and in 1773, six families and about forty men, +all under the guidance of Daniel Boone, commenced their journey [110] +to Kentucky with a view of remaining there. Before they proceeded far, +they were attacked in the rear by a party of Indians, who had been +observing their movements; and who in the first fire killed six of the +emigrants and dispersed their cattle. Nothwithstanding that, in the +engagement which ensued upon this attack, the assailants were +repulsed, yet the adventurers were so afflicted at the loss of their +friends, and dispirited by such serious and early opposition, that +they abandoned their purpose for a time, and returned to the inhabited +parts of Tennessee.[7] + +The Indians elated with their success in defeating this first attempt +at the settlement of Kentucky, and supposing that the route pursued by +the party which they had driven back, would be the pass for future +adventurers, determined on guarding it closely, and checking, if +possible, every similar enterprise. But while their attention was +directed to this point, others found their way into the country by a +different route and from a different direction. + +The Virginia troops, who had served in the Canadian war, had been +promised a bounty in Western lands. Many of them being anxious to +ascertain their value, and deeming this a favorable period for the +making of surveys, collected at Fort Pitt in the fall of 1773; and +descending the Ohio river to its falls, at Louisville, proceeded from +thence to explore the country preparatory to a perfection of their +grants.[8] + +About the same time too, General Thompson of Pennsylvania, commenced +an extensive course of surveys, of the rich land on the North Fork of +Licking; and other individuals following his example, in the ensuing +winter the country swarmed with land adventurers and surveyors. So +sensible were they all, that these attempts to appropriate those lands +to their own use, would produce acts of hostility, that they went +prepared to resist those acts; and the first party who took up their +abode in Kentucky, no sooner selected a situation for their residence, +than they proceeded to erect a fort for their security.[9] The conduct +of the Indians soon convinced them that their apprehensions were not +ill founded; and many of them, in consequence of the hostile movements +which were being made, and the robberies which were committed, +ascended the Ohio river to Wheeling. + +It is not known that any murders were done previously to this, and +subsequently to the attack and repulse of the emigrants who were led +on by Boone in 1773. This event happened on the tenth day of October; +and it was in April the ensuing year, that the land adventurers +retired to Wheeling. In this interval of time, nothing could, perhaps, +be done by the Indians, but make preparation [111] for hostilities in +the spring. Indeed it very rarely happens, that the Indians engage in +active war during the winter; and there is, moreover, a strong +presumption, that they were for some time ignorant of the fact that +there were adventurers in the country; and consequently, they knew of +no object there, on which their hostile intentions could operate.--Be +this as it may, it is certain that, from the movements of the Indians +at the close of the winter, the belief was general, that they were +assuming a warlike attitude, and meditating a continuance of +hostilities. War was certainly begun on their part, when Boone and his +associates, were attacked and driven back to the settlement; and if it +abated for a season, that abatement was attributable to other causes, +than a disposition to remain quiet and peaceable, while the country +was being occupied by the whites. + +If other evidence were wanting, to prove the fact that the war of 1774 +had its origin in a determination of the Indians to repress the +extension of white settlements, it could be found in the circumstance, +that although it was terminated by the treaty with Lord Dunmore, yet +it revived as soon as attempts were again made to occupy Kentucky, and +was continued with increased ardour, 'till the victory obtained over +them by General Wayne. For, notwithstanding that in the struggle for +American liberty, those Indians became the allies of Great Britain, +yet when independence was acknowledged, and the English forces +withdrawn from the colonies, hostilities were still carried on by +them; and, as was then well understood, because of the continued +operation of those causes, which produced the war of 1774. That the +Canadian traders and British emissaries, prompted the Indians to +aggression, and extended to them every aid which they could, to render +that aggression more effectually oppressive and overwhelming, is +readily admitted. Yet this would not have led to a war, but for the +encroachments which have been mentioned. French influence, united to +the known jealousy of the Natives, would have been unavailingly +exerted to array the Indians against Virginia, at the commencement of +Braddock's war, but for the proceedings of the Ohio company, and the +fact that the Pennsylvania traders represented the object of that +association to be purely territorial. And equally fruitless would +have been their endeavor to involve them in a contest [112] with +Virginians at a later period, but for a like manifestation of an +intention to encroach on their domain. + +In the latter end of April 1774, a party of land adventurers, who had +fled from the dangers which threatened them below, came in collision +with some Indians, near the mouth of Captina, sixteen miles below +Wheeling. A slight skirmish ensued, which terminated in the +discomfiture of the whites, notwithstanding they had only one man +wounded, and one or two of the enemy were killed. About the same time, +happened the affair opposite the mouth of Yellow creek; a stream +emptying into the Ohio river from the northwest, nearly midway between +Pittsburg and Wheeling.[10] + +In consequence of advices received of the menacing conduct of the +Indians, Joshua Baker (who lived at this place) was preparing, +together with his neighbors, to retire for safety, into some of the +nearer forts, or to go to the older and more populous settlements, +remote from danger. There was at that time a large party of Indians, +encamped on both sides of Yellow creek, at its entrance into the +river; and although in their intercourse at Baker's, they had not +manifested an intention of speedily commencing depredations, yet he +deemed his situation in the immediate contiguity of them, as being far +from secure, and was on the eve of abandoning it, when a party of +whites, who had just collected at his house, fired upon and killed +some Indians, who were likewise there.--Among them were the brother +and daughter of the celebrated chief, Logan.[11] + +In justification of this conduct it has been said, that on the +preceding evening a squaw came over from the encampment and informed +Mrs. Baker that the Indians meditated the murder of her family on the +next day; and that before the firing [113] at Baker's, two canoes, +containing Indians painted and armed for war, were seen to leave the +opposite shore. Under these circumstances, an apparently slight +provocation, and one, which would not perhaps have been, otherwise +heeded, produced the fatal result. As the canoes approached the shore, +the party from Baker's commenced firing on them, and notwithstanding +the opposition made by the Indians, forced them to retire. + +An interval of quiet succeeded the happening of these events; but it +was as the solemn stillness which precedes the eruption of an +earthquake, when a volcanic explosion has given notice of its +approach;--rendered more awful by the uncertainty where its desolating +influence would be felt. It was however, a stillness of but short +duration. The gathering storm soon burst over the devoted heads of +those, who had neglected to seek a shelter from its wrath. The traders +in the Indian country were the first victims sacrificed on the altar +of savage ferocity; and a general massacre of all the whites found +among them, quickly followed. A young man, discovered near the falls +of Muskingum and within sight of White Eyes town, was murdered, +scalped; literally cut to pieces, and the mangled members of his body, +hung up on trees. White Eyes, a chief of the friendly Delawares, +hearing the scalp halloo, went out with a party of his men; and seeing +what had been done, collected the scattered limbs of the young man, +and buried them. On the next day, they were torn from the ground, +severed into smaller pieces, and thrown dispersedly at greater +distances from each other. + +[114] Apprized of impending danger, many of the inhabitants on the +frontiers of North Western Virginia, retired into the interior, before +any depredations were committed, in the upper country; some took +refuge in forts which had been previously built; while others, +collecting together at particular houses, converted them into +temporary fortresses, answering well the purposes of protection, to +those who sought shelter in them. Fort Redstone, which had been +erected after the successful expedition of General Forbes; and Fort +Pitt, at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, +afforded an asylum to many. Several private forts were likewise +established in various parts of the country;[12] and every thing which +individual exertion could effect, to ensure protection to the border +inhabitants, was done. + +Nor did the colonial government of Virginia neglect the security of +her frontier citizens. When intelligence of the hostile disposition of +the Natives, reached Williamsburg, the house of Burgesses was in +session; and measures were immediately adopted, to prevent massacres, +and to restore tranquillity. That these objects might be the more +certainly accomplished, it was proposed by General Andrew Lewis (then +a delegate from Bottetourt,) to organize a force, sufficient to +overcome all intermediate opposition, and to carry the war into the +enemy's country. In accordance to this proposition, orders were issued +by Governor Dunmore for raising the requisite number of troops, and +for making other necessary preparations for the contemplated campaign; +the plan of which was concerted by the Governor, Gen. Lewis and +Colonel Charles Lewis (then a delegate from Augusta.) But as some time +must necessarily have elapsed before the consummation of the +preparations which were being made; and as much individual suffering +might result from the delays unavoidably incident to the raising, +equipping and [115] organizing a large body of troops, it was deemed +advisable to take some previous and immediate step to prevent the +invasion of exposed and defenceless portions of the country.--The best +plan for the accomplishment of this object was believed to be, the +sending of an advance army into the Indian country, of sufficient +strength to act offensively, before a confederacy could be formed of +the different tribes, and their combined forces be brought into the +field. A sense of the exposed situation of their towns in the +presence of an hostile army, requiring the entire strength of every +village for its defence, would, it was supposed, call home those +straggling parties of warriors, by which destruction is so certainly +dealt to the helpless and unprotected. In conformity with this part of +the plan of operations, four hundred men, to be detailed from the +militia west of the mountains, were ordered to assemble at Wheeling as +soon as practicable. And in the mean time, lest the surveyors and land +adventurers, who were then in Kentucky, might be discovered and fall a +prey to the savages, Daniel Boone was sent by the Governor to the +falls of Ohio, to conduct them home from thence, through the +wilderness; the only practicable road to safety, the Ohio river being +so effectually guarded as to preclude the hope of escaping up it.[13] + +Early in June, the troops destined to make an incursion into the +Indian country, assembled at Wheeling, and being placed under the +command of Colonel Angus McDonald, descended the Ohio to the mouth of +Captina. Debarking, at this place, from their boats and canoes, they +took up their march to Wappatomica, an Indian town on the Muskingum. +The country through which the army had to pass, was one unbroken +forest, presenting many obstacles to its speedy advance, not the least +of which was the difficulty of proceeding directly to the point +proposed.[14] To obviate this, however, they were accompanied by three +persons in the capacity of guides;[15] whose knowledge of the woods, +and familiarity with those natural indices, which so unerringly mark +the direction of the principal points, enabled them to pursue the +direct course.--When they had approached within six miles of the town, +the [116] army encountered an opposition from a party of fifty or +sixty Indians lying in ambush; and before these could be dislodged, +two whites were killed, and eight or ten wounded;--one Indian was +killed, and several wounded. They then proceeded to Wappatomica +without further molestation.[16] + +When the army arrived at the town, it was found to be entirely +deserted. Supposing that it would cross the river, the Indians had +retreated to the opposite bank, and concealing themselves behind trees +and fallen timber, were awaiting that movement in joyful anticipation +of a successful surprise.--Their own anxiety and the prudence of the +commanding officer, however, frustrated that expectation. Several were +discovered peeping from their covert, watching the motion of the army; +and Colonel McDonald, suspecting their object, and apprehensive that +they would recross the river and attack him in the rear, stationed +videttes above and below, to detect any such purpose, and to apprise +him of the first movement towards effecting it. Foiled by these +prudent and precautionary measures and seeing their town in possession +of the enemy, with no prospect of wresting it from them, 'till +destruction would have done its work, the Indians sued for peace; and +the commander of the expedition consenting to negotiate with them, if +he could be assured of their sincerity, five chiefs were sent over as +hostages, and the army then crossed the river, with these in front. + +When a negotiation was begun, the Indians asked, that one of the +hostages might be permitted to go and convoke the other chiefs, +whose presence, it was alleged, would be necessary to the ratification +of a peace. One was accordingly released; and not returning at the +time specified, another was then sent, who in like manner failed +to return. Colonel McDonald, suspecting some treachery, marched +forward to the next town, above Wappatomica, where another slight +engagement took place, in which one Indian was killed and one white +man wounded. It was then ascertained, that the time which should +have been spent in collecting the other chiefs, preparatory to +negotiation, had been employed in removing their old men, their women +and children, together with what property could be readily taken +off, and for making preparations for a combined attack on the +Virginia troops. To punish this duplicity and to render peace +really desirable, Col. McDonald burned their towns and destroyed +their crops; [117] and being then in want of provisions, retraced his +steps to Wheeling, taking with him the three remaining hostages, who +were then sent on to Williamsburg.[17] + +The inconvenience of supplying provisions to an army in the +wilderness, was a serious obstacle to the success of expeditions +undertaken against the Indians. The want of roads, at that early +period, which would admit of transportation in wagons, rendered it +necessary to resort to pack horses; and such was at times the +difficulty of procuring these, that, not unfrequently, each soldier +had to be the bearer of his entire stock of subsistence for the whole +campaign. When this was exhausted, a degree of suffering ensued, often +attended with consequences fatal to individuals, and destructive to +the objects of the expedition. In the present case, the army being +without provisions before they left the Indian towns, their only +sustenance consisted of weeds, an ear of corn each day, and +occasionally, a small quantity of venison: it being impracticable to +hunt game in small parties, because of the vigilance and success of +the Indians, in watching and cutting off detachments of this kind, +before they could accomplish their purpose and regain the main army. + +No sooner had the troops retired from the Indian country, than the +savages, in small parties, invaded the settlements in different +directions, seeking opportunities of gratifying their insatiable +thirst for blood. And although the precautions which had been taken, +lessened the frequency of their success, yet they did not always +prevent it. Persons leaving the forts on any occasion, were almost +always either murdered or carried into captivity,--a lot sometimes +worse than death itself. + +Perhaps the first of these incursions into North Western Virginia, +after the destruction of the towns on the Muskingum, was that made by +a party of eight Indians, at the head of which was the Cayuga chief +Logan.[18] This very celebrated [118] Indian is represented as having +hitherto, observed towards the whites, a course of conduct by no means +in accordance with the malignity and steadfast implacability which +influenced his red brethren generally; but was, on the contrary, +distinguished by a sense of humanity, and a just abhorrence of those +cruelties so frequently inflicted on the innocent and unoffending, as +well as upon those who were really obnoxious to savage enmity. Such +indeed were the acts of beneficence which characterized him, and so +great his partiality for the English, that the finger of his brethren +would point to his cabin as the residence of Logan, "the friend of +white men." "In the course of the French war, he remained at home, +idle and inactive;" opposed to the interference of his nation, "an +advocate for peace." When his family fell before the fury of +exasperated men, he felt himself impelled to avenge their deaths; and +exchanging the pipe of peace, for the tomahawk of war, became active +in seeking opportunities to glut his vengeance.[19] With this object +in view, at the head of the party which has been mentioned, he +traversed the county from the Ohio to the West Fork, before an +opportunity was presented him of achieving any mischief. Their +distance from what was supposed would be the theatre of war, had +rendered the inhabitants of that section of country, comparatively +inattentive to their safety. Relying on the expectation that the first +blow would be struck on the Ohio, and that they would have sufficient +notice of this to prepare for their own security, before danger could +reach them, many had continued to perform the ordinary business of +their farms. + +On the 12th day of July, as William Robinson, Thomas Hellen and +Coleman Brown were pulling flax in a field opposite the mouth of +Simpson's creek, Logan and his party approached unperceived and fired +at them. Brown fell instantly; his body perforated by several balls; +and Hellen and Robinson [119] unscathed, sought safety in flight. +Hellen being then an old man, was soon overtaken and made captive; but +Robinson, with the elasticity of youth, ran a considerable distance +before he was taken; and but for an untoward accident might have +effected an escape. Believing that he was outstripping his pursuers, +and anxious to ascertain the fact, he looked over his shoulder, but +before he discovered the Indian giving chase, he ran with such +violence against a tree, that he fell, stunned by the shock and lay +powerless and insensible. In this situation he was secured with a +cord; and when he revived, was taken back to the place where the +Indians had Hellen in confinement, and where lay the lifeless body of +Brown. They then set off to their towns, taking with them a horse +which belonged to Hellen. + +When they had approached near enough to be distinctly heard, Logan (as +is usual with them after a successful scout,) gave the scalp halloo, +and several warriors came out to meet them, and conducted the +prisoners into the village. Here they passed through the accustomed +ceremony of running the gauntlet; but with far different fortunes. +Robinson, having been previously instructed by Logan (who from the +time he made him his prisoner, manifested a kindly feeling towards +him,) made his way, with but little interruption, to the council +house; but poor Hellen, from the decrepitude of age, and his ignorance +of the fact that it was a place of refuge, was sadly beaten before he +arrived at it; and when he at length came near enough, he was knocked +down with a war club, before he could enter. After he had fallen, they +continued to beat and strike him with such unmerciful severity, that +he would assuredly have fallen a victim to their barbarous usage, but +that Robinson (at some peril for the interference) reached forth his +hand and drew him within the sanctuary. When he had however, recovered +from the effects of the violent beating which he had received, he was +relieved from the apprehension of farther suffering, by being adopted +into an Indian family. + +A council was next convoked to resolve on the fate of Robinson; and +then arose in his breast, feelings of the most anxious inquietude. +Logan assured him, that he should not be killed; but the council +appeared determined that he should die, and he was tied to the stake. +Logan then addressed them, and with much vehemence, insisted that +Robinson too should be spared; and had the eloquence displayed on that +occasion been less than Logan is believed to have possessed, [120] it +is by no means wonderful that he appeared to Robinson (as he +afterwards said) the most powerful orator he ever heard. But +commanding as his eloquence might have been, it seems not to have +prevailed with the council; for Logan had to interpose otherwise than +by argument or entreaty, to succeed in the attainment of his object. +Enraged at the pertinacity with which the life of Robinson was sought +to be taken, and reckless of the consequences, he drew the tomahawk +from his belt, and severing the cords which bound the devoted victim +to the stake, led him in triumph, to the cabin of an old squaw, by +whom he was immediately adopted. + +After this, so long as Logan remained in the town where Robinson was, +he was kind and attentive to him; and when preparing to go again to +war, got him to write the letter which was afterwards found on +Holstein at the house of a Mr. Robertson, whose family were all +murdered by the Indians. Robinson remained with his adopted mother, +until he was redeemed under the treaty concluded at the close of the +Dunmore campaign. + +----- + [1] Mr. Jefferson, in his Notes on Virginia, represents this + as happening at Grave creek, which empties into the Ohio from + the south eastern, or Virginia side of this river, twelve miles + below Wheeling. Those who lived near at the time and are + supposed to have had the best opportunity of ascertaining the + fact, say that it happened near the mouth of Captina, a creek + sixteen miles below Wheeling, and on the Ohio side. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--What is called the "Captina affair" + happened April 27th, at Pipe Creek, emptying into the Ohio from + the west, fourteen miles below Wheeling, and six above Captina + Creek. Two friendly Shawnees were killed here by a party + commanded by Michael Cresap, of Redstone, who at the time was + in the neighborhood of Wheeling, surveying and clearing farms + for new settlers. Cresap and his men, among whom was George + Rogers Clark, then a young surveyor who had a claim at the + mouth of Fish Creek, thereupon started out to destroy Chief + Logan's camp, at Baker's Bottom, opposite the mouth of Yellow + Creek, fifty-three miles up the Ohio, and forty miles west of + Pittsburg by land; but as Logan was a well-known friend of the + whites, they became ashamed of their project, and marched on + across country to Fort Redstone. Meanwhile, as will be seen in + due course, others were preparing to destroy Logan's band, and + on April 30th occurred that infamous massacre which Logan + wrongly believed to be Cresap's work. + + [2] Capt. Bull was a Delaware chief whose original village + of Oghkwaga was on Unadilla Kiver, an eastern branch of the + Susquehanna, in what is now Boone county, N. Y. He had been the + prime mover in an attempt to interest the Delawares in + Pontiac's conspiracy (1763). In March, 1764, a strong party of + whites and friendly Indians were sent out to capture him, by + Sir William Johnson, English Indian superintendent in New York. + After a sharp struggle, Bull and a number of his adherents were + captured and conveyed in irons to New York City, where they + were imprisoned for a time, but finally discharged. The + Delaware towns on the Unadilla having been burned, Bull and + five families of his relatives settled what the whites called + Bulltown, on the Little Kanawha. This was at a salt spring + about a mile and a quarter below the present Bulltown P. O., + Braxton county, Va. Capt. Bull and his people were inoffensive, + and very friendly to their white neighbors, as our author + says.--R. G. T. + + [3] Adam Stroud lived on Elk River, a few miles south of + Indian Bulltown. The massacre of his family--his wife and seven + children--occurred in June, 1772. Shawnees were the murderers, + and not Bull's people.--R. G. T. + + [4] Mr. McWhorter writes me that two others were Jesse + Hughes and John Cutright (corruption of Cartwright?), both of + them settlers on Hacker's Creek. Hughes was a noted border + scout, but a man of fierce, unbridled passions, and so + confirmed an Indian hater that no tribesman, however peaceful + his record, was safe in his presence. Some of the most cruel + acts on the frontier are by tradition attributed to this man. + The massacre of the Bulltown Indians was accompanied by + atrocities as repulsive as any reported by captives in Indian + camps; of these there had long been traditions, but details + were not fully known until revealed by Cutright upon his + death-bed in 1852, when he had reached the age of 105 years. + Want of space alone prevents me from giving Mr. McWhorter's + narrative of Hughes's long and bloody career. "Hughes died," he + says, "in Jackson county, W. Va., at a date unknown to me, but + in very old age. While he was a great scout and Indian trader, + he never headed an expedition of note. This no doubt was + because of his fierce temperament, and bad reputation among his + own countrymen." In studying the annals of the border, we must + not fail to note that here and there were many savage-hearted + men among the white settlers, whose deeds were quite as + atrocious as any attributed to the red-skins. Current histories + of Indian warfare seldom recognize this fact.--R. G. T. + + [5] Lord Dunmore's War (1774) was a natural outgrowth of the + strained relations which had long existed between the savages + and the white colonists in their midst. As our author has made + clear, minor hostilities had broken out here and there ever + since the Pontiac uprising, but there had been no general + campaign since Bouquet's treaty in 1764. Affairs had come to + that pass by the early spring of 1774, that diplomacy was no + longer possible, and an Indian war was inevitable. It was + merely a question of detail, as to how and when. The immediate + cause of precipitation--not the cause of the war, for that lay + deeper--was the territorial dispute over the Ft. Pitt region, + between Virginia and Pennsylvania. Dunmore, as royal governor + of Virginia, had several reasons for bringing matters to a + head--he was largely interested in land speculations under + Virginia patents that would be vitiated if Pennsylvania, now + becoming aggressive, should succeed in planting her official + machinery at Ft. Pitt, which was garrisoned by Virginia; again, + his colonists were in a revolutionary frame of mind, and he + favored a distraction in the shape of a popular Indian war; + finally, it seemed as though a successful raid by Virginia + militia would clinch Virginia's hold on the country and the + treaty of peace that must follow would widen the area of + provincial lands and encourage Western settlements. April 25, + 1774, he issued a proclamation in which, after reference to + Pennsylvania's claims, it was asserted that Ft. Pitt was "in + danger of some annoyance from the Indians," and he called on + his local military commandant, the fire-eating Dr. John + Connolly, "to embody a sufficient number of men to repel any + insult." Connolly, evidently as part of a preconcerted plan, at + once (April 26) issued a circular letter to the excited + borderers, which was well calculated to arouse them, being in + effect a declaration of war against the Indians. The very next + day occurred the Pipe Creek affair, then came the Logan tragedy + at Baker's Bottom, three days later, and at once the war was on + at full-head.--R. G. T. + + [6] Of John Findlay (so he signed his name), "the + precursor and pilot of Daniel Boone to Kentucky," but little is + known and less has been published. Apparently he was a native + of the north of Ireland. In early life he emigrated to the + neighborhood of Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pa., a district + almost wholly settled by Scotch-Irish Protestants. In + February, 1752, we find him a trader among the Shawnees; the + following year, he was robbed and driven off. It is probable + that he served in the Pennsylvania frontier militia from the + opening of the French and Indian War (1754). Boone met him on + the Braddock campaign (1755), and they became fast friends. + Findlay had already (1752) been in Kentucky as far as the + Falls of the Ohio, in the course of his ramblings as a + trader, and inspired Boone with an intense desire to seek this + El Dorado of the West. It was in 1767, when settled near the + head of the Yadkin River, that Boone first tried to reach + Kentucky by way of the Sandy, but failed. In the winter of + 1768-69, Findlay, now a peddler, with a horse to carry his + traps, appeared at Boone's cabin on the Yadkin, and the two + old comrades had a happy time rehearsing their various + adventures during the thirteen years of separation. An + expedition to Kentucky was agreed upon, and the party set + out from Boone's cabin, May 1, 1769; it was composed of + Findlay, now advanced in years, Daniel Boone, the latter's + brother-in-law, John Stuart, and three Yadkin neighbors, + Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cooley. The story of + their expedition through Cumberland Gap, and their long hunt, + is now familiar to readers of Western history. Their + principal camp was probably on Red Lick Fork of Station Camp + Creek. In December, Stuart and Boone were captured by + Indians, but escaped early in January (1770), and on + rejoining their comrades on Rockcastle River found that + Daniel's brother, Squire, had arrived with fresh horses and + traps from the North Carolina home; and with him was + Alexander Neely, whom Squire had found on New (Great + Kanawha) River. Findlay, Holden, Mooney, and Cooley now + elected to return home, leaving the others to spend a longer + period in Kentucky; Findlay took the left-hand road through the + West Virginia settlements, to Pennsylvania, and the others, + turning to the right, wended their way to North Carolina + through Cumberland Gap. Not long after this, Stuart was + killed by Indians, while alone in the woods, and Neely, + discouraged by his fate, returned home. The story, often + copied from Withers, that Neely was killed by a wolf, is + erroneous. As for Findlay, he appears to have again become an + Indian trader in Western Pennsylvania; for late in 1771 he is + reported to have been robbed of $500 worth of goods, by a + Seneca war party raiding the Youghiogheny district. There is a + tradition that not long after this he "was lost in the wilds + of the West." Holden and Cooley spent the rest of their + days on the Upper Yadkin. Mooney was killed at the battle of + Point Pleasant (1774).--R. G. T. + + [7] The Boones and five other families set out from their + homes on the Yadkin, Sept. 25, 1773. In Powell's Valley they + were joined by forty people under Boone's brother-in-law, + William Bryan. While the main party were slowly advancing + through the valley, a small squad, under Boone's oldest son, + James, went on a side expedition for flour, cattle, and other + supplies. With these they had nearly caught up to the advance, + when, not knowing they were so near, they camped on the evening + of October 9 a few miles in the rear. Early in the morning of + the 10th, a small band of Shawnees and Cherokees, who were + nominally at peace with the whites, fell upon and, after cruel + tortures, slaughtered them. In Dunmore's speech at Fort Pitt, + this tragedy in Powell's Valley was alluded to as one of the + chief causes of the Indian war of 1774. At the Camp Charlotte + treaty (October, 1774), some of the plunder from this massacre + was delivered up by the savages. After the tragedy, the greater + part of the Kentucky caravan returned to their homes, but the + Boones spent the winter of 1773-74 at a settlement some forty + miles distant, on Clinch River. During the Dunmore War, Boone + was active as an Indian fighter.--R. G. T. + + [8] The leader of this party was Capt. Thomas Bullitt. He + was born in Fauquier county, Va., in 1730; was one of + Washington's captains at the Great Meadows (1754), and fought + gallantly with Braddock (1755) and Forbes (1758); in 1763, was + made adjutant-general of Virginia; during the early part of the + Revolution he held the same office in the Southern Department + of the United States, but resigned in 1776 because not + promoted; he died in Fauquier county, in 1778. The project of + Franklin, Walpole, and others to found the Colony of + Pittsylvania, with its seat at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, + greatly stimulated Western land speculation, and there was a + rush of those holding military land warrants to locate claims. + Lord Dunmore's agent at Fort Pitt, Dr. John Connolly--with whom + his lordship was doubtless in partnership--had large interests + of this character, and Bullitt went to the Falls of the Ohio + (1773) to survey lands for him. Bullitt had a surveyor's + commission from Williams and Mary College, but Col. William + Preston, county surveyor for Fincastle county--in which + Kentucky was then included--declined to recognize any but his + own deputies. Preston carried his point, and the lands were + re-surveyed the following year (1774) by his deputies. Bullitt + had laid off a town on this Connolly survey; but the Revolution + soon broke out, Bullitt was otherwise engaged, Dunmore was + deposed, Connolly was imprisoned, and the scheme fell through. + In 1778, George Rogers Clark camped at the Falls on his way to + the Illinois, and the garrison he established there grew into + the town of Louisville. With Bullitt's surveying party in 1773, + were James Douglas, James Harrod, James Sodousky, Isaac Hite, + Abraham Haptonstall, Ebenezer Severns, John Fitzpatrick, John + Cowan,--prominent names in later Kentucky history,--and + possibly others. George Rogers Clark was probably with the + party during a part of its canoe voyage down the Ohio, but + seems to have gone no farther than Big Bone Creek.--R. G. T. + + [9] This was done by a party of men from the Monongahela, + under the guidance of James Harrod; by whom was built the first + cabin for human habitancy ever erected in Kentucky. This was on + the present site of Harrodsburg. + + [10] These are the Pipe Creek and Baker's Bottom affairs, + respectively mentioned on pp. 134, 149, _notes_. Yellow Creek, + opposite Baker's Bottom, empties into the Ohio 51 miles below + Pittsburg; Wheeling is 91 miles below Pittsburg, and Pipe Creek + 104.--R. G. T. + + [11] There is some difficulty in fixing on the precise time + when these occurrences happened. Col. Ebenezer Zane says that + they took place in the latter part of April, and that the + affair at Captina preceded the one at Yellow creek a few days. + John Sappington, who was of the party at Baker's, and is said + to be the one who killed Logan's brother, says, the murders at + that place occurred on the 24th of May, and that the skirmish + at Captina was on the day before (23rd May.) Col. Andrew + Swearingen, a presbyterian gentleman of much respectability, + one of the early settlers near the Ohio above Wheeling, and + afterwards intimate with those engaged at both places, says + that the disturbance opposite Yellow creek preceded the + engagement [113] at Captina, and that the latter, as was then + generally understood, was caused by the conduct of the Indians, + who had been at Yellow creek and were descending the river, + exasperated at the murder of their friends at Baker's. Mr. + Benjamin Tomlinson, who was the brother-in-law of Baker and + living with him at the time, says that this circumstance + happened in May, but is silent as to the one at Captina. These + gentlemen all agree in the fact that Logan's people were + murdered at Baker's. Indeed Logan himself charges it as having + been done there. The statement of Sappington, that the murders + were caused by the abusive epithets of Logan's brother and his + taking the hat and coat of Baker's brother in law is confirmed + by Col. Swearingen and others; who also say that for some days + previous, the neighborhood generally had been engaged in + preparing to leave the country, in consequence of the menacing + conduct of the Indians. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--The date is now well established--April + 30. Withers is altogether too lenient, in his treatment of the + whites engaged in this wretched massacre. Logan, encamped at + the mouth of Yellow River, on the Ohio side, was a peaceful, + inoffensive Indian, against whom no man harbored a suspicion; + he was made a victim of race hatred, in a time of great popular + excitement. Joshua Baker, who was settled opposite him on + Baker's Bottom, in Virginia, kept a low grog-shop tavern, and + had recently been warned not to sell more liquor to Indians. + Daniel Greathouse lived in the vicinity--a cruel, bloodthirsty + fellow, who served Connolly as a local agent in fomenting + hatred of Indians. It will be remembered (p. 131, _note_) that + Cresap's party were intending to strike the camp of Logan, but + that they abandoned the project. In the meantime, probably + without knowledge of Cresap's intent, Greathouse had collected + a party of 32 borderers to accomplish the same end. Logan's + camp seemed too strong for them to attack openly; so they + secreted themselves in Baker's house, and when Logan's family, + men and women, came over to get their daily grog, and were + quite drunk, set upon them and slew and tomahawked nine or ten. + The chief, standing on the Ohio bank, heard the uproar and + witnessed the massacre; he naturally supposed that the + murderers were led by Cresap. From a friend of the whites, + Logan became their implacable enemy, and during the ensuing war + his forays were the bloodiest on the border. We shall hear of + him and his famous speech, later on. + + [12] It was then that Westfall's and Casinoe's forts were + erected in Tygart's valley,--Pricket's, on Pricket's + creek,--Jackson's on Ten Mile, and Shepherd's on Wheeling + creek, a few miles above its mouth. There were also others + established in various parts of the country and on the + Monongahela and Ohio rivers. Nutter's fort, near to Clarksburg, + afforded protection to the inhabitants on the West Fork, from + its source, to its confluence with the Valley river; and to + those who lived on Buchannon and on Hacker's creek, as well as + to the residents of its immediate vicinity. + + [13] June 20, Col. William Preston, having charge of the + defenses of Fincastle county, authorized Capt. William Russell + to employ two faithful woodsmen to go to Kentucky and inform + the several surveying parties at work there, of their danger. + June 26, Russell replied, "I have engaged to start immediately + on the occasion, two of the best hands I could think of--Daniel + Boone and Michael Stoner; who have engaged to reach the country + as low as the Falls, and to return by way of Gasper's Lick on + Cumberland, and through Cumberland Gap; so that, by the + assiduity of these men, if it is not too late, I hope the + gentlemen will be apprized of the imminent danger they are + daily in." + + Boone and Stoner journeyed overland to Harrodsburg, where + Col. James Harrod and thirty men were making improvements + and laying out the town. The thrifty Boone secured a good + lot, hastily built a claim cabin, and proceeded on his + tour. At Fontaine Blue, three miles below Harrodsburg, the + two scouts found another party of surveyors, whom they warned; + and in going down the Kentucky River came across Capt. John + Floyd's surveying party,--eight men, who had left Preston's + house for Kentucky, April 9,--who agreed to meet them farther + down the river. But circumstances prevented a reunion, and + Floyd's band penetrated through the wilderness on their own + account, and had a painful journey of sixteen days' duration + before reaching Russell's Fort on Clinch River. Meanwhile, + Boone and Stoner descended to the mouth of the Kentucky, and + thence to the Falls of the Ohio, and found more surveyors at + Mann's Lick, four miles southeast. Indians were making bloody + forays through the district, and the scouts had frequent + thrilling adventures. Finally, after having been absent + sixty-one days and travelled 800 miles, they reached Russell's + on the Clinch, in safety. Russell was absent on the Point + Pleasant campaign, and Boone set out with a party of recruits + to reinforce him, but was ordered back to defend the Clinch + settlements. He was busy at this task until the close of + the war. He was present at the Watauga treaty, March 17, 1775; + later that year, he led another band to Kentucky, and early + in April built Fort Boone, on Kentucky River, "a little below + Big Lick," the nucleus of the Henderson colony.--R. G. T. + + [14] The party numbered about four hundred men. The line of + march was about ninety miles in length, as estimated by the + zig-zag course pursued.--R. G. T. + + [15] They were Jonathan Zane, Thomas Nicholson and Tady + Kelly. A better woodsman than the first named of these three, + perhaps never lived. + + [16] Doddridge locates Wapatomica "about sixteen miles below + the present Coshocton." Butterfield (_History of the Girtys_) + places it "just below the present Zanesville, in Logan county, + Ohio, not a great distance from Mac-a-cheek." For localities of + Indian towns on the Muskingum, see map in St. John de Creve + Coeur's _Lettres d'un Cultivateur Américain_ (Paris, 1787), + III., p. 413.--R. G. T. + + [17] John Hargus, a private in Capt. Cresap's company, while + stationed as a vidette below the main army, observed an Indian + several times raising his head above his blind, and looking + over the river. Charging his rifle with a second ball, he + fired, and both bullets passed through the neck of the Indian, + who was found next day and scalped by Hargus. + + [18] Logan was the son of Shikellemus, a celebrated chief of + the Cayuga nation, who dwelt at Shamokin, and always attached + to the [118] English, was of much service to them on many + occasions. After the close of Dunmore's war, Logan became + gloomy and melancholy, drank freely and manifested symptoms of + mental derangement. He remained some time at Detroit, and while + there, his conduct and expressions evinced a weariness of the + world. Life he said had become a burden to him, he knew no more + what pleasure was, and thought it had been better if he had + never existed. In this disponding and disconsolate condition he + left Detroit, and on his way between that place and Miami, is + said to have been murdered. + + [19] See p. 149, _note_, for account of the massacre.--R. G. T. + + + + +[121] CHAPTER VII. + + +When information of the hostile deportment of the Indians was carried +to Williamsburg, Col. Charles Lewis sent a messenger with the +intelligence to Capt. John Stuart, and requesting of him, to apprize +the inhabitants on the Greenbrier river that an immediate war was +anticipated, and to send out scouts to watch the warrior's paths +beyond the settlements. The vigilance and activity of Capt. Stuart, +were exerted with some success, to prevent the re-exhibition of those +scenes which had been previously witnessed on Muddy creek and in the +Big Levels: but they could not avail to repress them altogether. + +In the course of the preceding spring, some few individuals had begun +to make improvements on the Kenhawa river below the Great Falls; and +some land adventurers, to examine and survey portions of the adjoining +country. To these men Capt. Stuart despatched an express, to inform +them that apprehensions were entertained of immediate irruptions being +made upon the frontiers by the Indians, and advising them to remove +from the position which they then occupied; as from its exposed +situation, without great vigilance and alertness, they must +necessarily fall a prey to the savages. + +When the express arrived at the cabin of Walter Kelly, twelve miles +below the falls, Capt. John Field of Culpepper (who had been in active +service during the French war, and was then engaged in making +surveys,) was there with a young Scotchman and a negro woman. Kelly +with great prudence, directly sent his family to Greenbrier, under the +care of a younger brother. But Capt. Field, considering the +apprehension as groundless, determined on remaining with Kelly, who +from prudential motives did not wish to subject himself to observation +by mingling with others.[1] Left with no persons but the Scotchman +and negro, they were not long permitted to doubt the reality of those +dangers, of which they had been forewarned by Capt Stuart. + +[122] Very soon after Kelly's family had left the cabin, and while yet +within hearing of it, a party of Indians approached, unperceived, near +to Kelly and Field, who were engaged in drawing leather from a tan +trough in the yard. The first intimation which Field had of their +approach was the discharge of several guns and the fall of Kelly. He +then ran briskly towards the house to get possession of a gun, but +recollecting that it was unloaded, he changed his course, and sprang +into a cornfield which screened him from the observation of the +Indians; who, supposing that he had taken shelter in the cabin, rushed +immediately into it. Here they found the Scotchman and the negro +woman, the latter of whom they killed; and making prisoner of the +young man, returned and scalped Kelly. + +When Kelly's family reached the Greenbrier settlement, they mentioned +their fears for the fate of those whom they had left on the Kenhawa, +not doubting but that the guns which they heard soon after leaving the +house, had been discharged at them by Indians. Capt. Stuart, with a +promptitude which must ever command admiration, exerted himself +effectually to raise a volunteer corps, and proceed to the scene of +action, with the view of ascertaining whether the Indians had been +there; and if they had, and he could meet with them, to endeavor to +punish them for the outrage, and thus prevent the repetition of +similar deeds of violence. + +They had not however gone far, before they were met by Capt. Field, +whose appearance of itself fully told the tale of woe. He had ran +upwards of eighty miles, naked except his shirt, and without food; his +body nearly exhausted by fatigue, anxiety and hunger, and his limbs +greviously lacerated with briers and brush. Captain Stuart, fearing +lest the success of the Indians might induce them to push immediately +for the settlements, thought proper to return and prepare for that +event. + +In a few weeks after this another party of Indians came to the +settlement on Muddy creek, and as if a certain fatality attended the +Kelly's, they alone fell victims to the incursion. As the daughter of +Walter Kelly was walking with her uncle (who had conducted the family +from the Kenhawa) some distance from the house, which had been +converted into a temporary fort, and in which they lived, they were +discovered and fired upon; the latter was killed and scalped, and the +former being overtaken in her flight, was carried into captivity. + +After the murder of Brown, and the taking of Hellen and Robinson, the +inhabitants on the Monongahela and its upper branches, alarmed for +their safety, retired into forts. But in the ensuing September, as +Josiah Pricket and Mrs. Susan Ox, who had left Pricket's fort for the +purpose of driving up their cows, were returning in the evening they +were way laid by a party of Indians, who had been drawn to the path by +the tinkling of the cowbell. Pricket was killed and scalped, and Mrs. +Ox taken prisoner. + +[123] It was in the course of this season, that Lewis Wetsel[2] first +gave promise of that daring and discretion, which were so fully +developed in his maturer years, and which rendered him among the most +fortunate and successful of Indian combatants. When about fourteen +years old, he and his brother Jacob, (still younger) were discovered +some distance from the house, by a party of Indians, who had been +prowling through the settlements on the Ohio river, with the +expectation of fortunately meeting with some opportunity of taking +scalps or making prisoners. As the boys were at some distance from +them, and in a situation too open to admit of their being approached +without perceiving those who should advance towards them, the Indians +determined on shooting the larger one, lest his greater activity might +enable him to escape. A shot was accordingly discharged at him, which, +partially taking effect and removing a portion of his breast bone, so +far deprived him of his wonted powers, that he was easily overtaken; +and both he and his brother were made prisoners. The Indians +immediately directed their steps towards their towns, and having +travelled about twenty miles beyond the Ohio river, encamped at the +Big Lick, on the waters of McMahon's creek, on the second night after +they had set off. When they had finished eating, the Indians laid +down, without confining the boys as on the preceding night, and soon +fell to sleep. After making some little movements to test the +soundness of their repose, Lewis whispered to his brother that he must +get up and go home with him; and after some hesitation on the part of +Jacob, they arose and set off. Upon getting about 100 yards from the +camp, Lewis stopped, and telling his brother to await there, returned +to the camp and brought from thence a pair of mocasons for each of +them. He then observed, that he would again go back and get his +father's gun; this he soon effected, and they then commenced their +journey home. The moon shining brightly, they were easily able to +distinguish the trail which they had made in going out; but had not +however pursued it far, before they heard the Indians coming in +pursuit of them. So soon as Lewis perceived by the sound of their +voices that they were approaching tolerably near to them, he led his +brother aside from the path, and squatting down, concealed themselves +'till their pursuers had passed them; when they again commenced +travelling and in the rear of the Indians. Not overtaking the boys as +soon as was expected, those who had been sent after them, began to +retrace their steps. Expecting this, the boys were watchful of every +noise or object before them, and when they heard the Indians +returning, again secreted themselves in the bushes, and escaped +observation. They were then followed by two, of the party who had made +them prisoners, on horseback; but by practising the same stratagem, +they eluded them also; and on the next day reached the Ohio river +opposite to Wheeling. Apprehensive that it would be dangerous to +apprize those on the opposite side of the river of their situation, by +hallooing, Lewis set himself to work as silently, and yet as +expeditiously [124] as possible, and with the aid of his little +brother, soon completed a raft on which they safely crossed the Ohio; +and made their way home. + +That persons, should, by going out from the forts, when the Indians +were so generally watching around them, expose themselves to captivity +or death, may at first appear strange and astonishing. But when the +mind reflects on the tedious and irksome confinement, which they were +compelled to undergo; the absence of the comforts, and frequently, of +the necessaries of life, coupled with an overweening attachment to the +enjoyment of forest scenes and forest pastimes, it will perhaps be +matter of greater astonishment that they did not more frequently +forego the security of a fortress, for the uncertain enjoyment of +those comforts and necessaries, and the doubtful gratification of this +attachment. Accustomed as they had been "free to come and free to go," +they could not brook the restraint under which they were placed; and +rather than chafe and pine in unwilling confinement, would put +themselves at hazard, that they might revel at large and wanton in the +wilderness. Deriving their sustenance chiefly from the woods, the +strong arm of necessity led many to tempt the perils which environed +them; while to the more chivalric and adventurous "the danger's self +were lure alone." The quiet and stillness which reigned around, even +when the enemy were lurking nearest and in greater numbers, inspired +many too, with the delusive hope of exemption from risk, not +unfrequently the harbinger of fatal consequences. It seemed indeed, +impracticable at first to realize the existence of a danger, which +could not be perceived. And not until taught by reiterated suffering +did they properly appreciate the perilous situation of those, who +ventured beyond the walls of their forts. But this state of things was +of short duration. The preparations, which were necessary to be made +for the projected campaign into the Indian country, were completed; +and to resist this threatened invasion, required the concentrated +exertions of all their warriors. + +The army destined for this expedition, was composed of volunteers and +militia, chiefly from the counties west of the Blue ridge, and +consisted of two divisions. The northern division, comprehending the +troops, collected in Frederick, Dunmore,[3] and the adjacent counties, +was to be commanded by Lord Dunmore, in person;[4] and the southern, +comprising the different companies raised in Botetourt, Augusta and +the adjoining counties east of the Blue ridge, was to be led on by +Gen. Andrew Lewis. These two divisions, proceeding by different +routes, were to form a junction at the mouth of the Big Kenhawa, and +from thence penetrate the country north west of the Ohio river, as far +as the season would admit of their going; and destroy all the Indian +towns and villages which they could reach. + +About the first of September, the troops placed under the command +[125] of Gen. Lewis rendezvoused at Camp Union (now Lewisburg) and +consisted of two regiments, commanded by Col. William Fleming of +Botetourt and Col. Charles Lewis of Augusta, and containing about four +hundred men each. At Camp Union they were joined by an independent +volunteer company under Col. John Field of Culpepper; a company from +Bedford under Capt. Buford and two from the Holstein settlement (now +Washington county) under Capts. Evan Shelby and Harbert. These three +latter companies were part of the forces to be led on by Col. +Christian, who was likewise to join the two main divisions of the army +at Point Pleasant, so soon as the other companies of his regiment +could be assembled. The force under Gen. Lewis, having been thus +augmented to eleven hundred men, commenced its march for the mouth of +Kenhawa on the 11th of September 1774.[5] + +From Camp Union to the point proposed for the junction of the northern +and southern divisions of the army, a distance of one hundred and +sixty miles, the intermediate country was a trackless forest, so +rugged and mountainous as to render the progress of the army, at once, +tedious and laborious. Under the guidance of Capt. Matthew Arbuckle, +they however, succeeded in reaching the Ohio river after a march of +nineteen days; and fixed their encampment on the point of land +immediately between that river and the Big Kenhawa.[6] The provisions +and ammunition, transported on packhorses, and the beeves in droves, +arrived soon after. + +When the army was preparing to leave Camp Union, there was for a while +some reluctance manifested on the part of Col. Field to submit to the +command of Gen. Lewis. This proceeded from the fact, that in a former +military service, he had been the senior of Gen. Lewis; and from the +circumstance that the company led on by him were Independent +Volunteers, not raised in pursuance of the orders of Governor Dunmore, +but brought into the field by his own exertions, after his escape from +the Indians at Kelly's. These circumstances induced him to separate +his men from the main body of the army on its march, and to take a +different way from the one pursued by it,--depending on his own +knowledge of the country to lead them a practicable route to the +river.[7] + +While thus detached from the forces under Gen. Lewis, two of his men +(Clay and Coward) who were out hunting and at some little distance +from each other, came near to where two Indians were concealed. Seeing +Clay only, and supposing him to be alone, one of them fired at him; +and running up to scalp him as he fell, was himself shot by Coward, +who was then about 100 yards off. The other Indian ran off unarmed, +and made his escape. A bundle of ropes found where Clay was killed, +induced the belief that it was the object of these Indians to steal +horses;--it is not however improbable, that they had been observing +the progress of the army, and endeavoring to ascertain its numbers. +Col. Field, fearing that he might [126] encounter a party of the enemy +in ambush, redoubled his vigilance 'till he again joined General +Lewis; and the utmost concert and harmony then prevailed in the whole +army.[8] + +When the Southern division arrived at Point Pleasant, Governor Dunmore +with the forces under his command, had not reached there; and unable +to account for his failure to form the preconcerted junction at that +place, it was deemed advisable to await that event; as by so doing, a +better opportunity would be afforded to Col. Christian of coming up, +with that portion of the army, which was then with him.[9] Meanwhile +General Lewis, to learn the cause of the delay of the Northern +division, despatched runners by land, in the direction of Port Pitt, +to obtain tidings of Lord Dunmore, and to communicate them to him +immediately. In their absence, however, advices were received from his +Lordship, that he had determined on proceeding across the country, +directly to the Shawanee towns; and ordering General Lewis to cross +the river, march forward and form a junction with him, near to them. +These advices were received on the 9th of October, and preparations +were immediately begun to be made for the transportation of the troops +over the Ohio river.[10] + +Early on the morning of Monday the tenth of that month, two +soldiers[11] left the camp, and proceeded up the Ohio river, in quest +of deer. When they had progressed about two miles, they unexpectedly +came in sight of a large number of Indians, rising from their +encampment, and who discovering the two hunters fired upon them and +killed one;--the other escaped unhurt, and running briskly to the +camp, communicated the intelligence, "that he had seen a body of the +enemy, covering four acres of ground as closely as they could stand by +the side of each other." The main part of the army was immediately +ordered out under Colonels Charles Lewis,[12] and William Fleming; and +having formed into two lines, [127] they proceeded about four hundred +yards, when they met the Indians, and the action commenced. + +At the first onset, Colonel Charles Lewis having fallen, and Colonel +Fleming being wounded, both lines gave way and were retreating briskly +towards the camp, when they were met by a reinforcement under Colonel +Field,[13] and rallied. The engagement then became general, and was +sustained with the most obstinate fury on both sides. The Indians +perceiving that the "tug of war" had come, and determined on affording +the Colonial army no chance of escape, if victory should declare for +them, formed a line extending across the point, from the Ohio to the +Kenhawa, and protected in front, by logs and fallen timber. In this +situation they maintained the contest with unabated vigor, from +sunrise 'till towards the close of evening; bravely and successfully +resisting every charge which was made on them; and withstanding the +impetuosity of every onset, with the most invincible firmness, until a +fortunate movement on the part of the Virginia troops, decided the +day. + +Some short distance above the entrance of the Kenhawa river into Ohio, +there is a stream, called Crooked creek, emptying into the former +of these, from the North east,[14] whose banks are tolerably high, +and were then covered with a thick and luxuriant growth of weeds. +Seeing the impracticability of dislodging the Indians, by the most +vigorous attack, and sensible of the great danger, which must +arise to his army, if the contest were not decided before night, +General Lewis detached the three companies which were commanded by +Captains Isaac Shelby, George Matthews, and John Stuart, with orders +to proceed up the Kenhawa river, and Crooked creek under cover of +the banks and weeds, 'till they should [128] pass some distance +beyond the enemy; when they were to emerge from their covert, +march downward towards the point and attack the Indians in their +rear.[15] The manoeuvre thus planned, was promptly executed, and gave +a decided victory to the Colonial army. The Indians finding themselves +suddenly and unexpectedly encompassed between two armies, & not +doubting but that in their rear, was the looked for reinforcement +under Colonel Christian, soon gave way, and about sun down, +commenced a precipitate retreat across the Ohio, to their towns on +the Scioto. + +Some short time after the battle had ended, Colonel Christian arrived +with the troops which he had collected in the settlements on the +Holstein, and relieved the anxiety of many who were disposed to +believe the retreat of the Indians to be only a feint;[16] and that +an attack would be again speedily made by them, strengthened and +reinforced by those of the enemy who had been observed during the +engagement, on the opposite side of the Ohio and Kenhawa rivers. But +these had been most probably stationed there, in anticipation of +victory, to prevent the Virginia troops from effecting a retreat +across those rivers, (the only possible chance of escape, had they +been overpowered by the enemy in their front;) and the loss sustained +by the Indians was too great, and the prospect of a better fortune, +too gloomy and unpromising, for them to enter again into an +engagement. Dispirited by the bloody repulse with which they had met, +they hastened to their towns, better disposed to purchase security +from farther hostilities by negotiation, than risk another battle with +an army whose strength and prowess, they had already tested; and found +superior to their own. The victory indeed, was decisive, and many +advantages were obtained by it; but they were not cheaply bought. The +Virginia army sustained, in this engagement, a loss of seventy-five +killed, and one hundred and forty wounded.--About one fifth of the +entire number of the troops. + +Among the slain were Colonels Lewis and Field; Captains Buford, +Morrow, Wood, Cundiff, Wilson, and Robert McClannahan; and Lieutenants +Allen, Goldsby and Dillon, with some other subalterns. The loss of the +enemy could not be ascertained. On the morning after the action, +Colonel Christian marched his men over the battle ground and found +twenty-one of the Indians lying dead; and twelve others [129] were +afterwards discovered, where they had been attempted to be concealed +under some old logs and brush.[17] + +From the great facility with which the Indians either carry off or +conceal their dead, it is always difficult to ascertain the number of +their slain; and hence arises, in some measure, the disparity between +their known loss and that sustained by their opponents in battle. +Other reasons for this disparity, are to be found in their peculiar +mode of warfare, and in the fact, that they rarely continue a contest, +when it has to be maintained with the loss of their warriors. It would +not be easy otherwise to account for the circumstance, that even when +signally vanquished, the list of their slain does not, frequently, +appear more than half as great, as that of the victors. In this +particular instance, many of the dead were certainly thrown into the +river. + +Nor could the number of the enemy engaged, be ever ascertained. Their +army is known to have been composed of warriors from the different +nations, north of the Ohio; and to have comprised the flower of the +Shawanee, Delaware, Mingo, Wyandotte and Cayuga tribes; led on by men, +whose names were not unknown to fame,[18] and at the head of whom was +Cornstalk, Sachem of the Shawanees, and King of the Northern +Confederacy.[19] + +This distinguished chief and consummate warrior, proved himself on +that day, to be justly entitled to the prominent station which he +occupied. His plan of alternate retreat & attack, was well conceived, +and occasioned the principal loss sustained by the writes. If at any +time his warriors were believed to waver, his voice could be heard +above the din of arms, exclaiming in his native tongue, "Be strong! Be +strong;" and when one near him, by trepidation and reluctance to +proceed to the charge, evinced a dastardly disposition, fearing the +example might have a pernicious influence, with one blow of the +tomahawk he severed his skull. It was perhaps a solitary instance in +which terror predominated. Never did men exhibit a more conclusive +evidence of bravery, in making a charge, and fortitude in withstanding +an onset, than did these undisciplined soldiers of the forest, in the +[130] field at Point Pleasant. Such too was the good conduct of those +who composed the army of Virginia, on that occasion; and such the +noble bravery of many, that high expectations were entertained of +their future distinction. Nor were those expectations disappointed. In +the various scenes through which they subsequently passed, the pledge +of after eminence then given, was fully redeemed; and the names of +Shelby, Campbell, Matthews, Fleming, Moore, and others, their +compatriots in arms on the memorable tenth of October, 1774, have been +inscribed in brilliant characters on the roll of fame.[20] + +Having buried the dead, and made every arrangement of which their +situation admitted, for the comfort of the wounded, entrenchments were +thrown up, and the army commenced its march to form a junction with +the northern division, under Lord Dunmore. Proceeding by the way of +the Salt Licks, General Lewis pressed forward with astonishing +rapidity (considering that the march was through a trackless desert); +but before he had gone far, an express arrived from Dunmore, with +orders to return immediately to the mouth of the Big Kenhawa. +Suspecting the integrity of his Lordship's motives, and urged by the +advice of his officers generally, General [131] Lewis refused to obey +these orders; and continued to advance 'till he was met, (at Kilkenny +creek, and in sight of an Indian village, which its inhabitants had +just fired and deserted,) by the Governor, (accompanied by White +Eyes,) who informed him, that he was negotiating a treaty of peace +which would supersede the necessity of the further movement of the +Southern division, and repeating the order for its retreat. + +The army under General Lewis had endured many privations and suffered +many hardships. They had encountered a savage enemy in great force, +and purchased a victory with the blood of their friends. When arrived +near to the goal of their anxious wishes, and with nothing to prevent +the accomplishment of the object of the campaign; they received those +orders with evident chagrin; and did not obey them without murmuring. +Having, at his own request, been introduced severally to the officers +of that division; complimenting them for their gallantry and good +conduct in the late engagement, and assuring them of his high esteem, +Lord Dunmore returned to his camp; and General Lewis commenced his +retreat.[21] + +If before the opening of this campaign, the belief was prevalent, that +to the conduct of emissaries from Great Britain, because of the +contest then waging between her and her American colonies, the Indian +depredations of that year, were mainly attributable; that belief had +become more general, and had received strong confirmation, from the +more portentous aspect which that contest had assumed, prior to the +battle at Point Pleasant. The destruction of the tea at Boston had +taken place in the March preceding. The _Boston Port Bill_, the signal +for actual conflict between the colonies and mother country, had been +received early in May. The house of Burgesses in Virginia, being in +session at the time, recommended that the first of June, the day on +which that bill was to go into operation, be observed throughout the +colony "as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, imploring the +divine interposition to avert the heavy calamity which threatened +destruction to their civil rights, and the evils of a civil war." In +consequence of this recommendation and its accompanying resolutions, +the Governor had dissolved the Assembly. The Legislature of +Massachusetts had likewise passed declaratory resolutions, expressive +of their sense of the state of public affairs and the designs of +Parliament; and which led [132] to their dissolution also. The +committee of correspondence at Boston, had framed and promulgated an +agreement, which induced Governor Gage, to issue a proclamation, +denouncing it as "an unlawful, hostile and traitorous combination, +contrary to the allegiance due to the King, destructive of the legal +authority of Parliament, and of the peace, good order, and safety of +the community;" and requiring of the magistrates, to apprehend and +bring to trial, all such as should be in any wise guilty of them. A +congress, composed of delegates from the different colonies, and +convened for the purpose "of uniting and guiding the councils, and +directing the efforts of North America," had opened its session on the +4th of September. In fine, the various elements of that tempest, which +soon after overspread the thirteen united colonies, had been already +developed, and were rapidly concentrating, before the orders for the +retreat of the Southern division of the army, were issued by Lord +Dunmore. How far these were dictated by a spirit of hostility to the +cause of the colonies, and of subservience to the interests of Great +Britain, in the approaching contest, may be inferred from his conduct +during the whole campaign; and the course pursued by him, on his +return to the seat of government. If indeed there existed (as has been +supposed,) between the Indians and the Governor from the time of his +arrival with the Northern Division of the army at Fort Pitt, a secret +and friendly understanding, looking to the almost certain result of +the commotions which were agitating America, then was the battle at +Point Pleasant, virtually the first in the series of those brilliant +achievements which burst the bonds of British tyranny; and the blood +of Virginia, there nobly shed, was the first blood spilled in the +sacred cause of American liberty.[22] + +It has been already seen that Lord Dunmore failed to form a junction +with General Lewis, at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa, agreeably to +the plan for the campaign, as concerted at Williamsburg by the +commanding officer of each division. No reason for changing the +direction of his march, appears to have been assigned by him; and +others were left to infer his motives, altogether from circumstances. + +While at Fort Pitt Lord Dunmore was joined by the notorious Simon +Girty,[23] who accompanied him from thence 'till the close of the +expedition. The subsequent conduct of this man, his attachment to the +side of Great Britain, in her [133] attempts to fasten the yoke of +slavery upon the necks of the American people,--his withdrawal from +the garrison at Fort Pitt while commissioners were there for the +purpose of concluding a treaty with the Indians, as was stipulated in +the agreement made with them by Dunmore,--the exerting of his +influence over them, to prevent the chiefs from attending there, and +to win them to the cause of England,--his ultimate joining the savages +in the war which (very much from his instigation,) they waged against +the border settlements, soon after,--the horrid cruelties, and +fiendish tortures inflicted on unfortunate white captives by his +orders and connivance;--all combined to form an exact counterpart to +the subsequent conduct of Lord Dunmore when exciting the negroes to +join the British standard;--plundering the property of those who were +attached to the cause of liberty,--and applying the brand of +conflagration to the most flourishing town in Virginia. + +At Wheeling, as they were descending the river, the army delayed some +days; and while proceeding from thence to form a junction with the +division under general Lewis, was joined, near the mouth of the Little +Kenhawa, by the noted John Connoly, of great fame as a tory. + +Of this man, Lord Dunmore thence forward became an intimate associate; +and while encamped at the mouth of Hock Hocking--seemed to make him +his confidential adviser. It was here too, only seventy miles distant +from the head quarters of General Lewis, that it was determined to +leave the boats and canoes and proceed by land to the Chilicothe +towns.[24] + +The messengers, despatched by Lord Dunmore to apprize the lower +army of this change of determination, were Indian traders; one of whom +being asked, if he supposed the Indians would venture to give battle +to the superior force of the whites, replied that they certainly +would, and that Lewis' division would soon see his prediction +verified.[25] This was on the day previous to the engagement. On the +return of these men, on the evening of the same day, they must have +seen the Indian army which made the attack on the next morning; +and the belief was general on the day of battle, that they had +communicated to the Indians, the present strength and expected +reinforcement of the southern division. It has also been said that +on the evening of the 10th of October, while [134] Dunmore, +Connoly and one or two others were walking together, his Lordship +remarked "by this time General Lewis has warm work."[26] + +The acquaintance formed by the Governor with Connoly, in the ensuing +summer was further continued, and at length ripened into one of the +most iniquitous conspiracies, that ever disgraced civilized man. + +In July, 1775, Connoly presented himself to Lord Dunmore with +proposals, well calculated to gain the favor of the exasperated +Governor, and between them a plan was soon formed, which seemed to +promise the most certain success. Assurances of ample rewards from +Lord Dunmore, were transmitted to such officers of the militia on the +frontiers of Virginia, as were believed to be friendly to the royal +cause, on putting themselves under the command of Connoly; whose +influence with the Indians, was to ensure their co-operation against +the friends of America. To perfect this scheme, it was necessary to +communicate with General Gage; and about the middle of September, +Connoly, with despatches from Dunmore, set off for Boston, and in the +course of a few weeks returned, with instructions from the Governor of +Massachusetts, which developed their whole plan. Connoly was invested +with the rank of Colonel of a regiment, (to be raised among those on +the frontiers, who favored the cause of Great Britain,) with which he +was to proceed forthwith to Detroit, where he was to receive a +considerable reinforcement, and be supplied with cannon, muskets and +ammunition. He was then to visit the different Indian nations, enlist +them in the projected enterprise, and rendezvous his whole force at +Fort Pitt. From thence he was to cross the Alleghany mountain, and +marching through Virginia join Lord Dunmore, on the 20th of the +ensuing April, at Alexandria. + +This scheme, (the execution of which, would at once, have laid waste a +considerable portion of Virginia, and ultimately perhaps, nearly the +whole state,) was frustrated by the taking of Connoly, and all the +particulars of it, made known. This development, served to shew the +villainous connexion existing between Dunmore and Connoly, and to +corroborate the suspicion of General Lewis and many of his officers, +that the conduct of the former, during the campaign of 1774, was [135] +dictated by any thing else than the interest and well being of the +colony of Virginia. + +This suspicion was farther strengthened by the readiness with +which Lord Dunmore embraced the overtures of peace, and the terms on +which a treaty was concluded with them; while the encamping of his +army, without entrenchments, in the heart of the Indian country, and +in the immediate adjacency of the combined forces of the Indian +nations of Ohio, would indicate, that there must have been a +friendly understanding between him and them. To have relied solely +on the bravery and good conduct of his troops, would have been the +height of imprudence. His army was less than that, which had been +scarcely delivered from the fury of a body of savages inferior in +number, to the one with which he would have had to contend; and it +would have been folly in him to suppose, that he could achieve with +a smaller force, what required the utmost exertions of General +Lewis and his brave officers, to effect with a greater one.[27] + +When the Northern division of the army resumed its march for +Chilicothe, it left the greater part of its provisions in a block +house which had been erected during its stay at the mouth of the +Hockhocking, under the care of Captain Froman with a small party +of troops to garrison it. On the third day after it left Fort Gore +(the block house at the mouth of Hockhocking) a white man by the name +of Elliott came to Governor Dunmore, with a request from the +Indians that he would withdraw the army from their country, and +appoint commissioners to meet their chiefs at Pittsburg to confer +about the terms of a treaty. To this request a reply was given, that +the Governor was well inclined to make peace, and was willing that +hostilities should cease; but as he was then so near their towns, +and all the chiefs of the different nations were at that time with the +army, it would be more convenient to negotiate then, than at a +future period. He then named a place at which he would encamp, and +listen to their proposals; and immediately despatched a courier to +General Lewis with orders for his return.[28] + +The Indian spies reporting that General Lewis had disregarded these +orders, and was still marching rapidly towards their towns, the +Indians became apprehensive of the result; and one of their chiefs +(the White Eyes) waited on Lord Dunmore in person, and complained that +the "Long Knives" [136] were coming upon them and would destroy all +their towns. Dunmore then, in company with White Eyes, visited the +camp of General Lewis, and prevailed with him, as we have seen, to +return across the Ohio. + +In a few days after this, the Northern division of the army approached +within eight miles of Chilicothe, and encamped on the plain, at the +place appointed for the chiefs to meet without entrenchments or breast +works, or any protection, save the vigilance of the sentinels and the +bravery of the troops.[29] On the third day from the halting of the +army eight chiefs, with Cornstalk at their head, came into camp; and +when the interpreters made known who Cornstalk was, Lord Dunmore +addressed them, and from a written memorandum, recited the various +infractions, on the part of the Indians, of former treaties, and +different murders, unprovokedly committed by them. To all this +Cornstalk replied, mixing a good deal of recrimination with the +defence of his red brethren; and when he had concluded, a time was +specified when the chiefs of the different nations should come in, and +proceed to the negotiation of a treaty. + +Before the arrival of that period, Cornstalk came alone to the camp, +and acquainted the Governor that none of the Mingoes would attend; and +that he was apprehensive there could not a full council be convened. +Dunmore then requested that he would convoke as many chiefs of the +other nations as he could, and bring them to the council fire without +delay, as he was anxious to close the war at once; and that if this +could not be effected peaceably, he should be forced to resume +hostilities. Meantime two interpreters were despatched to Logan,[30] +by Lord Dunmore, requesting his attendance;--but Logan replied, that +"he was a warrior, not a councillor, and would not come."[31] + +On the night after the return of the interpreters to camp [137] +Charlotte (the name of Dunmore's encampment,) Major William Crawford, +with three hundred men, left the main army about midnight, on an +excursion against a small Mingo village, not far off. Arriving there +before day, the detachment surrounded the town; and on the first +coming out of the Indians from their huts, there was some little +firing on the part of the whites, by which one squaw and a man were +killed--the others about 20 in number were all made prisoners and +taken to the camp; where they remained until the conclusion of a +treaty. Every thing about the village, indicated an intention of their +speedily deserting it.[32] + +Shortly after Cornstalk and two other chiefs, made their appearance at +camp Charlotte, and entered into a negotiation which soon terminated +in an agreement to forbear all farther hostilities against each +other,--to give up the prisoners then held by them, and to attend at +Pittsburgh, with as many of the Indian chiefs as could be prevailed on +to meet the commissioners from Virginia, in the ensuing summer, where +a treaty was to be concluded and ratified--Dunmore requiring hostages, +to guarantee the performance of those stipulations, on the part of the +Indians. + +If in the battle at Point Pleasant, Cornstalk manifested the bravery +and generalship of a mighty captain; in the negotiations at camp +Charlotte, he displayed the skill of a statesman, joined to powers +of oratory, rarely, if ever surpassed. With the most patriotic +devotion to his country, and in a strain of most commanding eloquence, +he recapitulated the accumulated wrongs, which had oppressed their +fathers, and which were oppressing them. Sketching in lively +colours, the once happy and powerful condition of the Indians, he +placed in striking contrast, their present fallen fortunes and +unhappy destiny. Exclaiming against the perfidiousness of the +whites, and the dishonesty of the traders, he proposed as the basis +of a treaty, that no persons should be permitted to carry on a +commerce with the Natives, for individual profit; but that [138] +their white brother should send them such articles as they needed, +by the hands of honest men, who were to exchange them at a fair price, +for their skins and furs; and that no spirit of any kind should be +sent among them, as from the "fire water" of the whites, proceeded +evil to the Indians.[33] + +This truly great man, is said to have been opposed to the war from its +commencement; and to have proposed on the eve of the battle at Point +Pleasant, to send in a flag, and make overtures for peace; but this +proposal was overruled by the general voice of the chiefs. When a +council was first held after the defeat of the Indians, Cornstalk, +reminding them of their late ill success, and that the Long Knives +were still pressing on them, asked what should be then done. But no +one answered. Rising again, he proposed that the women and children +should be all killed; and that the warriors should go out and fight, +until they too were slain. Still no one answered. Then, said he, +striking his tomahawk into the council post, "I will go and make +peace." This was done, and the war of 1774 concluded. + +----- + [1] He is said to have committed some offence, in the upper + part of South Carolina, which rendered him obnoxious to the + laws of that colony, and to evade the punishment for which, he + had fled to the wilderness and taken up his abode in it. + + [2] Lewis Wetzel, the son of a German settler on Wheeling + Creek, some fourteen miles above its mouth, was born about + 1764. He and his brothers Martin, Jacob, John, and George + became famous in border warfare after the close of the + Revolution; the annals of the frontier abound in tales of their + hardy achievements. Martin and Lewis were the heroes of most + remarkable escapes from Indian captivity; John was also famous + as an Indian fighter; and Jacob's name will ever be connected + with the exploits of that other great border scout, Simon + Kenton. But of all the brothers, Lewis achieved the widest + celebrity, and two biographies of him have been published: by + Cecil B. Hartley (Phila., 1860), and by R. C. V. Meyers + (Phila., 1883).--R. G. T. + + [3] Now Shenandoah. + + [4] The northern wing was composed of men from Frederick, + Berkeley, and Dunmore (afterwards Shenandoah) counties, and + Col. Adam Stephen was placed in command. With this wing went + Lord Dunmore and Major John Connolly. Counting the forces + already in the field under Maj. Angus McDonald and Capt. + William Crawford, this levy numbered some twelve hundred men. + Among them, as scouts, were George Roger Clark, Simon Kenton, + and Michael Cresap.--R. G. T. + + [5] Lewis was colonel of the militia of Botetourt county. + Camp Union (so called because several bodies of troops met + there) was on the Big Savannah or Great Levels of Greenbrier + River; the town of Lewisburg now occupies the site. + + In Dunmore's letter to Andrew Lewis, dated July 12, he directed + him to raise a sufficient body of men, and proceeding to the + mouth of the Great Kanawha there erect a fort; if he deemed + best he was to cross the Ohio, proceed directly to the Indian + towns, and destroy their crops and supplies; in any event he + was to keep communication open between Fort Wheeling and Fort + Dunmore (Pittsburg). It is evident that his lordship then + contemplated no separate expedition of his own, for he talks of + sending Major Angus McDonald's party and a new levy to Lewis's + assistance. But he changed his mind, and August 30 wrote to + Lewis directing that the latter meet him at the mouth of the + Little Kanawha. Lewis replied through Col. William Preston that + it was now too late to change his plans; he should proceed at + once with the levy just summoned, to the mouth of the Great + Kanawha, and there await further orders.--R. G. T. + + [6] This cape was called Point Pleasant, and is now occupied + by the West Virginia town of that name.--R. G. T. + + [7] This is misleading. On September 6, Col. Charles Lewis, + with his Augusta troops, numbering about six hundred, were + detached to proceed to the mouth of the Elk, and there make + canoes for transporting the supplies to the mouth of the Great + Kanawha. This body had in charge a drove of 108 beef cattle, + and 400 pack-horses laden with 54,000 lbs. of flour. Field's + company soon followed this advance.--R. G. T. + + [8] Saturday, the 10th, Clay and Coward were sent out to + hunt deer for Field's company, on the banks of the Little + Meadow. Then occurred the incident related by Withers. The + Indian who escaped, hurried on to the Shawnee towns and gave + them their first notice of the approach of the army. Alarmed at + this incident, Field hurried and caught up with the advance + under Charles Lewis. The text reads as though he had hastened + back to Andrew Lewis, who had not yet left Camp Union.--R. G. + T. + + [9] Col. Andrew Lewis marched out of Camp Union the 12th, + with about 450 men. These consisted of Fleming's Botetourt + troops, three companies of Fincastle men under Capts. Evan + Shelby, William Herbert, and William Russell, the Bedford men + under Thomas Buford, and Dunmore men under Slaughter. They had + with them 200 pack-horses laden with flour, and the remainder + of the beeves. Col. William Christian, who arrived at Camp + Union the day Andrew Lewis left, was ordered, with the rest of + the Fincastle men, to remain there, to guard the residue of the + provisions, and when the brigade of horses sent to the mouth of + the Elk had returned, to hurry every thing forward to the mouth + of the Great Kanawha. Five weeks were thus consumed in + transporting the troops and the supplies a distance of 160 + miles through the tangled forest, to Point Pleasant, where the + main army, upwards of 1,100 strong, had arrived, quite spent + with exertions, on the 6th of October. + + When Christian left Camp Union for the front, Anthony Bledsoe, + with a company of Fincastle men, was detailed to remain behind + with the sick, while the base of supplies at the mouth of the + Elk was placed in charge of Slaughter. As will be seen, + Christian arrived too late to engage in the battle of Point + Pleasant.--R. G. T. + + [10] When Lewis arrived at Point Pleasant (October 6th), he + found awaiting him in a hollow tree dispatches from Dunmore, + brought by Simon Kenton and two companions, directing him to + join his lordship at the mouth of the Big Hockhocking, where + the governor's northern wing, under Major Crawford, was + building a stockade. But Lewis's men were spent, and pens had + to be built for the cattle, and shelter for the stores, so no + move was made. On Saturday, the 8th, came a further message + from the governor, who was still at the Big Hockhocking. Lewis + replied that he would join him there as soon as the troops, + food supply, and powder had all reached Point Pleasant. His men + were angry at Dunmore's interference, and argued with Lewis + that it was sixty miles by river and over half that by land, to + Dunmore's camp, whereas it was less than either to the hostile + towns which they had started out to attack; and to turn aside + from this purpose was to leave open for the hostiles the + back-door to the frontier settlements of Virginia. The 9th was + Sunday, and these sturdy Scotch-Irish Presbyterians spent the + day in religious exercises, listening to a stout sermon from + their chaplain. On the morrow, they were surprised by the + Indians, as the sequel relates.--R. G. T. + + [11] James Mooney, of Russell's company, and Joseph + Hughey, of Shelby's. They were surprised at the mouth of Old + Town Creek, three miles distant. Hughey was killed by a shot + fired by Tavenor Ross, a white renegade in Cornstalk's + party.--R. G. T. + + [12] Few officers were ever more, or more deservedly, + endeared to those under their command than Col. Charles Lewis. + In the many skirmishes, which it was his fortune to have, with + the Indians he was uncommonly successful; and in the various + scenes of life, thro' which he passed, his conduct was + invariably marked by the distinguishing characteristicks of a + mind, of no ordinary stamp. His early fall on this bloody + field, was severely felt during the whole engagement; and to it + has been attributed the partial advantages gained by the Indian + army near the commencement of the action. When the [127] fatal + ball struck him, he fell at the root of a tree; from whence he + was carried to his tent, against his wish, by Capt. Wm. Morrow + and a Mr. Bailey, of Captain Paul's company, and died in a few + hours afterwards. In remembrance of his great worth, the + legislature named the county of Lewis after him. + + [13] An active, enterprising and meritorious officer, who had + been in service in Braddock's war, and profited by his + experience of the Indian mode of fighting. His death checked + for a time the ardor of his troops, and spread a gloom over the + countenances of those, who had accompanied him on this + campaign. + + [14] A half-mile up the Big Kanawha.--R. G. T. + + [15] From MS. journals and letters in possession of the + Wisconsin Historical Society, it appears that the conduct of + the battle was as follows: Andrew Lewis, who as yet thought the + enemy to be but a scouting party, and not an army equal in size + to his own, had the drums beat to arms, for many of his men + were asleep in their tents; and while still smoking his pipe, + ordered a detachment from each of the Augusta companies, to + form 150 strong under Col. Charles Lewis, with John Dickinson, + Benjamin Harrison, and John Skidmore as the captains. Another + party of like size was formed under Col. Fleming, with Captains + Shelby, Russell, Buford, and Philip Love. Lewis's party marched + to the right, near the foot of the hills skirting the east side + of Crooked Creek. Fleming's party marched to the left, 200 + yards apart from the other. A quarter of a mile from camp, and + half a mile from the point of the cape, the right-going party + met the enemy lurking behind trees and fallen logs at the base + of the hill, and there Charles Lewis was mortally wounded. + Fleming marched to a pond three-quarters of a mile from camp, + and fifty rods inland from the Ohio--this pond being one of the + sources of Crooked Creek. The hostile line was found to extend + from this pond along Crooked Creek, half way to its mouth. The + Indians, under Cornstalk, thought by rushes to drive the whites + into the two rivers, "like so many bullocks," as the chief + later explained; and indeed both lines had frequently to fall + back, but they were skillfully reinforced each time, and by + dusk the savages placed Old Town Creek between them and the + whites. This movement was hastened, a half hour before sunset, + by a movement which Withers confounds with the main tactics. + Captains Matthews, Arbuckle, Shelby, and Stuart were sent with + a detachment up Crooked creek under cover of the bank, with a + view to securing a ridge in the rear of the enemy, from which + their line could be enfiladed. They were discovered in the act, + but Cornstalk supposed that this party was Christian's advance, + and in alarm hurried his people to the other side of Old Town + Creek. The battle was, by dark, really a drawn game; but + Cornstalk had had enough, and fled during the night.--R. G. T. + + [16] During the day, a messenger had been dispatched to hurry + on Christian, who with 250 men was convoying cattle and powder. + In the early evening, fifteen miles from Point Pleasant, this + rear party was found, toiling painfully over the wilderness + trail. Christian at once left his property in charge of a small + party, and arrived in camp by midnight.--R. G. T. + + [17] Most of the killed and wounded, on both sides, were shot + in the head or breast, which indicates good marksmanship. The + Indians, though skillful marksmen, did not exhibit sufficient + mechanical knowledge to enable them properly to clean their + guns, and thus were at some disadvantage. + + The statistician was at work in those days, as now, for we + learn from an old diary that at Old Town Creek were found by + the white victors, 78 rafts with which the Indians had crossed + the Ohio to the attack, the night of October 9-10; and on the + battlefield during the 10th and 12th, were collected 23 guns, + 27 tomahawks, 80 blankets, and great numbers of war-clubs, + shot-pouches, powder-horns, match-coats, deer-skins, "and + other articles," all of which were put up at auction by the + careful commissary, and brought nearly £100 to the army + chest.--R. G. T. + + [18] Such were Redhawk, a Delaware chief,--Scoppathus, a + Mingo,--Ellinipsico, a Shawanee, and son to Cornstalk,--Chiyawee, a + Wyandotte, and Logan, a Cayuga. + + [19] The first recorded foray of Cornstalk was on October + 10, 1759, against the Gilmore family and others, on Carr's + Creek, in what is now Rockbridge county, Va. "The Carr's + Creek massacre" was long remembered on the border as one of + the most daring and cruel on record. He was again heard of + during the Pontiac conspiracy, in 1763, when he led a large + war-party from the Scioto towns against the Virginia + frontier. Both at Muddy Creek, and the Clendenning farm + near Lewisburg, on the Levels of the Greenbrier, the + marauders pretended to be friendly with the settlers, and + in an unguarded moment fell upon and slew them. Other + massacres, in connection with the same foray, were at Carr's + Creek, Keeney's Knob, and Jackson's River. The story of the + captivity of Mrs. Clendenning and her children, who were + taken to the Shawnee towns on the Scioto, is one of the + most heartrendering in Western history. In 1764, Bouquet + raided these towns, and Cornstalk was one of the hostages + sent to Fort Pitt in fulfillment of the terms of the treaty, + but later he effected his escape. Nothing more is heard of + this warrior until 1774, when he became famous as leader of the + Indians at the battle of Point Pleasant. Cornstalk's + intelligence was far above that of the average Shawnee. He + had, before the Dunmore War, strongly counseled his people + to observe the peace, as their only salvation; but when + defeated in council, he with great valor led the tribesmen to + war. After the treaty of Fort Charlotte, he renewed his peace + policy, and was almost alone in refusing to join the + Shawnee uprising in 1777. Late in September, that year, he + visited his white friends at Fort Randolph (Point Pleasant), + and was retained as one of several hostages for the tribe. + Infuriated at some murders in the vicinity, the private + soldiers in the fort turned upon the Indian prisoners and + basely killed them, Cornstalk among the number. Governor + Patrick Henry and General Hand--the latter then organizing his + futile expedition against the Shawnees--wished to punish + the murderers; but in the prevalent state of public opinion on + the border, it was easy for them to escape prosecution.--R. + G. T. + + [20] The following gentlemen, with others of high reputation + in private life, were officers in the battle at Point Pleasant. + Gen. Isaac Shelby, the first governor of Kentucky, and + afterwards, secretary of war;--Gen. William Campbell and Col. + John Campbell, heroes of King's mountain and Long Island;--Gen. + Evan Shelby, one of the most favored citizens of Tennessee, + often honored with the confidence of that state;--Col. William + Fleming, an active governor of Virginia during the revolutionary + war;--Gen. Andrew Moore of Rockbridge, the only man ever + elected by Virginia, from the country west of the Blue ridge, to + the senate of the United States;--Col. John Stuart, of + Greenbrier;--Gen. Tate, of Washington county, Virginia;--Col. + William McKee, of Lincoln county, Kentucky;--Col. John Steele, + since a governor of Mississippi territory;--Col. Charles + Cameron, of Bath;--Gen. Bazaleel Wells, of Ohio; and Gen. + George Matthews, a distinguished officer in the war of the + revolution, the hero of Brandywine, Germantown, and of + Guilford;--a governor of Georgia, and a senator from that + state in the congress of the United States. The salvation of + the American army at Germantown, is ascribed, in Johnston's + life of Gen. Green, to the bravery and good conduct of two + regiments, one of which was commanded by General, then Col. + Matthews. + + [21] In order to get a clearer view of the situation, a + few more details are essential here. For several days after the + battle of Point Pleasant, Lewis was busy in burying the dead, + caring for the wounded, collecting the scattered cattle, and + building a store-house and small stockade fort. Early on + the morning of October 13th, messengers who had been sent on to + Dunmore, advising him of the battle, returned with orders to + Lewis to march at once with all his available force, + against the Shawnee towns, and when within twenty-five + miles of Chillicothe to write to his lordship. The next day, + the last rear guard, with the remaining beeves, arrived + from the mouth of the Elk, and while work on the defenses at + the Point was hurried, preparations were made for the march. + By evening of the 17th, Lewis, with 1,150 men in good + condition, had crossed the Ohio and gone into camp on the north + side. Each man had ten days' supply of flour, a half pound of + powder, and a pound and a half of bullets; while to each + company was assigned a pack-horse for the tents. Point + Pleasant was left in command of Col. Fleming,--who had been + severely wounded in the battle,--Captains Dickinson, + Lockridge, Herbert, and Slaughter, and 278 men, few of whom + were fit for service. On the 18th, Lewis, with Captain + Arbuckle as guide, advanced towards the Shawnee towns, eighty + miles distant in a straight line, and probably a hundred and + twenty-five by the circuitous Indian trails. The army marched + about eleven miles a day, frequently seeing hostile parties + but engaging none. Reaching the salt licks near the head of + the south branch of Salt Creek (in the present Lick township, + Jackson county, O.), they descended that valley to the + Scioto, and thence to a prairie on Kinnikinnick (not Kilkenny) + Creek, where was the freshly-deserted Indian village + referred to above, by Withers. This was thirteen miles south of + Chillicothe (now Westfall). Here they were met, early on the + 24th, by a messenger from his lordship, ordering them to + halt, as a treaty was nearly concluded at Camp Charlotte. But + Lewis's army had been fired on that morning, and the place was + untenable for a camp in a hostile country, so he concluded to + seek better ground. A few hours later another messenger came, + again peremptorily ordering a halt, as the Shawnees had + practically come to terms. Lewis now concluded to join the + northern division in force, at Camp Charlotte, not liking to + have the two armies separated in the face of a treacherous + enemy; but his guide mistook the trail, and took one leading + directly to the Grenadier Squaw's Town. Lewis camped that + night on the west bank of Congo Creek, two miles above its + mouth, and five and a quarter miles from Chillicothe, with + the Indian town half-way between. The Shawnees were now + greatly alarmed and angered, and Dunmore himself, accompanied + by the Delaware chief White Eyes, a trader, John Gibson, and + fifty volunteers, rode over in hot haste that evening to stop + Lewis, and reprimand him. His lordship was mollified by Lewis's + explanations, but the latter's men, and indeed Dunmore's, were + furious over being stopped when within sight of their hated + quarry, and tradition has it that it was necessary to + treble the guards during the night to prevent Dunmore and White + Eyes from being killed. The following morning (the 25th), his + lordship met and courteously thanked Lewis's officers for + their valiant service; but said that now the Shawnees had + acceded to his wishes, the further presence of the southern + division might engender bad blood. Thus dismissed, Lewis led + his army back to Point Pleasant, which was reached on the + 28th. He left there a garrison of fifty men under Captain + Russell, and then by companies the volunteers marched + through the wilderness to their respective homes, where they + disbanded early in November.--R. G. T. + + [22] This is not the view of students in our own day, coolly + looking at the affair from the distance of a hundred and twenty + years. There now seems no room to doubt that Dunmore was + thoroughly in earnest, that he prosecuted the war with vigor, + and knew when to stop in order to secure the best possible + terms. Our author wrote at a time when many heroes of Point + Pleasant were still alive, and his neighbors; he reflected + their views, and the passions of the day. That it was, in view + of the events then transpiring, the best policy to turn back + the southern army, after the great battle, and not insist too + closely on following up the advantage gained, seems now + incontrovertible.--R. G. T. + + [23] Butterfield's _History of the Girtys_ (Cincinnati, + 1890) is a valuable contribution to Western history. Simon, + James, and George Girty were notorious renegade whites, who + aided the Indians against the borderers from 1778 to 1783; + Simon and George were similarly active in the Indian war of + 1790-95.--R. G. T. + + [24] Upon leaving Pittsburg,--where the governor held a + council with several Delaware and Mingo chiefs, to whom he + recited the outrages perpetrated by the Shawnees since + Bouquet's treaty of 1764--the northern division divided into + two wings. One, 700 strong, under Dunmore, descended the river + in boats; the other 500 went across the "pan-handle" by land, + with the cattle, and both rendezvoused, September 30th, at + Wheeling, 91 miles below Pittsburg. Next day, Crawford resumed + his march along the south bank of the Ohio, to a point opposite + the mouth of Big Hockhocking, 107 miles farther down. Here the + men, the 200 bullocks, and the 50 pack-horses swam the Ohio, + and just above the Big Hockhocking (the site of the present + Hockingport) erected a blockhouse and stockade, which they + called Fort Gower, in honor of the English earl of that name. A + part of the earthwork can still (1894) be seen in the garden of + a Hockingport residence. Dunmore's party, in 100 canoes and + pirogues, arrived a few days later. While at Fort Gower, he was + joined by the Delaware chiefs, White Eyes and John Montour, the + former of whom was utilized as an agent to negotiate with the + Shawnees--R. G. T. + + [25] This was William McCulloch.--R. G. T. + + [26] The authority for this is Stuart's _Indian Wars_, p. + 56. Abraham Thomas, in his _Sketches_, relates that the + governor, placing his ear at the surface of the river, said + he thought he heard the firing of guns; and Thomas, then a + young militiaman, was asked to do likewise, and reported that + it was the rattle of musketry. The distance across country + to Point Pleasant was but twenty-eight miles, but by the river + windings was sixty-six. These anecdotes have been related as + proof that Dunmore desired Lewis beaten. White Eyes had + notified the governor that a conflict was expected, though + he had reported a much smaller Indian army than Lewis's; + hence his lordship had no fear of the result. Had he known + that the opposing forces were equal in number, and that the + whites had been surprised, he doubtless would have sent + relief. Knowing the Shawnee warriors were away from home, + fighting Lewis, whom he had reason to suppose was very well + able to handle them, he determined to advance inland to the + deserted towns on the Scioto and destroy their houses and + crops. He was upon this errand when met and stopped by the + messengers of peace.--R. G. T. + + [27] The two wings of the white army had about the same + strength--1100 under Dunmore, and 1150 (after leaving Point + Pleasant) under Lewis. The fighting quality was also the same, + in both. It is to be remembered that in the army under Dunmore + there was very little discontent at the issue, and at the close + of the campaign the men heartily thanked his lordship for his + valuable services in behalf of the people. They did this, too, + at a time when they knew from Eastern news received in camp, + that the Revolution was near at hand, and Dunmore must soon be + fighting against them in behalf of his royal master.--R. G. T. + + [28] Dunmore had, through White Eyes, summoned the Shawnee + chiefs to treat with him at Fort Gower (not Gore), but they had + declined to come in. He then set out, October 11th, to waste + their towns on the Scioto, as previously noted, leaving the + fort in charge of Captain Kuykendall (not Froman), with whom + remained the disabled and the beeves. Each man on the + expedition carried flour for sixteen days. Just after the Point + Pleasant battle, Lewis had dispatched a messenger to his + lordship with news of the affair; Dunmore's messenger to Lewis, + with instructions to the latter to join him _en route_, crossed + Lewis's express on the way. The messenger from Lewis found that + his lordship had marched up the Big Hockhocking valley for the + Scioto, and hurried after him. The governor was overtaken at + the third camp out (west of the present Nelsonville, Athens + county, O.), and the good news caused great joy among the + soldiers. October 17th, Dunmore arrived at what he styled Camp + Charlotte (on the northern bank of Sippo Creek, Pickaway + county, eight miles east of Chillicothe, in view of Pickaway + Plains), and here the treaty of peace was concluded.--R. G. T. + + [29] Doddridge's _Notes_ says that the camp was surrounded by + a breastwork of fallen trees, and an entrenchment, and + Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_ follows him. But Dr. Draper + was distinctly told (in 1846-51) by two survivors of the + campaign, Samuel Murphy and John Grim, that Withers's account + is correct; and this is confirmed in Whittlesey's _Fugitive + Essays_. In the center of the field, a building of poles was + erected, in which to hold the council; around this, the army + encamped. A large white oak having been peeled, Dunmore wrote + upon it in red chalk, "Camp Charlotte," thus honoring the then + English queen.--R. G. T. + + [30] Logan was the Mingo chief, the massacre of whose family + at Baker's Bottom, the previous April, has already been + described. He had just returned (October 21) from a foray on + the Holston border, bringing several scalps and three + prisoners, when the trader Gibson and the scout Simon Girty + were sent to him by his lordship.--R. G. T. + + [31] Colonel Benjamin Wilson, Sen. (then an officer in + Dunmore's army, and whose narrative of the campaign furnished + the facts which are here detailed) says that he conversed + freely with one of the interpreters (Nicholson) in regard to + the mission to Logan, and that neither from the interpreter, + nor any other one during the campaign, did he hear of the + charge preferred in Logan's speech against Captain Cresap, as + being engaged in the affair at Yellow creek.--Captain Cresap + was an officer in the division of the army under Lord Dunmore; + and it would seem strange indeed, if Logan's speech had been + made public, at camp Charlotte, and neither he, (who was so + materially interested in it, and could at once have proved the + falsehood of the allegation which it contained,) nor Colonel + Wilson, (who was present during the whole conference between + Lord Dunmore and the Indian chiefs, and at the time when the + speeches were delivered sat immediately behind and close to + Dunmore,) should have heard nothing of it until years after. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--Withers thus shortly disposes of the + famous speech by Logan, which schoolboys have been reciting for + nearly a hundred years as one of the best specimens extant, of + Indian eloquence. The evidence in regard to the speech, which + was undoubtedly recited to Gibson, and by him written out for + Lord Dunmore's perusal, and later "improved" by Jefferson, is + clearly stated in Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, I., app. + iii. + + [32] The reason for the attack was, that the Mingoes were + implacable, and Dunmore had learned that instead of coming into + the treaty they purposed retreating to the Great Lakes with + their prisoners and stolen horses. This Mingo village was + Seekonk (sometimes called the Hill Town), 30 or 40 miles up the + Scioto. Crawford left Camp Charlotte the night of the 25th, and + surprised the town early in the morning of the 27th. Six were + killed, several wounded, and fourteen captured; the rest + escaping into the forest. Crawford burned several Mingo towns + in the neighborhood.--R. G. T. + + [33] In remarking on the appearance and manner of Cornstalk + while speaking, Colonel Wilson says, "When he arose, he was in + no wise confused or daunted, but spoke in a distinct, and + audible voice, without stammering or repetition, and with + peculiar emphasis. His looks while addressing Dunmore, were + truly grand and majestic; yet graceful and attractive. I have + heard the first orators in Virginia, Patrick Henry and Richard + Henry Lee, but never have I heard one whose powers of delivery + surpassed those of Cornstalk on that occasion." + + + + +[139] CHAPTER VIII. + + +Upon the close of the campaign of 1774, there succeeded a short period +of perfect quiet, and of undisturbed repose from savage invasion, +along the borders of North Western Virginia. The decisive battle of +the 10th of October, repressed incursion for a time, and taught those +implacable enemies of her citizens, their utter inability, alone and +unaided, to maintain a contest of arms, against the superior power of +Virginia. They saw that in any future conflict with this colony, her +belligerent operations would no longer be confined to the mere +purposes of defence; but that war would be waged in their own country, +and their own towns become the theatre of its action. Had the leading +objects of the Dunmore campaign been fully accomplished,--had the +contemplated junction of the different divisions of the army taken +place;--had its combined forces extended their march into the Indian +territory, and effected the proposed reduction of the Chilicothe, and +other towns on the Scioto and Sandusky, it would have been long +indeed, before the frontier settlements, became exposed to savage +inroad. A failure to effect these things however, left the Indians +comparatively at liberty, and prepared to renew invasion, and revive +their cruel and bloody deeds, whenever a savage thirst for vengeance +should incite them to action, and the prospect of achieving them with +impunity, be open before them. In the then situation of our country, +this prospect was soon presented to them. + +The contest between Great Britain and her American colonies, which had +been for some time carried on with increasing warmth, was ripening +rapidly into war. The events of every day, more and more confirmed the +belief, that the "_unconditional submission_" of the colonies, was the +object of the parent state; and that to accomplish this, she was [140] +prepared to desolate the country by a civil war, and imbrue her hands +in the blood of its citizens. This state of things the Indians knew, +would favor the consummation of their hopes. Virginia, having to apply +her physical strength to the repulsion of other enemies, could not be +expected to extend her protecting ægis over the remote and isolated +settlements on her borders. These would have to depend on themselves +alone, for resistance to ruthless irruption, and exemption from total +annihilation. The Indians well knew the weakness of those settlements, +and their consequent incapacity to vie in open conflict with the +overwhelming force of their savage foes; and their heriditary +resentment to the whites prompted them to take advantage of that +weakness, to wreak this resentment, and involve them once more in +hostilities. + +Other circumstances too, combined in their operation, to produce this +result. The plan of Lord Dunmore and others, to induce the Indians to +co-operate with the English in reducing Virginia to subjection, and +defeated by the detection and apprehension of Connoly, was soon after +resumed on a more extensive scale. British agents were busily engaged +from Canada to the Gulph of Mexico, in endeavoring by immediate +presents and the promise of future reward, to excite the savages to a +war upon the western frontiers. To accomplish this object, no means +which were likely to be of any avail, were neglected to be used. +Gratified resentment and the certainty of plunder, were held up to +view as present consequences of this measure; and the expulsion of the +whites, and the repossession, by the Natives, of the country from +which their fathers had been ejected, as its ultimate result.--Less +cogent motives might have enlisted them on the side of Great Britain. +These were too strong to be resisted by them, and too powerful to be +counteracted by any course of conduct, which the colonies could +observe towards them; and they became ensnared by the delusive bait, +and the insidious promises which accompanied it. + +There were in the colonies too, many persons, who from principle or +fear, were still attached to the cause of Great Britain; and who not +only, did not sanction the opposition of their country to the +supremacy of Parliament, but were willing in any wise to lend their +aid to the royal cause. Some of those disaffected Americans, (as they +were at first denominated) who resided on the frontiers, foreseeing +the [141] attachment of the Indians to the side of Britain, and +apprehensive that in their inroads, the friends as well as the enemies +of that country, might, from the difficulty of discriminating, be +exposed to savage fury; and at the same time, sensible that they had +become obnoxious to a majority of their neighbors, who were perhaps, +too much inclined to practice summary modes of punishment, sought a +refuge among the Indians, from those impending evils. In some +instances, these persons were under the influence of the most +rancorous and vindictive passions, and when once with the savages, +strove to infuse those passions into their breasts, and stimulate them +to the repetition of those enormities, which had previously, so +terribly annoyed the inhabitants of the different frontiers.[1] Thus +wrought upon, their inculcated enmity to the Anglo-Americans +generally, roused them to action, and the dissonant notes of the war +song, resounded in their villages. For a while indeed, they refrained +from hostilities against North Western Virginia. It was however, but +to observe the progress of passing events, that they might act against +the mountain borders, simultaneously with the British on the Atlantic +coast; as a premature movement on their part, might, while Virginia +was yet at liberty to bear down upon them with concentrated forces, +bring upon their towns the destruction which had so appallingly +threatened them after the battle at Point Pleasant. + +But though the inhabitants on the Virginia frontiers, enjoyed a +momentary respite from savage warfare; yet were the Indians not wholly +unemployed in deeds of aggression. The first attempt to occupy +Kentucky, had been the signal of hostilities in 1774; and the renewed +endeavors to form establishments in it, in 1775, induced their +continuance, and brought on those who were engaged in effecting them, +all the horrors of savage warfare. + +Upon the close of the campaign under Lord Dunmore, Kentucky became +more generally known. James Harrod, with those who had associated +themselves with him in making a settlement in that country and aided +in the erection of the fort at Harrodsburg, joined the army of General +Lewis at Point Pleasant; and when, after the treaty of Camp Charlotte, +the army was disbanded, many of the soldiers and some of the officers, +enticed by the description given of it by Harrod, returned to south +Western Virginia, through that country.[2] The result of their +examination of it, induced many to migrate thither immediately; and in +1775, families began to take up their residence in it. + +At that time, the only white persons residing in Kentucky, were those +at Harrod's fort; and for a while, emigrants to that country [142] +established themselves in its immediate vicinity, that they might +derive protection from its walls, from the marauding irruptions of +Indians. Two other establishments were, however, soon made, and +became, as well as Harrod's, rallying points for land adventurers, and +for many of those, whose enterprising spirits led them, to make their +home in that wilderness. The first of these was that at Boonesborough, +and which was made, under the superintendence of Daniel Boone. + +The prospect of amassing great wealth, by the purchase of a large body +of land from the Indians, for a comparatively trifling consideration, +induced some gentlemen in North Carolina, to form a company, and +endeavor by negotiation to effect such purpose. This association was +known under the title of Henderson and company; and its object was, +the acquisition of a considerable portion of Kentucky.[3] The first +step, necessary towards the accomplishment of this object, was, to +convene a council of the Indians; and as the territory sought to be +acquired, did not belong, in individual property to any one nation of +them, it was deemed advisable to convoke the chiefs of the different +nations south of the Ohio river. A time was then appointed at which +these were to assemble; and it became necessary to engage an agent, +possessing the requisite qualifications, to attend the council, on +behalf of Henderson and company, and to transact the business for +them. The fame of Daniel Boone which had reached them, recommended +him, as one eminently qualified to discharge the duties devolving on +an agent; and he was employed in that capacity. At the appointed +period, the council was held, and a negotiation commenced, which +resulted in the transfer, to Henderson and company, of the title of +the southern Indians to the land lying south of the Kentucky river, +and north of the Tennessee.[4] + +Boone was then placed at the head of a party of enterprising men, sent +to open a road from the Holstein settlement, through the wilderness, +to the Kentucky river, and to take possession of the company's +purchase. When within fifteen miles of the termination of their +journey, they were attacked by a body of northern Indians, who killed +two of Boone's comrades, and wounded two others. + +Two days after, they were again attacked by them, and had two more of +their party killed and three wounded.[5] From this time they +experienced no farther molestation until they had arrived within the +limits of the purchase, and erected a fort, at a lick near the +southern bank of the Kentucky river--the site of the present town of +Boonesborough. Enfeebled by the loss sustained in the attacks made on +them by the Indians; and worn down by the continued labor of opening a +road through an almost impervious wilderness, it was some time before +they could so far complete the fort, so as to render it secure against +anticipated assaults of the savages, and justify a detachment being +sent from the garrison, to escort the family of Boone to his new +situation. When it was thus far completed, an office [143] was opened +for the sale of the company's land;[6] and Boone and some others +returned to Holstein, and from thence, guarded the family of Boone, +through the wilderness, to the newly erected fort. Mrs. Boone and her +daughter, are believed to be the first white females who ever stood on +the banks of the Kentucky river.[7] + +[143] In 1775 Benjamin Logan, who had been with Lord Dunmore at Camp +Charlotte, visited Kentucky and selected a spot for his future +residence, near to the present village of Stamford, erected thereon a +fort; and in the following year moved his family thither. + +These were the only settlements then begun to be made within the +limits of the now state of Kentucky. As the tide of emigration flowed +into the country, those three forts afforded an asylum, from the +Indian hostility to which the whites were incessantly subjected; and +never perhaps lived three men better qualified by nature and habit, to +resist that hostility, and preserve the settlers from captivity and +death, than James Harrod, Daniel Boone, and Benjamin Logan. Reared in +the lap of danger, and early inured to the hardships and sufferings of +a wilderness life, they were habitually acquainted with those arts +which were necessary to detect and defeat the one, and to lessen and +alleviate the others. Intrepid and fearless, yet cautious and prudent, +there was united in each of them, the sly, circumventive powers of the +Indian, with the bold defiance, and open daring of the whites. Quick, +almost to intuition, in the perception of impending dangers, instant +in determining, and prompt in action; to see, to resolve, and to +execute, were with them the work of the same moment. Rife in +expedients, the most perplexing difficulties rarely found them at a +loss. Possessed of these qualities, they were placed at the head of +the little colonies planted around them; not by ambition, but by the +universal voice of the people; from a deep and thorough conviction, +that they only were adequate to the exigencies of their situation. +The conviction was not ill founded. Their intellectual and physical +resources were powerfully and constantly exerted for the preservation +and security of the settlements; and frequently, with astonishing +success, under the most inauspicious circumstances. Had they indeed, +by nature, been supine and passive, their isolated situation, and the +constantly repeated attempts of the Indians, at their extermination, +would have aroused them, as it did others, to activity and energy, and +brought their every [144] nerve into action. For them, there were no +"weak, piping times of peace,"--no respite from danger. The +indefatigable vigilance and persevering hostility of an unrelenting +foe, required countervailing exertions on their part; and kept alive +the life, which they delighted to live. + +From the instant those establishments were made, and emigrants placed +themselves in their vicinity, the Savages commenced their usual mode +of warfare; and marauding parties were ever in readiness, to seize +upon, those, whose misfortune it was to become exposed to their +vigilance. In the prosecution of these hostilities, incidents of the +most lively and harrowing interest, though limited in their +consequences, were constantly recurring; before a systematic course of +operations, was undertaken for the destruction of the settlers. + +The Indians, seeing that they had to contend with persons, as well +skilled in their peculiar mode of warfare, as themselves, and as likely +to detect them, while lying in wait for an opportunity to strike the +deadly blow, as they were to strike it with impunity, they entirely +changed their plans of annoyance. Instead of longer endeavoring to cut +off the whites in detail, they brought into the country a force, +sufficiently numerous and powerful to act simultaneously against all +the settlements. The consequence of this was, much individual +suffering and several horrid massacres. Husbandmen, toiling to secure +the product of the summer's labor, for their sustenance another +season, were frequently attacked, and murdered.--Hunters, engaged in +procuring meat for immediate and pressing use, were obliged to +practise the utmost wariness to evade the ambushed Indian, and make +sure their return to the fort. Springs and other watering places, and +the paths leading to them, were constantly guarded by the savages; who +would lie near them day and night, until forced to leave their covert, +in quest of food to satisfy their extreme hunger; and who, when this +end was attained, would return to their hiding places, with renovated +strength, and increased watchfulness. The cattle belonging to the +garrisons were either driven off, or killed, so that no supplies +could be derived from them. This state of things continued, without +intermission, 'till the severity of winter forced the Indians to +depart for their towns; and then succeeded, of necessity, a truce, +which had become extremely desirable to the different settlements. + +When we reflect on the dangers, the difficulties, the complicated +distresses, to which the inhabitants were then exposed, it is really +matter of astonishment that they did not abandon the country, and seek +elsewhere an exemption from those evils. How women, with all the +feminine weakness of the sex, could be prevailed upon to remain during +the winter, and encounter with the returning spring, the returning +horrors of savage warfare, is truly surprising. The frequent +recurrence of danger, does indeed, produce a comparative insensibility +and indifference to it; but it is difficult to conceive, [145] that +familiarity with the tragic scenes which were daily exhibited there, +could reconcile persons to a life of constant exposure to them. Yet +such was the fact; and not only did the few, who were first to venture +on them, continue in the country, but others, equally adventurous, +moved to it; encountering many hardships and braving every danger, to +aid in maintaining possession of the modern Canaan, and to obtain a +home in that land of milk and honey. If for a while, they flattered +themselves with the hope, that the ravages which had been checked by +winter, would not be repeated on the return of spring, they were sadly +disappointed. Hostilities were resumed, as soon as the abatement of +cold, suffered the Indians to take the field; and were carried on +with renovated ardor, and on an enlarged scale.[8] + +Feeling the hopelessness of extirpating the settlements, so long as +the forts remained to afford a safe retreat to the inhabitants; and +having learned, by the experience of the preceding season, that the +whites were but little, if at all, inferior to them in their own arts, +and were competent to combat them, in their own mode of warfare, the +Indians resolved on bringing into the country a larger force, and to +direct their united energies to the demolition of the different forts. +To prevent any aid being afforded by the other garrisons, while +operations were leveled against one, they resolved on detaching from +their main body, such a number of men as was deemed sufficient to keep +watch around the other forts, and awe their inmates from attempting to +leave them, on any occasion. This was a course of excellent policy. It +was calculated not only to prevent the marching of any auxiliary +forces from one to the other of the fortresses, but at the same time +by preventing hunting parties from ranging the woods, cut off the +principal source, from which their supplies were derived; and thus +tended to render their fall, the more certain and easy. + +Accordingly in March 1777, they entered Kentucky with a force of +upwards of two hundred warriors; and sending some of their most expert +and active men to watch around Boone's and Logan's forts, marched +with the chief part of their army to attack Harrodsburg. On the 14th +of March three persons (who were engaged in clearing some land) not +far from Harrod's fort, discovered the Indians proceeding through the +woods, and sought to escape observation and convey the intelligence to +the garrison. But they too, were discovered and pursued; and one of +them was killed, another taken prisoner, and the third (James, +afterwards Gen. Ray, then a mere youth) reached Harrodsburg alone in +safety.[9] Aware that the place had become alarmed, and that they had +then no chance of operating on it, by surprise, they encamped near to +it on that evening; and early on the morning of the 15th commenced a +furious and animated attack. + +Apprized of the near approach of the enemy, the garrison had made +every preparation for defense, of which their situation admitted; and +when the assailants rushed to the assault, not intimidated by their +horrible and unnatural yells, nor yet dispirited by the [146] presence +of a force so far superior to their own, they received them with a +fire so steady and well directed, as forced them to recoil; leaving +one of their slain on the field of attack. This alone, argued a great +discomfiture of the Indians; as it is well known to be their +invariable custom, to remove, if practicable, those of their warriors +who fall in battle. Their subsequent movements, satisfied the inmates +of the fort, that there had been indeed a discomfiture; and that they +had but little to apprehend from a renewed assault on their little +fortress. After reconnoitering for a while, at a prudent distance from +the garrison, the Indians kindled their fires for the night; and in +the following day, leaving a small party for the purpose of annoyance, +decamped with the main body of their army, and marched towards +Boonesborough.[10] In consequence however, of a severe spell of March +weather, they were forced to remain inactive for a time; and did not +make their appearance there, until the middle of April. + +In the assault on Boone's fort, the Indians soon, became satisfied +that it was impregnable against them; and although their repulse was +not as signal here, as it had been at Harrodsburg, yet they soon +withdrew from the contest, and marched towards Logan's fort,--having +killed one and wounded four, of the whites.[11] + +Several causes combined to render an attack on the fort at Logan's +station, an event of most fearful consequence.[12] Its inmates had +been but a short time in the country, and were not provided with an +ample supply either of provisions or ammunition. They were few in +number; and though of determined spirit and undaunted fortitude, yet +such was the disparity between thirteen and two hundred--the force of +the garrison and the force of the assailants, joined to their +otherwise destitute situation, that hope itself, could scarcely live +in so perilous a situation. Had this been the first point, against +which the enemy levelled their operations when they arrived in the +country, it must have fallen before them. But by deferring the attack +on it, 'till they had been repulsed at the two other forts, the +garrison was allowed time; and availing themselves of it, to fortify +their position more strongly, the issue was truly, most fortunate, +though unexpected. + +On the night preceding the commencement of the attack on the fort, the +Indians had approached near to it unperceived, and secreted themselves +in a cane brake, which had been suffered to remain around the cabins. + +Early in the morning the women, went out to milk, guarded by most of +the garrison; and before they were aware of impending danger, the +concealed Indians opened a general fire, which killed three of the +men, and drove the others, hastily within the fort.[13] A most +affecting spectacle was then presented to view, well calculated to +excite the sympathies of human nature, and arouse to action a man +possessed of the generous sensibility and noble daring, which animated +the bosom of Logan. + +One of the men who had fallen on the first fire of the Indians and +had been supposed by his comrades to be dead, was in truth though +[147] badly wounded, yet still alive; and was observed feebly +struggling to crawl towards the fort. The fear of laceration and +mangling from the horrid scalping knife, and of tortures from more +barbarous instruments, seemed to abate his exertions in dragging +his wounded body along, lest he should be discovered and borne off by +some infuriated and unfeeling savage. It was doubtful too, whether +his strength would endure long enough to enable him to reach the +gate, even if unmolested by any apprehension of danger. The +magnanimous and intrepid Logan resolved on making an effort to +save him. He endeavored to raise volunteers, to accompany him without +the fort, and bring in their poor wounded companion. It seemed as if +courting the quick embrace of death, and even his adventurous +associates for an instant, shrunk from the danger. At length a man +by the name of Martin, who plumed himself on rash and daring deeds, +consented to aid in the enterprise; and the two proceeded towards +the gate. Here the spirit of Martin forsook him, and he recoiled from +the hazardous adventure. Logan was then alone. He beheld the feeble, +but wary exertions of his unfortunate comrade, entirely subside; +and he could not hesitate. He rushed quickly through the gate, caught +the unhappy victim in his arms, and bore him triumphantly into the +fort, amid a shower of bullets aimed at him; and some of which buried +themselves in the pallisades close by his head. A most noble and +disinterested achievement, and worthy of all commendation.[14] + +[148] The siege being maintained by the Indians, the animation of the +garrison was nearly exhausted, in repelling the frequent assaults made +on the fort; and it was apparent, that the enemy did not intend +speedily to withdraw their forces. Parties of Indians were frequently +detached from the main body, as well to obtain a supply of provisions +by hunting, as to intercept and cut off any [147] aid, which might be +sent to St. Asaph's[15] from the other forts. In this posture of +affairs, it was impossible that the garrison could long hold out, +unless its military stores could be replenished; and to effect this, +under existing circumstances, appeared to be almost impossible. +Harrodsburg and Boonesborough were not themselves amply provided with +stores; and had it been otherwise, so closely was the intermediate +country between them and St. Asaph's, guarded by the savages, that no +communication could be carried from one to the other of them. The +settlement on the Holstein was the nearest point, from which it could +be practicable to derive a supply of ammunition, and the distance to +that neighborhood, was considerable. + +Logan knew the danger which must result to the garrison, from being +weakened as much as it must be, by sending a portion of it on this +hazardous enterprise; but he also knew, that the fort could not be +preserved from falling, unless its magazine was soon replenished. +Prefering the doubtful prospect of succeeding in its relief, by +adopting the plan of sending to Holstein, he proposed the measure to +his companions, and they eagerly embraced it. It remained then to +select the party, which was to venture on this high enterprise. +Important as the presence of Logan, was known to be, in the fort, yet +as the lives of all within, depended on the success of the expedition +and as to effect this, required the exercise of qualities rarely +possessed in so great degree by any other individual, he was +unanimously chosen to conduct the enterprise. + +Accompanied by four of the garrison, Logan, as slyly as possible, +slipped from the fort, and commenced his tedious journey.[16] To +lessen the chance of coming in contact [148] with straggling bands of +Indians, he avoided the pack road which had been opened by Boone; and +pursuing an untrodden route, reached the settlement in safety. The +requisite supplies were soon engaged; and while they were being +prepared for transportation, Logan was actively engaged in endeavoring +to prevail on the inhabitants, to form a company as expeditiously as +possible and march to their relief. With a faint promise of +assistance, and with the assurance that their situation should be +immediately made known to the executive authority of the state, he set +off on his return. Confiding the ammunition which he had obtained, to +the care of his companions, and prudently advising and instructing +them in the course best to be pursued, he left them, and hastened to +make his way alone, back to St. Asaph. In ten days after his departure +from the fort, he returned to it again; and his [149] presence +contributed much to revive and encourage the garrison; 'till then in +almost utter despair of obtaining relief. In a few days after, the +party arrived with the ammunition, and succeeded in entering the fort +unperceived; though it was still surrounded by the Indians. With so +much secrecy and caution had the enterprise been conducted, that the +enemy never knew it had been undertaken, until it was happily +accomplished. + +For some time after this the garrison continued in high expectation of +seeing the besiegers depart, despairing of making any impression on +the fort. But they were mistaken in this expectation. Each returning +day shewed the continued investiture of the fort, and exhibited the +Indians as pertinaciously intent on its reduction by assault or +famine, as they were on the day of their arrival before it. Weeks +elapsed, and there was no appearance of the succours which had been +promised to Logan, when in the settlement on Holstein. And although +the besieged were still successful in repelling every assault on the +garrison, yet their stock of provisions was almost entirely exhausted; +and there was no chance of obtaining a farther supply, but from the +woods around them. To depend on the success of hunting parties, to +relieve their necessities and prevent their actual starvation or +surrender, seemed indeed, but a slender reed on which to rely; and +the gloom of despondency overshadowed their hitherto sanguine +countenances. But as they were resigning themselves to despair, and +yielding up the last hope of being able to escape from savage fury and +savage vengeance, Colonel Bowman arrived to their relief, and forced +the Indians to raise the siege. It was not however, without some loss +on his part. A detachment of his men, which had preceded the advance +of the main army, was unfortunately unable to reach the fort, +undiscovered by the besiegers; who attacked and killed them before +they could enter the garrison. On the body of one of these men, was +left a proclamation, issued by the Governor of Detroit promising +protection and reward to those who would renounce the cause of the +American colonies, and espouse that of Great Britain; and denouncing +those who would not. When this proclamation was carried to Logan, he +carefully kept secret its contents, lest it might produce an +unfavorable effect on the minds of some of his men; worn down, +exhausted, and discouraged as they then were.[17] + +[150] After the arrival of Colonel Bowman in the country, there was +for a time, a good deal of skirmishing between his forces, aided by +individuals from the different forts, and those Indians. In all of +them, the superiority of the whites in the use of the rifle, became +apparent to the savages; and as the feat of Captain Gibson with the +sword, had previously acquired for the Virginians, the appellation of +the Long Knives,[18] the fatal certainty, with which Bowman's men and +the inhabitants of the various settlements in Kentucky, then aimed +their shots, might have added to that title, the forcible epithet of +sharp-shooters. They were as skilful and successful, too, in the +practice of those arts, by which one is enabled to steal unaware upon +his enemy, as the Natives themselves; and were equally as sure to +execute the purposes, for which those arts were put in requisition, as +these were. The consequence was, that the Indians were not only more +shy in approaching the garrison, than they had been; but they likewise +became, more cautious and circumspect, in their woods operations, than +formerly. + +The frequent success of Colonel Bowman's men, in scouring the +surrounding country, gave to the inhabitants of all the settlements, +an opportunity of cultivating their little fields, and of laying in +such a stock of provisions and military stores, as would suffice in +the hour of need; when that force should be withdrawn from the +country, and the Indians consequently be again enabled to overrun it. +All that the inhabitants, by reason of the paucity of their numbers, +could yet do, was to shut themselves in forts, and preserve these from +falling into the hands of the enemy. When the term of those, who had +so opportunely came to their relief, expired, and they returned to +their homes, there were at Boonesborough only twenty-two, at +Harrodsburg sixty-five, and at St. Asaph's fifteen men. Emigrants +however, flocked to the country during the ensuing season, in great +numbers; and their united strength enabled them the better to resist +aggression, and conduct the various operations of husbandry and +hunting--then the only occupations of the men. + +While these things were transacting in Kentucky, North Western +Virginia enjoyed a repose undisturbed, save by the conviction of the +moral certainty, that it would be again involved in all the horrors of +savage warfare; and that too, at no distant period: The machinations +of British agents, to [151] produce this result, were well known to be +gaining advocates daily, among the savages; and the hereditary +resentments of these, were known to be too deeply seated, for the +victory of Point Pleasant to have produced their eradication, and to +have created in their stead, a void, to become the future receptacle +of kindlier feelings, towards their Virginia neighbors. A coalition +of the many tribes north west of the Ohio river, had been some time +forming, and the assent of the Shawanees, alone, was wanting to its +perfection. The distinguished Sachem at the head of that nation, was +opposed to an alliance with the British, and anxious to preserve a +friendly intercourse with the colonists. All his influence, with all +his energy, was exerted, to prevent his brethren from again involving +themselves, in a war with the whites. But it was likely to be in vain. +Many of his warriors had fallen at the mouth of the Kenhawa, and his +people had suffered severely during the continuance of that war; they +were therefore, too intent on retaliation, to listen to the sage +counsel of their chief. In this posture of affairs, Cornstalk, in the +spring of 1777, visited the fort, which had been erected at Point +Pleasant after the campaign of 1774, in company with the Red Hawk, and +another Indian. Captain Matthew Arbuckle was then commandant of the +garrison; and when Cornstalk communicated to him the hostile +preparations of the Indians,--that the Shawanees alone were wanting to +render a confederacy complete,--that, as the "current set so strongly +against the colonies, even they would float with the stream in despite +of his endeavors to stem it," and that hostilities would commence +immediately, he deemed it prudent to detain him and his companions as +hostages, for the peace and neutrality of the different tribes of +Indians in Ohio. He at the same time acquainted the newly organized +government of Virginia, with the information which he had received +from Cornstalk, and the course which he had taken with that chief, and +the others who accompanied him to the garrison. + +Upon the receipt of this intelligence, it was resolved, if volunteers +could be had for this purpose, to march an army into the Indian +country and effectually accomplish the objects, which had been +proposed to be achieved in the campaign of Lord Dunmore in 1774. The +volunteers in Augusta and Bottetourt, were to rendezvous as early as +possible, at the mouth of the Big Kenhawa, where they would be joined +by [152] other troops under General Hand,[19] who would then assume +the command of the whole expedition. + +In pursuance of this resolve, three or four companies only, were +raised in the counties of Bottetourt and Augusta; and these +immediately commenced their march, to the place of general rendezvous, +under the command of Colonel George Skillern. In the Greenbrier +country, great exertions were made by the militia officers there, to +obtain volunteers, but with little effect. One company only was +formed, consisting of thirty men, and the officers, laying aside all +distinctions of rank, placed themselves in the line as common +soldiers, and proceeded to Point Pleasant with the troops led on by +Colonel Skillern. Upon their arrival at that place, nothing had been +heard of General Hand, or of the forces which it was expected would +accompany him from Fort Pitt; and the volunteers halted, to await some +intelligence from him. + +The provisions, for the support of the army in its projected invasion +of the Indian country, were expected to be brought down the river, +from Fort Pitt; and the troops under Colonel Skillern had only taken +with them, what was deemed sufficient for their subsistence on their +march to the place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhausted, and +the garrison was too illy supplied, to admit of their drawing on its +stores.--While thus situated, and anxiously awaiting the arrival of +General Hand with his army and provisions, the officers held frequent +conversations with Cornstalk, who seemed to take pleasure in +acquainting them with the geography of the country west of the Ohio +river generally, and more particularly with that section of it lying +between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. One afternoon while he +was engaged in delineating on the floor a map of that territory, with +the various water courses emptying into those two mighty streams, and +describing the face of the country, its soil and climate, a voice was +heard hallooing from the opposite shore of the Ohio, which he +immediately recognised to be that of his son Ellinipsico, and who +coming over at the instance of Cornstalk, embraced him most +affectionately. Uneasy at the long absence of his father, and fearing +that some unforseen evil might have befallen him, he had come to learn +some tidings of him here; knowing that it was the place, to go to +which he had left the nation. His visit was prompted by feelings [153] +which do honor to human nature--anxious solicitude for a father,--but +it was closed by a most terrible catastrophe. + +On the day after the arrival of Ellinipsico, and while he was yet in +the garrison, two men, from Captain Hall's company of Rockbridge +volunteers, crossed the Kenhawa river on a hunting excursion. As they +were returning to the canoe for the purpose of recrossing to the Fort, +after the termination of the hunt, Gilmore was espied by two Indians, +concealed near the bank, who fired at, killed and scalped him. At that +instant, Captains Arbuckle and Stuart (the latter having accompanied +the Greenbrier volunteers as a private soldier) were standing on the +point opposite to where lay the canoe in which Hamilton and Gilmore +had crossed the river; and expressed some astonishment that the men +should be so indiscreet as to be shooting near to the encampment, +contrary to commands. They had scarcely time to express their +disapprobation at the supposed violation of orders, when Hamilton was +seen running down the bank of the river, and heard to exclaim, that +Gilmore was killed. A party of Captain Hall's men immediately sprang +into a canoe and went over to relieve Hamilton from danger, and to +bring the body of Gilmore to the encampment. Before they relanded with +the bloody corpse of Gilmore, a cry arose, "let us go and kill the +Indians in the fort;" and pale with rage they ascended the bank, with +captain Hall at their head, to execute their horrid purpose. It was +vain to remonstrate. To the interference of Captains Arbuckle and +Stuart to prevent the fulfilling of this determination, they +responded, by cocking their guns, and threatening instant death to any +one who should dare to oppose them. + +The interpreter's wife, (who had lately returned from Indian +captivity, and seemed to entertain a feeling of affection for +Cornstalk and his companions) seeing their danger, ran to their cabin +to apprise them of it, and told them that Ellinipsico was charged with +having brought with him the Indians who had killed Gilmore. This +however he positively denied, averring that he came alone, and with +the sole object of learning something of his father. In this time +Captain Hall and his men had arrived within hearing, and Ellinipsico +appeared much agitated. Cornstalk however, encouraged him to meet his +fate composedly, saying, "my son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that +we should die together, and has sent you here to that [154] end. It is +his will and let us submit;--it is all for the best;" and turning to +meet his murderers at the door, received seven bullets in his body and +fell without a groan. + +Thus perished the mighty Cornstalk, Sachem of the Shawanees, and king +of the northern confederacy in 1774: A chief remarkable for many great +and good qualities. He was disposed to be at all times the friend of +white men; as he ever was, the advocate of honorable peace. But when +his country's wrongs "called aloud to battle," he became the +thunderbolt of war; and made her oppressors feel the weight of his +uplifted arm. He sought not to pluck the scalp from the head of the +innocent, nor to war against the unprotected and defenceless; choosing +rather to encounter his enemies, girded for battle, and in open +conflict. His noble bearing,--his generous and disinterested +attachment to the colonies, when the thunder of British cannon was +reverberating through the land--his anxiety to preserve the frontier +of Virginia from desolation and death, (the object of his visit to +Point Pleasant)--all conspired to win for him the esteem and respect +of others; while the untimely, and perfidious manner of his death, +caused a deep and lasting regret to pervade the bosoms, even of those +who were enemies to his nation; and excited the just indignation of +all, towards his inhuman and barbarous murderers. + +When the father fell, Ellinipsico continued still and passive; not +even raising himself from the seat, which he had occupied before they +received notice, that some infuriated whites were loudly demanding +their immolation. He met death in that position, with the utmost +composure and calmness. The trepidation which first seized upon him, +was of but momentary duration, and was succeeded by a most dignified +sedateness and stoical apathy. It was not so with the young Red Hawk. +He endeavored to conceal himself up the chimney of the cabin, in which +they were; but without success. He was soon discovered and killed. The +remaining Indian was murdered by piece-meal; and with almost all those +circumstances of cruelty and horror, which characterize the savage, in +wreaking vengeance upon an enemy. + +Cornstalk is said to have had a presentiment of his approaching +fate. On the day preceding his death, a council of officers was +convoked, in consequence of the continued absence of General Hand, +and their entire ignorance of his [155] force or movements, to +consult and determine on what would be the course for them to pursue +under existing circumstances. Cornstalk was admitted to the council; +and in the course of some remarks, with which he addressed it, said, +"When I was young and went to war, I often thought, each might be my +last adventure, and I should return no more. I still lived. Now I +am in the midst of you, and if you choose, may kill me. I can die +but once. It is alike to me, whether now or hereafter." Little did +those who were listening with delight to the eloquence of his +address, and deriving knowledge from his instruction, think to see +him so quickly and inhumanly, driven from the theatre of life. It +was a fearful deed; and dearly was it expiated by others. The +Shawanees were a warlike people, and became henceforward the most +deadly foe, to the inhabitants on the frontiers. + +In a few days after the perpetration of this diabolical outrage upon +all propriety, General Hand arrived from Pittsburg without an army, +and without provisions for those who had been awaiting his coming. It +was then determined to abandon the expedition; and the volunteers +returned to their homes.[20] + +----- + [1] Chief among the fomenters of disorder were the + renegades Simon Girty, Matthew Elliott, and Alexander + McKee. The dastardly deeds of this trio are fully set forth + in Butterfield's _History of the Girtys_, an important work + to all students of the annals of the West during the + Revolutionary War.--R. G. T. + + [2] James Harrod's father emigrated from England to + Virginia, about 1734, and was one of the first settlers on the + Shenandoah, in the Valley of Virginia. One of his sons, Samuel, + accompanied Michael Stoner on his famous Western hunting and + exploring trip, in 1767; another, William, born at the new + family seat, at Big Cove, in what is now Bedford County, Pa., + served with distinction under George Rogers Clark. James, born + in 1742, was twelve years old when his father died, leaving a + large family on an exposed frontier, at the opening of the + French and Indian War. In November, 1755, a raid was made on + the Big Cove settlement, by the Delaware chief Shingiss (p. 45, + _note_), but the Harrods were among the few families who + escaped unharmed to Fort Littleton. When James was sixteen + years of age he served with his brother William on Forbes's + campaign, and very likely saw further service during that war. + In 1772, when he had attained wide celebrity on the border as + an adept in woodcraft, he helped William settle on Ten Mile + Creek, a tributary of the Monongahela; and in 1773 he and + several other explored Kentucky, returning home by way of + Greenbrier River. We have seen (p. 152, _note_) that he was + surveying the site of Harrodsburg in 1774, when warned by Boone + and Stoner. Retiring with his men to the Holston, he and they + joined Col. Christian's regiment, but arrived at Point Pleasant + a few hours after the battle of October 10. Returning to his + abandoned Kentucky settlement March 18, 1775, a fortnight + before Boonesborough was founded, he was chosen a delegate to + the Transylvania convention, and became a man of great + prominence in the Kentucky colony. In 1779 he commanded a + company on Bowman's campaign, and the year following was a + captain on Clark's Indian campaign; declining a majorship, he + served as a private on Clark's campaign of 1782. He was a + member of the Kentucky convention (at Danville) of December, + 1784, and at one time represented Kentucky in the Virginia + legislature. In February, 1792, having made his will, he set + out from Washington, Ky., with two men, in search of a silver + mine reported to be at the Three Forks of the Kentucky. No more + was heard of him or his companions, and it is still the belief + of the family that the latter murdered him. He was survived by + his wife and a daughter, and left a large landed estate. + Harrod, although unlettered, was a man of fine presence and + many sterling qualities, and made a strong impress on his + generation. He is still remembered in Kentucky as one of the + worthiest pioneers of that state.--R. G. T. + + [3] The company--successively called The Louisa Company, + Henderson & Co., and The Transylvania Company--was composed of + Col. Richard Henderson, Col. John Williams, Thomas Hart, Col. + David Hart, Capt. Nathaniel Hart, Col. John Luttsell, James + Hogg, William Johnston, and Leonard Henley Bullock. + + Henderson's paternal great-grandfather was a Scottish + immigrant, and one of his grandmothers was Welsh. The family + settled in Hanover County, Va., where Richard, son of Samuel + Henderson, was born April 20, 1735. Samuel moved with his + family to North Carolina, in 1745, and became sheriff of + Granville County. Richard had the education of a rural youth of + good station, and became a lawyer. In 1767 he was appointed one + of the two associate justices of the superior court of the + colony, and served with great credit for six years, when the + court was abolished. During professional visits to Salisbury, + Henderson heard frequently--chiefly through the brothers + Hart--of the exploits of Boone, and the latter's glowing + reports of the beauty and fertility of Kentucky. Relying + implicitly on Boone's statements, these four men energetically + resolved to settle the country. In the autumn of 1774, + Henderson and Nathaniel Hart visited the Cherokees to ascertain + if they would sell their claims to Kentucky, and receiving a + favorable reply agreed to meet the Indians in treaty council at + the Sycamore Shoals, on Watauga River. On their return home, + they were accompanied by a wise old Indian (Little Carpenter), + and a young buck and his squaw, delegates to see that proper + goods were purchased for the proposed barter. These goods were + bought in December at Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, N. C., and + forwarded by wagons to Watauga. + + Boone was then sent out to collect the Indians, and when the + council opened (March 14, 1775) had twelve hundred assembled at + the Sycamore Shoals--half of them warriors. The council + proceeded slowly, with much characteristic vacillating on the + part of the Indians; but on the third day (March 17) the deed + of sale was signed to what came to be known as "the great + grant:" The tract from the mouth of the Kentucky (or Louisa) + River to the head spring of its most northerly fork; thence + northeasterly to the top of Powell's Mountain; thence westerly + and then northwesterly to the head spring of the most southerly + branch of the Cumberland; thence down that stream, including + all its waters, to the Ohio, and thence up the Ohio to the + mouth of the Kentucky. The Indians were conscious that they had + sold what did not belong to them; and Dragging Canoe and other + chiefs were outspoken in their opinion that the whites would + have difficulty in settling the tract. The Indians were much + dissatisfied with the division of the goods. These "filled a + house" and cost £10,000 sterling, yet when distributed among so + many greedy savages each had but a small share. One warrior, + who received but a shirt for his portion, said he "could have + shot more game in one day on the land ceded, than would pay for + so slight a garment." + + Governors Martin, of North Carolina, and Dunmore, of Virginia, + issued proclamations against the purchase, as contrary to the + royal proclamation of 1763. But those who were present at the + treaty--among them such prominent borderers as Daniel Boone, + James Robertson, John Sevier, Isaac Shelby, Felix Walker, the + Bledsoes, Richard Callaway, William Twitty, William Cocke, and + Nathaniel Henderson--were heedless of such proclamations, and + eager to become settlers under the company's liberal offer made + to them on the spot: for each man who assisted in the first + settlement, and went out and raised a crop of corn that year, a + grant of 500 acres for £5 sterling, clear of all charges. + + Boone, as the company's agent, started out at once (March 10) + with twenty men, soon reinforced to thirty; with their hatchets + they blazed a bridle path over Cumberland Gap, and across + Cumberland, Laurel, and Rockcastle rivers, to the banks of the + Kentucky, where, after a running fight with the Indians, they + arrived April 1, and founded Boonesborough. Henderson, at the + head of thirty men conveying the wagons and supplies, arrived + at Boonesborough April 20; with him were Luttsell and Nathaniel + Hart. May 23, there met at Boonesborough the Legislature of + Transylvania, in which sat eighteen delegates from the little + group of four frontier forts, all established at about this + time--Harrodsburg, Boiling Springs, and St. Asaph's (or Logan's + Station), lying some thirty or more miles southwest of + Boonesborough, the capital of this little western colony. + Withers does not mention this first legislative assembly held + in the Mississippi Valley. It is an interesting and suggestive + episode in American commonwealth-building, and deserves careful + study. Roosevelt gives it admirable treatment, in his _Winning + of the West_. The journal of the convention is given at length + in the appendix to the second edition of Butler's _Kentucky_; + Hall's _Sketches of the West_, i., pp. 264, 265; Louisville + _Literary News-Letter_, June 6, 1840; and Hazard's _U. S. + Register_, iii., pp. 25-28. Henderson's MS. Journal is in the + possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society, and has never + yet been published. + + Virginia and North Carolina did not favor an independent + government in Kentucky, and annulled the title of the Henderson + company--but Virginia (1795) granted the proprietors in + recompense 200,000 acres on Powell's and Clinch rivers. + + We hear little more of Richard Henderson, in pioneer history. + In 1779, he was one of the North Carolina commissioners to + extend the western boundary between that State and Virginia. + During the winter of 1789-90 he was at the French Lick on + Cumberland, where he opened a land office. His last public + service was in 1781, when a member of the North Carolina house + of commons. He died at his country seat in Granville County, N. + C., January 30, 1785, in his fiftieth year. Two of his sons, + Archibald and Leonard, attained eminence at the bar of their + native State.--R. G. T. + + [4] Among Dr. Draper's manuscripts I find this succinct + review of the aboriginal claims to Kentucky: "There is some + reason to suppose that the Catawbas may once have dwelt upon + the Kentucky River; that stream, on some of the ancient maps + published a hundred years ago, was called the 'Cuttawa or + Cawtaba River.' But that tribe of Indians, so far as we know, + never laid any claim to the territory. + + "It would appear from the historical evidences extant, that the + Shawanoes were the earliest occupants of Kentucky of whom we + have any certain knowledge. Colden, the primitive historian of + the Iroquois Confederacy, informs us, that when the French + commenced the first settlement of Canada in 1603, the Five + Nations, who then resided near the present locality of + Montreal, were at war with the powerful Adirondacks, who at + that time lived three hundred miles above the Three Rivers, in + Canada. The Iroquois found it difficult to withstand the + vigorous attacks of their enemies, whose superior hardihood was + to be attributed to their constant devotion to the chase, while + the Iroquois had been chiefly engaged in the more peaceful + occupation of planting corn. Compelled to give way before their + haughty foes, the confederates had recourse to the exercise of + arms, in order, if possible, to retrieve their martial + character and prowess. To raise the spirits of their people, + the Iroquois leaders turned their warriors against the Satanas + or Shawanoes, 'who then,' says Colden, 'lived on the banks of + the lakes,'--or, as other historians assert, in Western New + York, and south of Lake Erie,--and soon subdued and drove them + out of the country. The Shawanoes then retired to the Ohio, + along which and its tributaries they planted numerous + settlements. Some of them, however, when driven from Western + New York, seem to have located somewhere on the Delaware, for + De Laet, in 1624, speaks of _Sawanoos_ residing on that river. + + "The _Jesuit Relations_ of 1661-62, allude to their residence + in the West under the name of Ontouagannha or Chaoüanons; they + seem to have been the same as were called Tongorias, Erighecks, + Erieehonons, Eries, or Cats, by the early missionaries and + historians; and the same, moreover, known in the traditions of + the Senecas as Gah-kwahs, who resided on Eighteen Mile Creek, a + few miles southwest of Buffalo, in Western New York, which the + Senecas still call Gah-kwah-gig-a-ah Creek, which means _the + place where the Gah-kwahs lived_. In 1672, the Shawanoes and + their confederates in the Ohio Valley met with a disastrous + overthrow by the Five Nations at Sandy Island, just below the + Falls of Ohio, where large numbers of human bones were still to + be seen at the first settlement of the country. The surviving + Shawanoes must then have retired still farther down the Ohio, + and settled probably in the western part of Kentucky; and + Marquette, in 1673, speaks of their having twenty-three + villages in one district, and fifteen in another, all lying + quite near each other: At length the Shawanoes departed from + Kentucky, and seem to have gone to the upper part of the + Carolinas, and to the coast of Florida, and ever after proved a + migratory people. They were evidently 'subdued,' as Colden, + Evans, and Pownall inform us, and the decisive battle was + fought at Sandy Island, where a vital blow was given to the + balance of power on the Ohio, which decided finally the fall of + Kentucky with its ancient inhabitants. + + "It was this conquest that gave to the powerful Iroquois all + the title they ever acquired to Kentucky. At the peace of + Ryswick, in 1697, their right to their western conquests was + fully acknowledged; and at the treaty of Lancaster, in + Pennsylvania, in 1744, they ceded to Virginia all their lands + west of that colony. In 1752, the Shawanoes and other western + tribes, at Logstown on the Ohio, confirmed the Lancaster + treaty, and sold their claim to the country south of the Ohio; + and, at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, the Six Nations + made a new cession of their claim to Kentucky as low as the + Cherokee or Tennessee River. Up to this period, the Cherokees + never so much as thought of contesting with the Iroquois their + claim to the Kentucky country; for some of the visiting + Cherokees, while on their route to attend the Fort Stanwix + treaty, killed game for their subsistence, and on their arrival + at Fort Stanwix, tendered the skins to the Six Nations, saying, + 'They are yours, we killed them after passing the Big River,' + the name by which they had always designated the Tennessee. But + probably discovering that other Indian nations were driving a + good business by disposing of their distant land rights, the + Cherokees managed to hatch up some sort of claim, which they, + in part, relinquished to Virginia, at the treaty of Lochaber in + 1770; and when Col. Donelson ran the line the following year, + the boundary was fixed, at the suggestion of the Cherokee + deputies, on the Kentucky River as the south-western line, as + they delighted, they said, in natural landmarks. This + considerably enlarged the cession, for which they received an + additional compensation. + + "In 1772, the Shawanoes made no claim to Kentucky; and at the + treaty of Camp Charlotte, in October, 1774, they tacitly + confirmed their old sale of that country in 1752, by agreeing + not even to hunt south of the Ohio. Thus, then, we see that the + Iroquois had twice ceded their right to Kentucky as low as the + Tennessee River, and twice received their pay; the Shawanoes + had disposed of their claim, such as it was, and received + for it a valuable consideration; and the Cherokees, finding + it profitable to lay claim to some valuable unoccupied + region, sold their newly assumed right to the country south + and east of Kentucky River. Their claim, if indeed it rises to + the dignity of a claim, south and west of the Kentucky, was + fairly purchased by Henderson and Company, and thus with the + subsequent purchase by treaty, of the Chickasaws, of the + strip between the Tennessee and Mississippi, the Indian + title to the whole Kentucky country was fully and fairly + extinguished."--R. G. T. + + [5] The first attack occurred the morning of March 25, when + the party were encamped near the head of Taylor's Fork of + Silver Creek. Capt. Twitty and Felix Walker were severely + wounded, and a negro servant killed; Twitty subsequently died + from his wound. The other attack was on an outlying company, + probably on Tate's Creek; this occurred the 27th, and "Thomas + McDowell and Jeremiah McFeeters were," Boone wrote to + Henderson, "killed and sculped."--R. G. T. + + [6] The purchase of Henderson and company, was subsequently + declared by the legislature of Virginia, to be null and void, + so far as the purchasers were concerned; but effectual as to + the extinguishment of the Indian title, to the territory thus + bought of them. To indemnify the purchasers for any advancement + of money or other things which they had made to the Indians, + the assembly granted to them 200,000 acres of land, lying at + the mouth of Green river, and known generally as Henderson's + grant. + + [7] Boone set out from Boonesborough, June 13, 1775. He left + the settlement in a state approaching anarchy; there were + several good men in the district, but the majority were + shiftless wanderers who would brook no exercise of authority. + The buffalo were fast moving westward, and all game was now + getting scarce--"hunt or starve" was the motto of the hour. A + diarist (Capt. Floyd) estimated that there were then a total of + 300 people in all the Kentucky settlements--not reckoning "a + great many land-jobbers from towards Pittsburg, who go about on + the north side of Kentucky, in companies, and build forty or + fifty cabins a piece on lands where no surveying has yet been + done." Among the best of the numerous arrivals, were George + Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, Benjamin Logan, and Whitley, who + came to be very prominent characters in Kentucky history. + Boone, with his wife and daughters, and twenty-one men, arrived + at Boonesborough September 6 or 7. "My wife and daughters," + writes Boone, "were the first women that ever stood on the + banks of Kentucky river." Mrs. McGary, Mrs. Hogan, and Mrs. + Denton arrived at Harrodsburg the 8th of September, and were + the first white women in that settlement. With the arrival of + these families, and fresh fighting men, the Kentucky colony + began to take on a permanent air, and thenceforward there was + better order.--R. G. T. + + [8] In the winter of 1776-77, McClelland's Station and + Logan's Station, (indifferently styled Fort or Station) were + abandoned because of Indian attacks, and the settlers huddled + into Boonesborough and Harrodsburg--although possibly Price's + settlement, on the Cumberland, maintained a separate existence + throughout the winter. There were at this time not to exceed a + hundred and fifty white men in the country, available for + active militia duty. As during January and February, 1777, the + Indians were quiet, confidence was restored in some degree, and + during the latter month, Logan, with his own and some half + dozen other families, left Harrodsburg and re-occupied Logan's + Station. Thus far, each settlement had chosen its own military + leader, and discipline was practically unknown. March 5, under + order and commissions from Virginia, the militia of Kentucky + county were assembled and organized at Boonesborough, + Harrodsburg, and Logan's Station, with George Rogers Clark as + major, and Daniel Boone, James Harrod, John Todd, and Benjamin + Logan as captains.--R. G. T. + + [9] This foray took place March 6--not the 14th, as in the + text--at Shawnee Springs, four miles north-east of Harrodsburg. + The whites--James Ray, William Ray, Thomas Shores, and William + Coomes--were sugar-making, when attacked by about seventy + Shawnees, under Black Fish. William Ray was killed, and Shores + taken prisoner. James Ray outran his pursuers and gave the + alarm. The unsuccessful attack on the incomplete fort of + Harrodsburg occurred early the following morning, the 7th. + Other brief attacks on Harrodsburg, were on March 18 and + 28.--R. G. T. + + [10] A small detachment from Black Fish's party made a dash + on workers in the Boonesborough fields, the day after the + Harrodsburg fight--killing a negro, and wounding several + whites.--R. G. T. + + [11] This assault on Boonesborough occurred the morning of + Thursday, April 24. The Indians numbered about one hundred. + Boone was wounded, and very nearly lost his life, in a sortie. + The story of the fight abounds with instances of heroism on the + part of both women and men.--R. G. T. + + [12] It occurred throughout Friday, May 30. The Indians are + reported to have numbered fifty-seven.--R. G. T. + + [13] Those who went out early in the morning to milk the + cows, were Mrs. Ann Logan, Mrs. Whitley, and a negro woman. + They were guarded only by William Hudson, Burr Harrison, John + Kennedy, and James Craig. The women and Craig escaped into the + fort unharmed; Kennedy, with four balls in his body, contrived + also to escape; Hudson was killed outright, and Harrison fell + wounded. He was supposed by friend and foe to have been killed. + The story of his final rescue by Logan, is related by Withers + below. As told to Dr. Draper, by Capt. Benjamin Biggs, and as + recorded in Whitley's MS. Narrative, in possession of the + Wisconsin Historical Society, the story in Withers is + substantially correct. It is said that Logan rolled a bag of + wool before him, and thus approached Harrison under cover; then + making a rush towards the latter, he picked him up in his arms + and dashed successfully into the fort. These accounts make no + mention of Martin's intervention. Harrison died of his wounds, + June 13.--R. G. T. + + [14] Benjamin Logan was by birth a Virginian; and at the age + of fourteen was left by the death of his father, to provide for + his mother and her other children, and with the other cares of + a family upon his infant hands. He discharged the duties thus + devolving on him, with the utmost fidelity; and having provided + amply for the support of his mother, and placed the other + members of her household in eligible situations, he removed to + the Holstein, married, purchased land, and commenced making + improvements. From thence he went to Kentucky, where he spent + the balance of his life, in the discharge of every social and + relative duty, with credit to himself and advantage to the + community. He was a delegate to the Virginia legislature from + the county of Kentucky in 1780; was soon after commissioned + county Lieutenant, (then the highest military title in the + militia of a county) and in the various battles, as well as in + the many skirmishes, which he fought with the Indians, his + conduct and bearing were such, as fully established for him the + reputation of a brave, skilful, prudent and meritorious + officer. In private life, and in his intercourse with his + fellow men, his whole course was distinguished by the most + uncompromising honor, and expanded philanthrophy. The heroic + adventure, by which he saved his wounded comrade, from the + tomahawk, the scalping knife, and from fire, was but one of + many such exploits, whereby he achieved good to others, at the + most imminent hazard of his own life. + + [15] This was the name given to the station of Logan. + + [16] Whitley's MS. Narrative and Cowan's MS. Diary, in the + Wisconsin Historical Society's library, say that Logan left + alone during the night of June 6. Logan returned to his fort on + the 23d, having travelled almost incessantly, and brought news + that relief would soon come. Soon after Logan's expedition to + the Holston, other messengers were sent to the East, clamoring + for help--McGary and Hoggin to Fort Pitt, and Smith to the + Yadkin; and twice Harrod vainly went forth to meet expected + troops. But the Continental army was hard pressed in those + days, and despite the rumor on the coast that Kentucky was in a + sad way, it was long before relief could be sent.--R. G. T. + + [17] Bowman arrived at Boonesborough the first of August, + with two companies from Virginia, under Capts. Henry Pauling + and John Dunkin--the latter being soon succeeded by Isaac + Ruddell. The force numbered 100 men. August 25, while six of + Bowman's men were on their way to Logan's, they were attacked + by Indians, two being killed and one wounded. Before escaping, + the Indians left on the body of one of the men, several copies + of a proclamation addressed to Clark and Logan in person, by + Lieut.-Gov. Henry Hamilton, at the head of the British forces + at Detroit, offering immunity to repentant rebels.--R. G. T. + + [18] See pp. 79, 80, _note_, for origin of the term "Long + Knives."--R. G. T. + + [19] Edward Hand was born in Ireland. He came to America in + 1774 as a surgeon's mate in the Eighth (Royal Irish) Regiment, + and soon settled in Pennsylvania as a physician. When the + Revolution broke out he joined a Pennsylvania regiment as + lieutenant colonel, and served in the siege of Boston. In + April, 1777, he was appointed brigadier-general in the + Continental army, and the first of June assumed command of Fort + Pitt. Lieut.-Gov. Henry Hamilton, of Detroit, under orders from + London, was actively engaged in stirring up the Northwest + Indians to forays on the Virginia and Pennsylvania borders, + thus harrying the Americans in the rear. Hand, in whose charge + was the frontier from Kittanning to the Great Kanawha, + determined on an aggressive policy, and in February, 1778, + undertook a campaign against the savages. An open winter, with + heavy rains, prevented the force of about 500 men--chiefly from + Westmoreland county--making satisfactory headway. Finally, the + expedition was abandoned when it had proceeded no farther than + Mahoning Creek. From the fact that this first American movement + against the savages, during the Revolution, resulted only in + the capture of non-combatants, in the almost deserted villages, + it was long known as "the squaw campaign." Hand was a competent + officer, but was much pestered, at Fort Pitt, with the + machinations of tories, who were numerous among the borderers. + Succeeded at Fort Pitt in 1778, by Brig.-Gen. Lachlan McIntosh, + Hand in turn succeeded Stark in command at Albany. We find him, + in 1779, actively engaged on Sullivan's campaign against the + New York Indians, and in 1780 he became adjutant general. A + member of congress in 1784-85, he was in 1790 a member of the + constitutional convention of Pennsylvania, and died at + Rockford, Lancaster County, Pa., September 3, 1802--R. G. T. + + [20] See p. 172, _note_ 2, for sketch of life and death of + Cornstalk.--R. G. T. + + + + +[156] CHAPTER IX. + + +While Cornstalk was detained at Point Pleasant, as surety for the +peace and neutrality of the Shawanees, Indians, of the tribes already +attached to the side of Great Britain, were invading the more +defenceless and unprotected settlements. Emerging, as Virginia then +was, from a state of vassalage and subjection, to independence and +self-government--contending in fearful inferiority of strength and the +munitions of war with a mighty and warlike nation--limited in +resources, and wanting in means, essential for supporting the unequal +conflict, she could not be expected to afford protection and security +from savage inroad, to a frontier so extensive as hers; and still less +was she able to spare from the contest which she was waging with that +colossal power, a force sufficient to maintain a war in the Indian +country and awe the savages into quiet. It had not entered into the +policy of this state to enlist the tomahawk and scalping knife in her +behalf; or to make allies of savages, in a war with Christians and +civilized men. She sought by the force of reason and the conviction of +propriety, to prevail on them to observe neutrality--not to become her +auxiliaries. "To send forth the merciless cannibal, thirsting for +blood, against protestant brethren," was a refinement in war to which +she had not attained. That the enemy, with whom she was struggling for +liberty and life as a nation, with all the lights of religion and +philosophy to illumine her course, should have made of them allies, +and "let loose those horrible hell-hounds of war against their +countrymen in America, endeared to them by every tie which should +sanctify human nature," was a most lamentable circumstance--in its +consequences, blighting and desolating the fairest portions of the +country, and covering the face of [157] its border settlements, with +the gloomy mantle of sorrow and woe. + +There is in the Indian bosom an hereditary sense of injury, which +naturally enough prompts to deeds of revengeful cruelty towards the +whites, without the aid of adventitious stimulants. When these are +superadded, they become indeed, the most ruthless and infuriated +enemy--"thirsting for blood," and causing it literally to flow, alike +from the hearts of helpless infancy and hoary age--from the timorous +breast of weak woman, and the undaunted bosom of the stout warrior. +Leagued with Great Britain, the Indians were enabled more fully and +effectually, to glut their vengeance on our citizens, and gratify +their entailed resentment towards them. + +In the commencement of Indian depredations on North Western Virginia, +during this war, the only places of refuge for the inhabitants, +besides private forts and block-houses, were at Pittsburg, Redstone, +Wheeling and Point Pleasant. Garrisons had been maintained at Fort +Pitt and Redstone, ever after their establishment; and fortresses were +erected at the two latter places in 1774. They all seemed to afford an +asylum to many, when the Indians were known to be in the country; but +none of them had garrisons, strong enough to admit of detachments +being sent, to act offensively against the invaders. All that they +could effect, was the repulsion of assaults made on them, and the +expulsion from their immediate neighborhoods, of small marauding +parties of the savage enemy. When Captain Arbuckle communicated to the +Governor the information derived from Cornstalk, that extensive +preparations were making by the Indians, for war, and the probability +of its early commencement, such measures were immediately adopted, to +prevent its success, as the then situation of the country would +justify. A proclamation was issued, advising the inhabitants of the +frontier, to retire into the interior as soon as practicable; and that +they might be enabled the better to protect themselves from savage +fury, some ammunition was forwarded to settlements on the Ohio river, +remote from the state forts, and more immediately exposed to danger +from incursion. General Hand too, then stationed at Fort Pitt, sent an +express to the different settlements, recommending that they should +be immediately abandoned, and the individuals composing them, should +forthwith seek shelter in some contiguous fortress, or retire east of +the [158] mountain. All were apprized of the impending danger, and +that it was impracticable in the pressing condition of affairs, for +the newly organized government to extend to them any effective +protection. + +Thus situated, the greater part of those who had taken up their abode +on the western waters, continued to reside in the country. Others, +deeming the means of defence inadequate to security, and unwilling to +encounter the horrors of an Indian war, no better provided than they +were, pursued the advice of government, and withdrew from the presence +of danger. Those who remained, sensible of dependence on their +individual resources, commenced making preparations for the +approaching crisis. The positions which had been selected as places of +security and defence in the war of 1774, were fortified anew, and +other block-houses and forts were erected by their unaided exertion, +into which they would retire on the approach of danger. Nor was it +long before this state of things was brought about. + +In June 1777,[1] a party of Indians came to the house of Charles +Grigsby on Rooting creek, a branch of the West Fork, and in the county +of Harrison. Mr. Grigsby being from home, the Indians plundered the +house of every thing considered valuable by them, and which they could +readily carry with them; and destroying many other articles, departed, +taking with them Mrs. Grigsby and her two children as prisoners. +Returning home soon after, seeing the desolation which had been done +in his short absence, and unable to find his wife and children, Mr. +Grigsby collected some of his neighbors and set out in pursuit of +those, by whom the mischief had been effected,--hoping that he might +overtake and reclaim from them the partner of his bosom, and the +pledges of her affection. His hopes were of but momentary existence. + +Following in the trail of the fugitive, when they had arrived near to +Loss creek, a distance of but six miles, they found the body of Mrs. +Grigsby and of her younger child, where they had recently been killed +and scalped. The situation of this unfortunate woman (being near the +hour of confinement,) and the entire helplessness of the child, were +hindrances to a rapid retreat; and fearing pursuit, the Indians thus +inhumanly rid themselves of those incumbrances to their flight and +left them to accidental discovery, or to become food for the beasts of +the forest. + +[159] Stimulated to more ardent exertions by the distressing scene +just witnessed, the pursuers pushed forward, with increased +expectation of speedily overtaking and punishing, the authors of this +bloody deed; leaving two of their party to perform the sepulture of +the unfortunate mother, and her murdered infant. But before the whites +were aware of their nearness to the Indians, these had become apprized +of their approach, and separated, so as to leave no trail by which +they could be farther traced. They had of course to give over the +pursuit; and returned home, to provide more effectually against the +perpetration of similar acts of atrocity and darkness. + +A short time after this, two Indians came on the West Fork, and +concealed themselves near to Coon's fort, awaiting an opportunity of +effecting some mischief. While thus lying in ambush, a daughter of Mr. +Coon came out for the purpose of lifting some hemp in a field near to +the fort, and by the side of the road. Being engaged in performing +this business, Thomas Cunningham and Enoch James passing along, and +seeing her, entered into conversation with her, and after a while +proceeded on their road. But before they had gone far, alarmed by the +report of a gun, they looked back and saw an Indian run up to the +girl, tomahawk and scalp her. The people of the fort were quickly +apprised of what had been done, and immediately turned out in pursuit; +but could not trace the course taken by the savages. It afterwards +appeared that the Indians had been for some time waiting for the girl +to come near enough for them to catch and make her prisoner, before +she could alarm the fort, or get within reach of its guns; but when +one of them crossed the fence for this purpose, she espied him and ran +directly towards the fort.--Fearing that he would not be able to +overtake her, without approaching the fort so as to involve himself in +some danger, he shot her as she ran; and going up to her he tomahawked +and scalped her. In endeavoring then to secure himself by flight, he +was shot at by James, but at so great distance as to prevent the doing +of execution. + +In the neighborhood of Wheeling, some mischief of this kind was +done about the same time, and by Indians who acted so warily, as to +avoid being discovered and punished. A man by the name of Thomas Ryan +was killed in a field some distance from the house, and a negro +fellow at work with him, [160] taken prisoner and carried off. No +invasion however, of that country, had been as yet, of sufficient +importance to induce the people to forsake their homes and go into +the forts.--Scouting parties were constantly traversing the woods +in every direction, and so successfully did they, observe every +avenue to the settlements, that the approach of Indians was generally +discovered and made known, before any evil resulted from it. But in +August the whole country bordering on the Ohio, from Fort Pitt to +Wheeling, became justly alarmed for its fate; and the most serious +apprehensions for the safety of its inhabitants, were excited in the +bosoms of all. Intelligence was conveyed to General Hand at Fort +Pitt,[2] by some friendly Indians from the Moravian towns, that a +large army of the north western confederacy, had come as far as those +villages, and might soon be expected to strike an awful blow on some +part of the Ohio settlements. The Indian force was represented as +being so great, as to preclude all idea of purchasing safety, by open +conflict; and the inhabitants along the river, generally retired into +forts, as soon as they received information of their danger, and made +every preparation to repel an assault on them. They did not +however, remain long in suspense, as to the point against which the +enemy would direct its operations. + +Wheeling Fort, although it had been erected by the proper authorities +of the government, and was supplied with arms and ammunition from the +public arsenal, was not at this time garrisoned, as were the other +state forts on the Ohio, by a regular soldiery; but was left to be +defended solely by the heroism and bravery of those, who might seek +shelter within its walls.[3] The settlement around it was flourishing, +and had grown with a rapidity truly astonishing, when its situation, +and the circumstances of the border country generally, are taken into +consideration. A little village, of twenty-five or thirty houses, had +sprung up, where but a few years before, the foot of civilized man had +never trod; and where the beasts of the forest had lately ranged +undisturbedly, were to be seen lowing herds and bleating flocks, at +once, the means of sustenance, and the promise of future wealth to +their owners.--In the enjoyment of this, comparatively, prosperous +condition of things, the inhabitants little dreamed, how quickly those +smiling prospects were to be blighted, their future hopes blasted, and +they deprived of almost every necessary of life. They [161] were not +insensible to the danger which in time of war was ever impending over +them; but relying on the vigilance of their scouts, to ascertain and +apprize them of its approach, and on the proximity of a fort into +which they could retire upon a minute's warning, they did not shut +themselves up within its walls, until advised of the immediate +necessity of doing so, from the actual presence of the enemy. + +On the night of the first of September, Captain Ogal, who with a party +of twelve men, had been for some days engaged in watching the paths to +the settlement and endeavoring to ascertain the approach of danger,[4] +came into Wheeling with the assurance that the enemy were not at hand. +In the course of that night, however, the Indian army, consisting of +three hundred and eighty-nine warriors,[5] came near to the village, +and believing from the lights in the fort, that the inhabitants were +on their guard, and that more might be effected by an ambuscade in the +morning, than by an immediate and direct attack, posted themselves +advantageously for that purpose. Two lines were formed, at some +distance from each, extending from the river across the point to the +creek, with a cornfield to afford them concealment. In the centre +between these lines, near a road leading through the field to the +fort, and in a situation easily exposing them to observation, six +Indians were stationed, for the purpose of decoying within the lines, +any force which might discover, and come out to molest them. + +Early in the morning of the second, two men, going to a field for +horses, passed the first line, and came near to the Indians in the +centre, before they were aware of danger.[6]--Perceiving the six +savages near them, they endeavored to escape by flight. A single shot +brought one of them to the ground: the other was permitted to escape +that he might give the alarm. Captain Mason (who, with Captain Ogal +and his party, and a few other men had occupied the fort the +preceding night) hearing that there were but six of the enemy, +marched with fourteen men, to the place where they had been seen. He +had not proceeded far from the fort, before he came in view of them; +and leading his men briskly towards where they were, soon found +themselves enclosed by a body of Indians, who 'till then had +remained concealed.--Seeing the impossibility of maintaining a +conflict with them, he endeavored to retreat with his men, to the +fort; but in [162] vain. They were intercepted by the Indians, and +nearly all literally, cut to pieces.[7] Captain Mason however, and his +sergeant succeeded in passing the front line, but being observed by +some of the enemy, were pursued, and fired at, as they began to +rise the hill. The sergeant was so wounded by the ball aimed at him, +that he fell, unable again to get up; but seeing his Captain pass near +without a gun and so crippled that he moved but slowly in advance of +his pursuers, he handed him his, and calmly surrendered himself to +his fate. + +Captain Mason had been twice wounded, and was then so enfeebled by the +loss of blood, and faint from fatigue that he almost despaired of ever +reaching the fort; yet he pressed forward with all his powers. He was +sensible that the Indian was near him, and expecting every instant, +that the tomahawk would sever his skull, he for a while forgot that +his gun was yet charged. The recollection of this, inspiring him with +fresh hopes, he wheeled to fire at his pursuer, but found him so close +that he could not bring his gun to bear on him. Having greatly the +advantage of ground, he thrust him back with his hand. The uplifted +tomahawk descended to the earth with force; and before the Indian +could so far regain his footing as to hurl the fatal weapon from his +grasp, or rush forward to close in deadly struggle with his +antagonist, the ball from Captain Mason's gun had done its errand, and +the savage fell lifeless to the earth. Captain Mason was able to +proceed only a few paces farther; but concealing himself by the side +of a large fallen tree, he remained unobserved while the Indians +continued about the fort. + +The shrieks of Captain Mason's men, and the discharge of the guns, +induced Capt. Ogal to advance with his twelve scouts, to their relief. +Being some distance in the rear of his men, the Indians, in closing +round them, fortunately left him without the circle, and he concealed +himself amid some briers in the corner of the fence; where he lay +until the next day. The same fate awaited his men, which had befallen +Capt. Mason's. Of the twenty six who were led out by these two +officers, only three escaped death, and two of these were badly +wounded: a striking evidence of the fact, that the ambuscade was +judiciously planned, and the expectations of its success, well +founded.[8] + +While these things were doing, the inhabitants of the village were +busily employed in removing to the fort and preparing for its +defense. A single glance at the situation of the parties led on by +Mason and Ogal, convinced them of the overwhelming force of the [163] +Indians, and the impossibility of maintaining an open contest with +them. And so quick had been the happening of the events which have +been narrated, that the gates of the fort were scarcely closed, before +the Indian army appeared under its walls, with a view to its reduction +by storm.[9] But before the assault was begun to be made, the +attention of the garrison was directed to a summons for its surrender, +made by that infamous renegado, Simon Girty.[10] + +This worse than savage wretch, appeared at the end window of a house +not far from the fort, and told them, that he had come with a large +army to escort to Detroit, such of the Inhabitants along the frontier, +as were willing to accept the terms offered by Governor Hamilton, to +those who would renounce the cause of the colonies and attach +themselves to the interest of Great Britain; calling upon them to +remember their fealty to their sovereign; assuring them of protection, +if they would join his standard, and denouncing upon them, all the +woes which spring from the uncurbed indulgence of savage vengeance, if +they dared to resist, or fire one gun to the annoyance of his men. He +then read to them, Gov. Hamilton's proclamation; and told them, he +could allow only fifteen minutes to consider of his proposition. It +was enough. In love with liberty, attached to their country, and +without faith in his proffered protection, they required but little +time to "deliberate, which of the two to choose, slavery or death." +Col. Zane replied to him, "that they had consulted their wives and +children, and that all were resolved to perish, sooner than place +themselves under the protection of a savage army with him at its head, +or abjure the cause of liberty and of the colonies." Girty then +represented to them the great force of the Indians,--the impossibility +that the fort could withstand the assault,--the certainty of +protection if they acceded to his propositions, and the difficulty of +restraining the assailants, if enraged and roused to vengeance by +opposition and resistance. A shot discharged at him from the fort, +caused him to withdraw from the window and the Indians commenced the +assault. + +There were then in the fort but thirty-three men, to defend it against +the attack of upwards of three hundred and eighty Indians; and bravely +did they maintain their situation against the superior force of the +enemy, and all that art and fury could effect to accomplish their +destruction. For twenty-three hours, all was life, and energy, and +activity within the walls. Every individual had particular duties to +perform; and promptly and faithfully were they discharged. The more +expert of the women, took stations by the side of the men; and +handling their guns with soldier like readiness, aided in the repulse, +with fearless intrepidity.[11] Some were engaged in moulding bullets; +others in loading and supplying the [164] men with guns already +charged; while the less robust were employed in cooking, and in +furnishing to the combatants, provisions and water, during the +continuance of the attack. It seemed indeed, as if each individual +were sensible, that the safety of all depended on his lone exertions; +and that the slightest relaxation of these, would involve them all in +one common ruin. + +Finding that they could make no impression on the fort, and fearing to +remain longer before it, lest their retreat might be cut off, by +reinforcements from the surrounding country, the assailants fired all +the houses without the walls; killed all the stock, which could be +found; and destroying every thing on which they could lay their hands, +retired about day light, and left the garrison in possession of the +fortress, but deprived of almost every thing else. The alarm of the +presence of Indians having been given after day light, and the attack +on the fort commencing before sun rise, but little time was afforded +them, for securing their moveable property. The greater part had taken +with them nothing but their clothes, while some had left their homes +with their night apparel only. Few were left the enjoyment of a bed, +or the humble gratification of the coarse repast of bread and milk. +Their distress was consequently great; and their situation for some +time, not much more enviable, than when pent within the fort, and +straining every nerve to repel its savage assailants. + +Before this, the Governor had sent to Col. Andrew Swearingen, a +quantity of ammunition for the defence of those who remained in +the country above Wheeling. By his exertions, and under his +superintendence, Bolling's and Holliday's old forts were repaired, +and the latter made strong enough to serve as a magazine. In it was +collected, all the inhabitants from its neighborhood; and it was +generally regarded, as a strong position, and able, occasionally, +to detach part of its garrison, for the aid of other portions of +the country. Soon after the attack was begun to be made on Wheeling, +the alarm reached Shepherd's fort, and a runner was despatched +from thence to Holliday's fort with the intelligence, and the +apprehension that if speedy relief were not afforded, the garrison +at Wheeling must fall. No expectation, of being able to collect a +force sufficient to cope with the assailants, was entertained. All +that was expected was, to throw succours into the fort, and thus +enable the garrison the more successfully to repel assaults, and +preserve it from the violence of the Indian onsets. For this +purpose, Col. Swearingen left Holliday's with fourteen men, who +nobly volunteered to accompany him in this hazardous enterprise, +to the regret of those who remained, from an apprehension that thus +weakened, if Holliday's fort were attacked it must fall easily into +the hands of the enemy. These men got into a large _continental +canoe_, and plied their paddles industriously, to arrive in time +to be of service to the besieged. But the night being dark, and a +dense fog hanging over the river, they toiled to great disadvantage, +frequently coming in contact with the banks; until [165] at length it +was thought advisable to cease rowing and float with the current, +lest they might, unknowingly, pass Wheeling, and at the appearance +of day be obliged to contend with the force of the stream, to regain +that point. Floating slowly, they at length descried the light which +proceeded from the burning of the houses at Wheeling, and with all +their exertion could not then attain their destination before the +return of day. Could they have realized their expectation of +arriving before day, they might from, the river bank, in the +darkness of the night, have gained admission into the fort; but +being frustrated in this, they landed some of the men near above +Wheeling, to reconnoiter and ascertain the situation of things: it +being doubtful to them, from the smoke and fog, whether the fort +and all, were not a heap of ruins. Col. Swearingen, Cap. Bilderbock +and William Boshears, volunteered for this service, and proceeding +cautiously soon reached the fort. + +When arrived there, it was still questionable whether the Indians had +abandoned the attack, or were only lying concealed in the cornfield, +in order to fall on any, who might come out from the fort, under the +impression that danger was removed from them. Fearing that the latter +was the case, it was thought prudent, not to give the preconcerted +signal for the remainder of Col. Swearingen's party to come on, lest +it might excite the Indians to greater vigilance and they intercept +the men on their way to the fort. To obviate the difficulty arising +from this apprehension, Col. Swearingen, Capt. Bilderbock and William +Boshears, taking a circuitous route to avoid passing near the +cornfield, returned to their companions, and escorted them to +Wheeling. It then remained to ascertain whether the Indians had really +withdrawn, or were only lying in ambush. A council, consisting of Col. +Zane, Col. Shepherd, Doctor McMahon and Col. Swearingen, being +requested to devise some expedient by which to be assured of the fact, +recommended that two of their most active and vigilant men, should go +out openly from the fort, and carelessly, but surely, examine the +cornfield near to the palisade. Upon their return, twenty others, +under the guidance of Col. Zane, marched round at some distance from +the field, and approaching it more nearly on their return, became +assured that the Indians had indeed despaired of success, and were +withdrawn from the field. About this time Major M'Cullough arrived +with forty-five men, and they all proceeded to view the battle +ground. + +Here was indeed a pitiable sight. Twenty-three of the men who had +accompanied Capts. Mason and Ogal in the preceding morning, were lying +dead; few of them had been shot, but the greater part, most inhumanly +and barbarously butchered with the tomahawk and scalping knife. +Upwards of three hundred head of cattle, horses, and hogs, wantonly +killed by the savages, were seen lying about the field, and all the +houses, with every thing which they contained, and which could not be +conveniently taken off by the enemy, were but heaps of ashes. It was +long indeed, before the [166] inhabitants of that neighborhood +regained the comforts, of which that night's desolation had deprived +them. + +Soon after the happening of these events a company of militia under +the command of Capt. Foreman, arrived from east of the Alleghany, to +afford protection to the settlements around Wheeling, and occupy the +fort at this place. While stationed in it, it was known that parties +of Indians were still lurking about, seeking opportunities of doing +mischief, and to prevent which, detachments were frequently sent on +scouting expeditions. On the 26th of September, Capt. Foreman with +forty five men, went about twelve miles below Wheeling and encamped +for the night. He was ignorant of the practices of the Indians, and +seemed rather indisposed to take council of those, who were conversant +with them. After building fires for the night, he remained with his +men close around them, contrary to the advice of one of the settlers, +by the name of Lynn, who had accompanied him as a spy. Lynn however, +would not consent to remain there himself, but taking with him those +of the frontiers men who were in company, retired some distance from +the fires, and spent the night. Before it was yet light, Lynn, being +awake, thought he heard such a noise, as would be probably produced by +the launching of rafts on the river, above the position occupied by +Capt. Foreman. In the morning he communicated his suspicion that an +Indian force was near them, and advised the Captain to return to +Wheeling along the hill sides and avoid the bottoms. His advice was +rejected; but Lynn, with the caution of one used to such a condition +of things, prudently kept on the hill side with four others, while +they, who belonged to the command of Capt. Foreman, continued along +the level at the base of the hill. + +In marching along the Grave creek narrows, one of the soldiers saw a +parcel of Indian ornaments lying in the path; and picking them up, +soon drew around him the greater part of the company. While thus +crowded together inspecting the trinkets, a galling fire was opened on +them by a party of Indians who lay in ambush, and which threw them +into great confusion. The fire was continued with deadly effect, for +some minutes; and must eventually have caused the loss of the whole +party, but that Lynn, with his few comrades rushed from the hill +discharging their guns, and shouting so boisterously, as induced the +Indians to believe that a reinforcement was at hand, and they +precipitately retreated. + +In this fatal ambuscade there were twenty-one of Captain Foreman's +party killed, and several much wounded; among the slain were the +Captain and his two sons. + +It appeared that the Indians had dropped their ornaments, purposely to +attract the attention of the whites; while they themselves were lying +concealed in two parties; the one to the right of the path, in a +sink-hole on the bottom, and the other to the left, under covert of +the river bank. From these advantageous positions, they [167] fired +securely on our men; while they were altogether exempt from danger +'till the party in the sink hole was descried by Lynn. His firing was +not known to have taken effect; but to his good conduct is justly +attributable the saving of the remnant of the detachment. The Indian +force was never ascertained. It was supposed to have been small; not +exceeding twenty warriors. + +On the ensuing day, the inhabitants of the neighborhood of Wheeling +under the direction and guidance of Colonel Zane, proceeded to Grave +Creek and buried those who had fallen.[12] + +At the time of the happening of those occurrences the belief was +general, that the army which had been led to Wheeling by Girty, had +been ordered on, for the purpose of conducting the tories from the +settlements to Detroit; and that detachments from that army continued +to hover about the frontiers for some time, to effect that object. +There was then, unfortunately for the repose and tranquility of many +neighborhoods, a considerable number of those misguided and deluded +wretches, who, disaffected to the cause of the colonies, were willing +to advance the interest of Britain, by the sacrifice of every social +relation, and the abandonment of every consideration, save that of +loyalty to the king. So far did their opposition, to those who +espoused the cause of American liberty, blunt every finer and more +noble feeling, that many of them were willing to imbrue their hands in +the blood of their neighbors, in the most sly and secret manner, and +in the hour of midnight darkness, for no offence but attachment to the +independence of the colonies. A conspiracy for the murder of the whigs +and for accepting the terms, offered by the Governor of Canada to +those who would renounce their allegiance to the United States and +repair to Detroit, by the relenting of one individual, was prevented +being carried into effect; and many were consequently saved from +horrors, equalling, if not transcending in enormity, the outrages of +the savages themselves. Scenes of licentiousness and fury, followed +upon the discovery of the plot.--Exasperated at its heinousness, and +under the influence of resentful feelings, the whigs retaliated upon +the tories, some of the evils which these had conspired to inflict +upon them. In the then infuriated state of their minds, and the little +restraint at that time imposed on the passions by the operation of the +laws, it is really matter of admiration that they did not proceed +farther, and requite upon those deluded wretches, the full measure of +their premeditated wrongs. The head only of this fiendish league, lost +his life; but many depredations were committed, on the property of its +members. + +A court, for the trial of the conspirants, was held at Redstone Fort; +and many of them were arraigned at its bar. But as their object had +been defeated by its discovery, and as no farther danger was +apprehended from them, they were released, after having been required +to take the oath of allegiance to the United States and to bear with +the injuries which had [168] been done their property. Those who were +suspected for the murder of the chief conspirator, were likewise +arraigned for that offence, but were acquitted. + +Hitherto the inhabitants of Tygart's Valley had escaped the ill +effects of savage enmity; Indian hostility not having prompted an +incursion into that country, since its permanent settlement was +effected previous to the war of 1774. This however had not the effect +to lull them into confident security. Ascribing their fortunate +exemption from irruptions of the enemy, to other causes than a +willingness on the part of the Indians, to leave them in quiet and +repose, they exercised the utmost vigilance to discover their +approach, and used every precaution to ensure them safety, if the +enemy should appear among them. Spies were regularly employed in +watching the warriors paths beyond the settlements, to detect their +advance and to apprize the inhabitants of it. + +In September of this year (1777) Leonard Petro and Wm. White, being +engaged in watching the path leading up the Little Kenhawa, killed an +Elk late in the evening; and taking part of it with them, withdrew a +short distance for the purpose of eating their suppers and spending +the night. About midnight, White, awaking from sleep, discovered by +the light of the moon, that there were several Indians near, who had +been drawn in quest of them by the report of the gun in the evening. +He saw at a glance, the impossibility of escaping by flight; and +preferring captivity to death, he whispered to Petro to lie still, +lest any movement of his, might lead to this result. In a few minutes +the Indians sprang on them; and White raising himself as one lay hold +on him, aimed a furious blow, with his tomahawk, hoping to wound the +Indian by whom he was beset, and then make his escape. Missing his aim +he affected to have been ignorant of the fact that he was encountered +by Indians, professed great joy at meeting with them, and declared +that he was then on his way to their towns. They were not deceived by +the artifice; for although he assumed an air of pleasantness and +gaity, calculated to win upon their confidence, yet the woful +countenance and rueful expression of poor Petro, convinced them that +White's conduct was feigned, that he might lull them into inattention, +and they be enabled to effect an escape. They were both tied for the +night; and in the morning White being painted red, and Petro black, +they were forced to proceed to the Indian towns. When approaching a +[169] village, the whoop of success brought several to meet them; and +on their arrival at it, they found that every preparation was made for +their running the gauntlet; in going through which ceremony both were +much bruised. White did not however remain long in captivity. Eluding +their vigilance, he took one of their guns and began his flight +homeward.--Before he had travelled far, he met an Indian on horseback, +whom he succeeded in shooting; and mounting the horse from which he +fell, his return to the Valley was much facilitated. Petro was never +heard of afterwards. The painting of him black, had indicated their +intention of killing him; and the escape of White probably hastened +his doom. + +During this time, and after the return of White among them, the +inhabitants of Tygart's Valley practiced their accustomed watchfulness +'till about the twentieth of November; when there was a considerable +fall of snow. This circumstance induced them to believe, that the +savages would not attempt an irruption among them until the return of +spring; and they became consequently, inattentive to their safety. + +Generally, the settlements enjoyed perfect quiet from the first +appearance of winter, until the return of spring. In this interval of +time, the Indians are usually deterred from penetrating into them, as +well because of their great exposure to discovery and observation in +consequence of the nakedness of the woods and the increased facility +of pursuing their trail in the snows which then usually covered the +earth, as of the suffering produced by their lying in wait and +travelling, in their partially unclothed condition, in this season of +intense cold. Instances of their being troublesome during the winter +were rare indeed; and never occurred, but under very peculiar +circumstances: the inhabitants, were therefore, not culpably remiss, +when they relaxed in their vigilance, and became exposed to savage +inroad. + +A party of twenty Indians, designing to commit some depredations +during the fall, had nearly reached the upper end of Tygart's Valley, +when the snow, which had inspired the inhabitants with confidence in +their security, commenced falling. Fearful of laying themselves open +to detection, if they ventured to proceed farther at that time, and +anxious to effect some mischief before they returned home, they +remained concealed about ten miles from the settlements, until the +snow disappeared. On the 15th of December, they came to the [170] +house of Darby Connoly, at the upper extremity of the Valley, and +killed him, his wife and several of the children, and took three +others prisoners. Proceeding to the next house, killed John Stewart, +his wife and child, and took Miss Hamilton (sister-in-law to Stewart) +into captivity. They then immediately changed their direction, and +with great dispatch, entered upon their journey home; with the +captives and plunder, taken at those two places. + +In the course of the evening after these outrages were committed, John +Hadden passing by the House of Connoly saw a tame elk belonging there, +lying dead in the yard. This, and the death-like silence which reigned +around, excited his fears that all was not right; and entering into +the house, he saw the awful desolation which had been committed. +Seeing that the work of blood had been but recently done, he hastened +to alarm the neighborhood, and sent an express to Capt. Benjamin +Wilson, living about twenty miles lower in the Valley, with the +melancholy intelligence. With great promptitude, Capt. Wilson went +through the settlement, exerting himself to procure as many +volunteers, as would justify going in pursuit of the aggressors; and +so indefatigable was he in accomplishing his purpose, that, on the day +after the murders were perpetrated, he appeared on the theatre of +their exhibition with thirty men, prepared to take the trail and push +forward in pursuit of the savages. For five days they followed through +cold and wet, without perceiving that they had gained upon them. At +this time many of the men expressed a determination to return. They +had suffered much, travelled far, and yet saw no prospect of +overtaking the enemy. It is not wonderful that they became dispirited. +In order to expedite their progress, the numerous water courses which +lay across their path, swollen to an unusual height and width, were +passed without any preparation to avoid getting wet; the consequence +was that after wading one of them, they would have to travel with +icicles hanging from their clothes the greater part of a day, before +an opportunity could be allowed of drying them. They suffered much too +for the want of provisions. The short time afforded for preparation, +had not admitted of their taking with them as much as they expected +would be required, as they had already been on the chase longer than +was anticipated. Under these circumstances it was with great +difficulty, Captain Wilson could prevail [171] on them to continue the +pursuit one day longer; hoping the Indians would have to halt, in +order to hunt for food. Not yet being sensible that they gained upon +them, the men positively refused going farther; and they returned to +their several homes. + +This was the last outrage committed by the savages on North Western +Virginia, in this year. And although there was not as much mischief +effected by them in this season, as had been in others, yet the year +1777, has become memorable in the annals of Border Warfare. The murder +of Cornstalk and his companions,--the attack on Wheeling Fort,--the +loss of lives and destruction of property which then took place, +together with the fatal ambuscade at Grave Creek Narrows, all +conspired to render it a period of much interest, and to impress its +incidents deeply on the minds of those who were actors in these +scenes. + +----- + [1] This "year of the three sevens," as it was called, was + long known as "the bloody year" of border history.--R. G. T. + + [2] General Hand was commandant, and George Morgan Indian + agent, at Fort Pitt. Runners from the Moravian towns on the + Tuscarawas and Muskingum rivers, in Ohio, frequently came into + the fort during the summer, with dispatches for either of + these officials. The Delawares, as a nation, were friendly + throughout the year. The hostiles were chiefly composed of + Wyandots and Mingoes, but with them were a few Shawnees and + Delawares.--R. G. T. + + [3] The first fort at Wheeling was built in the summer of + 1774, by order of Lord Dunmore, under direction of Majors + William Crawford and Angus McDonald. It stood upon the Ohio + bank about a quarter of a mile above the entrance of Wheeling + Creek. Standing in open ground, it was a parallelogram of + square pickets pointed at top, with bastions and sentry boxes + at the angles, and enclosed over half an acre. It ranked in + strength and importance, next to Fort Pitt. Within the fort + were log barracks, an officers' house, a storehouse, a well, + and cabins for families. A steep hill rises not far inland; + between the fort and the base of this hill the forest had been + leveled, and a few log cabins were nestled in the open. Such + was Wheeling in 1777. At first the fort had been called + Fincastle, for the Ohio Valley settlements were then in + Fincastle County, Va.; but upon the opening of the Revolution + the post, now in Ohio County, was named Fort Henry, in honor of + the first state governor of Virginia.--R. G. T. + + [4] News came to Fort Pitt, early in August, that an Indian + attack in force, on Wheeling, might be expected at any time. + Says the Shane MSS., "White Eyes came to Fort Pitt and told + them the Indians were going to take Wheeling home." August + 2d, Gen. Hand wrote to David Shepherd, lieutenant of Ohio + County, warning him of the perilous situation, and ordering + him to leave his own fort, six miles from Fort Henry, and + to rally at the latter all the militia between the Ohio and + Monongahela,--the "pan-handle." Shepherd did this, and by + the close of the month Fort Henry was, as he said, "Indian + proof." But the non-arrival of the foe caused a relaxation of + vigilance. Nine companies were allowed to go home, and by + the last day of August only two companies remained in the + fort, those of Capts. Joseph Ogle and Samuel Mason.--R. G. T. + + [5] Shepherd to Hand, Sept. 15, 1777: "By the best judges + here ... it is thought their numbers must have been not less + than between two and three hundred." The Shepherd, Hand, Shane, + and Doddridge MSS., in the library of the Wisconsin Historical + Society, throw much light on this episode.--R. G. T. + + [6] The Indians made their appearance on the night of August + 31st--not September 1st, as in the text. The incident here + related occurred at about sunrise of September 1st. Andrew + Zane, young John Boyd, Samuel Tomlinson, and a negro, set out + to hunt for the horses of Dr. James McMechen, because the + latter wished that day to return to the older settlements, + either on the Monongahela, or east of the mountains. Boyd was + killed, but his companions escaped--Zane, by leaping from a + cliff, the height of which local tradition places at seventy + feet.--R. G. T. + + [7] De Hass, in his _History of the Early Settlement and + Indian Wars of West Virginia_,--a conscientious work, which + depends, however, too closely on traditions,--says (p. 225), + "out of the fourteen, but two escaped."--R. G. T. + + [8] Among the survivors was Ogle who, like Mason, hid + himself in the bushes until nightfall enabled him to return to + the fort.--R. G. T. + + [9] As a matter of fact, the Indians made no attack on the + fort at this time, being content with the success of their + ambuscade. After throwing up some rude earth-works and blinds, + scalping the dead whites, killing all the live stock within + reach, and setting fire to the outlying cabins, they retired + across the Ohio in the night, and dispersed. Their loss was one + killed and nine wounded; the whites lost fifteen killed and + five wounded. The next day (September 2), the whites buried + their dead, and unavailingly scoured the country for Indians. + + Tradition has made sad havoc with the records, in regard to + this first "siege" of Wheeling. Some of the deeds of heroism + related below, by Withers, were incidents of the second + siege--September 11, 1782, seven years later; but most of them + are purely mythical, or belong to other localities. Perhaps no + events in Western history have been so badly mutilated by + tradition, as these two sieges.--R. G. T. + + [10] This statement of Withers, that Simon Girty was at the + siege of Wheeling, was long accepted as fact by Western + historians. But it is now established beyond doubt, that + neither Simon nor his brothers were present at that affair, + being at the time in the employ of Indian Agent Morgan, at Fort + Pitt. For details of the evidence, consult Butterfield's + _History of the Girtys_, _passim_.--R. G. T. + + [11] [163] The notes furnished the compiler, mention + particularly a Mrs. Glum and Betsy Wheat, as performing all the + duties of soldiers with firmness and alacrity. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--Withers derived his information from + traditional notes in the possession of Noah Zane, son of + Ebenezer. + + [12] After the affair at Wheeling, September 1, the Indians + returned home. But soon thereafter, Half King, head chief of + the Wyandots, set out with forty of that tribe to again harry + the Wheeling country. On the morning of the 26th, Capts. + William Foreman with twenty-four men, Ogle with ten men, and + William Linn with nine, started from Fort Henry on a scout. + Linn was ranking officer, although there was little discipline. + Foreman was a new arrival from Hampshire County, enlisted to go + on Hand's intended expedition. They intended crossing the Ohio + at Grave Creek, 12 miles below, and proceeding 8 miles farther + down to Captina. At Grave, however, they found that the + Tomlinson settlement (nucleus of the present Mound City, W. + Va.) had been abandoned, and sacked by Indians, and no canoes + were to be had. They camped for the night, and the next morning + (the 27th) started to return along the river bank, to Wheeling. + Linn, apprehensive of Indians, marched along the hill crest, + but Ogle and Foreman kept to the trail along the bottom. At a + point where the bottom narrows because of the close approach of + the hills to the river--a defile then known as McMechen's (or + McMahon's) Narrows--they were set upon by Half King's party, + awaiting them in ambush. Foreman and twenty others were killed, + and one captured. The story about Linn's gallant attack on the + Indians from his vantage point on the hilltop, is without + foundation. His party helped to secrete a wounded man who + escaped in the melee, and then put off in hot haste for home. + It was not until four days later, when reinforcements had + arrived from Fort Pitt, that Colonel Shepherd ventured from the + fort to bury the dead. In 1835, an inscribed stone was set up + at the Narrows, to commemorate the slain.--R. G. T. + + + + +[172] CHAPTER X. + + +After the winter became so severe as to prevent the Indians from +penetrating the country and committing farther aggression, the +inhabitants became assured of safety, and devoted much of their time +to the erection of new forts, the strengthening of those which had +been formerly established, and the making of other preparations, +deemed necessary to prevent the repetition of those distressing +occurrences, which had spread gloom and sorrow over almost every part +of North Western Virginia. That the savages would early renew their +exertions to destroy the frontier settlements, and harrass their +citizens, could not for an instant be doubted.--Revenge for the murder +of Cornstalk, and the other chiefs killed in the fort by the whites, +had operated to unite the warlike nation of the Shawanees in a league +with the other Indians, against them; and every circumstance seemed to +promise increased exertions on their part, to accomplish their +purposes of blood and devastation. + +Notwithstanding all which had been suffered during the preceding +season; and all, which it was confidently anticipated, would have to +be undergone after the return of spring, yet did the whole frontier +increase in population, and in capacity to defend itself against the +encroachments of a savage enemy, aided by British emissaries, and led +on by American tories. The accession to its strength, caused by the +number of emigrants, who came into the different settlements, was +indeed considerable; yet it was insufficient, to enable the +inhabitants to purchase by offensive operations, exemption from [173] +invasion, or security from the tomahawk and scalping knife. Assured of +this, Virginia extended to them farther assistance; and a small body +of regular troops, under the command of General McIntosh, was +appropriated to their defence. + +In the spring of 1778, General McIntosh,[1] with the regulars and some +militiamen, attached to his command, descended the Ohio river from +Fort Pitt, to the mouth of Big Beaver--a creek discharging itself into +that river from the north-west.[2] This was a favorable position, at +which to station his troops to effect the partial security of the +frontier, by intercepting parties of Indians on their way to the +settlements on the opposite side of the river, and by pursuing and +punishing them while engaged, either in committing havoc, or in +retreating to their towns, after the consummation of their horrid +purposes. Fort McIntosh was accordingly erected here, and garrisoned; +a six pounder mounted for its defence. + +From Wheeling to Point Pleasant, a distance of one hundred and +eighty-six miles,[3] there was then no obstacle whatever, presented +to the advance of Indian war parties, into the settlements on the +East and West Forks of the Monongahela, and their branches. The +consequences of this exposure had been always severely felt; and +never more so than after the establishment of Fort McIntosh. Every +impediment to their invasion of one part of the country, caused more +frequent irruptions into others, where no difficulties were +interposed to check their progress, and brought heavier woes on +them.--This had been already experienced, in the settlements on the +upper branches of the Monongahela, and as they were the last to feel +the effects of savage enmity in 1777, so were they first to become +sacrificed to its fury in 1778. + +Anticipating the commencement of hostilities at an earlier period of +the season, than usual, several families retired into Harbert's +block-house, on Ten Mile (a branch of the West Fork,) in the month of +February. And notwithstanding the prudent caution manifested by them +in the step thus taken; yet, the state of the weather lulling them +into false security, they did not afterwards exercise the vigilance +and provident care, which were necessary to ensure their future +safety. On the third of March, some children, playing with a crippled +crow, at a short distance from the yard, espied a number of Indians +proceeding towards them; and running briskly to the house, told "that +a number of _red men_ were close by."--[174] John Murphey stepped to +the door to see if danger had really approached, when one of the +Indians, turning the corner of the house, fired at him. The ball took +effect, and Murphey fell back into the house. The Indian springing +directly in, was grappled by Harbert, and thrown on the floor. A shot +from without, wounded Harbert, yet he continued to maintain his +advantage over the prostrate savage, striking him as effectually as he +could with his tomahawk, when another gun was fired at him from +without the house. The ball passed through his head, and he fell +lifeless. His antagonist then slipped out at the door, sorely wounded +in the encounter. + +Just after the first Indian had entered, an active young warrior, +holding in his hand a tomahawk with a long spike at the end, also came +in. Edward Cunningham instantly drew up his gun to shoot him; but it +flashed, and they closed in doubtful strife. Both were active and +athletic; and sensible of the high prize for which they were +contending, each put forth his utmost strength, and strained his every +nerve, to gain the ascendency. For a while, the issue seemed doubtful. +At length, by great exertion, Cunningham wrenched the tomahawk from +the hand of the Indian, and buried the spike end to the handle, in his +back. Mrs. Cunningham closed the contest. Seeing her husband +struggling closely with the savage, she struck at him with an axe. +The edge wounding his face severely, he loosened his hold, and made +his way out of the house. + +The third Indian, which had entered before the door was closed, +presented an appearance almost as frightful as the object which he had +in view. He wore a cap made of the unshorn front of a buffalo, with +the ears and horns still attached to it, and which hanging loosely +about his head, gave to him a most hideous aspect. On entering the +room, this infernal monster, aimed a blow with his tomahawk at a Miss +Reece, which alighting on her head, wounded her severely. The mother +of this girl, seeing the uplifted arm about to descend on her +daughter, seized the monster by the horns; but his false head coming +readily off, she did not succeed in changing the direction of the +weapon. The father then caught hold of him; but far inferior in +strength and agility, he was soon thrown on the floor, and must have +been killed, but for the timely interference of Cunningham. Having +[175] succeeded in ridding the room of one Indian, he wheeled, and +sunk a tomahawk into the head of the other. + +During all this time the door was kept by the women, tho' not without +great exertion. The Indians from without endeavored several times to +force it open and gain admittance; and would at one time have +succeeded, but that, as it was yielding to their effort to open it, +the Indian, who had been wounded by Cunningham and his wife, squeezing +out at the aperture which had been made, caused a momentary relaxation +of the exertions of those without, and enabled the women again to +close it, and prevent the entrance of others.--These were not however, +unemployed. They were engaged in securing such of the children in the +yard, as were capable of being carried away as prisoners, and in +killing and scalping the others; and when they had effected this, +despairing of being able to do farther mischief, they retreated to +their towns. + +Of the whites in the house, one only was killed and four were wounded; +and seven or eight children in the yard, were killed or taken +prisoners. One Indian was killed, and two badly wounded. Had Reece +engaged sooner in the conflict, the other two who had entered the +house, would no doubt have been likewise killed; but being a quaker, +he looked on, without participating in the conflict, until his +daughter was wounded. Having then to contend singly, with superior +prowess, he was indebted for the preservation of his life, to the +assistance of those whom he refused to aid in pressing need. + +On the eleventh of April, some Indians visited the house of Wm. +Morgan, at the Dunkard bottom of Cheat river. They there killed a +young man by the name of Brain, Mrs. Morgan, (the mother of +William) and her grand daughter, and Mrs. Dillon and her two +children; and took Mrs. Morgan (the wife) and her child prisoners. +When, on their way home, they came near to Pricket's fort, they bound +Mrs. Morgan to a bush, and went in quest of a horse for her to +ride, leaving her child with her. She succeeded in untying with +her teeth, the bands which confined her, and wandered the balance of +that day and part of the next before she came in sight of the fort. +Here she was kindly treated and in a few days sent home. Some men +going out from Pricket's fort some short time after, found at the +spot where Mrs. Morgan had [176] been left by the Indians, a fine +mare stabbed to the heart.--Exasperated at the escape of Mrs. +Morgan, they had no doubt vented their rage on the animal which they +had destined to bear her weight. + +In the last of April, a party of about twenty Indians came to the +neighborhoods of Hacker's creek and the West Fork. At this time the +inhabitants of those neighborhoods had removed to West's fort, on the +creek, and to Richards' fort on the river; and leaving the women and +children in them during the day, under the protection of a few men, +the others were in the habit of performing the usual labors of their +farms in companies, so as to preserve them from attacks of the +Indians. A company of men, being thus engaged, the first week of May, +in a field, now owned by Minter Bailey, on Hacker's creek, and being a +good deal dispersed in various occupations, some fencing, others +clearing, and a few ploughing, they were unexpectedly fired upon by +the Indians, and Thomas Hughes and Jonathan Lowther shot down: the +others being incautiously without arms fled for safety. Two of the +company, having the Indians rather between them and West's fort, ran +directly to Richards', as well for their own security as to give the +alarm there. But they had been already apprized that the enemy was at +hand. Isaac Washburn, who had been to mill on Hacker's creek the day +before, on his return to Richards' fort and near to where Clement's +mill now stands, was shot from his horse, tomahawked and scalped. The +finding of his body, thus cruelly mangled, had given them the alarm, +and they were already on their guard, before the two men from Hacker's +creek arrived with the intelligence of what had been done there. The +Indians then left the neighborhood without effecting more havoc; and +the whites were too weak to go in pursuit, and molest them. + +The determination of the Shawanees to revenge the death of their +Sachem, had hitherto been productive of no very serious consequences. +A while after his murder, a small band of them made their appearance +near the fort at Point Pleasant; and Lieutenant Moore was dispatched +from the garrison, with some men, to drive them off. Upon his advance, +they commenced retreating; and the officer commanding the detachment, +fearing they would escape, ordered a quick pursuit. He did not proceed +far before he fell into an ambuscade. He and three of his men were +killed at the first [177] fire;--the rest of the party saved +themselves by a precipitate flight to the fort. + +In the May following this transaction, a few Indians again came in +sight of the fort. But as the garrison had been very much reduced by +the removal of Captain Arbuckle's company, and the experience of the +last season had taught them prudence, Captain McKee forbore to detach +any of his men in pursuit of them. Disappointed, in their expectations +of enticing others to destruction, as they had Lieutenant Moore in the +winter, the Indians suddenly rose from their covert, and presented an +unbroken line, extending from the Ohio to the Kanawha river in front +of the fort. A demand for the surrender of the garrison, was then +made; and Captain McKee asked 'till the next morning to consider of +it. In the course of the night, the men were busily employed in +bringing water from the river, expecting that the Indians would +continue before the fort for some time. + +In the morning, Captain McKee sent his answer by the grenadier squaw, +(sister to Cornstalk, and who, notwithstanding the murder of her +brother and nephew, was still attached to the whites, and was +remaining at the fort in the capacity of interpreter)[4] that he could +not comply with their demand.--The Indians immediately began the +attack, and for one week kept the garrison closely besieged. Finding +however, that they made no impression on the fort, they collected the +cattle about it and instead of returning towards their own country +with the plunder, proceeded up the Kanawha river towards the +Greenbrier settlement. + +Believing their object to be the destruction of that settlement, and +knowing from their great force that they would certainly accomplish +it, if the inhabitants were unadvised of their approach, Captain McKee +despatched two men to Col. Andrew Donnelly's, (then the frontier +house,) with the intelligence. These men soon came in view of the +Indians; but finding that they were advancing in detached groups, and +dispersed in hunting parties, through the woods, they despaired of +being able to pass them, and returned to the fort. Captain McKee then +made an appeal to the chivalry of the garrison, and asked, "who would +risk his life to save the people of Greenbrier." John Pryor and Philip +Hammond, at once stepped forward, and replied "WE WILL." They were +then habited after the Indian manner, and painted in Indian style by +the Grenadier Squaw, and departed on their hazardous, but noble and +generous undertaking. Travelling, night and day, with great rapidity, +they [178] passed the Indians at Meadow river, and arrived, about +sunset of that day at Donnelly's fort, twenty miles farther on. + +As soon as the intelligence of the approach of the Indians, was +communicated by these men, Col. Donnelly had the neighbors all advised +of it; and in the course of the night, they collected at his house. He +also dispatched a messenger to Capt. John Stuart, to acquaint him with +the fact; and made every preparation to resist attack and ensure their +safety, of which his situation admitted. Pryor and Hammond told them +how, by the precaution of Captain McKee, the garrison at Point +Pleasant had been saved from suffering by the want of water; and +advised them to lay in a plentiful supply, of that necessary article. +A hogshead was accordingly filled and rolled behind the door of the +kitchen, which adjoined the dwelling house. + +Early next morning, John Pritchet (a servant to Col. Donnelly) went +out for some firewood, and while thus engaged, was fired at and +killed. The Indians then ran into the yard, and endeavored to force +open the kitchen door; but Hammond and Dick Pointer (a negro belonging +to Col. Donnelly) who were the only persons within, aided by the +hogshead of water, prevented their accomplishing this object. They +next proceeded to cut it in pieces, with their tomahawks. Hammond +seeing that they would soon succeed in this way, with the assistance +of Dick, rolled the hogshead to one side, and letting the door +suddenly fly open, killed the Indian at the threshold, and the others +who were near gave way. Dick then fired among them, with a musket +heavily charged with swan shot, and no doubt with effect, as the yard +was crowded with the enemy; a war club with a swan shot in it, was +afterwards picked up near the door. + +The men in the house, who were asleep at the commencement of the +attack, being awakened at the firing of Hammond and Dick, now opened a +galling fire upon the Indians. Being chiefly up stairs they were +enabled to do greater execution, and fired with such effect that, +about one o'clock, the enemy retired a small distance from the house. +Before they retired however, some of them succeeded in getting under +the floor, when they were aided by the whites below in raising some of +the puncheons of which it was made. It was to their advantage to do +this; and well did they profit by it. Several of the Indians were +killed in this attempt to gain admittance, while only one of the +whites received a wound, which but slightly injured his hand. + +When intelligence was conveyed to Capt. Stuart of the approach of so +large a body of savages, Col. Samuel Lewis was with him; and they both +exerted themselves to save the settlement from destruction, by +collecting the inhabitants at a fort where Lewisburg now stands. +Having succeeded in this, they sent two men to Donnelly's to learn +whether the Indians had advanced that far. As they approached, the +firing became distinctly audible, and they returned [179] with the +tidings. Capt. Stuart and Col. Lewis proposed marching to the relief +of Donnelly's fort, with as many men as were willing to accompany +them; and in a brief space of time, commenced their march at the head +of sixty-six men. Pursuing the most direct route without regarding the +road, they approached the house on the back side; and thus escaped an +ambuscade of Indians placed near the road to intercept and cut off any +assistance which might be sent from the upper settlements. + +Adjoining the yard, there was a field of well grown rye, into which +the relief from Lewisburg, entered about two o'clock; but as the +Indians had withdrawn to a distance from the house, there was no +firing heard. They soon however, discovered the savages in the field, +looking intently towards Donnoly's; and it was resolved to pass them. +Capt. Stuart and Charles Gatliff fired at them, and the whole party +rushed forward into the yard, amid a heavy discharge of balls from the +savage forces. The people in the fort hearing the firing in the rear +of the house, soon presented themselves at the port holes, to resist, +what they supposed, was a fresh attack on them; but quickly +discovering the real cause, they opened the gates, and all the party +led on by Stuart and Lewis, safely entered. + +The Indians then resumed the attack, and maintained a constant fire at +the house, until near dark, when one of them approached, and in broken +English called out, "we want peace." He was told to come in and he +should have it; but he declined the invitation to enter, and they all +retreated, dragging off those of their slain, who lay not too near +the fort. + +Of the whites, four only were killed by the enemy. Pritchet, before +the attack commenced,--James Burns and Alexander Ochiltree, as they +were coming to the house early in the morning,--and James Graham while +in the fort. It was impossible to ascertain the entire loss of the +Indians. Seventeen lay dead in the yard; and they were known to carry +off others of their slain. Perhaps the disparity of the killed, +equalled, if it did not exceed the disparity of the number engaged. +There were twenty-one men at Donnoly's fort, before the arrival of the +reinforcement under Stuart and Lewis; and the brunt of the battle was +over before they came. The Indian force exceeded two hundred men. + +It was believed, that the invasion of the Greenbrier country had been +projected, some time before it actually was made. During the preceding +season, an Indian calling himself John Hollis, had been very much +through the settlement; and was known to take particular notice of the +different forts, which he entered under the garb of friendship. He was +with the Indians in the attack on Donnoly's fort; and was recognized +as one of those who were left dead in the yard. + +On the morning after the Indians departed, Capt. Hamilton went in +pursuit of them with seventy men; but following two days, without +[180] perceiving that he gained on them, he abandoned the chase and +returned. + +About the middle of June, three women went out from West's fort, to +gather greens in a field adjoining; and while thus engaged were +attacked by four Indians, lying in wait. One gun only was fired, and +the ball from it, passed through the bonnet of Mrs. Hackor, who +screamed aloud and ran with the others towards the fort. An Indian, +having in his hand a long staff, with a spear in one end, pursuing +closely after them, thrust it at Mrs. Freeman with such violence that, +entering her back just below the shoulder, it came out at her left +breast. With his tomahawk, he cleft the upper part of her head, and +carried it off to save the scalp. + +The screams of the women alarmed the men in the fort; and seizing +their guns, they ran out, just as Mrs. Freeman fell. Several guns were +fired at the Indian while he was getting her scalp, but with no +effect. They served however, to warn the men who went out, that danger +was at hand; and they quickly came in. + +Jesse Hughs[5] and John Schoolcraft (who were out) in making their way +to the fort, came very near two Indians standing by the fence looking +towards the men at West's, so intently, that they did not perceive any +one near them. They however, were observed by Hughs and Schoolcraft, +who, avoiding them, made their way in, safely, Hughs immediately took +up his gun, and learning the fate of Mrs. Freeman, went with some +others to bring in the corpse. While there, he proposed to go and shew +them, how near he had approached the Indians after the alarm had been +given, before he saw them. Charles and Alexander West, Chas. Hughs, +James Brown and John Steeth, went with him. Before they had arrived at +the place, one of the Indians was heard to howl like a wolf; and the +men with Hughs moved on in the direction from which the sound +proceeded. Supposing that they were then near the spot, Jesse Hughs +howled in like manner, and being instantly answered, they ran to a +point of the hill and looking over it, saw two Indians coming towards +them. Hughs fired and one of them fell. The other took to flight. +Being pursued by the whites, he sought shelter in a thicket of brush; +and while they were proceeding to intercept him at his coming out, he +returned by the way he had entered, and made his escape. The wounded +Indian likewise got off. When the whites were in pursuit of the one +who took to flight, they passed near to him who had fallen, and one of +the men was for stopping and finishing him; but Hughs called to him, +"he is safe--let us have the other," and they all pressed forward. On +their return, however, he was gone; and although his free bleeding +enabled them to pursue his track readily for a while, yet a heavy +shower of rain soon falling, all trace of him was quickly lost and +could not be afterwards regained. + +On the 16th of June as Capt. James Booth and Nathaniel Cochran, were +at work in a field on Booth's creek, they were fired at by [181] the +Indians. Booth fell, but Cochran, being very slightly wounded, took to +flight. He was however, overtaken, and carried into captivity to their +towns. From thence he was taken to Detroit, where he remained some +time; and endeavoring to escape from that place, unfortunately took a +path which led him immediately to the Maumee old towns. Here he was +detained a while, & then sent back to Detroit, where he was exchanged, +and from whence he made his way home, after having had to endure much +suffering and many hardships. The loss of Booth was severely felt by +the inhabitants in that settlement. He was not only an active and +enterprising man, but was endowed with superior talents, and a better +education than most of those who had settled in the country; and on +these accounts was very much missed. + +In a few days after this transaction, Benjamin Shinn, Wm. Grundy, and +Benjamin Washburn, returning from a lick on the head of Booth's creek, +were fired on by the Indians, when near to Baxter's run. Washburn and +Shinn escaped unhurt, but Grundy was killed: he was brother to Felix +Grundy of Tennessee, whose father was then residing at Simpson's +creek, at a farm afterwards owned by Colonel Benjamin Wilson, senior. + +This party of Indians continued for some days, to prowl about the +neighborhood, seeking opportunities of committing murder on the +inhabitants; fortunately however, with but little success. James +Owens, a youth of sixteen years of age, was the only one whom they +succeeded in killing after the murder of Grundy. Going from Powers' +fort on Simpson's creek, to Booth's creek, his saddle girth gave way, +and while he was down mending it, a ball was discharged at him, which +killed both him and the horse. + +Seeing that the whites, in that neighborhood, had all retired to the +fort; and being too weak, openly to attack it, they crossed over to +Bartlett's run, and came to the house of Gilbert Hustead, who was then +alone, and engaged in fixing his gun lock. Hearing a noise in the +yard, for which he was unable to account, he slipped to the door, to +ascertain from whence it proceeded. The Indians were immediately round +it, and there was no chance for his escape. Walking out with an air of +the utmost pleasantry, he held forth his hand to the one nearest him, +and asked them all to walk in. While in the house he affected great +cheerfulness, and by his tale [182] won their confidence and +friendship. He told them that he was a King's man and unwilling to +live among the rebels; for which reason, when others retired into the +fort, he preferred staying at his own house, anxiously hoping for the +arrival of some of the British Indians, to afford him an opportunity +of getting among English friends. Learning upon enquiry, that they +would be glad to have something to eat, he asked one of them to shoot +a fat hog which was in the yard, that they might regale on it that +night, and have some on which to subsist while travelling to their +towns. In the morning, still farther to maintain the deception he was +practising, he broke his furniture to pieces, saying "the rebels shall +never have the good of you." He then accompanied them to their towns, +acting in the same, apparently, contented and cheerful manner, 'till +his sincerity was believed by all, and he obtained leave to return for +his family. He succeeded in making his way home, where he remained, +sore at the destruction of his property, but exulting in the success +of his artifice. + +While this party of Indians were thus engaged, on Booth's creek and in +the circumjacent country, a more numerous body had invaded the +settlements lower down, and were employed in the work of destruction +there. They penetrated to Coburn's creek unperceived, and were making +their way (as was generally supposed) to a fort not far from +Morgantown, when they fell in with a party of whites, returning from +the labors of the cornfield, and then about a mile from Coburn's fort. +The Indians had placed themselves on each side of the road leading to +the fort, and from their covert fired on the whites, before they were +aware of danger. John Woodfin being on horseback, had his thigh broken +by a ball; which killed his horse and enabled them to catch him +easily.--Jacob Miller was shot through the abdomen, and soon +overtaken, tomahawked and scalped.--The others escaped to the fort. + +Woodfin was afterwards found on a considerable eminence overlooking the +fort, tomahawked and scalped. The Indians had, most probably, taken him +there, that he might point out to them the least impregnable part of +the fortress, and in other respects give them such information, as +would tend to ensure success to their meditated attack on it; but when +they heard its strength and the force with which it was garrisoned, +despairing of being able to reduce it, in a fit of disappointed +fury, they murdered him on the spot. + +[183] They next made their appearance on Dunkard creek, and near to +Stradler's fort. Here, as on Coburn's creek, they lay in ambush on the +road side, awaiting the return of the men who were engaged at work, in +some of the neighboring fields. Towards evening the men came on, +carrying with them some hogs which they had killed for the use of the +fort people, and on approaching where the Indians lay concealed, were +fired on and several fell. Those who escaped injury from the first +fire, returned the shot, and a severe action ensued. But so many of +the whites had been killed before the savages exposed themselves to +view, that the remainder were unable long to sustain the unequal +contest. Overpowered by numbers, the few, who were still unhurt, fled +precipitately to the fort, leaving eighteen of their companions dead +in the road. These were scalped and mangled by the Indians in a most +shocking manner, and lay some time, before the men in the fort, +assured of the departure of the enemy, went out and buried them. + +Weakened by the severe loss sustained in this bloody skirmish, had the +Indians pushed forward to attack the fort, in all human probability, +it would have fallen before them. There were at that day very few +settlements which could have maintained possession of a garrison for +any length of time, after having suffered so great a diminution of +the number of their inhabitants, against the onsets of one hundred +savages, exercising their wonted energy: and still less would they be +able to leave their strong holds, and cope with such superior force, +in open battle. Nor were the settlements, as yet, sufficiently +contiguous to each other, to admit of their acting in concert, and +combining their strength, to operate effectively against their +invaders. When alarmed by the approach of the foe, all that they could +generally do, was, retire to a fort, and endeavor to defend it from +assault. If the savages, coming in numbers, succeeded in committing +any outrage, it usually went unpunished. Sensible of their want of +strength, the inhabitants rarely ventured in pursuit, to harrass or +molest the retiring foe. When, however, they would hazard to hang on +their retreat, the many precautions which they were compelled to +exercise, to prevent falling into ambuscades and to escape the +entangling artifices of their wily enemies, frequently rendered their +enterprises abortive, and their exertions inefficient. + +[184] The frequent visits paid by the Indians to the country on the +West Fork, and the mischief which they would effect at these times, +led several of the inhabitants to resolve on leaving a place so full +of dangers, as soon as they could make the necessary preparations. A +family of Washburns particularly, having several times very narrowly +escaped destruction, commenced making arrangements and fitting up for +their departure. But while two of them were engaged in procuring pine +knots, from which to make wax for shoemaking, they were discovered, +and shot at by the Indians. Stephen fell dead, and James was taken +prisoner and carried to their towns.--He was there forced to undergo +repeated and intense suffering before death closed the scene of his +miseries. + +According to the account given by Nathaniel Cochran on his return from +captivity, Washburn was most severely beaten, on the first evening of +his arrival at their village, while running the gauntlet; and although +he succeeded in getting into the council house, where Cochran was, yet +he was so disfigured and mutilated, that he could not be recognised by +his old acquaintance; and so stunned and stupified, that he remained +nearly all night in a state of insensibility. Being somewhat revived +in the morning, he walked to where Cochran sat by the fire, and being +asked if he were not James Washburn, replied with a smile--as if a +period had been put to his sufferings by the sympathetic tone in which +the question was proposed--that he was. The gleam of hope which +flashed over his countenance, was transient and momentary. In a few +minutes he was again led forth, that the barbarities which had been +suspended by the interposition of night, might be revived; and he made +to endure a repetition of their cruelties. He was now feeble and too +much exhausted to save himself from the clubs and sticks, even of the +aged of both sexes. The old men and the old women, who followed him, +had strength and activity enough to keep pace with his fleetest +progress, and inflict on him their severest blows. Frequently he was +beaten to the ground, and as frequently, as if invigorated by the +extremity of anguish, he rose to his feet. Hobbling before his +tormentors, with no hope but in death, an old savage passed a knife +across his ham, which cutting the tendons, disabled him from +proceeding farther. Still they repeated their unmerciful blows with +all their energy. He was next scalped, though alive, and struggling to +regain his feet. [185] Even this did not operate to suppress their +cruelty. They continued to beat him, until in the height of suffering +he again exhibited symptoms of life and exerted himself to move. His +head was then severed from his shoulders, attached to a pole, and +placed in the most public situation in the village. + +After the attack on the Washburns, there were but two other outrages +committed in the upper country during that season. The cessation on +the part of the savages, of hostile incursions, induced an abandonment +of the forts, and the people returned to their several homes, and +respective occupations. But aggression was only suspended for a time. +In October, two Indians appeared near the house of Conrad Richards, +and finding in the yard a little girl at play, with an infant in her +arms, they scalped her and rushed to the door. For some time they +endeavored to force it open; but it was so securely fastened within, +that Richards was at liberty to use his gun for its defence. A +fortunate aim wounded one of the assailants severely, and the other +retreated, helping off his companion. The girl who had been scalped in +the yard, as soon as she observed the Indians going away, ran, with +the infant still in her arms and uninjured, and entered the house--a +spectacle of most heart-rending wretchedness. + +Soon after, David Edwards, returning from Winchester with salt, was +shot near the Valley river, tomahawked and scalped; in which situation +he lay for some time before he was discovered. He was the last person +who fell a victim to savage vengeance, in North Western Virginia in +the year 1778. + +The repeated irruptions of the Indians during the summer of the +year;[6] and the frequent murders and great devastation committed by +them, induced Government to undertake two expeditions into the Indian +country. One thousand men were placed under the command of General +McIntosh, some time in the fall, and he received orders to proceed +forthwith against the Sandusky towns. Between two and three hundred +soldiers were likewise placed under Colonel Clarke, to operate against +the Canadian settlements in Illinois. It was well known that the +Governor of those settlements was an indefatigable agent of British +cruelty, stimulating the savages to aggression, and paying them well +for scalps, torn alike from the heads of the aged matron and the +helpless infant.[7] [186] The settlements in Kentucky, were constantly +the theatre of outrage and murder; and to preserve these from entire +destruction, it was necessary that a blow should be aimed, at the +hives from which the savages swarmed, and if possible, that those +holds, into which they would retire to reap the rewards of their +cruelties and receive the price of blood, should be utterly broken up. +The success of those two expeditions could not fail to check savage +encroachments, and give quiet and security to the frontier; and +although the armies destined to achieve it, were not altogether +adequate to the service required, yet the known activity and +enterprise of the commanding officers, joined to their prudence and +good conduct, and the bravery and indefatigable perseverance and +hardiness of the troops, gave promise of a happy result. + +The success of the expedition under Colonel Clarke,[8] fully realized +the most sanguine expectations of those, who were acquainted with the +adventurous and enterprising spirit of its commander; and was +productive of essential benefit to the state, as well as of +comparative security to the border settlements. Descending the Ohio +river, from Fort Pitt to the Falls, he there landed his troops, and +concealing his boats, marched directly towards Kaskaskias. Their +provisions, which were carried on their backs, were soon exhausted; +and for two days, the army subsisted entirely on roots. This was the +only circumstance, which occurred during their march, calculated to +damp the ardor of the troops. No band of savage warriors, had +interposed to check their progress,--no straggling Indian, had +discovered their approach. These fortunate omens inspired them with +flattering hopes; and they pushed forward, with augmented energy. +Arriving before Kaskaskias in the night, they entered it, unseen and +unheard, and took possession of the town and fort, without opposition. +Relying on the thick and wide extended forests which interposed +between them and the American settlements, the inhabitants had been +lulled to repose by fancied security, and were unconscious of danger +until it had become too late to be avoided. Not a single individual +escaped, to spread the alarm in the adjacent settlements. + +But there still remained other towns, higher up the Mississippi, +which, if unconquered, would still afford shelter to the savages and +furnish them the means of annoyance and of ravage. Against these, +Colonel Clarke immediately directed [187] operations. Mounting a +detachment of men, on horses found at Kaskaskias, and sending them +forward, three other towns were reduced with equal success. The +obnoxious governor at Kaskaskias was sent directly to Virginia, with +the written instructions which he had received from Quebec, Detroit +and Michillimacinac, for exciting the Indians to war, and remunerating +them for the blood which they might shed. + +Although the country within which Colonel Clarke had so successfully +carried on operations, was considered to be within the limits of +Virginia; yet as it was occupied by savages and those who were but +little, if any, less hostile than they; and being so remote from her +settlements, Virginia had as yet exercised no act of jurisdiction over +it. But as it now belonged to her, by conquest as well as charter, the +General Assembly created it into a distinct county, to be called +Illinois; a temporary government was likewise established in it, and a +regiment of infantry and a troop of cavalry, ordered to be enlisted +for its defence, and placed under the command of its intrepid and +enterprising conqueror. + +The expedition directed under General McIntosh, was not equally +successful. The difficulty of raising, equipping, and organizing, so +large a force as was placed under his command, at so great a distance +from the populous district of the state, caused the consumption of so +much time, that the season for carrying on effective operations had +well nigh passed before he was prepared to commence his march. Anxious +however, to achieve as much as could then be effected for the security +of the frontier, he penetrated the enemy's country, as far as +Tuscarawa, when it was resolved to build and garrison a fort, and +delay farther operations 'till the ensuing spring. Fort Laurens was +accordingly erected on the banks of the Tuscarawa, a garrison of one +hundred and fifty men, under the command of Colonel John Gibson, left +for its preservation, and the main army returned to Fort Pitt. + +----- + [1] Lachlan McIntosh was born near Inverness, Scotland, + March 17, 1725. With his father, and 100 others of the Clan + McIntosh, he emigrated to Georgia in 1736, in the train of + Oglethorpe. The party founded New Inverness, in McIntosh + County. Lachlan entered the Colonial army at the opening of + the Revolution, and rose to be brigadier-general. In a duel + with Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration of + Independence, he killed the latter. General McIntosh was at the + siege of Savannah in 1779, was a prisoner of war in 1780, a + member congress in 1784, and in 1785 a commissioner to treat + with the Southern Indians. He died at Savannah, February 20, + 1806.--R. G. T. + + [2] The distance below Pittsburg is 26 miles. See p. + 45, _note_, for notice of Shingiss Old Town, at this + point.--R. G. T. + + [3] The distance, according to the shore meanderings of the + U. S. Corps of Engineers, is 263 miles; the mileage of the + channel would be somewhat greater.--R. G. T. + + [4] See p. 176, _note_, for notice of Grenadier Squaw's + Town, near Chillicothe.--R. G. T. + + [5] See p. 137, _note_, for notice of Jesse Hughes; also, + Peyton's _History of Augusta County_, p. 353.--R. G. T. + + [6] These war parties largely emanated from the Detroit + region. Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, the British commander at + Detroit, writing to his superior, General Haldimand, September + 16, 1778, mentions incidentally that he sent out small parties + of Miamis and Chippewas, August 5, and September 5 and 9; these + were but three of dozens of such forays which he incited + against the Virginia and Pennsylvania borders, during that + year.--R. G. T. + + [7] This reference is to Lieut.-Governor Hamilton, whom + George Rogers Clark called "the hair-buying general."--R. G. T. + + [8] Gen. George Rogers Clark was born November 19, 1752, + near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va. At the age of twenty he + was practicing his profession as a surveyor on the upper Ohio, + and took up a claim at the mouth of Fish Creek. In 1774, he + participated as a captain in Dunmore's campaign against the + Shawnees and Mingoes. Early in 1775, Clark went as a surveyor + to Kentucky, where he acquired marked popularity, and in 1776 + was elected as "a delegate to the Virginia convention, to urge + upon the state authorities the claims of the colony for + government and defense." He secured the formation of the new + county of Kentucky, and a supply of ammunition for the defense + of the border. In 1777, Clark, now a major of militia, repelled + the Indian attacks on Harrodsburg, and proceeded on foot to + Virginia to lay before the state authorities his plan for + capturing the Illinois country and repressing the Indian forays + from that quarter. His scheme being approved, he was made a + lieutenant-colonel, and at once set out to raise for the + expedition a small force of hardy frontiersmen. He rendezvoused + and drilled his little army of a hundred and fifty on Corn + Island in the Ohio river, at the head of the Falls (or rapids), + opposite the present city of Louisville. June 24, 1778, he + started in boats down the Ohio, and landed near the deserted + Fort Massac, which was on the north bank, ten miles below the + mouth of the Tennessee; thence marching across country, much + pressed for food, he reached Kaskaskia in six days. The + inhabitants there were surprised and coerced during the night + of July 4-5, without the firing of a gun. Cahokia and Vincennes + soon quietly succumbed to his influence. Lieut.-Governor + Hamilton, on hearing of this loss of the Illinois country and + the partial defection to the Americans of the tribes west and + southwest of Lake Michigan, at once set out to organize an + army, chiefly composed of Indians, to retake the Illinois. He + proceeded via the Wabash and Maumee, with eight hundred men, + and recaptured Vincennes, December 17. + + The intelligence of this movement of Hamilton was not long in + reaching Clark at Kaskaskia, and he at once set out for + Vincennes to recapture it. The march thither was one of the + most heroic in American military annals. Hamilton surrendered + to him, February 25, and was forwarded to Virginia as a + prisoner. Early in 1780 he established Fort Jefferson, just + below the mouth of the Ohio, and later in the season aided in + repelling a body of British and Indians who had come to regain + the Illinois country and attack the Spaniards at St. Louis. + Leaving Colonel Montgomery to pursue the enemy up the + Mississippi, Clark, with what force could be spared, hastened + to Kentucky, where he quickly raised a thousand men, and + invaded and laid waste the Shawnee villages, in retaliation for + Capt. Henry Bird's invasion (see p. 262, _note_). + + Later, he was engaged in some minor forays, and was appointed a + brigadier-general; but his favorite scheme of an expedition to + conquer Detroit miscarried, owing to the poverty of Virginia + and the activity of the enemy under Brant, McKee, Girty, and + other border leaders. In 1782 Clark led a thousand men in a + successful campaign against the Indians on the Great Miami. + This was his last important service, his subsequent expeditions + proving failures. His later years were spent in poverty and + seclusion, and his social habits became none of the best. In + 1793 he imprudently accepted a commission as major-general from + Genet, the French diplomatic agent, and essayed to raise a + French revolutionary legion in the West to overcome the Spanish + settlements on the Mississippi; upon Genet's recall, Clark's + commission was canceled. Later, he sought to secure employment + under the Spanish (see p. 130, _note_.) He died February 18, + 1818, at Locust Grove, near Louisville, and lies buried at Cave + Hill, in the Louisville suburbs. In his article on Clark, in + Appleton's _Cyclop. of Amer. Biog._, i., pp. 626, 627, Dr. + Draper says: "Clark was tall and commanding, brave and full of + resources, possessing the affection and confidence of his men. + All that rich domain northwest of the Ohio was secured to the + republic, at the peace of 1783, in consequence of his prowess." + Cf. William F. Poole, in Winsor's _Narr. and Crit. Hist. + Amer._, vi., pp. 710-742. While due credit should be given to + Clark for his daring and successful undertaking, we must not + forget that England's jealousy of Spain, and shrewd diplomacy + on the part of America's peace plenipotentiaries, were factors + even more potent in winning the Northwest for the United + States.--R. G. T. + + + + +[188] CHAPTER XI. + + +No sooner had the adventurous advance of Col. Clarke, and the success +with which it was crowned, become known at Detroit, than preparations +were made to expel him from Kaskaskias, or capture his little army, +and thus rid the country of this obstacle to the unmolested passage of +the savages, to the frontier of Virginia. An army of six hundred men, +principally Indians, led on by Hamilton, the governor of Detroit--a +man at once bold and active, yet blood-thirsty and cruel, and well +known as a chief instigator of the savages to war, and as a stay and +prop of tories--left Detroit and proceeded towards the theatre of +Clarke's renown. With this force, he calculated on being able to +effect his purpose as regarded Col. Clarke and his little band of bold +and daring adventurers, and to spread devastation and death along the +frontier, from Kentucky to Pennsylvania. Arriving at Fort St. +Vincent,[1] on the Wabash, about the middle of December, and deeming +it too late to advance towards Kaskaskias, he repaired its battlements +and converting it into a repository for warlike implements of every +description, he detached the greater part of his force in marauding +parties to operate against the settlements on the Ohio river, +reserving for the security of his head quarters only one company of +men. + +While these alarming preparations were being made, Col. Clarke was +actively engaged in acquiring an ascendency over the neighboring +tribes of Indians; and in endeavors to attach them to the cause of the +United States, from principle or fear. The aid which had been voted +him, fell far short of [189] the contemplated assistance, and had not +yet arrived; but his genius and activity amply compensated for the +deficiency. In the heart of an Indian country,--remote from every +succour,--and in the vicinity of powerful and hostile tribes, he yet +not only maintained his conquest and averted injury, but carried +terror and dismay into the very strongholds of the savages. +Intelligence of the movement of Hamilton at length reached him, and +hostile parties of Indians soon hovered around Kaskaskias. Undismayed +by the tempest which was gathering over him, he concentrated his +forces, withdrawing garrisons from the other towns to strengthen this, +and made every preparation to enable him to endure a siege, and +withstand the assault of a powerful army. The idea of abandoning the +country never occurred to him. He did not despair of being able to +maintain his position, and he and his gallant band resolved that they +would do it, or perish in the attempt. In this fearful juncture, all +was activity and industry, when the arrival of a Spanish merchant who +had been at St. Vincents brought information of the reduced state of +Hamilton's army.[2] Convinced that a crisis had now arrived, Clarke +resolved by one bold stroke to change the aspect of affairs, and +instead of farther preparing to resist attack, himself to become the +assailant. For this purpose, a galley, mounting two four pounders and +four swivels, and having on board a company of men, was despatched, +with orders to the commanding officer, to ascend the Wabash and +station himself a few miles below St. Vincents, allowing no one to +pass him until the arrival of the main army. Garrisoning Kaskaskias, +with militia, and embodying the inhabitants for the protection of the +other towns, Colonel Clarke set forward on his march across the +country, on the 7th of February, 1779, at the head of one hundred and +thirty brave and intrepid men.[3] + +Such was the inclemency of the weather, and so many and great the +obstacles which interposed, that in despite of the ardor, perseverance +and energy of the troops, they could yet advance very slowly towards +the point of destination. They were five days in crossing the drowned +lands of the Wabash, and for five miles had to wade through water and +ice, frequently up to their breasts. They overcame every difficulty +and arrived before St. Vincents on the evening of the twenty-third of +February and almost simultaneously with the galley. + +Thus far fortune seemed to favor the expedition. The army had not been +discovered on its march, and the garrison was totally ignorant of its +approach. Much however yet remained to be done. They had arrived +within view of the enemy, but the battle was yet to be fought. + +Sensible of the advantage to be derived from commencing the attack, +while the enemy was ignorant of his approach, at seven o'clock he +marched to the assault. The inhabitants instead of offering +opposition, received the troops with gladness, and surrendering [190] +the town, engaged with alacrity in the siege of the fort. For eighteen +hours the garrison resisted the repeated onsets of the assailants; but +during the night succeeding the commencement of the attack, Colonel +Clarke had an entrenchment thrown up within rifle shot of the enemy's +strongest battery, and in the morning, from this position, poured upon +it such a well-directed shower of balls, that in fifteen minutes he +silenced two pieces of cannon without sustaining any loss whatever. +The advantages thus gained, induced Hamilton to demand a parley, +intimating an intention of surrendering. The terms were soon arranged. +The governor and garrison became prisoners of war, and a considerable +quantity of military stores fell into the hands of the conqueror. [4] + +During the continuance of the siege, Colonel Clarke received +information that a party of Indians which had been detached by +Hamilton to harrass the frontiers, was returning and then near to St. +Vincents with two prisoners. He immediately ordered a detachment of +his men to march out and give them battle--nine Indians were taken and +the two prisoners released. + +History records but few enterprises, which display as strikingly the +prominent features of military greatness, and evince so much of the +genius and daring which are necessary to their successful termination, +as this; while the motives which led to its delineation, were such, as +must excite universal admiration. Bold and daring, yet generous and +disinterested, Colonel Clarke sought not his individual advancement in +the projection or execution of this campaign. It was not to gratify +the longings of ambition, or an inordinate love of fame, that prompted +him to penetrate the Indian country to the Kaskaskias, nor that +tempted him forth from thence, to war with the garrison at St. +Vincent. He was not one of + + "Those worshippers of glory, + Who bathe the earth in blood, + And launch proud names for an after age, + Upon the crimson flood." + +The distress and sufferings of the frontier of Virginia required that +a period should speedily be put to them, to preserve the country from +ravage and its inhabitants from butchery. Clarke had seen and +participated in that distress and those sufferings, and put in +requisition every faculty of his mind and all the energies of his +body, to alleviate and prevent them. Providence smiled on his +undertaking, and his exertions were crowned with complete success. The +plan which had been concerted for the ensuing campaign against the +frontier of Virginia, threatening to involve the whole country west of +the Alleghany mountains in destruction and death, was thus happily +frustrated; and he, who had been mainly instrumental in impelling the +savages to war, and in permitting, if not instigating them to the +commission of the most atrocious barbarities, was a prisoner in the +hands of the enemy. So justly obnoxious had he [191] rendered himself +by his conduct, that a more than ordinary rigor was practised upon +him; and by the orders of the governor of Virginia, the governor of +Detroit was manacled with irons, and confined in jail.[5] + +Far different was the termination of the enterprise entrusted to the +conduct of General McIntosh. It has been already seen that the +approach of winter forced the main army to retire to the settlements +into winter quarters, before they were able to accomplish any thing, +but the erection of Fort Laurens.[6] Colonel Gibson, the commandant of +the garrison, though a brave and enterprising officer, was so +situated, that the preservation of the fort, was all which he could +accomplish; and this was no little hazard of failure, from the very +superior force of the enemy, and the scarcity of provisions for the +subsistance of the garrison. So soon as the Indians became acquainted +with the existence of a fort so far in their country, they put in +practice those arts which enable them, so successfully to annoy their +enemies. + +Early in January, a considerable body of savages approached Fort +Laurens unperceived and before the garrison was apprised that an +Indian knew of its erection.[7] In the course of the night they +succeeded in catching the horses outside of the fort; and taking off +their bells, carried them into the woods, some distance off. They then +concealed themselves in the prairie grass, along a path leading from +the fort, and in the morning commenced rattling the bells, at the +farther extremity of the line of ambushment, so as to induce the +belief that the horses was there to be found. The stratagem succeeded. +Sixteen men were sent out to bring in the horses. Allured by the sound +of the bells, they kept the path, along which the Indians lay +concealed, until they found themselves unexpectedly in the presence of +an enemy, who opened upon them a destructive fire from front and rear. +Fourteen were killed on the spot, and the remaining two were taken +prisoners. + +On the evening of the day on which this unfortunate surprise took +place, the Indian army, consisting of eight hundred and forty-seven +warriors, painted and equipped for war, marched in single file through +a prairie near the fort and in full view of the garrison, and encamped +on an adjacent elevation on the opposite side of the river. From this +situation, frequent conversations were held by them with the whites, +in which they deprecated the longer continuance of hostilities, but +yet protested against the encroachment made upon their territory by +the whites, the erection of a fort and the garrisoning soldiers within +their country, not only unpermitted by them, but for some time before +they knew any thing of it. For these infringements on their rights, +they were determined on prosecuting the war, and continued the +investure of the fort, for six weeks. In this time they became +straitened for provisions, and aware that without a fresh supply of +them, they would be forced to abandon the siege, they sent word to the +commander of the garrison, by a Delaware [192] Indian, calling himself +John Thompson, (who, though with the whites in the fort, was permitted +by both parties to go in and out, as he choose) that they were +desirous of peace, and were willing to enter into a negotiation, if he +would send them a barrel of flour and some tobacco. Scarce as these +articles had actually become in the garrison, yet Col. Gibson complied +with their request, hoping that they might be induced to make peace, +or withdraw from the fort, and hopeless of timely succours from the +settlements. Upon the receipt of those presents, the Indians raised +the siege and marched their army off, much to the relief of the +garrison, although they did not fulfil their promise of entering into +a treaty. + +During the time the Indians remained about the fort, there was much +sickness in the garrison; and when they were believed to have retired, +the commandant detached Col. Clarke, of the Pennsylvania line,[8] with +a party of fifteen men, to escort the invalids to Fort McIntosh. They +proceeded but a small distance from the gate, where they were +attacked by some Indians, who had been left concealed near the fort, +for the purpose of effecting farther mischief. A skirmish ensued; but +overpowered by numbers and much galled by the first fire, Col. Clarke +could not maintain the conflict. With much difficulty, he and three +others reached the fort in safety: the rest of the party were all +killed. + +Col. Gibson immediately marched out at the head of the greater part of +the garrison, but the Indians had retreated as soon as they succeeded +in cutting off the detachment under Col. Clarke, and prudence forbade +to proceed in pursuit of them, as the main army was believed to be yet +in the neighborhood. The dead were however brought in, and buried with +the honors of war, in front of the fort gate. + +In a few days after this, Gen. McIntosh arrived with a considerable +body of troops and a supply of provisions for the garrison. While the +savages were continuing the siege, a friendly Indian, had been +despatched by Col. Gibson to acquaint Gen. McIntosh with the +situation at Fort Laurens, and that without the speedy arrival of a +reinforcement of men and an accession to their stock of provisions, +the garrison would have to surrender; or seek a doubtful safety, +by evacuating the fort and endeavoring to regain the Ohio river, +in the presence of an overwhelming body of the enemy. With great +promptitude the settlers flocked to the standard of Gen. McIntosh, +and loading pack horses, with abundance of provisions for the +supply of the garrison at Fort Laurens, commenced a rapid march to +their relief. Before their arrival, they had been relieved from the +most pressing danger, by the withdrawal of the Indian army; and were +only suffering from the want of flour and meat. A manifestation of +the great joy felt upon the arrival of Gen. McIntosh, had well +nigh deprived them of the benefit to be derived from the provisions +brought for them. When the relief army approached the fort, a +salute was fired by the garrison, which, alarming the pack horses, +caused them [193] to break loose and scatter the greater part of +the flour in every direction through the woods, so that it was +impossible to be again collected. + +The remains of those, who had unfortunately fallen into the ambuscade +in January, and which had lain out until then, were gathered together +and buried;[9] and a fresh detachment, under Major Vernon, being left +to garrison the fort, in the room of that which had been stationed +there during winter, Gen. McIntosh, withdrew from the country and +returned to Fort McIntosh. In the ensuing fall, Fort Laurens was +entirely evacuated; the garrison having been almost reduced to +starvation, and it being found very difficult to supply them with +provisions at so great a distance from the settlements and in the +heart of the Indian country. + +During the year 1778, Kentucky was the theatre of many outrages. In +January, a party of thirty men, among whom was Daniel Boone, repaired +to the "Lower Blue Licks" for the purpose of making salt; and on the +7th of February, while Boone was alone in the woods, on a hunt to +supply the salt makers with meat, he was encountered by a party of one +hundred and two Indians and two Canadians, and made prisoner. The +savages advanced to the Licks, and made prisoners of twenty-seven of +those engaged in making salt.[10] Their object in this incursion, was +[193] the destruction of Boonesborough; and had they continued their +march thither, there is no doubt but that place, weakened as it was by +the loss of so many of its men and not expecting an attack at that +inclement season, would have fallen into their hands; but elated with +their success, the Indians marched directly back with their prisoners +to Chillicothe. The extreme suffering of the prisoners, during this +march, inspired the savages with pity, and induced them to exercise an +unusual lenity towards their captives. In March, Boone was carried to +Detroit, where the Indians refused to liberate him, though an hundred +pounds were offered for his ransom, and from which place he +accompanied them back to Chillicothe in the latter part of April. In +the first of June, he went with them to the Scioto salt springs, and +on his return found one hundred and fifty choice warriors of the +Shawanee nation, painting, arming, and otherwise equipping themselves +to proceed again to the attack of Boonesborough. + +[194] Hitherto Boone had enjoyed as much satisfaction, as was +consistent with his situation, and more than would have been +experienced by the most of men, in captivity to the Indians; but when +he found such great preparations making for an attack on the place +which contained all that he held most dear, his love of family, his +attachment to the village reared under his superintending hand, and to +its inhabitants protected by his fostering care, determined him to +attempt an immediate escape. Early on the morning of the 16th of June, +he went forth as usual to hunt. He had secreted as much food as would +serve him for one meal, and with this scanty supply, he resolved on +finding his way home. On the 20th, having travelled a distance of one +hundred and sixty miles, crossed the Ohio and other rivers, and with +no sustenance, save what he had taken with him from Chillicothe, he +arrived at Boonesborough. The fort was quickly repaired, and every +preparation made to enable it to withstand a siege. + +In a few days after, another, of those who had been taken prisoners at +the Blue Licks, escaped, and brought intelligence that in consequence +of the flight of Boone, the Indians had agreed to postpone their +meditated irruption, for three weeks.[11] This intelligence determined +Boone to invade the Indian country, and at the head of only ten men +he went forth on an expedition against Paint creek town. Near to this +place, he met with a party of Indians going to join the main army, +then on its march to Boonesborough, whom he attacked and dispersed +without sustaining any loss on his part. The enemy had one killed and +two severely wounded in this skirmish; and lost their horses and +baggage. On their return, they passed the Indian army on the 6th of +August, and on the next day entered Boonesborough.[12] + +On the 8th of August, the Indian army, consisting of four hundred and +fifty men, and commanded by Capt. Du Quesne, eleven other Frenchmen, +and their own chiefs, appeared before the Fort and demanded its +surrender.[13] In order to gain time, Boone requested two days' +consideration, and at the expiration of that period, returned for +answer, that the garrison had resolved on defending it, while one +individual remained alive within its walls. + +Capt. Du Quesne then made known, that he was charged by Gov. +Hamilton, to make prisoners of the garrison, but not to treat them +harshly; and that if nine of their principal men would come out, +and negotiate a treaty, based on a renunciation of allegiance to +the United States, and on a renewal of their fealty to the king, the +Indian army should be instantly withdrawn. Boone did not confide in +the sincerity of the Frenchman, but he determined to gain the +advantage of farther preparation for resistance, by delaying the +attack. He consented to negotiate on the terms proposed; but +suspecting treachery, insisted that the conference should be held +near the fort walls. The garrison were on the alert, while the +negotiation continued, and did not fail to remark that many of the +Indians, not [195] concerned in making the treaty, were stalking +about, under very suspicious circumstances. The terms on which the +savage army was to retire were at length agreed upon, and the +articles signed, when the whites were told that it was an Indian +custom, in ratification of compacts, that two of their chiefs should +shake hands with one white man. Boone and his associates, consenting +to conform to this custom, not without suspicion of a sinister +design, were endeavored to be dragged off as prisoners by the +savages; but strong and active, they bounded from their grasp, and +entered the gate, amid a heavy shower of balls--one only of the +nine, was slightly wounded. The Indians then commenced a furious +assault on the fort, but were repulsed with some loss on their part; +and every renewed attempt to carry it by storm, was in like manner, +frustrated by the intrepidity and gallantry of its inmates.[14] + +Disappointed in their expectation of succeeding in this way, the +savages next attempted to undermine the fort, commencing at the water +mark of the Kentucky river, only sixty yards from the walls. This +course was no doubt dictated to them by their French commanders, +as they are ignorant of the practice of war, farther than depends +on the use of the gun, and tomahawk, and the exercise of stratagem +and cunning. The vigilance of the besieged however, soon led to a +discovery of the attempt--the water below, was colored by the clay +thrown out from the excavation, while above it retained its usual +transparency; and here again they were foiled by the active +exertion of the garrison. A countermine was begun by them, the earth +from which being thrown over the wall, manifested the nature of their +operations, and led the enemy to raise the siege, and retire from the +country.[15] + +In the various assaults made on the fort by this savage army, two +only, of the garrison, were killed, and four wounded. The loss of the +enemy, as usual, could not be properly ascertained: thirty-seven were +left dead on the field, and many, were no doubt wounded.[16] + +So signally was the savage army repulsed, in their repeated attacks on +Boonesborough, that they never afterwards made any great effort to +effect its reduction. The heroism and intrepidity of Boone and his +assistants rendered it impregnable to their combined exertions to +demolish it; while the vigilance and caution of the inhabitants, +convinced them, that it would be fruitless and unavailing to devise +plans for gaining admission into the fort, by stratagem or wile. Still +however, they kept up a war of ravage and murder, against such as were +unfortunately found defenceless and unprotected; and levelled combined +operations against other and weaker positions. + +[196] The success of the expedition under Col. Clarke, though +productive of many and great advantages to the [195] frontier +inhabitants, did not achieve for them, an unmolested security. Their +property was still liable to plunder, and families newly arrived among +them, to be murdered or taken prisoners. Combined efforts were +required, to put a period to savage aggression; and a meeting of the +settlers was held at Harrodsburg, to concert measures to effect that +object. Their consultation resulted in a determination, to carry the +war into the enemy's country; and as the Shawanees had been most +efficient in waging hostilities, it was resolved to commence +operations, against their most considerable town. Two hundred +volunteers were accordingly raised, and when rendezvoused at +Harrodsburg, were placed under the command of Col. Bowman, and +proceeded against Chillicothe.[17] + +The expedition thus fitted out, arrived, by forced marches, near to +Chillicothe in the evening towards the latter end of July, 1779; and +on deliberation, it was agreed to defer the attack 'till next morning. +Before dawn the army was drawn up and arranged in order of battle. The +right wing led on by Col. Bowman, was to assume a position on one +side of the town, and the left, under Capt. Logan, was to occupy the +ground on the opposite side; and at a given signal, both were to +develope to the right and left, so as to encircle and attack it in +concert.[18] The party, led on by Logan, repaired to the point +assigned, and was waiting in anxious, but vain expectation for the +signal of attack to be given, when the attention of the Indians was +directed towards him by the barking of their dogs. At this instant a +gun was discharged by one of Bowman's men, and the whole village +alarmed. The squaws and children were hurried into the woods, along a +path not yet occupied by the assailants, and the warriors collected in +a strong cabin.[19] Logan, being near enough to perceive every +movement of the enemy, ordered his men quietly to occupy the deserted +huts, as a momentary shelter from the Indian fires, until Col. Bowman +should march forward. It was now light; and the savages began a +regular discharge of shot at his men, as they advanced to the deserted +cabins. This determined him to move directly to the attack of the +cabin, in which the warriors were assembled; and ordering his men to +tear off the doors and hold them in front, as a shield, while +advancing to the assault, he was already marching on the foe, when he +was overtaken by an order from Col. Bowman, to retreat. + +Confounded by this command, Capt. Logan was for a time reluctant to +obey it; a retreat was however, directed; and each individual, +sensible of his great exposure while retiring from the towns, sought +to escape from danger, in the manner directed by his own judgment; and +fled to the woods at his utmost speed. There they rallied, and +resumed more of order, though still too much terrified to stand a +contest, when the Indians sallied out to give battle. Intimidated by +the apprehension of danger, which they had not seen, [197] but +supposed to be great from the retreating order of Col. Bowman, they +continued to fly before the savages, led on by their chief, the Black +Fish. At length they were brought to a halt, and opened a brisk, +though inefficient fire, upon their pursuers. Protected by bushes, the +Indians maintained their ground, 'till Capts. Logan and Harrod, with +some of the men under their immediate command, mounted on pack horses, +charged them with great spirit, and dislodged them from their covert. +Exposed in turn to the fire of the whites, and seeing their chief +fall, the savages took to flight, and Col. Bowman continued his +retreat homeward, free from farther interruption.[20] + +In this illy conducted expedition, Col. Bowman had nine of his men +killed and one wounded. The Indian loss was no doubt less: only two or +three were known to be killed. Had the commanding officer, instead of +ordering a retreat when Logan's men were rushing bravely to the +conflict, marched with the right wing of the army to their aid, far +different would have been the result. The enemy, only thirty strong, +could not long have held out, against the bravery and impetuosity of +two hundred backwoodsmen, stimulated to exertion by repeated +suffering, and nerved by the reflection, that they were requiting it +upon its principal authors. Col. Bowman doubtless believed that he was +pursuing a proper course. The gallantry and intrepidity, displayed by +him on many occasions, forbid the supposition that he was under the +influence of any unmilitary feeling, and prompted to that course by a +disposition to shrink from ordinary dangers. His motives were +certainly pure, and his subsequent exertions to rally his men and +bring them to face the foe, were as great as could have been made by +any one; but disheartened by the fear of unreal danger, and in the +trepidation of a flight, deemed to be absolutely necessary for their +safety, they could not be readily brought to bear the brunt of battle. +The efforts of a few cool and collected individuals, drove back the +pursuers, and thus prevented an harrassed retreat. + +Notwithstanding the frequent irruptions of the Indians, and the +constant exposure of the settlers to suffering and danger, Kentucky +increased rapidly in population. From the influx of emigrants during +the fall and winter months, the number of its inhabitants were +annually doubled for some years; and new establishments were made in +various parts of the country. In April 1779, a block house was erected +on the present site of Lexington,[21] and several stations were +selected in its vicinity, and in the neighborhood of the present town +of Danville. Settlements were also made, in that year, on the waters +of Bear Grass, Green and Licking rivers, and parts of the country +began to be distinguished by their interior and frontier situation. + +----- + [1] Called by the English, Fort Sackville.--R. G. T. + + [2] From Clark's Journal: "January 29.--M. Vigo, a Spanish + subject who had been at Post St. Vincents on his lawful + business, arrived and gave us intelligence that Governor + Hamilton, with thirty regulars and fifty volunteers and about + 400 Indians, had arrived in November and taken that post with + Capt. Helms and such other Americans who were there with arms, + and disarmed the settlers and inhabitants."--R. G. T. + + [3] Forty-six men, under Lieut. John Rogers, went with the + artillery and stores, in a large galley or batteau, called the + "Willing." The distance to Vincennes by land, was a hundred and + fifty miles.--R. G. T. + + [4] The originals of the correspondence between Clark and Hamilton + are, with much other MS. material relative to the movements of + Clark, in possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society. + Hamilton's letter, in a neat, scholarly hand, ran: + + "Lieutenant Governor Hamilton proposes to Colonel Clark a Truce + for three days, during which time he promises, there shall not + be any defensive work carried on in the Garrison, on Condition + Colo^l. Clark shall observe on his part a like cessation from any + offensive Work-- + + "He further proposes that whatever may pass between them two and + any persons (mutually agreed upon to be) present, shall remain + secret, till matters be finally concluded-- + + "As he wishes that whatever the result of their conference may be + the honor and credit of each party may be considered, so he wishes + to confer with Colo^l. Clark as soon as may be-- + + "As Colo^l. Clark makes a difficulty of coming into the Garrison, + L^t. G. Hamilton will speak with him before the Gate-- + + Henry Hamilton. + "Feb^y. 24^th. 1779--Fort Sackville--" + + Clark's gruff reply, in rugged, but not unclerical chirography, was + as follows: + + "Colonel Clark's Compliments to M^r. Hamilton and begs leave to + inform him that Co^l. Clark will not agree to any Other Terms than + that of M^r. Hamilton's Surrendering himself and Garrison, Prisoners + at Discretion-- + + "If M^r. Hamilton is Desirous of a Conferance with Co^l. Clark he + will meet him at the Church with Capt^n. Helms-- + + + "Feb^y. 24^th., 1779. G. R. CLARK."--R. G. T. + + [5] Hamilton, in a letter of July 6, 1781, contained in the + Haldimand Papers, in the British Museum, gives what he calls "a + brief account" of his ill-starred expedition. See Roosevelt's + _Winning of the West, passim._--R. G. T. + + [6] On the Tuscarawas River, about ten miles north of the + present New Philadelphia, O., and a mile south of what is now + Bolivar, Tuscarawas County. At the time Withers alludes to, it + was garrisoned by 150 men under Col. John Gibson.--R. G. T. + + [7] Simon Girty and seventeen Indians, mostly Mingoes. + Withers confounds this raid with the more formidable siege in + February and March. In the January assault, Girty's band + ambushed Capt. John Clark, a sergeant, and fourteen men, + returning to Fort Pitt from convoying provisions to Fort + Laurens. Two whites were killed, four wounded, and one taken + prisoner. In February, came an attacking party of a hundred + and twenty Indians (mostly Wyandots and Mingoes), led by + Capt. Henry Bird, of the Eighth (or King's) Regiment; with + him were Simon Girty and ten soldiers. The enemy arrived + February 22, but remained in hiding. The next day Gibson sent + out a guard of eighteen men, despite warnings of the enemy's + presence, to assist the wagoner in collecting the horses of + the fort. All the party were killed and scalped, within + sight of the fort, save two, who were made prisoners. The fort + was then openly invested until March 20, when the besiegers + withdrew, torn with dissensions and short of supplies. See + Butterfield's _Washington-Irvine Correspondence_ for further + details.--R. G. T. + + [8] Not to be confounded with George Rogers Clark, of + Kentucky.--R. G. T. + + [9] The bodies of these men were found to have been much + devoured by the wolves, and bearing the appearance of having + been recently torn by them. With a view of taking revenge on + these animals for devouring their companions, the fatigue party + sent to bury their remains, after digging a grave sufficiently + capacious to contain all, and having deposited them in it, they + covered the pit with slender sticks, bark and rotten wood, too + weak to bear the weight of a wolf, and placed a piece of meat + on the top and near the center of this covering, as a bait. In + the morning seven wolves were found in the pit, and killed and + the grave then filled up. + + [10] Boone had left Boonesborough January 8, in charge of + thirty men, to make salt at the Lower Blue Licks, on + Licking River. They carried with them, on horses, several + large boiling pans, given to the settlement by the government + of Virginia. So weak was the water there, that 840 gallons + were necessary to make a bushel of salt, against ninety at the + Kanawha salines, and forty at Onondaga. While the salt-makers + were at work, two or three others of the party served as + scouts and hunters; generally, Boone was one of these. This + day (Saturday, February 7) Boone started out alone with his + pack-horse for a supply of game, which usually was plenty in + the neighborhood of the salt licks; Thomas Brooks and + Flanders Callaway, his fellow scouts, were taking another + circuit. Having killed a buffalo, Boone was on his way home + in the afternoon, with the choicest of the meat packed upon + his horse. Snow was falling fast, and he was ten miles from + camp, when discovered by four Indians, outlying members of a + large party of Shawnees under Munseka and Black Fish, who + had taken the war-path to avenge the murder of Cornstalk + (see p. 172, _note_. 2). Benumbed by cold, and unable easily + to untie or cut the frozen thongs which bound on the pack, + Boone could not unload and mount the horse, and after a sharp + skirmish was captured, and led to the main Indian encampment, a + few miles away. Boone induced his fellow salt-makers to + surrender peaceably the following day (February 8); the number + of prisoners was, including Boone, twenty-seven--two scouts + and two salt-packers being absent. After a ten days' + "uncomfortable journey, in very severe weather," says Boone, + in which they "received as good treatment as prisoners could + expect from savages," the party arrived at Little Chillicothe, + on Little Miami--so called in contradistinction to Old + Chillicothe, on the Scioto. Boone's strong, compact build + caused the Indians to call him Big Turtle, and under that name + he was adopted as the son of Black Fish, who took a fancy + to him; sixteen of his companions were also adopted by other + warriors. The ten who were not adopted were, with Boone, taken + on a trip to Detroit (starting March 10), guarded by forty + Indians under Black Fish. The ten were sold to Lieut. + Governor Hamilton and citizens of Detroit, for £20 each, + the usual price for American prisoners. Boone remained in + Detroit until April 10, during which he was treated with + great courtesy by Hamilton, who offered Black Fish £100 for + him, but the latter declined and took the great pioneer home + with him; but Boone himself was given by Hamilton a horse and + trappings, with silver trinkets to give to the Indians. At + Little Chillicothe, Boone was kindly treated by Black Fish, + and little by little his liberty was extended. June 16, + while the family were making salt on the Scioto, preparatory + to another expedition against Boonesborough, Boone escaped + on the horse given him by Hamilton. After many curious + adventures, in the course of which he swam the Ohio, he + safely reached Boonesborough, June 20, having traveled, he + estimated, a hundred and sixty miles in four days. Boone's + wife and family, supposing him dead, had returned to their + old home in North Carolina, but Boone himself remained to + assist in the defense of Boonesborough against the impending + attack, of which he had brought intelligence.--R. G. T. + + [11] This was William Hancock, who had, like Boone, been + adopted into an Indian family. Not so expert a woodsman as + Boone, he had consumed twelve days in the journey from + Chillicothe to Boonesborough, and suffered great hardships. He + arrived at the fort July 17. In consequence of Boone's escape, + he reported, the Indians had postponed their intended attack + for three weeks. The next day (July 18), Boone wrote to Arthur + Campbell, lieutenant of Washington County, Va. (the Holston + settlements, 200 miles away), that he expected the enemy in + twelve days, and that the fort was prepared for a siege of + three or four weeks; but relief would then be of infinite + service.--R. G. T. + + [12] At the close of six weeks after Hancock's arrival, Boone + had become weary of waiting for the enemy, hence his expedition + with nineteen men--not ten, as in the text--against the Shawnee + town on Paint Creek, during the last week of August. It was the + 5th of September when, undiscovered, he passed the Indian force + encamped at Lower Blue Licks, and the next day arrived at + Boonesborough.--R. G. T. + + [13] About 10 A. M. of Monday, September 7,--Withers places + it a month, less a day, too early,--the hostiles crossed the + Kentucky a mile and a half above Boonesborough, at a point + since known as Black Fish's Ford, and soon made their + appearance marching single file, some of them mounted, along + the ridge south of the fort. They numbered about 400, and + displayed English and French flags. The strength of the force + has been variously estimated, from 330 Indians and 8 Frenchmen + (Col. John Bowman), to 444 Indians and 12 Frenchmen (Boone's + Narrative, by Filson). The English Indian department was + represented by Capt. Isidore Chêne, who had with him several + other French-Canadians; there was also a negro named Pompey, + who had long lived with the Indians, and served them as + interpreter; the principal chiefs were, Black Fish, Moluntha, + Black Hoof, and Black Beard.--R. G. T. + + [14] The garrison numbered, old and young, white and black, + sixty persons capable of bearing arms; only forty, however, + were really effective. Women and children, dressed and armed as + men, frequently appeared upon the walls, to give an appearance + of greater strength.--R. G. T. + + [15] This ruse of the Indians was discovered on Friday, the + 11th. The garrison commenced its countermine immediately, and + prosecuted the work for several days. The rival parties could + hear each other at work underground. When the Indians had + proceeded about forty yards, two-thirds of the distance from + the river bank, successive rainstorms had so saturated the + earth that sections of their tunnel caved in, and this it was + that frustrated their scheme.--R. G. T. + + [16] When the Indians retired from before Boonesboro, one + hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets were picked up + by the garrison, besides many that stuck in the logs of the + fort. A conclusive proof that the Indians were not idle, during + the continuance of the siege. + + [17] John Bowman, of Harrodsburgh, was lieutenant of + Kentucky County, and colonel of its militia. During the + spring of 1779, there was a general desire to raid the + unsuspecting Shawnees, in retaliation for their invasions of + Kentucky, and Bowman decided to command in person this "first + regular enterprise to attack, in force, the Indians beyond the + Ohio, ever planned in Kentucky." The company of volunteers of + the interior rendezvoused in May at Harrodsburgh, and under + Capts. Benjamin Logan and Silas Harlan marched to Lexington, + where they met the Boonesborough company under Capt. John + Holder, and another party under Capt. Levi Todd. At the mouth + of the Licking (site of Covington, Ky.), the general + rendezvous agreed on, they found a company from the Falls + of the Ohio (site of Louisville), under Capt. William + Harrod. Also in the little army, which finally mustered 297 + men, including officers, were frontiersmen from Redstone Old + Fort, and other settlements in the valleys of the Ohio and + Monongahela. The Redstone men were on their way home, when + they heard of the expedition, and joined it at the Licking; + they had been on a visit to Big Bone Lick, and had a + canoe-load of relics therefrom, which they were transporting + up river. The force crossed the Ohio, May 28, just below the + mouth of the Licking; 32 men remained behind in charge of the + boats, leaving 265 to set out for the Shawnee town of Little + Chillicothe, on the Little Miami, distant about sixty-five + miles northeast. George Clark and William Whitley were pilots, + and George M. Bedinger adjutant and quartermaster.--R. G. T. + + [18] Without having seen an Indian, the expedition arrived in + sight of Little Chillicothe, at dusk of May 29--Withers places + the date two months ahead of the actual time. Capt. Logan had + charge of the left wing, Harrod of the right, and Holder of the + center. The white force now numbered 263--two men having + returned to the boats, disabled; the Indians numbered about 100 + warriors and 200 squaws and children. Black Fish was the + principal village chief, and subordinate to him were Black Hoof + and Black Beard.--R. G. T. + + [19] This was the council house, which was so stoutly + defended that the white assailants were glad to take + refuge in a neighboring hut, from which they escaped with + difficulty.--R. G. T. + + [20] The chief cause of alarm, and the consequent disorder, + was a false report started among the whites, that Simon Girty + and a hundred Shawnees from the Indian village of Piqua, twelve + miles distant, were marching to the relief of Black Fish. Order + was soon restored, and when, fourteen miles out upon the + homeward trail, Indians were discovered upon their rear, the + enemy were met with vigor, and thereafter the retreat was + unhampered. The force reached the Ohio, just above the mouth of + the Little Miami, early on June 1. The "pack-horses" alluded to + by Withers, were 163 Indian ponies captured in the Chillicothe + woods; the other plunder was considerable, being chiefly silver + ornaments and clothing. After crossing the Ohio in boats--the + horses swimming--there was an auction of the booty, which was + appraised at £32,000, continental money, each man getting goods + or horses to the value of about £110. The Indian loss was five + killed at the town, and many wounded; the whites had seven men + killed. Little Chillicothe had been for the most part destroyed + by fire, and its crops destroyed. The newspapers of the day + regarded the expedition as an undoubted success.--R. G. T. + + [21] George W. Ranck: "April 1. Robert Patterson, at the head + of twenty-five men, commenced a block house where Lexington now + stands."--R. G. T. + + + + +[198] CHAPTER XII. + + +In North Western Virginia, the frequent inroads of small parties of +savages in 1778, led to greater preparations for security, from +renewed hostilities after the winter should have passed away; and many +settlements received a considerable accession to their strength, from +the number of persons emigrating to them. In some neighborhoods, the +sufferings of the preceding season and the inability of the +inhabitants, from the paucity of their numbers, to protect themselves +from invasion, led to a total abandonment of their homes. The +settlement on Hacker's creek was entirely broken up in the spring of +1779,--some of its inhabitants forsaking the country and retiring east +of the mountains; while the others went to the fort on Buchannon, and +to Nutter's fort, near Clarksburg, to aid in resisting the foe and in +maintaining possession of the country. When the campaign of that year +opened, the whole frontier was better prepared to protect itself from +invasion and to shield its occupants from the wrath of the savage +enemy, than it had ever been, since it became the abode of white men. +There were forts in every settlement, into which the people could +retire when danger threatened, and which were capable of withstanding +the assaults of savages, however furious they might be, if having to +depend for success, on the use of small arms only. It was fortunate +for the country, that this was their dependence. A few well directed +shots even from small cannon, would have demolished [199] their +strongest fortress, and left them no hope from death, but captivity. + +In the neighborhood of Pricket's fort, the inhabitants were early +alarmed, by circumstances which induced a belief that the Indians were +near, and they accordingly entered that garrison. It was soon +evident that their fears were groundless, but as the season was +fast approaching, when the savages might be expected to commence +depredations, they determined on remaining in the fort, of a +night, and yet prosecute the business of their farms as usual during +the day. Among those who were at this time in the fort, was David +Morgan, (a relation of General Daniel Morgan,) then upwards of sixty +years of age. Early in April, being himself unwell, he sent his +two children--Stephen, a youth of sixteen, and Sarah, a girl of +fourteen--to feed the cattle at his farm, about a mile off. The +children, thinking to remain all day and spend the time in preparing +ground for water melons, unknown to their father took with them +some bread and meat. Having fed the stock, Stephen set himself to +work, and while he was engaged in grubbing, his sister would remove +the brush, and otherwise aid him in the labor of clearing the +ground; occasionally going to the house to wet some linen which +she had spread out to bleach. Morgan, after the children had been +gone some time, betook himself to bed, and soon falling asleep, +dreamed that he saw Stephen and Sarah walking about the fort yard, +scalped. Aroused from slumber by the harrowing spectacle presented +to his sleeping view, he enquired if the children had returned, +and upon learning they had not, he set out to see what detained +them, taking with him his gun. As he approached the house, still +impressed with the horrible fear that he should find his dream +realized, he ascended an eminence, from which he could distinctly see +over his plantation, and descrying from thence the objects of his +anxious solicitude, he proceeded directly to them, and seated +himself on an old log, near at hand. He had been here but a few +minutes, before he saw two Indians come out from the house and make +toward the children. Fearing to alarm them too much, and thus +deprive them of the power of exerting themselves ably to make an +escape, he apprized them in a careless manner, of their danger, +and told them to run towards the fort--himself still maintaining +his seat on the log. The Indians then raised a hideous yell and +ran in pursuit; but the old [200] gentleman shewing himself at +that instant, caused them to forbear the chase, and shelter themselves +behind trees. He then endeavored to effect an escape, by flight, and +the Indians followed after him. Age and consequent infirmity, +rendered him unable long to continue out of their reach; and aware +that they were gaining considerably on him, he wheeled to shoot. +Both instantly sprang behind trees, and Morgan seeking shelter in +the same manner, got behind a sugar, which was so small as to leave +part of his body exposed. Looking round, he saw a large oak about +twenty yards farther, and he made to it. Just as he reached it, the +foremost Indian sought security behind the sugar sapling, which he +had found insufficient for his protection. The Indian, sensible that +it would not shelter him, threw himself down by the side of a log +which lay at the root of the sapling. But this did not afford him +sufficient cover, and Morgan, seeing him exposed to a shot, fired +at him. The ball took effect, and the savage, rolling over on his +back, stabbed himself twice in the breast. + +Having thus succeeded in killing one of his pursuers, Morgan again +took to flight, and the remaining Indian after him. It was now that +trees could afford him no security--His gun was unloaded, and his +pursuer could approach him safely.--The unequal race was continued +about sixty yards, when looking over his shoulder, he saw the savage +within a few paces of him, and with his gun raised. Morgan sprang to +one side, and the ball whizzed harmlessly by him. The odds was now not +great, and both advanced to closer combat, sensible of the prize for +which they had to contend, and each determined, to deal death to his +adversary. Morgan aimed a blow with his gun; but the Indian hurled a +tomahawk at him, which cutting the little finger of his left hand +entirely off, and injuring the one next it very much, knocked the gun +out of his grasp, and they closed. Being a good wrestler, Morgan +succeeded in throwing the Indian; but soon found himself overturned, +and the savage upon him, feeling for his knife and sending forth a +most horrifick yell, as is their custom when they consider victory as +secure. A woman's apron, which he had taken from the house and +fastened round him above his knife, so hindered him in getting at it +quickly, that Morgan, getting one of his fingers in his mouth, +deprived him of the use of that hand, and disconcerted him very much +by continuing to grind it between his teeth. At length the [201] +Indian got hold of his knife, but so far towards the blade, that +Morgan too got a small hold on the extremity of the handle; and as the +Indian drew it from the scabbard, Morgan, biting his finger with all +his might, and thus causing him somewhat to relax his grasp, drew it +through his hand, gashing it most severely. + +By this time both had gained their feet, and the Indian, sensible of +the great advantage gained over him, endeavored to disengage himself; +but Morgan held fast to the finger, until he succeeded in giving him a +fatal stab, and felt the almost lifeless body sinking in his arms. He +then loosened his hold and departed for the fort. + +On his way he met with his daughter, who not being able to keep pace +with her brother, had followed his footsteps to the river bank where +he had plunged in, and was then making her way to the canoe. Assured +thus far of the safety of his children, he accompanied his daughter to +the fort, and then, in company with a party of the men, returned to +his farm, to see if there were any appearance of other Indians being +about there. On arriving at the spot where the desperate struggle had +been, the wounded Indian was not to be seen; but trailing him by the +blood which flowed profusely from his side, they found him concealed +in the branches of a fallen tree.--He had taken the knife from his +body, bound up the wound with the apron, and on their approaching him, +accosted them familiarly, with the salutation "How do do broder, how +do broder." Alas! poor fellow! their brotherhood extended no farther +than to the gratification of a vengeful feeling. He was tomahawked and +scalped; and, as if this would not fill the measure of their +vindictive passions, both he and his companion were flayed, their +skins tanned and converted into saddle seats, shot pouches and +belts--A striking instance of the barbarities, which a revengeful +spirit will lead its possessors to perpetrate.[1] + +The alarm which had caused the people in the neighborhood of Pricket's +fort, to move into it for safety, induced two or three families on +Dunkard creek to collect at the house of Mr. Bozarth, thinking they +would be more exempt from danger when together, than if remaining at +their several homes. About the first of April, when only Mr. Bozarth +and two men were in the house, the children, who had been out at play, +came running into the yard, exclaiming that there were [202] "_ugly +red men coming._" Upon hearing this, one of the two men in the house, +going to the door to see if Indians really were approaching, received +a glancing shot on his breast, which caused him to fall back. The +Indian who had shot him, sprang in immediately after, and grappling +with the other white man, was quickly thrown on the bed. His +antagonist having no weapon with which to do him any injury called to +Mrs. Bozarth for a knife. Not finding one at hand, she siezed an axe, +and at one blow, let out the brains of the prostrate savage. At that +instant a second Indian entering the door, shot dead the man engaged +with his companion on the bed. Mrs. Bozarth turned on him, and with a +well directed blow, let out his entrails and caused him to bawl out +for help. Upon this, others of his party, who had been engaged with +the children in the yard, came to his relief. The first who thrust his +head in at the door, had it cleft by the axe of Mrs. Bozarth and fell +lifeless on the ground. Another, catching hold of his wounded, bawling +companion, drew him out of the house, when Mrs. Bozarth, with the aid +of the white man who had been first shot and was then somewhat +recovered, succeeded in closing and making fast the door. The children +in the yard were all killed, but the heroism and exertions of Mrs. +Bozarth and the wounded white man, enabled them to resist the +repeated attempts of the Indians, to force open the door, and to +maintain possession of the house, until they were relieved by a party +from the neighboring settlement.--The time occupied in this bloody +affair, from the first alarm by the children to the shutting of the +door, did not exceed three minutes. And in this brief space, Mrs. +Bozarth, with infinite self possession, coolness and intrepidity, +succeeded in killing three Indians. + +On the eleventh of the same month, five Indians came to a house on +Snowy creek, (in the, now, county of Preston,) in which lived James +Brain and Richard Powell, and remained in ambush during the night, +close around it. In the morning early, the appearance of some ten or +twelve men, issuing from the house with guns, for the purpose of +amusing themselves in shooting at a mark, deterred the Indians from +making their meditated attack. The men seen by them, were travellers, +who had associated for mutual security, and who, after partaking of a +morning's repast, resumed their journey, unknown to the savages; when +Mr. Brain and the sons of Mr. Powell [203] went to their day's work. +Being engaged in carrying clap-boards for covering a cabin, at some +distance from the house, they were soon heard by the Indians, who, +despairing of succeeding in an attack on the house, changed their +position, & concealed themselves by the side of the path, along which +those engaged at work had to go. Mr. Brain and one of his sons being +at a little distance in front of them, they fired and Brain fell. He +was then tomahawked and scalped, while another of the party followed +and caught the son as he was attempting to escape by flight. + +Three other boys were then some distance behind and out of sight, and +hearing the report of the gun which killed Brain, for an instant +supposed that it proceeded from the rifle of some hunter in quest of +deer. They were soon satisfied that this supposition was unfounded. +Three Indians came running towards them, bearing their guns in one +hand, and tomahawks in the other. One of the boys stupefied by +terror,--and unable to stir from the spot, was immediately made +prisoner. Another, the son of Powell, was also soon caught; but the +third, finding himself out of sight of his pursuer, ran to one side +and concealed himself in a bunch of alders, where he remained until +the Indian passed the spot where he lay, when he arose, and taking a +different direction, ran with all his speed, and effected an escape. +The little prisoners were then brought together; and one of Mr. +Powell's sons, being discovered to have but one eye, was stripped +naked, had a tomahawk sunk into his head, a spear ran through his +body, and the scalp then removed from his bleeding head. + +The little Powell who had escaped from the savages, being forced to go +a direction opposite to the house, proceeded to a station about eight +miles off, & communicated intelligence of what had been done at +Brain's. A party of men equipped themselves and went immediately to +the scene of action; but the Indians had hastened homeward, as soon as +they perpetrated their horrid cruelties. One of their little captives, +(Benjamin Brain) being asked by them, "how many men were at the +house," replied "twelve." To the question, "how far from thence was +the nearest fort," he answered "two miles." Yet he well knew that +there was no fort, nearer than eight miles, and that there was not a +man at the house,--Mr. Powell being from home, and the twelve +travellers having departed, before his father and he had gone out to +[204] work. His object was to save his mother and the other women and +children, from captivity or death, by inducing them to believe that it +would be extremely dangerous to venture near the house. He succeeded +in the attainment of his object. Deterred by the prospect of being +discovered, and perhaps defeated by the superior force of the white +men, represented to be at Mr. Brain's, they departed in the greatest +hurry, taking with them their two little prisoners, Benjamin and Isaac +Brain. + +So stilly had the whole affair been conducted (the report of a gun +being too commonly heard to excite any suspicion of what was doing,) +and so expeditiously had the little boy who escaped, and the men who +accompanied him back, moved in their course, that the first intimation +given Mrs. Brain of the fate of her husband, was given by the men who +came in pursuit. + +Soon after the happening of this affair, a party of Indians came into +the Buchannon settlement, and made prisoner Leonard Schoolcraft, a +youth of about sixteen, who had been sent from the fort on some +business.--When arrived at their towns and arrangements being made for +his running the gauntlet, he was told that he might defend himself +against the blows of the young Indians who were to pursue him to the +council house. Being active and athletic, he availed himself of this +privilege, so as to save himself from the beating which he would +otherwise have received, and laying about him with well timed blows, +frequently knocked down those who came near to him--much to the +amusement of the warriors, according to the account given by others, +who were then prisoners and present. This was the last certain +information which was ever had concerning him. He was believed +however, to have been afterwards in his old neighborhood in the +capacity of guide to the Indians, and aiding them, by his knowledge of +the country, in making successful incursions into it. + +In the month of June, at Martin's fort on Crooked Run, another +murderous scene was exhibited by the savages. The greater part of the +men having gone forth early to their farms, and those who remained, +being unapprehensive of immediate danger, and consequently supine and +careless, the fort was necessarily, easily accessible, and the +vigilance of the savages who were lying hid around it, discovering its +exposed and [205] weakened situation, seized the favorable moment to +attack those who were without. The women were engaged in milking the +cows outside the gate, and the men who had been left behind were +loitering around. The Indians rushed forward, and killed and made +prisoners of ten of them. James Stuart, James Smally and Peter Crouse, +were the only persons who fell, and John Shiver and his wife, two sons +of Stuart, two sons of Smally and a son of Crouse, were carried into +captivity. According to their statement upon their return, there were +thirteen Indians in the party which surprised them, and emboldened by +success, instead of retreating with their prisoners, remained at a +little distance from the fort 'till night, when they put the captives +in a waste house near, under custody of two of the savages, while the +remaining eleven, went to see if they could not succeed in forcing an +entrance at the gate. But the disaster of the morning had taught the +inhabitants the necessity of greater watchfulness. The dogs were shut +out at night, and the approach of the Indians exciting them to bark +freely, gave notice of impending danger, in time for them to avert it. +The attempt to take the fort being thus frustrated, the savages +returned to the house in which the prisoners were confined, and moved +off with them to their towns. + +In August, two daughters of Captain David Scott living at the mouth of +Pike run, going to the meadow with dinner for the mowers, were taken +by some Indians who were watching the path. The younger was killed on +the spot; but the latter being taken some distance farther, and every +search for her proving unavailing, her father fondly hoped that she +had been carried into captivity, and that be might redeem her. For +this purpose he visited Pittsburg and engaged the service of a +friendly Indian to ascertain where she was and endeavour to prevail on +them to ransom her. Before his return from Fort Pitt, some of his +neighbors directed to the spot by the buzzards hovering over it, found +her half eaten and mutilated body. + +In September, Nathaniel Davisson and his brother, being on a hunting +expedition up Ten Mile, left their camp early on the morning of the +day on which they intended to return home; and naming an hour at which +they would be back, proceeded through the woods in different +directions. At the appointed time, Josiah went to the camp, and after +waiting there in vain for the arrival of his brother, and becoming +uneasy lest [206] some unlucky accident had befallen him, he set out +in search of him. Unable to see or hear anything of him he returned +home, and prevailed on several of his neighbors to aid in endeavouring +to ascertain his fate. Their search was likewise unavailing; but in +the following March, he was found by John Read, while hunting in that +neighborhood. He had been shot and scalped; and notwithstanding he +had lain out nearly six months, yet he was but little torn by wild +beasts, and was easily recognized. + +During this year too, Tygarts Valley, which had escaped being visited +by the Indians in 1778 again heard their harrowing yells; and although +but little mischief was done by them while there, yet its inhabitants +were awhile, kept in fearful apprehension that greater ills would +betide them. In October of this year, a party of them lying in ambush +near the road, fired several shots at Lieut. John White, riding by, +but with no other effect than by wounding the horse to cause him to +throw his rider. This was fatal to White. Being left on foot and on +open ground, he was soon shot, tomahawked and scalped. + +As soon as this event was made known, Capt. Benjamin Wilson, with his +wonted promptitude and energy, raised a company of volunteers, and +proceeding by forced marches to the Indian crossing at the mouth of +the Sandy fork of Little Kenhawa, he remained there nearly three days +with a view to intercept the retreat of the savages. They however, +returned by another way and his scheme, of cutting them off while +crossing the river, consequently failed. + +Some time after this several families in the Buchannon settlement, +left the fort and returned to their homes, under the belief that +the season had advanced too far, for the Indians again to come among +them. But they were sorely disappointed. The men being all assembled +at the fort for the purpose of electing a Captain, some Indians +fell upon the family of John Schoolcraft, and killed the women and +eight children,--two little boys only were taken prisoners. A +small girl, who had been scalped and tomahawked 'till a portion of +her brains was forced from her head, was found the next day yet +alive, and continued to live for several days, the brains still oozing +from the fracture of her skull. + +The last mischief that was done this fall, was perpetrated at the house +of Samuel Cottrail near to the present town of Clarksburg.--During the +night considerable fear was excited, both at Cottrial's and at Sotha +Hickman's on the opposite side of Elk creek, by the continued barking +of the dogs, that Indians were lurking near, and in consequence of this +apprehension Cottrial, on going to bed, secured well the doors and +directed that no one should stir out in the morning until it was +ascertained that there was no danger threatening. A while before +day, Cottrial being fast asleep, Moses Coleman, who lived with him, +got up, shelled some corn, and giving a few ears to Cottrial's +nephew with directions to feed the pigs around [207] the yard, went to +the hand mill in an out house, and commenced grinding. The little boy, +being squatted down shelling the corn to the pigs, found himself +suddenly drawn on his back and an Indian standing over him, ordering +him to lie there. The savage then turned toward the house in which +Coleman was, fired, and as Coleman fell ran up to scalp him. +Thinking this a favorable time for him to reach the dwelling house, +the little boy sprang to his feet, and running to the door, it was +opened and he admitted. Scarcely was it closed after him, when one +of the Indians with his tomahawk endeavored to break it open. +Cottrail fired through the door at him, and he went off. In order to +see if others were about, and to have a better opportunity of shooting +with effect, Cottrail ascended the loft, and looking through a crevice +saw them hastening away through the field and at too great distance +for him to shoot with the expectation of injuring them. Yet he +continued to fire and halloo; to give notice of danger to those who +lived near him. + +The severity of the following winter put a momentary stop to savage +inroad, and gave to the inhabitants on the frontier an interval of +quiet and repose extremely desirable to them, after the dangers and +confinement of the preceding season. Hostilities were however, resumed +upon the first appearance of spring, and acts of murder and +devastation, which had, of necessity, been suspended for a time, were +begun to be committed, with a firm determination on the part of the +savages, utterly to exterminate the inhabitants of the western +country. To effect this object, an expedition was concerted between +the British commandant at Detroit and the Indian Chiefs north west of +the Ohio to be carried on by their united forces against Kentucky, +while an Indian army alone, was to penetrate North Western Virginia, +and spread desolation over its surface. No means which could avail to +ensure success and which lay within their reach, were left unemployed. +The army destined to operate against Kentucky, was to consist of six +hundred Indians and Canadians, to be commanded by Col. Byrd (a British +officer) and furnished with every implement of destruction, from the +war club of the savages, to the cannon of their allies.[2] Happily for +North Western Virginia, its situation exempted its inhabitants from +having to contend against these instruments of war; the want of roads +prevented the transportation of cannon through the intermediate +forests, and the difficulty and labor of propelling them up the Ohio +river, forbade the attempt in that way. + +While the troops were collecting for these expeditions, and other +preparations were making for carrying them on, the settlements of +North Western Virginia were not free from invasion. Small parties of +Indians would enter them at unguarded moments, and kill and plunder, +whenever opportunities occurred of their being done with impunity, and +then retreat to their villages. Early in March (1780) Thomas Lackey +discovered some mocason tracks near the upper extremity of Tygarts +Valley, and thought he heard a voice saying in [208] an under tone, +"_let him alone, he will go and bring more_." Alarmed by these +circumstances, he proceeded to Hadden's fort and told there what he +had seen, and what he believed, he had heard. Being so early in the +season and the weather yet far from mild, none heeded his tale, and +but few believed it. On the next day however, as Jacob Warwick, +William Warwick and some others from Greenbrier were about leaving the +fort on their return home, it was agreed that a company of men should +accompany them some distance on the road. Unapprehensive of danger, in +spite of the warning of Lackey, they were proceeding carelessly on +their way, when they were suddenly attacked by some Indians lying in +ambush, near to the place, where the mocason tracks had been seen on +the preceding day. The men on horse back, all got safely off; but +those on foot were less fortunate. The Indians having occupied the +pass both above and below, the footmen had no chance of escape but in +crossing the river and ascending a steep bluff, on its opposite side. +In attempting this several lost their lives. John McLain was killed +about thirty yards from the brow of the hill.--James Ralston, when a +little farther up it, and James Crouch was wounded after having nearly +reached its summit, yet he got safely off and returned to the fort on +the next day. John Nelson, after crossing over, endeavored to escape +down the river; but being there met by a stout warrior, he too was +killed, after a severe struggle. His shattered gun breech, the uptorn +earth, and the locks of Indian hair in his yet clenched hands, showed +that the victory over him had not been easily won. + +Soon after this, the family of John Gibson were surprised at their +sugar camp, on a branch of the Valley river, and made prisoners. Mrs. +Gibson, being incapable of supporting the fatigue of walking so far +and fast, was tomahawked and scalped in the presence of her children. + +West's fort on Hacker's creek, was also visited by the savages, early +in this year.[3] The frequent incursions of the Indians into this +settlement, in the year 1778, had caused the inhabitants to desert +their homes the next year, and shelter themselves in places of greater +security; but being unwilling to give up the improvements which they +had already made and commence anew in the woods, some few families +returned to it during the winter, & on the approach of spring, moved +into the fort. They had not been long here, before the savages made +their appearance, and continued to invest the fort for some time. Too +weak to sally out and give them battle, and not knowing when to expect +relief, the inhabitants were almost reduced to despair, when Jesse +Hughs resolved at his own hazard, to try to obtain assistance to drive +off the enemy. Leaving the fort at night, he broke by their sentinels +and ran with speed to the Buchannon fort. Here he prevailed on a party +of the men to accompany him to West's, and relieve those who had been +so long confined there. They arrived before day, and it was thought +advisable to abandon the place once more, and remove to Buchannon. On +their way, the [209] Indians used every artifice to separate the +party, so as to gain an advantageous opportunity of attacking them; +but in vain. They exercised so much caution, and kept so well +together, that every stratagem was frustrated, and they all reached +the fort in safety. + +Two days after this, as Jeremiah Curl, Henry Fink and Edmund West, who +were old men, and Alexander West,[4] Peter Cutright, and Simon +Schoolcraft, were returning to the fort with some of their neighbor's +property, they were fired at by the Indians who were lying concealed +along a run bank. Curl was slightly wounded under the chin, but +disdaining to fly without making a stand he called to his companions, +"_stand your ground, for we are able to whip them._" At this instant a +lusty warrior drew a tomahawk from his belt and rushed towards him. +Nothing daunted by the danger which seemed to threaten him, Curl +raised his gun; but the powder being damped by the blood from his +wound, it did not fire. He instantly picked up West's gun (which he +had been carrying to relieve West of part of his burden) and +discharging it at his assailant, brought him to the ground. + +The whites being by this time rid of their encumbrances, the Indians +retreated in two parties and pursued different routes, not however +without being pursued. Alexander West being swift of foot, soon came +near enough to fire, and brought down a second, but having only +wounded him, and seeing the Indians spring behind trees, he could not +advance to finish him; nor could he again shoot at him, the flint +having fallen out when he first fired. Jackson (who was hunting sheep +not far off) hearing the report of the guns, ran towards the spot, and +being in sight of the Indian when West shot, saw him fall and +afterwards recover and hobble off. Simon Schoolcraft, following after +West, came to him just after Jackson, with his gun cocked; and asking +where the Indians were, was advised by Jackson to get behind a tree, +or they would soon let him know where they were. Instantly the report +of a gun was heard, and Schoolcraft let fall his arm. The ball had +passed through it, and striking a steel tobacco box in his waistcoat +pocket, did him no farther injury. Cutright, when West fired at one of +the Indians, saw another of them drop behind a log, and changing his +position, espied him, where the log was a little raised from the +earth. With steady nerves, he drew upon him. The moaning cry of the +savage, as he sprang from the ground and moved haltingly away, +convinced them that the shot had taken effect. The rest of the Indians +continued behind trees, until they observed a reinforcement coming up +to the aid of the whites, and they fled with the utmost precipitancy. +Night soon coming on, those who followed them, had to give over the +pursuit. + +A company of fifteen men went early next morning to the battle ground, +and taking the trail of the Indians and pursuing it some distance, +came to where they had some horses (which they had stolen after the +skirmish) hobbled out on a fork of Hacker's creek. They [210] then +found the plunder which the savages had taken from neighboring houses, +and supposing that their wounded warriors were near, the whites +commenced looking for them, when a gun was fired at them by an Indian +concealed in a laurel thicket, which wounded John Cutright.[5] The +whites then caught the stolen horses and returned with them and the +plunder to the fort. + +For some time after this, there was nothing occurring to indicate the +presence of Indians in the Buchannon settlement, and some of those who +were in the fort, hoping that they should not be again visited by them +this season, determined on returning to their homes. Austin +Schoolcraft was one of these, and being engaged in removing some of +his property from the fort, as he and his niece were passing through a +swamp in their way to his house, they were shot at by some Indians. +Mr. Schoolcraft was killed and his niece taken prisoner. + +In June, John Owens, John Juggins and Owen Owens, were attacked by +some Indians, as they were going to their cornfield on Booth's creek; +and the two former were killed and scalped. Owen Owens being some +distance behind them, made his escape to the fort. John Owens the +younger, who had been to the pasture field for the plough horses, +heard the guns, but not suspecting any danger to be near, rode forward +towards the cornfield. As he was proceeding along the path by a fence +side, riding one and leading another horse, he was fired at by several +Indians, some of whom afterwards rushed forward and caught at the +bridle reins; yet he escaped unhurt from them all. + +The savages likewise visited Cheat river, during the spring, and +coming to the house of John Sims, were discovered by a negro woman, +who ran immediately to the door and alarmed the family.--Bernard Sims +(just recovering from the small pox) taking down his gun, and going to +the door, was shot. The Indians, perceiving that he was affected with +a disease, of all others the most terrifying to them, not only did not +perform the accustomed operation of scalping, but retreated with as +much rapidity, as if they had been pursued by an overwhelming force of +armed men,--exclaiming as they ran "_small pox, small pox._" + +After the attack on Donnelly's fort in May 1778, the Indians made no +attempt to effect farther mischiefs in the Greenbrier country, until +this year. The fort at Point Pleasant guarded the principal pass to +the settlements on the Kenhawa, in the Levels, and on Greenbrier +river, and the reception with which they had met at Col. Donnelly's, +convinced them that not much was to be gained by incursions into that +section of the frontiers. But as they were now making great +preparations for effectual operations against the whole border +country, a party of them was despatched to this portion of it, at once +for the purpose of rapine and murder, and to ascertain the state of +the country and its capacity to resist invasion. + +The party then sent into Greenbrier consisted of twenty-two [211] +warriors, and committed their first act of atrocity near the house of +Lawrence Drinnan, a few miles above the Little Levels. Henry Baker and +Richard Hill, who were then staying there, going early in the morning +to the river to wash, were shot at by them: Baker was killed, but Hill +escaped back to the house. When the Indians fired at Baker, he was +near a fence between the river and Drinnan's and within gunshot of the +latter place. Fearing to cross the fence for the purpose of scalping +him, they prized it up, and with a pole fastening a noose around his +neck, drew him down the river bank & scalped and left him there. + +Apprehensive of an attack on the house, Mr. Drinnan made such +preparations as were in his power to repel them, and despatched a +servant to the Little Levels, with the intelligence and to procure +assistance. He presently returned with twenty men, who remained there +during the night, but in the morning, seeing nothing to contradict the +belief that the Indians had departed, they buried Baker, and set out +on their return to the Levels, taking with them all who were at +Drinnan's and the most of his property. Arrived at the fork of the +road, a question arose whether they should take the main route, +leading through a gap which was deemed a favorable situation for an +ambuscade, or continue on the farther but more open and secure way. A +majority preferred the latter; but two young men, by the name of +Bridger, separated from the others, and travelling on the nearer path, +were both killed at the place, where it was feared danger might be +lurking. + +The Indians next proceeded to the house of Hugh McIver, where they +succeeded in killing its owner, and in making prisoner his wife; and +in going from thence, met with John Prior, who with his wife and +infant were on their way to the country on the south side of the Big +Kenawha. Prior was shot through the breast, but anxious for the fate +of his wife and child, stood still, 'till one of the Indians came up +and laid hold on him. Notwithstanding the severe wound which he had +received, Prior proved too strong for his opponent, and the other +Indians not interfering, forced him at length to disengage himself +from the struggle. Prior, then seeing that no violence was offered to +Mrs. Prior or the infant, walked off without any attempt being made to +stop, or otherwise molest him: the Indians no doubt suffering him to +depart under the expectation that he would obtain assistance and +endeavor to regain his wife and child, and that an opportunity of +waylaying any party coming with this view, would be [212] then +afforded them. Prior returned to the settlement, related the above +incidents and died that night. His wife and child were never after +heard of, and it is highly probable they were murdered on their way, +as being unable to travel as expeditiously as the Indians wished. + +They next went to a house, occupied by Thomas Drinnon and a Mr. Smith +with their families, where they made prisoners of Mrs. Smith, Mrs. +Drinnon and a child; and going then towards their towns, killed, on +their way, an old gentleman by the name of Monday and his wife. This +was the last outrage committed by the Indians in the Greenbrier +settlements. And although the war was carried on by them against the +frontier settlements, with energy for years after, yet did they not +again attempt an incursion into it. Its earlier days had been days of +tribulation and wo, and those who were foremost in occupying and +forming settlements in it, had to endure all that savage fury could +inflict. Their term of probation, was indeed of comparatively short +duration, but their sufferings for a time, were many and great. The +scenes of murder and blood, exhibited on Muddy creek and the Big +Levels in 1776, will not soon be effaced from the memory; and the +lively interest excited in the bosoms of many, for the fate of those +who there treacherously perished, unabated by time, still gleams in +the countenance, when tradition recounts the tale of their unhappy +lot. + +----- + [1] L. V. McWhorter, of Berlin, W. Va., writes me: "A few + years ago, the descendants of David Morgan erected a monument + on the spot where fell one of the Indians. On the day of the + unveiling of the monument, there was on exhibition at the spot, + a shot-pouch and saddle skirt made from the skins of the + Indians. Greenwood S. Morgan, a great-grandson of the Indian + slayer, informs me that the shot-pouch is now in the possession + of a distant relative, living in Wetzel County, W. Va. The + knife with which the Indian was killed, is owned by Morgan's + descendants in Marion County, W. Va."--R. G. T. + + [2] See p. 262, _note_, for account of Capt. Henry Bird's + attack on Fort Laurens.--R. G. T. + + [3] Mr. McWhorter says that this fort stood on an eminence, + where is now the residence of Minor C. Hall. Upon the fort + being abandoned by the settlers, the Indians burned it. When + the whites again returned to their clearings, a new fort was + erected, locally called Beech Fort, "because built entirely of + beech logs--beech trees standing very thick in this locality." + Beech Fort was not over 500 yards from the old West Fort; it + was "in a marshy flat, some 75 yards east of the house built by + the pioneer Henry McWhorter, and still extant as the residence + of Ned J. Jackson." In the same field where Beech Fort was, + "Alexander West discovered an Indian one evening; he fired and + wounded him in the shoulder. The Indian made off, and fearing + an ambuscade West would not venture in pursuit. Two weeks + later, he ventured to hunt for the red man. Two miles distant, + on what is now known as Life's Run, a branch of Hacker's Creek, + the dead savage was found in a cleft of rocks, into which he + had crawled and miserably perished. His shoulder was badly + crushed by West's bullet." + + Henry McWhorter, born in Orange County, N. Y., November 13, + 1760, was a soldier in the Revolution, from 1777 to the + close. In 1784, he settled about two miles from West's Fort; + three years later, he moved nearer to the fort, and there + built the house of hewn logs, mentioned above, which "is + to-day in a good state of preservation." McWhorter died + February 4, 1848.--R. G. T. + + [4] Alexander West was prominent as a frontier scout. Rev. + J. M. McWhorter, who saw him frequently, gives this description + of him: "A tall, spare-built man, very erect, strong, lithe, + and active; dark-skinned, prominent Roman nose, black hair, + very keen eyes; not handsome, rather raw-boned, but with an air + and mien that commanded the attention and respect of those with + whom he associated. Never aggressive, he lifted his arm against + the Indians only in time of war." West died in 1834. His house + of hewed logs is, with its large barn, still standing and + occupied by his relatives, about a mile east of the site of + West's Fort.--R. G. T. + + [5] L. V. McWhorter says: "The branch of Hacker's creek on + which John Cutright was wounded, is now known as Laurel Lick, + near Berlin, W. Va." For notice of Cutright, see p. 137, + _note_.--R. G. T. + + + + +[213] CHAPTER XIII. + + +Early in June 1780, every necessary preparation having been previously +made, the Indian and Canadian forces destined to invade Kentucky, +moved from their place of rendezvous, to fulfil the objects of the +expedition. In their general plan of the campaign, Louisville was the +point against which operations were first to be directed. The hero of +Kaskaskias and St. Vincent had been for some time stationed there, +with a small body of troops, to intercept the passage of war parties +into the interior, and the force thus placed under his command, having +been considerably augmented by the arrival of one hundred and fifty +Virginia soldiers under Colonel Slaughter, that place had assumed the +appearance of a regular fortification, capable of withstanding a +severe shock;[1] while detachments from it gave promise of security to +the settlements remote from the river, as well by detecting and +checking every attempt at invasion, as by acting offensively against +the main Indian towns, from which hostile parties would sally, +spreading desolation along their path. The reduction of this +establishment, would at once give wider scope to savage hostilities +and gratify the wounded pride of the Canadians. Stung by the boldness +and success of Colonel Clarke's adventure, and fearing the effect +which it might have on their Indian allies, they seemed determined to +achieve a victory over him, and strike a retributive blow against the +position which he then held. + +[214] It is highly probable however, that the reputation which, the +gallant exploits of Colonel Clarke had acquired for him, induced some +doubts, in the minds of the commanding officers, of the ultimate +success of a movement against that post.[2] They changed their +destination; and when their army arrived in their boats at the Ohio, +instead of floating with its rapid current to the point proposed, they +chose to stem the stream; and availing themselves of an uncommon swell +of the waters, ascended the river Licking to its forks, where they +landed their men and munitions of war.[3] + +Not far from the place of debarkation, there was a station,[4] reared +under the superintendence of Captain Ruddle, and occupied by several +families and many adventurers. Thither Colonel Byrd, with his combined +army of Canadians and Indians then amounting to one thousand men, +directed his march; and arriving before it on the 22d of June, gave +the first notice, which the inhabitants had of the presence of an +enemy, by a discharge of his cannon. He then sent in a flag, demanding +the immediate surrender of the place. Knowing that it was impossible +to defend the station against artillery, Captain Ruddle consented to +surrender it, provided the inhabitants should be considered prisoners +to the British, and not to the Indians. To this proposition Colonel +Byrd assented, and the gates were thrown open. The savages instantly +rushed in, each laying his hands on the first person with whom he +chanced to meet. Parents and children, husbands and wives, were thus +torn from each other; and the [214] air was rent with sighs of +wailing, and shrieks of agony. In vain did Captain Ruddle exclaim, +against the enormities which were perpetrated in contravention to the +terms of capitulation. To his remonstrances, Colonel Byrd replied that +he was unable to control them, and affirmed, that he too was in their +power. + +That Colonel Byrd was really unable to check the enormities of the +savages, will be readily admitted, when the great disparity of the +Canadian and Indian troops, and the lawless and uncontrolable temper +of the latter, are taken into consideration. That he had the +inclination to stop them, cannot be [215] doubted--his subsequent +conduct furnished the most convincing evidence, that the power to +effect it, was alone wanting in him.[5] + +After Ruddle's station had been completely sacked, and the prisoners +disposed of, the Indians clamoured to be led against Martin's station, +then only five miles distant. Affected with the barbarities which he +had just witnessed, Colonel Byrd peremptorily refused, unless the +chiefs would guaranty that the prisoners, which might be there taken, +should be entirely at his disposal. For awhile the Indians refused to +accede to these terms, but finding Colonel Byrd, inflexible in his +determination, they at length consented, that the prisoners should be +his, provided the plunder were allowed to them.--Upon this agreement, +they marched forward. Martin's station, like Ruddle's, was incapable +of offering any available opposition. It was surrendered on the first +summons, and the prisoners and plunder divided, in conformity with the +compact between Colonel Byrd and the savages. + +The facility, with which these conquests were made, excited the thirst +of the Indians for more. Not satisfied with the plundering of Ruddle's +and Martin's stations, their rapacity prompted them to insist on going +against Bryant's and Lexington. Prudence forbade it. The waters were +rapidly subsiding, and the fall of the Licking river, would have +rendered it impracticable to convey their artillery to the Ohio. Their +success too, was somewhat doubtful; and it was even then difficult to +procure provisions, for the subsistence of the prisoners already +taken.[6] Under the influence of these considerations, Colonel Byrd +determined to return to the boats, and embarking on these his +artillery and the Canadian troops, descended the river; while the +Indians, with their plunder, and the prisoners taken at Ruddle's, +moved across the country. + +Among those who were taken captive at Ruddle's station, was a man of +the name of Hinkstone, remarkable for activity and daring, and for +uncommon tact and skill as a woodsman. On the second night of their +march, the Indians encamped on the bank of the river, and in +consequence of a sudden shower of rain, postponed kindling their fires +until dark, when part of the savages engaged in this business, while +the remainder guarded the prisoners. Hinkstone thought the darkness +favorable to escape, and inviting its attempt. He resolved on trying +it, and springing suddenly from them, ran a small [216] distance and +concealed himself behind a large log, under the shade of a wide +spreading tree. The alarm was quickly given, and the Indians, +pursuing, searched for him in every direction. It was fruitless and +unavailing. Hid in thick obscurity, no eye could distinguish his +prostrate body. Perceiving at length, by the subsiding of the noise +without the camp, that the Indians had abandoned the search, he +resumed his flight, with the stillness of death. The heavens afforded +him no sign, by which he could direct his steps. Not a star twinkled +through the dark clouds which enveloped the earth, to point out his +course. Still he moved on, as he supposed, in the direction of +Lexington. He had mistaken the way, and a short space of time, served +to convince him that he was in error. After wandering about for two +hours, he came in sight of the Indian fires again. Perplexed by his +devious ramble, he was more at fault than ever. The sky was still all +darkness, and he had recourse to the trees in vain, to learn the +points of the compass by the feeling of the moss. He remembered that +at nightfall, the wind blew a gentle breeze from the west; but it had +now, become so stilled, that it no longer made any impression on him. +The hunter's expedient, to ascertain the direction of the air, +occurred to him.--He dipped his finger in water, and, knowing that +evaporation and coolness would be first felt on the side from which +the wind came, he raised it high in the air. It was enough.--Guided by +this unerring indication, and acting on the supposition that the +current of air still flowed from the point from which it had proceeded +at night, he again resumed his flight. After groping in the wilderness +for some time, faint and enfeebled, he sat down to rest his wearied +limbs, and sought their invigoration in refreshing sleep. When he +awoke, fresh dangers encircled him, but he was better prepared to +elude, or encounter them. + +At the first dawn of day, his ears were assailed by the tremulous +bleating of the fawn, the hoarse gobbling of the turkey, and the +peculiar sounds of other wild animals. Familiar with the deceptive +artifices, practised to allure game to the hunter, he was quickly +alive to the fact, that they were the imitative cries of savages in +quest of provisions. Sensible of his situation, he became vigilant to +discover the approach of danger, and active in avoiding it. Several +times however, with all his wariness, he found himself within a few +paces of [217] some one of the Indians; but fortunately escaping their +observation, made good his escape, and reached Lexington in safety, +gave there the harrowing intelligence of what had befallen the +inhabitants of Ruddle's and Martin's stations. + +The Indians after the escape of Hinkstone, crossed the Ohio river at +the mouth of Licking, and, separating into small parties, proceeded to +their several villages. The Canadian troops descended Licking to the +Ohio, and this river to the mouth of the Great Miami, up which they +ascended as far as it was navigable for their boats, and made their +way thence by land to Detroit. + +The Indian army destined to operate against North Western Virginia, +was to enter the country in two divisions of one hundred and fifty +warriors each; the one crossing the Ohio near below Wheeling, the +other, at the mouth of Racoon creek, about sixty miles farther up. +Both were, avoiding the stronger forts, to proceed directly to +Washington, then known as Catfishtown, between which place and the +Ohio, the whole country was to be laid waste. + +The division crossing below Wheeling, was soon discovered by scouts, +who giving the alarm, caused most of the inhabitants of the more +proximate settlements, to fly immediately to that place, supposing +that an attack was meditated on it. The Indians however, proceeded +on the way to Washington making prisoners of many, who, although +apprized that an enemy was in the country, yet feeling secure in +their distance from what was expected to be the theatre of operations, +neglected to use the precaution necessary to guard them against +becoming captives to the savages. From all the prisoners, they +learned the same thing,--that the inhabitants had gone to Wheeling +with a view of concentrating the force of the settlements to effect +their repulsion. This intelligence alarmed them. The chiefs held a +council, in which it was determined, instead of proceeding to +Washington, to retrace their steps across the Ohio, lest their +retreat, if delayed 'till the whites had an opportunity of organizing +themselves for battle, should be entirely cut off. Infuriate at the +blasting of their hopes of blood and spoil, they resolved to murder +all their male prisoners--exhausting on their devoted heads, the +fury of disappointed expectation. Preparations to carry this +resolution into effect, were immediately begun to be made. + +The unfortunate victims to their savage wrath, were led [218] forth +from among their friends and their families,--their hands were +pinioned behind them,--a rope was fastened about the neck of each and +that bound around a tree, so as to prevent any motion of the head. +The tomahawk and scalping knife were next drawn from their belts, and +the horrid purpose of these preparations, fully consummated. + +"Imagination's utmost stretch" can hardly fancy a more heart-rending +scene than was there exhibited. Parents, in the bloom of life and glow +of health, mercilessly mangled to death, in the presence of children, +whose sobbing cries served but to heighten the torments of the +dying.--Husbands, cruelly lacerated, and by piece-meal deprived of +life, in view of the tender partners of their bosoms, whose agonizing +shrieks, increasing the anguish of torture, sharpened the sting of +death. It is indeed + + ----"A fearful thing, + To see the human soul, take wing, + In any shape,--in any mood;" + +but that wives and children should be forced to behold the last ebb of +life, and to witness the struggle of the departing spirit of husbands +and fathers, under such horrific circumstances, is shocking to +humanity, and appalling, even in contemplation. + +Barbarities such as these, had considerable influence on the temper +and disposition of the inhabitants of the country. They gave birth to +a vindictive feeling in many, which led to the perpetration of similar +enormities and sunk civilized man, to the degraded level of the +barbarian. They served too, to arouse them to greater exertion, to +subdue the savage foe in justifiable warfare, and thus prevent their +unpleasant recurrence. + +So soon as the Indian forces effected a precipitate retreat across the +Ohio, preparations were begun to be made for acting offensively +against them. An expedition was concerted, to be carried on +against the towns at the forks of the Muskingum; and through the +instrumentality of Col's Zane and Shepard, Col. Broadhead, commander +of the forces at Fort Pitt, was prevailed upon to co-operate in it.[7] +Before however, it could be carried into effect, it was deemed +advisable to proceed against the Munsie towns, up the north branch of +the Alleghany river; the inhabitants of which, had been long engaged +in active [219] hostilities, and committed frequent depredations on +the frontiers of Pennsylvania. In the campaign against them, as many +of those, who resided in the settlements around Wheeling, as could +be spared from the immediate defence of their own neighborhoods, +were consociated with the Pennsylvania troops, and the regulars under +Col. Broadhead. It eventuated in the entire destruction of all their +corn, (upwards of 200 acres,) and in the cutting off a party of +forty warriors, on their way to the settlements in Westmoreland +county. + +Very soon after the return of the army, from the Alleghany, the +troops, with which it was intended to operate against the Indian +villages up the Muskingum and amounting to eight hundred, rendezvoused +at Wheeling. From thence, they proceeded directly for the place of +destination, under the command of Col. Broadhead.[8] + +When the army arrived near to Salem (a Moravian town,)[9] many of the +militia expressed a determination to go forward and destroy it, +but as the Indians residing there, had ever been in amity with the +whites, and were not known to have ever participated in the +murderous deeds of their more savage red brethren, the officers +exerted themselves effectually, to repress that determination. Col. +Broadhead sent forward an express to the Rev'd Mr. Heckewelder (the +missionary of that place,)[10] acquainting him with the object of the +expedition, & requesting a small supply of provisions, and that he +would accompany the messenger to camp. When Mr. Heckewelder came, +the commander enquired of him, if any christian Indians were +engaged in hunting or other business, in the direction of their +march,--stating, that if they were, they might be exposed to +danger, as it would be impracticable to distinguish between them and +other Indians, and that he should greatly regret the happening to +them, of any unpleasant occurrence, through ignorance or mistake. On +hearing there were not, the army was ordered to resume its march, +and proceeded towards the forks of the river. + +At White Eyes plain, near to the place of destination, an Indian was +discovered and made prisoner. Two others were seen near there, and +fired at; and notwithstanding one of them was wounded, yet both +succeeded in effecting their escape. Apprehensive that they would +hasten to the Indian towns, and communicate the fact that an army of +whites was near at hand, Col. Broadhead moved rapidly forward with the +[220] troops, notwithstanding a heavy fall of rain, to reach +Coshocton, (the nearest village,)[11] and take it by surprise. His +expectations were not disappointed. Approaching the town, the right +wing of the army was directed to occupy a position above it, on the +river; the left to assume a stand below, while the centre marched +directly upon it. The Indian villages, ignorant of the fact that an +enemy was in their country, were all made prisoners without the firing +of a single gun. So rapid, and yet so secret, had been the advance of +the army, that every part of the town was occupied by the troops, +before the Indians knew of its approach. + +Successful as they thus far were, yet the expedition accomplished but +a portion of what had been contemplated. The other towns were situated +on the opposite side of the river, and this was so swollen by the +excessive rains which had fallen and continued yet to deluge the +earth, that it was impracticable to cross over to them; and Col. +Broadhead, seeing the impossibility of achieving any thing farther, +commenced laying waste the crops about Coshocton. This measure was not +dictated by a spirit of revenge, naturally enkindled by the +exterminating warfare, waged against the whites by the savages, but +was a politic expedient, to prevent the accomplishment of their horrid +purposes and to lessen the frequency of their incursions. When they +fail to derive sustenance from their crops of corn and other edible +vegetables, the Indians are forced to have recourse to hunting, to +obtain provisions, and consequently, to suspend their hostile +operations for a season. To produce this desirable result, was the +object sought to be obtained by the destruction which was made of +every article of subsistence, found here and at the Munsie towns, and +subsequently at other places. + +It remained then to dispose of the prisoners. Sixteen warriors, +particularly obnoxious for their diabolical deeds, were pointed out by +Pekillon (a friendly Delaware chief who accompanied the army of Col. +Broadhead) as fit subjects of retributive justice; and taken into +close custody. A council of war was then held, to determine on their +fate, and which doomed them to death. They were taken some distance +from town, despatched with tomahawks and spears, and then scalped. The +other captives were committed to the care of the militia, to be +conducted to Fort Pitt. + +On the morning after the taking of Coshocton, an Indian, [221] making +his appearance on the opposite bank of the river, called out for the +"Big Captain." Col. Broadhead demanded what he wished. I want peace +replied the savage. Then send over some of your chiefs, said the +Colonel. May be you kill, responded the Indian. No, said Broadhead, +they shall not be killed. One of their chiefs, a fine looking fellow, +then come over; and while he and Col. Broadhead were engaged in +conversation, a militiaman came up, and with a tomahawk which he had +concealed in the bosom of his hunting shirt, struck him a severe blow +on the hinder part of his head. The poor Indian fell, and immediately +expired. + +This savage like deed was the precursor of other, and perhaps equally +attrocious enormities. The army on its return, had not proceeded more +than half a mile from Coshocton, when the militia guarding the +prisoners, commenced murdering them. In a short space of time, a few +women and children alone remained alive. These were taken to Fort +Pitt, and after a while exchanged for an equal number of white +captives. + +The putting to death the sixteen prisoners designated by Pekillon, can +be considered in no other light, than as a punishment inflicted for +their great offences; and was certainly right and proper. Not so with +the deliberate murder of the chief, engaged in negotiation with Col. +Broadhead. He had come over under the implied assurance of the +security, due to a messenger for peace, and after a positive promise +of protection had been given him by the commander of the army.--His +death can, consequently, only be considered as an unwarrantable +murder; provoked indeed, by the barbarous and bloody conduct of the +savages. These, though they do not justify, should certainly extenuate +the offence. + +The fact, that the enemy, with whom they were contending, did not +observe the rules of war, and was occasionally, guilty of the crime, +of putting their prisoners to death, would certainly authorize the +practice of greater rigor, than should be exercised towards those who +do not commit such excesses. This extraordinary severity, of itself, +tends to beget a greater regard for what is allowable among civilized +men, and to produce conformity with those usages of war, which were +suggested by humanity, and are sanctioned by all. But the attainment +of this object, if it were the motive which prompted to the deed, can +not justify the murder of the prisoners, placed [222] under the safe +keeping of the militia. It evinced a total disregard of the authority +of their superior officer. He had assured them they should only be +detained as prisoners, and remain free from farther molestation; and +nothing, but the commission of some fresh offence, could sanction the +enormity. But, however sober reflection may condemn those acts as +outrages of propriety, yet so many and so great, were the barbarous +excesses committed by the savages upon the whites in their power, that +the minds of those who were actors in those scenes, were deprived of +the faculty of discriminating between what was right or wrong to be +practised towards them. And if acts, savouring of sheer revenge, were +done by them, they should be regarded as but the ebullitions of men, +under the excitement of great and damning wrongs, and which, in their +dispassionate moments, they would condemn, even in themselves. + +When, upon the arrival of Hinkston at Lexington, the people became +acquainted with the mischief which had been wrought by the Canadian +and Indian army,[12] every bosom burned with a desire to avenge +those outrages, and to retort them on their authors. Runners were +despatched in every direction, with the intelligence, and the cry +for retribution, arose in all the settlements. In this state of +feeling, every eye was involuntarily turned towards Gen. Clarke as +the one who should lead them forth to battle; and every ear was +opened, to receive his counsel. He advised a levy of four-fifths of +the male inhabitants, capable of bearing arms, and that they +should speedily assemble at the mouth of Licking, and proceed from +thence to Chilicothe. He ordered the building of a number of +transport boats, and directed such other preparations to be made, as +would facilitate the expedition, and ensure success to its object. +When all was ready, the boats with the provisions and stores on board, +were ordered up the Ohio, under the command of Col. Slaughter. + +In ascending the river, such was the rapidity of the current, that the +boats were compelled to keep near to the banks, and were worked up, in +two divisions--one near each shore. While thus forcing their way +slowly up the stream, one of the boats, being some distance in +advance of the others and close under the north western bank, was +fired into by a party of Indians. The fire was promptly returned; but +before the other boats could draw nigh to her aid, a number of those +on [223] board of her, was killed and wounded. As soon however, as +they approached and opened a fire upon the assailants, the savages +withdrew, and the boats proceeded to the place of rendezvous, without +farther interruption. + +On the second of August, General Clarke took up the line of march from +the place where Cincinnati now stands, at the head of nine hundred and +seventy men. They proceeded without any delay, to the point of +destination, where they arrived on the sixth of the month. The town +was abandoned, and many of the houses were yet burning, having been +fired on the preceding day. There were however, several hundred acres +of luxuriant corn growing about it, every stalk of which was cut down +and destroyed. + +The army then moved in the direction of the Piqua Towns, twelve miles +farther, and with a view to lay waste every thing around it, and with +the hope of meeting there an enemy, with whom to engage in battle; but +before they had got far, a heavy shower of rain, accompanied with loud +thunder and high winds, forced them to encamp. Every care which could +be taken to keep the guns dry, was found to be of no avail, and +General Clarke, with prudent precaution, had them all fired and +re-loaded--continuing to pursue this plan, to preserve them fit for +use, whenever occasion required, and keeping the troops on the alert +and prepared to repel any attack which might be made on them--during +the night. + +In the afternoon of the next day, they arrived in sight of Piqua, and +as they advanced upon the town, were attacked by the Indians concealed +in the high weeds which grew around. Colonel Logan, with four hundred +men, was ordered to file off,--march up the river to the east, and +occupy a position from which to intercept the savages, should they +attempt to fly in that direction. Another division of the army was in +like manner posted on the opposite side of the river, while General +Clarke with the troops under Colonel Slaughter and those attached to +the artillery, was to advance directly upon the town. The Indians +seemed to comprehend every motion of the army, and evinced the skill +of tacticians in endeavoring to thwart its purpose. To prevent being +surrounded by the advance of the detachment from the west, they made a +powerful effort to turn the left wing. Colonel Floyd extended his line +some distance west of the town, and the engagement became general. +Both armies fought with determined [224] resolution, and the contest +was warm and animated for some time. The Indians, finding that their +enemy was gaining on them retired unperceived, through the prairie, a +few only remaining in the town. The piece of cannon was then bro't to +bear upon the houses, into which some of the savages had retired to +annoy the army as it marched upon the village.--They were soon +dislodged and fled. + +On reaching the houses, a Frenchman was discovered concealed in one of +them. From him it was learned, that the Indians had been apprized of +the intention of Gen. Clarke to march against Chilicothe and other +towns in its vicinity, by one of Col. Logan's men, who had deserted +from the army while at the mouth of Licking, and was supposed to have +fled to Carolina, as he took with him the horse furnished him for the +expedition. Instead of this however, he went over to the enemy, and +his treason, + + ----"Like a deadly blight, + Came o'er the councils of the brave, + And damped them in their hour of might." + +Thus forwarned of the danger which threatened them, they were enabled +in a considerable degree to avoid it, and watching all the movements +of the army, were on the eve of attacking it silently, with tomahawks +and knives, on the night of its encamping between Chilicothe and +Piqua. The shooting of the guns, convincing them that they had not +been rendered useless by the rain, alone deterred them from executing +this determination. + +Notwithstanding that the victory obtained by Gen. Clarke, was +complete and decided, yet the army under his command sustained a +loss in killed and wounded, as great as was occasioned to the +enemy. This circumstance was attributable to the sudden and +unexpected attack made on it, by the Indians, while entirely +concealed, and partially sheltered. No men could have evinced more +dauntless intrepidity and determined fortitude than was displayed +by them, when fired upon by a hidden foe, and their comrades were +falling around them. When the "combat thickened," such was their +noble daring, that Girty, (who had been made chief among the +Mingoes,) remarking the desperation with which they exposed +themselves to the hottest of the fire, drew off his three hundred +warriors; observing, that it was useless to fight with fools and +madmen. The loss in killed under the peculiar [225] circumstances, +attending the commencement of the action, was less than would perhaps +be expected to befall an army similarly situated;--amounting in all +to only twenty men. + +Here, as at Chilicothe, the crops of corn and every article of +subsistence on which the troops could lay their hands, were entirely +laid waste. At the two places, it was estimated that not less than +five hundred acres of that indispensable article, were entirely +destroyed.[13] + +An unfortunate circumstance, occurring towards the close of the +engagement, damped considerably the joy which would otherwise have +pervaded the army. A nephew of Gen. Clarke, who had been taken, and +for some time detained, a prisoner by the savages, was at Piqua during +the action. While the battle continued, he was too closely guarded to +escape to the whites; but upon the dispersion of the savages which +ensued upon the cannonading of the houses into which some of them had +retreated, he was left more at liberty. Availing himself of this +change of situation, he sought to join his friends. He was quickly +discovered by some of them, and mistaken for an Indian. The mistake +was fatal. He received a shot discharged at him, and died in a few +hours. + +Notwithstanding the success of the expeditions commanded by Col. +Broadhead and Gen. Clarke, and the destruction which took place on the +Alleghany, at Coshocton, Chilicothe and Piqua, yet the savages +continued to commit depredations on the frontiers of Virginia. The +winter, as usual, checked them for awhile, but the return of spring, +brought with it, the horrors which mark the progress of an Indian +enemy. In Kentucky and in North Western Virginia, it is true that the +inhabitants did not suffer much by their hostilities in 1781, as in +the preceding years; yet were they not exempt from aggression. + +Early in March a party of Indians invaded the settlements on the upper +branches of Monongahela river; and on the night of the 5th of that +month, came to the house of Capt. John Thomas, near Booth's creek. +Unapprehensive of danger, with his wife and seven children around him, +and with thoughts devotedly turned upon the realities of another +world, this gentleman was engaging in his accustomed devotions when +the savages approached his door; and as he was repeating the first +lines of the hymn, "Go worship at Emanuel's feet," a gun was fired at +him, and he fell. The Indians [226] immediately forced open the door, +and, entering the house, commenced the dreadful work of death. Mrs. +Thomas raised her hands and implored their mercy for herself and her +dear children. It was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stroke +followed stroke in quick succession, till the mother and six children +lay weltering in blood, by the side of her husband and their father--a +soul-chilling spectacle to any but heartless savages. When all were +down, they proceeded to scalp the fallen, and plundering the house of +what they could readily remove, threw the other things into the fire +and departed--taking with them one little boy a prisoner. + +Elizabeth Juggins, (the daughter of John Juggins who had been murdered +in that neighborhood, the preceding year) was at the house of Capt. +Thomas, when the Indians came to it; but as soon as she heard the +report of the gun and saw Capt. Thomas fall, she threw herself under +the bed, and escaped the observation of the savages. After they had +completed the work of blood and left the house, fearing that they +might be lingering near, she remained in that situation until she +observed the house to be in flames. When she crawled forth from her +asylum, Mrs. Thomas was still alive, though unable to move; and +casting a pitying glance towards her murdered infant, asked that it +might be handed to her. Upon seeing Miss Juggins about to leave the +house, she exclaimed, "Oh Betsy! do not leave us." Still anxious for +her own safety, the girl rushed out, and taking refuge for the night +between two logs, in the morning early spread the alarm. + +When the scene of those enormities was visited, Mrs. Thomas was found +in the yard, much mangled by the tomahawk and considerably torn by +hogs--she had, perhaps in the struggle of death, thrown herself out at +the door. The house, together with Capt. Thomas and the children, was +a heap of ashes.[14] + +In April, Matthias, Simon and Michael Schoolcraft left Buchannon fort, +and went to the head of Stone coal creek for the purpose of catching +pigeons. On their return, they were fired upon by Indians, and +Matthias killed--the other two were taken captive. These were the last +of the Schoolcraft family,--fifteen of them were killed or taken +prisoners in the space of a few years. Of those who were carried into +captivity, none ever returned. They were believed to have consociated +with the savages, and from the report of others [227] who were +prisoners to the Indians, three of them used to accompany war parties, +in their incursions into the settlements. + +In the same month, as some men were returning to Cheat river from +Clarksburg, (where they had been to obtain certificates of +settlement-rights to their lands, from the commissioners appointed to +adjust land claims in the counties of Ohio, Youghiogany and +Monongalia) they, after having crossed the Valley river, were +encountered by a large party of Indians, and John Manear, Daniel +Cameron and a Mr. Cooper were killed,--the others effected their +escape with difficulty. + +The savages then moved on towards Cheat, but meeting with James Brown +and Stephen Radcliff, and not being able to kill or take them, they +changed their course, and passing over Leading creek, (in Tygarts +Valley) nearly destroyed the whole settlement. They there killed +Alexander Roney, Mrs. Dougherty, Mrs. Hornbeck and her children, Mrs. +Buffington and her children, and many others; and made prisoners, Mrs. +Roney and her son, and Daniel Dougherty. Jonathan Buffington and +Benjamin Hornbeck succeeded in making their escape and carried the +doleful tidings to Friend's and Wilson's forts. Col. Wilson +immediately raised a company of men and proceeding to Leading creek, +found the settlement without inhabitants, and the houses nearly all +burned. He then pursued after the savages, but not coming up with them +as soon as was expected, the men became fearful of the consequences +which might result to their own families, by reason of this +abstraction of their defence, provided other Indians were to attack +them, and insisted on their returning. On the second day of the +pursuit, it was agreed that a majority of the company should decide +whether they were to proceeded farther or not. Joseph Friend, Richard +Kettle, Alexander West and Col. Wilson, were the only persons in favor +of going on, and they consequently had to return. + +But though the pursuit was thus abandoned, yet did not the savages get +off with their wonted impunity. When the land claimants, who had been +the first to encounter this party of Indians escaped from them, they +fled back to Clarksburg, and gave the alarm. This was quickly +communicated to the other settlements, and spies were sent out, to +watch for the enemy. By some of these, the savages were discovered on +the West Fork, near the mouth of Isaac's Creek, and intelligence of +it immediately carried to the forts. Col. Lowther [228] collected a +company of men, and going in pursuit, came in view of their +encampment, awhile before night, on a branch of Hughes' river, ever +since known as _Indian creek_. Jesse and Elias Hughs--active, intrepid +and vigilant men--were left to watch the movements of the savages, +while the remainder retired a small distance to refresh themselves, +and prepare to attack them in the morning. + +Before day Col. Lowther arranged his men in order of attack, and when +it became light, on the preconcerted signal being given, a general +fire was poured in upon them. Five of the savages fell dead and the +others fled leaving at their fires, all their shot bags and plunder, +and all their guns, except one. Upon going to their camp, it was found +that one of the prisoners (a son of Alexander Rony who had been killed +in the Leading creek massacre) was among the slain. Every care had +been taken to guard against such an occurrence, and he was the only +one of the captives who sustained any injury from the fire of the +whites.[15] + +In consequence of information received from the prisoners who were +retaken (that a larger party of Indians was expected hourly to come +up,) Col. Lowther [228] deemed it prudent not to go in pursuit of +those who had fled, and collecting the plunder which the savages had +left, catching the horses which [229] they had stolen, and having +buried young Rony, the party set out on its return and marched +home--highly gratified at the success which had crowned their +exertions to punish their untiring foe. + +Some short time after this, John Jackson and his son George, returning +to Buchannon fort, were fired at by some Indians, but fortunately +missed. George Jackson having his gun in his hand, discharged it at a +savage peeping from behind a tree, without effect; and they then rode +off with the utmost speed. + +At the usual period of leaving the forts and returning to their farms, +the inhabitants withdrew from Buchannon and went to their respective +homes. Soon after, a party of savages came to the house of Charles +Furrenash, and made prisoners of Mrs. Furrenash and her four children, +and despoiled their dwelling. Mrs. Furrenash, being a delicate and +weakly woman, and unable to endure the fatigue of travelling far on +foot, was murdered on Hughes' river. Three of the children were +afterwards redeemed and came back,--the fourth was never more heard +of. In a few days after, the husband and father returned from +Winchester (where he had been for salt) and instead of the welcome +greeting of an affectionate wife, and the pleasing prattle of his +innocent children, was saluted with the melancholy intelligence of +their fate. It was enough to make him curse the authors of the +outrage, and swear eternal enmity to the savage race. + +The early period in spring at which irruptions were frequently made by +the savages upon the frontier, had induced a belief, that if the +Moravian Indians did not participate in the bloody deeds of their red +bretren, yet that they afforded to them shelter and protection from +the inclemency of winter, and thus enabled them, by their greater +proximity to the white settlements, to commence depredations earlier +than they otherwise could. The consequence of this belief was, the +engendering in the minds of many, a spirit of hostility towards those +Indians; occasionally threatening a serious result to them. Reports +too, were in circulation, proceeding from restored captives, at war +with the general pacific profession of the Moravians, and which, +whether true or false, served to heighten the acrimony of feeling +towards them, until the militia of a portion of the frontier came to +the determination of breaking up the villages on the Muskingum.[16] To +[230] carry this determination into effect, a body of troops, +commanded by Col. David Williamson, set out for those towns, in the +latter part of the year 1781. Not deeming it necessary to use the fire +and sword, to accomplish the desired object, Col. Williamson resolved +on endeavoring to prevail on them to move farther off; and if he +failed in this, to make prisoners of them all, and take them to Fort +Pitt. Upon his arrival at their towns, they were found to be nearly +deserted, a few Indians only, remaining in them. These were made +prisoners and taken to Fort Pitt; but were soon liberated. + +It is a remarkable fact, that at the time the whites were planning the +destruction of the Moravian villages, because of their supposed +co-operation with the hostile savages, the inhabitants of those +villages were suffering severely from the ill treatment of those very +savages, because of their supposed attachment to the whites. By the +one party, they were charged with affording to Indian war parties, a +resting place and shelter, and furnishing them with provisions. By the +other, they were accused of apprizing the whites of meditated +incursions into the country, and thus defeating their purpose, or +lessening the chance of success; and of being instrumental in +preventing the Delawares from entering in the war which they were +waging. Both charges were probably, well founded, and the Moravian +Indians yet culpable in neither.[17] + +Their villages were situated nearly midway between the frontier +establishments of the whites, and the towns of the belligerent +Indians, and were consequently, convenient resting places for warriors +proceeding to and from the settlements. That they should have +permitted war parties after ravages to refresh themselves there, or +even have supplied them with provisions, does not argue a disposition +to aid or encourage their hostile operations. It was at any time in +the power of those warring savages, to exact by force whatever was +required of the Moravian Indians, and the inclination was not wanting, +to do this or other acts of still greater enormity. That the warriors +were the better enabled to make incursions into the settlements, and +effect their dreadful objects by reason of those accommodations, can +not be questioned; the fault however, lay not in any inimical feeling +of the christian Indians towards the whites, but in their physical +inability to withhold whatever might be demanded of them. + +And although they exerted themselves to prevail on other [231] tribes +to forbear from hostilities against the whites, and apprised the +latter of enterprizes projected against them, yet did not these things +proceed from an unfriendly disposition towards their red brethren. +They were considerate and reflecting, and saw that the savages must +ultimately suffer, by engaging in a war against the settlements; while +their pacific and christian principles, influenced them to forewarn +the whites of impending danger, that it might be avoided, and the +effusion of blood be prevented. But pure and commendable as were, no +doubt, the motives which governed them, in their intercourse with +either party, yet they were so unfortunate as to excite the enmity and +incur the resentment of both, and eventually were made to suffer, +though in different degrees, by both. + +In the fall of 1781, the settlements of the Moravians were almost +entirely broken up by upwards of three hundred warriors, and the +missionaries, residing among them, after having been robbed of almost +every thing, were taken prisoners and carried to Detroit. Here they +were detained until the governor became satisfied that they were +guiltless of any offence meriting a longer confinement; when they were +released & permitted to return to their beloved people. The Indians +were left to shift for themselves in the Sandusky plains where most of +their horses and cattle perished from famine.[18] + +----- + [1] Col. Reuben T. Durrett, in his _Centenary of Louisville_, + p. 47, says that Louisville at this time consisted of Clark's + original block house, with eighteen cabins, on Corn Island, at + the head of the rapids; a small fort at the foot of Third + street, erected by Col. John Floyd in 1779; "a large fort on + the east side of a ravine that entered the Ohio at Twelfth + street, and a few rude log cabins scattered through the woods + near the Twelfth street fort, all occupied by one hundred + inhabitants, who had cleared and cultivated garden-spots around + their humble cabins."--R. G. T. + + [2] The expedition was sent out by Maj. A. S. De Peyster, + then British commandant at Detroit. It was headed by Capt. + Bird, with whom were Simon, James, and George Girty. The force, + as rendezvoused at Detroit, consisted of 150 whites, and 100 + Indians from the Upper Lakes; they carried two cannon. They + were joined on the Miami by Capt. McKee, deputy Indian agent, + and a large party of Indians, making the force of savages + amount to 700.--R. G. T. + + [3] The original destination was Louisville, but en route + the Indian chiefs compelled Bird to first proceed against the + forts on the Licking.--R. G. T. + + [4] A station was a parallelogram of cabins, united by + palisades so as to present a continued wall on the outer side, + the cabin doors opening into a common square, on the inner + side. They were the strong holds of the early settlers. + + [5] There seems to be abundant evidence that Bird, a + competent officer, was humanely inclined; but he was quite in + the power of his savage allies, who would brook little control + of their passions. The number of prisoners taken at Isaac + Ruddell's was nearly 300; about fifty more were taken at + Martin's.--R. G. T. + + [6] The Indians had, contrary to Bird's expostulations, + wantonly slaughtered all the cattle at Ruddell's Station, and + this it was that caused the famine. With an abundance of food + to sustain both prisoners and warriors, Bird might readily have + carried out his purpose of uprooting nearly every settlement in + Kentucky. There is nothing in his official report of the + expedition, to warrant the statement that high water had any + thing to do with the matter.--R. G. T. + + [7] Col. Daniel Brodhead was in command of the Eighth + Pennsylvania Regiment. He succeeded McIntosh at Fort Pitt, in + April, 1779.--R. G. T. + + [8] Brodhead set out from Fort Pitt, April 7, 1781, with 150 + regulars; at Wheeling he picked up David Shepherd, lieutenant + of Ohio County, Va., with 134 militia, including officers; + besides these were five friendly Indians, eager for Delaware + scalps.--R. G. T. + + [9] Salem, established by Heckewelder for his Indian + converts, was on the west bank of the Tuscarawas, a mile and a + half south-west of the present Port Washington.--R. G. T. + + [10] John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder was born at Bedford, + England, March 12, 1743. Coming to Pennsylvania in 1754, he was + at first a cooper, but later became an assistant to Charles + Frederick Post, the Moravian missionary. In 1771, he first + became an evangelist to the Indians, on his own account, and + spent fifteen years in Ohio, where he assisted in the work of + David Zeisberger. He was a man of learning, and made important + contributions to the study of American archæology and, + ethnology. The last thirteen years of his life were spent in + literary work. He died at Bethlehem, Pa., January 21, + 1823.--R. G. T. + + [11] Called in some of the contemporary chronicles, + Goschocking.--R. G. T. + + [12] Withers here reverts to the Bird invasion in the summer + of 1780, and the escape of Hinkstone from his British captors, + related _ante_, pp. 295-98. Clark's retaliatory expedition was + made during August, 1780.--R. G. T. + + [13] Butterfield, in _History of the Girtys_, p. 121, places + the white loss at seventeen killed, and "a number wounded;" and + the Indian loss at six killed and three wounded. Clark's + nephew, Joseph Rogers, was killed on August 8, the day of the + general engagement. Clark left Piqua, the 10th.--R. G. T. + + [14] I am informed by S. R. Harrison, of Clarksburg, W. Va., + that the bodies of the victims were buried about five rods from + the house, and "the graves are yet marked by the original rude + stones." Mr. Harrison continues, "This burial ground, and also + where the house stood, had never been disturbed until March, + 1888--a hundred and seven years after the massacre--when the + ground about the site of the house was plowed; many interesting + relics were turned up, among them a compass and sun-dial in a + copper case. I myself found a number of relics among the + charred ruins of the house."--R. G. T. + + [15] As soon as the fire was opened upon the Indians, Mrs. + Rony (one of the prisoners) ran towards the whites rejoicing at + the prospect of deliverance, and exclaiming, "I am Ellick + Rony's wife, of the Valley, I am Ellick Rony's wife, of the + Valley, and a pretty little woman too, if I was well dressed." + The poor woman, ignorant of the fact that her son was weltering + in his own gore, and forgetting for an instant that her husband + had been so recently killed, seemed intent only on her own + deliverance from the savage captors. + + Another of the captives, Daniel Dougherty, being tied down, and + unable to move, was discovered by the whites as they rushed + towards the camp. Fearing that he might be one of the enemy and + do them some injury if they advanced, one of the men, stopping, + demanded who he was. Benumbed with cold, and discomposed by the + sudden firing of the whites, he could not render his Irish + dialect intelligible to them. The white man raised his gun and + directed it towards him, calling aloud, that if he did not make + known who he was, he should blow a ball through him, let him be + white man or Indian. Fear supplying him with energy, Dougherty + exclaimed, "Loord Jasus! and am I too be killed by white people + at last!" He was heard by Col. Lowther and his life saved. + + [16] The Moravian Indians were originally from the + Susquehanna River. They moved to the Tuscarawas River in + 1772, under the missionaries Zeisberger and Heckewelder, + who built two villages on the eastern bank of that river, on + land set apart for them by the Delawares: Schönbrunn, about + three miles south-east of the present New Philadelphia, in + what is now Goshen township, Tuscarawas County, O., and + Gnadenhütten, lower down, in the outskirts of the present + town of that name, in Clay township. The principal Delaware + town, at that time, was some distance below, near the site of + the present Newcomerstown; this was later moved to what is now + Coshocton, at the confluence of the Tuscarawas and Walholding, + which unite to form the Muskingum. At this time there was a + Moravian village called Friedensstadt, on Beaver River, in what + is now Lawrence County, Pa. In 1776 a new village for the + accommodation of converts was established on the east bank of + the Muskingum, two and a half miles below Coshocton, and called + Lichtenau; William Edwards was the missionary in charge. In + consequence of the disturbances on the border, Schönbrunn and + Gnadenhütten were deserted in 1777, and all the teachers + returned to Pennsylvania save Zeisberger and Edwards, who + gathered the Indians together at Lichtenau; but in the spring + of 1778, Gnadenhütten was re-occupied, with Edwards in + charge. This was not for a long time, however, for in July we + find Zeisberger, Heckewelder, and Edwards in charge of the + union station at Lichtenau, the others being deserted. The + spring of 1779 finds Edwards again at the resuscitated + Gnadenhütten, Zeisberger re-occupying Schönbrunn with a + small party, and Heckewelder at Lichtenau. Later in the + season Zeisberger began New Schönbrunn on the west bank of + the Tuscarawas, in what is now Goshen township, a quarter of a + mile from the present Lockport, and a mile and a quarter + south of New Philadelphia; thither he removed his flock in + December. In the spring of 1780, Heckewelder abandoned + Lichtenau, and took his converts to the west bank of the + Tuscarawas, where he established Salem, in the present Salem + township, a mile and a half north-west of Port Washington. In + the autumn the Moravian villages were in general charge of + Zeisberger, who traveled from one to the other; Gottlob + Senseman being in charge of New Schönbrunn, Edwards of + Gnadenhütten, and Heckewelder of Salem. It will thus be seen + that at the time of the massacre, the Moravian villages were + wholly in the valley of the Tuscarawas.--R. G. T. + + [17] Zeisberger and Heckewelder kept Brodhead continually + informed, by letters, of the movements and councils of the + hostiles. The position of the missionaries was one of exceeding + delicacy, but the voluminous correspondence between them and + Brodhead proves that the former were steadfast friends of the + American colonies, and did effective service throughout the + several years of disturbance on the frontier.--R. G. T. + + [18] Brodhead's successful expedition against the Coshocton + Indians, in April, 1781, led to preparations for a retaliatory + foray. Headed by the renegade Capt. Matthew Elliott, a party of + about 250 Indians,--mostly Wyandots, with chiefs Half King, + Pipe, Snip, John and Thomas Snake, and others--assembled at + Gnadenhütten, for a talk with the Moravian teachers, + preparatory to an expedition against Wheeling. They arrived + August 17, and Zeisberger at once secretly sent a message of + warning to Ft. Pitt, which threw the frontier into alarm, and + caused the garrison at Wheeling to be fully prepared when the + enemy appeared. A boy whom the Wyandots captured outside of + Wheeling told them of Zeisberger's warning, and when the + unsuccessful war party returned to Gnadenhütten (Sept. 2), + vengeance was wreaked on the Moravians. The town was sacked + that day, and the missionaries were kept as prisoners for + several days. Finally they were released (Sept.6), on promise + that they remove their converts from the line of the warpaths. + September 11, the Moravians and their teachers left Salem in a + body, with but few worldly goods, for most of their property + had been destroyed by the Wyandots. They proceeded down the + Tuscarawas to the mouth of the Walhonding, thence up the latter + stream and Vernon River, and across country to the Sandusky, + where they arrived October 1, and erected a few huts on the + east bank of the river, about two and a-half miles above the + present Upper Sandusky. Fourteen days later, the missionaries + were summoned to appear before the British commandant at + Detroit, Major De Peyster. Zeisberger, Heckewelder, Edwards, + and Senseman left for Detroit, October 25. De Peyster + questioned them closely, and finally released them with the + statement that he would confer with them later, relative to + their final abode. They reached the Sandusky, on their return, + November 22. Meanwhile, the winter had set in early; and in + danger of starving, a party of the Moravians had returned to + the Tuscarawas to gather corn in the abandoned fields; while + there, a party of border rangers took them prisoners and + carried them to Fort Pitt. Brig.-Gen. William Irvine, then in + command, treated the poor converts kindly, and allowed them to + go in peace, many returning to their old villages on the + Tuscarawas, to complete their dismal harvesting.--R. G. T. + + + + +[232] CHAPTER XIV. + + +The revengeful feelings which had been engendered, by inevitable +circumstances, towards the Moravian Indians, and which had given rise +to the expedition of 1781, under Col. Williamson, were yet more deeply +radicated by subsequent events. On the night after their liberation +from Fort Pitt, the family of a Mr. Monteur were all killed or taken +captive; and the outrage, occurring so immediately after they were set +at liberty and in the vicinity of where they were, was very generally +attributed to them. An irruption was made too, in the fall of 1781, +into the settlement on Buffalo creek, and some murders committed and +prisoners taken. One of these, escaping from captivity and returning +soon after, declared that the party committing the aggression, was +headed by a Moravian warrior. + +These circumstances operated to confirm many in the belief, that those +Indians were secretly inimical to the whites, and not only furnished +the savages with provisions and a temporary home, but likewise engaged +personally in the war of extermination, which they were waging against +the frontier. Events occurring towards the close of winter, dispelled +all doubt, from the minds of those who had fondly cherished every +suggestion which militated against the professed, and generally +accredited, neutrality and pacific disposition of the Moravians. + +On the 8th of February 1782, while Henry Fink and his son John, were +engaged in sledding rails, on their farm in the Buchannon settlement, +several guns were simultaneously discharged at them; and before John +had time to reply to his father's inquiry, whether he were hurt, +another gun was fired and he fell lifeless. Having unlinked the chain +which fastened the horse to the sled, the old man [233] galloped +briskly away. He reached his home in safety, and immediately moved his +family to the fort. On the next day the lifeless body of John, was +brought into the fort.--The first shot had wounded his arm; the ball +from the second passed through his heart, & he was afterwards +scalped. + +Near the latter part of the same month, some Indians invaded the +country above Wheeling, and succeeded in killing a Mr. Wallace, and +his family, consisting of his wife and five children, & in taking John +Carpenter a prisoner. The early period of the year at which those +enormities were perpetrated, the inclemency of the winter of 1781--2, +and the distance of the towns of hostile Indians from the theatre of +these outrages, caused many to exclaim, "_the Moravians have certainly +done this deed_." The destruction of their villages was immediately +resolved, and preparations were made to carry this determination into +effect. + +There were then in the North Western wilderness, between three and +four hundred of the christian Indians, and who, until removed by the +Wyandots and whites in 1781, as before mentioned, had resided on the +Muskingum in the villages of the Gnadenhutten, Salem and Shoenbrun. +The society of which they were members, had been established in the +province of Pennsylvania about the year 1752, and in a short time +became distinguished for the good order and deportment of its members, +both as men and as christians. During the continuance of the French +war, they nobly withstood every allurement which was practised to draw +them within its vortex, and expressed their strong disapprobation of +war in general; saying, "that it must be displeasing to that Great +Being, who made men, not to destroy men, but to love and assist each +other." In 1769 emigrants from their villages of Friedenshutten, +Wyalusing and Shesheequon in Pennsylvania, began to make an +establishment in the North Western wilderness, and in a few years, +attained a considerable degree of prosperity, their towns increased +rapidly in population, and themselves, under the teaching of pious and +beneficent missionaries, in civilization and christianity. In the war +of 1774, their tranquil and happy hours were interrupted, by reports +of the ill intention of the whites along the frontier, towards them, +and by frequent acts of annoyance, committed by war parties of the +savages. + +This state of things continued with but little, if any, intermission, +occasionally assuming a more gloomy and portentious aspect, until the +final destruction of their villages. In the spring of 1781, the +principal war chief of the Delawares apprised the missionaries and +them, of the danger which threatened them, as well from the whites as +the savages, and advised them to remove to some situation, where they +would be exempt from molestation by either. Conscious of the rectitude +of their conduct as regarded both, and unwilling to forsake the +comforts which their industry had procured for them, and the fields +rendered productive by their labor, they disregarded the [234] +friendly monition, and continued in their villages, progressing in the +knowledge and love of the Redeemer of men, and practising the virtues +inculcated by his word. + +This was their situation, at the time they were removed to Sandusky, +early in the fall of 1781. When their missionaries and principal men +were liberated by the governor of Detroit, they obtained leave of the +Wyandot chiefs to return to the Muskingum to get the corn which had +been left there, to prevent the actual starvation of their families. +About one hundred and fifty of them, principally women and children +went thither for this purpose, and were thus engaged when the second +expedition under Col. Williamson proceeded against them. + +In March 1782, between eighty and ninety men assembled themselves for +the purpose of effecting the destruction of the Moravian towns.[1] If +they then had in contemplation the achieving of any other injury to +those people, it was not promulgated in the settlements. They avowed +their object to be the destruction of the houses and the laying waste +the crops, in order to deprive the hostile savages of the advantage of +obtaining shelter and provisions, so near to the frontier; and the +removal of the Moravians to Fort Pitt, to preserve them from the +personal injury which, it was feared, would be inflicted on them by +the warriors. Being merely a private expedition, each of the men took +with him, his own arms, ammunition and provisions; and many of them, +their horses. They took up the line of march from the Mingo Bottom, +and on the second night thereafter, encamped within one mile of the +village of Gnadenhutten; and in the morning proceeded towards it, in +the order of attack prescribed by a council of the officers. + +The village being built upon both sides of the river, and the scouts +having discovered and reported that it was occupied on both sides, +one-half the men were ordered to cross over and bear down upon the +town on the western bank, while the other half would possess +themselves of that part of it which lay on the eastern shore. Upon the +arrival of the first division at the river, no boat or other small +craft was seen in which they could be transported across; and they +were for a time, in some difficulty how they should proceed. What +appeared to be a canoe was at length discovered on the opposite bank, +and a young man by the name of Slaughter, plunging in swam to it. It +proved to be a trough for containing sugar water, and capable of +bearing only two persons at a time. To obviate the delay which must +have resulted from this tedious method of conveying themselves over, +many of the men unclothed themselves, and placing their garments, arms +and ammunition in the trough, swam by its sides, notwithstanding that +ice was floating in the current and the water, consequently, cold and +chilling. + +When nearly half this division had thus reached the western bank, two +sentinels, who on the first landing had been stationed a short +distance in advance, discovered and fired at, one of the Indians. +[235] The shot of one broke his arm,--the other killed him. Directions +were then sent to the division which was to operate on the eastern +side of the river, to move directly to the attack, lest the firing +should alarm the inhabitants and they defeat the object which seemed +now to be had in view. The few who had crossed without awaiting for +the others, marched immediately into the town on the western shore. + +Arrived among the Indians, they offered no violence, but on the +contrary, professing peace and good will, assured them, they had come +for the purpose of escorting them safely to Fort Pitt, that they might +no longer be exposed to molestation from the militia of the whites, or +the warriors of the savages. Sick of the sufferings which they had so +recently endured, and rejoicing at the prospect of being delivered +from farther annoyance they gave up their arms, and with alacrity +commenced making preparations for the journey, providing food as well +for the whites, as for themselves. A party of whites and Indians was +next despatched to Salem, to bring in those who were there. They then +shut up the Moravians left at Gnadenhutten, in two houses some +distance apart, and had them well guarded, When the others arrived +from Salem, they were treated in like manner, and shut up in the same +houses with their brethren of Gnadenhutten. + +The division which was to move into the town on the eastern side of +the river, coming unexpectedly upon one of the Indian women, she +endeavored to conceal herself in a bunch of bushes at the water edge, +but being discovered, by some of the men, was quickly killed. She was +the wife of Shabosh, who had been shot by the sentinels of the other +division. Others, alarmed at the appearance of a party of armed men, +and ignorant that a like force was on the opposite side of the river, +attempted to escape thither.--They did not live to effect their +object. Three were killed in the attempt; and the men then crossed +over, with such as they had made prisoners, to join their comrades, in +the western and main part of the town. + +A council of war was then held to determine on the fate of the +prisoners. Col. Williamson having been much censured for the lenity of +his conduct towards those Indians in the expedition of the preceding +year, the officers were unwilling to take upon themseves the entire +responsibility of deciding upon their fate now, and agreed that it +should be left to the men. The line was soon formed, and they were +told it remained with them to say, whether the Moravian prisoners +should be taken to Fort Pitt or murdered; and Col. Williamson +requested that those who were inclined to mercy, should advance and +form a second link, that it might be seen on which side was the +majority. Alas! it required no scrutiny to determine. Only sixteen, or +at most eighteen men, stepped forward to save the lives of this +unfortunate people, and their doom became sealed.[2] + +From the moment those ill fated beings were immured in houses they +seemed to anticipate the horrid destiny which awaited them; [236] and +spent their time in holy and heartfelt devotion, to prepare them for +the awful realities of another world. They sang, they prayed, they +exhorted each other to a firm reliance on the Saviour of men, and +soothed those in affliction with the comfortable assurance, that +although men might kill the body, they had no power over the soul, and +that they might again meet in a better and happier world, "where the +wicked cease from troubling and the weary find rest." When told that +they were doomed to die, they all affectionately embraced, and +bedewing their bosoms with mutual tears, reciprocally sought, and +obtained forgiveness for any offences which they might have given each +other through life. Thus at peace with God, and reconciled with one +another, they replied to those, who impatient for the slaughter had +asked if they were not yet prepared, "Yes! We have commended our souls +to God, and are ready to die." + +What must have been the obduracy of those, who could remain inflexible +in their doom of death, amid such scenes as these? How ruthless & +unrelenting their hearts, who unmoved by the awful spectacle of so +many fellow creatures, preparing for the sudden and violent +destruction of life and asking of their God, mercy for themselves and +forgiveness for their enemies--could yet thirst for blood, and +manifest impatience that its shedding was delayed for an instant? Did +not the possibility of that innocence, which has been ever since so +universally accorded to their victims, once occur to them; or were +their minds so under the influence of exasperation and resentment, +that they ceased to think of any thing, but the gratification of those +feelings? Had they been about to avenge the murder of friends on its +_known authors_, somewhat might have been pardoned to retaliation and +to vengeance; but involving all in one common ruin, for _the supposed +offences_ of a few, there can be no apology for their conduct,--no +excuse for their crime. + +It were well, if all memory of the tragedy at Gnadenhutten, were +effaced from the mind; but it yet lives in the recollection of many +and stands recorded on the polluted page of history.--Impartial truth +requires, that it should be here set down. + +A few of the prisoners, supposed to have been actively engaged in war, +were the first to experience their doom. They were tied and taken some +distance from the houses in which [237] they had been confined; +despatched with spears and tomahawks, and scalped. The remainder of +both sexes, from the hoary head of decrepitude, incapable of wrong, to +helpless infancy, pillowed on its mother's breast, were cruelly & +shockingly murdered; and the different apartments of those houses of +blood, exhibited their bleeding bodies, mangled by the tomahawk, +scalping knife and spear, and disfigured by the war-club and the +mallet.[3] + +Thus perished ninety-six of the Moravian Indians. Of these, sixty-two +were grown persons, one-third of whom were women; the remaining +thirty-four were children.[4] Two youth alone, made their escape. One +of them had been knocked down and scalped, but was not killed. He had +the presence of mind to lie still among the dead, until nightfall, +when he crept silently forth and escaped. The other, in the confusion +of the shocking scene, slipped through a trap door into the cellar, +and passing out at a small window, got off unnoticed and uninjured. + +In the whole of this transaction the Moravians were passive and +unresisting. They confided in the assurances of protection given them +by the whites, and until pent up in the houses, continued cheerful and +happy. If when convinced of the murderous intent of their visitors, +they had been disposed to violence and opposition, it would have +availed them nothing. They had surrendered their arms (being requested +to do so, as a guarantee for the security of the whites,) and were no +longer capable of offering any effectual or available resistance, and +while the dreadful work of death was doing, "they were as lambs led to +the slaughter; & as sheep before the shearers are dumb, so opened they +not their mouths." There was but a solitary exception to this +passiveness, and it was well nigh terminating in the escape of its +author, and in the death of some of the whites. + +As two of the men were leading forth one of the supposed warriors to +death, a dispute arose between them, who should have the scalp of this +victim to their barbarity. He was progressing after them with a silent +dancing motion, and singing his death song. Seeing them occupied so +closely with each other, he became emboldened to try an escape. +Drawing a knife from its scabbard, he cut the cord which bound him; +and springing forward, aimed a thrust at one of his conductors. The +cutting of the rope had, however, drawn it so [238] tightly that he +who held it became sensible that it was wrought upon in some way; and +turning quickly round to ascertain the cause, scarcely avoided the +stab. The Indian then bounded from them, and as he fled towards the +woods, dexterously removed the cord from his wrists. Several shots +were discharged at him without effect, when the firing was stopped, +lest in the hurry and confusion of the pursuit, some of their own +party might suffer from it. A young man, mounting his horse, was soon +by the side of the Indian, and springing off, his life had well nigh +been sacrificed by his rashness. He was quickly thrown to the ground, +and the uplifted tomahawk about to descend on his head, when a timely +shot, directed with fatal precision, took effect on the Indian and +saved him. + +Had the Moravians been disposed for war, they could easily have +ensured their own safety, and dealt destruction to the whites. If, +when their town was entered by a party of only sixteen, their thirty +men, aided by the youths of the village, armed and equipped as all +were, had gone forth in battle array, they could have soon cut off +those few; and by stationing some gunners on the bank of the river, +have prevented the landing of the others of the expedition. But their +faith in the sincerity of the whites--their love of peace and +abhorrence of war, forbade it; and the confidence of those who first +rushed into the town, in these feelings and dispositions of the +Indians, no doubt prompted them to that act of temerity, while an +unfordable stream was flowing between them and their only support. + +During the massacre at Gnadenhutten, a detachment of the whites was +ordered to Shoenbrun to secure the Moravians who were there. +Fortunately however, two of the inhabitants of this village had +discovered the dead body of Shabosh in time to warn their brethren of +danger, and they all moved rapidly off. When the detachment arrived, +nothing was left for them _but plunder_.--_This was secured_, and they +returned to their comrades. Gnadenhutten was then _pillaged_ of every +article of value which could be easily removed; its houses--even those +which contained the dead bodies of the Moravians--were burned to +ashes, and the men set out on their return to the settlements.[5] + +The expedition against the Moravian towns on the Muskingum, was +projected and carried on by inhabitants of the [239] western counties +of Pennsylvania,--a district of country which had long been the +theatre of Indian hostilities. Its result (strange as it may now +appear) was highly gratifying to many; and the ease with which so much +_Indian_ blood had been made to flow, coupled with an ardent desire to +avenge the injuries which had been done them by the savages, led to +immediate preparations for another, to be conducted on a more +extensive scale, and requiring the co-operation of more men. And +although the completion of the work of destruction, which had been so +successfully begun, of the Moravian Indians, was the principal +inducement of some, yet many attached themselves to the expedition, +from more noble and commendable motives. + +The residence of the Moravians ever since they were removed to the +plains of Sandusky, was in the immediate vicinity of the Wyandot +villages, and the warriors from these had been particularly active +and untiring in their hostility to the frontier settlements of +Pennsylvania. The contemplated campaign against the Moravians, was +viewed by many as affording a fit opportunity to punish those savages +for their many aggressions, as it would require that they should +proceed but a short distance beyond the point proposed, in order +to arrive at their towns; and they accordingly engaged in it for that +purpose. + +Other causes too, conspired to fill the ranks and form an army for the +accomplishment of the contemplated objects.--The commandants of the +militia of Washington and Westmoreland counties (Cols. Williamson +and Marshall)[6] encouraged the inhabitants to volunteer on this +expedition, and made known, that every militia man who accompanied +it, finding his own horse and gun, and provisions for a month, +should be exempt from two tours of militia duty; and that all +horses unavoidably lost in the service, should be replaced from those +taken in the Indian country. From the operation of these different +causes, an army of nearly five hundred men was soon raised, who being +supplied with ammunition by the Lieutenant Colonel of Washington +county, proceeded to the Old Mingo towns, the place of general +rendezvous--where an election was held to fill the office of commander +of the expedition.[7] The candidates were Colonel Williamson and +Colonel Crawford; and the latter gentleman being chosen immediately +organized the troops, and prepared to march. + +[240] On the 25th of May, the army left the Mingo towns, and pursuing +"Williamson's trail," arrived at the upper Moravian town on the +Muskingum (Shoenbrun,) where (finding plenty of corn of the preceding +year's crop, yet on the stalk) they halted to refresh their horses. +While here, Captains Brenton and Bean, discovered and fired upon two +Indians; and the report of the guns being heard in camp, the men, in +despite of the exertions of their officers, rushed towards the source +of alarm, in the most tumultuous and disorderly manner.--Colonel +Crawford, used to the discipline of continental soldiers, saw in the +impetuosity and insubordination of the troops under his command, +enough to excite the liveliest apprehensions for the event of the +expedition. He had volunteered to go on the campaign, only in +compliance with the general wish of the troops that he should head +them, and when chosen commander in chief of the forces assembled at +the Mingo towns, he is said to have accepted the office with +reluctance, not only sensible of the impracticability of controlling +men unused to restraint, but opposed to some of the objects of the +expedition, and the frequently expressed determination of the troops, +to spare no Indian whom accident or the fortune of war should place in +their power. + +From Shoenbrun the army proceeded as expeditiously as was practicable +to the site of the Moravian village, near the Upper Sandusky; but +instead of meeting with this oppressed and persecuted tribe, or having +gained an opportunity of plundering their property, they saw nothing +which manifested that it had been the residence of man, save a few +desolate and deserted huts,--the people, whom it was their intention +to destroy, had some time before, most fortunately for themselves, +moved to the Scioto. + +Discontent and dissatisfaction ensued upon the disappointment. The +guides were ignorant of there being any Indian towns nearer than those +on Lower Sandusky, and the men became impatient to return home. In +this posture of affairs, a council of war, consisting of the field +officers and captains, was held, and it was resolved to move forward, +and if no enemy appeared that day, to retrace their steps. Just after +this determination was made known, an express arrived, from a +detachment of mounted men, which had been sent forward to reconnoitre, +with information that about three miles in advance a large body of +Indians had been discovered hastening [241] rapidly to meet them. The +fact was, that Indian spies had watched and reported the progress of +the expedition, ever after it left the Mingo towns; and when satisfied +of its destination, every arrangement which they could make to defeat +its object, and involve the troops in the destruction to which it was +their purpose to consign others, was begun by the savages. Having +perfected these, they were marching on to give battle to the whites. + +Immediately upon the reception of this intelligence, the army moved +forward, and meeting the reconnoitreing party coming in, had proceeded +but a short distance farther, when they came in view of the Indians +hastening to occupy a small body of woods, in the midst of an +extensive plain. The battle was then begun by a heavy fire from both +sides, and the savages prevented gaining possession of the woods. A +party of them having however, taken post in them before the whites +came up, continued much to annoy the troops, until some of them, +alighting from their horses, bravely rushed forward and dislodged +them. The Indians then attempted to gain a small skirt of wood on +Colonel Crawford's right; but the vigilance of the commanding officer +of the right wing, (Major Leet) detected the movement, and the bravery +of his men defeated it. The action now became general and severe and +was warmly contested until dark, when it ceased for a time without +having been productive of much advantage to either side. During the +night, both armies lay on their arms; adopting the wise policy of +kindling large fires along the line of battle, and retreating some +distance behind them, to prevent being surprised by a night attack. + +Early in the morning a few shots were fired, but at too great distance +for execution. The Indians were hourly receiving reinforcements, and +seemed busily engaged in active preparations for a decisive +conflict. The whites became uneasy at their increasing strength; +and a council of the officers deemed it expedient to retreat. As it +would be difficult to effect this in open day, in the presence of +an enemy of superior force, it was resolved to postpone it until +night, making in the mean time every arrangement to ensure its +success.--The killed were buried, and fires burned over the graves +to prevent discovery,--litters were made for bearing the wounded, and +the army was formed into three lines with them in the centre. + +[242] The day passed, without an attack being made by the Indians. +They were still seen to traverse the plains in every direction, and in +large bodies; and not until the troops were about forming the line of +retreat, did they seem to have any idea that such a movement was +intended. They then commenced firing a few shots, and in a little +while it became apparent that they had occupied every pass, leaving +open only that which led to Sandusky. Along this way, the guides +conducted the main army, until they had passed the Indian lines about +a mile; when wheeling to the left, they marched round and gained the +trail of their outward march. Continuing in this they proceeded to the +settlements without any interruption.--The savage warriors thinking it +better to follow detached parties than the main army. + +The few shots which were fired by the Indians as the whites were +forming the line of retreat, were viewed by many as evidence that +their purpose had been discovered, and that these were signal guns +preceding a general attack. Under these impressions, the men in +front hurried off and others following the example, at least one +third of the army were to be seen flying in detached parties, and +in different directions from that taken by the main body, supposing +that the attention of the Indians would be wholly turned to this +point. They were not permitted to proceed far under this delusive +supposition. Instead of following the main army, the Indians pursued +those small parties with such activity, that not many of those +composing them were able to escape;--one company of forty men under +a Captain Williamson,[8] was the only party detached from the +principal body of the troops, fortunate enough to get with the +main army on its retreat. Late in the night, they broke through the +Indian lines under a heavy fire and with some loss, and on the +morning of the second day of the retreat, again joined their comrades +in the expedition, who had marched off in a body; in compliance +with the orders of the commander-in-chief. + +Colonel Crawford himself proceeded at the head of the army for some +short distance, when missing his son, his son-in-law (Major Harrison) +and two nephews,[9] he stopped to enquire for them. Receiving no +satisfactory information respecting either of them, he was induced +through anxiety for their fate to continue still, until all had +passed on, when he resumed his flight, in company with doctor +Knight[10] and two [243] others. For their greater security, they +travelled some distance apart, but from the jaded and exhausted +condition of their horses could proceed but slowly. One of the two men +in company with the Colonel and doctor Knight, would frequently fall +some distance behind the others, and as frequently call aloud for them +to wait for him. Near the Sandusky creek he hallooed to them to halt, +but the yell of a savage being heard near him, they went on and never +again was _he heard of_. About day, Colonel Crawford's horse gave out +and he was forced to proceed on foot, as was also the other of the two +who had left the field with him and Knight. They continued however to +travel together, and soon overtook Captain Biggs, endeavoring to +secure the safety of himself and Lieutenant Ashly, who had been so +badly wounded that he was unable to ride alone. A heavy fall of rain +induced them to halt, and stripping the bark from some trees, they +formed a tolerable shelter from the storm, and remained there all +night. In the morning they were joined by another of the troops, when +their company consisted of six--Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, +who kept about an hundred yards in front--Captain Biggs and Lieutenant +Ashly, in the center; and the other two men in the rear. They +proceeded in this way about two miles, when a party of Delawares +suddenly sprang from their hiding places into the road, and making +prisoners of Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, carried them to the +Indian camp near to where they then were. On the next day the scalps +of Captain Biggs and Lieutenant Ashly, were brought in by another +party of Indians who had been likewise watching the road. From the +encampment, they were led, in company with nine other prisoners, to +the old Wyandot town, from which place they were told they would be +taken to the new town, not far off. Before setting out from this +place, Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight were painted black by +Captain Pipe, a Delaware chief, who told the former, that he intended +to have him shaved when he arrived among his friends, and the latter +that he was to be carried to the Shawnee town, to see some of his old +acquaintance. The nine prisoners were then marched off in front of +Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, who were brought on by Pipe and +Wingenim,[11] another of the Delaware chiefs. As they went on, they +passed the bodies of four of the captives, who had been tomahawked and +scalped on the way, and came [244] to where the remaining five were, +in time to see them suffer the same fate from the hands of squaws and +boys. The head of one of them (John McKinley, formerly an officer in +one of the Virginia regiments) was cut off, and for some time kicked +about on the ground. A while afterwards they met Simon Girty and +several Indians on horseback; when Col. Crawford was stripped naked, +severely beaten with clubs and sticks, and made to sit down near a +post which had been planted for the purpose, and around which a fire +of poles was burning briskly. His hands were then pinioned behind him, +and a rope attached to the band around his wrist and fastened to the +foot of a post about fifteen feet high, allowing him liberty only to +sit down, or walk once or twice round it, and return the same way. +Apprehensive that he was doomed to be burned to death, he asked Girty +if it were possible that he had been spared from the milder +instruments of the tomahawk and scalping knife, only to suffer the +more cruel death by fire. "_Yes, said Girty, composedly, you must be +burned Colonel._" "It is dreadful, replied Crawford, but I will +endeavor to bear it patiently." Captain Pipe then addressed the +savages in an animated speech, at the close of which, they rent the +air with hideous yells, and immediately discharged a number of loads +of powder at the naked body of their victim. His ears were then cut +off, and while the men would apply the burning ends of the poles to +his flesh, the squaws threw coals and hot embers upon him, so that in +a little time he had too, to walk on fire. In the midst of these +sufferings, he begged of the infamous Girty to shoot him. That worse +than savage monster, tauntingly replied, "how can I? you see I have no +gun," and laughed heartily at the scene. + +For three hours Colonel Crawford endured the most excruciating agonies +with the utmost fortitude, when faint and almost exhausted, he +commended his soul to God, and laid down on his face. He was then +scalped, and burning coals being laid on his head and back, by one of +the squaws, he again arose and attempted to walk; but strength failed +him and he sank into the welcome arms of death. His body was then +thrown into the fire and consumed to ashes.[12] + +Of the whole of this shocking scene, Doctor Knight was [245] an +unwilling spectator; and in the midst of it was told by Girty, that it +should be his fate too, when he arrived at the Shawanee towns. These +were about forty miles distant; and he was committed to the care of a +young warrior to be taken there. On the first day they travelled about +twenty-five miles, and when they stopped for the night, the Doctor was +securely fastened. In vain did he anxiously watch for an opportunity +to endeavor to [244] release himself from the cords which bound him. +The Indian was vigilant and slept none. About day light they arose, +and while the Indian was kindling a fire, the gnats were so +troublesome that he untied his prisoner, and set him likewise to +making a fire to relieve them from the annoyance. The doctor took a +burning coal between two sticks, and going behind the Indian towards +the spot at which he was directed to excite a smoke, turned suddenly +around, and struck the savage with all his force. The Indian fell +forward, but quickly recovering and seeing his gun in the hands of his +assailant, ran off, howling hideously.--The anxiety of Doctor Knight, +saved the life of the savage.--When he seized the gun, he drew back +the cock in such haste and with so much violence as to break the main +spring and render it useless to him; but as the Indian was ignorant of +this circumstance, he continued his flight and the doctor was then +enabled to escape. After a toilsome travel of twenty-one days, during +which time he subsisted altogether on wild gooseberries, young +nettles, a raw terrapin and two young birds, he arrived safely at Fort +McIntosh--meagre, emaciated and almost famished. + +Another instance of great good-fortune occurred in the person of John +Slover,[13] who was also made prisoner after having travelled more +than half the distance from the fatal scene of [246] action to Fort +Pitt. When only eight years of age he had been taken by some Indians +on New river, and detained in captivity for twelve years. In this time +he became well acquainted with their manners and customs, and attached +to their mode of living so strongly, that when ransomed by his +friends, he left his Indian companions with regret. He had become too, +while with them, familiar with the country north west of the Ohio, and +an excellent woodsman; and in consequence of these attainments was +selected a principal guide to the army on its outward march. When a +retreat was prematurely began to be made by detached parties, he was +some distance from camp, and having to equip himself for flight, was +left a good way in the rear. It was not long however, before he came +up with a party, whose horses were unable to extricate themselves from +a deep morass, over which they had attempted to pass. Slover's was +soon placed in the same unpleasant situation, and they all, alighting +from them, proceeded on foot. In this manner they traveled on until +they had nearly reached the Tuscarawa, when a party of savages from +the way side, fired upon them. One of the men was killed, Slover and +two others made prisoners, & the fifth escaped to Wheeling. + +Those taken captive were carried first to Wachatomakah (a small town +of the Mingoes and Shawanees,) from whence after having been severely +beaten, they were conducted to a larger town two miles farther. On +their arrival here, they had all to pass through the usual ceremonies +of running the gauntlet; and one of them who had been stripped of his +clothes and painted black, was most severely beaten, mangled, and +killed, and his body cut in pieces and placed on poles outside the +town. Here too, Slover saw the dead bodies of Col. McClelland, Major +Harrison and John Crawford; and learned that they had all been put to +death but a little while before his arrival there; and although he was +spared for some time, yet every thing which he saw acted towards other +prisoners, led him to fear that he was reserved for a more cruel fate, +whenever the whim of the instant should suggest its consummation. At +length an express arrived from Detroit with a speech for the warriors, +which decided his doom. Being decyphered from the belt of wampum which +contained it, the speech began by enquiring why they continued to take +prisoners, and said, "Provisions are scarce and when you send in [247] +prisoners, we have them to feed, and still some of them are getting +off, and carrying tidings of our affairs. When any of your people are +taken by the rebels, they shew no mercy. Why then should you? My +children take no more prisoners of any sort, men, women, or children." +Two days after the arrival of the express with this speech, a council +of the different tribes of Indians near, was held, and it was +determined to act in conformity with the advice of the Governor of +Detroit. Slover was then the only white prisoner at this town; and on +the morning after the council was dissolved, about forty warriors came +to the house where he was, and tying a rope around his neck, led him +off to another village, five miles distant. Here again he was severely +beaten with clubs & the pipe end of the tomahawk, & then tied to a +post, around which were piles of wood. These were soon kindled, but a +violent rain falling unexpectedly, extinguished the flames, before +they had effected him. It was then agreed to postpone his execution, +until the next day, and being again beaten and much wounded by their +blows, he was taken to a block house, his hands tied, the rope about +his neck fastened to a beam of the building, and three warriors left +to guard him for the night. + +If the feelings of Slover would have permitted him to enjoy sleep, the +conduct of the guard would have prevented it. They delighted in +keeping alive in his mind the shocking idea of the suffering which he +would have to endure, & frequently asking him "how he would like to +eat fire," tormented him nearly all night. Awhile before day however, +they fell asleep, and Slover commenced untying himself. Without much +difficulty he loosened the cord from his arms, but the ligature around +his neck, of undressed buffalo-hide, seemed to defy his exertions to +remove it; and while he was endeavoring to gnaw it in vain, one of the +sleeping Indians, rose up and going near to him, sat and smoked his +pipe for some time. Slover lay perfectly still, apprehensive that all +chance of escape was now lost to him. But no--the Indian again +composed himself to sleep, and the first effort afterwards made, to +loose the band from his neck by slipping it over his head, resulted in +leaving Slover entirely unbound. He then crept softly from the house +and leaping a fence, gained the cornfield. Passing on, as he +approached a tree, he espied a squaw with several children lying at +its root; and fearing that some of them might discover him and give +the alarm of his [248] escape, he changed his course. He soon after +reached a glade, in which were several horses, one of which he +caught; and also found a piece of an old rug, which afforded him his +only covering until he reached Wheeling. This he was enabled to do in +a few days, being perfectly acquainted with the country. + +The town, from which Slover escaped, was the one to which Dr. +Knight was to have been taken. The Indian who had him in charge, +came in while Slover was there, and reported his escape--magnifying +the Doctor's stature to gigantic size and attributing to him +herculean strength. When Slover acquainted the warriors with the +fact, that Doctor Knight was diminutive and effeminate, they laughed +heartily at this Indian, and mocked at him for suffering the escape. +He however bore a mark which showed that, weak and enfeebled as he +was, the Doctor had not played booty when he aimed the blow at his +conductor.--It had penetrated to the skull and made a gash of full +four inches length. + +These are but few of the many incidents which no doubt occurred, to +individuals who endeavored to effect an escape by detaching themselves +from the main army. The number of those, thus separated from the +troops, who had the good fortune to reach the settlements, was small +indeed; and of the many of them who fell into the hands of the +savages, Knight and Slover are believed to be the only persons, who +were so fortunate as to make an escape. The precise loss sustained in +the expedition, was never ascertained, and is variously represented +from ninety to one hundred and twenty. + +Among those of the troops who went out under Col. Crawford, that came +into Wheeling, was a man by the name of Mills.[14] Having rode very +fast, and kept his horse almost continually travelling, he was forced +to leave him, near to the present town of St. Clairsville in Ohio. Not +liking the idea of loosing him altogether, upon his arrival at +Wheeling he prevailed on Lewis Wetsel[15] to go with him to the place +where his horse gave out, to see if they could not find him. +Apprehensive that the savages would pursue the fugitives to the +border of the settlements, Wetsel advised Mills that their path would +not be free from dangers, and counselled him to "prepare for +fighting." + +When they came near to the place where the horse had been left, they +met a party of about forty Indians going towards [249] the Ohio river +and who discovered Mills and Wetsel as soon as these saw them. Upon +the first fire from the Indians Mills was wounded in the heel, and +soon overtaken and killed. Wetzel singled out his mark, shot, and +seeing an Indian fall, wheeled and ran. He was immediately followed by +four of the savages, who laid aside their guns that they might the +more certainly overtake him. Having by practice, acquired the art of +loading his gun as he ran, Wetsel was indifferent how near the savages +approached him, if he were out of reach of the rifles of the others. +Accordingly, keeping some distance ahead of his pursuers whilst +re-loading his gun, he relaxed his speed until the foremost Indian had +got within ten or twelve steps of him. He then wheeled, shot him dead, +and again took to flight. He had now to exert his speed to keep in +advance of the savages 'till he should again load, & when this was +accomplished and he turned to fire, the second Indian was near enough +to catch hold of the gun, when as Wetsel expressed it, "_they had a +severe wring_." At length he succeed in raising the muzzle to the +breast of his antagonist, and killed him also. + +In this time both the pursuers and pursued had become much jaded, and +although Wetsel had consequently a better opportunity of loading +quickly, yet taught wariness by the fate of their companions, the two +remaining savages would spring behind trees whenever he made a +movement like turning towards them. Taking advantage of a more open +piece of ground, he was enabled to fire on one of them who had sought +protection behind a sapling too small to screen his body. The ball +fractured his thigh, and produced death. The other, instead of +pressing upon Wetsel, uttered a shrill yell, and exclaiming, "no catch +_him_, gun always loaded," returned to his party. + +----- + [1] One hundred and eighty-six men, mounted, from the + Monongahela settlements. Early in March, 1782, they assembled + under David Williamson, colonel of one of the militia + battalions of Washington County, Pa., on the east bank of the + Ohio, a few miles below Steubenville. The water was high, the + weather cold and stormy, and there were no boats for crossing + over to Mingo Bottom. Many turned back, but about two + hundred succeeded in crossing. The expedition was not a + "private" affair, but was regularly authorized by the military + authority of Washington County; its destination was not the + Moravian settlements, but the hostile force, then supposed + to be on the Tuscarawas river. It seems to have generally + been understood on the border that the Moravian towns were + now deserted.--R. G. T. + + [2] Contemporary accounts speak of a council of war, held in + the evening, at which this question was decided. But a small + majority voted for the butchery; Williamson himself was in the + minority. Dorsey Pentecost, writing from Pittsburg, May 8, 1782 + (see _Penn. Arch._, ix., p. 540), says: "I have heard it + intimated that about thirty or forty only of the party gave + their consent or assisted in the catastrophe."--R. G. T. + + [3] Lineback's Relation (_Penn. Arch._, ix., p. 525) says: + "In the morning, the militia chose two houses, which they + called the 'slaughter houses,' and then brought the Indians two + or three at a time, with ropes about their necks, and dragged + them into the slaughter houses where they knocked them down." + This accords with Heckewelder's _Narrative_, p. 320, which says + they were knocked down with a cooper's mallet. The victims + included those converts living at Salem, who had peaceably come + in to Gnadenhütten with their captors; but those at New + Schönbrunn had taken the alarm and fled.--R. G. T. + + [4] Later authorities put the total number at + ninety--twenty-nine men, twenty-seven women, and thirty-four + children.--R. G. T. + + [5] Salem, New Schönbrunn and Gnadenhütten were all + destroyed by fire. The whites returned home the following day, + with ninety-six scalps--ninety Moravians and six outlying + Indians. It seems certain that a few hostiles were with the + Moravians at the time of the massacre.--R. G. T. + + [6] David Williamson, as previously seen, was a colonel of + militia in Washington County, Pa.; James Marshal, as county + lieutenant of Washington, was his superior officer.--R. G. T. + + [7] The place of rendezvous was Mingo Bottom (the present + Mingo Junction, O.), and the date May 20. It was the 24th + before all were present. The volunteers numbered 480, of + whom two-thirds were from Washington County; most of the + others were from Fayette County, Pa., and a few from Ohio + County, Va. In the vote for commander, William Crawford + received 235, and Williamson 230. Four field majors were + elected to rank in the order named: Williamson, Thomas + Gaddis, John McClelland, and one Brinton. The standard + modern authority for the details of this expedition, is + Butterfield's _Crawford's Expedition Against Sandusky_ + (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1873).--R. G. T. + + [8] Col. David Williamson.--R. G. T. + + [9] His son John, his son-in-law Major William Harrison, and + one of his nephews,--not two,--William Crawford. They were + captured by the Indians and killed.--R. G. T. + + [10] Dr. John Knight, surgeon to the expedition. He was + captured, and sentenced to death, but after thrilling + adventures finally escaped.--R. G. T. + + [11] Wingenund.--R. G. T. + + [12] Colonel Crawford was then about fifty years of age, and + had been an active warrior against the savages for a great + while. During [245] the French war, he distinguished himself by + his bravery and good conduct, and was much noticed by General + Washington, who obtained for him an ensigncy. At the + commencement of the revolution, he raised a regiment by his own + exertions, and at the period of this unfortunate expedition, + bore the commission of Colonel in the Continental army. He + possessed a sound judgment, was a man of singular good nature + and great humanity, and remarkable for his hospitality. His + melancholy sufferings and death spread a gloom over the + countenances of all who knew him. His son, John Crawford, and + his son-in-law, Major Harrison, were taken prisoners, carried + to the Shawanee towns and murdered. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--Crawford was born in 1732, in Orange + County, Va., of Scotch-Irish parentage. He made the friendship + of Washington while the latter was surveying for Lord Fairfax, + in the Shenandoah Valley, in 1749. Washington taught him his + art, but in 1755 he abandoned it for a military life, and + thenceforward was a prominent character on the frontier, often + serving under Washington. From 1767 forward, his home was on + the banks of the Youghiogheny, on Braddock's Road. Crawford + fought in Dunmore's War, and throughout the Revolution did + notable service on the Virginia border. + + [13] John Slover, one of the guides to the expedition, was + among the best known scouts of his day, on the Upper Ohio. His + published _Narrative_ is a prime source of information relative + to the events of the campaign.--R. G. T. + + [14] Thomas Mills.--R. G. T. + + [15] Lewis Wetzel, a noted Indian fighter. See p. 161, + _note_.--R. G. T. + + + + +[250] CHAPTER XV. + + +While expeditions were carrying on by the whites, against the Moravian +and other Indians, the savages were prosecuting their accustomed +predatory and exterminating war, against several of the settlements. +Parties of Indians, leaving the towns to be defended by the united +exertions of contiguous tribes, would still penetrate to the abode of +the whites, and with various success, strive to avenge on them their +real and fancied wrongs. + +On the 8th of March as William White, Timothy Dorman and his wife, +were going to, and in site of Buchannon fort, some guns were +discharged at them, and White being shot through the hip soon fell +from his horse, and was tomahawked, scalped and lacerated in the most +frightful manner.[1]--Dorman and his wife were taken prisoners. The +people in the fort heard the firing and flew to arms; but the river +being between, the savages cleared themselves, while the whites were +crossing over. + +After the killing of White (one of their most active and vigilant +warriors and spies) and the capture of Dorman, it was resolved to +abandon the fort, and seek elsewhere, security from the greater ills +which it was found would befall them if they remained. This +apprehension arose from the fact, that Dorman was then with the +savages, and that to gratify his enmity to particular individuals in +the settlement, he would unite with the Indians, and _from his +knowledge of the_ [251] _country, be enabled_ to conduct them the more +securely to blood and plunder. He was a man of sanguinary and +revengeful disposition, prone to quarrelling, and had been known to +say, that if he caught particular individuals with whom he was at +variance, in the woods alone, he would murder them and attribute it to +the savages. He had led, when in England, a most abandoned life, and +after he was transported to this country, was so reckless of +reputation and devoid of shame for his villainies, that he would often +recount tales of theft and robbery in which he had been a conspicuous +actor. The fearful apprehensions of increased and aggravated injuries +after the taking of him prisoner, were well-founded; and subsequent +events fully proved, that, but for the evacuation of the fort, and the +removal of the inhabitants, all would have fallen before the fury of +savage warriors, with this abandoned miscreant at their head. + +While some of the inhabitants of that settlement were engaged in +moving their property to a fort in Tygart's Valley (the others +removing to Nutter's fort and Clarksburg,) they were fired upon by a +party of savages, and two of them, Michael Hagle and Elias Paynter, +fell. The horse on which John Bush was riding, was shot through; yet +Bush succeeded in extricating himself from the falling animal, and +escaped though closely pursued by one of the savages. Several times +the Indian following him, would cry out to him, "_Stop, and you shall +not be hurt--If you do not, I will shoot you_," and once Bush, nearly +exhausted, and in despair of getting off, actually relaxed his pace +for the purpose of yielding himself a prisoner, when turning round he +saw the savage stop also, and commence loading his gun. This inspired +Bush with fear for the consequences, and renewing his flight he made +his escape. Edward Tanner, a mere youth, was soon taken prisoner, and +as he was being carried to their towns, met between twenty and thirty +savages, headed by Timothy Dorman, proceeding to attack Buchannon +fort. Learning from him that the inhabitants were moving from it, and +that it would be abandoned in a few days, the Indians pursued their +journey with so much haste, that Dorman had well nigh failed from +fatigue. They arrived however, too late, for the accomplishment of +their bloody purpose; the settlement was deserted, and the inhabitants +safe within the walls of other fortresses. + +[252] A few days after the evacuation of the fort, some of its former +inmates went from Clarksburg to Buchannon for grain which had been +left there. When they came in sight, they beheld a heap of ashes where +the fort had been; and proceeding on, became convinced that the +savages were yet lurking about. They however, continued to go from +farm to farm collecting the grain, but with the utmost vigilance and +caution, and at night went to an out house, near where the fort had +stood. Here they found a paper, with the name of Timothy Dorman +attached to it, dated at the Indian towns, and containing information +of those who had been taken captive in that district of country. + +In the morning early, as some of the men went from the house to the +mill, they saw the savages crossing the river, Dorman being with +them. Thinking it best to impress them with a belief that they were +able to encounter them in open conflict, the men advanced towards +them,--calling to their companions in the house, to come on. The +Indians fled hastily to the woods, and the whites, not so rash as to +pursue them, returned to the house, and secured themselves in it, as +well as they could. At night, Captain George Jackson went privately +forth from the house, and at great hazzard of being discovered by +the waylaying savages, proceeded to Clarksburg, where he obtained such +a reinforcement as enabled him to return openly and escort his +former companions in danger, from the place of its existence. + +Disappointed in their hopes of involving the inhabitants of the +Buchannon settlements in destruction, the savages went on to the +Valley. Here, between Westfall's and Wilson's forts, they came upon +John Bush and his wife, Jacob Stalnaker and his son Adam. The two +latter being on horse back and riding behind Bush and his wife, were +fired at, and Adam fell. The old gentleman, rode briskly on, but some +of the savages were before him and endeavored to catch the reins of +his bridle, and thus stop his flight. He however, escaped them all. +The horse from which Adam Stalnaker had fallen, was caught by Bush, +and both he and Mrs. Bush got safely away on him. + +The Indians then crossed the Alleghany mountains, and coming to the +house of Mrs. Gregg, (Dorman's former master) made an attack on it. A +daughter of that gentleman, alone fell a victim to their thirst for +blood. When taken prisoner, [253] she refused to go with them, and +Dorman sunk his tomahawk into her head and then scalped her. She +however, lived several days and related the circumstances above +detailed. + +After the murder of John Thomas and his family in 1781, the settlement +on Booth's creek was forsaken, and its inhabitants went to Simpson's +creek, for greater security. In the Spring John Owens procured the +assistance of some young men about Simpson's creek, and proceeded to +Booth's creek for the purpose of threshing some wheat at his farm +there.--While on a stack throwing down sheaves, several guns were +fired at him by a party of twelve Indians, concealed not far off. +Owens leapt from the stack, and the men caught up their guns. They +could not, however, discover any one of the savages in their covert +and thought it best to retreat to Simpson's creek and strengthen their +force before they ventured in pursuit of their enemy. They accordingly +did so, and when they came again to Booth's creek, the Indians had +decamped, taking with them the horses left at Owens'. The men however +found their trail and followed it until night.--Early next morning, +crossing the West Fork at Shinnston, they went on in pursuit and came +within sight of the Indian camp, and seeing some of the savages lying +near their fires, fired at them, but, as was believed without effect. +The Indians again took to flight; and as they were hastening on, one +of them suddenly wheeled and fired upon his pursuers. The ball passed +through the hunting-shirt of one of the men, & Benjamin Coplin (then +an active, enterprising young man) returning the shot, an Indian was +seen suddenly to spring into a laurel thicket. Not supposing that +Coplin's ball had taken effect, they followed the other savages some +distance farther, and as they returned got the horses and plunder left +at the camp. Some time afterwards a gun was found in the thicket, into +which the Indian sprang, and it was then believed that Coplin's shot +had done execution. + +In the same spring the Indians made their appearance on Crooked run, +in Monongalia county. Mr. Thomas Pindall, having been one day at +Harrison's fort, at a time when a greater part of the neighbourhood +had gone thither for safety, prevailed on three young men, (Harrison, +Crawford and Wright, to return and spend the night with him.) Some +time after they had been abed, the females waked Mr. Pindall, and +telling him that they had heard several times a noise very much [254] +resembling the whistling on a charger, insisted on going directly to +the fort. The men heard nothing, and being inclined to believe that +the fears of the females had given to the blowing of the wind, that +peculiar sound, insisted that there was no danger and that it would be +unpleasant to turn out then, as the night was very dark. Hearing +nothing after this, for which they could not readily account, the men +rose in the morning unapprehensive of interruption; and the females, +relieved of their fears of being molested by savages during the night, +continued in bed. Mr. Pindall walked forth to the woods to catch a +horse, and the young men went to the spring hard by, for the purpose +of washing. While thus engaged three guns were fired at them, and +Crawford and Wright were killed. Harrison fled and got safely to the +fort. + +The females alarmed at the report of the guns, sprang out of bed and +hastened towards the fort, pursued by the Indians. Mrs. Pindall was +overtaken and killed, but Rachael Pindall, her sister-in-law, escaped +safely to the fort. + +In June some Indians came into the neighborhood of Clarksburg, and not +meeting with an opportunity of killing or making prisoners any of the +inhabitants without the town, one of them, more venturous than the +rest, came so near as to shoot Charles Washburn as he was chopping a +log of wood in the lot, and then running up, with the axe, severed his +skull, scalped him, and fled safely away. Three of Washburn's brothers +had been previously murdered by the savages. + +In August as Arnold and Paul Richards were returning to Richard's +fort, they were shot at by some Indians, lying hid in a cornfield +adjoining the fort, and both fell from their horses. The Indians +leaped over the fence immediately and tomahawked and scalped them. + +These two men were murdered in full view of the fort, and the firing +drew its inmates to the gate to ascertain its cause. When they saw +that the two Richards' were down, they rightly judged that Indians had +done the deed; and Elias Hughes, ever bold and daring, taking down his +gun, went out alone at the back gate, and entered the cornfield, into +which the savages had again retired, to see if he could not avenge on +one of them the murder of his friends. Creeping softly along, he came +in view of them standing near the fence, reloading their guns, and +looking intently at the people at the fort gate. Taking [255] a +deliberate aim at one of them, he touched the trigger. His gun +flashed, and the Indians alarmed ran speedily away. + +A most shocking scene was exhibited some time before this, on Muddy +creek in Pennsylvania. On the 10th of May as the Reverend John Corbly, +his wife and five children were going to meeting, (Mr. Corbly being a +short distance behind) they were attacked by a party of savages +waylaying the road. The shrieks of Mrs. Corbly and the children, drew +the husband and father to the fatal spot. As he was approaching, his +wife called to him, "to fly," He knew that it was impossible for him +to contend successfully against the fearful odds opposed to him, and +supposing that his family would be carried away as prisoners, and that +he would be enabled either to recover them by raising a company and +pursuing the savages, or to ransom them, if conducted to the Indian +towns, he complied with her wish, and got safely off, though pursued +by one of the savages. But it was not their intention to carry them +into captivity. They delighted too much, to look upon the lifeblood +flowing from the heart; and accordingly shed it most profusely. The +infant in its mother's arms was the first on whom their savage fury +fell,--it was tomahawked and scalped. The mother then received several +severe blows, but not falling, was shot through the body, by the +savage who chased her husband; and then scalped. Into the brains of a +little son, six years old, their hatchets were sunk to the heft. Two +little girls, of two and four years of age, were tomahawked and +scalped. The eldest child, also a daughter, had attempted to escape by +concealing herself in a hollow log, a few rods from the scene of +action. From her hiding place, she beheld all that was done, and when +the bleeding scalp was torn from the head of her last little sister, & +she beheld the savages retiring from the desolation which they had +wrought, she crawled forth from concealment. It was too soon. One of +the savages yet lingered near, to feast to satiety on the horrid +spectacle. His eyes caught a glimpse of her as she crept from the log, +and his tomahawk and scalping knife became red with her blood. + +When Mr. Corbly returned, all his hopes vanished. Which ever way he +turned, the mangled body of some one of his family was presented to +his view. His soul sickened at the contemplation of the scene, and he +fainted and fell. When he had revived, he was cheered with the hope +that some of [256] them might yet survive. Two of his daughters had +manifested symptoms of returning life, and with care and attention +were restored to him. + +Thus far in the year 1782, the settlements only suffered from the +accustomed desultory warfare of the savages. No numerous collection of +Indians had crossed their border,--no powerful army of warriors, +threatening destruction to the forts, those asylums of their safety, +had appeared among them.--But the scene was soon to change. + +In August, there was a grand council convened at Chilicothe, in which +the Wyandots, the Shawanees, the Mingoes, the Tawas, Pottowatomies, and +various other tribes were represented.[2] Girty and McKee--disgraces +to human nature--aided in their deliberations. The surrender of +Cornwallis, which had been studiously kept secret from the Indians, +was now known to them, and the war between Great Britain and the +United States, seemed to them to be verging to a close.--Should a +peace ensue, they feared that the concentrated strength of Virginia, +would bear down upon them and crush them at once. In anticipation of +this state of things, they had met to deliberate, what course it best +became them to pursue. Girty addressed the council. He reminded them +of the gradual encroachments of the whites;--of the beauty of Kentucky +and its value to them as a hunting ground.--He pointed out to them the +necessity of greater efforts to regain possession of that country, and +warned them that if they did not combine their strength to change the +present state of things, the whites would soon leave them no hunting +grounds; and they would consequently, have no means of procuring rum +to cheer their hearts, or blankets to warm their bodies. His advice +was well received and they determined to continue the war.[3] + +When the council was adjourned, the warriors proceeded to execute its +determinations. Two armies, the one of six hundred, and the other +three hundred and fifty men, prepared to march, each to it assigned +station--The larger was destined to operate against Kentucky, while +the smaller, was to press upon North Western Virginia; and each was +abundantly supplied with the munitions of war.[4] Towards the last of +August the warriors who were to act in Kentucky, appeared before +Bryant's station, south of Licking river, and placed themselves under +covert during night,[5] and in advantageous [257] situations for +firing upon the station, so soon as its doors should be thrown open. + +There were at that time but few inhabitants occupying that station. +William Bryant, its founder, and one in whose judgment, skill and +courage, many confidently reposed for security from savage enormity, +had been unfortunately discovered by some Indians near the mouth of +Cane run, and killed.--His death caused most of those who had come to +that place from North Carolina, to forsake the station, and return to +their own country. Emigrants from Virginia, arriving some short time +before, and among whom was Robert Johnson, (the father of Richard M. +Johnson) to a certain extent supplied this desertion; yet it was in +respect to numbers so far inferior to the savage forces, that the most +resolute shuddered in apprehension of the result. + +The station too, was at that time, careless and inattentive to its own +defence; not anticipating the appearance of a savage army before its +gates. Indeed had the Indians delayed their attack a few hours, it +would have been in almost an entirely defenceless condition; as the +men were on that morning to have left it, for the purpose of aiding in +the defence of another station, which was then understood to be +assailed by an army of Indians. Fortunately however, for the +inhabitants, as soon as the doors of some of the cabins were opened in +the morning, the savages commenced the fire, and thus admonished them +of danger, while it was not yet too late to provide against it. + +The Indians in the attack on Bryant's station practised their +usual stratagem, to ensure their success. It was begun on the +south-east angle of the station, by one hundred warriors, while the +remaining five hundred were concealed in the woods on the opposite +side, ready to take advantage of its unprotected situation when, as +they anticipated, the garrison would concentrate its strength, to +resist the assault on the south-east. But their purpose was fully +comprehended by the garrison, and instead of returning the fire of the +one hundred, they secretly sent an express to Lexington for +assistance, and commenced repairing the pallisades, and putting +themselves in the best possible condition to withstand the fury of +the assailants. Aware that the Indians were posted near the +spring, and believing that they would not fire unless some of the +men should be seen going thither, the women [258] were sent to bring +in water for the use of the garrison. The event justified their +expectations--The concealed Indians, still farther to strengthen the +belief, that their whole force were engaged in the attack on the +south-east, forbore to fire, or otherwise contradict the impression +which they had studiously sought to make on the minds of its inmates. + +When a sufficiency of water had been provided, and the station placed +in a condition of defence, thirteen men were sent out in the direction +from which the assault was made. They were fired upon by the assailing +party of one hundred, but without receiving any injury; and retired +again within the pallisades. Instantly the savages rushed to the +assault of, what they deemed, the unprotected side of the station, +little doubting their success. A steady, well directed fire, put them +quickly to flight. Some of the more desperate and daring however, +approached near enough to fire the houses, some of which were +consumed; but a favorable wind drove the flames from the mass of the +buildings and the station escaped conflagration. + +Disappointed of the expected success of their first stratagem, the +assailants withdrew a short distance, and concealed themselves under +the bank of the creek, to await the arrival of the assistance, which +was generally sent to a besieged fort or station, arranging themselves +in ambushment to intercept its approach. + +When the express from Bryant's station reached Lexington, the male +inhabitants had left there to aid in the defence of Holder's +station, which was reported to be attacked. Following on their +route, they overtook them at Boonesborough, and sixteen mounted, and +thirty footmen were immediately detached to aid the inhabitants of +Bryant's station. When this reinforcement came near, the firing had +entirely ceased, no enemy was visible, and they approached in the +confidence that all was well. A sudden discharge of shot from the +savages in ambush, dispelled that hope. The horsemen however, passed +safely by. The cloud of dust produced by the galloping of their +horses, obscured the view and hindered the otherwise deadly aim of +the Indians. The footmen were less fortunate. Two of them were killed, +and four wounded; and but for the luxuriant growth of corn in the +field through which they passed, nearly all must have fallen, before +the overwhelming force of the enemy. + +[259] Thus reinforced, the garrison did not for an instant doubt of +safety; while the savages became hopeless of success by force of +arms, and resorted to another expedient to gain possession of the +station. In the twilight of evening, Simon Girty covertly drew near, +and mounting on a stump from which he could be distinctly heard, +demanded the surrender of the place. He told the garrison, that a +reinforcement, with cannon, would arrive that night, and that this +demand was suggested by _his humanity_, as the station must +ultimately fall, and he could assure them of protection if they +surrendered, but could not if the Indians succeeded by storm; and then +demanded, if "they knew who was addressing them." A young man by the +name of Reynolds, (fearing the effect which the threat of cannon might +have upon the garrison, as the fate of Ruddle's and Martin's +stations was yet fresh in their recollections,) replied, that he +"knew him well, and held him in such contempt, that he had named a +worthless dog which he had SIMON GIRTY; that his reinforcements and +threats, were not heeded by the garrison, who expected to receive +before morning such an auxiliary force as would enable them to give +a good account of the cowardly wretches that followed him, whom he +held in such contempt that he had prepared a number of switches with +which to drive them out of the country if they remained there 'till +day."[6] + +Affecting to deplore their obstinacy, Girty retired, and during the +night, the main body of the Indian army marched off, leaving a few +warriors to keep up an occasional firing and the semblance of a +siege.[7] + +Shortly after the retreat of the savages, one hundred and sixty men, +from Lexington, Harrodsburg and Boonesborough, assembled at Bryant's +station, and determined to pursue them.[8] Prudence should have +prevailed with them to await the arrival of Colonel Logan, who was +known to be collecting additional forces from the other station; but +brave and fearless, well equipped, and burning with ardent desire to +chastise their savage invaders, they rather indiscreetly chose to +march on, unaided, sooner than risk suffering the enemy to retire, by +delaying for other troops. But the Indians had no wish to retire, to +avoid the whites. The trail left by them, to the experienced eye of +Daniel Boone, furnished convincing evidence, that they were only +solicitous to conceal their numbers, in reality to tempt pursuit. + +[260] When the troops arrived at the Lower Blue Licks, they saw the +only Indians, which had met their eye on the route. These were slowly +ascending the ridge on the opposite side of the river. The party was +halted, and Boone consulted as to what course it would be best to +pursue. He was of opinion that the savage force was much greater, than +most had been led to believe by the appearance of the trail, and +anticipating pursuit, were then in ambush in the ravines; and he +advised that the force be divided into two equal parts, the one, +marching up the river, to cross it at the mouth of Elk creek, above +the upper ravine, while the other party should take a position below +for the purpose of co-operating whenever occasion might require; but +that neither party should by any means cross the river, until spies +were sent out to learn the position and strength of the enemy.[9] The +officers generally were inclined to follow the counsel of Boone, but +Major McGary, remarkable for impetuosity, exclaiming, "Let all who are +not cowards, follow me," spurred his horse into the river. The whole +party caught the contagious rashness,--all rushed across the river. +There was no order,--no arrangement--no unity or concert. None "paused +in their march of terror," lest "we should hover o'er the path," but +each, following his own counsel, moved madly towards the sheltered +ravines and wooded ground, where Boone had predicted the savages lay +hid. The event justified the prediction, and showed the wisdom of his +counsel. + +At the head of a chosen band of warriors, Girty[10] advanced with +fierceness upon the whites, from the advantageous position which he +covertly occupied, and "madness, despair and death succeed, the +conflict's gathering wrath." The Indians had greatly the advantage in +numbers, as well as position, and the disorderly front of the +whites, gave them still greater superiority. The bravery of the troops +for a while withstood the onset, and the contest was fierce and +sanguinary 'till their right wing being turned, a retreat became +inevitable. All pressed towards the ford, but a division of the +savage army, foreseeing this, had been placed so as to interpose +between them and it; and they were driven to a point on the river, +where it could only be crossed by swimming. Here was indeed a +scene of blood and carnage. Many were killed on the bank; others +in swimming over, and some were tomahawked in the edge of the +water. Some of those who had been foremost in getting across the +river, wheeled and opened a steady fire upon the pursuers. Others, +animated by the example, as soon as they reached the bank discharged +their guns upon the savages, and checking them for a while enabled +many to escape death. But for this stand, the footmen would have +been much harrassed, and very many of them entirely cut off. As it +was, the loss in slain was great. Of one hundred and seventy-six (the +number of whites,) sixty-one were killed, and eight taken prisoners. +Cols. Todd and Trigg,--Majors Harland and Bulger,--Capts. Gordon, +McBride, and a son of Daniel Boone, were among those who fell. The +loss of the savages was never known;--they [261] were left in +possession of the battle ground, and at leisure to conceal or carry +off their dead, and when it was next visited by the whites, none +were found.[11] + +A most noble and generous act, performed by one of the whites, +deserves to be forever remembered. While they were flying before the +closely pursuing savages, Reynolds (who at Bryant's station had so +cavalierly replied to Girty's demand of its surrender) seeing Col. +Robert Patterson, unhorsed and considerably disabled by his wounds, +painfully struggling to reach the river, sprang from his saddle, and +assisting him to occupy the relinquished seat, enabled that veteran +officer to escape, and fell himself into the hands of the savages. He +was not long however, detained a prisoner by them. He was taken by a +party of only three Indians; and two whites passing hurriedly on +towards the river, just after, two of his captors hastened in pursuit +of them, and he was left guarded by only one. Reynolds was cool and +collected, and only awaited the semblance of an opportunity, to +attempt an escape. Presently the savage in whose custody he was, +stooped to tie his moccason. Suddenly he sprang to one side, and being +fleet of foot, got safely off. + +The battle of the Blue Licks was fought on the 19th of August. On the +next day Col. Logan, with three hundred men, met the remnant of the +troops retreating to Bryant's station; and learning the fatal result +of the contest, hurried on to the scene of action to bury the dead, +and avenge their fall--if the enemy should be found yet hovering near. +On his arrival not a savage was to be seen. Flushed with victory, and +exulting in their revenge, they had retired to their towns, to feast +the eyes of their brethren, with the scalps of the slain. The field of +battle presented a miserable spectacle. All was stillness, where so +lately had arisen the shout of the impetuous, but intrepid whites, and +the whoop and yell of the savages, as they closed in deadly conflict; +not a sound was to be heard but the hoarse cry of the vulture, +flapping her wings and mounting into the air, alarmed at the intrusion +of man. Those countenances, which had so lately beamed with daring and +defiance, were unmeaning and inexpressive; and what with the effect +produced on the dead bodies, by the excessive heat and the mangling +and disfiguration of the tomahawk and scalping knife, scarcely one +could be distinguished from another. Friends tortured themselves in +vain, to find friends, in the huge mass of slain,--fathers to +recognize their sons. The mournful gratification of bending over the +lifeless bodies of dear relations and gazing with intense anxiety on +their pallid features, was denied them. Undistinguished, though not +unmarked, all were alike consigned to the silent grave, amid sighs of +sorrow and denunciations of revenge. + +An expedition against the Indian towns was immediately resolved upon, +and in September, Gen. Clarke marched towards them, at the head of +nearly one thousand men. Being discovered on their route and the +intelligence soon spreading that an army from [262] Kentucky was +penetrating the country, the savages deserted their villages and fled; +and the expedition was thus hindered of its purpose of chastising +them. The towns however were burned, and in a skirmish with a party of +Indians, five of them were killed, and seven made prisoners, with the +loss of only one man.[12] + +The Indian forces which were to operate against North Western +Virginia, for some time delayed their purpose, and did not set out on +their march, until awhile before the return of those who had been +sent into Kentucky. On their way, a question arose among them--against +what part of the country they should direct their movements--and their +division on this subject, rising by degrees 'till it assumed a serious +aspect, led many of the chiefs to determine on abandoning the +expedition; but a runner arriving with intelligence of the great +success which had crowned the exertion of the army in Kentucky, they +changed that determination, and proceeded hastily towards Wheeling. + +In the first of September, John Lynn (a celebrated spy and the same +who had been with Capt. Foreman at the time of the fatal ambuscade at +Grave creek) being engaged in watching the warriors paths, northwest +of the Ohio, discovered the Indians marching with great expedition for +Wheeling, and hastening to warn the inhabitants of the danger which +was threatening them, swam the river, and reached the village, but a +little while before the savage army made its appearance. The fort was +at this time without any regular garrison, and depended for defence +exclusively, on the exertions of those who sought security within its +walls. The brief space of time which elapsed between the alarm by +Lynn, and the arrival of the Indians, permitted only those who were +immediately present to retire into it, and when the attack was begun +to be made, there were not within its pallisades, twenty effective men +to oppose the assault. The dwelling house of Col. Ebenezer Zane, +standing about forty yards from the fort, contained the military +stores which had been furnished by the government of Virginia; and as +it was admirably situated as an out post from which to annoy the +savages in their onsets, he resolved on maintaining possession of it, +as well to aid in the defence of the fort, as for the preservation of +the ammunition. Andrew Scott, George Green, Mrs. Zane, Molly Scott and +Miss McCullough, were all who remained with him. The kitchen +(adjoining) was occupied by Sam (a negro belonging to Col, Zane) and +Kate, his wife.--Col. Silas Zane commanded in the fort. + +When the savage army approached, the British colors were waving over +them; and before a shot was discharged at the fort, they demanded the +surrender of the garrison. No answer was deigned to this demand, but +the firing of several shot (by order of Silas Zane) at the standard +which they bore; and the savages rushed to the assault. A well +directed and brisk fire opened upon them from Col. Zane's house and +the fort, soon drove them back. Again they rushed forward; and again +were they repulsed. The number of [263] arms in the house and fort, +and the great exertions of the women in moulding bullets, loading guns +and handing them to the men, enabled them to fire so briskly, yet so +effectively, as to cause the savages to recoil from every charge. The +darkness of night soon suspended their attacks, and afforded a +temporary repose to the besieged. Yet were the assailants not wholly +inactive. Having suffered severely by the galling fire poured upon +them from the house, they determined on reducing it to ashes. For this +purpose, when all was quietness and silence, a savage, with a +firebrand in his hand crawled to the kitchen, and raising himself from +the ground, waving the torch to and fro to rekindle its flame, and +about to apply it to the building, received a shot which forced him to +let fall the engine of destruction and hobble howling away. The +vigilance of Sam had detected him, in time to thwart his purpose. + +On the return of light, the savages were seen yet environing the fort, +and although for some time they delayed to renew their suspended +assault, yet it was evident they had not given over its contemplated +reduction. They were engaged in making such preparations, as they were +confident would ensure success to their exertions. + +Soon after the firing of the preceding day had subsided, a small boat, +proceeding from Fort Pitt to the Falls of Ohio with cannon balls for +the use of the troops there, put to shore at Wheeling; and the man who +had charge of her, although discovered and slightly wounded by the +savages, reached the postern and was admitted to the fort. The boat of +course fell into the hands of the enemy, and they resolved on using +the balls aboard, for the demolition of the fortress. To this end they +procured a log, with a cavity as nearly corresponding with the size +of the ball, as they could; and binding it closely with some chains +taken from a shop hard by, charged it heavily, and pointing it towards +the fort, in imagination beheld its walls tumbling into ruin, and the +garrison bleeding under the strokes and gashes of their tomahawks and +scalping knives. All things being ready, the match was applied.--A +dreadful explosion ensued. Their cannon burst;--its slivers flew in +every direction; and instead of being the cause of ruin to the fort, +was the source of injury only to themselves. Several were killed, many +wounded, and all, dismayed by the event. Recovering from the shock, +they presently returned with redoubled animation to the charge. +Furious from disappointment, exasperated with the unforseen yet fatal +result, they pressed to the assault with the blindness of phrensy. +Still they were received with a fire so constant and deadly, that they +were again forced to retire; and most opportunely for the garrison. + +When Lynn gave the alarm that an Indian army was approaching, the fort +having been for some time unoccupied by a garrison, and Col. Zane's +house being used as a magazine, those who retired into the fortress +had to take with them a supply of ammunition for its defence. The +supply of powder, deemed ample at the time, by reason of the long +continuance of the savages, and the repeated [264] endeavors made by +them, to storm the fort was now almost entirely exhausted, a few loads +only, remaining. In this emergency, it became necessary to replenish +their stock, from the abundance of that article in Col. Zane's house. +During the continuance of the last assault, apprized of its security, +and aware of the danger which would inevitably ensue, should the +savages after being again driven back, return to the assault before a +fresh supply could be obtained, it was proposed that one of their +fleetest men should endeavor to reach the house, obtain a keg and +return with it to the fort. It was an enterprise full of danger; but +many of the chivalric spirits, then pent up within the fortress, were +willing to encounter them all. + +Among those who volunteered to go on this emprise, was Elizabeth, +the younger sister of Colonel Zane. She was then young active and +athletic;--with precipitancy to dare danger, and fortitude to +sustain her in the midst of it. Disdaining to weigh the hazard of her +own life, against the risk of that of others, when told that a man +would encounter less danger by reason of his greater fleetness, she +replied--"and should he fall, his loss will be more severely felt. +You have not one man to spare;--a woman will not be missed in the +defence of the fort." Her services were accepted. Divesting herself +of some of her garments, as tending to impede her progress, she +stood prepared for the hazzardous adventure; and when the gate was +opened, she bounded forth with the buoyancy of hope, and in the +confidence of success. Wrapt in amazement, the Indians beheld her +spring forward; and only exclaiming, "a squaw, a squaw," no attempt +was made to interrupt her progress. Arrived at the door, she +proclaimed her embassy. Col. Zane fastened a table cloth around her +waist, and emptying into it a keg of powder, again she ventured +forth. The Indians were no longer passive. Ball after ball passed +whizzing and innocuous by. She reached the gate and entered the fort +in safety.[13] + +Another instance of heroic daring, deserves to be recorded [265] here. +When intelligence of the investiture of Wheeling by the savages, +reached Shepherd's fort, a party was immediately detached from it, to +try and gain admission into the besieged fortress, and aid in its +defence. Upon arriving in view, it was found that the attempt would be +hopeless and unavailing, and the detachment consequently prepared to +return. Francis Duke, (son-in-law to Colonel Shepherd) was unwilling +to turn his back on a people, straitened as he knew the besieged must +be, and declared his intention of endeavoring to reach the fort, that +he might contribute to its defence. It was useless to disuade him from +the attempt;--he knew its danger, but he also knew their weakness, +and putting spurs to his horse, rode briskly forward, calling aloud, +"open the gate,--open the gate." He was seen from the fort, and the +gate was loosed for his admission; but he did not live to reach +it.--Pierced by the bullets of the savages, he fell, to the regret of +all. Such noble daring, deserved a better fate. + +During that night and the next day, the Indians still maintained the +seige, and made frequent attempts to take the fort by storm; but they +were invareiably repulsed by the deadly fire of the garrison and the +few brave men in Colonel Zane's house. On the third night, despairing +of success, they resolved on raising the siege; and leaving one +hundred chosen warriors to scour and lay waste the country, the +remainder of their army retreated across the Ohio, and encamped at the +Indian Spring,--five miles from the river. Their loss in the various +assaults upon the fort, could not be ascertained; but was doubtless +very considerable. Of the garrison, none were killed and only two +wounded,--the heroic Francis Duke was the only white who fell during +the siege. The gallantry displayed by all, both men and women, in the +defence of the fort, can not be too highly commended; but to the +caution and good conduct of those few brave individuals who occupied +Colonel Zane's house, its preservation has been mainly attributed. + +In the evening preceding the departure of the savages from before +Wheeling, two white men, who had been among them for several years, +and then held commands in the army, deserted from them, and on the +next morning early were taken prisoners by Colonel Swearingen, who, +with ninety-five men, was on his way to aid in the defence of Wheeling +fort, and the chastisement of its assailants. Learning from them [266] +the determination of the savages to withdraw from Wheeling, and detach +a portion of their force to operate in the country, he despatched +runners in every direction to alarm the country and apprize the +inhabitants of danger.[14] The intelligence was received by Jacob +Miller when some distance from home, but apprehensive that the +meditated blow would be aimed at the fort where he resided, he +hastened thither, and arrived in time to aid in preparing for its +defence. + +The place against which the savages directed their operations, was +situated on Buffaloe creek, twelve or fifteen miles from its entrance +into the Ohio, and was known as Rice's fort. Until Miller's return +there were in it only five men; the others having gone to Hagerstown +to exchange their peltries, for salt, iron and ammunition. They +immediately set about making preparations to withstand an assault; and +in a little while, seeing the savages approaching from every +direction, forsook the cabins and repaired to the blockhouse. The +Indians perceived that they were discovered, and thinking to take the +station by storm, shouted forth the war whoop and rushed to the +assault. They were answered by the fire of the six brave and skilful +riflemen in the house, and forced to take refuge behind trees and +fallen timber. Still they continued the firing; occasionally calling +on the whites to "_give up, give up. Indian too many. Indian too big. +Give up. Indian no kill._" The men had more faith in the efficacy of +their guns to purchase their safety, than in the preferred mercy of +the savages; and instead of complying with their demand, called on +them, "as cowards skulking behind logs to leave their coverts, and +shew but their yellow hides, and they would make holes in them." + +The firing was kept up by the savages from their protected situation, +until night, and whenever even a remote prospect of galling them was +presented to the whites, they did not fail to avail themselves of it. +The Indian shots in the evening, were directed principally against the +stock as it came up as usual to the station, and the field was strewed +with its dead carcases. About ten o'clock of the night they fired a +large barn (thirty or forty yards from the blockhouse) filled with +grain and hay, and the flames from which seemed for awhile to endanger +the fort; but being situated on higher ground, and the current of air +flowing in a contrary direction, it escaped conflagration. Collecting +on the side of the fort opposite [267] to the fire, the Indians took +advantage of the light it afforded them to renew the attack; and kept +it up until about two o'clock, when they departed. Their ascertained +loss was four warriors,--three of whom were killed by the first firing +of the whites,--the other about sundown. George Folebaum was the only +white who suffered. Early in the attack, he was shot in the forehead, +through a port-hole, and instantly expired; leaving Jacob Miller, +George Leffler, Peter Fullenwieder, Daniel Rice and Jacob Leffler, +junior, sole defenders of the fort; and bravely and effectually did +they preserve it, from the furious assaults of one hundred chosen +savage warriors. + +Soon after the Indians left Rice's fort, they moved across the hills +in different directions and in detached parties. One of these +observing four men proceeding towards the fort which they had lately +left, waylaid the path and killed two of them on the first fire. The +remaining two fled hastily; and one of them swift of foot, soon made +his escape. The other, closely pursued by one of the savages, and in +danger of being overtaken, wheeled to fire. His gun snapped, and he +again took to flight. Yet more closely pressed by his pursuer, he once +more attempted to shoot. Again his gun snapped, and the savage being +now near enough, hurled a tomahawk at his head. It missed its object +and both strained every nerve for the chase. The Indian gained rapidly +upon him; and reaching forth his arm, caught hold of the end of his +belt. It had been tied in a bow-knot, and came loose.--Sensible that +the race must soon terminate to his disadvantage unless he could kill +his pursuer, the white man once more tried his gun. It fired; and the +savage fell dead at his feet. + +Some time in the summer of this year, a party of Wyandots, consisting +of seven warriors, (five of whom were, one of the most distinguished +chiefs of that nation and his four brothers) came into one of the +intermediate settlements between Fort Pitt and Wheeling, killed an old +man whom they found alone, robbed his cabin, and commenced retreating +with the plunder. They were soon discovered by spies; and eight men, +two of whom were Adam and Andrew Poe, (brothers, remarkable for +uncommon size, great activity, and undaunted bravery) went in pursuit +of them. Coming on their trail not far from the Ohio, Adam Poe, +fearing an ambuscade, left his companions [268] to follow it, while he +moved across to the river under cover of the high weeds and bushes, +with the view to attack them in the rear should he find them situated +as he expected.--Presently he espied an Indian raft at the water's +edge, but seeing nothing of the savages, moved cautiously down the +bank; and when near the foot, discovered the large Wyandot chief and a +small Indian standing near and looking intently towards the party of +whites, then some distance lower down the bottom. Poe raised his gun, +and aiming surely at the chief, pulled trigger. It missed fire, and +the snap betrayed his presence. Too near to retreat, he sprang +forward; and seizing the large Indian by the breast, and at the same +instant encircling his arms around the neck of the smaller one, threw +them both to the ground. Extricating himself from the grasp of Poe, +the small savage raised his tomahawk; but as he aimed the blow, a +vigorous and well directed kick, staggered him back, and he let fall +the hatchet. Recovering quickly, he aimed several blows in defiance +and exultation,--the vigilance of Poe distinguished the real from the +feigned stroke, and suddenly throwing up his arm, averted it from his +head, but received a wound in his wrist. By a violent effort, he freed +himself from the grip of the chief, and snatching up a gun, shot his +companion through the breast, as he advanced the third time with the +tomahawk. + +In this time the large chief had regained his feet; and seizing Poe by +the shoulder and leg threw him to the ground.--Poe however, soon got +up, and engaged with the savage in a close struggle, which terminated +in the fall of both into the water. Now it became the object of each +to drown his antagonist, and the efforts to accomplish this were +continued for some time with alternate success;--first one and then +the other, being under water. At length, catching hold of the long +tuft of hair which had been suffered to grow on the head of the chief, +Poe held him under water, until he supposed him dead; but relaxing +his hold too soon, the gigantic savage was again on his feet and ready +for another grapple. In this both were carried beyond their depth, and +had to swim for safety. Both sought the shore, and each, with all his +might, strained every nerve to reach it first that he might end the +conflict with one of the guns lying on the beach. The Indian was the +more expert swimmer, and Poe, outstripped by him, turned and swam +farther into the river, in the hope of avoiding being [269] shot by +diving. Fortunately his antagonist laid hold on the gun which had been +discharged at the little Indian, and he was enabled to get some +distance into the river. + +At this juncture, two others of the whites came up; and one of them +mistaking Poe for a wounded savage attempting to escape, shot and +wounded him in the shoulder. He then turned to make for shore, and +seeing his brother Andrew on the bank, called to him to "shoot the big +Indian." Having done this, Andrew plunged into the river to assist +Adam in getting out; and the wounded savage, to preserve his scalp, +rolled himself into the water, and struggling onward, sunk and could +not be found. + +During the continuance of this contest, the whites had overtaken the +other five Indians, and after a desperate conflict, succeeded in +killing all but one; with the loss of three of their companions.--A +great loss, when the number engaged is taken into consideration. + +----- + [1] L. V. McWhorter informs me that White, who was a + prominent settler, was once with others on a hunting + expedition, when they surprised a small party of Indians. They + killed several, but one active young brave ran off, with White + close at his heels. The Indian leaped from a precipice, + alighting in a quagmire in which he sank to his waist. White, + with tomahawk in hand, jumped after him. In the struggle which + ensued, White buried his weapon in the red man's skull. The + victim's father was among those who escaped, and for a long + time--McWhorter says "several years"--he lurked about the + settlements trailing White. Finally, he succeeded in shooting + his man, within sight of the fort. Mrs. White was an + eye-witness of the tragedy. McWhorter claims that Withers is + mistaken in saying that White was "tomahawked, scalped and + lacerated in the most frightful manner." The avenging Indian + tried to get his scalp, but an attacking party from the fort + were so close upon him that he fled before accomplishing his + object. McWhorter reports another case, not mentioned in + Withers. One Fink was "killed by Indians in ambush, while + letting down a pair of bars one evening, just in front of where + the Buckhannon court-house now stands."--R. G. T. + + [2] The council was held at Wapatomica, in June. There were + present representatives of the Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandots, + Delawares, Shawnees, Munsees, and Cherokees. Simon Girty came + with the Wyandots; Captain McKee was then a trader at + Wapatomica.--R. G. T. + + [3] See the alleged speech in Butterfield's _History of the + Girtys_, pp. 190, 191.--R. G. T. + + [4] The Kentucky party was under Capt. William Caldwell, who + wrote, "I crossed the Ohio with three hundred Indians and + rangers." Capts. McKee and Elliott, and the three Girtys were + with the expedition. Caldwell crossed the river early in July, + not far below the mouth, of Limestone creek--site of the + present Maysville, Ky.--R. G. T. + + [5] They arrived on the night of August 15.--R. G. T. + + [6] The above incident is mentioned in none of the + contemporary chronicles, and is probably fiction.--R. G. T. + + [7] The attack was begun early in the morning of the 16th, + and continued with more or less vigor until about 10 A. M. of + the 17th. Caldwell then withdrew his force "in a leisurely + manner." The attacking party lost five killed and two wounded, + all Indians; the garrison lost four killed and three + wounded.--R. G. T. + + [8] A hundred and eighty-two, under Col. John Todd. Pursuit + was commenced on the 18th.--R. G. T. + + [9] The battle occurred at 8 A. M. of August 19, a short + distance north of the Lower Blue Licks, on the Licking river, + in what is now Nicholas County.--R. G. T. + + [10] The tendency among early Western chroniclers has been + greatly to magnify the importance of Simon Girty. He was merely + an interpreter on this, as on most other expeditions. Caldwell + was in command. The British force now consisted of 200 Indians + and 30 rangers. Some of the Indians had already left for their + villages.--R. G. T. + + [11] The British rangers lost one of their number by death; + of their Indian allies, ten were killed and fourteen wounded. + Of the Kentuckians, about seventy were killed, several badly + wounded, and seven made prisoners. Caldwell continued his + leisurely retreat to Upper Sandusky, which he reached September + 24, the Indians meanwhile dispersing to their several + homes.--R. G. T. + + [12] Gen. George Rogers Clark gave this official report of + his expedition against the Shawnees, in a letter dated Lincoln, + November 27, 1782: "We left the Ohio the 4th instant, with 1050 + men, surprised the principal Shawanese Town in the evening of + the 10th, and immediately detached strong parties to different + quarters; and in a few hours afterwards two thirds of the towns + were laid in ashes, and every thing they were possessed of + destroyed, except such as were most useful to the troops, the + enemy not having time to secrete any part of their property. + The British trading post at the head of the Miami and Carrying + Place to the waters of the Lakes, shared the same by a party of + 150 horse, commanded by Col. Logan, and property to a great + amount was also destroyed: the quantity of provisions burnt far + surpassed any idea we had of their stores. The loss of the + enemy was ten scalps, seven prisoners, and two whites retaken; + ours, one killed and one wounded. + + "After laying part of four days in their towns, and finding all + attempts to bring them to a general action fruitless, we + retired, as the season was far advanced and the weather + threatening. I could not learn by the prisoners that they had + the least idea of General Irvin's design of penetrating into + their country. Should he have given them another stroke at + Sandusky, it will more than double the advantages already + gained. + + "We might probably have got many more scalps and prisoners--could + we have known in time whether or not we were discovered, which we + took for granted until getting within three miles when some + circumstances occurred that gave us reason to think otherwise, + though uncertain.--Col. Floyd, with 300 men, was ordered to + advance and bring on an action or attack the town, Major Wells + with a party of horse being previously detached by a + different route as a party of observation: although Col. + Floyd's motion was so quick as to get to the town but a few + minutes later than those who discovered his approach, the + inhabitants had sufficient notice to effect their escape to + the woods by the alarm cry being given, and which was repeated by + all that heard it; of course our party only fell in with the + rear of the enemy. + + "I must beg leave to recommend the militia of Kentucky whose + behaviour on the occasion does them honour, particularly their + desire of saving prisoners." + + The document is here given as found in Almon's _Remembrancer_, + xvi., pp. 93, 94; but it has of course been edited, after the + fashion of that day, for Clark's original letters abound in + misspellings.--R. G. T. + + [13] [264] This heroine had but recently returned from + Philadelphia, where she had received her education, and was + totally unused to such scenes as were daily exhibiting on the + frontier. She afterwards became the wife of Mr. McGlanlin; and + he dying, she married a Mr. Clarke, and is yet living in Ohio. + + [14] See p. 224, _note_ 1, for reference to confusion between + the two sieges of Wheeling, and the over-statement of early + border historians.--R. G. T. + + + + +[270] CHAPTER XVI. + + +The treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, which +terminated so gloriously the war of the revolution, did not put a +period to Indian hostilities.[1] The aid which had been extended to +the savages, and which enabled them so successfully to gratify their +implacable resentment against the border country, being withdrawn, +they were less able to cope with the whites than they had been, and +were less a hindrance to the population and improvement of those +sections of country which had been the theatre of their many outrages. +In North Western Virginia, indeed, although the war continued to be +waged against its inhabitants, yet it assumed a different aspect. It +became a war rather of plunder, than of blood; and although in the +predatory incursions of the Indians, individuals some times fell a +sacrifice to savage passion; yet this was of such rare occurrence, +that the chronicles of those days are divested of much of the +interest, which attaches to a detail of Indian hostilities. For +several years, scarce an incident occurred worthy of being rescued +from oblivion. + +In Kentucky it was far otherwise. The war continued to be prosecuted +there, with the wonted vigor of the savages.--The General Assembly +of Virginia having, at the close of the revolution, passed an act +for surveying the land set apart for her officers and soldiers, south +of Green river, the surveyors descended to the Ohio, to explore the +country and perform the duties assigned them. On their arrival they +found it occupied by the savages, and acts of hostilities immediately +[271] ensued. In December, 1783, the Legislature likewise passed an +act, appropriating the country between the Scioto and Miami rivers, +for the purpose of satisfying the claims of the officers and +soldiers, if the land previously allotted, in Kentucky, should prove +insufficient for that object. This led to a confederacy of the many +tribes of Indians, interested in those sections of country, and +produced such feelings and gave rise to such acts of hostility on +their part, as induced Benjamin Harrison the Governor of Virginia, in +November, 1784, to recommend the postponement of the surveys; and +in January, 1785, a proclamation was issued, by Patrick Henry, +(successor of Gov. Harrison) commanding the surveyors to desist and +leave the country. A treaty was soon after concluded, by which the +country on the Scioto, Miami, and Muskingum, was ceded to the +United States.[2] In this interval of time, North Western Virginia +enjoyed almost uninterrupted repose. There was indeed an alarm of +Indians, on Simpson's creek in 1783, but it soon subsided; and the +circumstance which gave rise to it (the discharge of a gun at Major +Power) was generally attributed to a white man. + +In 1784, the settlement towards the head of West Fork, suffered +somewhat from savage invasion. A party of Indians came to the house of +Henry Flesher, (where the town of Weston now is) and fired at the old +gentleman, as he was returning from the labors of the field. The gun +discharged at him, had been loaded with two balls, and both taking +effect, crippled his arm a good deal. Two savages immediately ran +towards him; and he, towards the door; and just as he was in the act +of entering it, one of them had approached so closely as to strike at +him with the butt end of his gun. The breech came first in contact +with the facing of the door, and descending on his head, seemed to +throw him forward into the house, and his wife closing the door, no +attempt was made by the savages to force it open. Still, however, they +did not feel secure; and as soon as they became assured that the +savages were withdrawn, they left the house and sought security +elsewhere. Most of the family lay in the woods during the night,--one +young woman succeeded in finding the way to Hacker's creek, from +whence Thomas Hughes immediately departed to find the others. This was +effected early next morning, and all were safely escorted to that +settlement. + +[272] The foregoing event happened in September, and in a few days +after, as Daniel Radcliff was proceeding to the Brushy Fork of Elk +creek on a hunting expedition, he was shot (probably by the Indians +who had been at Flesher's,) tomahawked and scalped in a shocking +manner. + +In 1785, six Indians came to Bingamon creek, (a branch of the West +Fork) and made their appearance upon a farm occupied by Thomas and +Edward Cunningham. At this time the two brothers were dwelling with +their families in separate houses, but nearly adjoining, though not in +a direct line with each other. Thomas was then on a trading visit east +of the mountain, and his wife and four children were collected in +their room for the purpose of eating dinner, as was Edward with his +family, in their house. Suddenly a lusty savage entered where were +Mrs. Thomas Cunningham and her children, but seeing that he would be +exposed to a fire from the other house, and apprehending no danger +from the woman and children, he closed the door and seemed for a time +only intent on the means of escaping. + +Edward Cunningham had seen the savage enter his brother's house, and +fastened his own door, seized his gun and stepping to a small aperture +in the wall next the house in which was the Indian, and which served +as well for a port hole as for the admission of light, was ready to +fire whenever the savage should make his appearance. But in the other +house was a like aperture, and through it the Indian fired at Edward, +and shouted the yell of victory. It was answered by Edward. He had +seen the aim of the savage only in time to avoid it,--the bark from +the log close to his head, was knocked off by the ball and flew into +his face. The Indian seeing that he had missed his object, and +observing an adze in the room, deliberately commenced cutting an +aperture in the back wall through which he might pass out without +being exposed to a shot from the other building.[3] + +Another of the Indians came into the yard just after the firing of his +companion, but observing Edward's gun pointing through the port hole, +he endeavored to retreat out of its range. He failed of his purpose. +Just as he was about to spring over the fence, the gun was fired and +he fell forward. The ball however only fractured his thigh bone, and +he was yet able to hobble over the fence and take shelter behind a +[273] coverlet suspended on it, before Edward could again load his +gun. + +While the Indian was engaged in cutting a hole in the wall, Mrs. +Cunningham made no attempt to get out. She was well aware that it +would draw down upon her head the fury of the savage; and that if she +escaped this, she would most probably be killed by some of those who +were watching around, before the other door could be opened for her +admission.--She knew too, that it was impossible for her to take the +children with her, and could not brook the idea of leaving them in the +hands of the savage monster. She even trusted to the hope that he +would withdraw, as soon as he could, without molesting any of them. A +few minutes served to convince her of the fallacy of this expectation. +When the opening had been made sufficiently large, he raised his +tomahawk, sunk it deep into the brains of one of the children, and +throwing the scarcely lifeless body into the back yard, ordered the +mother to follow after. There was no alternative but death, and she +obeyed his order, stepping over the dead body of one of her +children,[4] with an infant in her arms and two others screaming from +horror at the sight, and clinging to her. When all were out he scalped +the murdered boy, and setting fire to the house, retired to an +eminence in the field, where two of the savages were, with their +wounded companion.--leaving the other two to watch the opening of +Edward Cunningham's door, when the burning of the house should force +the family from their shelter. They were disappointed in their +expectation of that event by the exertions of Cunningham and his son. +When the flame from the one house communicated to the roof of the +other, they ascended to the loft, threw off the loose boards which +covered it, and extinguished the fire;--the savages shooting at them +all the while, and their balls frequently striking close by. + +Despairing of accomplishing farther havoc, and fearful of detection +and pursuit, the Indians collected together and prepared to retreat. +Mrs. Cunningham's eldest son was first tomahawked and scalped; the +fatal hatchet sunk into the head of her little daughter, whom they +then took by the arms and legs, and slinging it repeatedly against a +tree, ended its sufferings with its life. Mrs. Cunningham stood +motionless with grief, and in momentary expectation of having the same +dealt to her and her innocent infant. But no! She was [274] doomed to +captivity; and with her helpless babe in her arms, was led off from +this scene of horror and of wo. The wounded savage was carried on a +rough litter, and they all departed, crossing the ridge to Bingamon +creek, near which they found a cave that afforded them shelter and +concealment.[5] After night, they returned to Edward Cunningham's, and +finding no one, plundered and fired the house. + +When the savages withdrew in the evening, Cunningham went with his +family into the woods, where they remained all night, there being no +settlement nearer than eight or ten miles. In the morning, proceeding +to the nearest house, they gave the alarm and a company of men was +soon collected to go in pursuit of the Indians. When they came to +Cunningham's and found both houses heaps of ashes, they buried the +bones which remained of the boy who was murdered in the house, with +the bodies of his brother and little sister, who were killed in the +field; but so cautiously had the savages conducted their retreat that +no traces of them could be discovered, and the men returned to their +homes. + +Some days after, circumstances induced the belief that the Indians +were yet in the neighborhood, and men were again assembled for the +purpose of tracing them. They were now enabled to distinguish the +trail, and pursued it near to the cave, where from the number of rocks +on the ground and the care which had been taken by the Indians to +leave no vestige, they could no longer discover it. They however +examined for it in every direction until night forced them to desist. +In thinking over the incidents of the day; the cave occurred to the +mind of Major Robinson, who was well acquainted with the woods, and he +concluded that the savages must be concealed in it. It was examined +early next morning, but they had left it the preceding night and +departed for their towns. After her return from captivity, Mrs. +Cunningham stated, that in time of the search on the day before, the +Indians were in the cave, and that several times the whites approached +so near, that she could distinctly hear their voices; the savages +standing with their guns ready to fire, in the event of their being +discovered, and forcing her to keep the infant to her breast, lest its +crying might point to the place of their concealment.[6] + +In consequence of their stay at this place on account of their wounded +companion, it was some time before they arrived [275] in their own +country;[7] and Mrs. Cunningham's sufferings, of body as well as mind +were truly great. Fatigue and hunger oppressed her sorely,--the infant +in her arms, wanting the nourishment derived from the due sustenance +of the mother, plied at the breast for milk, in vain--blood came in +stead; and the Indians perceiving this, put a period to its +sufferings, with the tomahawk, even while clinging to its mother's +bosom. It was cast a little distance from the path, and left without a +leaf or bush to hide it from beasts of prey. + +The anguish of this woman during the journey to the towns, can only be +properly estimated by a parent; her bodily sufferings may be inferred +from the fact, that for ten days her only sustenance consisted of the +head of a wild turkey and three papaws, and from the circumstance that +the skin and nails of her feet, scalded by frequent wading of the +water, came with her stockings, when upon their arrival at a village +of the Delawares, she was permitted to draw them off. Yet was she +forced to continue on with them the next day.--One of the Indians +belonging to the village where they were, by an application of some +sanative herbs, very much relieved the pain which she endured. + +When she came to the town of those by whom she had been made prisoner, +although receiving no barbarous or cruel usage, yet everything +indicated to her, that she was reserved for some painful torture. The +wounded Indian had been left behind, and she was delivered to his +father. Her clothes were not changed, as is the case when a prisoner +is adopted by them; but she was compelled to wear them, dirty as they +were,--a bad omen for a captive. She was however, not long in +apprehension of a wretched fate. A conference was soon to take place +between the Indians and whites, preparatory to a treaty of peace; and +witnessing an uncommon excitement in the village one evening, upon +inquiring, learned that the Great captain Simon Girty had arrived. She +determined to prevail with him, if she could, to intercede for her +liberation, and seeing him next day passing near on horseback, she +laid hold on his stirrup, and implored his interference. For a while +he made light of her petition,--telling her that she would be as well +there as in her own country, and that if he were disposed to do her a +kindness he could not as his saddle bags were too small to conceal +her; but her importunity at length prevailed, and he whose heart had +been so long steeled [276] against every kindly feeling, every +sympathetic impression, was at length induced to perform an act of +generous, disinterested benevolence. He paid her ransom, had her +conveyed to the commissioners for negotiating with the Indians, and by +them she was taken to a station on the south side of the Ohio.[8] Here +she met with two gentlemen (Long and Denton) who had been at the +treaty to obtain intelligence of their children taken captive some +time before, but not being able to gain any information respecting +them, they were then returning to the interior of Kentucky and kindly +furnished her a horse. + +In consequence of the great danger attending a journey through the +wilderness which lay between the settlements in Kentucky and those on +the Holstein, persons scarcely ever performed it but at particular +periods of the year, and in caravans, the better to defend themselves +against attacks of savages. Notice of the time and place of the +assembling of one of these parties being given, Mrs. Cunningham +prepared to accompany it; but before that time arrived, they were +deterred from the undertaking by the report that a company of +travellers, stronger than theirs would be, had been encountered by the +Indians, and all either killed or made prisoners. Soon after another +party resolved on a visit to Virginia, and Mrs. Cunningham was +furnished a horse belonging to a gentleman on Holstein (which had +escaped from him while on a buffalo hunt in Kentucky and was found +after his return,) to carry her that far on her way home. Experiencing +the many unpleasant circumstances incident to such a jaunt, she +reached Holstein, and from thence, after a repose of a few days, +keeping up the Valley of Virginia, she proceeded by the way of +Shenandoah, to the county of Harrison.[9] Here she was sadly +disappointed in not meeting with her husband. Having understood that +she had been ransomed and taken to Kentucky, he had, some time before, +gone on in quest of her. Anxiety for his fate, alone and on a journey +which she well knew to be fraught with many dangers, she could not +cheerily partake of the general joy excited by her return. In a few +days however, he came back. He had heard on Holstein of her having +passed there and he retraced his steps. Arriving at his brother +Edward's, he again enjoyed the satisfaction of being with all that was +then dear to him on earth. It was a delightful satisfaction, but +presently damped by the recollection of [277] the fate of his luckless +children--Time assuaged the bitterness of the recollection and blessed +him with other and more fortunate children.[10] + +In October 1784, a party of Indians ascended Sandy river and passing +over to the head of Clynch, came to the settlement near where Tazewell +court house is now located. Going first to the house of a Mr. +Davisson, they killed him and his wife; and setting fire to their +dwelling, proceeded towards the residence of James Moore, sr. On their +way they met Moore salting his horses at a _lick trough_ in the woods, +and killed him. They then went to the house and captured Mrs. Moore +and her seven children, and Sally Ivens, a young lady who was there +on a visit. Fearing detection, they immediately departed for Ohio with +the prisoners; and in order to expedite their retreat, killed John +Moore, jr. and the three younger children. + +Upon their arrival at the Shawanee town on the Scioto (near the mouth +of Paint creek) a council was held, and it was resolved that two of +the captives should be _burned alive_, to avenge the death of some of +their warriors who had been killed on the Kentucky river. This +dreadful doom was allotted to Mrs. Moore and her daughter Jane,--an +interesting girl about sixteen years of age. They were tied to a post +and tortured to death with burning splinters of pine, in the presence +of the remaining members of the family. + +After the death of his mother and sister, James Moore was sent to +the Maumee towns in Michigan, where he remained until December +1785,--his sister Mary and Sally Ivins remaining with the Shawanees. +In December 1786, they were all brought to Augusta county in +conformity with the stipulations of the treaty of Miami, and ransomed +by their friends.[11] + +In the fall of 1796, John Ice and James Snodgrass were killed by the +Indians when looking for their horses which they [278] had lost on a +buffalo hunt on Fishing creek. Their remains were afterwards +found--the flesh torn from the bones by the wolves--and buried. + +In a few days after Ice and Snodgrass left home in quest of their +horses, a party of Indians came to Buffalo creek in Monongalia, and +meeting with Mrs. Dragoo and her son in a corn field gathering beans, +took them prisoners, and supposing that their detention would induce +others to look for them, they waylaid the path leading [277] from the +house. According to their expectation, uneasy at their continued +absence, Jacob Strait and Nicholas Wood went to ascertain its cause. +As they approached the Indians fired from their covert, and Wood +fell;--Strait taking to flight was soon overtaken. Mrs. Strait and her +daughter, hearing the firing and seeing the savages in pursuit of Mr. +Strait, betook themselves also to flight, but were discovered by some +of the Indians who immediately ran after them. The daughter concealed +herself in a thicket of bushes and escaped observation. Her mother +sought concealment under a large shelving rock, and was not afterwards +discovered by the savages, although those in pursuit of her husband, +passed near and overtook him not far off. Indeed she was at that time +so close, as to hear Mr. Strait say, when overtaken, "don't kill me +and I will go with you;" and the savage replying "will you go with +me," she heard the fatal blow which deprived her husband of life. + +Mrs. Dragoo being infirm and unable to travel to their towns, was +murdered on the way. Her son (a lad of seven) remained with the +Indians upwards of twenty years,--he married a squaw, by whom he had +four children,--two of whom he brought home with him, when he forsook +the Indians. + +In 1787 the Indians again visited the settlement on Buffaloe, and as +Levi Morgan was engaged in skinning a wolf which he had just taken +from his trap, he saw three of them--one riding a horse which he well +knew, the other two walking near behind--coming towards him. On first +looking in the direction they were coming, he recognized the horse, +and supposed the rider to be its owner--one of his near neighbors. A +second glance discovered the mistake, and he siezed his gun and sprang +behind a large rock,--the Indians at the same instant taking shelter +by the side of a large tree.--As soon as his body was obscured from +their view, he turned, and seeing the Indians looking towards the +farther end of the [279] rocks as if expecting him to make his +appearance there, he fired and one of them fell. Instantly he had +recourse to his powder horn to reload, but while engaged in skinning +the wolf the stopper had fallen out and his powder was wasted. He +then fled, and one of the savages took after him. For some time he +held to his gun; but finding his pursuer sensibly gaining on him, he +dropped it under the hope that it would attract the attention of the +Indian and give him a better chance of escape. The savage passed +heedlessly by it. Morgan then threw his shot pouch and coat in the +way, to tempt the Indian to a momentary delay. It was equally +vain,--his pursuer did not falter for an instant. He now had recourse +to another expedient to save himself from captivity or death. Arriving +at the summit of the hill up which he had directed his steps, he +halted; and, as if some men were approaching from the other side, +called aloud, "come on, come on; here is one, make haste." The Indian +not doubting that he was really calling to some men at hand, turned +and retreated as precipitately as he had advanced; and when he heard +Morgan exclaim, "shoot quick, or he will be out of reach," he seemed +to redouble his exertion to gain that desirable distance. Pleased with +the success of the artifice, Morgan hastened home; leaving his coat +and gun to reward the savage for the deception practised on him.[12] + +In September of this year, a party of Indians were discovered in the +act of catching some horses on the West Fork above Clarksburg; and a +company of men led on by Col. Lowther, went immediately in pursuit of +them.[13] On the third night the Indians and whites, unknown to each +other, encamped not far apart; and in the morning the fires of the +latter being discovered by Elias Hughes, the detachment which was +accompanying him fired upon the camp, and one of the savages fell. The +remainder taking [279] to flight, one of them passed near to where +Col. Lowther and the other men were, and the Colonel firing at him as +he ran, the ball entering at his shoulder, perforated him, and he +fell. The horses and plunder which had been taken by the savages, were +then collected by the whites, and they commenced their return home, in +the confidence of false security. They had not proceeded far, when two +guns were unexpectedly fired at them, and John Bonnet fell, pierced +through the body. He died before he reached home.[14] + +[280] The Indians never thought the whites justifiable in flying to +arms to punish them for acts merely of rapine. They felt authorized to +levy contributions of this sort, whenever an occasion served, viewing +property thus acquired as (to use their own expression) the "only rent +which they received for their lands;" and if when detected in secretly +exacting them, their blood paid the penalty, they were sure to +retaliate with tenfold fury, on the first favorable opportunity. The +murder of these two Indians by Hughes and Lowther was soon followed by +acts of retribution, which are believed to have been, at least +mediately, produced by them. + +On the 5th of December, a party of Indians and one white man (Leonard +Schoolcraft) came into the settlement on Hacker's creek, and meeting +with a daughter of Jesse Hughes, took her prisoner. Passing on, they +came upon E. West, Senr. carrying some fodder to the stable, and +taking him likewise captive, carried him to where Hughes' daughter had +been left in charge of some of their party.--Here the old gentleman +fell upon his knees and expressed a fervent wish that they would not +deal harshly by him. His petition was answered by a stroke of the +tomahawk, and he fell dead. + +They then went to the house of Edmund West, Jun. where were Mrs. West +and her sister (a girl of eleven years old, daughter of John Hacker) +and a lad of twelve, a brother of West. Forcing open the door, +Schoolcraft and two of the savages entered; and one of them +immediately tomahawked Mrs. West. The boy was taking some corn from +under the bed,--he was drawn out by the feet and the tomahawk sank +twice in his forehead, directly above each eye. The girl was standing +behind the door. One of the savages approached and aimed at her a +blow. She tried to evade it; but it struck on the side of her neck, +though not with sufficient force to knock her down. She fell however, +and lay as if killed. Thinking their work of death accomplished here, +they took from a press some milk, butter and bread, placed it on the +table, and deliberately sat down to eat,--the little girl observing +all that passed, in silent stillness. When they had satisfied their +hunger, they arose, scalped the woman and boy, plundered the +house--even emptying the feathers to carry off the ticking--and +departed, dragging the little girl by the hair, forty or fifty yards +from the house. They then threw her over the fence, and scalped her; +but as she evinced symptoms of life, Schoolcraft observed "_that is +not enough_," when immediately one of the savages thrust a knife into +her side, and they left her. Fortunately the point of the knife came +in contact with a rib and did not injure her much. + +Old Mrs. West and her two daughters, who were alone when the old +gentleman was taken, became uneasy that he did not return; and fearing +that he had fallen into the hands of savages (as they could not +otherwise account for his absence) they left the house and went to +Alexander West's, who was then on a hunting expedition with his +brother Edmund. They told of the absence of old Mr. West and [281] +their fears for his fate; and as there was no man here, they went over +to Jesse Hughes' who was himself uneasy that his daughter did not come +home. Upon hearing that West too was missing, he did not doubt but +that both had fallen into the hands of Indians; and knowing of the +absence from home of Edmund West, Jun. he deemed it advisable to +apprize his wife of danger, and remove her to his house. For this +purpose and accompanied by Mrs. West's two daughters, he went on. On +entering the door, the tale of destruction which had been done there +was soon told in part. Mrs. West and the lad lay weltering in their +blood, but not yet dead. The sight overpowered the girls, and Hughes +had to carry them off.--Seeing that the savages had but just left +them; and aware of the danger which would attend any attempt to move +out and give the alarm that night, Hughes guarded his own house until +day, when he spread the sorrowful intelligence, and a company were +collected to ascertain the extent of the mischief and try to find +those who were known to be missing. + +Young West was found--standing in the creek about a mile from where he +had been tomahawked. The brains were oozing from his head; yet he +survived in extreme suffering for three days. Old Mr. West was found +in the field where he had been tomahawked. Mrs. West was in the house; +she had probably lived but a few minutes after Hughes and her +sisters-in-law had left there.--The little girl (Hacker's daughter) +was in bed at the house of old Mr. West. She related the history of +the transactions at Edmund West's, Jun. and said that she went to +_sleep_ when thrown over the fence and was awaked by the scalping. +After she had been stabbed at the suggestion of Schoolcraft and left, +she tried to re-cross the fence to the house, but as she was climbing +up she again went to sleep and fell back. She then walked into the +woods, sheltered herself as well as she could in the top of a fallen +tree, and remained there until the cocks crew in the morning. + +Remembering that there was no person left alive at the house of her +sister, awhile before day she proceeded to old Mr. West's. She found +no person at home, the fire nearly out, but the hearth warm and she +laid down on it. The heat produced a sickly feeling, which caused her +to get up and go to the bed, in which she was found.--She recovered, +grew up, was married, gave birth to ten children, and died, as was +believed, of an affection of the head, occasioned by the wound she +received that night. Hughes' daughter was ransomed by her father the +next year, and is yet living in sight of the theatre of those savage +enormities. + +In March 1789, two Indians came to the house of Mr. Glass in the upper +end of Ohio (now Brooke) county. They were discovered by a negro +woman, who immediately exclaimed, "here are Indians." Mrs. Glass rose +up from her spinning wheel, ran to the door, and was met by an Indian +with his gun presented. She laid hold on the muzzle and turning it +aside, begged that he would not kill, [282] but take her prisoner. He +walked into the house and when joined by another Indian with the negro +woman and her boy, about four years old, they opened a chest, took out +a small box and some articles of clothing, and without doing farther +mischief, departed with the prisoners,--Mrs. Glass and her child, two +years of age, the negro woman and boy and her infant child. They had +proceeded but a short distance when a consultation was held, and Mrs. +Glass supposing from their gestures and frequent pointing towards the +children they were the subject of deliberation, held forth her little +boy to one of the savages and begged that he might be spared--adding, +"he will make a fine little Indian after awhile." He signed to her to +go on. The other savage then struck the negro boy with the pipe end of +his tomahawk, and with the edge gave him a blow across the back of the +neck, and scalped and left him. + +In the evening they came to the Ohio river just above Wellsburg, and +descended it in a canoe about five miles, to the mouth of Rush run. +They drew the canoe some distance up the run and proceeding between +one and two miles farther encamped for the night.--Next morning they +resumed their march and about two o'clock halted on Indian Short +creek, twenty miles farther. + +When the savages came to the house of Mr. Glass he was at work in a +field some few hundred yards off, and was ignorant that any thing +extraordinary had occurred there, until in the afternoon.--Searching +in vain for his wife, he became satisfied that she had been taken by +the Indians; and proceeding to Well's fort prevailed on ten men to +accompany him in quest of them. Early next morning they discovered the +place where the Indians embarked in the canoe; and as Mr. Glass +readily distinguished the impression made by Mrs. Glass' shoe on the +sand, they crossed the river with great expectation of being able to +overtake them. They then went down the river to the mouth of Rush run, +where the canoe was found and identified by some of Mr. Glass' papers, +purposely left there by Mrs. Glass. From this place the trail of the +Indians and their prisoners was plainly visible, and pursuing it, the +party arrived in view of the smoke from their fire on Short creek, +about an hour after the Indians had halted. Crossing slyly forward, +when rather more than one hundred yards off they beheld the two +savages attentively inspecting a red jacket which one of them held, +and Mrs. Glass and her little boy and the negro woman and her child a +few paces from them.--Suddenly the Indians let fall the jacket, and +looked towards the men. Supposing they were discovered, they +discharged their guns and rushed towards the fire. One of the Indians +fell and dropped his gun, but recovering, ran about one hundred yards +when a shot aimed at him by Major McGuire brought him to his hands and +knees.--Mrs. Glass informing them that there was another encampment of +Indians close by, instead of following the wounded savage, they +returned home with all speed. + +[283] In August five Indians on their way to the settlements on the +waters of the Monongahela, met with two men on Middle Island creek, +and killed them. Taking their horses they continued on their route +until they came to the house of William Johnson on Ten Mile, and made +prisoner of Mrs. Johnson and some children; plundered the house, +killed part of the stock, and taking with them one of Johnson's +horses, returned towards the Ohio. When the Indians came to the house, +Johnson had gone to a lick not far off, and on his return in the +morning, seeing what had been done, and searching until he found the +trail of the savages and their prisoners, ran to Clarksburg for +assistance. A company of men repaired with him immediately to where +he had discovered the trail, and keeping it about a mile, found four +of the children lying dead in the woods. The savages had tomahawked +and scalped them, and placing their heads close together, turned their +bodies and feet straight out so as to represent a cross. The dead were +buried and farther pursuit given over. + +Other Indians, about the same time, came to the house of John Mack on +a branch of Hacker's creek. He being from home, they killed all who +were at the house. Two of the children, who had been sent into the +woods to hunt the cattle, returning, saw a little sister lying in the +yard scalped, and directly fled, and gave the alarm. In the morning +some men assembled and went to ascertain the extent of the mischief. +The house was no longer to be seen,--a heap of ashes was all that +remained of it. The little girl who had been scalped in the yard, was +much burned, and those who had been murdered in the house, were +consumed with it. Mrs. Mack had been taken some distance from the +house, tomahawked, scalped, and stripped naked. She was yet alive; and +as the men approached, a sense of her situation induced her to exert +her feeble strength in drawing leaves around her so as to conceal her +nakedness. The men wrapped their hunting shirts about her, and carried +her to a neighboring house. She lived a few days, gave birth to a +child and died. + +Some time after the murder of Mack's family, John Sims, living on a +branch of Gnatty creek, seeing his horses come running up much +affrighted, was led to believe that the Indians had been trying to +catch them. In a few minutes, the dogs began to bark furiously in the +corn field adjoining, and he became satisfied the savages were +approaching. Knowing [284] that he could offer no effectual +resistance, if they should attack his house, he contrived an artifice +to deter them from approaching. Taking down his gun, he walked around +the house backward and forward, and as if speaking to men in it, +called out, "_Be watchful._ They will soon be here, and as soon as you +see them, draw a fine bead;" Mrs. Sims in a coarse tone of voice and +with feigned resolution, answering as she had been advised, "Never +fear! let them once shew their yellow hides, and we'll pepper them." +He would then retire into the house, change his garments, the better +to support the deception, and again go forth to watch and give +directions to those within. He pursued this plan until night, when he +withdrew with his family to a place of safety. The Indians had +actually been in the cornfield, and near enough to have shot +Sims,--the place where they had been sitting being plainly discernible +next morning. Sims' artifice no doubt drove them off, and as they were +retreating they fired the house of Jethro Thompson on Lost creek. + +In the spring of 1790, the neighborhood of Clarksburg was again +visited by Indians in quest of plunder, and who stole and carried off +several horses. They were discovered and pursued to the Ohio river, +when the pursuers, being reinforced, determined to follow on over into +the Indian country. Crossing the river and ascending the Hockhocking, +near to the falls, they came upon the camp of the savages. The whites +opened an unexpected fire, which killing one and wounding another of +the Indians, caused the remainder to fly, leaving their horses about +their camp.--These were caught, brought back and restored to their +owners. + +In April as Samuel Hull was engaged in ploughing a field for Major +Benjamin Robinson, he was discovered by some Indians, shot, +tomahawked, and scalped. The murder was first ascertained by Mrs. +Robinson. Surprised that Hull did not come to the house as usual, to +feed the horses and get his own dinner, she went to the field to see +what detained him. She found the horses some distance from where they +had been recently at work; and going on, presently saw Hull lying +where he had been shot. + +----- + [1] News of the preliminary articles of peace, which had + been signed at Paris, November 30, 1782, did not reach Fort + Pitt until May, 1783. In July following, De Peyster, British + commandant at Detroit, gathered at that post the chiefs of + eleven tribes as far south as the Great Miami and the Wabash, + and informed them of the event.--R. G. T. + + [2] The treaty was held at Fort McIntosh, at the mouth of + the Beaver, early in January, 1785. The tribes represented were + the Wyandots, Chippewas, Delawares, and Ottawas. The + commissioners were Arthur Lee, Richard Butler, and George + Rogers Clark. Col. Josiah Harmar was in charge of the + troops.--R. G. T. + + [3] L. V. McWhorter, well informed in the local traditions, + writes: "When the Indian sprang into the house, with drawn + tomahawk, he closed and for a few moments stood with his back + to the door. Then, while cutting an opening through the wall, + he asked Mrs. Cunningham how many men there were in the other + house. She answered by holding up the extended fingers of both + hands, indicating 10."--R. G. T. + + [4] McWhorter: "Mrs. Cunningham related that the last + she saw of her little daughter, was one quivering little + foot sticking up over a log behind which she had been + thrown."--R. G. T. + + [5] McWhorter: "The cave in which Mrs. Cunningham was + concealed is on Little Indian Run, a branch of Big Bingamon + Creek, on which stream the tragedy took place. The cave is + about two miles northwest of the site of the capture, and in + Harrison County, W. Va."--R. G. T. + + [6] McWhorter: "Mrs. Cunningham stated that an Indian stood + over her with an uplifted tomahawk, to prevent her from crying + out. At times, the whites were upon the very rock above their + heads."--R. G. T. + + [7] McWhorter says local tradition has it that the Indians + remained in the cave a night and a day; they departed before + daylight, during the second night. Mrs. Cunningham related that + just before leaving, the wounded brave was borne from the cave + by his fellows, and she never again saw him; her opinion was, + that he was then dead, and his body was sunk in a neighboring + pool.--R. G. T. + + [8] Mrs. Cunningham had been over three years with the + savages, when she was taken to a great Indian conference held + at the foot of the Maumee rapids, "at or near the site of the + present Perrysburgh, Ohio," in the autumn of 1788. Girty + brought the attention of McKee, then a British Indian agent, to + the matter, and McKee furnished the trinkets which constituted + the ransom.--R. G. T. + + [9] See McKnight's _Our Western Border_, pp. 714, + 716.--R. G. T. + + [10] Superstition was rife among the Scotch-Irish borderers. + McWhorter writes: "On the day before the capture, a little bird + came into Mrs. Cunningham's cabin and fluttered around the + room. Ever afterwards, she grew frightened whenever a bird + would enter her house. The fear that such an occurrence would + bring bad luck to a household, was an old and widely-spread + superstition."--R. G. T. + + [11] Mary Moore afterwards became the wife of Mr. Brown, a + presbyterian preacher in Augusta. Her brother James Moore, jr., + still resides in Tazewell county; and notwithstanding that he + witnessed the cruel murder of his mother and five brothers and + sisters by the hands of the savages, he is said to have formed + and still retain a strong attachment to the Indians. The + anniversary of the burning of Mrs. Moore & her daughter, is + kept by many in Tazewell as a day of fasting and prayer; and + that tragical event gave rise to some affecting verses, + generally called "Moore's Lamentation." + + [12] At the treaty of Au Glaize, Morgan met with the Indian + who had given him this chase, and who still had his gun. After + talking over the circumstance, rather more composedly than they + had acted it, they agreed to test each other's speed in a + friendly race. The Indian being beaten, rubbed his hams and + said, "_stiff, stiff; too old, too old_." "Well, said Morgan, + you got the gun by outrunning me then, and I should have it now + for outrunning you;" and accordingly took it. + + [13] McWhorter: "Alexander West was with Col. William Lowther + on this expedition. They followed the Indians to the Little + Kanawha River."--R. G. T. + + [14] Another case of border superstition is related to me by + McWhorter. Alexander West had been doing sentry duty most of + the night before, and on being relieved early in the morning, + sat with his back to a tree and, rifle across his lap, fell to + sleep. On awakening he sprang to his feet and cried, "Boys, + look out! Some of us will be killed to-day! I saw the _red doe_ + in my dream; that is the sign of death; I never knew it to + fail!" When Bonnett fell, it was considered in camp to be a + verification of the "red sign." Bonnett was carried by his + comrades on a rude stretcher, but in four days died. His body + was placed in a cleft of rock and the entrance securely + chinked.--R. G. T. + + + + +[285] CHAPTER XVII. + + +Upon the close of the war of the revolution, many circumstances +conspired to add considerably to the population of Kentucky; and her +strength and ability to cope with the savages and repel invasion, were +consequently much increased. Conscious of this, and sensible of their +own condition, weakened by the withdrawal of their allies, the Indians +did not venture upon expeditions against its inhabitants, requiring to +be conducted by the co-operation of many warriors. They preferred to +wage war in small parties, against detached settlements and +unprotected families; and guarding the Ohio river and the "_wilderness +trace_,"[1] to cut off parties of emigrants removing to that country. +In all of those they were eminently successful. In the interval of +time, between the peace of 1783 and the defeat of General Harmar, in +1790, it is inferred from evidence laid before Congress, that in +Kentucky, not less than one thousand human beings were killed and +taken prisoners. And although the whites were enabled to carry the war +into the heart of the Indian country, and frequently with success, yet +did not this put a stop to their enormities. When pressed by the +presence of a conquering army, they would sue for peace, and enter +into treaties, which they scarcely observed inviolate 'till those +armies were withdrawn from among them. + +In April 1785, some Indians hovering about Bear Grass, met with +Colonel Christian and killed him. His loss was severely felt +throughout the whole country.[2] + +In October of the same year, several families moving to the [286] +country were attacked and defeated on Skegg's creek. Six of the whites +were killed, and a number of the others made prisoners, among whom +were Mrs. McClure and her infant. When the attack was begun, she +secreted herself with four children in some bushes, which together +with the darkness of the night, protected her from observation; and +could she have overcome the feelings of a mother for her child, she +might have ensured her own safety and that of her three other children +by leaving her infant at some distance from them. She was aware of the +danger to which its cries would expose her, and sought to prevent them +by giving it the breast. For awhile it had that effect, but its +shrieks at length arose and drew the savages to the spot. Three of her +children were slain by her side. + +On hearing of this disastrous event, Capt. Whitley collected +twenty-one men from the nearer stations, and went in pursuit of the +aggressors. He presently overtook them, killed two of their party, and +retook the prisoners and the scalps of those whom they had slain.--So +signal was his success over them. + +In ten days afterwards, another company of _movers_, led on by Mr. +Moore, was attacked, and in the skirmish which ensued, nine of their +party were killed. Again Capt. Whitley went in pursuit of the savage +perpetrators of this outrage, having thirty men to accompany him. On +the sixth day of the pursuit, they overtook twenty mounted Indians, +some of whom were clad in the clothes of those they had slain; and who +dismounted and fled upon the first fire. Three of them however were +killed, and eight scalps and all the plunder were recovered. + +In consequence of the many repeated aggressions of the savages, an +expedition was this fall concerted against their towns on the Wabash, +to be carried into immediate execution. Through the exertions of the +county lieutenants an army of one thousand men, was soon assembled at +Louisville[3] and placed under the command of Gen. Clarke, who marched +directly for the theatre of contemplated operations--leaving the +provisions and much of their munitions to be transported in boats. The +army arrived near the towns, before the boats;--the men became +dissatisfied and mutinous, and Gen. Clarke was in consequence, +reluctantly forced to return without striking a blow.[4] + +[287] When the army under Gen. Clarke marched from Louisville, Col. +Logan knowing that the attention of the Indians would be drawn almost +exclusively towards it, & other towns be left exposed and defenceless, +raised a body of troops and proceeded against the villages on the +Great Miami, and on the head waters of Mad river. In this campaign he +burned eight large towns, killed twenty warriors and took between +seventy and eighty prisoners.[5] + +Among the troops led on by Col. Logan, was the late Gen. Lyttle (since +of Cincinnati) then a youth of sixteen.[6] At the head of a party of +volunteers, when the first towns on the Mad river were reduced, he +charged on some of the savages whom he saw endeavoring to reach a +close thicket of hazel and plum bushes. Being some distance in front +of his companions, when within fifty yards of the retreating enemy, he +dismounted, and raising his gun to fire, saw the warrior at whom he +was aiming, hold out his hand in token of surrendering. In this time +the other men had come up and were making ready to fire, when young +Lyttle called to them, "they have surrendered; and remember the +Colonel's orders to kill none who ask for quarters." The warrior +advanced towards him with his hand extended, and ordering the others +to follow him. As he approached, Lyttle gave him his hand, but with +difficulty restrained the men from tomahawking him. It was the head +chief with his three wives and children, two or three of whom were +fine looking lads, and one of them a youth of Lyttle's age. Observing +the conduct of Lyttle in preventing the murder of the chief, this +youth drew close to him. When they returned to the town, a crowd of +men rushed around to see the chief, and Lyttle stepped out of the +crowd to fasten his horse. The lad accompanied him. A young man who +had been to the spring to drink, seeing Lyttle with the Indian lad, +came running towards him. The youth supposed that he was advancing to +kill him, and in the twinkling of an eye let fly an arrow. It passed +through Curner's dress, and grazed his side; and but for the timely +twitch which Lyttle gave the lad's arm, would have killed him. His +other arrows were then taken away, and he sternly reprimanded. + +Upon the return of Lyttle to where the chief stood, he heard Col. +Logan give orders that the prisoners must not be molested, but taken +to a house and placed under guard for their [288] security; and seeing +Major McGary[7] riding up and knowing his disposition, he called to +him saying, "Major McGary, you must not molest those prisoners" and +rode off. McGary mutteringly replied, "I'll see to that;" and +dismounting, entered the circle around the prisoners. He demanded of +the chief, if he were at the battle of the Blue Licks. The chief +probably not understanding the purport of the question, replied +affirmatively. McGary instantly seized an axe from the Grenadier +Squaw, standing by and sunk it into his head. Lyttle saw the +descending stroke and interposed his arm to prevent it or break its +force. The handle came in contact with his wrist and had well nigh +broke it. Indignant at the barbarous deed, with the impetuosity of +youth he drew his knife to avenge it. His arm was arrested, or the +steel would have been plunged into the heart of McGary. The bloody act +of this man caused deep regret, humiliation and shame to pervade the +greater part of the army, and none were more affected by it, than the +brave and generous Logan.--When the prisoners were conducted to the +house, it was with much difficulty the Indian lad could be prevailed +upon to quit the side of Lyttle. + +The commencement of the year 1786 witnessed treaties of peace with all +the neighboring tribes;[8] but its progress was marked by acts of +general hostility. Many individual massacres were committed and in the +fall, a company of _movers_ were attacked, and twenty-one of them +killed. This state of things continuing, in 1787 the secretary of war +ordered detachments of troops to be stationed at [288] different +points for the protection of the frontier. Still the Indians kept up +such an incessant war against it, as after the adoption of the federal +constitution, led the general government to interpose more effectually +for the security of its inhabitants, by sending a body of troops to +operate against them in their own country. + +While these things were doing, a portion of the country north west of +the river Ohio, began to be occupied by the whites. One million and a +half acres of land in that country, having been appropriated as +military land, a company, composed of officers and soldiers in the war +of the revolution, was formed in Boston in March 1786 under the title +of the [289] "Ohio Company," and Gen. Rufus Putnam was appointed its +agent. In the spring of 1788, he with forty-seven other persons, from +Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, repaired to Marietta, +erected a stockade fort for security against the attacks of Indians, +and effected a permanent settlement there.[9] In the autumn of the +same year, twenty families, chiefly from Essex and Middlesex counties +in Massachusetts, likewise moved there, and the forests of lofty +timber fell before their untiring and laborious exertions. Many of +those who thus took up their abodes in that, then _distant_ country +had been actively engaged in the late war, and were used, not only to +face danger with firmness when it came upon them; but also to devise +and practice, means to avert it. Knowing the implacable resentment of +the savages to the whites generally, they were at once careful not to +provoke it into action, and to prepare to ward off its effects. In +consequence of this course of conduct, and their assiduity and +attention to the improvement of their lands, but few massacres were +committed in their neighborhoods, although the savages were waging a +general war against the frontier, and carrying destruction into +settlements, comparatively in the interior. + +In the winter of 1786, Mr. Stites of Redstone visited New York with +the view of purchasing (congress being then in session there) for +settlement, a tract of country between the two Miamies. The better +to insure success to his project, he cultivated the acquaintance of +many members of congress and endeavored to impress upon their minds +its propriety and utility. John Cleves Symmes, then a representative +from New Jersey, and whose aid Stites solicited to enable him to +effect the purchase, becoming impressed with the great pecuniary +advantage which must result from the speculation, if the country were +such as it was represented to be, determined to ascertain this fact by +personal inspection. He did so; and on his return a purchase of one +million of acres, lying on the Ohio and between the Great and Little +Miami, was made in his name. Soon after, he sold to Matthias Denman +and others, that part of his purchase which forms the present site of +the city of Cincinnati; and in the fall of 1789, some families from +New York, New Jersey, and Redstone, descended the Ohio river to the +mouth of the Little Miami. As the Indians were now more than +ordinarily troublesome, forty soldiers under Lieut. Kersey, were +ordered to join them for the [290] defence of the settlement. They +erected at first a single blockhouse, and soon after adding to it +three others, a stockade fort was formed on a position now included +within the town of Columbia. + +In June 1789, Major Doughty with one hundred and forty regulars, +arrived opposite the mouth of Licking, and put up four block houses on +the purchase made by Denman of Symmes, and directly after, erected +Fort Washington. Towards the close of the year, Gen. Harmar arrived +with three hundred other regulars, and occupied the fort. Thus assured +of safety, Israel Ludlow, (jointly interested with Denman and +Patterson) with twenty other persons, moved and commenced building +some cabins along the river and near to the fort.--During the winter +Mr. Ludlow surveyed and laid out the town of Losantiville,[10] but +when Gen. St. Clair came there as governor of the North Western +Territory, he changed its name to Cincinnati.[11] + +[290] In 1790, a settlement was made at the forks of Duck creek, +twenty miles up the Muskingum at the site of the present town of +Waterford; another fifteen miles farther up the river at Big Bottom, +and a third at Wolf creek near the falls. These settlements were made +on a tract of one hundred thousand acres, laid off into "donation" +lots of one hundred acres, and gratuitously assigned to _actual +settlers_; and at the close of the year they contained nearly five +hundred men, of whom one hundred and seven had families. + +Thus was the present flourishing State of Ohio begun to be occupied by +the whites; and the mind cannot but be struck with astonishment in +contemplating the wonderful changes which have been _wrought there_, +in such brief space of time, by industry and enterprise. Where then +stood mighty and unbroken forests, through which the savage passed on +his mission of blood; or stalked the majestic buffaloe, gamboled the +sportive deer, or trotted the shaggy bear, are now to [291] be seen +productive farms, covered with lowing herds and bleating flocks, and +teeming with all the comforts of life.--And where then stood the town +of Losantiville with its three or four little cabins and their twenty +inmates, is now to be seen a flourishing city with its splendid +edifices, and a population of 26,513 souls. Continuing thus +progressively to improve, the mind of man, "pervading and far darting" +as it is, can scarcely picture the state which may be there exhibited +in the lapse of a few centuries. + +The formations of those establishments north west of the Ohio river, +incited the savages to the commission of such and so frequent +enormities that measures were taken by the general government to +reduce them to quiet and render peace truly desirable to them. While +preparations were making to carry those measures into operation, +detachments from the regular troops at Fort Washington were stationed +at Duck creek, the Big Bottom and Wolf creek, for the security of the +_settlers_ at those places; and when every thing was prepared, Gen. +Harmar, at the head of three hundred and twenty regulars, moved from +his head quarters at Fort Washington, to the Little Miami, where the +militia detailed for the expedition, were then assembled. The object +was to bring the Indians, if possible, to a general engagement; and if +this could not be effected, to destroy their towns and crops on the +Scioto and Miami. + +On the last day of September 1790, the army then consisting of +fourteen hundred and forty-three men, (of whom only three hundred and +twenty were regulars) marched forward, and on the 17th of October +reached the Great Miami village.[12] It was found to be entirely +deserted and all the valuable buildings in flames--having been fired +by the Indians. As it was apparent that the savages had but recently +left there, Col. Hardin was detached with two hundred and ten men, +sixty of whom were regulars to overtake them. Having marched about six +miles, he was suddenly attacked by a body of Indians who were +concealed in thickets on every side of an open plain. On the first +onset, the militia made a most precipitate retreat, leaving the few, +but brave regulars to stand the charge. The conflict was short but +bloody. The regular troops, over powered by numbers, were literally +cut to pieces; and only seven of them made their escape and rejoined +the main army at the Great Miami town.[13] + +[292] Among those who were so fortunate as to escape after the +shameful flight of the militia, was Capt. Armstrong of the regulars. +He reached a pond of water about two hundred yards from the field of +action; and plunging himself up to the neck in it, remained there all +night, a spectator of the horrid scene of a savage war dance, +performed over the dead and wounded bodies of his brave soldiers. The +escape of ensign Hartshorn was perhaps owing entirely to a lucky +accident. As he was flying at his best speed he faltered over a log, +which lay in his path, and by the side of which he concealed himself +from the view of the savages. + +Notwithstanding the disastrous termination of this engagement, the +detachment succeeded in reducing the other towns to ashes, and in +destroying their crops of corn and other provisions; and rejoining the +main army under Gen. Harmar, commenced their return to Fort +Washington. Anxious to wipe off in another action, the disgrace which +he felt would attach to the defeat, when within eight miles of +Chilicothe, Gen. Harmar halted his men, and again detached Col. Hardin +and Major Wylleys, with five hundred militia and sixty regulars, to +find the enemy and bring them to an engagement. + +Early next morning, a small body of the enemy was discovered, and +being attacked, fled in different directions.--The militia pursued +them as they ran in despite of orders; and when by this means the +regulars were left alone, they were attacked by the whole force of the +Indians, excepting the small parties whose flight had drawn off the +militia. A severe engagement ensued. The savages fought with +desperation; & when the troops which had gone in pursuit of those who +fled upon the first onset, returned to take part in the engagement, +they threw down their guns and rushed upon the regulars tomahawk in +hand. Many of them fell, but being so very far superior in numbers, +the regulars were at last overpowered. Their firmness and bravery +could not avail much, against so overwhelming a force; for though one +of them might thrust his bayonet into the side of an Indian, two other +savages were at hand to sink their tomahawks into his head. In his +official account of this battle, Gen. Harmar claimed the victory; but +the thinned ranks of his troops shewed that they had been severely +worsted. Fifty of the regulars and one hundred of the militia were +killed in the contest, and many wounded. The loss of the Indians was +no doubt considerable, [293] or they would not have suffered the army +to retire to Fort Washington unmolested.[14] + +Instead of the security from savage hostilities, which it was expected +would result from Harmar's campaign, the inhabitants of the frontier +suffered from them, more than they had been made to endure since the +close of the war with Great Britain. Flushed with the success which +had crowned their exertions to repel the invasion which had been made +into their country, and infuriated at the destruction of their crops +and the conflagration of their villages, they became more active and +zealous in the prosecution of hostilities. + +The settlements which had been recently made in Ohio up the Muskingum, +had ever after their first establishment, continued apparently on the +most friendly terms with the Indians; but on the part of the savages, +friendship had only been feigned, to lull the whites into a ruinous +security. When this end was attained, they too were made to feel the +bitterness of savage enmity. On the 2d of January 1791, a party of +Indians came to the Big Bottom, and commenced an indiscriminate murder +of the inhabitants; fourteen of whom were killed and five taken +prisoners. The settlement at Wolf's creek escaped a similar fate, by +being apprized of the destruction of Big Bottom by two men who got +safely off in time of the massacre. When the Indians arrived there the +next morning, finding the place prepared to receive them, they +withdrew without making any serious attempt to take it. + +On the 24th of April, John Bush (living on Freeman's creek,) having +very early sent two of his children to drive up the cattle, became +alarmed by their screams, and taking down his gun, was proceeding to +learn the cause of it, when he was met at the door by an Indian, who +caught hold of the gun, forced it from his grasp, and shot him with +it. Bush fell across the threshold, and the savage drew his knife to +scalp him. Mrs. Bush ran to the assistance of her husband, and with an +axe, aimed a blow at the Indian with such force that it fastened +itself in his shoulder, and when he jumped back his exertion pulled +the handle from her hand. She then drew her husband into the house and +secured the door. + +In this time other of the savages had come up, and after endeavoring +in vain to force open the door, they commenced shooting through it. +Fortunately Mrs. Bush remained unhurt, although eleven bullets passed +through her frock and some of [294] them just grazing the skin. One of +the savages observing an aperture between the logs, thrust the muzzle +of his gun thro' it. With another axe Mrs. Bush struck on the barrel +so as to make it ring, and, the savage on drawing it back, exclaimed +"_Dern you._" Still they were endeavoring to force an entrance into +the house, until they heard what they believed to be a party of whites +coming to its relief. It was Adam Bush, who living close by and +hearing the screams of the children and the firing of the gun, had set +off to learn what had given rise to them, and taking with him his +dogs, the noise made by them in crossing the creek alarmed the +savages, and caused them to retreat, taking off the two children as +prisoners. A company of men were soon collected and went in pursuit of +the Indians; but were unable to surprise them and regain the +prisoners. They however, came so nearly upon them, on the Little +Kenhawa,[15] that they were forced to fly precipitately, leaving the +plunder and seven horses which they had taken from the settlement: +these were retaken and brought back. + +In May, as John McIntire and his wife were returning from a visit, +they passed through the yard of Uriah Ashcraft; and in a small space +of time after, Mr. Ashcraft, startled by the sudden growling and +springing up of one of his dogs, stepped quickly to the door to see +what had aroused him. He had hardly reached the door, when he espied +an Indian on the outside with his gun presented. Closing and making +fast the door, he ascended the stairs that he might the better fire +upon the unwelcome intruder; and after snapping three several times, +and having discovered that there were other Indians in the yard, he +raised a loud shout to apprize those who were within the sound of his +voice, that he was surrounded by danger. Upon this the Indians moved +off; and three brothers of McIntire coming to his relief, they all +pursued the trail of the savages. About a mile from Ashcraft's, they +found the body of John McIntire, tomahawked, scalped, and stripped; +and concluding that Mrs. McIntire, was taken prisoner, they sent +intelligence to Clarksburg of what had happened, and requested +assistance to follow the Indians and recover the prisoner from +captivity. The desired assistance was immediately afforded; and a +company of men, led on by Col. John Haymond and Col. George Jackson, +went in pursuit. On Middle Island creek,[16] before they were aware of +their proximity to the savages, they were fired upon by them, and +[295] two of the party very narrowly escaped being shot.--A ball +passed through the hankerchief on the head of Col. Haymond, and +another through the sleeve of Col. Jackson's shirt. The fire was +promptly returned, and the men rushed forward. The Indians however, +made good their retreat, though not without having experienced some +injury; as was discovered by the blood, and the throwing down some of +the plunder which they had taken. It was here first ascertained that +Mrs. McIntire had been killed,--her scalp being among the things +left--and on the return of the party, her body was found some small +distance from where that of her husband had been previously +discovered. + +Towards the last of June, another party of Indians invaded the +settlement on Dunkard creek, in the county of Monongalia. Early in the +morning, as Mr. Clegg, Mr. Handsucker, and two of Handsucker's sons +were engaged at work in a cornfield near the house, they were shot at +by some concealed savages, and Handsucker was wounded and soon +overtaken. Clegg and Handsucker's sons ran towards the house, and the +former entering it, defended it for a while; but confident that he +would soon be driven out by fire, he surrendered on condition that +they would spare his life and that of his little daughter with him. +The boys passed the house, but were taken by some of the savages who +were also concealed in the direction which they ran, and who had just +made captive Mrs. Handsucker and her infant. They then plundered and +set fire to the house, caught the horses and made off with the +prisoners, leaving one of their company, as usual, to watch after +their retreat. + +When the firing was first heard, Mrs. Clegg being some distance from +the house, concealed herself in the creek, under some projecting +bushes, until every thing became quiet. She then crept out, but +perceiving the Indian who had remained near the burning house, she +took to flight; and he having at the same time discovered her, ran in +pursuit. She was so far in advance, and ran so well, that the savage, +despairing of overtaking her, raised his gun and fired as she ran. The +ball just grazed the top of her shoulder, but not impeding her flight, +she got safely off. Mr. Handsucker, his wife and child, were murdered +on the dividing ridge between Dunkard and Fish creeks.[17] Mr. Clegg +after some time got back, and upon the close of the Indian war, +ransomed his two daughters. + +[296] In the month of September Nicholas Carpenter set off to Marietta +with a drove of cattle to sell to those who had established themselves +there; and when within some miles from the Ohio river, encamped for +the night.[18] In the morning early, and while he and the drovers were +yet dressing, they were alarmed by a discharge of guns, which killed +one and wounded another of his party. The others endeavored to save +themselves by flight; but Carpenter being a cripple (because of a +wound received some years before) did not run far, when finding +himself becoming faint, he entered a pond of water where he fondly +hoped he should escape observation. But no! both he and a son who had +likewise sought security there, were discovered, tomahawked and +scalped. George Legget, one of the drovers, was never after heard of; +but Jesse Hughes succeeded in getting off though under disadvantageous +circumstances. He wore long leggins, and when the firing commenced at +the camp, they were fastened at top to his belt, but hanging loose +below. Although an active runner, yet he found that the pursuers were +gaining and must ultimately overtake him if he did not rid himself of +this incumbrance. For this purpose he halted somewhat and stepping on +the lower part of his leggins, broke the strings which tied them to +his belt; but before he accomplished this, one of the savages +approached and hurled a tomahawk at him. It merely grazed his head, +and he then again took to flight and soon got off. + +It was afterwards ascertained that the Indians by whom this mischief +was effected, had crossed the Ohio river near the mouth of Little +Kenhawa, where they took a negro belonging to Captain James Neal, and +continued on towards the settlements on West Fork, until they came +upon the trail made by Carpenter's cattle. Supposing that they +belonged to families moving, they followed on until they came upon the +drovers; and tying the negro to a sapling made an attack on them. The +negro availed himself of their employment elsewhere, and loosing the +bands which fastened him, returned to his master. + +After the defeat of General Harmer, the terrors and the annoyance +proceeding from Indian hostilities, still continued to harrass +Kentucky, and to spread destruction over its unprotected portions. +Seeing that the expeditions of the savages were yet conducted on a +small scale, the better to effect their purposes, the inhabitants had +recourse to other measures [297] of defence; and established many +posts on the frontier, garrisoned by a few men, to watch the motions +of the enemy, and intercept them in their progress, or spread the +alarm of their approach. It was productive of but little benefit, and +all were convinced, that successful offensive war could alone give +security from Indian aggression. Convinced of this, preparations were +made by the General Government for another campaign to be carried on +against them; the objects of which were the destruction of the Indian +villages between the Miamies; the expulsion of their inhabitants from +the country, and the establishment of a chain of forts to prevent +their return, until a general peace should give promise of a cessation +of hostilities on their part. Means, deemed adequate to the +accomplishment of those objects, were placed by Congress at the +disposal of the executive, and of the army destined to effect them, he +directed General Arthur St. Clair to take the command.[19] + +It was some time before the troops detailed for this campaign, could +be assembled at Fort Washington; but as soon as they rendezvoused +there, the line of march was taken up.[20] Proceeding immediately for +the principal establishments of the Indians on the Miami, General St. +Clair had erected the Forts Hamilton and Jefferson,[21] and placing +sufficient garrisons in each, continued his march. The opening of a +road for the passage of the troops and artillery, necessarily consumed +much time; and while it was in progress, small parties of the enemy +were often seen hovering near, and some unimportant skirmishes took +place; and as the army approached the Indian villages, sixty of the +militia deserted in a body. To prevent the evil influence of this +example, General St. Clair despatched Major Hamtrack at the head of a +regiment, to overtake and bring them back; and the rest of the army +moved forward. + +On the night of the third of November, General St. Clair encamped near +the Great Miami village, and notwithstanding the reduced state of the +forces under his command, (by reason of the detachment of so large a +body in pursuit of the deserters,) he proposed to march in the morning +directly to its attack.[22] Having understood that the Indians were +collected in great force, and apprehensive of a night attack, his men +were drawn up in a square, and kept under arms until the return of +day, when they were dismissed from parade for [298] the purpose of +refreshment. Directly after, and about half an hour before sun rise, +an attack was begun by the Indians on the rear line, and the militia +there immediately gave way, and retreated,--rushing through a +battalion of regulars, to the very centre of the camp. The confusion +was great. Thrown into disorder by the tumultuous flight of the +militia, the utmost exertion of the officers could not entirely +compose the regulars, so as to render them as effective as they would +otherwise have been. + +After the first fire, the Indians rushed forward, tomahawk in hand, +until they were checked by the well directed aim of the front line; +which being almost simultaneously attacked by another body of the +enemy, had to direct their attention to their own assailants, and the +action became general. The weight of the enemy being brought to bear +on the centre of each line where the artillery had been placed, the +men were driven with great slaughter from the guns and these rendered +useless by the killing of the matrosses. The enemy taking advantage of +this state of things, pushed forward upon the lines, and confusion +began to spread itself in every quarter. A charge was ordered, and +Lieutenant Colonel Drake succeeded in driving back the Indians three +or four hundred yards at the point of the bayonet; but rallying, they +returned to the attack, and the troops in turn gave way. At this +moment the camp was entered by the left flank: and, another charge was +directed. This was made by Butler and Clark's battalions with great +effect, and repeated several times with success; but in each of these +charges, many being killed, and particularly the officers, it was +impossible longer to sustain the conflict, and a retreat was +directed. + +To enable the troops to effect this they were again formed into line, +as well as could be under such circumstances, and another charge was +made, as if to turn the right flank of the enemy, but in reality to +gain the road. This object was effected; and a precipitate flight +commenced which continued until they reached Fort Jefferson, a +distance of thirty miles, the men throwing away their guns and +accoutrements as they ran. + +Great was the havoc done by the Indians in this engagement. Of the +twelve hundred men engaged under General St. Clair, nearly six hundred +were left dead on the field, and many were wounded. Every officer of +the second regiment [299] was killed in the various charges made by it +to retrieve the day, except three, and one of these was shot through +the body. Major General Butler having been wounded, and carried to a +convenient place to have his wounds dressed, an Indian desperately +adventurous, broke through the guard in attendance, rushed up, +tomahawked and scalped him, before his own life paid the forfeit of +his rashness. General St. Clair had many narrow escapes.[23] Early in +the action, a number of savages surrounded his tent and seemed +resolved on entering it and sacrificing him. They were with difficulty +restrained by some regular soldiers at the point of the bayonet. +During the engagement eight balls passed through his clothes, and +while the troops were retreating, having had his own horse killed, and +being mounted on a sorry beast, "which could not be pricked out of a +walk," he had to make his way to Fort Jefferson as he could, +considerably in the rear of the men. During the action Adjutant +Bulgess received a severe wound, but yet continued to fight with +distinguished gallantry. Presently a second shot took effect and he +fell. A woman who was particularly attached to him had accompanied him +in the campaign, raised him up, and while supporting him in her arms, +received a ball in the breast which killed her instantly. + +The Chicasaws were then in amity with the whites, and some of their +warriors were to have cooperated with Gen. St. Clair, but did not +arrive in time. There was however one of that nation in the +engagement, and he killed and scalped eleven of the enemy with his own +hands, and while engaged with the twelfth was himself killed, to the +regret of those who witnessed his deeds of daring and of courage. + +According to the statement of the Indians, they killed six hundred and +twenty of the American troops, and took seven pieces of cannon, two +hundred head of oxen, many horses, but no prisoners.[24] They gave +their own loss in killed at only sixty-five; but it was no doubt much +greater. Their force consisted of four thousand warriors, and was led +on by a Missasago chief who had served with the British in the late +war; and who planned and conducted the attack contrary to the opinion +of a majority of the chiefs, who yet, having such confidence in his +skill and judgment, yielded their individual plans and gave to him the +entire control of their movements. He is reported to have caused the +savages to forbear the pursuit of the retreating troops; telling them +that they had killed enough, and it was time to enjoy the booty they +had gained with the victory. He was then about forty-five years of +age, six feet in height, and of a [300] sour, morose countenance. His +dress was Indian leggins and moccasons, a blue petticoat coming half +way down his thighs, and European waistcoat and surtout. His head was +bound with an Indian cap, reaching midway his back, and adorned with +upwards of two hundred silver ornaments. In each ear he had two ear +rings, the upper part of each of which was formed of three silver +meddles of the size of a dollar; the lower part consisted of quarters +of dollars, and more than a foot in length; one from each ear hanging +down his breast,--the others over his back. In his nose he wore +ornaments of silver curiously wrought and painted. + +Two days after the action the warriors from the Chicasaw nation +arrived at Fort Jefferson, under the command of Piomingo, or the +"Mountain Leader." On their march they heard of the fatal battle, and +saw one of the enemy; who mistaking Piomingo's party for some of his +own comrades, made up to them. He discovered the mistake when it was +too late to rectify it. Piomingo accosted him in harsh tones, +saying--"Rascal, you have been killing the whites," and immediately +ordered two of his warriors to expand his arms, and a third to shoot +him. This was done and his scalp taken. + +After the disastrous termination of this campaign,[25] the inhabitants +of Kentucky were as much as, or perhaps more than ever, exposed to +savage enmity and those incursions which mark the bitterness of Indian +resentment. Soon after the retreat of the army under Gen. Sinclair, a +party of them came upon Salt river, where two men and some boys were +fishing; and falling suddenly upon them killed the men and made +prisoners of the boys. They then liberated one of the boys, and giving +him a tomahawk, directed him to go home; shew it to his friends; +inform them what had been the fate of his companions, and what they +were to expect for their own. The threat was fearfully executed. Many +families were entirely cut off and many individuals sacrificed to +their fury. Companies of Indians were constantly traversing the +country in secret, and committing depredations, wherever they supposed +it could be done with impunity. A remarkable instance of their failure +and suffering in attempting to form an entrance into a house where was +an almost unprotected family, deserves to be particularly mentioned. + +On the 24th of December 1791, a party of savages attacked the house of +John Merril, in Nelson county. Mr. Merril, alarmed by the barking of +the dogs, hastened to the door to learn the cause.--On opening it, he +was fired at by two Indians and his leg and arm were both broken. The +savages then ran forward to enter the house, but before they could do +this, the door was closed and secured by Mrs. Merril and her daughter. +After a fruitless attempt to force it open, they commenced hewing off +a part of it with their tomahawks, and when a passage was thus opened, +one of them attempted to enter through it. The heroic Mrs. Merril, in +the midst of her screaming and affrighted children, and her groaning +suffering husband, seized an axe, gave the ruffian a fatal blow, and +[301] instantly drew him into the house. Supposing that their end was +now nearly attained, the others pressed forward to gain admittance +through the same aperture. Four of them were in like manner despatched +by Mrs. Merril, before their comrades were aware that any opposition +was making in the house. Discovering their mistake the survivors +retired for awhile, and returning, two of them endeavored to gain +admittance by climbing to the top of the house, and descending in the +chimney, while the third was to exert himself at the door. Satisfied +from the noise on the top of the house, of the object of the Indians, +Mr. Merril directed his little son to rip open a bed and cast its +contents on the fire. This produced the desired effect.--The smoke and +heat occasioned by the burning of the feathers brought the two Indians +down, rather unpleasantly; and Mr. Merril somewhat recovered, exerted +every faculty, and with a billet of wood soon despatched those half +smothered devils. Mrs. Merril was all this while busily engaged in +defending the door against the efforts of the only remaining savage, +whom she at length wounded so severely with the axe, that he was glad +to get off alive. + +A prisoner, who escaped from the Indians soon after the happening of +this transaction, reported that the wounded savage was the only one, +of a party of eight, who returned to their towns; that on being asked +by some one, "what news,"--he replied, "bad news for poor Indian, me +lose a son, me lose a brother,--the squaws have taken the breech +clout, and fight worse than the Long Knives." + +The frequent commission of the most enormous outrages, led to an +expedition against the Indians, carried on by the inhabitants of +Kentucky alone. An army of one thousand mounted volunteers was +raised, and the command of it being given to Gen. Scott, he marched +immediately for their towns.[26] When near them, he sent out two spies +to learn the state of the enemy; who reported that they had seen a +large body of Indians, not far from the fatal spot where St. Clair's +bloody battle had been fought, enjoying themselves with the plunder +there taken, riding the oxen, and acting in every respect as if drunk. +Gen. Scott immediately gave orders to move forward briskly; and +arranging his men into three divisions, soon came upon and attacked +the savages. The contest was short but decisive.--Two hundred of the +enemy were killed on the spot, the cannon and such of the other stores +as were in their possession, retaken, and the savage forces completely +routed. The loss of the Kentuckians was inconsiderable,--only six men +were killed and but few wounded. + +Gen. Scott on his return, gave an affecting account of the appearance +of the field, where Gen. St. Clair had been encountered by the +savages. "The plain," said he, "had a very melancholy appearance. In +the space of three hundred and fifty yards, lay three hundred skull +bones, which were buried by my men while on the ground; from thence +for miles on, and the road was strewed with skeletons, muskets, &c." A +striking picture of the desolation wrought there on the bloody fourth +of November. + +----- + [1] The "Wilderness Road" (or "trace") was the overland + highway through Cumberland Gap. It was sometimes called + "Boone's trace." From North Carolina and Southern Virginia, it + was the nearest road to Kentucky; to those living farther + north, the Ohio was the favorite highway. While the river was + an easier path, it was more dangerous on account of Indians: + but travelers of the early period who had come down the Ohio, + preferred returning east by the Wilderness Road to poling up + stream. See Thomas Speed's _Wilderness Road_, in the Filson + Club publications (Louisville, 1886.)--R. G. T. + + [2] Col. William Christian, who served in Lord Dunmore's + War. He was killed in April, 1786. John May, writing to + Governor Henry from Crab Orchard, Ky., April 19, says: "The + Indians about the Wabash had frequently been on Bear Grass, and + Col. Christian, in order to induce others to go in pursuit of + them, has upon every occasion gone himself. And last week he + with about twenty men crossed the Ohio, and overtook three + Indians, whom they killed; but his men not obeying his orders, + which were to rush altogether on them, he with three others + only overtook the Indians, and was so unfortunate as to receive + a mortal wound himself and Capt. Isaac Kellar received + another."--R. G. T. + + [3] The time for rendezvous was September 10, 1786 (letter + of Col. Levi Todd to Governor Henry, August 29).--R. G. T. + + [4] Clark was roundly scored in contemporary accounts, for + being much of the time under the influence of liquor. His + futile expedition was against the Indians around Vincennes, + while Logan's party, which appears practically to have revolted + from Clark, had a successful campaign against the towns on Mad + River. See Green's _Spanish Conspiracy_, ch. v., and + Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, iii., _passim_.--R. G. T. + + [5] Col. Benjamin Logan to Governor Randolph, Dec. 17, 1786: + "Sept. 14, 1786, I received orders [from Clark] to collect a + sufficient number of men in the District of Kentucky to march + against the Shawnee's Towns. Agreeable to said orders I + collected 790 men, and on the 6th of October I attacked the + above mentioned Towns, killed ten of the chiefs of that nation, + captured thirty-two prisoners, burnt upwards of two hundred + dwelling houses and supposed to have burnt fifteen thousand + bushels of corn, took some horses and cattle, killed a number + of hogs, and took near one thousand pounds value of Indian + furniture, and the quantity of furniture we burnt I can not + account for." The force was on duty "not above twenty-seven + days ... and I would venture to say the expenses will be found + to be very moderate."--R. G. T. + + [6] William Lytle, born in Carlisle, Pa., September 1, 1770. + He came to Ohio with his father, at the age of ten, and + subsequently became surveyor-general of the Northwest + Territory. His father served as a captain in the French and + Indian War, and as a colonel in the Revolution, and headed a + large colony to Ohio in 1780.--R. G. T. + + [7] This name is sometimes written Magery. It is the same + individual who caused the disaster at the Blue Licks in August + 1782. + + [8] The treaty with the Shawnees was negotiated January 30, + 1786, at Fort Finney, near the mouth of the Great Miami, by + George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Samuel H. Parsons, + commissioners. The treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, + Chippewas, and Ottawas was negotiated at Fort McIntosh, January + 21, 1785, by Clark, Butler, and Arthur Lee. These treaties were + of little avail, so long as British agents like McKee, Elliott, + and Simon Girty lived among the Indians and kept them in a + constant ferment against the Americans.--R. G. T. + + [9] The several states which, under their colonial charters + had claims to territory beyond the Ohio River,--Virginia, New + York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts,--had (1781-84) + relinquished their several claims to the newly-formed United + States, and the Ordinance of 1787 had provided for this + Northwest Territory an enlightened form of government which was + to be the model of the constitutions of the five states into + which it was ultimately to be divided. There was formed in + Boston, in March, 1786, the Ohio Company of Associates, and + October 17, 1787, it purchased from Congress a million and a + half acres in the new territory, about the mouth of the + Muskingum. Many of the shareholders were Revolutionary + soldiers, and great care was taken to select only good men as + colonists--oftentimes these were the best and most prosperous + men of their several localities. Gen. Rufus Putnam, a cousin of + Israel, and a near friend of Washington, was chosen as + superintendent of the pioneers. Two parties--one rendezvousing + at Danvers, Mass., and the other at Hartford, Conn.--arrived + after a difficult passage through the mountains at Simrall's + Ferry (now West Newton), on the Youghiogheny, the middle of + February, 1788. A company of boat-builders and other mechanics + had preceded them a month, yet it was still six weeks more + before the little flotilla could leave: "The Union Gally of 45 + tons burden; the Adelphia ferry boat, 3 tons; & three log + canoes of different sizes. No. of pioneers, 48." The winter had + been one of the severest known on the Upper Ohio, and the + spring was cold, wet, and backward; so that amid many hardships + it was the seventh of April before they arrived at the + Muskingum and founded Marietta, named for the unfortunate Marie + Antoinette, for the love of France was still strong in the + breasts of Revolutionary veterans.--R. G. T. + + [10] Perhaps there never was a more strange compound + derivative term than this. Being situated opposite to the mouth + of Licking, the name was made expressive of its locality, by + uniting the Latin word _os_, (the mouth) with the Greek, _anti_ + (opposite) and the French, _ville_, (a town,) and prefixing to + this union from such different sources, the initial (_L_) of + the river. The author of this word, must have been good at + invention, and in these days of _town making_ could find ample + employment for his talent. + + [11] In 1788, John Cleves Symmes--uncle of he of "Symmes's + Hole"--the first United States judge of the Northwest + Territory, purchased from congress a million acres of land on + the Ohio, lying between the two Miami Rivers. Matthias Denman + bought from him a square mile at the eastern end of the grant, + "on a most delightful high bank" opposite the Licking, and--on + a cash valuation for the land of two hundred dollars--took in + with him as partners Robert Patterson and John Filson. Filson + was a schoolmaster, had written the first history of Kentucky, + and seems to have enjoyed much local distinction. To him was + entrusted the task of inventing a name for the settlement which + the partners proposed to plant here. The outcome was + "Losantiville," a pedagogical hash of Greek, Latin, and French: + _L_, for Licking; _os_, Greek for mouth; _anti_, Latin for + opposite; _ville_, French for city--Licking-opposite-City, or + City-opposite-Licking, whichever is preferred. This was in + August; the Fates work quickly, for in October poor Filson was + scalped by the Indians in the neighborhood of the Big Miami, + before a settler had yet been enticed to Losantiville. But the + survivors knew how to "boom" a town; lots were given away by + lottery to intending actual settlers, who moved thither late in + December or early in January, and in a few months Judge Symmes + was able to write that "it populates considerably." + + A few weeks previous to the planting of Losantiville, a party + of men from Redstone had settled at the mouth of the Little + Miami, about where the suburb of California now is; and a + few weeks later, a third colony was started by Symmes + himself at North Bend, near the Big Miami, at the western + extremity of his grant, and this the judge wished to make the + capital of the new Northwest Territory. At first it was a race + between these three colonies. A few miles below North Bend, + Fort Finney had been built in 1785-86, hence the Bend had at + first the start; but a high flood dampened its prospects, the + troops were withdrawn from this neighborhood to Louisville, + and in the winter of 1789-90 Fort Washington was built at + Losantiville by General Harmar. The neighborhood of the new + fortress became in the ensuing Indian war the center of the + district. To Losantiville, with its fort, came Arthur St. + Clair, the new governor of the Northwest Territory (January, + 1790), and making his headquarters here, laid violent hands + on Filson's invention, at once changing the name to Cincinnati, + in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which the new + official was a prominent member--"so that," Judge Symmes + sorrowfully writes, "Losantiville will become extinct." It + was a winter of suffering for the Western Cincinnati. The + troops were in danger of starvation, and three professional + hunters were contracted with to supply them with game, till + corn could come in from Columbia and other older settlements + on the river.--R. G. T. + + [12] Col. Josiah Harmar's militia were from Virginia, Kentucky, + and Pennsylvania. He left Fort Washington (Cincinnati), October 3. + At this time the Miami Indians had seven villages in the + neighborhood of the junction of St. Joseph and St. Mary's, which + streams unite to form the Maumee. The village which lay in the + forks of the St. Joseph and the Maumee, was the principal; one + in the forks of the St. Mary's and the Maumee, which was called + Kekionga, had 30 houses; at Chillicothe, on the north bank of + the Maumee, were 58 houses, and opposite these 18 houses. The + Delawares had two villages on the St. Mary's, 45 houses in all, + and a town on the St. Joseph of 36 houses.--R. G. T. + + [13] A third expedition, under Maj. J. F. Hamtramck, + went against the Wabash Indians, successfully destroyed + several deserted villages, and reached Vincennes without + loss.--R. G. T. + + [14] In his report to the Secretary of War, October 29, + 1790, Governor St. Clair said: "I have the pleasure to + inform you of the entire success of Gen. Harmar at the Indian + towns on the Miami and St. Joseph Rivers, of which he has + destroyed five in number, and a very great quantity of corn + and other vegetable provisions. It is supposed that about + two hundred of the Indians have likewise fallen in the + different encounters that have happened between them and + the detachment, for there has been no general action; but it + has not been without considerable loss on our part.... Of the + Federal troops, Major Wyllys and Lieutenant Frothingham and + seventy-seven men; of the militia, Major Fontaine, Captain + McMurtry, and Captain Scott, a son of General Scott, and + seventy-three men, are among the slain."--R. G. T. + + [15] Thirteen miles below Marietta.--R. G. T. + + [16] Eighteen miles above Marietta, and one above St. Mary's, + W. Va.--R. G. T. + + [17] Dunkard Creek flows eastward into the Monongahela. Fish + Creek flows southwestward into the Ohio, emptying 113 miles + below Pittsburg, and 58 above Marietta. A famous Indian + war-trail ran up Fish and down Dunkard--a short-cut from Ohio + to the western borders of Pennsylvania and Virginia.--R. G. T. + + [18] Soon after the establishment of Marietta, a rude wagon + road was opened through the forest between that colony and + Redstone (Brownsville, Pa.) This was the road Carpenter was + following.--R. G. T. + + [19] With Gen. Richard Butler, who was killed in the final + battle, second in command.--R. G. T. + + [20] Early in September, 1791. St. Clair had 2,000 men, + fifty per cent less than had been promised him by the war + department.--R. G. T. + + [21] Fort Hamilton, a stockade with four bastions, was on the + Big Miami, 24 miles from Fort Washington (Cincinnati), on the + site of the present Hamilton, O. Fort Jefferson, built of logs + laid horizontally, was six miles south of the present + Greenville, O. The army left Fort Jefferson, October + 24.--R. G. T. + + [22] The army then numbered 1,400 men, and was encamped at + the site of the present Fort Recovery, O., 55 miles away, as + the crow flies, from the head of the Maumee, the objective + point of the expedition.--R. G. T. + + [23] He lay sick in his tent, when the action opened, but + arose and acted with remarkable courage throughout the fight. + General Butler was acting commandant while St. Clair was ill, + and was credibly informed by his scouts, the night before the + battle, of the proximity of the enemy. But he took no + precautions against surprise, neither did he communicate his + news to his superior. Upon Butler's head appears to rest much + of the blame for the disaster.--R. G. T. + + [24] The Americans lost 37 officers and 593 men, killed and + missing, and 31 officers and 252 men, wounded. See _St. Clair + Papers_, edited by William Henry Smith (Cincinnati: Robert + Clarke & Co., 1882), for official details of the disaster. For + Simon Girty's part, consult Butterfield's _History of the + Girtys, passim._--R. G. T. + + [25] St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington, on his return, + November 8--R. G. T. + + [26] This expedition under Gen. Charles Scott, one of the + Kentucky committee of safety, was made in June, 1791, against + the Miami and Wabash Indians. It was followed in August by a + second expedition under Gen. James Wilkinson. In the course of + the second campaign, at the head of 500 Kentuckians, Wilkinson + laid waste the Miami village of L'Anguille, killing and + capturing 42 of the savages.--R. G. T. + + + + +[302] CHAPTER XVIII. + + +Neither the signal success of the expedition under General Scott, nor +the preparations which were being made by the general government, for +the more rigorous prosecution of the war against them, caused the +Indians to relax their exertions to harrass the frontier inhabitants. +The ease with which they had overcome the two armies sent against them +under Harmar and St. Clair, inspired them with contempt for our +troops, and induced a belief of their own invincibility, if practising +the vigilance necessary to guard against a surprise. To the want of +this vigilance, they ascribed the success of Gen. Scott; and deeming +it necessary only to exercise greater precaution to avoid similar +results, they guarded more diligently the passes into their country, +while discursive parties of their warriors would perpetrate their +accustomed acts of aggression upon the persons and property of the +whites. + +About the middle of May, 1792, a party of savages came upon a branch +of Hacker's creek, and approaching late in the evening a field +recently cleared by John Waggoner, found him seated on a log, resting +himself after the labors of the day. In this company of Indians was +the since justly celebrated General Tecumseh, who leaving his +companions to make sure of those in the house, placed his gun on the +fence and fired deliberately at Waggoner. The leaden messenger of +death failed of its errand, and passing through the sleeve of his +shirt, left Waggoner uninjured, to try his speed with the Indian. +Taking a direction opposite the house, to avoid coming in contact with +the savages there, he outstripped his pursuer, and got safely off. + +[303] In the mean time, those who had been left to operate against +those of the family who were at the house, finding a small boy in the +yard, killed and scalped him; and proceeding on, made prisoners of +Mrs. Waggoner and her six children, and departed immediately with +them, lest the escape of her husband, should lead to their instant +pursuit. They were disappointed in this expectation. A company of +men was soon collected, who repaired to the then desolate mansion, +and from thence followed on the trail of the savages. About a mile +from the house, one of the children was found where its brains had +been beaten out with a club, and the scalp torn from its head. A +small distance farther, lay Mrs. Waggoner and two others of her +children,--their lifeless bodies mangled in the most barbarous and +shocking manner. Having thus freed themselves from the principal +impediments to a rapid retreat, the savages hastened on; and the +pursuit was unavailing. They reached their towns with the remaining +prisoners--two girls and a boy--and avoided chastisement for the +outrage. The elder of the two girls did not long remain with them; +but escaping to the neighborhood of Detroit with another female +prisoner, continued there until after the treaty of 1795. Her sister +abided with her captors 'till the close of the war; and the boy until +during the war of 1812. He was then seen among some friendly +Indians, and bearing a strong resemblance in features to his +father, was recognized as Waggoner's captive son. He had married a +squaw, by whom he had several children, was attached to his manner +of life, and for a time resisted every importunity, to withdraw +himself from among them. When his father visited him, it was with +difficulty he was enticed to return to the haunts of his childhood, +and the associates of his younger days, even on a temporary visit. +When however he did return to them, the attention and kindly +conduct of his friends, prevailed with him to remain, until he +married and took up his permanent abode amid the habitations of +civilized men. Still with the feelings natural to a father, his +heart yearns towards his children in the forest; and at times he +seems to lament that he ever forsook them.[1] + +In the summer of this year, a parcel of horses were taken from the +West Fork, and the Indians who had stolen them, being discovered as +they were retiring, they were pursued by Captain Coburn, who was +stationed at the mouth of Little [304] Kenhawa with a party of men as +scouts. Following them across the Ohio river, he overtook them some +distance in the Indian country, and retaking the horses, returned to +his station. Hitherto property recovered from the savages, had been +invariably restored to those from whom it had been stolen; but on the +present occasion a different course was pursued. Contending that they +received compensation for services rendered by them in Virginia, and +were not bound to treat without its limits in pursuit of the savages +or to retake the property of which they had divested its rightful +owners, they claimed the horses as plunder taken from the Indians, +sold them, and divided the proceeds of sale among themselves--much to +the dissatisfaction of those from whom the savages had taken them.[2] + +In the course of the ensuing fall, Henry Neal, William Triplett and +Daniel Rowell, from Neal's station ascended the Little Kenhawa in +canoes to the mouth of the Burning Spring run, from whence they +proceeded on a Buffoloe hunt in the adjoining woods. But they had been +seen as they plied their canoes up the river, by a party of Indians, +who no sooner saw them placed in a situation favoring the bloody +purposes of their hearts, than they fired upon them. Neal and Triplett +were killed, and fell into the river.--Rowell was missed and escaped +by swimming the Kenhawa, the Indians shooting at him as he swam. In a +few days after the dead were found in a ripple and buried. The +Indians had not been able to draw them from their watery grave, and +obtain their scalps. + +During this year unsuccessful attempts were made by the general +government, to terminate Indian hostilities by negotiation. They were +too much elated with their recent success, to think of burying their +resentments in a treaty of peace; and so little did they fear the +operation of the governmental forces, and such was their confidence in +their own strength, that they not only refused to negotiate at all, +but put to death two of those who were sent to them as messengers of +peace. Major Truman and Col. Hardin, severally sent upon this mission, +were murdered by them; and when commissioners to treat with them, were +received by them, their only answer was, a positive refusal to enter +into a treaty.[3] + +When this determination was made known to the President, every +precaution which could be used, was taken by him to prevent the +recurrence of these enormities which were daily committed on the +[305] frontier, and particularly in the new state of Kentucky. Gen. +St. Clair, after having asked that a court of enquiry should be held, +to consider of his conduct in the campaign of 1791, and finding +that his request could not be granted, resigned the command of the +army, and was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne. That the operations +of the army might not be defeated as heretofore, by a too great +reliance on undisciplined militia, it was recommended to Congress to +authorize the raising of three additional regiments of regular +soldiers; and the bill for complying with this recommendation, +notwithstanding it was strenuously opposed by a strong party +hostile to the then administration, was finally passed.[4] + +The forts Hamilton and Jefferson, erected by Gen. St. Clair, continued +to be well garrisoned; but there was some difficulty in supplying +them with provisions--the Indians being always in readiness to +intercept them on their way. As early as April 1792, they taught +us the necessity of having a strong guard to escort supplies with +safety, by a successful attack on Major Adair; who with one +hundred and twenty volunteers from Kentucky, had charge of a number +of pack horses laden with provisions. He was engaged by a body of +savages, not much superior in number, and although he was under +cover of Fort St. Clair, yet did they drive him into the fort, and +carry off the provisions and pack horses. The courage and bold +daring of the Indians, was eminently conspicuous on this occasion. +They fought with nearly equal numbers, against a body of troops, +better tutored in the science of open warfare, well mounted and +equipped, armed with every necessary weapon, and almost under the +guns of the fort. And they fought successfully,--killing one captain +and ten privates, wounding several, and taking property estimated +to be worth fifteen thousand dollars. Nothing seemed to abate their +ardor for war. Neither the strong garrisons placed in the forts +erected so far in advance of the settlements, nor the great +preparations which were making for striking an effectual blow at +them, caused them for an instant to slacken in hostilities, or check +their movements against the frontier. + +In the spring of 1793, a party of warriors proceeding towards the head +waters of the Monongahela river, discovered a marked way, leading a +direction which they did not know to be inhabited by whites. It led to +a settlement which had been recently made on Elk river, by Jeremiah +and Benjamin Carpenter and a few others from Bath county, and who had +been particularly careful to make nor leave any path which might lead +to a discovery of their situation, but Adam O'Brien moving into the +same section of country in the spring of 1792, and being rather an +indifferent woodsman, incautiously blazed the trees in several +directions so as to enable him readily to find his home, when business +or pleasure should have drawn him from it. It was upon one of these +marked traces that the Indians chanced to fall; and pursuing it, came +to the deserted cabin of [306] O'Brien: he having returned to the +interior, because of his not making a sufficiency of grain for the +subsistence of his family. Proceeding from O'Brien's, they came to the +House of Benjamin Carpenter, whom they found alone and killed. Mrs. +Carpenter being discovered by them, before she was aware of their +presence, was tomahawked and scalped, a small distance from the yard. + +The burning of Benjamin Carpenter's house, led to a discovery of these +outrages; and the remaining inhabitants of that neighborhood, remote +from any fort or populous settlement to which they could fly for +security, retired to the mountains and remained for several days +concealed in a cave. They then caught their horses and moved their +families to the West Fork; and when they visited the places of their +former habitancy for the purpose of collecting their stock and +carrying it off with their other property, scarce a vestige of them +was to be seen,--the Indians had been there after they left the cave, +and burned the houses, pillaged their movable property, and destroyed +the cattle and hogs. + +Among the few interesting incidents which occurred in the upper +country, during this year, was the captivity and remarkable escape of +two brothers, John and Henry Johnson:--the former thirteen, the latter +eleven years of age. They lived at a station on the west side of the +Ohio river near above Indian Short creek; and being at some distance +from the house, engaged in the sportive amusements of youth, became +fatigued and seated themselves on an old log for the purpose of +resting. They presently observed two men coming towards them, whom +they believed to be white men from the station until they approached +so close as to leave no prospect of escape by flight, when to their +great grief they saw that two Indians were beside them. They were made +prisoners, and taken about four miles, when after partaking of some +roasted meat and parched corn given them by their captors, they were +arranged for the night, by being placed between the two Indians and +each encircled in the arms of the one next him. + +Henry, the younger of the brothers, had grieved much at the idea of +being carried off by the Indians, and during his short but sorrowful +journey across the hills, had wept immoderately. John had in vain +endeavored to comfort him with the hope that they should be enabled to +elude the vigilence of the savages, and to return to the hearth of +their parents and brethren. He refused to be comforted.--The ugly red +man, with his tomahawk and scalping knife, which had been often called +in to quiet the cries of his infancy, was now actually before him; and +every scene of torture and of torment which had been depicted, by +narration, to his youthful eye, was now present to his terrified +imagination, hightened by the thought that they were about to be +re-enacted on himself. In anticipation of this horrid doom for some +time he wept in bitterness and affliction; but + + [307] "The tear down childhood's cheek that flows, + Is like the dew drop on the rose;-- + When next the summer breeze comes by + And waves the bush, the flower is dry."-- + +When the fire was kindled at night, the supper prepared and offered to +him, all idea of his future fate was merged in their present +kindness; and Henry soon sunk to sleep, though enclosed in horrid hug, +by savage arms. + +It was different with John. He felt the reality of their situation.--He +was alive to the anguish which he knew would agitate the bosom of his +mother, and he thought over the means of allaying it so intensely, +that sleep was banished from his eyes. Finding the others all locked +in deep repose, he disengaged himself from the embrace of the savage at +his side, and walked to the fire. To test the soundness of their +sleep, he rekindled the dying blaze, and moved freely about it. All +remained still and motionless,--no suppressed breathing, betrayed a +feigned repose. He gently twitched the sleeping Henry, and whispering +softly in his ear, bade him get up. Henry obeyed, and they both stood by +the fire. "I think, said John, we had better go home now." "Oh! +replied Henry, they will follow and catch us again." "Never fear +that, rejoined John, we'll kill them before we go." The idea was for +some time opposed by Henry; but when he beheld the savages so soundly +asleep, and listened to his brother's plan of executing his wish, he +finally consented to act the part prescribed him. + +The only gun which the Indians had, was resting against a tree, at the +foot of which lay their tomahawks. John placed it on a log, with the +muzzle near to the head of one of the savages; cocked it, and leaving +Henry with his finger to the trigger, ready to pull upon the signal +being given, he repaired to his own station. Holding in his hand one +of their tomahawks, he stood astride of the other Indian, and as he +raised his arm to deal death to the sleeping savage, Henry fired, and +shooting off the lower part of the Indian's jaw, called to his +brother, "_lay on, for I've done for this one_," seized up the gun and +ran off. The first blow of the tomahawk took effect on the back of the +neck, and was not fatal. The Indian attempted to spring up; but John +repeated his strokes with such force and so quickly, that he soon +brought him again to the ground; and leaving him dead proceeded on +after his brother. + +They presently came to a path which they recollected to have +travelled, the preceding evening, and keeping along it, arrived at +the station awhile before day. The inhabitants were however, all up +and in much uneasiness for the fate of the boys; and when they came +near and heard a well known voice exclaim in accents of deep distress, +"_Poor little fellows, they are killed or taken prisoners_," John +replied aloud,--"No mother, we are here again." + +When the tale of their captivity, and the means by which their +deliverance was effected, were told, they did not obtain full +credence. [308] Piqued at the doubts expressed by some, John observed, +"you had better go and see." "But, can you again find the spot," said +one. "Yes, replied he, I hung my hat up at the turning out place and +can soon shew you the spot." Accompanied by several of the men, John +returned to the theatre of his daring exploits; and the truth of his +statement received ample confirmation. The savage who had been +tomahawked was lying dead by the fire--the other had crawled some +distance; but was tracked by his blood until found, when it was agreed +to leave him, "_as he must die at any rate_." + +Companies of rangers had been for several seasons stationed on the +Ohio river, for the greater security of the persons and property of +those who resided on and near the frontier. During this year a company +which had been stationed at the mouth of Fishing creek,[5] and had +remained there until its term of service had expired, determined then +on a scout into the Indian country; and crossing the river, marched on +for some days before they saw any thing which indicated their nearness +to Indians. Pursuing a path which seemed to be much used, they came in +view of an Indian camp, and observing another path, which likewise +seemed to be much frequented, Ensign Levi Morgan was sent with a +detachment of the men, to see if it would conduct them to where were +others of the Indians, who soon returned with the information that he +had seen another of their encampments close by. Upon the receipt of +this intelligence, the Lieutenant was sent forward with a party of +men to attack the second encampment, while the Captain with the +residue of the company should proceed against that which had been +first discovered, and commence an assault on it, when he should hear +the firing of the Lieutenant's party at the camp which he was sent to +assail. + +When the second camp was approached and the men posted at intervals +around it, awaiting the light of day to begin the assault, the +Lieutenant discovered that there was a greater force of Indians with +whom he would have to contend than was expected, and prudently +resolved to withdraw his men without coming into collision with them. +Orders for this movement were directly given, and the party +immediately retired. There was however, one of the detachment, who had +been posted some small distance in advance of the others with +directions to fire as soon as the Indians should be seen stirring, and +who, unapprized of the withdrawal of the others, [309] maintained his +station, until he observed a squaw issuing from a camp, when he fired +at her and rushed up, expecting to be supported by his comrades. He +fell into the hands of those whom he had thus assailed; but his fate +was far different from what he had every reason to suppose it would +be, under those circumstances. It was the hunting camp of Isaac Zane, +and the female at whom he had shot was the daughter of Zane; the ball +had slightly wounded her in the wrist. Her father, although he had +been with the Indians ever since his captivity when only nine years of +age, had not yet acquired the ferocious and vindictive passions of +those with whom he had associated; but practising the forbearance and +forgiveness of christian and civilized man, generously conducted the +wanton assailant so far upon his way, that he was enabled though alone +to reach the settlement in safety. His fate was different from that of +those, who had been taken prisoners by that part of the company which +remained at the first camp with the Captain. When the Lieutenant with +the detachment, rejoined the others, disappointment at the failure of +the expedition under him, led some of the men to fall upon the Indian +prisoners and inhumanly murder them. + +Notwithstanding that preparations for an active campaign against the +savages was fast ripening to their perfection, and that the troops of +the general government had penetrated as far as to the field, on which +had been fought the fatal battle of the fourth of November, 1791, and +erected there Fort Recovery,[6] yet did they not cease from their +accustomed inroads upon the settlements, even after the winter of +1793.--In March 1794, a party of them crossed the Ohio river, and as +they were advancing towards the settlements on the upper branches of +the Monongahela, met with Joseph Cox, then on his way to the mouth of +Leading creek on Little Kenhawa, for a load of furs and skins which he +had left there, at the close of his hunt the preceding fall. Cox very +unexpectedly met them in a narrow pass, and instantly wheeled his +horse to ride off. Endeavoring to stimulate the horse to greater speed +by the application of the whip, the animal became stubborn and refused +to go at all, when Cox was forced to dismount and seek safety on foot. +His pursuers gained rapidly upon him, and he saw that one of them +would soon overtake him. He faced the savage who was near, and raised +his gun to fire; but nothing daunted, the Indian rushed forward. Cox's +gun [310] missed fire, and he was instantly a prisoner. He was taken +to their towns and detained in captivity for some time; but at length +made his escape, and returned safely to the settlement. + +On the 24th of July, six Indians visited the West Fork river, and at +the mouth of Freeman's creek, met with, and made prisoner, a daughter +of John Runyan. She was taken off by two of the party of savages, but +did not go more than ten or twelve miles, before she was put to death. +The four Indians who remained, proceeded down the river and on the +next day came to the house of William Carder, near below the mouth of +Hacker's creek. Mr. Carder discovered them approaching, in time to +fasten his door; but in the confusion of the minute, shut out two of +his children, who however ran off unperceived by the savages and +arrived in safety at the house of a neighbor. He then commenced firing +and hallooing, so as to alarm those who were near and intimidate the +Indians. Both objects were accomplished. The Indians contented +themselves with shooting at the cattle, and then retreated; and Mr. +Joseph Chevront, who lived hardby, hearing the report of the guns and +the loud cries of Carder, sent his own family to a place of safety, +and with nobleness of purpose, ran to the relief of his neighbor. He +enabled Carder to remove his family to a place of greater security, +although the enemy were yet near, and engaged in skinning one of the +cattle that they might take with them a supply of meat. On the next +day a company of men assembled, and went in pursuit; but they could +not trail the savages far, because of the great caution with which +they had retreated, and returned without accomplishing any thing. + +Two days afterward, when it was believed that the Indians had left the +neighborhood, they came on Hacker's creek near to the farm of Jacob +Cozad, and finding four of his sons bathing, took three of them +prisoners, and killed the fourth, by repeatedly stabbing him with a +bayonet attached to a staff. The boys, of whom they made prisoners, +were immediately taken to the Indian towns and kept in captivity until +the treaty of Greenville in 1795. Two of them were then delivered up +to their father, who attended to enquire for them,--the third was not +heard of for some time after, but was at length found at Sandusky, by +his elder brother and brought home. + +After the victory obtained by General Wayne over the Indians, [311] +Jacob Cozad, Jr. was doomed to be burned to death, in revenge of the +loss then sustained by the savages. Every preparation for carrying +into execution this dreadful determination was quickly made. The wood +was piled, the intended victim was apprized of his approaching fate, +and before the flaming torch was applied to the faggots, he was told +to take leave of those who were assembled to witness the awful +spectacle. The crowd was great, and the unhappy youth could with +difficulty press his way through them. Amid the jeers and taunts of +those whom he would address, he was proceeding to discharge the last +sad act of his life, when a female, whose countenance beamed with +benignity, beckoned him to follow her. He did not hesitate. He +approached as if to bid her farewell, and she succeeded in taking him +off unobserved by the many eyes gazing around, and concealed him in a +wigwam among some trunks and covered loosely with a blanket. He was +presently missed, and a search immediately made for him. Many passed +near in quest of the devoted victim, and he could hear their steps and +note their disappointment. After awhile the uproar ceased, and he felt +more confident of security. In a few minutes more he heard approaching +footsteps and felt that the blanket was removed from him. He turned to +surrender himself to his pursuers, and meet a dreadful death.--But no! +they were two of his master's sons who had been directed where to find +him, and they conducted him securely to the Old Delaware town, where +he remained until carried to camp upon the conclusion of a treaty of +peace.[7] + +In a short time after the happening of the events at Cozad's, a party +of Indians made an irruption upon Tygart's Valley. For some time the +inhabitants of that settlement had enjoyed a most fortunate exemption +from savage molestation; and although they had somewhat relaxed in +vigilance, they did not however omit to pursue a course calculated to +ensure a continuance of their tranquillity and repose. Instead of +flying for security, as they had formerly, to the neighboring forts +upon the return of spring, the increase of population and the +increased capacity of the communion to repel aggression, caused them +to neglect other acts of precaution, and only to assemble at +particular houses, when danger was believed to be instant and at hand. +In consequence of the reports which reached them of the injuries +lately committed by the [312] savages upon the West Fork, several +families collected at the house of Mr. Joseph Canaan for mutual +security, and while thus assembled, were visited by a party of +Indians, when perfectly unprepared for resistance. The savages entered +the house awhile after dark, and approaching the bed on which Mr. +Canaan was lolling, one of them addressed him with the familiarity of +an old acquaintance and saying "how d'ye do, how d'ye do," presented +his hand. Mr. Canaan was rising to reciprocate the greeting, when he +was pierced by a ball discharged at him from another savage, and fell +dead. The report of the gun at once told, who were the visitors, and +put them upon using immediate exertions to effect their safety by +flight. A young man who was near when Canaan was shot, aimed at the +murderer a blow with a drawing knife, which took effect on the head of +the savage and brought him to the ground. Ralston then escaped through +the door, and fled in safety, although fired at as he fled. + +When the Indians entered the house, there was a Mrs. Ward sitting in +the room. So soon as she observed that the intruders were savages, she +passed into another apartment with two of the children, and going out +with them through a window, got safely away. Mr. Lewis (brother to +Mrs. Canaan) likewise escaped from a back room, in which he had been +asleep at the firing of the gun. Three children were tomahawked and +scalped,--Mrs. Canaan made prisoner, and the savages withdrew. The +severe wound inflicted on the head of the Indian by Ralston, made it +necessary that they should delay their return to their towns, until +his recovery; and they accordingly remained near the head of the +middle fork of Buchannon, for several weeks. Their extreme caution in +travelling, rendered any attempt to discover them unavailing; and when +their companion was restored they proceeded on, uninterruptedly. On +the close of the war, Mrs. Canaan was redeemed from captivity by a +brother from Brunswick, in New Jersey, and restored to her surviving +friends. + +Thus far in the year 1794, the army of the United States had not been +organised for efficient operations. Gen. Wayne had been actively +employed in the discharge of every preparatory duty devolving on him; +and those distinguishing characteristics of uncommon daring and +bravery, which had acquired for him the appellation of "_Mad +Anthony_," and which [313] so eminently fitted him for the command of +an army warring against savages, gave promise of success to his arms. + +Before the troops marched from Fort Washington, it was deemed +advisable to have an abundant supply of provisions in the different +forts in advance of this, as well for the supply of their respective +garrisons, as for the subsistence of the general army, in the event of +its being driven into them, by untoward circumstances. With this view, +three hundred pack-horses, laden with flour, were sent on to Fort +Recovery; and, as it was known that considerable bodies of the enemy +were constantly hovering about the forts, and awaiting opportunities +of cutting off any detachments from the main army, Major McMahon, with +eighty riflemen under Capt. Hartshorn, and fifty dragoons, under Capt. +Taylor, was ordered on as an escort. This force was too great to +justify the savages in making an attack, until they could unite the +many war parties which were near;.and before this could be effected, +Major McMahon reached his destination. + +On the 30th of July,[8] as the escort was about leaving Fort Recovery, +it was attacked by an army of one thousand Indians, in the immediate +vicinity of the fort. Captain Hartshorn had advanced only three or +four hundred yards, at the head of the riflemen, when he was +unexpectedly beset on every side. With the most consummate bravery and +good conduct, he maintained the unequal conflict, until Major McMahon, +placing himself at the head of the cavalry, charged upon the enemy, +and was repulsed with considerable loss. Maj. McMahon, Capt. Taylor +and Cornet Terry fell upon the first onset, and many of the privates +were killed or wounded. The whole savage force being now brought to +press on Capt. Hartshorn, that brave officer was forced to try and +regain the Fort, but the enemy interposed its strength, to prevent +this movement. Lieutenant Drake and Ensign Dodd, with twenty +volunteers, marched from Fort Recovery and forcing a passage through a +column of the enemy at the point of the bayonet, joined the rifle +corps, at the instant that Capt. Hartshorn received a shot which broke +his thigh. Lieut. Craig being killed and Lieut. Marks taken prisoner, +Lieut. Drake conducted the retreat; and while endeavoring for an +instant to hold the enemy in check, so as to enable the soldiers to +bring off their wounded captain, himself received a shot in the groin, +and the retreat was resumed, leaving Capt. Hartshorn on the field. + +[314] When the remnant of the troops came within the walls of the +Fort, Lieut. Michael, who had been early detached by Capt. Hartshorn +to the flank of the enemy, was found to be missing, and was given up +as lost. But while his friends were deploring his unfortunate fate, +he and Lieut. Marks, who had been early taken prisoner, were seen +rushing through the enemy, from opposite directions towards the Fort. +They gained it safely, notwithstanding they were actively pursued, +and many shots fired at them. Lieut. Marks had got off by knocking +down the Indian who held him prisoner; and Lieut. Michael had lost +all of his party, but three men. The entire loss of the Americans was +twenty-three killed, and forty wounded.[9] The riflemen brought in +ten scalps which were taken early in the action; beyond this the +enemy's loss was never ascertained. Many of them were no doubt +killed and wounded, as they advanced in solid columns up to the +very muzzles of the guns, and were afterwards seen carrying off many +of their warriors on pack horses. + +At length Gen. Wayne put the army over which he had been given the +command, in motion;[10] and upon its arrival at the confluence of the +Au Glaize and the Miami of the Lakes, another effort was made for the +attainment of peace, without the effusion of blood. Commissioners were +sent forward to the Indians to effect this desirable object; who +exhorted them to listen to their propositions for terminating the war, +and no longer to be deluded by the counsels of white emissaries, who +had not the power to afford them protection; but only sought to +involve the frontier of the United States in a war, from which much +evil, but no good could possibly result to either party. The savages +however felt confident that success would again attend their arms, and +deriving additional incentives to war from their proximity to the +British fort, recently erected at the foot of the rapids, declined the +overture for peace, and seemed ardently to desire the battle, which +they knew must soon be fought. + +The Indian army at this time, amounted to about two thousand warriors, +and when reconnoitered on the 19th of August were found encamped in a +thick bushy wood and near to the British Fort. The army of Gen. Wayne +was equal in numbers to that of the enemy; and when on the morning of +the 20th, it took up the line of march, the troops were so disposed as +to avoid being surprised, and to come into action on the [315] +shortest notice, and under the most favorable circumstances. A select +battalion of mounted volunteers, commanded by Major Price, moving in +advance of the main army, had proceeded but a few miles, when a fire +so severe was aimed at it by the savages concealed, as usual, that it +was forced to fall back. The enemy had chosen their ground with great +judgment, taking a position behind the fallen timber,[11] which had +been prostrated by a tornado, and in a woods so thick as to render it +impracticable for the cavalry to act with effect. They were formed +into three regular lines, much extended in front, within supporting +distance of each other, and reaching about two miles; and their first +effort was to turn the left flank of the American army. + +Gen. Wayne ordered the first line of his army to advance with trailed +arms, to rouse the enemy from their covert at the point of the +bayonet, and when up to deliver a close and well directed fire, to be +followed by a charge so brisk as not to allow them time to reload or +form their lines. The second line was ordered to the support of the +first; and Capt. Campbell at the head of the cavalry, and Gen. Scott +at the head of the mounted volunteers were sent forward to turn the +left and right wings of the enemy. All these complicated orders were +promptly executed; but such was the impetuosity of the charge made by +the first line of infantry, so completely and entirely was the enemy +broken by it, and so rapid the pursuit, that only a small part of the +second line and of the mounted volunteers were in time to participate +in the action, notwithstanding the great exertions of their respective +officers to co-operate in the engagement; and in less than one hour, +the savages were driven more than two miles and within gunshot of the +British Fort, by less than one half their numbers. + +Gen. Wayne remained three days on the banks of the Miami, in front of +the field of battle left to the full and quiet possession of his army, +by the flight and dispersion of the savages. In this time, all the +houses and cornfields, both above and below the British Fort, and +among the rest, the houses and stores of Col. McKee,[12] an English +trader of great influence among the Indians and which had been +invariably exerted to prolong the war, were consumed by fire or +otherwise entirely destroyed. On the 27th, the American army returned +to its head quarters, laying waste the cornfields and villages on each +side of the river for about fifty miles; and [316] this too in the +most populous and best improved part of the Indian country. + +The loss sustained by the American army, in obtaining this brilliant +victory, over a savage enemy flushed with former successes, amounted +to thirty-three killed and one hundred wounded:[13] that of the enemy +was never ascertained. In his official account of the action, Gen. +Wayne says, "The woods were strewed for a considerable distance, with +the dead bodies of the Indians and their white auxiliaries;" and at a +council held a few days after, when British agents endeavored to +prevail on them to risk another engagement, they expressed a +determination to "bury the bloody hatchet" saying, that they had just +lost more than two hundred of their warriors. + +Some events occurred during this engagement, which are deemed worthy +of being recorded here, although not of general interest. While Capt. +Campbell was engaged in turning the left-flank, of the enemy, three of +them plunged into the river, and endeavored to escape the fury of the +conflict, by swimming to the opposite shore. They were seen by two +negroes, who were on the bank to which the Indians were aiming, and +who concealed themselves behind a log for the purpose of intercepting +them. When within shooting distance one of the negroes fired and +killed one of the Indians. The other two took hold of him to drag him +to shore, when one of them was killed, by the fire of the other negro. +The remaining Indian, being now in shoal water, endeavored to draw +both the dead to the bank; but before he could effect this, the negro +who had first fired, had reloaded, and again discharging his gun, +killed him also, and the three floated down the river. + +Another circumstance is related, which shows the obstinacy with which +the contest was maintained by individuals in both armies. A soldier +and an Indian came in collision, the one having an unloaded gun,--the +other a tomahawk. After the action was over, they were both found +dead; the soldier with his bayonet in the body of the Indian,--and the +Indian with his tomahawk in the head of the soldier. + +Notwithstanding the signal victory, obtained by General Wayne over the +Indians, yet did their hostility to the whites lead them to acts of +occasional violence, and kept them for some time from acceding to the +proposals for peace. In [317] consequence of this, their whole country +was laid waste, and forts erected in the hearts of their settlements +at once to starve and awe them into quiet. The desired effect was +produced. Their crops being laid waste, their villages burned, +fortresses erected in various parts of their country and kept well +garrisoned, and a victorious army ready to bear down upon them at any +instant, there was no alternative left them but to sue for peace. When +the Shawanees made known their wish to bury the _bloody hatchet_, Gen. +Wayne refused to treat singly with them, and declared that all the +different tribes of the North Western Indians should be parties to any +treaty which he should make. This required some time as they had been +much dispersed after the defeat of the 20th of August, and the great +devastation committed on their crops and provisions by the American +army, had driven many to the woods, to procure a precarious +subsistence by hunting. Still however, to such abject want and +wretchedness were they reduced, that exertions were immediately made +to collect them in general council; and as this was the work of some +time, it was not effected until midsummer of 1795. + +In this interval of time, there was but a solitary interruption, +caused by savage aggression, to the general repose and quiet of North +Western Virginia; and that interruption occurred in a settlement which +had been exempt from invasion since the year 1782. In the summer of +1795, the trail of a large party of Indians was discovered on Leading +creek, and proceeding directly towards the settlements on the head of +the West Fork, those on Buchannon river, or in Tygart's Valley. In +consequence of the uncertainty against which of them, the savages +would direct their operations, intelligence of the discovery which had +been made, was sent by express to all; and measures, to guard against +the happening of any unpleasant result, were taken by all, save the +inhabitants on Buchannon. They had so long been exempt from the +murderous incursions of the savages, while other settlements not +remote from them, were yearly deluged with blood, that a false +security was engendered, in the issue, fatal to the lives and +happiness of some of them, by causing them to neglect the use of such +precautionary means, as would warn them of the near approach of +danger, and ward it when it came. + +Pursuing their usual avocations in despite of the warning which had +been given them, on the day after the express had [318] sounded an +alarm among them, as John Bozarth, sen. and his sons George and John +were busied in drawing grain from the field to the barn, the agonizing +shrieks of those at the house rent the air around them; and they +hastened to ascertain, and if practicable avert the cause. The +elasticity of youth enabled George to approach the house some few +paces in advance of his father, but the practised eye of the old +gentleman, first discovered an Indian, only a small distance from his +son, and with his gun raised to fire upon him. With parental +solicitude he exclaimed, "See George, an Indian is going to shoot +you." George was then too near the savage, to think of escaping by +flight. He looked at him steadily, and when he supposed the fatal aim +was taken and the finger just pressing on the trigger, he fell, and +the ball whistled by him. Not doubting but that the youth had fallen +in death, the savage passed by him and pressed in pursuit of the +father. + +Mr. Bozarth had not attained to that age when the sinews become too +much relaxed for active exertion, but was yet springy and agile, and +was enabled to keep ahead of his pursuer. Despairing of overtaking +him, by reason of his great speed, the savage hurled a tomahawk at his +head. It passed harmless by; and the old gentleman got safely off. + +When George Bozarth fell as the Indian fired, he lay still as if dead, +and supposing the scalping knife would be next applied to his head, +determined on seizing the savage by the legs as he would stoop over +him, and endeavor to bring him to the ground; when he hoped to be able +to gain the mastery over him. Seeing him pass on in pursuit of his +father, he arose and took to flight also. On his way he overtook a +younger brother, who had become alarmed, and was hobbling slowly away +on a sore foot. George gave him every aid in his power to facilitate +his flight, until he discovered that another of the savages was +pressing close upon them. Knowing that if he remained with his +brother, both must inevitably perish, he was reluctantly forced to +leave him to his fate. Proceeding on, he came up with his father, who +not doubting but he was killed when the savage fired at him, broke +forth with the exclamation, "_Why George, I thought you were dead_," +and manifested, even in that sorrowful moment, a joyful feeling at his +mistake. + +The Indians who were at the house, wrought their work of blood upon +such as would have been impediments to their [319] retreat; and +killing two or three smaller children, took Mrs. Bozarth and two boys +prisoners. With these they made their way to their towns and arrived +in time to surrender their captives to Gen. Wayne. + +This was the last mischief done by the Indians in North Western +Virginia. For twenty years the inhabitants of that section of the +country, had suffered all the horrors of savage warfare, and all the +woes which spring from the uncurbed indulgence of those barbarous and +vindicitive passions, which bear sway in savage breasts. The treaty of +Greenville, concluded on the 3d of August 1795, put a period to the +war, and with it, to those acts of devastation and death which had so +long spread dismay and gloom throughout the land. + +FINIS. +----- + [1] Drake, in _Aboriginal Races of North America_ (15th + ed.), p. 616, cites the Waggoner massacre as "the first exploit + in which we find Tecumseh engaged." L. V. McWhorter sends me + this interesting note, giving the local tradition regarding the + affair: "John Waggoner lived on Jesse's Run, more than two + miles above its junction with Hacker's Creek. While engaged in + burning logs in his clearing, he was sitting upon a log, with a + handspike lying across his lap. It was thought that Tecumseh + mistook this tool for a gun, and was nervous. But three in + number, the Indians had entered the district with some + trepidation. Over Sunday, while the settlers were holding + religious services in West's Fort, the savages lay in a + neighboring ravine. The dogs of the settlement barked furiously + at them, and ran toward their hiding place, trying to lead + their masters; but the latter supposed that the animals had + merely scented wolves, hence paid no attention to them. + Tecumseh was but thirty paces from Waggoner when he fired, and + it is singular that he missed, for the latter was a large man + and in fair view. Waggoner sprang up and started for his cabin, + a short distance only, but when about fifteen yards away saw an + Indian chasing one of the children around the house. Waggoner + was unarmed; his gun was in the house, but he feared to enter, + so ran for help to the cabin of Hardman, a neighbor. But + Hardman was out hunting, and there was no gun left there. The + screams of his family were now plainly heard by Waggoner, and + he was with difficulty restrained from rushing back to help + them, unarmed. Jesse Hughes carried the news into the fort, and + a rescue party at once set out. Mrs. Waggoner and her three + youngest children had been carried across the ridge to where is + now Rev. Mansfield McWhorter's farm, on McKenley's Run, and + here they were tomahawked and scalped. Henry McWhorter helped + to carry the bodies to the fort, but made no mention of their + being 'mangled in the most barbarous and shocking manner.'" + + The boy Peter, then eight years old, remained with the Indians + for twenty years. The manner of his return, as related to me by + Mr. McWhorter, was singular, and furnishes an interesting and + instructive romance of the border. One Baker, one of John + Waggoner's neighbors, went to Ohio to "squat," and on Paint + Creek saw Peter with a band of Indians, recognizing him by the + strong family resemblance. Baker at once wrote to the elder + Waggoner, telling him of his discovery, and the latter soon + visited the Paint Creek band, with a view to inducing his son + to return home. But Peter was loth to go. He was united to a + squaw, and by her had two children. In tears, she bitterly + opposed his going. When finally he yielded to parental appeals, + he promised her he would soon be back again. When the time for + his return to the forest came, his relatives kept him under + guard; when it had passed, he was afraid to return to his + Indian relatives, having broken his word. Gradually he became + reconciled in a measure to his new surroundings, but was ever + melancholy, frequently lamenting that he had left his savage + family. "Some time after his return to civilization," continues + McWhorter, "an Indian woman, supposed to be his wife, passed + through the Hacker Creek settlements, inquiring for Peter, and + going on toward the East. She appeared to be demented, and sang + snatches of savage songs. Peter never knew of her presence, nor + would any one inform her of his whereabouts. He was reticent + about his life among the Indians, and no details of that + feature of his career became known to his white friends." + + Tecumseh, who is said to have been born on Hacker's Creek, + possibly at a village near the mouth of Jesse's Run, visited + the white settlements there, after the peace, and told the + whites of his experiences in connection with the Waggoner + massacre.--R. G. T. + + [2] It must be acknowledged that many of these militia forays + against the Indians partook of the nature of buccaneering. The + spoils were often considerable. Clark, in his Kaskaskia campaign + (1778), captured so much booty, in property and slaves, that he + declares his men were made "almost rich."--R. G. T. + + [3] In the spring of 1792, Major Trueman, Colonel Hardin, + and Mr. Freeman were dispatched from Fort Washington by + different routes, to open peace negotiations, but they were + murdered by the savages. Gen. Rufus Putnam, aided by + Hekewelder, the Moravian, succeeded in binding the Wabash and + Illinois Indians to keep the peace. Later, Benjamin Lincoln, + Timothy Pickering, and Beverly Randolph were ordered by the + president to go to the Maumee to conclude a general treaty + which Indians had declared their willingness to enter into. But + the commissioners were detained at Niagara by sham conferences + with Gov. John Graves Simcoe, of Canada, until the middle of + July, when the Indians sent them word that unless they would in + advance "agree that the Ohio shall remain the boundary between + us," the proposed "meeting would be altogether unnecessary." + The commissioners declined to accept this ultimatum, and + returned home. Meanwhile, General Wayne was prosecuting + preparations for an active campaign against the hostiles.--R. + G. T. + + [4] On a plain near the old French-Indian-English trading + village, called Logstown (just below the present Economy, Pa., + on the north side of the Ohio, 18 miles below Pittsburg), + Wayne's army lay encamped from November, 1792, to April 30, + 1793. The army was fancifully called the "Legion of the United + States," and the camp was known as Legionville. From here, + Wayne proceeded to Cincinnati, and took up his headquarters in + Fort Washington.--R. G. T. + + [5] Fishing Creek enters the Ohio 128 miles below + Pittsburgh. At its mouth is now the town of New Martinsville, + W. Va.--R. G. T. + + [6] This was an expedition made by Gen. James Wilkinson, + second in command under Wayne, in December, 1793. He marched to + the field from Fort Washington at the head of a thousand men, + and left a garrison at the new fort.--R. G. T. + + [7] McWhorter says that the capture of the Cozad boys took + place at the mouth of Lanson Run, near Berlin, W. Va. The boy + who was killed was but six years of age; crying for his mother, + an Indian grasped him by the heels and cracked his head against + a tree,--a favorite method of murdering white children, among + Indian war parties. "Jacob yelled once, after starting with the + Indians, but was knocked down by a gun in the hands of one of + the savages. When he came to his senses, a squaw was dragging + him up hill by one foot. He remained with the Indians for about + two years, being adopted into a chief's family. He died in + 1862, in his eighty-ninth year."--R. G. T. + + [8] Thirtieth of June.--R. G. T. + + [9] The white loss, in killed, was 22, including Major + McMahon.--R. G. T. + + [10] The force started August 8. Besides the regulars, were + about 1,100 mounted Kentucky militia, under Gen. Charles + Scott.--R. G. T. + + [11] Hence the popular name of the engagement, "Battle of + Fallen Timbers."--R. G. T. + + [12] Alexander McKee, the renegade, of whom mention has + frequently been made in foregoing pages.--R. G. T. + + [13] Later authorities place the white loss at 107, killed + and wounded.--R. G. T. + + + + +INDEX. + Acosta, Father Joseph, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Adair, James, _History of American Indians_, 17-23. + + Adair, Maj., attacked by Indians, 413. + + Albermarle county, Va., 54. + + Alexander, Archibald, early settler, 52; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Alexander, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Alexandria, O., old Shawneetown at, 82, 92. + + Alexandria, Va., 60, 181. + + Alleghany county, Va., census (1830), 55. + + Alleghany mountains, early Indians in, 44, 45, 47; + crossed by English, 63-66. + + Alleghany river, early Indians on, 45, 46, 73; + discovered by Le Moyne, 64; + French on, 65; + Grant's defeat, 71; + in Dunmore's war, 150; + in Revolution, 301, 309. + + Allen, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Almon, J., _Remembrancer_, 355. + + Amherst county, Va., militia of, 99. + + Amherst, Jeffrey, orders Bouquet's expedition, 107. + + Anderson, James, early settler, 126. + + Appalachas, Indian village, attacked by Narvaez, 7. + + Arbuckle, Matthew, in Dunmore's war, 165, 170, 175; + at murder of Cornstalk, 211, 212, 216; + commandant of Ft. Randolph, 209, 241. + + Archæology. _See_ Mound-builders. + + Archer, Betsy, daughter of Sampson, 52. + + Archer, Sampson, early settler, 52, 89. + + Arkansas river, Salling at, 48. + + Armstrong, Capt., on Harmar's campaign, 394. + + Ashcraft, Uriah, attacked by Indians, 397. + + Ashly, Lieut., killed by Indians, 332. + + Athol, Thomas, 93. + + Au Glaize river, treaty of, 376; + Wayne on, 424, 425. + + Augusta county, Va., formed, 55, 57, 61, 151; + early settlers in, 53; + census (1830), 55, 56; + militia of, 49, 52, 66, 68, 81, 90, 164, 166, 170, 209, 210; + McDowell's fight, 52; + ransom of Moores, 374; + Preston's _Register of Indian Depredations_, 87; + _History of_, 246. + + Bailey, ----, in Dunmore's war, 169. + + Bailey, Minter, 240. + + Baker, ----, discovers Peter Waggoner, 410. + + Baker, Henry, killed by Indians, 291, 292. + + Baker, Joshua, murders Logan family, 125, 148-150. + + Baker, William, explores Kentucky, 115. + + Baker's bottom, massacre of Indians at, 134, 142, 148-150, 184. + + Bald Eagle, killed by whites, 135, 136. + + Barkley, Elihu, with Braddock, 66. + + Barlow, Joel, agent of Scioto Co., 60. + + Bartlett's run, 248. + + Bath county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Baxter's run, 247. + + Bean, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Beard, Samuel, early settler, 127. + + Bear Grass river, early settlements on, 274; + foray on, 384, 385. + + Beaver, Delaware chief, 45. + + Beaver river, Shingiss Old Town, 45; + Moravians on, 314; + Ft. McIntosh built, 237; + treaty at Ft. McIntosh, 366. + + Bedinger, George M., in Bowman's campaign, 271. + + Bedford county, Pa., 190; + in "Black boys" uprising, 112-114. + + Bedford county, Va., 70; militia of, 164. + + Bell, James, with Braddock, 66. + + Berkeley county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56; + militia of, 164. + + Berkeley, Sir William, fosters western exploration, 64. + + Berlin, W. Va., 290; + foray near, 421. + + Beverly, W. Va., origin of, 74. + + Big Beaver river. _See_ Beaver. + + Big Bone creek, Clark at, 146. + + Big Bone lick, 271. + + Biggs, Benjamin, early settler, 125, 203; + killed by Indians, 332. + + Big Hockhocking river. _See_ Hockhocking. + + Big Kanawha river. _See_ Great Kanawha. + + Big Knives. _See_ Long Knives. + + Big lick, 162. + + Big Miami river. _See_ Miami. + + Big Sandy river, in Shawnee campaign, 81-86. + + Big Sewell mountain, origin of name, 57. + + Bildercock, ----, militia officer, 227, 228. + + Bingamon creek, forays on, 367, 369. + + Bird, Henry, attacks American borderers, 254; + beseiges Ft. Laurens, 262; + invades Kentucky, 286, 297-300, 305. + + Black Beard, Shawnee chief, 268. + + Black boys, border regulators, 105, 106; + attack Pennsylvania traders, 109-116. + + Black Fish, Shawnee chief, 201, 202, 266, 268, 273. + + Black Hoof, Shawnee chief, 268. + + Bledsoe, Anthony, in Dunmore's war, 167. + + Blevins, William, early settler, 59, 60. + + Blue licks, 268; + Boone's captivity, 265-267; + battle of, 351-354, 388. + + Blue ridge, 69, 83, 100; + early tribes of, 44, 47; + early explorations of, 64; + Borden grant, 51; + first settlements beyond, 50, 52, 55. + + Bluestone river, 61; + in Sandy creek voyage, 82. + + Boiling Springs, Ky., represented in Transylvania legislature, 193. + + Bolivar, O., 261. + + Bonnett, John, killed by Indians, 377. + + Boone county, N. Y., Delawares in, 136. + + Boone, Daniel, on Holston, 59; + first explores Kentucky, 142-144; + second trip (1773), 144, 145, 147; + in Dunmore's war, 152, 153, 190; + founds Boonesborough, 190-197; + captured by Indians, 265-267; + in Chêne's attack on Boonesborough, 268, 269; + in Paint creek expedition, 267, 268; + at battle of Blue licks, 351-353. + + Boone, Mrs. Daniel, first white woman in Kentucky, 196, 197. + + Boone, James, killed by Indians, 144, 145. + + Boone, Squire, explores Kentucky, 143, 144. + + Boonesborough, Ky., founded, 190-197; + first attacked by Indians, 200, 202, 205; + Bowman's arrival, 207, 208; + during Boone's captivity, 265-267; + Chêne's attack on, 268, 270; + during Revolution, 350, 351. + + Booth's creek, origin of name, 122, 123; + forays on, 247, 248, 290, 309, 343. + + Booth, James, early settler, 122, 123; + killed by Indians, 247. + + Borden, Benjamin, Sr., land-grant, 50-54, 66; + sketch, 51. + + Borden, Benjamin, Jr., 52. + + Boshears, William, scouting service, 227, 228. + + Botetourt county, Va., 66, 70; + census (1830), 55, 56; + Holston settlement, 59; + militia of, 81, 164, 165, 167, 209, 210. + + Bouquet, Henry, campaign against Indians, 106-109, 173; + treaty with Indians, 91, 141, 173, 179. + + Bourbon county, Ky., 67, 115. + + Bowman, James L., 79. + + Bowman, John, campaign (1779), 190; + early defense of Kentucky, 207, 208; + Chillicothe expedition, 271-274; + cited, 268; + sketch, 271. + + Boyd, John, killed by Indians, 222. + + Bozarth, George, adventure with Indians, 429, 430. + + Bozarth, John, Sr., attacked by Indians, 279, 429, 430. + + Bozarth, John, Jr., adventure with Indians, 429, 430. + + Bozarth, Mrs., adventures with Indians, 279, 280. + + Braddock, Edward, campaign and defeat of, 65-69, 71, 72, 77, 105, 106, + 143, 145, 147, 169. + + Braddock, Pa., 68. + + Braddock's road, history of, 77. + + Brain, ----, killed by Indians, 240. + + Brain, Benjamin, captured by Indians, 280, 281. + + Brain, Isaac, captured by Indians, 280, 281. + + Brain, James, killed by Indians, 280, 281. + + Brant, Joseph, Indian chief, 254. + + Braxton county, Va., Bulltown massacre, 136-138. + + Breckenridge, Robert, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Brenton, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Bridger, ----, killed by Indians, 292. + + Brinton, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Brodhead, Daniel, expedition to Muskingum, 300-305, 309; + receives news from Moravians, 315. + + Brooke county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 63; + forays in, 380, 381. + + Brooks, Thomas, scout, 266. + + Brown, ----, in New-river foray, 96, 97. + + Brown, ----, killed by Indians, 161. + + Brown, Adam, Sr., imprisoned by Indians, 96, 97. + + Brown, Adam, Jr., 96. + + Brown, Coleman, killed by Indians, 156. + + Brown, James, chases Indians, 246; + attacked by Indians, 311. + + Brown, John, early hunter, 121. + + Brown, Samuel, captured by Indians, 96. + + Brownsville, Pa. _See_ Redstone. + + Bryan, William, companion of Boone, 144. + + Bryant, William, killed by Indians, 348. + + Bryant station, Ky., threatened by Bird, 296; + beseiged by Caldwell, 348-351, 353, 354. + + Buchanan, John, diary of, 49. + + Buckhannon river, early settlements on, 117-122, 127; + Bulltown massacre, 136; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + Indian forays on, 151, 275, 282, 284, 288, 290, 318, 319, 340, 342, + 343, 422, 428. + + Buffalo creek, first settlement on, 125; + Indian forays, 318, 374-376. + + Buffalo gap, Mackey's settlement near, 50. + + Buffington, Jonathan, captured by Indians, 311. + + Buffington, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311. + + Buford, ----, captain in Dunmore's war, 164, 165, 170, 171. + + Bulger, Maj., killed at Blue licks, 353. + + Bulgess, Adj., killed by Indians, 403. + + Bull, Capt., killed by whites, 136-138. + + Bullitt, Thomas, in Forbes's campaign, 71; + surveys Connolly tract, 145, 146; + sketch, 71, 72. + + Bullock, Leonard Henley, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Bulltown, Va., massacre of Delawares near, 136-138. + + Burd, James, at Redstone, 77-79. + + Burning Spring, 82, 85. + + Burns, James, killed by Indians, 245. + + Bush, Adam, chases Indians, 397. + + Bush, John, adventure with Indians, 341, 343; + killed by Indians, 396. + + Bush, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, 396, 397. + + Bushy run, Bouquet's fight on, 108. + + Butler, Mann, _Kentucky_, 193. + + Butler, Richard, treaty commissioner, 366, 388; + in St. Clair's campaign, 401-403. + + Butler, Robert, early settler, 126. + + Butterfield, Consul W., _Crawford's Expedition Against Sandusky_, 328; + _History of the Girtys_, 153, 178, 189, 224, 308, 347, 404; + _Washington-Irvine Correspondence_, 262. + + Cabell county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Cahokia, Ill., founded by La Salle, 6; + Indian mounds at, 40; + captured by Clark, 253. + + Caldwell, William, expedition against Kentucky, 348-354. + + California, O., founded, 392. + + Calf Pasture river, in Pontiac war, 97. + + Callaway, Richard, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Cameron, Charles, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Cameron, Daniel, killed by Indians, 311. + + Campbell, Arthur, militia officer, 268. + + Campbell, Capt., on Wayne's campaign, 426, 427. + + Campbell, George, border poet, 110, 111. + + Campbell, John, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Campbell, William, settles on Holston, 59; + at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Camp Charlotte, Indian treaty at, 145, 173, 176-186, 190, 197. + + Camp Union, in Dunmore's war, 164, 165, 167. + + Canaan, Joseph, killed by Indians, 422. + + Canestoga Indians, killed by Paxton boys, 104, 105. + + Captina creek, in Dunmore's war, 134, 138, 148, 149, 153; + in Revolution, 230. + + Carder, William, attacked by Indians, 419, 420. + + Carlisle, Pa., trial of Smith, 113-115; + Scotch-Irish at, 143. + + Carmichael's, Pa., founded, 123. + + Carpenter, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 414. + + Carpenter, Dr., captured by Indians, 96, 97. + + Carpenter, Jeremiah, 414. + + Carpenter, John, captured by Indians, 319. + + Carpenter, Nicholas, adventure with Indians, 399, 400. + + Carpenter, William, killed by Indians, 96, 97. + + Carr's creek, massacre on, 172, 173. + + Carver, ----, settles on Greenbrier, 57. + + Carver, Jonathan, visits western Indians, 20, 21, 23, 24; + on Indian creek, 38. + + Casper's lick, 152. + + Catawba Indians, early strength of, 46; + attack Delawares, 47; + fought by McDowell, 52; + claim Kentucky, 142, 194. + + Catawba river, early Indians on, 46; + Patton's settlement, 51; + forays on, 96, 98. + + Catholics (Roman), missionary efforts of, 36; + at Gallipolis, 60. _See_ Jesuits. + + Cayahoga river, Delawares on, 45. + + Cayuga Indians, strength of, 46; + in Dunmore's war, 155, 172. + + Cedar creek, early settlement on, 52. + + Champlain, Samuel de, founds Quebec, 4, 5. + + Charleston, S. C., 49, 59. + + Charlevoix, Father, on origin of Indians, 15, 16. + + Cheat river, 63, 118; + first settlements on, 75, 76, 126; + massacre of Indians on, 135; + Indian forays on, 240, 291, 310, 311. + + Chêne, Isidore, attacks Boonesborough, 268-270. + + Cherokee Indians, early strength of, 46; + capture Salling, 48, 49; + Williamson among, 104; + visit Gov. Glen, 59; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 82; + opposition to Kentucky settlers, 142, 145; + cession to Henderson, 192, 195; + during Revolution, 347. + + Chevrout, Joseph, relieves Carder, 420. + + Chew, Colby, explores Kentucky, 81. + + Chickamauga Indians, claim Kentucky, 142. + + Chickasaw Indians, early strength, 46; + claim Kentucky, 142; + cession to Henderson, 195; + in St. Clair's campaign, 403-405. + + Childers, William, settles on Youghiogheny, 117, 118. + + Chillicothe towns, Dyer's captivity, 87; + in Dunmore's war, 176, 179, 182, 183, 187; + Boone's captivity, 266, 267; + Bowman's expedition against, 271-274; + in Piqua expedition, 305, 307-309; + Indian council at, 346, 347; + in Harmar's campaign, 393, 394. + + Chillicothe (Old), Renick captivity, 91; + Hannah Dennis's escape, 91-93. + + Chillicothe (New), Hannah Dennis's escape, 92. + + Chippewa Indians, early strength, 46; + fight Clark, 252; + during Revolution, 347; + at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388. + + Chiyawee, Wyandot chief, 172. + + Christian, William, in Cherokee campaign, 59; + in New-river foray, 99; + in Dunmore's war, 165, 167, 170, 171, 190; + killed by Indians, 385. + + Cincinnati, Indian relics found in, 42; + Clark on site of, 306; + genesis of, 390-393; + in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; + in St. Clair's campaign, 401, 405; + in Wayne's campaign, 413, 419, 423. + + Circleville, O., Indians mounds at, 41. + + Clark, ----, on St. Clair's campaign, 402. + + Clark, George, scout, 271. + + Clark, George Rogers, on Indian mounds, 40; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 164; + arrival in Kentucky, 197, 200; + in early defense of Kentucky, 207; + founds Louisville, 146; + Illinois campaign, 121, 123, 190, 252-255, 257-261, 270, 294, 295, 411; + Piqua campaign, 305-309; + Shawnee campaign, 354, 355; + Wabash campaign, 386; + treaty commissioner, 366, 388; + in Spanish conspiracy, 130; + sketch, 253, 254. + + Clark, John, ambushed by Indians, 262. + + Clarke, Col., Pennsylvania militia officer, 263, 264. + + Clarksburg, W. Va., 275; + founded, 127; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 284, 310, 311, 341, 342, 345; + miscellaneous forays near, 376, 381, 383, 397. + + Clay, ----, killed by Indians, 166. + + Clegg, ----, family captured by Indians, 398, 399. + + Clendennin's settlement, Hannah Dennis at, 93; + massacre at, 93-95; + family captured by Indians, 172, 173. + + Clinch river, first settlements on, 59, 60; + Boone on, 145, 152; + in Henderson's grant, 193; + foray on, 374. + + Coburn, Capt., chases Indians, 410, 411. + + Coburn's creek, 248, 249. + + Cochran, Nathaniel, captured by Indians, 247, 250, 251. + + Cocke, William, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Cohunnewago Indians, strength of, 46. + + Colden, C., _Five Nations of New York_, 194. + + Coleman, Moses, killed by Indians, 285. + + Columbia, O., founded, 391, 392. + + Congo creek, 176. + + Connecticut, relinquishes Western land claim, 389. + + Connelly, ----, early settler, 126. + + Connoly, Darby, killed by Indians, 234. + + Connolly, John, agent of Dunmore, 74, 142, 145, 149; + in Dunmore's war, 164, 179-181, 188; + land claim at Louisville, 145, 146. + + Conococheague valley, massacre in, 101, 105; + a fur-trade centre, 109, 113. + + Cooley, William, companion of Boone, 143. + + Coomes, William, adventure with Indians, 201. + + Coon, ----, daughter killed by Indians, 218, 219. + + Coonce, Mark, French trader, 79. + + Cooper, ----, killed by Indians, 311. + + Coplin, Benjamin, kills an Indian, 344. + + Corbly, John, attacked by Indiana, 345. + + Corn island, Clark at, 253, 294. + + Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, at Point Pleasant, 168, 170, 172, 173; + at treaty of Camp Charlotte, 183-186; + imprisoned at Ft. Randolph, 209, 215, 216; + murder of, 173, 211-214, 235, 236, 241, 266; + sketch of, 172, 173. + + Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 347. + + Coshocton, O., 153, 314. + + Coshocton, Indian village, Brodhead's expedition against, 302-305, 309, + 316. + + Cottrial, Andrew, early settler, 127. + + Cottrial, Samuel, early settler, 127; + attacked by Indians, 284, 285. + + Cowan, John, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Coward, ----, adventure with Indians, 166. + + Cowpasture river, 91. + + Cox, Joseph, captured by Indians, 419. + + Cozad, Jacob, Sr., sons killed by Indians, 420. + + Cozad, Jacob, Jr., escapes from Indians, 420, 421. + + Craig, Lieut., killed by Indians, 424. + + Craig, James, adventure with Indians, 203. + + Craig's creek, 90. + + Crawford, ----, killed by Indians, 344. + + Crawford, James, early settler, 123. + + Crawford, John, killed by Indians, 331, 334, 336. + + Crawford, William, in Dunmore's war, 164, 168, 179, 185, 220; + Sandusky campaign of, 328-339; + sketch, 334. + + Crawford, William (nephew of foregoing), killed by Indians, 331. + + Cresap, Michael, in Dunmore's war, 134, 149, 154, 164; + accused by Logan, 184. + + Cresap, Thomas, opens Braddock's road, 77. + + Crooked creek, 169, 170. + + Crooked run, Indian forays on, 282, 344. + + Cross creek, 78. + + Cross, Thomas, Sr., 91. + + Crouch, James, wounded by Indians, 287. + + Crouse, Peter, killed by Indians, 282. + + Culpeper county, Va., 59; + militia of, 66; + in Dunmore's war, 159, 164. + + Cumberland county, Pa., 143. + + Cumberland Gap, Walden's trip, 60; + Boone opens path, 143, 192. + + Cumberland, Md., Ohio Co.'s post at, 77. + + Cumberland river, Walden's trip, 60; + explored by Smith, 115; + Boone on, 152; + in Henderson's purchase, 192, 193; + foray on, 200. + + Cundiff, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Cunningham, Edward, fight with Indians, 238, 239, 367-370, 373. + + Cunningham, Robert, early settler, 126. + + Cunningham, Thomas, 218; + family attacked by Indians, 367, 373. + + Cunningham, Mrs. Thomas, captured by Indians, 367-373. + + Curl, Jeremiah, attacked by Indians, 288, 289. + + Curner, ----, on Mad-river campaign, 387. + + Cusick, David, _Ancient History of Six Nations_, 18, 26, 40. + + Cutright, Benjamin, early settler, 122. + + Cutright, John, Sr., early settler, 122; + murders Indians, 137; + wounded by Indians, 290. + + Cutright, John, Jr., 122. + + Cutright, Peter, attacked by Indians, 288, 289. + + Danville, Ky., origin of, 274; + convention at, 115, 190. + + Davis, ----, settles on Holston, 59. + + Davis, Mrs., daughter of John Jackson, 121. + + Davisson, ----, killed by Indians, 373. + + Davisson, Daniel, early settler, 127. + + Davisson, Josiah, brother of Nathaniel, 283. + + Davisson, Nathaniel, killed by Indians, 283, 284. + + Davisson, Obadiah, early settler, 127. + + Decker, Thomas, early settler, 123; + attacked by Indians, 77, 78. + + Decker's creek, first settlement on, 77. + + De Creve Coeurs, St. John, _Lettres_, 153. + + De Hass, Wills, _History of Indian Wars_, 222. + + De Huron, George, on origin of Indians, 15. + + De Kalb, Baron, 86. + + De Laet, John, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Delaware Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45, 46; + attacked by Catawbas, 47; + in Decker's creek massacre, 77-79; + Seybert massacre, 88, 89; + New-river foray, 96-99; + Bulltown massacre, 136-138; + Pontiac's conspiracy, 136; + claim Kentucky, 142; + in Dunmore's war, 150, 172, 179; + during Revolution, 219, 263, 301, 303, 314, 315, 320, 332, 333, 347; + in Harmar's campaign, 393; + Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388; + subsequent foray, 371; + Wayne's campaign, 421. + + Delaware river, massacre on, 101-104. + + De Moraez, Emanuel, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Denman, Matthias, founds Cincinnati, 390-392. + + Dennis, Hannah, imprisoned by Indians, 89-93, 95. + + Dennis, Joseph, killed by Indians, 89. + + Denton, ----, assists Mrs. Cunningham, 372. + + Denton, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197. + + Deny, William, coroner of Bedford, 114. + + De Peyster, Arent Schuyler, commandant at Detroit, 295, 317, 365. + + De Soto, Ferdinand, discovers Mississippi, 7, 8. + + Detroit, 91; + Indian villages near, 46; + under French domination, 72; + Logan at, 155, 156; + Connolly at, 181; + Boone at, 266, 267; + English headquarters during Revolution, 252, 254, 255, 257; + English machinations at, 207, 231, 247, 286, 295, 299, 317, 320, 336, + 337; + arrival of peace news, 365. + + De Villiers, defeats Washington, 74; + destroys Redstone fort, 77. + + Dickinson, John, in Dunmore's war. 170, 175. + + Dillon, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Dillon, Mrs., killed by Indians, 240. + + Dinwiddie, Robert, governor of Virginia, 53, 65; + authorizes Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83, 84; + _Papers_, 68, 86. + + Dix, Webster, 119. + + Dodd, Ensign, on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Doddridge, John, early settler, 125. + + Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on the Settlements_, 125, 126, 153, 183; + MS. of, 221. + + Donelson, Col., runs Indian boundary, 195. + + Donnelly, Andrew, beseiged by Indians, 242-245; + repulses them, 291. + + Dorman, Timothy, captured by Indians, 340, 341; + turns renegade, 341, 342. + + Dougherty, Daniel, captured by Indians, 311, 312. + + Dougherty, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311. + + Doughty, Maj., builds Ft. Washington, 391. + + Douglas, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Dragging Canoe, Cherokee chief, 192. + + Dragoo, Mrs., killed by Indians, 374, 375. + + Drake, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Drake, Lieut.-col., on St. Clair's campaign, 402. + + Drake, Samuel G., _Aboriginal Races of North America_, 409. + + Draper, Lyman C., historical notes by, 40, 50-53, 57-60, 65, 66, 68, 71, + 72, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85-88, 90, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106-108, 115, + 121, 123; + interviews Salling's descendants, 48; + on aboriginal claims to Kentucky, 193-195; + cited, 183, 203, 254. + + Drinnon, Thomas, attacked by Indians, 292, 293. + + Drinnon, Lawrence, attacked by Indians, 291, 292. + + Duke, Francis, killed by Indians, 359, 360. + + Dunbar, Pa., settled by Gist, 74. + + Dunkard bottom, settled, 126; + massacre on, 240. + + Dunkard creek, a war trail, 75: + first settled on, 75; + forays on, 249, 250, 279, 398, 399. + + Dunkards, early settlements by, 75; + massacre of, 76, 77. + + Dunkin, John, militia officer, 207. + + Dunlap, James, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + killed by Indians, 87. + + Dunlap creek, first settlement on, 77; + foray on, 96. + + Dunmore, Lord, 74; + in Dunmore's war, 135-190, 197, 209, 220, 253, 385; + opposes Henderson's purchase, 192. + + Du Pratz, Le Page, _History of Louisiana_, 49. + + Durrett, Reuben T., _Centenary of Louisville_, 294. + + Dutch, introduce African slavery, 10; + in New York, 48. + + Dyer, James, imprisoned by Indians, 87, 88. + + East Meadows, Braddock at, 67. + + Eckarly family, early settlers, 126. + + Eckarly, Thomas, Dunkard pioneer, 75; + massacre of his brother, 76, 77. + + Economy, Pa., 413. + + Ecuyer, Simeon, under Bouquet. 107. + + Edwards, David, killed by Indians, 252. + + Edwards, William, Moravian missionary, 314, 317. + + Elk creek, in Caldwell's invasion, 351; + during Revolution, 284; + foray on, 367. + + Elk river, origin of name, 118, 119; + first settlement on, 126, 127; + Stroud massacre, 136, 137; + in Dunmore's war, 166, 167, 175; + foray on, 414. + + Elk's Eye creek. _See_ Muskingum. + + Ellinipsico, Cornstalk's son, 172, 211-213. + + Elliott, Matthew, in Dunmore's war, 182, 189; + attacks Wheeling, 316, 317; + encourages forays, 347, 388. + + Ellis, Franklin, _History of Fayette Co._, 77. + + English, territorial claims of, 1-5, 7; + emigration to Virginia, 49; + first occupation of the Ohio, 63; + struggle for Forks of Ohio, 64-74; + Braddock's campaign, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + Bouquet's expedition, 106-109; + Dunmore's war, 134-190; + Bird's invasion, 294-300, 305, 336, 337; + Caldwell's invasion, 348-354; + second seige of Wheeling, 356, 357; + encourage forays on American borderers, 147, 207-210, 215, 216, 224, + 225, 231, 236, 252, 253, 260, 285, 286, 317, 388, 425-427. + + Episcopalians, 50, 57. + + Fairfax, Lord, land-grant of, 50, 51, 334; + militia officer, 101. + + Fairfield, Va., settled, 52. + + Fallen Timbers, battle of, 425-428. + + Falling Spring, Va., 86. + + Falls of Ohio. _See_ Louisville. + + Fauquier county, Va., 145. + + Fauquier, governor of Virginia, 86. + + Fayette county, Pa., settled, 74, 123; + militia from, 328. + + Fayette county, W. Va., 57. + + Fayetteville, N. C., 192. + + Field, John, with Braddock, 66; + adventure with Indians, 159-161; + in Dunmore's war, 164, 166, 169, 171. + + Files. _See_ Foyle, Robert. + + Files creek, first settlement on, 74. + + Files family, massacre of, 126. + + Filson, John, partner of Denman, 391; + _Boone's Narrative_, 268. + + Fincastle county, Va., 56, 220; + Preston as surveyor, 140, 146; + militia of, 167. + + Findlay, John, explores Kentucky, 142-144. + + Fink, ----, killed by Indians, 340. + + Fink, John, killed by Indians, 318, 319. + + Fink, Henry, early settler, 126; + attacked by Indians, 288, 318, 319. + + Fink's run, 122. + + Fish creek, a war trail, 75, 399; + Clark at, 134, 253; + foray on, 399. + + Fishing creek, foray on, 374; + garrison on, 417. + + Fitzpatrick, John, on Bullitt's survey. 146. + + Fleming, William, in Dunmore's war, 164, 167-170, 174, 175. + + Flesher, Henry, attacked by Indians, 366, 367. + + Floyd, John, Kentucky surveyor, 152; + _Diary of_, 196; + builds fort at Louisville, 294; + in Piqua campaign, 307. + + Florida, discovered by Spanish, 7, 8. + + Folebaum, George, killed by Indians, 362. + + Folke, George, killed by Indians, 102, 103. + + Fontaine, Maj., killed by Indians, 395. + + Forbes, John, campaign against Ft. Du Quesne, 69-73, 77, 79, 108, 145, + 190. + + Fordyce, Capt., 72. + + Foreman, William, defeated by Indians, 228-230, 356. + + Fort Bedford, in "Black boys" uprising, 112-114. + + Fort Bolling, during Revolution, 226. + + Fort Boone, seat of Henderson colony, 153. + + Fort Buckhannon, during Revolution, 313. + + Fort Burd. _See_ Redstone. + + Fort Bush, 121. + + Fort Casinoe, in Dunmore's war, 151. + + Fort Coburn, during Revolution, 248. + + Fort Crevecoeur, built by La Salle, 6; Salling at, 48. + + Fort Cumberland, 71. + + Fort Dickenson, massacre of children, 100. + + Fort Dinwiddie, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + in New-river foray, 97, 99; + during Revolution, 291. + + Fort Du Quesne, erected, 65; + Braddock's expedition, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + destroyed, 73. + _See_ Pittsburg. + + Fort Fincastle. _See_ Wheeling. + + Fort Finney, built, 392; + treaty of, 388. + + Fort Frederick, 71. + + Fort Frontenac, built by La Salle, 6; + Salling at, 48. + + Fort Gower, in Dunmore's war, 179, 182. + + Fort Greenville. _See_ Greenville, O. + + Fort Hadden, during Revolution, 286. + + Fort Hamilton, built by St. Clair, 401; + in Wayne's campaign, 413. + + Fort Henry. _See_ Wheeling. + + Fort Holliday, during Revolution, 226, 227. + + Fort Jackson, in Dunmore's war, 151. + + Fort Jefferson (Ky.), built by Clark, 254. + + Fort Jefferson (O.), built by St. Clair, 401-403, 405; + in Wayne's campaign, 413. + + Fort Laurens, during Revolution, 256, 261-265. + + Fort Le Boeuf, Washington at, 74, 77. + + Fort Ligonier, in Forbes's campaign, 73. + + Fort Littleton, in French and Indian war, 190. + + Fort Loudon, in "Black boys" uprising, 110, 111. + + Fort McIntosh, built, 237; + during Revolution, 263, 265; + treaty of, 366. + + Fort Martin, during Revolution, 282. + + Fort Massac, Clark at, 253. + + Fort Miami, Indian villages near, 46. + + Fort Necessity, Washington's defeat at, 69, 74, 77, 145. + + Fort Nutter, in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 275, 341. + + Fort Pitt. _See_ Pittsburg. + + Fort Pleasant, Eckarly at, 76. + + Fort Powers, during Revolution, 247. + + Fort Pricket, in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 240, 275, 279. + + Fort Randolph. _See_ Point Pleasant. + + Fort Recovery, 401; + built by Wilkinson, 419; + in Wayne's campaign, 423, 424. + + Fort Richards, during Revolution, 240, 241. + + Fort Sackville. _See_ Vincennes. + + Fort St. Joseph, Indian villages near, 46; + in Wayne's campaign, 413. + + Fort Seybert, massacre at, 87-89. + + Fort Shepherd, in Dunmore's war, 151. + + Fort Stradler, during Revolution, 249, 250. + + Fort Stanwix, treaty of, 70, 195. + + Fort Washington. _See_ Cincinnati. + + Fort Wells, 381. + + Fort West, during Revolution, 240, 241, 245, 246; + forays against, 287-290, 410. + + Fort Westfall, in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 343. + + Fort Wilson, during Revolution, 343. + + Fort Young, Hannah Dennis at, 93; + in New-river foray, 96, 97. + + Fox river, explored by French, 6. + + Foyle, Robert, settles on Files's creek, 74; + massacre of family, 75. + + Franklin, Benjamin, 145. + + Franklin county, Pa., 106. + + Franklin, W. Va., 87. + + Frederick county, Va., established, 55; + census (1830), 55, 56; + Borden manor, 51; + militia of, 101, 164. + + Freeman, ----, killed by Indians, 412. + + Freeman, Mrs., killed by Indians, 245, 246. + + Freeman's creek, forays on, 396, 419. + + French in America, territorial claims, 5; + early explorations, 4-6; + occupy Upper Ohio, 45, 63, 64; + ransom Salling, 48; + conflict with Ohio Co., 64, 65, 74, 77, 123, 147; + on Muskingum, 79: + on Scioto, 82; + Braddock's campaign, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + French and Indian war, 143, 145, 156, 159, 190, 334; + found Gallipolis, 60, 82; + make peace with England, 106, 120; + in attack on Boonesborough, 268-270; + relations with Clark, 254. + + French creek, Smith's expedition to, 106. + + French lick, 193. + + Friedensstadt, Pa., Moravian village, 314, 319. + + Friend, Joseph, chases Indians, 311. + + Frothingham, Lieut., killed by Indians, 395. + + Fry, Col., in Braddock's army, 66. + + Fullenwieder, Peter, defends Rice's fort, 362. + + Fur trade, tribal barter, 34; + at Winchester, 47; + Borden's trade, 51; + of Ohio Co., 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147; + on Scioto, 82; + French and English rivalry, 138, 139; + Findlay's adventures, 143; + of Dunkards, 76; + Gibson's, 79; + "Black-boys" trouble, 106, 109-116; + Simpson's adventures, 118, 119; + at Pringle's fort, 120; + in Dunmore's war, 150; + McKee's, 347; + in W. Va., 361. + + Furrenash, Charles, children killed by Indians, 313. + + Gaddis, Thomas, on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Gage, Thomas, confers with Connolly, 181. + + Gallatin, Albert, founds Geneva, W. Va., 117. + + Gallipolis, founded by French, 60, 82, 84. + + Game, pioneers as hunters, 131; + on Greenbrier, 56, 57, 126; + in Kentucky, 196, 198, 199, 206, 265, 266; + in Valley of Virginia, 119-122; + in Tygart's valley, 232, 234; + in West Virginia, 280, 283, 367, 374, 375, 410, 411. + + Garcia, Gregorio, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Gates, Horatio, at Saratoga, 86. + + Gatliff, Charles, fights Indians, 244. + + Gauley river. 57; + Stroud massacre, 136, 137. + + Genêt, Edmund Charles, commissions Clark, 254. + + Geneva, W. Va., founded, 117. + + George, Robert, attacks James Smith, 114. + + George's creek, Pringle settlement, 117; + murder of Bald Eagle, 136. + + Georgia, early slavery in, 9, 10; + in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36. + + Germans, at Gallipolis. 60. + + Gibson, Col. John, at Fort Pitt, 78, 79; + in Dunmore's war, 176, 184; + expert swordsman, 207; + commands Ft. Laurens, 256, 261-265. + + Gibson, John, family captured by Indians, 287. + + Giles county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Gilmore, ----, killed by Indians, 211, 212. + + Girty, George and James, renegades, 178; + during Revolution, 295. + + Girty, Simon, in Dunmore's war, 178, 179, 184, 189; + not at Wheeling seige, 224, 225, 231; + during Revolution, 254, 262, 273, 295, 308, 333, 334, 347, 350-353; + subsequent forays, 372, 388; + in St. Clair's defeat, 404. + + Gist, Christopher, visits Shingiss, 45; + trip down Ohio, 79; + settles Fayette Co., Pa., 74, 77, 123. + + Glass, ----, family attacked by Indians, 380, 381. + + Glenn, ----, governor of South Carolina, 59. + + Glum, Mrs., at seige of Wheeling, 225. + + Gnadenhütten, Moravian village, 314, 317; + sacked by whites, 319, 321-327. + + Gnatty creek, foray on, 382. + + Goff, John, early settler, 126. + + Goldsby, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Gooch, Sir William, grants Borden manor, 50, 51. + + Gordon, Capt, killed at Blue Licks, 353. + + Goschocking. _See_ Coshocton. + + Graham, James, killed by Indians, 245. + + Grand Portage, Carver at, 20. + + Grand river. _See_ Ottawa. + + Grant, James, with Braddock, 66; + defeated by Indians, 68-73; + in "Blackboys" uprising, 110, 111. + + Grave creek, Indian mounds on, 40; + first settlement on, 125; + in Dunmore's war, 134; + in Foreman's defeat, 229, 230, 235, 356. + + Grayson county, Va., census (1830), 55. + + Great bridge, Va., defeat of Fordyce, 72. + + Greathouse, Daniel, murders Logan's family, 125, 149. + + Great Kanawha river, 60, 61; + Salling on, 49; + discovered by Wood, 64; + in Sandycreek voyage, 82, 85; + in Hannah Dennis's escape, 93; + Squire Boone on, 143; + in Dunmore's war, 145, 159-161, 164-167, 169-174, 178; + in Hand's expedition, 209-211; + during Revolution, 291-292; + salines of, 265. + + Great Meadows. Washington at, 77, 145. + + Great Miami river. _See_ Miami. + + Great Sandy river, 60, 61; + in New-river foray, 96. + + Green, George, at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + Green river, Henderson's grant on, 196; + early surveys, 365; + early settlements, 274. + + Green, Thomas M., _Spanish Conspiracy_, 386. + + Greenbrier county, W. Va., 53, 54, 57, 71, 91; + census (1830), 55, 56; + Shawnee attack (1755), 81; + Clendennin massacre, 93-95; + militia from, 210, 211; + emigrants from, 286; + forays into, 242-245, 291-293. + + Greenbrier river, 61; + explored, 126; + origin of name, 49; + Loyal Co.'s grant, 49; + first settlements on, 56-59; + Lewis on, 68; + in Pontiac's war, 97. + + Greenlee, Mary, enters land on Borden manor, 52, 53. + + Greenville, O., Ft. Hamilton built, 401; + treaty at, 420, 430. + + Gregg, Mrs., attacked by Indians, 343. + + Grenadier Squaw, in Dunmore's war, 176; + at Ft. Randolph, 242; + in Mad-river campaign, 388. + + Grigsby; Charles, family killed by Indians, 217, 218. + + Grim, John, 183. + + Grollon, Father, on origin of Indians, 15, 16. + + Grundy, Felix, 247. + + Grundy, William, killed by Indians, 247. + + Gunn, Catharine, imprisoned by Indians, 98. + + Gwinnett, Button, killed by McIntosh, 237. + + Hacker, John, settles on Buckhannon, 121, 122; + daughter wounded by Indians, 378-380. + + Hacker, Mrs., attacked by Indians, 245. + + Hacker, William, early hunter, 121; + murders Indians, 135, 137; + attacked by Indians, 245. + + Hacker's creek, Indian relics on, 42; + origin of name, 121, 122; + first settlement on, 127; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + Bulltown massacre, 136, 137; + killing of Hughes and Lowther, 240, 241; + Waggoner massacre, 408, 411; + miscellaneous forays on, 275, 287-290, 367, 377, 382, 419, 420. + + Hadden, ----, early settler, 126. + + Hadden, John, 234. + + Hagerstown, Md., 361. + + Hagle, Michael, killed by Indians, 341. + + Haldimand, Sir Frederick, English general-in-chief, 252, 261. + + Half King, Wyandot chief, 230, 316. + + Hall, Capt., murders Cornstalk, 211, 212. + + Hall, James, _Sketches of the West_, 193. + + Hall, Minor C., 287. + + Hamilton, ----, adventure with Indians, 211, 212. + + Hamilton, Capt., chases Indians. 245. + + Hamilton, Henry, English lieutenant-governor, 207, 210; + encourages Indian forays, 224, 225, 252, 266, 268, 269; + attacks Clark, 253, 257, 258; + captured by Clark, 254, 255, 259-261. + + Hamilton, Miss, captured by Indians, 234. + + Hammond, Philip, scouting adventure, 242, 243. + + Hampden Sydney College, Va., 81. + + Hampshire county, W. Va., census (1830), 56; + militia from, 101, 230. + + Hamtramck, J. F., on Harmar's campaign, 394; + on St. Clair's campaign, 401. + + Hancock, William, escapes from Indians, 267, 268. + + Hand, Edward, commands Ft. Pitt. 209-211, 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 230; + MS. of, 221; + sketch, 210. + + Handsucker, ----, killed by Indians, 398, 399. + + Hangard. _See_ Redstone. + + Hanover county, Va., 191. + + Haptonstall, Abraham, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Harbert, ----, killed by Indians, 233. + + Hardin county, Ky., origin of name, 123. + + Hardin, John, early Kentucky settler, 123; + on Harmar's campaign, 394; + killed by Indians, 412. + + Hardman, ----, of Hacker's creek, 410. + + Hardy county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Hargus, John, kills an Indian, 154, 155. + + Harlan, Silas, in Bowman's campaign, 271. + + Harland, Maj., killed at Blue Licks, 253. + + Harmar, Josiah, at treaty of Ft. McIntosh, 366; + occupies Ft. Washington, 391, 392; + campaign of, 384, 393-395, 400, 408. + + Harpold, Nicholas, kills Indians, 135. + + Harrison, ----, attacked by Indians, 344. + + Harrison, Benjamin, in Dunmore's war, 170; + governor of Virginia, 366. + + Harrison, Burr, rescued by Logan, 203. + + Harrison county, W. Va., 373; + census (1830), 56, 63; + first sheriff of, 127; + forays in, 217, 369. + + Harrison, S. R., cited, 310. + + Harrison, William, killed by Indians, 331, 334, 336. + + Harrison, William H., defeats Tecumseh, 36. + + Harrod, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146; + founds Harrodsburg, 152, 190, 191; + prominence as a pioneer, 197, 200; + sketch, 190, 191. + + Harrod, Samuel, explores Kentucky, 190. + + Harrod, William, with Clark, 190; + in Bowman's campaign, 271, 273. + + Harrodsburg, Ky., founded, 146, 152, 190, 191, 197; + represented in Transylvania legislature, 193; + first attacked by Indians, 200-202, 205, 208; + Clark's defense of, 253; + settlers' council at, 271. + + Hart, David, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Hart, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Co., 191-193. + + Hart, Thomas, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Hartley, Cecil B., _Life of Wetzel_, 161. + + Hartshorn, ----, ensign in Harmar's campaign, 394; + captain with Wayne, 423, 424. + + Haymond, John, chases Indians, 398. + + Hayward, John, _History of Tennessee_, 60. + + Hazard, Samuel, _U. S. Register_, 193. + + Heavener, Nicholas, 121. + + Heckewelder, John G., Moravian missionary, 97, 301, 302, 314, 315, 317; + peace commissioner, 412; + _Narrative_, 325; + sketch, 301, 302. + + Hedgman river, 55. + + Hellen, Thomas, captured by Indians, 156, 157; + killed by Indians, 161. + + Helms, Leonard, holds Vincennes, 258, 260. + + Henderson, Archibald, 193. + + Henderson, Nathaniel, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Henderson, Richard, founds Transylvania, 153, 191-196; + sketch, 191-193. + + Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard, 191. + + Henderson, Leonard, 193. + + Hennepin, Father Louis, French explorer, 6. + + Henry county, Va., 60. + + Henry, Patrick, governor of Virginia, 173, 186, 220, 366. + + Herbert, William, in Dunmore's war, 167, 175. + + Hickenbotham, Capt., attacks Indians, 99. + + Hickman, Adam, Jr., 127. + + Hickman, Sotha, early settler, 127, 284. + + Hill, Richard, attacked by Indians, 291. + + Hinkstone, ----, captured by Indians, 297, 298, 305. + + Hite, Isaac, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Hockhocking river, in Dunmore's war, 168, 179, 182, 183; + Indians raided on, 383. + + Hockingport, O., founded, 179. + + Hogan, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197. + + Hogg, James, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Hogg, Peter, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81-85. + + Hogg, William, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Hoggin, ----, of St. Asaph's, 205. + + Holden, Joseph, companion of Boone, 143. + + Holder, John, in Bowman's campaign, 271. + + Holder's station, Ky., during Caldwell's invasion, 349. + + Hollis, John, Indian spy, 245. + + Holmes, John, informs against James Smith, 114. + + Holston, Stephen, settles on Holston, 59. + + Holston river, 60; first settlements on, 58, 115; + forays on, 158, 184. + + Holston settlements, militia of, 165, 170, 268; + Harrod at, 190; + Boone at, 196; + Logan at, 204-206; + Mrs. Cunningham at, 372, 373. + + Hornbeck, Benjamin, captured by Indians, 311. + + Hornbeck, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311. + + Horse Shoe bottom, settled, 126. + + Horton, Joshua, explores Kentucky, 115. + + Howard, John, companion of Salling, 49. + + Hudson, William, killed by Indians, 203. + + Hughes, Charles, chases Indians, 246. + + Hughes, Elias, scouting service, 312; + fights Indians, 345, 376, 377. + + Hughes, Jesse, early hunter, 121; + chases Indians, 246, 378, 379, 410; + services at Ft. West, 288; + scouting service, 312; + escapes from Indians, 399, 400; + daughter captured by Indians, 377-380; + character, 137. + + Hughes, Thomas, early settler, 121, 123; + defense of borderers, 367; + killed by Indians, 240, 241. + + Hughey, Joseph, killed by Indians, 168. + + Hull, Samuel, killed by Indians, 383. + + Huron Indians, possible origin of, 16. + + Husted, Gilbert, captured by Indians, 248. + + Hutchins, Thomas, geographer, 46. + + Iberville. Lemoyne d', finds Mississippi, 7. + + Ice, John, killed by Indians, 374. + + Illinois, early French in, 6, 7; + Clark's expedition to, 146, 252-255, 257, 261. + + Illinois Indians, claim Kentucky, 142; + agree to keep peace, 412. + + Ingles, Capt., on New-river campaign, 99. + + Indian creek, foray on, 312, 313. + + Indian Short creek, 380, 381, 415. + + Indians, origin of, 12-27; + beliefs, customs and traditions, 17-43; + forest commerce, 34; + prehistoric remains, 39-43; + intimacy with French, 5, 64; + relations with Spanish, 7-9; + claims to Kentucky reviewed, 193-195; + relations with first settlers, 129-133; + Christian missions among, 106. + _See_ the several tribes. + + Iroquois Indians, supposed origin of, 44; + oppose French on Ohio, 64; + at Easton treaty, 58; + at Ft. Stanwix treaty, 70; + claim Kentucky, 194, 195. + + Irvine, William, releases Moravians, 317; + Indian campaign of, 355. + + Isaac's creek, 312. + + Ivens, Sally, captured by Indians, 373, 374. + + Jackson, ----, adventure with Indians, 289. + + Jackson county, O., 175. + + Jackson county, W. Va., 137. + + Jackson, Edward, early settler, 121. + + Jackson, George, early settler, 121; + attacked by Indians, 313; + defends Buckhannon, 342; + chases Indians, 398. + + Jackson, John, early settler, 121; + attacked by Indians, 313. + + Jackson, Ned J., 287. + + Jackson's river, 57, 71, 81; + Hannah Dennis on, 93; + in Pontiac war, 97; + forays on, 90, 96, 173. + + James, Enoch, adventure with Indians, 218, 219. + + James river, 61, 66, 86; + Salling on, 48, 50; + early settlements on, 52; + McDowell's fight, 52; + Borden's grant, 50-53; + forays on, 89-91, 96. + + Jefferson county, W.Va., census (1830), 56. + + Jefferson, Thomas, on origin of Indians, 13, 14, 25, 26; + on Indian mounds, 41; + "improves" Logan's speech, 184; + _Notes on Virginia_, 134. + + Jesuits, early missions to Indians, 14, 15, 60, 64, 410, 411: + _Relations_, 194. + + Jew, ----, killed by Indians, 91. + + Jew, Sally, imprisoned by Indians, 90. + + Johnson, ----, thought to have been killed by James Smith, 113-115. + + Johnson, Henry and John, escape from Indians, 415-417. + + Johnson, Richard M., 348. + + Johnson, Robert, arrives in Kentucky, 348. + + Johnson, William, family massacred by Indians, 381, 382. + + Johnson, Sir William, British Indian superintendent, 108, 136. + + Johnston, William, of Transylvania, 191. + + Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 5, 6. + + Judah, Henry, kills Indians, 135. + + Juggins, Elizabeth, adventure with Indians, 309, 310. + + Juggins, John, killed by Indians, 290. + + Juniata river, 112, 113. + + Kanawha county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Kaskaskia, Ill., 294; + founded by La Salle, 6; + Salling at, 48; + Clark's capture of, 253-255, 257, 258, 260, 411. + + Kate (negress), at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + Keeney's knob, massacre at, 173. + + Kekionga, Miami village, 393. + + Kellar, Isaac, killed by Indians, 385. + + Kelly, Tady, in Dunmore's war, 153. + + Kelly, Walter, killed by Indians, 159-161. + + Kennedy, John, wounded by Indians, 203. + + Kenton, Simon, border scout, 161; + in Dunmore's war, 164, 167; + arrival in Kentucky, 197. + + Kentucky, 66, 67, 75; + Indian antiquities in, 43; + exploration by Salling, 48, 49; + by Bullitt, 71; + by Walker, 81; + by Smith, 115; + by Findlay, 142, 143; + by Boone, 142-145, 147, 152, 153, 190; + by Stone, 190; + Indian claims to, 193-195; + Connolly's survey, 145, 146; + first settlements in, 123, 197; + early land jobbing, 196, 197; + Harrodsburg founded, 146, 190; + Indian opposition to first settlers, 140-142, 189, 190, 200-208; + character of pioneers, 197-200; + rapid increase of population, 274; + Transylvania Co., 191-196; + early missions, 106; + Spanish conspiracy, 130; + state convention, 106. + + Kentucky river, Boone on, 152, 153; + Harrod on, 190; + Catawbas on, 194; + in Henderson's + purchase. 192, 193, 195, 196; + forays on, 268, 269, 374. + + Kercheval, Samuel, _History of Valley of Virginia_, 49, 87, 88. + + Kersey, Lieut. [Kearsey, John], builds at Columbia. 390, 391. + + Kettle, Richard, chases Indians, 311. + + Killbuck, Delaware chief, 88. + + Kimberlain, Jacob, escapes from Indians, 99. + + King, Thomas, Iroquois chief, 58. + + Kinnikinnick creek, 174, 176. + + Kiskepila. _See_ Little Eagle. + + Kittanning, in Hand's expedition, 210. + + Knight, John, captured by Indians, 332-335, 338. + + Knoxville, Tenn., 60. + + Kuhn, Abraham, Wyandot chief, 97. + + Kuydendall, Capt., in Dunmore's war, 182. + + Lackey, Thomas, warns settlers, 286. + + Lake Cayuga, early Indians on, 46. + + Lake Erie, Catawbas on, 47. + + Lake Michigan, early French on, 6. + + Lancaster, Pa., massacre of Canestogas, 104, 105; + treaty of, 195. + + Land claims, Loyal Co., 49, 58; + Lord Fairfax, 50, 51; + Borden manor, 50-53; + Ohio Co., 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147; + Pittsylvania, 145; + Virginia military warrants, 145; + Transylvania Co., 191-196; + Connolly, 145, 146; + early Kentucky jobbers, 196, 197; + "tomahawk rights," 126; + Indian attitude toward, 140, 141; + commissioners killed by Indians, 311; + post-Revolutionary military warrants, 365, 366; + Ohio Co. of Associates, 389, 390; + Scioto Co., 60; + Miami purchase, 390-392. + + Lane, Lalph, attempts western exploration, 64. + + Langlade, Charles, at Braddock's defeat, 68. + + L'Anguille, Miami village, 407. + + La Salle, Chevalier, explorations of, 6, 7; + at falls of Ohio, 64. + + Lanson run, 421. + + Laurel hills, 126; + explored by Walden, 60; + by Cresap, 77; + by Boone, 192. + + Lawless, Henry, explores Kentucky, 81. + + Leading creek, 419; + forays on, 311, 428. + + Lederer, John, on Blue ridge, 64. + + Lee. Arthur, treaty commissioner, 366, 388. + + Lee county, Va., census (1830), 56. + + Leet, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, 330. + + Leffler, George, early settler, 125; + defends Rice's fort, 362. + + Leffler, Jacob, Jr., defends Rice's fort, 362. + + Legget, George, lost in Indian foray, 399. + + Le Moyne, Father, discovers Alleghany, 64. + + Lewis, ----, escapes from Indians, 422. + + Lewis, Andrew, 49, 50; + explores Greenbrier, 57, 58; + with Braddock, 66; + in Forbes's campaign, 68-73; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81-83, 86; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 164-168, 170, 174-176, 178-183, 190; + _Journal_, 81, 82. + + Lewis, Charles, with Braddock, 66; + in Pontiac's war, 97; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 159, 166-168; + death, 168-171; + _Journal_, 69. + + Lewis county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63. + + Lewis, John (1), father of Andrew, 53, 62; + explores Greenbrier, 57, 58; + with Braddock, 66; + settles Augusta, 66; + sketch, 49, 50. + + Lewis, John (2), scalped by Indians, 102. + + Lewis, John, Jr., with Braddock, 66. + + Lewis, Margaret, wife of John (1), 53. + + Lewis, Samuel, defends Greenbrier, 244, 245. + + Lewis, Thomas, son of John (1), 50; + with Braddock, 66. + + Lewis, William, with Braddock, 66. + + Lewisburgh, W. Va., founded, 164, 165, 244; + massacre near, 172, 173. + + Lexington, Ky., 271; + founded, 52, 274; + threatened by Bird, 296-298, 305; + during Caldwell's invasion, 349, 351. + + Licking river, Thompson's surveys, 146; + early settlements on, 274; + Boone's captivity, 265, 266; + Bird's invasion, 295, 297, 298; + in Piqua campaign, 305, 307; + in Caldwell's invasion, 348; + other Revolutionary happenings, 271, 352. + + Lichtenau, Moravian village, 314. + + Limestone creek, 348. + + Lincoln, Benjamin, peace commissioner, 412. + + Lineback, ----, _Relation_, 324. + + Linn, John, in defense of Wheeling, 356, 358. + + Linn, William, at Foreman's defeat, 229, 230. + + Linsey, Joseph, settles on Youghiogheny, 117, 118. + + Little Carpenter, a Cherokee, 192. + + Little Eagle, Mingo chief, 78, 79. + + Little Kenawha river, Bulltown massacre, 136-138; + in Dunmore's war, 165, 179; + during Revolution, 232, 284; + miscellaneous forays on, 376, 397, 400, 411, 419. + + Little Meadow creek, 166. + + Little Meadows, 77. + + Little Miami river, Shawnees on, 271; + Boone on, 266; + during Revolution, 273; + Symmes's land-grant on, 390-392; + in Harmar's campaign, 393; + in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405. + + Little Saluda river, Holston on, 59. + + Little Sewell mountain, origin of name, 57. + + Lochaber, treaty of, 195. + + Lockard, Patrick, with Braddock, 66. + + Lockport, O., 314. + + Lockridge, ----, at Point Pleasant, 175. + + Locust Grove, Ky., 254. + + Logan, Ann, adventure with Indians, 203. + + Logan, Benjamin, builds Logan's station, 197; + in seige thereof, 200, 202-207; + in Bowman's campaign, 271-273; + in Piqua campaign, 306; + at Blue Licks, 351-354; + in Shawnee campaign, 355; + in Miami campaign, 386-388; + sketch, 204. + + Logan county, O., 153. + + Logan county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Logan, Mingo chief, massacre of family, 125, 134, 138, 142, 148-150, 184; + attacks whites, 155-158; + speech of, 184. + + Logan's station, Ky., founded, 197; + represented in Transylvania legislature, 193; + attacked by Indians, 200, 202-208. + + Logstown, old trading post, 413; + Dyer's captivity, 87; + treaty at, 195. + + Long, ----, assists Mrs. Cunningham, 372. + + "Long Knives," origin of term, 79, 80; + use of, 183, 186, 207, 406. + + Looney's creek, 89; + Pringle settlement on, 118. + + Losantiville, origin of name, 391, 392. + _See_ Cincinnati. + + Loss creek, 218. + + Lost creek, foray on, 383. + + Louisa Company, settles Kentucky, 191. + + Louisiana, founded, 7; + French in, 64; + Spanish in, 130. + + Louisville, 271, 357; + Iroquois defeat Shawnees, 194, 195; + La Salle at, 64; + Findlay at, 143; + Boone at, 152; + surveyed by Bullitt, 145; + founded by Clark, 146, 253, 254; + threatened by Bird, 294; + in Clark's Wabash expedition, 386; + _Literary News-Letter_, 193. + + Love, Philip, in Dunmore's war, 170. + + Lowdermilk, Will H., _History of Cumberland_, 77. + + Lowther, Jonathan, killed by Indians, 241. + + Lowther, Robert, early settler, 127. + + Lowther, William, militia officer, 127, 128; + chases Indians, 312, 313, 376, 377. + + Loyal Company, land grant on Greenbrier, 49, 58. + + Loyal Hanna river, in Forbes's campaign, 73; + foray on, 108. + + Ludlow, Israel, partner of Denman, 391. + + Luttsell, John, of Transylvania Co., 191, 193. + + Lynn, Jane, marries Hugh Paul and David Stuart, 53, 54. + + Lynn, Margaret, wife of John Lewis, 49. + + Lytle, William, on Mad-river campaign, 387, 388. + + McBride, Capt., killed at Blue Licks, 353. + + McClannahan, Robert, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + McClelland, John, on Sandusky campaign, 328, 336. + + McClelland's station, Ky., attacked by Indians, 200. + + McClure, Mrs., captured by Indians, 385. + + McCollum, John, in New-river foray, 99. + + McCulloch, William, in Dunmore's war, 180. + + McCullough family, early settlers, 125. + + McCullough, Maj., at seige of Wheeling, 228. + + McCullough, Miss, at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + McDonald, Angus, Wapatomica expedition, 138, 153-155, 164, 165; + in Dunmore's war, 220. + + McDowell, Ephraim, early settler, 52. + + McDowell, James, 52. + + McDowell, John, early settler, 53; + killed by Indians, 49, 51, 52, 66. + + McDowell, Thomas, killed by Indians, 196. + + McFeeters, Jeremiah, killed by Indians, 196. + + McGary, Maj., of St. Asaph's, 205; + at Blue Licks, 352; + in Mad-river campaign, 388. + + McGary, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197. + + McGuire, Maj., wounds an Indian, 381. + + McIntire, John, killed by Indians, 397, 398. + + McIntosh, Lachlan, commandant at Pittsburgh, 210, 237, 300; + expedition against Sandusky, 252, 255, 256, 261, 264, 265. + + McIver, Hugh, killed by Indians, 292. + + Mack, John, family massacred by Indians, 382. + + McKee, Alexander, in Dunmore's war, 189; + during Revolution, 254, 295, 347; + ransoms Mrs. Cunningham, 372; + encourages forays, 388; + property destroyed by Wayne, 426. + + McKee, Capt., commandant at Ft. Randolph, 241-243. + + McKee, William, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + McKenley's run, 410. + + Mackey, John, early settler, 49, 50, 66. + + Mackinaw, in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36; + Chippewa villages near, 46. + + McKinley, John, killed by Indians, 333. + + McKnight, Charles, _Our Western Border_, 373. + + McLain, John, killed by Indians, 287. + + McMahon, Maj., killed by Indians, 423. + + McMahon's creek, 162. + + McMechen, James, a Wheeling settler, 222, 228, 230. + + McMurtry, Capt., killed by Indians, 395. + + McNutt, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 85, 86; + in Revolution, 86; + _Journal_, 86. + + McWhorter, Henry, early settler, 287, 288, 410. + + McWhorter, J. M., 288. + + McWhorter, L. V., cited, 119, 137, 278, 287, 340, 368-371, 376, 377, + 409-411, 421. + + McWhorter, Mansfield, 410. + + Mad river, 124; + Logan's campaign to, 386-388. + + Mahoning creek, 210. + + Manear, John, killed by Indians, 311. + + Mann's lick, 152. + + Marietta, O., the Scioto purchase, 60; + settled by Ohio Co., 389, 390; + cattle supply attacked, 399, 400. + + Marion county, W. Va., 279. + + Marks, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Marquette, Father James, discovers Mississippi, 5, 6. + + Marshall, James, militia officer, 327, 328. + + Martin, ----, settles on Greenbrier, 57. + + Martin, ----, in seige of St. Asaph's, 204. + + Martin, Gov., opposes Henderson's purchase, 192, 193. + + Martin, Jesse, 123. + + Martin, William, 123. + + Martin's station, Ky., sacked by Bird, 296, 298; + defended, 350. + + Martinsville, Va., 60. + + Maryland, emigrants from, 125. + + Mason county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Mason, Samuel, at seige of Wheeling, 221-224, 228. + + Massachusetts, relinquishes Western land claim, 389. + + Massawomee Indians, in West Virginia, 44. + + Matthew, John, early settler, 52. + + Matthews, George, attacked by Indians, 90, 91; + in Dunmore's war, 169, 170, 174. + + Matthews, John, with Braddock, 66. + + Matthews, Maj., 52. + + Maumee Indians, 374. + + Maumee river, Mrs. Cunningham on, 372; + in Harmar's campaign, 393; + in St. Clair's campaign, 401; + peace commissioners sent to, 412; + in Wayne's campaign, 424-426. + + Maury, Thomas, killed by Indians, 91. + + Maxwell, Audley, attacked by Indians, 90, 91. + + Maxwell, William, attacked by Indians, 90, 91. + + May, John, 385. + + Maysville, Ky., 348. + + Meadow river, 242. + + Merrill, John, wounded by Indians, 405, 406. + + Merrill, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, 406. + + Myers, R. C. V., _Life of Wetzel_, 161. + + Miami Indians, early strength of, 46; + Renick captivity, 91; + operate against Clark, 252; + in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; + in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405: + raided by Scott, 407, 408. + + Miami river, Indians on, 46; + in Renick captivity, 91; + in Clark's campaign, 254; + during Revolution, 295, 299, 355; + arrival of peace news, 365; + military land-claims on, 366; + Logan's campaign on, 386; + treaty of Ft. Finney, 388; + Symmes's land-grant on, 390, 392; + in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; + in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405. + + Michael, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Michillimackinac, 255. + _See_ Mackinaw. + + Middle Island creek, foray on, 381, 398. + + Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Delaware river), 102. + + Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Ft. Coburn), 249. + + Miller, Jacob, defends Ft. Rice, 361, 362. + + Mills, Thomas, killed by Indians, 338, 339. + + Minear, John, early settler, 126. + + Mingo Bottom, Indian village at, 78; + in Moravian expedition, 320; + in Crawford's campaign, 328, 329. + + Mingo Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45; + Decker's-creek massacre, 77-79; + New-river foray, 96-99; + claim Kentucky, 142; + massacre of Logan's family, 134, 138, 142, 148-150; + Logan's forays, 155-158; + Dunmore's war generally, 172, 179, 184, 185, 253; + during Revolution, 219, 262, 308, 336, 347. + + Mingo Junction, O. + _See_ Mingo Bottom. + + Missions among Kentucky and Tennessee Indians, 106. + _See_ Catholics and Moravians. + + Missasago Indians, in St. Clair's campaign, 404. + + Mississippi river, 255; + territorial claims in basin of, 5; + French on, 5-7, 63; + Spanish on, 7, 8, 130, 254; + Salling on, 49; + Holston on, 59; + Chickasaws on, 195; + in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36; + Cornstalk's knowledge of, 211. + + Mitchell, John, 122. + + Moffett, Capt., ambuscaded, 97. + + Mohican Indians, in King Philip's war, 32, 33. + + Moluntha, Shawnee chief, 268. + + Monday, ----, killed by Indians, 293. + + Monongahela river, 73-75; + early Indians on, 45, 47; + French on, 65; + Braddock's defeat, 67-69, 72; + Grant's defeat, 71; + Gist's settlement, 74; + Pringle settlement, 117, 118, 122; + other early settlements, 77, 117. 123, 125, 190; + in Dunmore's war, 135, 141, 146, 150, 151, 161; + during Revolution, 221, 222, 237, 271, 309; + militia from, 320; + forays on, 381, 414, 419. + + Monongalia county, W.Va., census (1830), 56, 63; + during Revolution, 311; + forays in, 344, 374, 398, 399. + + Monroe county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Montgomery, Col., companion of Clark, 254. + + Montgomery county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Montgomery, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Monteur, ----, family massacred, 318. + + Monticello, Va., 253. + + Montour, John, Delaware chief, 179. + + Mooney, James, adventure with Indians, 168; + companion of Boone, 143. + + Moore, ----, attacked by Indians, 385. + + Moore, Andrew, early settler, 52; + in Dunmore's war, 174. + + Moore, James, Sr., killed by Indians, 373. + + Moore, James, Jr., captured by Indians, 374. + + Moore, Jane, burned by Indians, 374. + + Moore, Mrs. John, burned by Indians, 373, 374. + + Moore, Lieut., killed by Indians, 241. + + Moore, Mary, captured by Indians, 374. + + Moorefield, W. Va., founded, 124. + + Moorehead, ----, Youghiogheny settler, 114. + + Moravians, missionaries and Indians, 36, 412; + give information to Hand, 219; + visited by Brodhead, 301, 302; + villages sacked by whites, 313-327, 340; + historical sketch, 314. + + Morgan county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Morgan, Daniel, 276. + + Morgan, David, early settler, 123; + adventure with Indians, 276-279. + + Morgan, George, Indian agent, 219, 224. + + Morgan, Greenwood S., 279. + + Morgan, Levi, adventures with Indians, 375, 376, 417, 418. + + Morgan, Sarah and Stephen, adventure with Indians, 276-279. + + Morgan, William, early settler, 126; + escapes from Indians, 240. + + Morgantown, Pa., 75; + founded, 123; + foray near, 248, 249. + + Morlin, Thomas, early peddler, 47, 48. + + Morrow, William, in Dunmore's war, 169, 171. + + Mound-building, by early Indians, 39-43. + + Moundsville, W. Va., "big mound" at, 40; + settled, 125, 230. + + Mount Braddock. Pa., settled, 123. + + Muddy creek, 123; + first settled, 58; + Clendennin massacre, 93-95; + miscellaneous forays on, 159, 161, 172, 173, 293, 345. + + Mulhollin, Polly. _See_ Mary Greenlee. + + Munsee Indians, on Susquehanna, 46; + raided by Brodhead, 301; + during Revolution, 347. + + Munseka, Shawnee chief, 266. + + Murphey, John, killed by Indians, 238. + + Murphy, Samuel, 183. + + Muscle shoals, 59. + + Muskingum river, early Indians on, 46; + Gist on, 79; + Bouquet's expedition, 108; + Indian atrocities on, 150, 396; + Wapatomica campaign, 153-155; + Moravian villages on, 219; + during Revolution, 300-305, 314, 320, 328; + land cession by Indians, 366; + Ohio Co.'s grant, 389; + Waterford founded, 392. + + Nain Indians, threatened by Paxtons, 105. + + Nanny's run, 127. + + Natchez, Holston at, 59. + + Narragansett Indians, war with Puritans, 31-33. + + Narvaez, Pamphilio de, in Florida, 7. + + Nashville, Tenn., 115. + + Neal, Henry, killed by Indians, 411, 412. + + Neal, James, slave stolen from, 400. + + Neely, Alexander, companion of Boone, 143, 144. + + Nelson, ----, early settler, 126. + + Nelson county, Va., foray in, 405, 406. + + Nelsonville, O., 183. + + Nemacolin, Delaware Indian, 77. + + Nemacolin's path. _See_ Braddock's road + + Nequetank Indians, threatened by Paxtons, 105. + + Newcomerstown, O., 314. + + New Englanders, on Greenbrier, 57. + + New France. _See_ French. + + New Inverness, Ga., founded, 237. + + New Martinsville, O., 417. + + New Orleans, founded, 7; + Spanish at, 130. + + New Philadelphia, O., 261, 314. + + Newport, Christopher, attempts western exploration, 64. + + New river, first settlements on, 59; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 82; + Delaware and Mingo foray, 96-99. + _See_ Great Kanawha. + + New Schönbrunn, Moravian village, 314, 325, 326. + + New York, Delawares in. 136; + relinquishes Western land claim, 389. + + Nicholas county, W. Va., 96; + census (1830), 56. + + Nicholson, ----, interpreter, 184. + + Nicholson, Thomas, in Dunmore's campaign, 153. + + North Bend, O., founded, 392. + + North Branch, 63. + + North Carolina, Cherokees in, 46; + Boone in, 143, 144, 266; + Henderson family in, 191-193; + emigration from, 348, 384. + + North river, early settlement on, 52. + + Northwest Territory, early tribes in, 45; + cession of land claims in, 131; + ordinance of 1787, 389; + St. Clair's arrival, 391, 392; + first settlements in, 392, 393. + + Norton, Thomas, _Journal_ of Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 82. + + Nutter, John, early settler, 127. + + O'Brien, Adam, 414. + + Ochiltree, Alexander, killed by Indians, 245. + + Oghkwaga, Delaware village, 136. + + Ogle, Joseph, at seige of Wheeling, 221-224, 228; + in Foreman's defeat, 230. + + Oglethorpe, James, attitude toward slavery, 10. + + Ohio (state), Indian mounds in, 41, 42; + first settlements in, 392, 393. + + Ohio Company, relations with French, 45; + open Ohio valley to settlement, 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147. + + Ohio Company of Associates, settles Marietta, 389, 390. + + Ohio county. W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56, 63; + during Revolution, 311. + + Ohio river, 36, 40, 55, 78, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125; + early Indians on, 45-47; + Salling on, 49; + Holston on, 59; + as a war trail, 75; + first English occupation, 63, 64; + French and English rivalry for, 64-74, 95; + Decker captivity, 78, 79; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 83-85; + Renick captivity, 91; + Hannah Dennis's escape, 92, 93; + character of early settlers on, 130, 131; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 138, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151-153, 156, 162-165, + 167-175, 179, 183; + in Henderson's purchase, 192, 193; + Shawnees on, 194, 195, 209, 211, 216, 219; + during Revolution, 219, 220, 227, 230, 254, 257, 264, 266, 267, 271, + 273, 285, 286, 294, 295, 297-300, 305, 320, 335, 347, 355, 360, 363, + 384, 389, 390, 399, 411, 415, 417; + after Revolution, 367, 372, 374, 380, 381, 383; + as a race boundary, 412. + + Old Town creek, 168, 170, 172; + Shawnee village at, 85. + + Oneco, chief of Mohicans, 32. + + Orange county, Va., 55; + early settlement of, 55, 66. + + Ordinance of 1787, 389. + + Orme, Robert, with Braddock, 68. + + Osage Indians, stature of, 29. + + Ottawa Indians, early strength of, 46: + during Revolution, 347; + at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388. + + Ottawa river, early French on, 5. + + Ouisconsin river. _See_ Wisconsin river. + + Owens, James, killed by Indians, 247. + + Owens, John, Sr., killed by Indians, 290. + + Owens, John, Jr., attacked by Indians, 290, 343, 344. + + Owens, Owen, attacked by Indians, 290. + + Ox, Susan, captured by Indians, 161. + + Pack, ----, trapper, 96. + + Paint creek, Boone's expedition to, 267, 268; + Shawnees on, 374; + Waggoner on, 410. + + Parsons, James, early settler, 126. + + Parsons, Samuel H., treaty commissioner, 388. + + Patterson, Robert, founds Lexington, Ky., 274; + partner of Denman, 391; + at battle of Blue Licks, 353. + + Patton, Elizabeth, marries John Preston, 51. + + Patton, James, early settler of Catawba, 51, 52, 68. + + Patton, John W., 127. + + Pattonsburgh, Va., 51. + + Paul, Audley, son of Hugh, 53; + at Ft. Redstone, 77, 78; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83, 85; + in James-river foray, 91; + in New-river foray, 97-99; + in Dunmore's war, 169. + + Paul, Hugh, 53. + + Paul, Polly, marries Gov. Matthews, 53. + + Pauling, Henry, militia officer, 207. + + Paull, James, at Redstone, 80. + + Paxton boys, kill Canestoga Indians, 104, 105. + + Paynter, Elias, killed by Indians, 341. + + Pekillon, Delaware chief, 303, 304. + + Pendleton county, W. Va., census (1830), 56; + Seybert massacre, 87-89. + + Penn, William, 124. + + Pennsylvania, boundary dispute with Virginia, 74; + Western settlements in, 74, 75, 123-125, 143; + fur trade of, 101; + Paxton boys, 104, 105; + "Black-boys" uprising, 109-116; + Findlay's adventures, 143; + _Records_, 58; + _Archives_, 323. + + Pentecost, Dorsey, 323. + + Peoria Indians, claim Kentucky, 142. + + Perry, Thomas, killed by Indians, 89. + + Perrysburgh, O., 372. + + Peter, Captain, Indian chief, 135. + + Petro, Leonard, captured by Indians, 232, 233. + + Peyton, John L., _History of Augusta county_, 53, 246. + + Philadelphia, 105, 109, 124. + + Philip, chief of Narragansetts, 31, 32. + + Phillips, Capt., ambuscaded, 97. + + Phoebe's Falls, W. Va., settled, 52. + + Pickaway plains, Indian treaty at, 183-186. + + Pickering, Timothy, peace commissioner, 412. + + Pike run, Indian foray on, 283. + + Pindall, Rachel, chased by Indians, 344. + + Pindall, Thomas, attacked by Indians, 344. + + Piomingo, Chickasaw chief, 405. + + Pipe, Delaware chief, 333. + + Pipe, Wyandot chief, 316. + + Pipe creek, massacre of Indians at, 134, 142, 148. + + Piqua, Shawnee village, 273; + Clark attacks, 305-309. + + Pitman, ----, trapper, 96. + + Pittsburg, 117, 120; + French fort at, 45; + treaties at, 66; + Braddock's defeat, 68, 69, 106; + in Forbes's campaign, 69-73, 77, 79, 80; + Connolly at, 74; Dyer's escape, 87; + in Bouquet's expedition, 107-109, 173; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 141, 142, 145, 148, 150, 165, 167, 177-179, + 181, 182; + "Blackboys" uprising, 109; + asked to aid Kentucky, 205; + during Revolution, 220, 221, 224, 230, 254, 256, 262, 283, 318, + 321-323, 335, 357, 362; + arrival of peace news, 365; + Hand's administration, 210, 211, 214, 216, 219; + McIntosh's administration, 210, 237; + warned by Moravians, 315, 317; + Brodhead's expedition, 300, 301, 303, 304, 316. + + Pittsylvania, proposed colony of, 145. + + Pleasant creek, 118. + + Pocahontas county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Poe, Adam, adventure with Indians, 362-364. + + Poe, Andrew, adventure with Indians, 363, 364. + + Point Pleasant, W. Va., battle of, 59, 60, 66, 143, 152, 165-178, 180, + 182, 185-187, 189, 190, 208; + Ft. Randolph at, 173, 291; + surrender of Cornstalk at, 173, 209, 211-216; + during Revolution, 237, 241-243. + + Pointer, Dick, fights Indians, 243. + + Pollens, Henry, fur trader, 109. + + Pompey (negro), friend of Indians, 268. + + Pontiac, uprising of, 73, 141, 172. + + Poole, William F., on Clark's campaign, 254. + + Port Washington, O., 301, 314. + + Portsmouth, O., old Shawnee town at, 92. + + Post, Charles F., Moravian missionary, 301. + + Potomac river, 55; + fur trade on, 77; + Seybert massacre, 87-89. + + Pottawattomie Indians, early strength of, 46; + during Revolution, 347. + + Powell, Richard, sons captured by Indians, 280, 281. + + Powell's valley, 60; + Walden in, 60; + attack on Boones, 144, 145; + Henderson's grant, 193. + + Power, Major, shot at, 366. + + Powers, John, early settler, 126. + + Powers, William, 122. + + Presbyterians, 50, 54, 57, 168. + + Presque Isle, 65. + + Preston county, W. Va., 280; + census (1830), 56, 63. + + Preston, James Patton, governor of Virginia, 51. + + Preston, John, marries Elizabeth Patton, 51. + + Preston, William, militia officer, 51; + settles on Holston, 59; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83; + surveyor, 145, 146; + in Dunmore's war, 152, 165; + _Journal_, 82; + _Register of Indian Depredations_, 57, 75, 87, 90. + + Price, Maj., on Wayne's campaign, 425. + + Price's settlement, Ky., 200. + + Pricket, ----, killed by Indians, 245. + + Pricket, Josiah, killed by Indians, 161. + + Pricket's creek, 151. + + Prince William county, Va., 71. + + Pringle, Charity, 119. + + Pringle, John and Samuel, adventures of, 117-122. + + Prior, John, killed by Indians, 292. + + Pritchet, John, killed by Indians, 243. + + Province, John, early settler, 123. + + Province, Mrs., buries Bald Eagle, 136. + + Pryor, John, scouting adventure, 242, 243. + + Purgatory creek, 89, 91. + + Purgatory mountain, 89. + + Putnam, Rufus, heads Marietta colonists, 389, 390; + peace commissioner, 412. + + Quakers, 124, 240. + + Quebec, founded by Champlain, 4, 5. + + Raccoon creek, 299. + + Radcliff, Daniel, killed by Indians, 367. + + Radcliff, John, early settler, 121, 122. + + Radcliff, Stephen, attacked by Indians, 311. + + Radcliff, William, early settler, 121, 122. + + Ralston, James, killed by Indians, 287. + + Ranck, Geo. W., 274. + + Randolph, Beverly, peace commissioner, 412. + + Randolph county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63; + settled, 74. + + Ray, James, adventures with Indians, 201. + + Ray, William, killed by Indians, 201. + + Read, John, finds Davisson, 283. + + Red Hawk, Shawnee warrior, 209. + + Red river, De Soto on, 8. + + Redhawk, Delaware chief, 172. + + Redstone (Brownsville, Pa.), first settled 77-80, 123, 216; + De Villiers at, 74; + Decker massacre, 77, 78; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 141, 150; + tory trials, 231, 232: + militia from, 271; + emigrants from, 390, 392; + road to Marietta, 399. + + Reece, ----, attacked by Indians, 239. + + Reece, Miss, wounded by Indian, 239. + + Renick family, attacked by Indians, 89-91. + + Reynolds, ----, at seige of Bryant's station, 350, 351, 353, 354. + + Rice, Daniel, attacked by Indians, 361. + + Rich mountain, 126. + + Richards, Arnold and Paul, killed by Indians, 345. + + Richards, Conrad, attacked by Indians, 251, 252. + + Richmond, Va., 62. + + Riffle, ----, early settler, 126. + + Roanoke county, Va., 61; Salling in, 49. + + Roanoke river, 70; + explored, 48; + in New-river foray, 96, 99; + settlements raided by Shawnees, 61, 81, 82. + + Robertson, Dr., on origin of Indians, 25. + + Robertson family, killed by Indians, 158. + + Robertson, James, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Robinson, ----, explorer, 124; + killed by Indians, 161. + + Robinson, Mrs. Edward, discovers Hull's body, 383. + + Robinson, Maj., searches for Mrs. Cunningham, 370. + + Robinson, William, captured by Indians, 156-158. + + Rockbridge county, Va., Salling in, 48; + district of Augusta, 49; + first settled, 53; + census (1830), 56; + militia of, 66, 174, 211, 212; + massacre in, 172. + + Rockcastle river, Boone on, 143, 192. + + Rockford, Pa., 210. + + Rockingham county, Va., census (1830), 56, 66. + + Rogers, John, on Clark's campaign, 258, 259. + + Rogers, Joseph, killed by Indians, 308. + + Roney, Alexander, killed by Indians, 311, 312. + + Roney, Mrs. Alexander, captured by Indians, 311, 312. + + Roosevelt, Theodore, _Winning of the West_, 80, 130, 183, 184, 193, + 261, 386. + + Rooting creek, 217. + + Ross, Tavenor, renegade, 168. + + Rowell, Daniel, adventure with Indians, 411. + + Royall, Ann, _Sketches_, 57, 95. + + Ruddell, Isaac, arrival in Kentucky, 207; + defeated by Bird, 295-297, 350. + + Rule, Henry, early settler, 122. + + Runner, Elijah, murders Bald Eagle, 135. + + Runyan, John, daughter killed by Indians, 419. + + Rush run, foray on, 380, 381. + + Russell county, Va., census (1830), 56. + + Russell, William, treaty commissioner, 66; + in Dunmore's war, 152, 167, 170, 176. + + Ryan, John, kills Indians, 135. + + Ryswick, treaty of, 195. + + St. Asaph's. _See_ Logan's station. + + St. Clair, Arthur, arrives at Ft. Washington, 391, 392; + names Cincinnati, 391, 392; + reports on Harmar's campaign, 395; + campaign against Miamis, 400-405, 407, 408, 413; + resigns command, 412. + + St. Clairsville, O., 338. + + St. Joseph river, in Harmar's campaign, 393, 395. + + St. Lawrence river, Champlain on, 5. + + St. Louis, attacked by English, 254. + + St. Mary's river, in Harmar's campaign, 393. + + Salem, Va., Salling at, 49; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 82. + + Salem, Moravian village, 301, 302, 314, 319, 322, 325, 327. + + Salisbury, N. C., 191. + + Salling, Henry, brother of John Peter, 48. + + Salling, John Peter, explorations of, 47-49: + settles Augusta, 66. + + Salt creek, 175. + + Salt licks, in Kentucky, 48, 196, 199, 265, 266; + in West Virginia, 265, 361; + in Ohio, 267. + + Salt river, foray on, 405. + + Saluda Old Town, S. C., 59. + + Sam (negro), at seige of Wheeling, 356, 357. + + Sandusky, early Indians at, 46; + in Dunmore's war, 187; + McIntosh's expedition against, 252; + Moravians at, 316, 317, 320, 327; + Crawford's campaign, 327-339; + Irvine's expedition, 355; + Cozad at, 420. + + "Sandy-creek voyage," against Shawnees, 81-86. + + Sandy island, Iroquois defeat Shawnees at, 194, 195. + + Sandy river, foray on, 373. + + Sapoonie Indians, strength of, 46. + + Sappington, John, murders Indians, 148, 149. + + Sargent, Winthrop, expedition against Ft. Du Quesne, 68. + + Savannah, Ga., 237. + + Schoolcraft, Austin, killed by Indians, 290. + + Schoolcraft, Henry A., _Indian Tribes_, 40. + + Schoolcraft, John, family massacred, 284. + + Schoolcraft, Leonard, captured by Indians, 282; + turns renegade, 377-379. + + Schoolcraft, Matthias, killed by Indians, 310. + + Schoolcraft, Michael, captured by Indians, 310. + + Schoolcraft, Simon, attacked by Indians, 288, 289; + captured by Indians, 310. + + Schönbrunn, Moravian village, 314, 319, 328, 329. + + Scioto Company, settles Gallipolis, 60. + + Scioto river, Shawnees on, 46; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 82, 84; + Renick captivity, 91; + Hannah Dennis on, 92; + in Pontiac's war, 172; + Clendenning captivity, 173; + in Dunmore's war, 170, 175, 180, 182, 183, 185; + during Revolution, 329; + military land-claims on, 366; + Moore captivity, 374; + in Harmar's campaign, 393. + + Scoppathus, Mingo chief, 172. + + Scotch and Scotch-Irish, on the border, 49, 54, 101, 104, 168; + in Georgia, 237; + in Pensylvania, 143; + in Virginia, 191, 334: + in West Virginia, 373. + + Scott, Andrew, at seige of Wheeling. 356. + + Scott, Capt., killed by Indians, 395. + + Scott, Charles, campaign against Miami and Wabash Indians, 406-408; + in Wayne's campaign, 426. + + Scott county, Va., census (1830), 56. + + Scott, David, daughters killed by Indians, 283. + + Scott, Jacob, murders Bald Eagle, 135. + + Scott, Molly, at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + Seekonk, Mingo village, 185. + + Seneca Indians, 194; + at Easton treaty, 58; + rob Findlay, 143. + _See_ Mingo Indians. + + Senseman, Gottlob, Moravian missionary, 314, 317. + + Severns, Ebenezer, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Sevier, John, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Sewell, Stephen, settles on Greenbrier, 57. + + Seybert, Capt., defeated by Indians, 87-89. + + Shabosh, killed by whites, 322, 326. + + Shakers, 106. + + Shamokin, Cayuga village, 155. + + Shane manuscripts, 221. + + Shawnee Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45; + in Ohio, 46; + attack Roanoke, 61, 81; + Sandy-creek voyage, 82-86; + Seybert massacre, 87-89; + foray on James, 89-91; + villages on Scioto, 92; + Stroud massacre, 136, 137; + Findlay among, 143; + attack Boones, 145; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 142, 166, 167, 172, 175-186, 253; + murder of Cornstalk, 209-214; + Clendenning captivity, 173; Bouquet's expedition, 173; + in Kentucky, 194, 195, 201; + raided by Clark, 123, 254; + during Revolution, 219, 236, 265-268, 271, 273, 333, 334, 336, 347, + 354, 355, 374; + raided by Logan, 386-388; + at Ft. Finney treaty, 388; + raided by Wayne, 428. + + Shawnee springs, 201. + + Shelby, Evans, settles on Holston, 59; + in Dunmore's war, 167, 168, 174. + + Shelby, Isaac, in Dunmore's war, 169, 170, 174; + at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Shenandoah county, Va., census (1830), 56; + militia of, 164. + + Shenandoah valley, 66; + explored, 47; + early settlers in, 46, 50, 190; + Borden grant, 50-53; Fairfax survey, 334; + fur trade in, 76, 120; + Mrs. Cunningham in, 373. + + Shepherd, David, early settler, 125; + militia officer, 221, 226, 228, 230; + in Brodhead's expedition, 300, 301; + at seige of Wheeling, 359; + manuscripts of, 221. + + Shepherd, Moses, 124. + + Shesheequon, Pa., Moravian village. 319. + + Shikellemus, Cayuga chief, 155. + + Shingiss, Delaware chief, 45, 190, 194, 237. + + Shinn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, 247. + + Shinnston, W. Va., 343. + + Shiver, John, captured by Indians, 282, 283. + + Shores, Thomas, captured by Indians, 201. + + Short creek, settled on, 125. + + Silver creek, 196. + + Simcoe, John G., governor of Canada, 412. + + Simpson's creek, 156, 247, 343; + settled on, 118, 126; + foray on, 366. + + Simpson, John, adventures of, 118, 119. + + Sims, Bernard, killed by Indians, 291. + + Sims, John, attacked by Indians, 291, 383. + + Six Nations. _See_ Iroquois. + + Skegg's creek, foray on, 385. + + Skidmore, John, in Dunmore's war, 170. + + Skillern, George, in Hand's expedition, 210, 211. + + Slaughter, Col., in Dunmore's war, 167, 175; + commandant at Louisville, 291; + in Piqua campaign, 305, 307; + at Moravian massacre, 321. + + Slavery, first importation of negroes, 9, 10. + + Sleeth, Alexander and Thomas, early settlers, 121. + + Slover, John, captured by Indians, 335-338; + _Narrative_, 335. + + Small pox, feared by Indians, 291. + + Smally, James, killed by Indians, 282. + + Smith, ----, of St. Asaph's, 205. + + Smith, Ballard, 94. + + Smith, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 91. + + Smith, James, imprisoned by French, 67; + captured by Indians, 79: + chief of "Black-boys," 105, 106, 109-115; + explores Kentucky, 115. + + Smith, John, attempts western exploration, 64. + + Smith, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + militia officer, 90. + + Smith, Thomas, killed by Indians, 89, 90. + + Smith, Mrs. Thomas, imprisoned by Indians, 90. + + Smith, William H., _St. Clair Papers_, 404. + + Snake, John and Thomas, Wyandot chiefs, 316, 317. + + Snip, Wyandot chief, 316. + + Snodgrass, James, killed by Indians, 374. + + Snowy creek, massacre on, 280. + + Snyder, Jacob, killed by Indians, 102. + + Sodousky, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + South Branch (or Fork) of Potomac, 75; + Dunkard massacre on, 76, 77; + Indians defeated on, 97; + Seybert massacre, 87-89; + emigrants from, 118-120, 122, 124-126; + Indians massacred on, 135. + + South Carolina, 46, 59, 160. + + Spanish, territorial claims of, 5; + colonizing efforts, 7; + capture Salling, 48, 49; + in Kentucky conspiracy, 130, 254, 258; + attack on St. Louis, 254. + + Speed, Thomas, _Wilderness Road_, 384. + + Spottswood, Gov., crosses Blue ridge, 64. + + Springfield, W. Va., 91. + + Sprout run, Borden Manor on, 51. + + Squissatego, Seneca brave, 58. + + Stalnaker, ----, settles on New, 59. + + Stalnaker, Adam, attacked by Indians, 343. + + Stalnaker, Jacob, settles on Tygart, 126; + attacked by Indians, 343. + + Stamford, Ky., 197. + + Station Camp creek, Boone on, 143. + + Staunton, Va., 91; + settlement near, 49, 50; + _Spectator_, 53. + + Steele, John, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Stephen, Adam, in Forbes's campaign, 70; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + in Dunmore's war, 164. + + Steeth, John, chases Indians, 246. + + Steubenville, O., 78, 320. + + Stewart, John, killed by Indians, 234. + + Stites, ----, makes Miami purchase, 390. + + Stone Coal creek, origin of name, 121. + + Stone, Uriah, explores Kentucky, 115. + + Stoner, Michael, explores Kentucky, 152, 190. + + Stone's river, origin of name, 115. + + Stout, Benjamin, 126. + + Strait, Jacob, killed by Indians, 375. + + Stroud, Adam, killed by Indians, 136-138. + + Stuart, Betsy, marries Woods, 54. + + Stuart, Charles A., 53. + + Stuart, David, marries Jane Lynn, 53. + + Stuart, James, killed by Indians, 280. + + Stuart, John, pioneer on Greenbrier, 53, 54, 57-59; + companion of Boone, 143, 144; + in Dunmore's war, 159-161, 169, 170, 174; + at murder of Cornstalk, 211, 212; + defends Greenbrier, 243-245; + _Memoir of Indian Wars_, 180. + + Sullivan, John, campaign against New York Indians, 210. + + Susquehanna river, 136; + Munsees on, 46; + forays on, 101-104. + + Swan, John, early settler, 123, 125, 149; + militia officer, 226-228; + defends Wheeling, 360. + + Swope, ----, trapper, 96. + + Sycamore shoals, treaty at, 192. + + Symmes, John Cleves, secures Miami + land-grant, 390-392. + + Tanner, Edward, captured by Indians, 342. + + Tate, ----, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Tate's creek, 196. + + Tawas. _See_ Ottawas. + + Taylor, Capt., killed by Indians, 423. + + Taylor, Hugh Paul, _Sketches_, 51, 53, 85. + + Tazewell county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Tazewell Court House, Va., raided by Indians, 373, 374. + + Tecumseh, conspiracy of, 35, 36; + in Waggoner massacre, 409-411. + + Tegard, Abraham, early settler, 123. + + Telford, Hugh, early settler, 52. + + Tennessee, 75; + stone graves in, 43; + Salling in, 48, 49; + early missions in, 106; + Boone in, 144, 145. + + Tennessee river, 253; + Salling on, 48, 49; + Holston on, 59; + explored by Smith, 115; + in Henderson's purchase, 193, 195. + + Ten Mile creek, first settlement on, 190; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + forays on, 238-240, 381. + + Terry, Cornet, killed by Indians, 423. + + Thomas, Abraham, _Sketches_, 180. + + Thomas, John, early settler, 122, 123; + killed by Indians, 309, 310, 343. + + Thompson, ----, surveys on Licking, 146. + + Thompson, Jethro, house burned by Indians, 383. + + Thompson, John, Indian go-between, 263. + + Thompson, William, assists "Blackboys." 112, 113. + + Todd, John, defends Kentucky, 200; + killed at Blue Licks, 351, 353. + + Todd, Levi, in Bowman's campaign, 271; + in Wabash campaign, 386. + + Tomlinson, Benjamin, 149; + founds Moundsville, 230. + + Tomlinson, Samuel, adventure with Indians, 222. + + Tonty, Henri de, with La Salle, 6. + + Trails, Warrior branch, 75, 399; + Nemacolin's path, 77; + Cumberland Gap, 143, 152, 192, 384; + Wilderness road, 384. + + Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 190-196. + + Treaties, Ryswick, 195; + Paris (1763), 7, 106, 139; + Lancaster, 195; + Easton, 58; + Ft. Stanwix, 45, 70, 195; + Lochaber, 195; + Bouquet's, 91, 108, 134, 141, 179; + Camp Charlotte, 145, 147, 173, 176-186, 195, 197; + Watauga, 153, 192, 195; + Paris (1782), 365, 384; + Au Glaize, 374, 376; + Ft. McIntosh, 97, 366, 388; + Ft. Finney, 388; + Greenville, 141, 147, 420, 430. + + Trent, William, at Redstone, 77. + + Trigg, Col., killed at Blue Licks, 353, + + Triplett, William, killed by Indians, 411, 412. + + Trueman, Maj., killed by Indians, 412. + + Tugg river, origin of name, 85. + + Turkey creek, 99. + + Turkey run, 119, 121. + + Turtle creek, scene of Braddock's defeat, 67. + + Tuscarawas river, McIntosh's expedition, 256, 261; + Moravian missions on, 219, 301, 313-317, 320, 336. + + Tuscarora Indians, legend of, 18. + + Twightee Indians, strength of, 46. + + Twitty, William, at Watauga treaty, 192; + killed by Indians, 196. + + Tygart, David, settles in Tygart's valley, 74, 75. + + Tygart's valley, first settled, 74, 126; + Pringles in, 117-122; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 284, 286, 287, 311; + miscellaneous forays in, 232-235, 341, 343, 421, 422, 428. + + Tyler county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63. + + Unadilla river, Delawares on, 136. + + Uniontown, Pa., 77. + + Valley of Virginia, early Indians in, 46; + Salling's exploration, 48, 49; + McDowell's fight, 52; + first settled, 61, 190; + Mrs. Cunningham in, 373. + + Valley river, 63; + Pringles on, 118, 119; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 287; + forays on, 252, 311. + + Van Meter, Jacob, early settler, 123. + + Vause, ----, settles on New, 59. + + Veech, James, _Monongahela of Old_, 79, 80. + + Vernon, Maj., at Ft. Laurens, 265. + + Vigo, M., assists Clark, 258. + + Vincennes, Ind., in Clark's campaign, 253-255, 257-261, 386; + Hamtramck at, 394. + + Virginia, Indian mounds, 40; + early tribes, 44-47; + Borden manor, 50-53; + Loyal Co., 49; + Fairfax grant, 50, 51; + characteristics of early settlers, 54; + Salling's operations, 47-49; + early explorations, 64; + Ohio Co., 64, 65; + Braddock's campaign, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, 74, 142; + Pontiac's war, 97; + New-river foray, 96-99; + militia of, 100, 101; + border settlements, 125; + military land warrants, 145; + Wapatomica campaign, 153-155; + Dunmore's attitude toward, 179; + relinquishes western land claim, 130, 389; + _Dinwiddie Papers_, 86; + _Calendar of State Papers_, 86. + + Wabash Indians, raided by Hamtramck, 394; + by Scott, 407, 408; + agree to peace, 412. + + Wabash river, in Clark's campaigns, 257-259, 385, 386; + arrival of peace news, 365. + + Wachatomakah, Indian village, 336. + + Waggoner, John, family massacred by Indians, 408-411. + + Waggoner, Peter, captured by Indians, 409-411. + + Walden's creek, origin of name, 60. + + Walden, Elisha, killed by Indians, 59, 60. + + Walholling river, 314, 317. + + Walker, Felix, at Watauga treaty, 192; + wounded by Indians, 196. + + Walker, Thomas, explores Kentucky, 81; + _Journal_, 59. + + Walker, William, educated Wyandot, 96, 97. + + Wallace, ----, killed by Indians, 319. + + Walpole, ----, interest in Pittsylvania, 145. + + Wapatomica, McDonald's expedition against, 138, 153-155; + Indian council at, 347. + + Ward, Mrs., escapes from Indians, 422. + + Warrior Branch, Indian trail, 75. + + Wars, French and Indian, 65-74, 77-80, 100-106, 143, 190, 334, 387; + McDowell's fight, 66; + Sandy-creek voyage, 81-86; + Bouquet's campaign, 106-109; + Braddock's campaign, 143, 145, 147, 169; + Forbes's campaign, 145, 150, 190; + Pontiac's war, 73, 97, 141, 172; + Dunmore's war, 66, 78, 127, 134-190, 209, 253, 334; + Revolution, 66, 78, 86, 124, 145, 146, 177, 178, 182, 187-365, 382, 387; + Hand's campaign. 209-211; + Harmar's, 384, 393-395, 400, 408; + St. Clair's, 400-405, 407, 408, 413; + Wayne's, 412-428. + + Warwick, ----, early settler, 126. + + Warwick, Jacob, attacked by Indians, 286, 287. + + Warwick, William, attacked by Indians, 287. + + Washburn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, 247. + + Washburn, Charles, killed by Indians, 345. + + Washburn, Isaac, killed by Indians, 241. + + Washburn, James, tortured by Indians, 250, 251. + + Washburn, Stephen, killed by Indians, 250. + + Washington county, Ky., 106, 190. + + Washington county. Pa., settled, 125; + militia of, 320, 327, 328. + + Washington county, Va., census (1830), 56; + militia of, 165, 174, 268; + threatened by Bird, 299. + + Washington, George, in French and Indian war, 45, 65, 67, 69, 71, 74, 77, + 100, 101, 145, 334; + friendship for Andrew Lewis, 70; + advises Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + on Seybert massacre, 87; + in Revolutionary war, 106; + friend of Rufus Putman, 389; + _Tour to the Ohio_, 73. + + Watauga river, treaty with Indians on, 153, 192. + + Waterford. O., founded, 393. + + Wayne, Anthony, general of army, 412; + campaign against Western Indians, 147, 412-428. + + Webb, Jonas, early settler, 126. + + Wells, Bazaleel, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Wells, Maj., on Shawnee campaign, 355. + + Wellsburg, W. Va., 380. + + Welsh, on the border, 49. + + West, Alexander, 378; + chases Indians, 246, 311; + adventure with Indians, 287-290; + on Lowther's expedition, 376, 377; + sketch, 288. + + West Augusta, district of, 63; first justice of peace, 127. + + West, Charles, chases Indians, 246. + + West, Edmund, Sr., attacked by Indians, 288; + killed by Indians, 377-379. + + West, Edmund, Jr., family attacked by Indians, 378, 379. + + West Fork river, origin of name, 122; + first settlements on, 126, 127; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 156; + during Revolution, 240, 311, 312, 343; + miscellaneous forays on, 217, 218, 250, 251, 366, 367, 376, 400, 410, + 411, 414, 419, 422, 428. + + West Newton, Pa., departure of Marietta pilgrims, 389. + + West Virginia, character of early Indians in, 36; + mounds in, 40; + early tribes in, 44-47; + census (1830), 63; + first settlements in (prior to 1774), 117-133. + + Westfall, ----, early settler, 126. + + Westfall, O., 176. + + Westmoreland county, Pa., 115. + + Westmoreland county, Va., militia of, 210, 327, 328; + forays in, 301. + + Wetzel county, W. Va., 279. + + Wetzel, George, Indian fighter, 161. + + Wetzel, Jacob, adventure with Indians, 161-163. + + Wetzel, John, Indian fighter, 125, 161. + + Wetzel, Lewis, Indian fighter, 125, 161-163, 338, 339; + sketch, 161. + + Wetzel, Martin, Indian fighter, 161. + + Wheat, Betsy, at seige of Wheeling, 225. + + Wheeling, W. Va., 40; + founded, 124, 125; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 146, 148, 149, 152-154, 163, 165, 179; + first seige of, 219-228, 235; + second seige, 224, 356-360; + Foreman's defeat, 228-230; + during Revolution, 237, 299, 301, 319, 336, 338, 362; + McKee's foray, 316, 317. + + Wheeling creek, in Dunmore's war, 151, 161. + + White Eyes, Delaware chief, 150, 175, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 221, 302. + + White, John, killed by Indians, 284. + + White, William, murders Indians, 136, 137; + captured by Indians, 232, 233; + killed by Indians, 340. + + Whiteman, ----, early settler, 126. + + Whitley, Paul, early settler, 52; + with Braddock, 66. + + Whitley, William, arrival in Kentucky, 197; + scout, 271; + attacks Indians, 385, 386; + _Narrative_, 203, 205. + + Whitley, Mrs. William, adventure with Indians, 203. + + Whittlesey, Charles, _Fugitive Essays_, 183. + + Wilkinson, James, attacks Miamis, 407; + builds Ft. Recovery, 419. + + Williams and Mary college, 145. + + Williams, Isaac, explorer, 124. + + Williams, John, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Williamsburg, Va., 47, 86, 87, 159, 178; + Salling at, 49; + John Lewis at, 50; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 154. + + Williamson, David, expedition against Moravians, 314-318, 320-327; + in Crawford's campaign, 327, 328, 331. + + Williamson, Lieut., at Ft. Pitt, 78. + + Williamson, Peter, captured by Indians, 101-104. + + Will's creek, Ohio Co.'s post at, 67, 74, 77. + + Wilson, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Wilson, Benjamin, 184, 186, 234, 235, 247, 284, 311. + + Winchester, Va., 56, 68, 71, 81, 121; + fur trade at, 47, 48; + threatened by Indians, 101; + trial of White, 136; + during Revolution, 252. + + Wingenund, Delaware chief, 333. + + Winston's Meadows, 99. + + Wisconsin, Indian mounds in, 42. + + Wisconsin Historical Society, manuscripts in library of, 49, 75, 81, 87, + 170, 193, 203, 205, 221, 259, 260; + _Collections_, 58. + + Wisconsin river, explored by French, 6. + + Wolf creek, 82, 392, 393, 396. + + Wood, Abraham, discovers Great Kanawha, 64. + + Wood county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63; + first sheriff of, 127. + + Wood, Nicholas, killed by Indians, 375. + + Woodfin, John, killed by Indians, 249. + + Woodford, Col., 72. + + Woods, Richard, 54. + + Woodson, Obadiah, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Wright, ----, killed by Indians, 344. + + Wyalusing, Pa., Moravian village, 319. + + Wyandot Indians, early strength of, 46; + in Kansas, 96, 97; + in Dunmore's war, 172; + at Foreman's defeat, 230; + during Revolution, 219, 262, 316, 317, 320, 327, 332, 347, 362-364; + at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388. + + Wyllys, Maj., killed by Indians, 393, 394. + + Wythe county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Yadkin river, Boone on, 143, 144, 205. + + Yellow creek, Logan massacre at, 134, 138, 148-150, 184. + + Youghiogheny river, crossed by Braddock, 67; + early settlements on, 74, 77, 113, 114, 118, 334; + Marietta pilgrims on, 389. + + Zane, Andrew, adventure with Indians, 222. + + Zane, Ebenezer, 148; + settles Wheeling, 124, 125; + defends Wheeling, 225, 228, 230, 356-360; + in Brodhead's expedition, 300. + + Zane, Elizabeth, at seige of Wheeling, 359. + + Zane, Isaac, captured by Indians, 124; + daughter wounded, 418. + + Zane, Jonathan, settles at Wheeling, 124; + in Dunmore's war, 153. + + Zane, Noah, 125, 225. + + Zane, Silas, settles at Wheeling, 124; + defends Wheeling, 356, 357. + + Zanesville, O., 153. + + Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, 301, 314, 315, 317. + + + + +The First American Frontier + +An Arno Press/New York Times Collection + + +Agnew, Daniel. + +A History of the Region of Pennsylvania North of the Allegheny River. +1887. + +Alden, George H. + +New Government West of the Alleghenies Before 1780. 1897. + +Barrett, Jay Amos. + +Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787. 1891. + +Billon, Frederick. + +Annals of St. Louis in its Early Days Under the French and Spanish +Dominations. 1886. + +Billon, Frederick. + +Annals of St. Louis in its Territorial Days, 1804-1821. 1888. + +Littel, William. + +Political Transactions in and Concerning Kentucky. 1926. + +Bowles, William Augustus. + +Authentic Memoirs of William Augustus Bowles. 1916. + +Bradley, A. G. + +The Fight with France for North America. 1900. + +Brannan, John, ed. + +Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the War, +1812-1815. 1823. + +Brown, John P. + +Old Frontiers. 1938. + +Brown, Samuel R. + +The Western Gazetteer. 1817. + +Cist, Charles. + +Cincinnati Miscellany of Antiquities of the West and Pioneer History. +(2 volumes in one). 1845-6. + +Claiborne, Nathaniel Herbert. + +Notes on the War in the South with Biographical Sketches of the Lives +of Montgomery, Jackson, Sevier, and Others. 1819. + +Clark, Daniel. + +Proofs of the Corruption of Gen. James Wilkinson. 1809. + +Clark, George Rogers. + +Colonel George Rogers Clark's Sketch of His Campaign in the Illinois +in 1778-9. 1869. + +Collins, Lewis. + +Historical Sketches of Kentucky. 1847. + +Cruikshank, Ernest, ed, + +Documents Relating to Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit. +1912. + +Cruikshank, Ernest, ed, + +The Documentary History of the Campaign on the Niagara Frontier, +1812-1814. (4 volumes). 1896-1909. + +Cutler, Jervis. + +A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indian Territory, +and Louisiana. 1812. + +Cutler, Julia P. + +The Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler. 1890. + +Darlington, Mary C. + +History of Col. Henry Bouquet and the Western Frontiers of Pennsylvania. +1920. + +Darlington, Mary C. + +Fort Pitt and Letters From the Frontier. 1892. + +De Schweinitz, Edmund. + +The Life and Times of David Zeisberger. 1870. + +Dillon, John B. + +History of Indiana. 1859. + +Eaton, John Henry. + +Life of Andrew Jackson. 1824. + +English, William Hayden. + +Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio. (2 volumes in one). +1896. + +Flint, Timothy. + +Indian Wars of the West. 1833. + +Forbes, John. + +Writings of General John Forbes Relating to His Service in North +America. 1938. + +Forman, Samuel S. + +Narrative of a Journey Down the Ohio and Mississippi in 1789-90. +1888. + +Haywood, John. + +Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee to 1796. 1823. + +Heckewelder, John. + +History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations. 1876. + +Heckewelder, John. + +Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren. 1820. + +Hildreth, Samuel P. + +Pioneer History. 1848. + +Houck, Louis. + +The Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase: A Historical Study. 1901. + +Houck, Louis. + +History of Missouri. (3 volumes in one). 1908. + +Houck, Louis. + +The Spanish Regime in Missouri. (2 volumes in one). 1909. + +Jacob, John J. A Biographical Sketch of the Life of the Late Capt. +Michael Cresap. 1826. + +Jones, David. + +A Journal of Two Visits Made to Some Nations of Indians on the West +Side of the River Ohio, in the Years 1772 and 1773. 1774. + +Kenton, Edna. + +Simon Kenton. 1930. + +Loudon, Archibald. + +Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives of Outrages. (2 +volumes in one). 1808-1811. + +Monette, J. W. + +History, Discovery and Settlement of the Mississippi Valley. (2 +volumes in one). 1846. + +Morse, Jedediah. + +American Gazetteer. 1797. + +Pickett, Albert James. + +History of Alabama. (2 volumes in one). 1851. + +Pope, John. + +A Tour Through the Southern and Western Territories. 1792. + +Putnam, Albigence Waldo. + +History of Middle Tennessee. 1859. + +Ramsey, James G. M. + +Annals of Tennessee. 1853. + +Ranck, George W. + +Boonesborough. 1901. + +Robertson, James Rood, ed. + +Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky to the Gen. Assembly of +Virginia. 1914. + +Royce, Charles. + +Indian Land Cessions. 1899. + +Rupp, I. Daniel. + +History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon and Schuykill Counties. +1845. + +Safford, William H. + +The Blennerhasset Papers. 1864. + +St. Clair, Arthur. + +A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign Against the Indians, +in the Year 1791 was Conducted. 1812. + +Sargent, Winthrop, ed. + +A History of an Expedition Against Fort DuQuesne in 1755. 1855. + +Severance, Frank H. + +An Old Frontier of France. (2 volumes in one). 1917. + +Sipe, C. Hale. + +Fort Ligonier and Its Times. 1932. + +Stevens, Henry N. + +Lewis Evans: His Map of the Middle British Colonies in America. 1920. + +Timberlake, Henry. + +The Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake. 1927. + +Tome, Philip. + +Pioneer Life: Or Thirty Years a Hunter. 1854. + +Trent, William. + +Journal of Captain William Trent From Logstown to Pickawillany. 1871. + +Walton, Joseph S. + +Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania. 1900. + +Withers, Alexander Scott. + +Chronicles of Border Warfare. 1895. + + + + +Chronicles of Border Warfare + +Alexander Scott Withers + +Arno Press & The New York Times + + + + +Reprint Edition 1971 by Arno Press Inc. + +Reprinted from a copy in + +The State Historical Society of Wisconsin Library + +LC # 75-146426 + +ISBN 0-405-02896-2 + +The First American Frontier + +ISBN for complete set: 0-405-02820-2 + +See last pages of this volume for titles. + +Manufactured in the United States of America + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + +Corrections in text: + + Page Correction + + vii early period, indentifying very large the sources of (identifying) + xi whatever for his diligenee and labor in producing it (diligence) + 8 adorned with spendid magnificence, who can feel surprised (splendid) + 9 Yet, although the philanthopist must weep over (philanthropist) + 10 Nothwithstanding those two great evils which have (Notwithstanding) + 46 with an aggregate population ef 289,362. (population of) + 51 visited Great Britian in 1737 (Britain) + 101 Upen the earnest remonstrance and entreaty (Upon) + 110 of the commanding officer a party of Higland soldiers (Highland) + 112 they did not scruple to intercept the pussage of goods (passage) + 113 from the entrace into the Fort, and three centinels on the (entrance) + 120 hauch of the others. The low state of their little magazine (haunch) + 126 bleeching in the sun, after their murder by the Indians, (bleaching) + 160 house, had been dischaaged at them by Indian (discharged) + 182 it would be more conconvenient (convenient) + 203 draging his wounded body along (dragging) + 211 place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhaused (exhausted) + 216 naturally enough prompts to deeds of revangeful cruelty (revengeful) + 309 was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stoke followed (stroke) + 313 in the bloody deeds of their red brethern, yet that (brethren) + 323 take upon themseves the entire responsibility (themselves) + 345 A most schocking scene was exhibited some time before this (shocking) + 345 purpose of washing. While thus engaged three guns (repeated word) + 361 miles from its enterance into the Ohio, and was known (entrance) + 375 Buffaloe, and as Levi Morgan was engaged in skining (skinning) + 385 loss was severely felt thoughout the whole country. (throughout) + 387 was the head chief with this three wives and children (his three) + 393 if posssible, to a general engagement; and if this (possible) + 417 a company which had been sta-stationed (printer's error) + 421 assembled to witness the awful spectacle. The croud was (crowd) + +Corrections in footnotes: + + Introduction: Chapter 3, Footnote 3 + consider the running of the guantlet (gauntlet) + + Introduction: Chapter 3, Footnote 5 + Kis faithful dog shall bear him company. (His) + + Chapter 1, Footnote 13 + Shehandoah, Frederick, 1772 767 19,750 4,922 (Shenandoah) + + Chapter 1, Footnote 17 + with his family to Culpeper coanty, which was (Culpeper county) + + Chapter 5, Footnote 5 + bitten, and the whole patrty suffered exceedingly. (party) + + Chapter 10, Footnote 8 + of the tribes west and sonthwest of Lake (southwest) + + Chapter 18, Footnote 4 + to Aprfl 30, 1793. The army was fancifully (April) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of Border Warfare, by +Alexander Scott Withers + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** + +***** This file should be named 29244-8.txt or 29244-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/2/4/29244/ + +Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chronicles of Border Warfare + or, a History of the Settlement by the Whites, of + North-Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres + in that section of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that + section of the State + +Author: Alexander Scott Withers + +Editor: Reuben Gold Thwaites + +Release Date: June 26, 2009 [EBook #29244] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** + + + + +Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class="trnote"> +<p><span class='tp' style='font-weight: bold; margin-top:5px;'>Transcriber’s Note</span></p> +<p>This is a 1971 reprint edition of the 1895 edition of “Chronicles of Border Warfare.” The +modern title page and verso have been relocated to the end of the text.</p> +<p>The 1895 edition includes and expands on the original 1831 edition. Throughout this text, +the pagination of the original edition is indicated by brackets, such as [54].</p> +<p>Capitalization standards for the time (i.e. “fort Morgan,” “mrs. Pindall,” “Ohio river”) have been preserved.</p> +<p>Variable hyphenation has been preserved.</p> +<p>Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p> +<p>Author’s punctuation style has been preserved.</p> +<p>Typographical problems have been corrected as listed in the Transcriber’s Note at the end of the text.</p> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<h1>CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE</h1> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<img src='images/illus-004.jpg' alt='' title='' width='422' height='677' /><br /> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:1.8em;margin-bottom:.8em;'>Chronicles of Border Warfare</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-bottom:2em;'>OR, A</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:1.1em;margin-bottom:1.1em;'>History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-<br /> +Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres<br /> +in that section of the State</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-bottom:1.4em;'>WITH</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:1.1em;margin-bottom:1em;'>REFLECTIONS, ANECDOTES, &c.</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-bottom:1.4em;'>BY</p> +<p class='tp' style='margin-bottom:4em;'>ALEXANDER SCOTT WITHERS</p> +<p class='tp' style='margin-bottom:2em;font-weight:bold;'>A New Edition</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;'>EDITED AND ANNOTATED BY</p> +<p class='tp' style='margin-bottom:0.6em;'>REUBEN GOLD THWAITES</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-bottom:4em;'>Secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, editor of “Wisconsin Historical Collections,”<br /> +and author of “The Colonies, 1492-1750,” “Historic Waterways,”<br /> +“Story of Wisconsin,” etc.</p> +<p class='tp' style='margin-bottom:1em;font-size:0.8em;'><i>With the addition of a Memoir of the Author, and several Illustrative Notes.</i></p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-bottom:1em;'>BY THE LATE</p> +<p class='tp' style='margin-bottom:1em;'>LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-bottom:3em;'>Author of “King’s Mountain and Its Heroes,” “Autograph Collections<br /> +of the Signers,” etc.</p> +<hr style='border:none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width:100px;' /> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;margin-top:3em;'>CINCINNATI<br /> +<span style='font-size:larger'>THE ROBERT CLARKE COMPANY</span><br /> +1895</p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<hr style='border:none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px;margin:1em auto;' /> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;'>Copyright, 1895</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;'><span class='smcap'>By Reuben Gold Thwaites</span></p> +<hr style='border:none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px;margin:1em auto;' /> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:0.8em;'><i>All rights reserved</i></p> +<hr style='border:none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width:180px;margin:1em auto;' /> +<hr class='pb' /> +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> +<table summary='TOC' style='margin:0 auto;'> +<tr><td><span class='smcap'>Portrait of the Author</span></td><td align='right'><i><a href='#linki_1'>Frontispiece.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align='right'><span style='font-size:0.8em'>PAGE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>Editor’s Preface</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_v'>v</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Memoir of the Author, by Lyman C. Draper</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_viii'>viii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Original Title-page (photographic fac-simile)</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_xiii'>xiii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Original Copyright Notice</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_xiv'>xiv</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Original Advertisement</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_xv'>xv</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Original Table of Contents (with pagination revised)</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_xvii'>xvii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Author’s Text (with editorial notes)</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_1'>1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Index, by the Editor</td><td align='right'><a href='#page_431'>431</a></td></tr> +</table> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_v' name='page_v'></a>v</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em'>EDITOR’S PREFACE.</p> +<p>It is sixty-four years since the original edition of +Withers’s <i>Chronicles of Border Warfare</i> was given to the +public. The author was a faithful recorder of local tradition. +Among his neighbors were sons and grandsons of +the earlier border heroes, and not a few actual participants +in the later wars. He had access, however, to few contemporary +documents. He does not appear to have +searched for them, for there existed among the pioneer +historians of the West a respect for tradition as the prime +source of information, which does not now obtain; to-day, +we desire first to see the documents of a period, and care +little for reminiscence, save when it fills a gap in or illumines +the formal record. The weakness of the traditional +method is well exemplified in Withers’s work. His treatment +of many of the larger events on the border may now +be regarded as little else than a thread on which to hang +annotations; but in most of the local happenings which +are here recorded he will always, doubtless, remain a leading +authority––for his informants possessed full knowledge +of what occurred within their own horizon, although +having distorted notions regarding affairs beyond it.</p> +<p>The <i>Chronicles</i> had been about seven years upon the +market, when a New York youth, inspired by the pages +of Doddridge, Flint, and Withers, with a fervid love for +border history, entered upon the task of collecting documents +and traditions with which to correct and amplify +the lurid story which these authors had outlined. In the +prosecution of this undertaking, Lyman C. Draper became +so absorbed with the passion of collecting that he found +little opportunity for literary effort, and in time his early +facility in this direction became dulled. He was the most +successful of collectors of materials for Western history, +and as such did a work which must earn for him the lasting +gratitude of American historical students; but unfortunately +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_vi' name='page_vi'></a>vi</span> +he did little more than collect and investigate, +and the idea which to the last strongly possessed him, of +writing a series of biographies of trans-Alleghany pioneers, +was never realized. He died August 26, 1891, having accomplished +wondrous deeds for the Wisconsin Historical +Society, of which he was practically the founder, and for +thirty-three years the main stay; in the broader domain of +historical scholarship, however, he had failed to reach his +goal. His great collection of manuscripts and notes, he +willed to his Society, which has had them carefully classified +and conveniently bound––a lasting treasure for historians +of the West and Southwest, for the important frontier +period between about 1740 and 1816.</p> +<p>Dr. Draper had exhibited much ability as an editor, +in the first ten volumes of the <i>Wisconsin Historical Collections</i>. +In 1890, the Robert Clarke Company engaged him, +as the best living authority on the details of Western border +history, to prepare and edit a new edition of Withers. He +set about the task with interest, and was engaged in the +active preparation of “copy” during his last months on +earth; indeed, his note upon page 123 of this edition is +thought to have been his final literary work. He had at +that time prepared notes for about one-fourth of the book, +and had written his “Memoir of the Author.”</p> +<p>The matter here rested until the autumn of 1894, +when the publishers requested the present writer to take +up the work where his revered friend had left it, and see +the edition through the press. He has done this with +some reluctance, conscious that he approached the task +with a less intimate knowledge of the subject than his +predecessor; nevertheless he was unwilling that Dr. Draper’s +notes on the early pages should be lost, and has +deemed it a labor of love to complete the undertaking upon +which the last thoughts of the latter fondly dwelt.</p> +<p>In the preparation of his own notes, the editor has +had the great advantage of free access to the Draper Manuscripts; +without their help, it would have been impossible +to throw further light on many of the episodes treated +by the author. The text of Withers has been preserved +intact, save that where errors have obviously been typographical, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_vii' name='page_vii'></a>vii</span> +and not intended by the author, the editor has +corrected them––perhaps in a dozen instances only, for the +original proof-reading appears to have been rather carefully +done. The pagination of the original edition has in +this been indicated by brackets, as [54]. In the original, +the publisher’s “Advertisement” and the “Table of Contents” +were bound in at the end of the work,––see collation +in Field’s <i>Indian Bibliography</i>,––but evidently this was +a make-shift of rustic binders in a hurry to get out the +long-delayed edition, and the editor has taken the liberty +to transfer them to their proper place; also, while preserving +typographical peculiarities therein, to change the pagination +in the “Contents” to accord with the present edition. +In order clearly to indicate the authorship of notes, those +by Withers himself are unsigned; those by Dr. Draper +are signed “L. C. D.”; and those by the present writer, +“R. G. T.”</p> +<p style='margin-left:0.0em; margin-right:0.0em; text-align:right'><span class='smcap'>Reuben Gold Thwaites.</span><br /></p> +<p style='margin-left:0.0em; margin-right:0.0em; text-align:left'>Madison, Wis.,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'>February, 1895.</span><br /></p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_viii' name='page_viii'></a>viii</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;'>MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR.</p> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:0.8em;'>BY LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER.</p> +<p>In 1831, an interesting volume appeared from the press +of Joseph Israel, of Clarksburg, in North Western Virginia, +prepared by Alexander Scott Withers, on the border +wars of the West. It was well received at the time +of its publication, when works on that subject were few, +and read with avidity by the surviving remnant of the +participators in the times and events so graphically described, +and by their worthy descendants.</p> +<p>Historians and antiquarians also received it cordially, +universally according it high praise. Mann Butler, the +faithful historian of Kentucky, declared that it was “a +work to which the public was deeply indebted,” composed, +as it was, with “so much care and interest.” The late +Samuel G. Drake, the especial historian of the Red Man, +pronounced it “a work written with candor and judgment.” +The late Thomas W. Field, the discriminating +writer on <i>Indian Bibliography</i>, says: “Of this scarce book, +very few copies are complete or in good condition. Having +been issued in a remote corner of North-Western Virginia, +and designed principally for a local circulation, almost +every copy was read by a country fireside until +scarcely legible. Most of the copies lack the table of contents. +The author took much pains to be authentic, and +his chronicles are considered by Western antiquarians, to +form the best collection of frontier life and Indian warfare, +that has been printed.”</p> +<p>Of such a work, now difficult to procure at any price, +a new edition is presented to the public. In 1845, the +writer of this notice visited the Virginia Valley, collecting +materials on the same general subject, going over much +the same field of investigation, and quite naturally, at that +early period, identifying very large the sources of Mr. +Withers’s information, thus making it possible to reproduce +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_ix' name='page_ix'></a>ix</span> +his work with new lights and explanations, such as +generally give pleasure and interest to the intelligent +reader of border history.<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<p>In 1829, a local antiquary, of Covington, a beautiful +little village nestling in a high mountain valley near the +head of James River, in Alleghany County, Virginia, +gathered from the aged pioneers still lingering on the +shores of time, the story of the primitive settlement and +border wars of the Virginia Valley. Hugh Paul Taylor, +for such was his name, was the precursor, in all that region, +of the school of historic gleaners, and published in +the nearest village paper, <i>The Fincastle Mirror</i>, some twenty +miles away, a series of articles, over the signature of “Son of +Cornstalk,” extending over a period of some forty stirring +years, from about 1740 to the close of the Revolutionary +War. These articles formed at least the chief authority +for several of the earlier chapters of Mr. Withers’s work. +Mr. Taylor had scarcely molded his materials into shape, +and put them into print, when he was called hence at an +early age, without having an opportunity to revise and +publish the results of his labors under more favorable +auspices.</p> +<p>Soon after Mr. Taylor’s publication, Judge Edwin S. +Duncan, of Peel Tree, in then Harrison, now Barbour +County, West Virginia, a gentleman of education, and well +fitted for such a work, residing in the heart of a region +rife with the story of Indian wars and hair-breadth escapes, +made a collection of materials, probably including +Mr. Taylor’s sketches, with a view to a similar work; but +his professional pursuits and judicial services interposed +to preclude the faithful prosecution of the work, so he +turned over to Mr. Withers his historic gatherings, with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_x' name='page_x'></a>x</span> +such suggestions, especially upon the Indian race, as by +his studies and reflections he was enabled to offer.</p> +<p>Other local gleaners in the field of Western history, particularly +Noah Zane, of Wheeling, John Hacker, of the +Hacker’s Creek settlement, and others, freely furnished +their notes and statements for the work. Mr. Withers, +under these favorable circumstances, became quite well +equipped with materials regarding especially the first settlement +and Indian wars of the region now comprising +West Virginia; and, to a considerable extent, the region +of Staunton and farther southwest, of the French and Indian +War period, together with Dunmore’s War, and the +several campaigns from the western borders of Virginia +and Pennsylvania into the Ohio region, during the Revolutionary +War.</p> +<p>Alexander Scott Withers, for his good services in the +field of Western history, well deserves to have his name +and memory perpetuated as a public benefactor. Descending, +on his father’s side, from English ancestry, he was the +fourth child of nine, in the family of Enoch K. and Jennet +Chinn Withers, who resided at a fine Virginia homestead, +called Green Meadows, half a dozen miles from Warrenton, +Fauquier county, Virginia, where the subject of this +sketch was born on the 12th of October, 1792––on the +third centennial anniversary of the discovery of America +by Columbus. His mother was the daughter of Thomas +Chinn and Jennet Scott––the latter a native of Scotland, +and a first cousin of Sir Walter Scott.</p> +<p>Passing his early years in home and private schools, +he became from childhood a lover of books and knowledge. +He read Virgil at the early age of ten; and, in +due time, entered Washington College, and thence entered +the law department of the venerable institution of +William and Mary, where Jefferson, Monroe, Wythe, and +other Virginia notables, received their education.</p> +<p>Procuring a license to practice, he was admitted to +the bar in Warrenton, where for two or three years he +practiced his profession. His father dying in 1813, he +abandoned his law practice, which he did not like, because +he could not overcome his diffidence in public +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xi' name='page_xi'></a>xi</span> +speaking; and, for quite a period, he had the management +of his mother’s plantation.</p> +<p>In August, 1815, he was united in marriage with Miss +Melinda Fisher, a most estimable lady, a few months his +junior; and about 1827, having a growing family, he +looked to the Great West for his future home and field +of labor, and moved to West Virginia, first locating temporarily +in Bridgeport, in Harrison County, and subsequently +settling near Clarksburg in the same county, +where he devoted much time in collecting materials for +and writing his <i>Chronicles of Border Warfare</i>.</p> +<p>The publisher, Joseph Israel, who took a deep interest +in the work, as his “Advertisement” of it suggests, +must have realized ample recompense for the work, as he +had subscribers for the full edition issued; yet, from some +cause, he failed pecuniarily, and Mr. Withers got nothing +whatever for his diligence and labor in producing it, save +two or three copies of the work itself. He used to say, +that had he published the volume himself, he would have +made it much more complete, and better in every way; +for he was hampered, limited, and hurried––often correcting +proof of the early, while writing the later chapters. +Mr. Israel, the publisher, died several years ago.</p> +<p>After this worthy but unremunerative labor, Mr. +Withers turned his attention to Missouri for a suitable +home for his old age. He was disappointed in his visit to +that new state, as the richer portions of the country, +where he would have located, were more or less unhealthy. +So he returned to West Virginia, and settled near Weston, +a fine, healthful region of hills and valleys, where he engaged +in agricultural pursuits, in which he always took a +deep interest. He also served several years as a magistrate, +the only public position he ever filled.</p> +<p>The death of his wife in September, 1853, broke sadly +into his domestic enjoyments; his family were now scattered, +and his home was henceforward made with his eldest +daughter, Mrs. Jennet S. Tavenner, and her husband, +Thomas Tavenner, who in 1861 removed to a home adjoining +Parkersburg, in West Virginia. Here our author +lived a retired, studious life, until his death, which occurred, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xii' name='page_xii'></a>xii</span> +after a few days’ illness, January 23, 1865, in the +seventy-third year of his age.</p> +<p>Mr. Withers had no talent for the acquisition of +wealth; but he met with marked success in acquiring +knowledge. He was an admirer of ancient literature, and +to his last days read the Greek classics in the original. A +rare scholar, a lover of books, his tastes were eminently +domestic; he was, from his nature, much secluded from the +busy world around him. Nearly six feet high, rather +portly and dignified, as is shown by his portrait, taken +when he was about sixty years of age––he was kind and +obliging to all, and emphatically a true Virginia gentleman +of the old school. His sympathies during the War +of Secession, were strongly in favor of the Union cause, +the happy termination of which he did not live to witness. +His son, Henry W. Withers, served with credit during +the war in the Union service in the Twelfth Virginia +Regiment.</p> +<p>Mr. Withers was blessed with two sons and three +daughters––one of the sons has passed away; the other, +Major Henry W. Withers, resides in Troy, Gilmer county, +West Virginia; Mrs. Tavenner still lives at Parkersburg; +Mrs. Mary T. Owen, at Galveston, Texas, and Mrs. Elizabeth +Ann Thornhill, in New Orleans.</p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xiii' name='page_xiii'></a>xiii</span></div> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<img src='images/illus-017.jpg' alt='' title='' width='303' height='497' /><br /> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xiv' name='page_xiv'></a>xiv</span></div> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<img src='images/illus-018.jpg' alt='' title='' width='367' height='289' /><br /> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xv' name='page_xv'></a>xv</span></div> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<img src='images/illus-019.jpg' alt='' title='' width='372' height='454' /><br /> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xvii' name='page_xvii'></a>xvii</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em'>CONTENTS.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Introduction</span>.––General view of the discovery of North America, by +England, France and Spain. 1 to 11. Aborigines of America––Their +origin. 12-27. Their persons and character––Indian antiquities. 28-43.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chapter</span> 1. Of the country west of Blue ridge, difficulties attending +its first settlement; Indians in neighborhood––their tribes and numbers. +Various parties explore the Valley; their adventures. Benjamin +Burden receives a grant of land; settles 100 families, their general +character, West of Blue ridge divided into two counties; its +present population, &c. Discovery of Greenbrier, explored by Martin +and Seal; by the Lewis’s, Greenbrier Company, settlement of Muddy +Creek and Big Levels, of New river and Holstein; of Gallipolis by +French. 44-62.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 2nd. North Western Virginia, divisions and population, Importance +of Ohio river to the French, and the English; Ohio Company; +English traders made prisoners by French, attempt to establish +fort frustrated, French erect Fort du Quesne; War; Braddock’s defeat; +Andrew Lewis, character and services; Grant’s defeat, capture of +Fort du Quesne and erection of Fort Pitt: Tygart and Files settle on +East Fork of Monongahela, File’s family killed by Indians, Dunkards +visit the country, settle on Cheat, their fate; settlement under Decker +on the Monongahela, destroyed by Indians, pursuit by Gibson, origin +of Long knives. 63-80.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 3rd. Expedition to the mouth of Big Sandy, ordered back +by governor, their extreme sufferings: Dreadful catastrophe at Levit’s +Fort, Shawnees visit James river settlements, their depredations and +defeat, fortunate escape of Hannah Dennis, destruction at Muddy +creek and Big Levels, Mrs. Clendennin, Indians visit Jackson and Catawba +rivers, discovered, pursued, overtaken and dispersed, Mrs. Gunn. 81-99.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 4th. Indians commit depredations in Pennsylvania, burn +three prisoners, excesses of Paxton Boys, Black Boys of great service +to frontier, engagement at Turtle creek, Traders attempt to supply +Indians, affair at Sidelong hill, Fort Bedford taken by Blackboys, +Capt. James Smith, his character and services. 100-116.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 5th. Deserters from Fort Pitt visit head of Monongahela, The +Pringles, Settlements of Buckhannon, of Hacker’s creek, Monongahela +and other places, Of Wheeling by Zane’s, Their Character, Character +of Wm. Lowther, Objects and character of the first settlers +generally. 117-133.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 6th. War of 1774, Inquiry into its cause, Boone and others +visit Kentucky, Emigrants attacked by Indians, Surveyors begin +operations there, Affair at Captina, and opposite Yellow creek, Excesses +of Indians, Preparations for [ii] war, Expedition against Wappatomica, +Incursion of Logan and others, Of Indians on West Fork. 134-158.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 7th. Indians come on Big Kenhawa, Lewis and Jacob Whitsel +taken prisoners, Their adventurous conduct, Plan of Dunmore’s +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xviii' name='page_xviii'></a>xviii</span> +campaign, Battle at Point Pleasant, Dunmore enters Indian country +and makes peace, Reflections on the motives of Dunmore’s conduct. 159-186.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 8th. General view of the relative situation of Great Britain +and the colonies, British emissaries and American Tories stimulate +the Savages to war, Progress of settlements in Kentucky, Character +of Harrod, Boone and Logan, Attack on Harrod’s fort, on Boone’s +and on Logan’s, Bowman arrives to its relief, Cornstock visits Point +Pleasant, Projected campaign against the Indians abortive, Cornstock’s +son visits him, Gilmore killed, Murder of Cornstock, Of Ellinipsico +and others, Character of Cornstock. 187-214.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 9. General alarm on the frontier, Savages commit depredations, +Intelligence of contemplated invasion, Condition of Wheeling, +Indians seen near it, Two parties under captain Mason and captain +Ogal decoyed within the Indian lines and cut to pieces, Girty +demands the surrender of Wheeling, Col. Zane’s reply, Indians attacks +the fort and retire, Arrival of col. Swearingen with a reinforcement, +of captain Foreman, Ambuscade at Grave creek narrows, conspiracy +of Tories discovered and defeated, Petro and White taken +prisoners, Irruption into Tygarts Valley, Murder at Conoly’s and at +Stewarts. 215-235.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 10. Measures of defence, Fort M’Intosh erected, exposed +situation, commencement of hostilities, Attack on Harbert’s blockhouse, +Murder at Morgan’s on Cheat, Of Lowther and Hughes, Indians +appear before Fort at the point, Decoy Lieut. Moore into an ambuscade, +a larger army visits Fort, stratagem to draw out the garrison, +Prudence and precaution of capt. M’Kee. Fort closely besieged, +Siege raised, Heroic adventure of Prior and Hammond to +save Greenbrier, Attack on Donnelly’s Fort, Dick Pointer, Affair at +West’s Fort, Successful artifice of Hustead, Affair at Cobern’s fort, +at Strader’s, Murder of Stephen Washburn, captivity, &c. of James, +Projected invasion of Indian country, Col. Clarke takes Kaskaskias +and other towns, Fort Lawrens erected by Gen. M’Intosh and garrisoned. 236-256.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 11. Gov. Hamilton marches to St. Vincent––critical situation +of col. Clarke, his daring expedition against Hamilton, condition +of Fort Lawren’s, Successful stratagem of Indians there, Gen. M’Intosh +arrives with an army, Fort evacuated, Transactions in Kentucky, +captivity of Boone, his escape and expedition against Paint +creek town, Indian [iii] army under Du Quesne appear before Boone’s +fort, politic conduct of Boone, Fort assaulted, Assailants repulsed, +Expedition against Chilicothe towns under Bowman, Its failure, Kentucky +increases rapidly in population. 257-274.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 12. Hacker’s creek settlement breaks up, Alarm of Indians +near Pricket’s fort, Stephen and Sarah Morgan sent to farm, Dream +and anxiety of their father, His fearful encounter with two Indians, +Kills both, Heroism of Mrs. Bozarth, Murders on Snow creek, captivity +of Leonard Schoolcraft, Indians surprize Martin’s fort, destruction +there, Irruptions into Tygart’s valley, Indians attack the house +of Samuel Cottrail, Murder of John Schoolcraft’s family, Projected +campaign of British and Indians, Indians again in Tygart’s Valley, +mischief there, West’s fort invested, Hazardous adventure of Jesse +Hughs to obtain assistance, Skirmish between whites and savages, +coolness and intrepidity of Jerry Curl, Austin Schoolcraft killed and +his niece taken prisoner, Murder of Owens and Judkins, of Sims, +Small Pox terrifies Indians, Transactions in Greenbrier, Murder of +Baker and others, last outrage in that country. 275-293</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xix' name='page_xix'></a>xix</span></div> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 13. Operations of combined army of British and Indians, +Surrender of Ruddle’s Station, Outrages of savages there, Col. Byrd +enabled to restrain them, Martin’s station surrenders, Byrd returns +to the Indian towns, Escape of Hinkstone, Invasion of North Western +Virginia, Plan of campaign, Indians discovered near Wheeling, +Take prisoners, Alarmed for their own safety, kill their prisoners and +retire, Expedition under Col. Broadhead, against the Munsies, against +Coshocton, excesses of the whites there, Expedition under Gen. +Clarke against Chilicothe and Piqua, Battle at Piqua, Indian depredations +in Virginia, murder of capt. Thomas and family, of Schoolcraft, +Manear, and others, Destruction of Leading creek settlement, +aggressors overtaken by a party under Col. Lowther, Affair of Indian +creek, murder of Mrs. Furrenash, Williamson’s first expedition against +Moravian Indians, Prisoners taken sent to Fort Pitt, Set at liberty, +Their settlements broken up by Wyandotts. 294-317.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 14. The murder of Monteur and his family, others taken +prisoners, Second expedition of Williamson against Moravians, its success +and the savage conduct of the whites, Expedition under Crawford, +his defeat––Is taken prisoner and burned; captivity and escape +of Doctor Knight, of Slover; Death of Mills––Signal achievement of +Lewis Whitsel. 318-339.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 15. Murder of White, Dorman and wife taken prisoners; +Inhabitants on Buckhannon evacuate the fort, attacked by Indians +on their way to the Valley; Whites visiting [iv] Buckhannon settlement +discovered and watched by Indians––conduct of George Jackson +to obtain aid, Stalnaker killed, Indians cross Alleghany––miss Gregg +killed by Dorman, murder of mrs. Pindall, of Charles Washburn, of +Arnold and Richards––Daring conduct of Elias Hughes––murder of +Corbly’s family––Grand council of Indians at Chillicothe, Its determinations; +Indian army enters Kentucky; Affair at Bryants station; +Battle of Blue Licks––Expedition under Gen. Clarke, Attack on Wheeling, +Attempt to demolish the fort with a wooden cannon, Signal exploit +of Elizabeth Zane, Noble conduct of Francis Duke, Indians +withdraw, Attack on Rives [Rice’s] Fort, Encounter of Poe with two +Indians. 340-364.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 16. Peace with G. Britain, War continued by Indians––Operations +in N. W. Virginia––murder of Daniel Radcliff, Attack on +Cunninghams upon Bingamon, murders there; murders in Tazewell, +of Davison, of Moore, mrs. Moore and seven children taken prisoners, +their fate––murder of Ice, &c. Levi Morgan encounters two Indians, +Indians steal horses on West Fork, pursued and punished by +col. Lowther––murder of the Wests on Hacker’s creek, Remarkable +recovery of J. Hacker’s daughter––murder of the Johnsons on Ten-mile +creek, At Macks, Artifice of John Sims. 365-383.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 17. Rapid increase of population of Kentucky, operations +there––Preparations of the general Government to carry on the +war in the Indian country, Settlement of Marietta, Of Cincinatti, +Fort Washington erected, Settlement of Duck creek, Big Bottom and +Wolf creeks––Harmar’s campaign, murder of whites on Big Bottom, +murder of John Bush––Affair at Hansucker’s on Dunkard––murder of +Carpenter and others and escape of Jesse Hughes––campaign under +Gen. St. Clair––Attack at Merrill’s, Heroic conduct of mrs. Merrill, +Signal success of expedition under Gen. Scott. 384-407.</p> +<p><span class='smcap'>Chap.</span> 18. Indians visit Hacker’s creek––murder of the Waggoners +and captivity of others––murder of Neal and Triplet, major Truman +and col. Hardin killed, Greater preparations made by General +Government, John and Henry Johnson, Attack on the hunting camp +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_xx' name='page_xx'></a>xx</span> +of Isaac Zane, Noble conduct of Zane––Treatment of Indian prisoners, +Fort Recovery erected, Escape of Joseph Cox––murder of miss +Runyan and attack on Carder’s, Indians kill and make prisoners the +Cozads, Affair at Joseph Kanaan’s, Progress of army under Gen. +Wayne, Indians attack and defeat detachment under M’Mahon, battle +of Au Glaize and victory of General Wayne, Affair at Bozarth’s on +Buckhannon––Treaty of Greenville. 408-430.</p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_1' name='page_1'></a>1</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em; font-size:larger;'>[3] INTRODUCTION.</p> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em'><span class='smcap'>Chapter I.</span></p> +<p>It is highly probable that the continent of America +was known to the Ancient Carthaginians, and that it was +the great island Atalantis, of which mention is made by +Plato, who represents it as larger than Asia and Africa. +The Carthaginians were a maritime people, and it is +known that they extended their discoveries beyond the +narrow sphere which had hitherto limited the enterprise +of the mariner. And although Plato represents Atalantis +as having been swallowed by an earthquake, and all +knowledge of the new continent, if any such ever existed, +was entirely lost, still it is by no means improbable, that +it had been visited by some of the inhabitants of the old +world, prior to its discovery by Columbus in 1492. The +manner of this discovery is well known, as is also the fact +that Americo Vespucci, a Florentine, under the authority +of Emmanuel king of Portugal, in sailing as far as Brazil +discovered the main land and gave name to America.</p> +<p>These discoveries gave additional excitement to the +adventurous spirit which distinguished those times, and +the flattering reports made of the country which they had +visited, inspired the different nations of Europe, with the +desire of reaping the rich harvest, which the enlightened +and enterprising mind of Columbus, had unfolded to their +view. Accordingly, as early as March 1496, (less than two +years after the discovery by Columbus) a commission was +granted by Henry VII king of England, to John Cabot +and his three sons, empowering them to sail under the +English banner in quest of new discoveries, and in the +event of their success to take possession, in the name of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_2' name='page_2'></a>2</span> +the king of England, of the countries thus discovered and +not inhabited by <i>Christian people</i>.</p> +<p>The expedition contemplated in this commission was +never carried into effect. But in May 1498 Cabot with his +son Sebastian, embarked on a voyage to attain the desired +object, and succeeded in his design so far as to effect a discovery +of [4] North America, and although he sailed along +the coast from Labrador to Virginia, yet it does not now +appear that he made any attempt either at settlement or +conquest.</p> +<p>This is said to have been the first discovery ever made +of that portion of our continent which extends from the +Gulph of Mexico to the North pole; and to this discovery +the English trace their title to that part of it, subsequently +reduced into possession by them.<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<p>As many of the evils endured by the inhabitants of the +western part of Virginia, resulted from a contest between +England and France, as to the validity of their respective +claims to portions of the newly discovered country, it +may not be amiss to take a general view of the discoveries +and settlements effected by each of those powers.</p> +<p>After the expedition of Cabot, no attempt on the part +of England, to acquire territory in America, seems to have +been made until the year 1558. In this year letters patent +were issued by Queen Elizabeth, empowering Sir Humphrey +Gilbert to “discover and take possession of such remote, +heathen, and barbarous lands, as were not actually +possessed by any <i>christian prince or people</i>.” Two expeditions, +conducted by this gentleman terminated unfavorably. +Nothing was done by him towards the accomplishment +of the objects in view, more than the taking possession +of the island of New Foundland in the name of the +English Queen.</p> +<p>In 1584 a similar patent was granted to Sir Walter +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_3' name='page_3'></a>3</span> +Raleigh, under whose auspices was discovered the country +south of Virginia. In April of that year he dispatched +two vessels under the command of Amidas and Barlow, +for the purpose of visiting, and obtaining such a knowledge +of the country which he proposed to colonize, as +would facilitate the attainment of his object. In their +voyage they approached the North American continent +towards the Gulph of Florida, and sailing northwardly +touched at an island situate on the inlet into Pamlico +sound, in the state of North Carolina. To this island they +gave the name of Wocoken, and proceeding from thence +reached Roanoke near the mouth of Albemarle sound. +After having remained here some weeks, and obtained +from the natives the best information which they could +impart concerning the country, Amidas and Barlow returned +to England.</p> +<p>In the succeeding year Sir Walter had fitted out a +squadron of seven ships, the command of which he gave +to Sir Richard [5] Grenville. On board of this squadron +were passengers, arms, ammunition and provisions for a +settlement. He touched at the islands of Wocoken and +Roanoke, which had been visited by Amidas and Barlow, +and leaving a colony of one hundred and eight persons +in the island of Roanoke, he returned to England. +These colonists, after having remained about twelve +months and explored the adjacent country, became so discouraged +and exhausted by fatigue and famine, that they +abandoned the country. Sir Richard Grenville returning +shortly afterwards to America, and not being able to find +them, and at a loss to conjecture their fate, left in the +island another small party of settlers and again set sail +for England.</p> +<p>The flattering description which was given of the +country, by those who had visited it, so pleased Queen +Elizabeth, that she gave to it the name of Virginia, as a +memorial that it had been discovered in the reign of a Virgin +Queen.</p> +<p>Other inefficient attempts were afterwards made to +colonize North America during the reign of Elizabeth, but +it was not ’till the year 1607, that a colony was permanently +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_4' name='page_4'></a>4</span> +planted there. In December of the preceding year +a small vessel and two barks, under the command of captain +Newport, and having on board one hundred and five +men, destined to remain, left England. In April they +were driven by a storm into Chesapeak bay, and after a +fruitless attempt to land at Cape Henry, sailed up the +Powhatan (since called James) River, and on the 13th of +May 1607, debarked on the north side of the river at a +place to which they gave the name of Jamestown. From +this period the country continued in the occupancy of +the whites, and remained subject to the crown of Great +Britain until the war of the revolution.</p> +<p>A new charter which was issued in 1609 grants to +“the treasurer and company of the adventurers, of the +city of London for the first colony of Virginia, in absolute +property the lands extending from Point Comfort along +the sea coast two hundred miles to the northward, and +from the same point, along the sea coast two hundred +miles to the southward, and up into the land throughout +from sea to sea, west and north-west; and also all islands +lying within one hundred miles of the coast of both seas +of the precinct aforesaid.” Conflicting charters, granted +to other corporations, afterwards narrowed her limits; +that she has been since reduced to her present comparatively +small extent of territory, is attributable exclusively +[6] to the almost suicidal liberality of Virginia herself.</p> +<p>On the part of France, voyages for the discovery and +colonization of North America were nearly contemporaneous +with those made by England for like objects. As +early as the year 1540, a commission was issued by Francis +1st for the establishment of Canada.<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> In 1608, a French +fleet, under the command of Admiral Champlaine, arrived +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_5' name='page_5'></a>5</span> +in the St. Lawrence and founded the city of Quebec. So +successful were her attempts to colonize that province, +that, notwithstanding its proximity to the English colonies, +and the fact that a Spanish sailor had previously entered +the St. Lawrence and established a port at the mouth +of Grand river––neither of those powers seriously contested +the right of France to its possession.––Yet it was +frequently the theatre of war; and as early as 1629 was +subdued by England. By the treaty of St. Germains in +1632 it was restored to France, as was also the then province +of Acadie, now known as Nova Scotia. There is no +doubt but that this latter province was, by priority of +settlement, the property of France, but its principal town +having been repeatedly reduced to possession by the English, +it was ceded to them by the treaty of Utrecht in +1713.</p> +<p>To the country bordering the Mississippi river, and its +tributary streams, a claim was made by England, France +and Spain. The claim of England (based on the discovery +by the Cabots of the eastern shore of the United States,) +included all the country between the parallels of latitude +within which the Atlantic shore was explored, extending +westwardly to the Pacific ocean––a zone athwart the continent +between the thirtieth and forty-eighth degrees of +North latitude.</p> +<p>From the facility with which the French gained the +good will and friendly alliance of the Natives in Canada, +by intermarrying with, and assimilating themselves to the +habits and inclinations of, these children of the forest, an +intimacy arose which induced the Indians to impart freely +to the French their knowledge of the interior country. +Among other things information was communicated to +them, of the fact that farther on there was a river of great +size and immense length, which pursued a course opposite +to that of the St. Lawrence, and emptied itself into an +unknown sea. It was conjectured that it must necessarily +flow either into the Gulph of Mexico, or the South Sea; +and in 1673 Marquette and Joliet, French missionaries, +together with five other men, commenced a journey +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_6' name='page_6'></a>6</span> +[7] from Quebec to ascertain the fact and examine the +country bordering its shores.</p> +<p>From lake Michigan they proceeded up the Fox river +nearly to its source; thence to Ouisconsin; down it to the +Mississippi, in which river they sailed as far as to about +the thirty-third degree of north latitude. From this point +they returned through the Illinois country to Canada.</p> +<p>At the period of this discovery M. de La Salle, a +Frenchman of enterprise, courage and talents but without +fortune, was commandant of fort Frontignac. Pleased +with the description given by Marquette and Joliet, of the +country which they had visited, he formed the determination +of examining it himself, and for this purpose left Canada +in the close of the summer of 1679, in company with +father Louis Hennepin and some others.<a name='FNanchor_0004' id='FNanchor_0004'></a><a href='#Footnote_0004' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> On the Illinois +he erected fort Crevecœur, where he remained during the +winter, and instructing father Hennepin, in his absence to +ascend the Mississippi to its sources, returned to Canada. +M. de La Salle subsequently visited this country, and establishing +the villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, left them +under the command of M. de Tonti, and going back to +Canada, proceeded from thence to France to procure the +co-operation of the Ministry in effecting a settlement of +the valley of the Mississippi. He succeeded in impressing +on the minds of the French Ministry, the great benefits +which would result from its colonization, and was the first +to suggest the propriety of connecting the settlements on +the Mississippi with those in Canada by a cordon of forts; +a measure which was subsequently attempted to be carried +into effect.</p> +<p>With the aid afforded him by the government of +France, he was enabled to prepare an expedition to accomplish +his object, and sailing in 1684 for the mouth of the +Mississippi, steered too far westward and landed in the +province of Texas, and on the banks of the river Guadaloupe. +Every exertion which a brave and prudent man +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_7' name='page_7'></a>7</span> +could make to effect the security of his little colony, and +conduct them to the settlement in Illinois, was fruitlessly +made by him. In reward for all his toil and care he was +basely assassinated; the remnant of the party whom he +was conducting through the wilderness, finally reached the +Arkansas, where was a settlement of French emigrants +from Canada. The colonists left by him at the bay of St. +Bernard were mostly murdered by the natives, the remainder +were carried away by the Spaniards in 1689.</p> +<p>[8] Other attempts made by the French to colonize the +Mississippi near the Gulph of Mexico, were for some time +unavailing. In an expedition for that purpose, conducted +by M. Ibberville, a suit of armor on which was inscribed +Ferdinand de Soto, was found in the possession of some +Indians. In the year 1717 the spot, on which New Orleans +now stands, was selected as the centre of the settlements, +then first made in Louisiana, and the country continued in +the possession of France until 1763. By the treaty of Paris +in that year, she ceded to Great Britain, together with +Canada her possessions east of the Mississippi, excepting +only the island of New Orleans––this and her territory on +the west bank of that river were transferred to Spain.</p> +<p>The title of Spain to the valley of the Mississippi, if +made to depend on priority of discovery, would perhaps, +to say the least, be as good as that of either of the other +powers. Ferdinand de Soto, governor of Cuba, was most +probably the first white man who saw that majestic +stream.</p> +<p>The Spaniards had early visited and given name to +Florida. In 1528 Pamphilo de Narvaez obtained a grant +of it, and fitting out an armament, proceeded with four or +five hundred men to explore and settle the country. He +marched to the Indian village of Appalachas, when he was +attacked and defeated by the natives. The most of those +who escaped death from the hands of the savages, perished +in a storm, by which they were overtaken on their voyage +home. Narvaez himself perished in the wreck, and was +succeeded in his attempt at colonization by de Soto.</p> +<p>Ferdinand de Soto, then governor of Cuba, was a man +of chivalrous and enterprising spirit, and of cool, deliberate +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_8' name='page_8'></a>8</span> +courage. In his expedition to Florida, although attacked +by the Indians, immediately on his landing, yet, +rather seeking than shunning danger, he penetrated the +interior, and crossing the Mississippi, sickened and died on +Red river. So frequent and signal had been the victories +which he had obtained over the Indians, that his name +alone had become an object of terror to them; and his followers, +at once to preserve his remains from violation, and +prevent the natives from acquiring a knowledge of his +death, enclosed his body in a hollow tree, sunk it in the +Red river and returned to Florida.</p> +<p>Thus, it is said, were different parts of this continent +discovered; and by virtue of the settlements thus effected, +by [9] those three great powers of Europe, the greater portion +of it was claimed as belonging to them respectively, in +utter disregard of the rights of the Aborigines. And +while the historian records the colonization of America as +an event tending to meliorate the condition of Europe, and +as having extended the blessings of civil and religious liberty, +humanity must drop the tear of regret, that it has +likewise forced the natives of the new, and the inhabitants +of a portion of the old world, to drink so deeply from the +cup of bitterness.</p> +<p>The cruelties which have been exercised on the Aborigines +of America, the wrong and outrage heaped on +them from the days of Montezuma and Guatimozin, to the +present period, while they excite sympathy for their sufferings, +should extenuate, if not justify the bloody deeds, +which revenge prompted the untutored savages to commit. +Driven as they were from the lands of which they +were the rightful proprietors––Yielding to encroachment +after encroachment ’till forced to apprehend their utter +annihilation––Witnessing the destruction of their villages, +the prostration of their towns and the sacking of cities +adorned with splendid magnificence, who can feel surprised +at any attempt which they might make to rid the country +of its invaders. Who, but must applaud the spirit which +prompted them, when they beheld their prince a captive, +the blood of their nobles staining the earth with its crimson +dye, and the Gods of their adoration scoffed and derided, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_9' name='page_9'></a>9</span> +to aim at the destruction of their oppressors.––When +Mexico, “with her tiara of proud towers,” became +the theatre in which foreigners were to revel in rapine and +in murder, who can be astonished that the valley of +Otumba resounded with the cry of “Victory or Death?” +And yet, resistance on their part, served but as a pretext +for a war of extermination; waged too, with a ferocity, +from the recollection of which the human mind involuntarily +revolts, and with a success which has forever blotted +from the book of national existence, once powerful and +happy tribes.</p> +<p>But they did not suffer alone. As if to fill the cup of +oppression to the brim, another portion of the human +family were reduced to abject bondage, and made the unwilling +cultivators of those lands, of which the Indians +had been dispossessed. Soon after the settlement of North +America was commenced, the negroes of Africa became +an article of commerce, and from subsequent importations +and natural [10] increase have become so numerous as to +excite the liveliest apprehensions in the bosom of every +friend to this country. Heretofore they have had considerable +influence on the affairs of our government; and +recently the diversity of interest, occasioned in Virginia, +by the possession of large numbers of them in the +country east of the blue ridge of mountains, seemed +for a while to threaten the integrity of the state.––Happily +this is now passing away, but how far they may effect the +future destines of America, the most prophetic ken cannot +foresee. Yet, although the philanthropist must weep over +their unfortunate situation, and the patriot shudder +in anticipation of a calamity which it may defy human +wisdom to avert; still it would be unfair to charge the existence +of slavery among us to the policy of the United +States, or to brand their present owners as the instruments +of an evil which they cannot remove. And while others +boast that they are free from this dark spot, let them remember, +that but for them our national escutcheon might +have been as pure and unsullied as their own.<a name='FNanchor_0005' id='FNanchor_0005'></a><a href='#Footnote_0005' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_10' name='page_10'></a>10</span></div> +<p>We are indebted to the Dutch for their introduction +into Virginia, and to the ships of other than slave holding +communities, for their subsequent unhallowed transportation +to our shores. Yet those who were mainly instrumental +in forging the chains of bondage, have since rendered +the condition of the negro slave more intolerable +by fomenting discontent among them, and by “scattering +fire brands and torches,” which are often not to be extinguished +but in blood.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding those two great evils which have +resulted from the discovery and colonization of America, +yet to these the world is indebted for the enjoyment of +many and great blessings. They enlarged the theatre of +agricultural enterprise, and thus added to the facilities of +procuring the necessaries of life. They encouraged the +industry of Europeans, by a dependence on them for almost +every species of manufacture, and thus added considerably +to their population, wealth and happiness; while +the extensive tracts of fertile land, covering the face of +this country and inviting to its bosom the enterprising [11] +foreigner, has removed a far off any apprehension of the +ill effects arising from a too dense population.</p> +<p>In a moral and political point of view much good has +likewise resulted from the settlement of America. Religion, +freed from the fetters which enthralled her in Europe, +has shed her benign influence on every portion of our country. +Divorced from an adulterous alliance with state, she +has here stalked forth in the simplicity of her founder; +and with “healing on her wings, spread the glad tidings +of salvation to all men.” It is true that religious intolerance +and blind bigotry, for some time clouded our horizon, +but they were soon dissipated; and when the sun arose +which ushered in the dawn of our national existence scarce +a speck could be seen to dim its lustre. Here too was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_11' name='page_11'></a>11</span> +reared the standard of civil liberty, and an example set, +which may teach to the nations of the old world, that as +people are really the source of power, government should +be confided to them. Already have the beneficial effects +of this example been manifested, and the present condition +of Europe clearly shows, that the lamp of liberty, which +was lighted here, has burned with a brilliancy so steady as +to have reflected its light across the Atlantic. Whether it +will be there permitted to shine, is somewhat problematical. +But should a “holy alliance of legitimates” extinguish +it, it will be but for a season. Kings, Emperors and +Priests cannot succeed much longer in staying the march +of freedom. The people are sensibly alive to the oppression +of their rulers––they have groaned beneath the burden +’till it has become too intolerable to be borne; and +they are now speaking in a voice which will make tyrants +tremble on their throne.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_12' name='page_12'></a>12</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em; font-size:larger;'>[12] INTRODUCTION.</p> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em'><span class='smcap'>Chapter II.</span></p> +<p>When America was first visited by Europeans, it was +found that its inhabitants were altogether ignorant of the +country from which their ancestors had migrated, and of +the period at which they had been transplanted to the new +world. And although there were among them traditions +seeming to cast a light upon these subjects, yet when thoroughly +investigated, they tended rather to bewilder than +lead to any certain conclusion. The origin of the natives +has ever since been a matter of curious speculation with +the learned; conjecture has succeeded conjecture, hypothesis +has yielded to hypothesis, as wave recedes before wave, +still it remains involved in a labyrinth of inexplicable difficulties, +from which the most ingenious mind will perhaps +never be able to free it.</p> +<p>In this respect the situation of the aborigines of America +does not differ from that of the inhabitants of other +portions of the globe. An impenetrable cloud hangs over +the early history of other nations, and defies the researches +of the learned in any attempt to trace them to their origin. +The attempt has nevertheless been repeatedly made; and +philosophers, arguing from a real or supposed conformity +of one people to another, have vainly imagined that they +had attained to certainty on these subjects. And while +one has in this manner, undertaken to prove China to have +been an Egyptian colony, another, pursuing the same course +of reasoning, has, by way of ridicule, shewn how easily a +learned man of Tobolski or Pekin might as satisfactorily +prove France to have been a Trojan, a Greek or even an +Arabian colony; thus making manifest the utter futility +of endeavoring to arrive at certainty in this way.<a name='FNanchor_0006' id='FNanchor_0006'></a><a href='#Footnote_0006' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_13' name='page_13'></a>13</span></div> +<p>[13] Nor is this to be at all wondered at, when we reflect +on the barbarous state of those nations in their infancy, +the imperfection of traditionary accounts of what had +transpired centuries before, and in many instances the entire +absence of a written language, by which, either to perpetuate +events, or enable the philosopher by analogy of +language to ascertain their affinity with other nations. +Conjectural then as must be every disquisition as to the +manner in which this continent was first peopled, still +however, as many men eminent for learning and piety +have devoted much labor and time to the investigation of +the subject, it may afford satisfaction to the curious to see +some of those speculations recorded. Discordant as they +are in many respects, there is nevertheless one fact as to +the truth of which they are nearly all agreed; Mr. Jefferson +is perhaps the only one, of those who have written on +the subject, who seems to discredit the assertion that +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_14' name='page_14'></a>14</span> +America was peopled by emigrants from the old world. +How well the conjecture, that the eastern inhabitants of +Asia were descendants of the Indians of America can be +supported by any knowledge which is possessed of the +different languages spoken by the Aborigines, will be for +others to determine. “Neque confirmare argumentis, +neque refellere, in animo est; ex ingenio suo, quisque +demat vel addat fidem.”</p> +<p>Among those who have given to the world their opinions +on the origin of the natives of America, is Father +Jos. Acosta, a Jesuit who was for some time engaged as a +missionary among them. From the fact that no ancient +author has made mention of the [14] compass, he discredits +the supposition that the first inhabitants of this country +found their way here by sea. His conclusion is that +they must have found a passage by the North of Asia and +Europe which he supposes to join each other; or by those +regions which lie southward of the straits of Magellan.</p> +<p>Gregorio Garcia, who was likewise a missionary +among the Mexicans and Peruvians, from the traditions +of those nations, and from the variety of characters, customs, +languages and religion, observable in the new world, +has formed the opinion that it was peopled by several different +nations.</p> +<p>John de Laet, a Flemish writer, maintains that America +received its first inhabitants from Scythia or Tartary, +and soon after the dispersion of Noah’s grand-sons. The +resemblance of the northern Indians, in feature, complexion +and manner of living, to the Scythians, Tartars, and +Samojedes, being greater than to any other nations.</p> +<p>Emanuel de Moraez, in his history of Brazil, says +that this continent was wholly peopled by the Carthaginians +and Israelites. In confirmation of this opinion, he +mentions the discoveries which the Carthaginians are +known to have made beyond the coast of Africa. The +progress of these discoveries being stopped by the Senate +of Carthage, those who happened to be in the newly discovered +countries, cut off from all communication with +their countrymen, and being destitute of many of the +necessaries of life, easily fell into a state of barbarism. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_15' name='page_15'></a>15</span></p> +<p>George de Huron, a Dutch writer on this subject, considering +the short space of time which elapsed between the +creation of the world and the deluge, maintains that +America could not have been peopled before the flood. +He likewise supposes that its first inhabitants were located +in the north; and that the primitive colonies extended +themselves over the whole extent of the continent, by +means of the Isthmus of Panama. It is his opinion that +the first founders of these Indian colonies were Scythians; +that the Phœnicians and Carthaginians subsequently got +to America across the Atlantic, and the Chinese across the +Pacific ocean, and that other nations might have landed +there by one of these means, or been thrown on the coast +by tempest: since through the whole extent of the continent, +both in its northern and southern parts there are +evident marks of a mixture of the northern nations with +those who have come from other places.</p> +<p>[15] He also supposes that another migration of the +Phœnicians took place during a three years voyage made +by the Tyrian fleet in the service of king Solomon. He +asserts, on the authority of Josephus, that the port at which +this embarkation was made, lay in the Mediterranean. The +fleet, he adds, went in quest of Elephants’ teeth and Peacocks, +to the western coast of Africa, which is Tarshish, +then for gold to Ophir, which is Haite or the Island of +Hispaniola. In the latter opinion he is supported by Columbus, +who, when he discovered that Island, thought he +could trace the furnaces in which the gold had been refined.</p> +<p>Monsieur Charlevoix, who travelled through North +America, is of opinion that it received its first inhabitants +from Tartary and Hyrcania. In support of this impression +he says that some of the animals which are to be found +here, must have come from those countries: a fact which +would go to prove that the two hemispheres join to the +northward of Asia. And in order to strengthen this conjecture, +he relates the following story, which he says was +told to him by Father Grollon, a French Jesuit, as matter +of fact.</p> +<p>Father Grollon said, that after having labored some +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_16' name='page_16'></a>16</span> +time in the missions of New France, he passed over to +China. One day as he was travelling in Tartary he met a +Huron woman whom he had known in Canada. He asked +her by what adventure she had been carried into a country +so very remote from her own; she replied that having been +taken in war, she was conducted from nation to nation, +until she reached the place where she then was.</p> +<p>Monsieur Charlevoix narrates another circumstance of +a similar kind. He says that he had been assured, another +Jesuit had met with a Floridian woman in China. She +also had been made captive by certain Indians, who gave +her to those of a more distant country, and by these again +she was given to those of another nation, ’till having been +successively passed from country to country, and after having +travelled through regions extremely cold, she at length +found herself in Tartary. Here she had married a Tartar, +who had attended the conquerors in China, and with whom +she then was.</p> +<p>Arguing from these facts and from the similarity of +several kinds of wild beasts which are found in America, +with those of Hyrcania and Tartary, he arrives at what he +deems, a [16] rational conclusion, that more than one nation +in America had Scythian or Tartarian extraction.</p> +<p>Charlevoix possessed a good opportunity of becoming +acquainted with the character and habits of the American +Indians. His theory however has been controverted by +some, possessing equal advantages of observation. Mr. +Adair, an intelligent gentleman who resided among the +nations during the space of forty years, and who became +well acquainted with their manners, customs, religion, traditions +and language, has given to them a very different +origin. But perfect soever as may have been his knowledge +of their manners, customs, religion and traditions, +yet it must be admitted that any inquiry into these, with +a view to discover their origin, would most probably prove +fallacious. A knowledge of the primitive language, alone +can cast much light on the subject. Whether this knowledge +can ever be attained, is, to say the least, very questionable––Being +an unwritten language, and subject to +change for so many centuries, it can scarcely be supposed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_17' name='page_17'></a>17</span> +now to bear much, if any affinity, to what it was in its +purity.</p> +<p>Mr. Adair says, that from the most exact observation +he could make during the long time which he traded +among the Indians, he was forced to believe them lineally +descended from the Israelites, either when they were a +maritime power, or soon after the general captivity; most +probably the latter.</p> +<p>He thinks that had the nine tribes and a half, which +were carried off by Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, and +which settled in Media, remained there long, they would, +by intermarrying with the nations of that country, from a +natural fickleness and proneness to idolatry, and from the +force of example, have adopted and bowed before the Gods +of the Medes and Assyrians; and have carried them along +with them. But he affirms that there is not the least trace +of this idolatry to be discovered among the Indians: and +hence he argues that those of the ten tribes who were the +forefathers of the natives, soon advanced eastward from +Assyria and reached their settlements in the new continent, +before the destruction of the first Temple.</p> +<p>In support of the position that the American Indians +are thus descended, Mr. Adair adduces among others the +following arguments:</p> +<p><i>1st, Their division into tribes.</i></p> +<p>“As each nation has its particular symbol, so each tribe +has [17] the badge from which it is denominated. The +Sachem is a necessary party in conveyances and treaties, +to which he affixes the mark of his tribe. If we go from +nation to nation among them, we shall not find one, who +does not distinguish himself by his respective family. +The genealogical names which they assume, are derived +either from the names of those animals whereof the cherubim +is said in revelation to be compounded; or from such +creatures as are most similar to them. The Indians bear +no religious respect to the animals from which they derive +their names; on the contrary they kill them whenever an +opportunity serves.</p> +<p>“When we consider that these savages have been upwards +of twenty centuries without the aid of letters to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_18' name='page_18'></a>18</span> +carry down their traditions, it can not be reasonably expected, +that they should still retain the identical names of +their primogenial tribes: their main customs corresponding +with those of the Israelites, sufficiently clear the subject. +Moreover they call some of their tribes by the +names of the cherubinical figures, which were carried on +the four principal standards of Israel.”</p> +<p><i>2nd, Their worship of Jehovah.</i></p> +<p>“By a strict, permanent, divine precept, the Hebrew +nation was ordered to worship at Jerusalem, Jehovah the +true and living God, who by the Indians is styled ‘<i>Yohewah</i>.’ +The seventy-two interpreters have translated this +word so as to signify, <i>Sir</i>, <i>Lord</i>, <i>Master</i>, applying to mere +earthly potentates, without the least signification or relation +to that great and awful name, which describes the +divine presence.”</p> +<p><i>3rd, Their notions of a theocracy.</i></p> +<p>“Agreeably to the theocracy or divine government of +Israel, the Indians think the deity to be the immediate +head of the state. All the nations of Indians have a great +deal of religious pride, and an inexpressible contempt for +the white people. In their war orations they used to call +us <i>the accursed people</i>, but flatter themselves with the name +of the <i>beloved people</i>, because their supposed ancestors +were, as they affirm, under the immediate government of +the Deity, who was present with them in a peculiar manner, +and directed them by Prophets, while the rest of the +world were aliens to the covenant.<a name='FNanchor_0007' id='FNanchor_0007'></a><a href='#Footnote_0007' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> When the old Archimagus, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_19' name='page_19'></a>19</span> +or any of their Magi, is [18] persuading the people at +their religious solemnities, to a strict observance of the old +<i>beloved or divine speech</i>, he always calls them the <i>beloved or +holy people</i>, agreeably to the Hebrew epithet, <i>Ammi</i>, (my +people) during the theocracy of Israel. It is this opinion, +that God has chosen them out of the rest of mankind, as +his peculiar people, which inspires the white Jew, and the +red American, with that steady hatred against all the +world except themselves, and renders them hated and despised +by all.”</p> +<p><i>5th, Their language and dialects.</i></p> +<p>“The Indian language and dialects appear to have the +very idiom and genius of the Hebrew. Their words and +sentences are expressive, concise, emphatical, sonorous +and bold; and often both the letters and signification are +synonymous with the Hebrew language.” Of these Mr. +Adair cites a number of examples.</p> +<p><i>6th, Their manner of counting time.</i></p> +<p>“The Indians count time after the manner of the Hebrews. +They divide the year into spring, summer, autumn +and winter. They number their year from any of these +four periods, for they have no name for a year; and they +subdivide these and count the year by lunar months, like +the Israelites who counted time by moons, as their name +sufficiently testifies.</p> +<p>“The number and regular periods of the religious feasts +among the Indians, is a good historical proof that they +counted time by and observed a weekly Sabbath, long +after their arrival in America. They began the year at +the appearance of the first new moon of the vernal equinox, +according to the ecclesiastical year of Moses. ’Till +the seventy years captivity [19] commenced, the Israelites +had only numeral names for their months, except Abib +and Ethanim; the former signifying a <i>green ear of corn</i>, +the latter <i>robust or valiant</i>; by the first name the Indians +as an explicative, term their passover, which the trading +people call <i>the green corn dance</i>.”</p> +<p><i>7th, Their prophets or high priests.</i></p> +<p>“In conformity to, or after the manner of the Jews, the +Indians have their prophets, high priests, and others of a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_20' name='page_20'></a>20</span> +religious order. As the Jews have a Sanctum Sanctorum, +so have all the Indian nations. There they deposit their consecrated +vessels––none of the laity daring to approach that +sacred place. The Indian tradition says, that their forefathers +were possessed of an extraordinary divine spirit by +which they foretold future events; and that this was transmitted +to their offspring, provided they obeyed the sacred +laws annexed to it.<a name='FNanchor_0008' id='FNanchor_0008'></a><a href='#Footnote_0008' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> [20] <i>Ishtoallo</i> is the name of all their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_21' name='page_21'></a>21</span> +priestly order and their pontifical office descends by inheritance +to the eldest. There are traces of agreement, +though chiefly lost, in their pontifical dress. Before the +Indian Archimagus officiates in making the supposed +holy fire for the yearly atonement of sin, the <i>Sagan</i> +clothes him with a white ephod, which is a waistcoat without +sleeves. In resemblance of the Urim and Thummim +the American Archimagus wears a breastplate made of a +white conch-shell, with two holes bored in the middle of it, +through which he puts the ends of an otter-skin strap; +and fastens a buck-horn white button to the outside of +each; as if in imitation of the precious stones of the +Urim.”</p> +<p>In remarking upon this statement of Mr. Adair, Faber, +a learned divine of the church of England, has said, that +Ishtoallo (the name according to Adair of the Indian +priests) is most probably a corruption of <i>Ish-da-Eloah</i>, a man +of God, (the term used by the Shunemitish woman in +speaking of Elisha;) and that <i>Sagan</i> is the very name by +which the Hebrews called the deputy of the High Priest, +who supplied his office and who performed the functions of +it in the absence of the high priest, or when any accident +had disabled him from officiating in person.</p> +<p><i>8th, Their festivals, fasts and religious rites.</i></p> +<p>“The ceremonies of the Indians in their religious worship,[21] +are more after the Mosaic institution, than of +Pagan imitation. This could not be the fact if a majority +of the old nations were of heathenish descent. They are +utter strangers to all the gestures practiced by Pagans in +their religious rites. They have likewise an appellative, +which with them is the mysterious, essential name of +God; the <i>tetragrammaton</i>, which they never use in common +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_22' name='page_22'></a>22</span> +speech. They are very particular of the time and place, +when and where they mention it, and this is always done +in a very solemn manner. It is known that the Jews had +so great and sacred regard for the four lettered, divine +name, as scarcely ever to mention it, except when the High +Priest went into the sanctuary for the expiation of sins.”</p> +<p>Mr. Adair likewise says that the American Indians, +like the Hebrews, have an ark in which are kept various +holy vessels, and which is never suffered to rest on the bare +ground. “On hilly ground, where stones are plenty, they +always place it on them, but on level land it is made to +rest on short legs. They have also a faith, in the power +and holiness of their ark, as strong as the Israelites had in +theirs. It is too sacred and dangerous to be touched by +any one, except the chieftain and his waiter. The leader +virtually acts the part of a priest of war protempore, in +imitation of the Israelites fighting under the divine military +banner.”</p> +<p>Among their other religious rites the Indians, according +to Adair, cut out the sinewy part of the thigh; in +commemoration, as he says, of the Angel wrestling with +Jacob.</p> +<p><i>12th, Their abstinence from unclean things.</i></p> +<p>“Eagles of every kind are esteemed by the Indians to +be unclean food; as also ravens, crows, bats, buzzards and +every species of owl. They believe that swallowing gnats, +flies and the like, always breed sickness. To this that divine +sarcasm alludes ‘swallowing a camel and straining at +a gnat.’” Their purifications for their Priests, and for having +touched a dead body or other unclean thing, according +to Mr. Adair, are quite Levitical. He acknowledges however, +that they have no traces of circumcision; but he +supposes that they lost this rite in their wanderings, as it +ceased among the Hebrews, during the forty years in the +wilderness.</p> +<p><i>15th, Their cities of refuge.</i></p> +<p>“The Israelites had cities of refuge for those who +killed persons unawares. According to the same particular +divine [22] law of mercy, each of the Indian nations has +a house or town of refuge, which is a sure asylum to protect +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_23' name='page_23'></a>23</span> +a man-slayer, or the unfortunate captive, if they can but +once enter into it. In almost every nation they have +peaceable towns, called ancient holy, or white towns. +These seem to have been towns of refuge; for it is not in +the memory of man, that ever human blood was shed in +them, although they often force persons from thence and +put them to death elsewhere.”</p> +<p><i>16th, Their purifications and ceremonies preparatory.</i></p> +<p>“Before the Indians go to war they have many preparatory +ceremonies of purification and fasting like what +is recorded of the Israelites.”</p> +<p><i>21st, Their raising seed to a deceased brother.</i></p> +<p>“The surviving brother, by the Mosaic law, was to +raise seed to a deceased brother, who left a widow childless. +The Indian custom looks the very same way; but +in this as in their law of blood, the eldest brother can redeem.”</p> +<p>With these and many arguments of a like kind, has +Mr. Adair endeavored to support the conjecture, that the +American Indians are lineally descended from the Israelites; +and gravely asks of those who may dissent from his +opinion of their origin and descent, to inform him how +they came here, and by what means they formed the long +chain of rites and customs so similar to those of the Hebrews, +and dissimilar to the rites and customs of the pagan +world.</p> +<p>Major Carver, a provincial officer who sojourned some +time with the Indians and visited twelve different nations +of them, instead of observing the great similarity, mentioned +by Adair as existing between the natives and Hebrews, +thought he could trace features of resemblance between +them and the Chinese and Tartars; and has undertaken +to shew how they might have got here. He says,</p> +<p>“Although it is not ascertained certainly, that the continents +of Asia and America join each other, yet it is proven +that the sea which is supposed to divide them, is full of +islands the distance from which to either continent, is comparatively +trifling. From these islands a communication +with the main land could be more readily effected than +from any other point.” “It is very evident that the manners +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_24' name='page_24'></a>24</span> +and customs of the American Indians, resemble that +of the Tartars; and I have no doubt that in some future +era, it will be reduced to a certainty that in some of the +wars between the Chinese and Tartars, a part [23] of the +inhabitants of the northern provinces were driven from +their country and took refuge in some of these islands, +and from thence found their way to America. At different +periods each nation might prove victorious, and the +conquered by turns fly before the conquerors; and hence +might arise the similitude of the Indians to all these people, +and that animosity which exists among so many of +their tribes.”</p> +<p>After remarking on the similarity which exists between +the Chinese and Indians, in the singular custom of +shaving or plucking out the hair leaving only a small spot +on the crown of the head; and the resemblance in sound +and signification which many of the Chinese and Indian +words bear to each other, he proceeds, “After the most +critical inquiry and mature deliberation, I am of opinion +that America received its first inhabitants from the northeast, +by way of the islands mentioned as lying between +Asia and America. This might have been effected at different +times and from different parts: from Tartary, +China, Japan or Kamschatka, the inhabitants of these +countries resembling each other, in color, feature and +shape.”</p> +<p>Other writers on this subject, coinciding in opinion +with Carver, mention a tradition which the Indians in +Canada have, that foreign merchants clothed in silk +formerly visited them in great ships: these are supposed +to have been Chinese, the ruins of Chinese ships having +been found on the American coast. The names of many +of the American kings, are said to be Tartar; and Tartarax, +who reigned formerly in Quivira, means the Tartar. +Manew, the founder of the Peruvian empire, most probably +came from the Manchew Tartars. Montezuma, the +title of the emperors of Mexico, is of Japanese extraction; +for according to some authors it is likewise the appellation +of the Japanese Monarch. The plant Ginseng, +since found in America, where the natives termed it +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_25' name='page_25'></a>25</span> +Garentoguen, a word of the same import in their language, +with Ginseng in the Tartar, both meaning <span class='smcap'>The +Thighs of a Man</span>.</p> +<p>Dr. Robertson is decidedly of opinion, that the different +tribes of American Indians, excepting the Esquimaux, +are of Asiatic extraction. He refers to a tradition among +the Mexicans of the migration of their ancestors from a +remote country, situated to the north-west of Mexico, and +says they point out their various stations as they advanced +into the interior provinces, which is precisely the route +they must have held, if they had been emigrants from +Asia.</p> +<p>Mr. Jefferson, in his notes on Virginia, says, that the +passage from Europe to America was always practicable, +even to the imperfect [24] navigation of the ancient times; +and that, from recent discoveries, it is proven, that if Asia and +America be separated at all it is only by a narrow streight. +“Judging from the resemblance between the Indians of +America and the eastern inhabitants of Asia, we should +say that the former are descendants of the latter, or the +latter of the former, except indeed the Esquimaux, who, +from the same circumstance of resemblance, and from +identity of language, must be derived from the Greenlanders. +A knowledge of their several languages would +be the most certain evidence of their derivation which +could be produced. In fact it is the best proof of the +affinity of nations, which ever can be referred to.”</p> +<p>After regretting that so many of the Indian tribes +have been suffered to perish, without our having collected +and preserved the general rudiments of their language, he +proceeds,</p> +<p>“Imperfect as is our knowledge of the tongues spoken +in America, it suffices to discover the following remarkable +fact. Arranging them under the radical ones to +which they may be palpably traced, and doing the same +by those of the red men of Asia, there will be found probably +twenty in America, for one in Asia, of those radical +languages; so called because if ever they were the same, +they have lost all resemblance to one another. A separation +into dialects may be the work of a few ages only, but +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_26' name='page_26'></a>26</span> +for two dialects to recede from one another, ’till they have +lost all vestiges of their common origin, must require an +immense course of time; perhaps not less than many people +give to the age of the earth. A greater number of +those radical changes of language having taken place +among the red men of America proves them of greater antiquity +than those of Asia.”</p> +<p>Indian traditions say, that “in ancient days the Great +Island appeared upon the big waters, the earth brought +forth trees, herbs and fruits: that there were in the world +a good and a bad spirit, the good spirit formed creeks and +rivers on the great island, and created numerous species +of animals to inhabit the forests, and fishes of all kinds to +inhabit the water. He also made two beings to whom he +gave living souls and named them Ea-gwe-howe, (real +people). Subsequently some of the people became giants +and committed outrages upon the others. After many +years a body of Ea-gwe-howe people encamped on the +bank of a majestic stream, which they named, Kanawaga +(St. Lawrence.) After a long time a number of foreign +people sailed from a part unknown, but unfortunately the +winds drove them off and they ultimately landed on the +southern part of the great island and many of the crew +perished. Those who survived, selected a place for residence, +erected fortifications, became a numerous people +and extended their settlements.”<a name='FNanchor_0009' id='FNanchor_0009'></a><a href='#Footnote_0009' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<p>Thus various and discordant are the conjectures respecting +the manner in which this continent was first +peopled. Although some [25] of them appear more +rational and others, yet are they at best but hypothetical +disquisitions on a subject which will not now admit of +certainty. All agree that America was inhabited long anterior +to its discovery by Columbus, and by a race of human +beings, who, however numerous they once were, are +fast hastening to extinction; some centuries hence and +they will be no more known. The few memorials, which +the ravages of time have suffered to remain of them, in +those portions of the country from which they have been +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_27' name='page_27'></a>27</span> +long expelled; have destruction dealt them by the ruthless +hand of man. History may transmit to after ages, the +fact that they once were, and give their “local habitation +and their name.” These will probably be received as the +tales of fiction, and posterity be at as much loss to determine, +whether they ever had an existence, as we now are +to say from whence they sprang.</p> +<table style='margin: auto' summary=''><tr><td> +<p class='cg'> +“I have stood upon Achilles’ tomb</p> +<p class='cg'> +And heard Troy doubted. Time will doubt of Rome.”</p> +</td></tr></table> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_28' name='page_28'></a>28</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:1em; font-size:larger;'>INTRODUCTION.</p> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em'><span class='smcap'>Chapter III.</span></p> +<p>The aborigines of America, although divided into +many different tribes, inhabiting various climates, and without +a community of language, are yet assimilated to each +other in stature and complexion, more strikingly than are +the inhabitants of the different countries of Europe. The +manners and customs of one nation, are very much the +manners and customs of all; and although there be peculiarities +observable among all, yet are they fewer and less +manifest than those which mark the nations of the old +world, and distinguish them so palpably from each other. +A traveller might have traversed the country, when occupied +exclusively by the natives, without remarking among +them, the diversity which exists in Europe; or being impressed +with the contrast which a visit across the Pyrennes +would exhibit, between the affability and vivacity of a +Frenchman at a theatre or in the Elysian fields, and the +hauteur and reserve of a Spaniard at their bloody circus, +when “bounds with one lashing spring the mighty brute.”</p> +<p>[26] Nor is there much in savage life, calculated to +inspire the mind of civilized man, with pleasurable sensations. +Many of the virtues practised by them, proceed +rather from necessity or ignorance than from any ethical +principle existing among them. The calm composure with +which they meet death and their stoical indifference to +bodily pain, are perhaps more attributable to recklessness +of life and physical insensibility,<a name='FNanchor_0010' id='FNanchor_0010'></a><a href='#Footnote_0010' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> than to fortitude or +magnanimity; consequently they do not much heighten +the zest of reflection, in contemplating their character. +The christian and the philanthropist, with the benevolent +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_29' name='page_29'></a>29</span> +design of improving their morals and meliorating their +condition, may profitably study every peculiarity and trait +of character observable among them; it will facilitate their +object and enable them the more readily to reclaim them +from a life of heathenish barbarity, and to extend to them +the high boons of civilization and christianity.</p> +<p>It has been observed that the different tribes of natives +of North America, resemble each other very much in stature +and complexion, in manners and customs; a general +description of these will therefor be sufficient.</p> +<p>The stature of an Indian, is generally that of the medial +stature of the Anglo Americans; the Osages are said +to form an exception to this rule, being somewhat taller. +They are almost universally straight and well proportioned; +their limbs are clean, but less muscular than those of the +whites, and their whole appearance strongly indicative of +effeminacy. In walking, they invariable place one foot directly +before the other––the toes never verging from a +right line with the heel. When traveling in companies, +their manner of marching is so peculiar as to have given +rise to the expression, “<i>Indian file</i>;” and while proceeding +in this way, each carefully places his foot in the vestige of +the foremost of the party, so as to leave the impression +of the footsteps of but one. They have likewise in their +gait and carriage something so entirely different from the +gait and carriage of the whites, as to enable a person to +pronounce on one at a considerable distance. The hair of +an Indian is also strikingly different from that of the +whites. It is always black and straight, hangs loose and +looks as if it were [27] oiled. There is a considerable resemblance +in appearance, between it and the glossy black +mane of a thoroughbred horse; though its texture is finer.</p> +<p>In the squaws there exist, the same delicacy of proportion, +the same effeminacy of person, the same slenderness +of hand and foot, which characterise the female of +refined society; in despite too of the fact, that every +laborious duty and every species of drudgery, are imposed +on them from childhood. Their faces are broad, and between +the eyes they are exceedingly wide; their cheek +bones are high and the eyes black in both sexes––the noses +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_30' name='page_30'></a>30</span> +of the women inclining generally to the flat nose of the +African; while those of the men are more frequently aquiline +than otherwise.</p> +<p>Instances of decrepitude and deformity, are rarely +known to exist among them: this is probably owing to +the manner in which they are tended and nursed in infancy. +It is not necessary that the mother should, as has been +supposed, be guilty of the unnatural crime of murdering +her decrepid or deformed offspring––the hardships they +encounter are too great to be endured by infants not possessed +of natural vigor, and they sink beneath them.</p> +<p>Their countenances are for the most inflexible, stern +and immovable. The passions which agitate or distract +the mind, never alter its expression, nor do the highest +ecstacies of which their nature is susceptible, ever relax its +rigidity. With the same imperturbability of feature, they +encounter death from the hand of an enemy, and receive +the greetings of a friend.</p> +<p>In their intercourse with others, they seem alike insensible +to emotions of pleasure and of pain; and rarely +give vent to feelings of either. The most ludicrous scenes +scarcely ever cause them to laugh, or the most interesting +recitals draw from them more than their peculiar monosyllabic +expression of admiration.</p> +<p>In conversation they are modest and unassuming; indeed +taciturnity is as much a distinguishing trait of Indian +character, as it ever was of the Roman. In their councils +and public meetings, they never manifest an impatience to +be heard, or a restlessness under observations, either grating +to personal feeling or opposite to their individual ideas +of propriety: on the contrary they are still, silent and attentive; +and each is heard with the respect due to his +years, his wisdom, his experience, or the fame which his +exploits may have acquired him. [28] A loud and garrulous +Indian is received by the others with contempt, and a +cowardly disposition invariably attributed to him––</p> +<table style='margin: auto' summary=''><tr><td> +<p class='cg'> +“Bold at the council board,</p> +<p class='cg'> +But in the field he shuns the sword,”</p> +</td></tr></table> +<p>is as much and truly an apothegm with them as with us. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_31' name='page_31'></a>31</span></p> +<p>Their taciturnity and irrisibility however, are confined +to their sober hours. When indulging their insatiate thirst +for spirit, they are boisterous and rude, and by their obstreperous +laughter, their demoniacal shrieks and turbulent +vociferations, produce an appalling discord, such as +might well be expected to proceed from a company of infernal +spirits at their fiendish revels; and exhibit a striking +contrast to the low, monotonous tones used by them +at other times.</p> +<p>There can be no doubt that the Indians are the most +lazy, indolent race of human beings. No attempt which +has ever been made to convert them into slaves, has +availed much. The rigid discipline of a Spanish master, +has failed to overcome that inertness, from which an Indian +is roused only by war and the chase––Engaged in +these, he exhibits as much activity and perseverance, as +could be displayed by any one; and to gratify his fondness +for them, will encounter toils and privations, from which +others would shrink. His very form indicates at once, an +aptitude for that species of exercise which war and hunting +call into action, and an unfitness for the laborious drudgery +of husbandry and many of the mechanic arts. Could +they have been converted into profitable slaves, it is more +than probable we should never have been told, that “the +hand of providence was visible in the surprising instances +of mortality among the Indians, to make room for the +whites.”</p> +<p>In their moral character many things appear of a nature, +either so monstrous as to shock humanity, or so +absurd as to excite derision; yet they have some redeeming +qualities which must elicit commendation. And while +we view with satisfaction those bright spots, shining more +brilliantly from the gloom which surrounds them, their +want of learning and the absence of every opportunity for +refinement, should plead in extenuation of their failings +and their vices. Some of the most flagrant of these, if +not encouraged, have at least been sanctioned by the +whites. In the war between the New England colonies +and the Narragansetts, it was the misfortune of the brave +Philip, after having witnessed the destruction of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_32' name='page_32'></a>32</span> +[29] greater part of his nation, to be himself slain by a Mohican. +After his head had been taken off, Oneco, chief of +the Mohicans, then in alliance with the colonists, claimed +that he had a right to feast himself on the body of his +fallen adversary. The whites did not object to this, but +composedly looked on Oneco, broiling and eating the flesh +of Philip––and yet cannibalism was one of their most savage +traits of character.</p> +<p>This was a general, if not an universal custom among +the Indians, when America became known to the whites. +Whether it has yet entirely ceased is really to be doubted: +some of those who have been long intimate with them, +affirm that it has not; though it is far from being prevalent.</p> +<p>The Indians are now said to be irritable; but when Europeans +first settled among them, they were not more irascible +than their new neighbors. In their anger however, +they differ very much from the whites. They are not talkative +and boisterous as these are, but silent, sullen and revengeful. +If an injury be done them, they never forget, +they never forgive it. Nothing can be more implacable +than their resentment––no time can allay it––no change +of circumstances unfix its purpose. Revenge is to them +as exhilarating, as the cool draught from the fountain, to +the parched and fevered lips of a dying man.</p> +<p>When taking vengeance of an enemy, there is no +cruelty which can be exercised, no species of torture, +which their ingenuity can devise, too severe to be inflicted. +To those who have excited a spirit of resentment in the +bosom of an Indian, the tomahawk and scalping knife +are instruments of mercy. Death by the faggot––by +splinters of the most combustible wood, stuck in the flesh +and fired––maiming and disemboweling, tortures on which +the soul sickens but to reflect, are frequently practiced. +To an enemy of their own color, they are perhaps more +cruel and severe, than to the whites. In requiting upon +him, every refinement of torture is put in requisition, to +draw forth a sigh or a groan, or cause him to betray +some symptom of human sensibility. This they never +effect. An Indian neither shrinks from a knife, nor +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_33' name='page_33'></a>33</span> +winces at the stake; on the contrary he seems to exult +in his agony, and will mock his tormentors for the leniency +and mildness of their torture.<a name='FNanchor_0011' id='FNanchor_0011'></a><a href='#Footnote_0011' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +<p>[30] Drinking and gambling are vices, to which the +Indians, as well as the whites, are much addicted. Such +is their fondness for spirit of any kind that they are rarely +known to be sober, when they have it in their power to +be otherwise. Neither a sense of honor or of shame has +been able to overcome their propensity for its use; and +when drunk, the ties of race, of friendship and of kindred +are too weak, to bind their ferocious tempers.</p> +<p>In gambling they manifest the same anxiety, which +we see displayed at the card table of the whites. The +great difference seems to be, that we depend too frequently +on sleight and dexterity; whereas while they are shaking +their gourd neck of half whited plumbstones, they only +use certain <i>tricks</i> of conjuration, which in their simplicity +they believe will ensure them success. To this method of +attaining an object, they have frequent recourse. Superstition +is the concomitant of ignorance. The most enlightened, +are rarely altogether exempt from its influence––with +the uninformed it is a master passion, swaying +and directing the mind in all its operations.</p> +<p>In their domestic economy, Indians are, in some respects, +like the rude of all countries. They manifest but +little respect for the female; imposing on her not only the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_34' name='page_34'></a>34</span> +duties of the hut, but also the more laborious operations +of husbandry; and observing towards them the hauteur +and distance of superior beings.</p> +<p>There are few things, indeed, which mark with equal +precision, the state of civilization existing in any community, +as the rank assigned in it to females. In the +rude and barbarous stages of society, they are invariably +regarded as inferior beings, [31] instruments of sensual +gratification, and unworthy the attention and respect of +men. As mankind advance to refinement, females gradually +attain an elevation of rank, and acquire an influence +in society, which smoothes the asperities of life and produces +the highest polish, of which human nature is susceptible.</p> +<p>Among the Indians there is, however rude they may +be in other respects, a great respect always paid to female +chastity. Instances in which it has been violated by +them, if to be found at all, are extremely few. However +much the passion of revenge may stimulate to acts of +cruelty, the propensities of nature never lead them to infringe +the virtue of women in their power.</p> +<p>The general character of the Indians, was more estimable, +when they first became known to Europeans, than +it is at present. This has been ascribed to the introduction +of ardent spirits among them––other causes however, +have conspired to produce the result.</p> +<p>The cupidity of those who were engaged in commerce +with the natives, too frequently prompted them to +take every advantage, for self aggrandizement, which they +could obtain over the Indians. In the lucrative traffic carried +on with them, the influence of honesty was not predominant––the +real value of the commodity procured, was +never allowed; while upon every article given in exchange, +extortion alone affixed the price. These examples +could not fail to have a deteriorating effect upon their untutored +minds; and we find them accordingly losing their +former regard for truth, honesty and fidelity; and becoming +instead deceitful, dishonest and treacherous. Many +of their ancient virtues however, are still practised by +them. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_35' name='page_35'></a>35</span></p> +<p>The rights of hospitality are accorded to those who +go among them, with a liberality and sincerity which +would reflect credit on civilized man. And although it +has been justly said that they rarely forgive an enemy, +yet is it equally true that they never forsake their friends; +to them they are always kind, generous and beneficent.</p> +<p>After the ceremony of introduction is over,<a name='FNanchor_0012' id='FNanchor_0012'></a><a href='#Footnote_0012' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> a captive +enemy, [32] who is adopted by them, is also treated with +the utmost humanity and attention. An Indian cheerfully +divides his last morsel with an adopted son or brother; +and will readily risk life in his defence. Such indeed, is +the kindness which captives thus situated invariably receive, +that they frequently regret the hour of their redemption, +and refuse to leave their red brethren, to return and +mingle with the whites.</p> +<p>As members of a community, they are at all times +willing to devote their every faculty, for the good of the +whole. The honor and welfare of their respective tribes, +are primary considerations with them. To promote these, +they cheerfully encounter every privation, endure every +hardship, and face every danger. Their patriotism is of +the most pure and disinterested character; and of those +who have made us feel so sensibly, the horrors of savage +warfare, many were actuated by motives which would reflect +honor on the citizens of any country. The unfortunate +Tecumseh was a remarkable example of the most ardent +and patriotic devotion to his country.</p> +<p>Possessed of an acute and discerning mind, he witnessed +the extending influence of the whites, with painful +solicitude. Listening with melancholy rapture, to the traditionary +accounts of the former greatness of his nation, +and viewing in anticipation the exile or extinction of his +race, his noble soul became fired with the hope that he +might retrieve the fallen fortune of his country, and restore +it to its pristine dignity and grandeur. His attachment +to his tribe impelled him to exertion and every nerve was +strained in its cause.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_36' name='page_36'></a>36</span></div> +<p>Determined if possible to achieve the independence of +his nation, and to rid her of those whom he considered +her oppressors, he formed the scheme of uniting in hostility +against the United States, all the tribes dwelling +east of the Mississippi river. In the prosecution of this +purpose, he travelled from Mackinaw to Georgia,<a name='FNanchor_0013' id='FNanchor_0013'></a><a href='#Footnote_0013' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> and with +wonderful adroitness practised on the different feelings of +his red brethren. Assuming at times the character of a +prophet, he wrought powerfully on their credulity and superstition.––Again, +depending on the force of oratory, the +witchery of his eloquence drew many [33] to his standard. +But all was in vain––His plans were entirely frustrated. +He had brought none of his auxiliaries into the field; and +was totally unprepared for hostilities, when his brother, +the celebrated Shawanese prophet, by a premature attack +on the army under Gen. Harrison, at an inauspicious moment, +precipitated him into a war with the United States.</p> +<p>Foiled by this means, Tecumseh joined the standard +of Great Britain in the war of 1812; and as a Brigadier +General in her army, lost his life, bravely supporting the +cause which he had espoused. He deserved a better fate; +and but for prejudice which is so apt to dim the eye and +distort the object, Tecumseh would, most probably, be +deemed a martyr for his country, and associated in the +mind with the heroes of Marathon and Thermopylæ.</p> +<p>To contemplate the Indian character, in a religious +point of view, is less gratifying than to consider it in regard +to the lesser morals. At the period of the settlement +of Western Virginia, excepting the Moravians, and a few +others who had been induced by the zeal and exertions of +Roman catholic missionaries to wear the cross, the Indians +north west of the Ohio river, were truly heathens. They +believed indeed in a First Cause, and worshiped the Good +Spirit; but they were ignorant of the great truths of +Christianity, and their devotions were but superstitious +acts of blind reverence. In this situation they remain +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_37' name='page_37'></a>37</span> +generally at the present day, notwithstanding the many +laudable endeavors which have been made to christianize +them.</p> +<p>Perhaps there was never a tribe in America, but believed +in the existence of a Deity; yet were their ideas +of the nature and attributes of God, not only obscure, but +preposterous and absurd. They believe also in the existence +of many inferior deities, whom they suppose to be +employed as assistants in managing the affairs of the world, +and in inspecting the actions of men. Eagles and Owls are +thought by some to have been placed here as observers of +the actions of men; and accordingly, when an eagle is seen +to soar about them by day, or an owl to perch near them +at night, they immediately offer sacrifice, that a good report +may be made of them to the Great Spirit.</p> +<p>They are likewise believers in the immortality of the +soul; and have such an idea of a future state of existence, +as accords with their character and condition here. +Strangers to [34] intellectual pleasures, they suppose that +their happiness hereafter will consist of mere sensual +gratifications; and that when they die, they will be translated +to a delightful region, where the flowers never fade, +nor the leaves fall from the trees; where the forests abound +in game, and the lakes in fish, and where they expect to +remain forever, enjoying all the pleasures which delighted +them here.<a name='FNanchor_m0014' id='FNanchor_m0014'></a><a href='#Footnote_m0014' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_38' name='page_38'></a>38</span></div> +<p>In consequence of this belief, when an Indian dies, +and is buried, they place in the grave with him, his bow +and arrows and such weapons as they use in war, that he +may be enabled to procure game and overcome an enemy. +And it has been said, that they grieve more for the death +of an infant unable to provide for itself in the world of +spirits, than for one who had attained manhood and was +capable of taking care of himself. An interesting instance +of this is given by Major Carver, and furnishes at +once, affecting evidence of their incongruous creed and of +their parental tenderness. Maj. Carver says:</p> +<p>“Whilst I remained with them, a couple whose tent +was near to mine, lost a son about four years old. The +parents were so inconsolable for its loss, and so much +affected by its death, that they pursued the usual testimonies +of grief with such uncommon vigor, as through +the weight of sorrow and loss of blood, to occasion the +death of the father. The mother, who had been hitherto +absorbed in grief, no sooner beheld her husband expire, +than she dried up her tears, and appeared cheerful and resigned.</p> +<p>“As I knew not how to account for so extraordinary +a transition, I took an opportunity to ask her the reason +of it. She replied, that as the child was so young when +it died, and unable to support itself in the country of +spirits, both she and her husband had been apprehensive +that its situation would be far from pleasant; but no sooner +did she behold its father depart for the same place, and +who not only loved the child with the tenderest affection, +but was a good hunter and [35] able to provide plentifully +for its support, than she ceased to mourn. She added that +she saw no reason to continue her tears, as the child was +now happy under the protection of a fond father; and that +she had only one wish remaining to be gratified, and that +was a wish to be herself with them.”<a name='FNanchor_0014' id='FNanchor_0014'></a><a href='#Footnote_0014' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>In relation to the Indian antiquities so frequently met +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_39' name='page_39'></a>39</span> +with in America, much doubt still exists. When and for +what purpose many of those vast mounds of earth, so +common in the western country, were heaped up, is matter +of uncertainty. Mr. Jefferson has pronounced them to +be repositories of the dead; and many of them certainly +were designed for that purpose; perhaps all with which +he had become acquainted previous to the writing of his +notes of Virginia. Mr. Jefferson did not deem them +worthy the name of monuments. Since the country has +been better explored, many have been discovered justly +entitled to that appellation, some of which seem to have +been constructed for purposes other than inhumation.<a name='FNanchor_0015' id='FNanchor_0015'></a><a href='#Footnote_0015' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> +These are frequently met with in the valley of the Mississippi, +and are said to extend into Mexico. The most celebrated +works of this class, are believed to be those at Circleville +in Ohio, which have so frequently been described, +and are justly considered memorials of the labor and perseverance +of those by whom they were erected.</p> +<p>There is a tradition among the Indians of the north, +which if true would furnish a very rational solution to the +question, “for what purpose were they constructed?” +According to this tradition about “two thousand two +hundred years, before Columbus discovered America, the +northern nations appointed a prince, and immediately after, +repaired to the south and visited the <span class='smcap'>Golden city</span>, the capital +of a vast empire. After a time the emperor of the +south built many forts throughout his dominions, and extending +them northwardly almost penetrated the lake +Erie. This produced much excitement. The people of +the north, afraid that they would be deprived of the country +on the south side of the great lakes, determined to +defend it against the infringement of any foreign people; +long and bloody wars ensued which lasted about one +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_40' name='page_40'></a>40</span> +hundred years. The people of the north, being more skillful +in the use of bows and arrows, and capable of enduring +hardships which proved fatal to those of the south, gained +the conquest; and all the towns and forts, which had been +erected by their enemy, were totally destroyed and left in +a heap of ruins.”<a name='FNanchor_0016' id='FNanchor_0016'></a><a href='#Footnote_0016' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<p>The most considerable of those tumuli or sepulchral +mounds, which are found in Virginia, is that on the bottoms +of Grave creek, near its entrance into the Ohio, about +twelve miles below Wheeling, and is the only large one in +this section of the country. Its diameter at the base, is +said to be one hundred yards, its perpendicular height +about eighty feet, and the diameter at its summit, forty-five +feet. Trees, of all sizes and of various kinds, are +growing on its sides; and fallen [36] and decayed timber, +is interspersed among them; a single white oak rises out +of a concavity in the centre of its summit.<a name='FNanchor_0017' id='FNanchor_0017'></a><a href='#Footnote_0017' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a></p> +<p>Near to Cahokia there is a group (of about two hundred) +of these mounds, of various dimensions.<a name='FNanchor_0018' id='FNanchor_0018'></a><a href='#Footnote_0018' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> The largest +of these is said to have a base of eight hundred yards circumference, +and an altitude of ninety feet. These and the +one mentioned as being on Grave creek and many smaller +ones in various parts of the country, were no doubt places +of inhumation.<a name='FNanchor_0019' id='FNanchor_0019'></a><a href='#Footnote_0019' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a>––Many have been opened, and found to +contain human bones promiscuously thrown together. Mr. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_41' name='page_41'></a>41</span> +Jefferson supposed the one examined by him, (the diameter +of whose base was only forty feet and height twelve) to +contain the bones of perhaps a thousand human beings, +of each sex and of every age. Others have been examined, +in which were the skeletons of men of much greater +stature, than that of any of the Indians in America, at the +time of its discovery, or of those with whom we have since +become acquainted.</p> +<p>It is a well known fact, that since the whites became +settled in the country, the Indians were in the habit of +collecting the bones of their dead and of depositing them +in one general cemetery; but the earth and stone used by +them, were taken from the adjacent land. This was not +invariably the case, with those ancient heaps of earth +found in the west. In regard to many of them, this singular +circumstance is said to be a fact, that the earth, of +which they are composed, is of an altogether different nature, +from that around them; and must, in some instances, +have been carried a considerable distance. The tellurine +structures at Circleville are of this sort; and the material +of which they were constructed, is said to be distinctly +different, from the earth any where near to them.</p> +<p>The immensity of the size of these and many others, +would induce the supposition that they could not have +been raised by a race of people as indolent as the Indians +have been, ever since a knowledge was had of them. +Works, the construction of which would now require the +concentrated exertions of at least one thousand men, aided +by the mechanical inventions of later days, for several +months, could hardly have been erected by persons, so +subject to lassitude under labor as they are: unless indeed +their population was infinitely greater than we now conceive +it to have been. Admitting however, this density +of population to have existed, other circumstances would +corroborate the belief, that the country once had other inhabitants, +than the progenitors of those who have been +called, the aborigines of America: one of these circumstances +is the uncommon size of many of the skeletons +found in the smaller mounds upon the hills.</p> +<p>If the fact be, as it is represented, that the larger skeletons +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_42' name='page_42'></a>42</span> +are invariably found on elevated situations, remote +from the larger water courses, it would tend to show that +there was a diversity of habit, and admitting their cotemporaneous +existence, perhaps no alliance or intercourse +between those, whose remains they are, and the persons +by whom those large mounds and fortifications were +erected, [37] these being found only on plains in the contiguity +of large streams or inland lakes; and containing +only the bones of individuals of ordinary stature.</p> +<p>Another and stronger evidence that America was occupied +by others than the ancestors of the present Indians, +is to be found in those antiquities, which demonstrate that +iron was once known here, and converted to some of the +uses ordinarily made of it.</p> +<p>In graduating a street in Cincinnati, there was found, +twenty-five feet below the surface of the earth, a small +horse shoe, in which were several nails. It is said to present +the appearance of such erosion as would result from +the oxidation of some centuries. It was smaller than +would be required for a common mule.<a name='FNanchor_0020' id='FNanchor_0020'></a><a href='#Footnote_0020' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<p>Many are the instances of pieces of timber found, +various depths below the surface of the earth, with the +marks of the axe palpably visible on them.<a name='FNanchor_0021' id='FNanchor_0021'></a><a href='#Footnote_0021' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> A sword too, +said to have been enclosed in the wood of the roots of a +tree not less than five hundred years old, is preserved in +Ohio as a curiosity. Many other instances might, if necessary, +be adduced to prove, that implements of iron were in +use in this country, prior to its occupation by the whites. +Now if a people once have the use of that metal, it is far +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_43' name='page_43'></a>43</span> +from probable that it will ever after be lost to them: the +essential purposes to which it may be applied, would preserve +it to them. The Indians however, ’till taught by the +Europeans, had no knowledge of it.</p> +<p>Many of the antiquities discovered in other parts of the +country, show that the arts once flourished to an extent beyond +what they have ever been known to do among the Indians. +The body found in the saltpetre cave of Kentucky, +was wrapped in blankets made of linen and interwoven with +feathers of the wild turkey, tastefully arranged. It was much +smaller than persons of equal age at the present day, and +had yellowish hair. In Tennessee many walls of faced +stone, and even walled wells have been found in so many +places, at such depths and under such circumstances, +as to preclude the idea of their having been made by the +whites since the discovery by Columbus.</p> +<p>[38] In this state too, have been found burying grounds, +in which the skeletons seem all to have been those of pigmies: +the graves, in which the bodies had been deposited, +were seldom three feet in length; yet the teeth in the skulls +prove that they were the bodies of persons of mature age.</p> +<p>Upon the whole there cannot be much doubt, that +America was once inhabited by a people, not otherwise +allied to the Indians of the present day, than that they +were descendants of him, from whom has sprung the whole +human family.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_44' name='page_44'></a>44</span></div> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:1.2em;margin-top:3em;margin-bottom:1em;'>[39] CHRONICLES</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:smaller;margin-bottom:1em;'>OF</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;'>BORDER WARFARE.</p> +<hr style='border:none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width:100px;' /> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>CHAPTER I.</p> +<p>At the time when Virginia became known to the whites, +it was occupied by many different tribes of Indians, attached +to different nations. That portion of the state +lying north west of the Blue ridge, and extending to the +lakes was possessed by the Massawomees. These were a +powerful confederacy, rarely in amity with the tribes east +of that range of mountains; but generally harrassing +them by frequent hostile irruptions into their country. +Of their subsequent history, nothing is now known. +They are supposed by some to have been the ancestors of +the Six Nations. It is however more probable, that they +afterwards became incorporated with these, as did several +other tribes of Indians, who used a language so essentially +different from that spoken by the Six Nations, as to render +the intervention of interpreters necessary between +them.</p> +<p>As settlements were extended from the sea shore, the +Massawomees gradually retired; and when the white population +reached the Blue ridge of mountains, the valley +between it and the Alleghany, was entirely uninhabited. +This delightful region of country was then only used as +a hunting ground, and as a highway for belligerant parties +of different nations, in their military expeditions against +each other. In consequence of the almost continued hostilities +between the northern and southern Indians, these +expeditions were very frequent, and tended somewhat to +retard the settlement of the valley, and render a residence +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_45' name='page_45'></a>45</span> +in it, for some time, insecure and unpleasant. Between +the Alleghany mountains and the Ohio river, within the +present limits of Virginia, there were some villages interspersed, +inhabited by small numbers of Indians; the most +[40] of whom retired north west of that river, as the tide +of emigration rolled towards it. Some however remained +in the interior, after settlements began to be made in their +vicinity.</p> +<p>North of the present boundary of Virginia, and particularly +near the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela +rivers, and in the circumjacent country the Indians +were more numerous, and their villages larger. In 1753, +when Gen. Washington visited the French posts on the +Ohio, the spot which had been selected by the Ohio company, +as the site for a fort, was occupied by Shingess, king +of the Delawares; and other parts of the proximate +country, were inhabited by Mingoes and Shawanees.<a name='FNanchor_0022' id='FNanchor_0022'></a><a href='#Footnote_0022' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> +When the French were forced to abandon the position, +which they had taken at the forks of Ohio, the greater +part of the adjacent tribes removed farther west. So that +when improvements were begun to be made in the wilderness +of North Western Virginia, it had been almost entirely +deserted by the natives; and excepting a few straggling +hunters and warriors, who occasionally traversed it +in quest of game, or of human beings on whom to wreak +their vengeance, almost its only tenants were beasts of +the forest.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_46' name='page_46'></a>46</span></div> +<p>In the country north west of the Ohio river, there +were many warlike tribes of Indians, strongly imbued with +feelings of rancorous hostility to the neighboring colonists. +Among the more powerful of these were the Delawares, +who resided on branches of Beaver Creek, Cayahoga, and +Muskingum; and whose towns contained about six hundred +inhabitants––The Shawanees, who to the number of +300, dwelt upon the Scioto and Muskingum––The Chippewas, +near Mackinaw, of 400––Cohunnewagos, of 300, and +who inhabited near Sandusky––The Wyandots, whose +villages were near fort St. Joseph, and embraced a population +of 250––The Twightees, near fort Miami, with a like +population––The Miamis, on the river Miami, near the fort +of that name, reckoning 300 persons––The Pottowatomies +of 300, and the Ottawas of 550, in their villages near to +forts St. Joseph and Detroit,<a name='FNanchor_0023' id='FNanchor_0023'></a><a href='#Footnote_0023' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> and of 250, in the towns +near Mackinaw. Besides these, there were in the same +district of country, others of less note, yet equally inimical +to the whites; and who contributed much to the annoyance +[41] of the first settlers on the Ohio, and its tributaries.</p> +<p>There were likewise the Munsies, dwelling on the +north branch of the Susquehanna, and on the Allegheny +river––The Senecas, on the waters of the Susquehanna, +Ontario and the heads of the Allegheny––The Cayugas, +on Cayuga lake, and the Sapoonies, who resided in the +neighborhood of the Munsies. In these tribes was an aggregate +population of 1,380 souls, and they likewise aided +in committing depredations on our frontiers.</p> +<p>Those who ventured to explore and occupy the south +western portion of Virginia, found also in its vicinity some +powerful and warlike tribes. The Cherokees possessed +what was then, the western part of North Carolina and +numbered 2,500––The Chicasaws, residing south of the +Cherokees, had a population of 750––and the Catawbas, +on the Catawba river in South Carolina with only 150 persons. +These latter were remarkably adventurous, enterprising +and courageous; and notwithstanding their remote +situation, and the paucity of their numbers, frequently +traversed the valley of Virginia, and even penetrated +the country on the north branch of the Susquehanna, +and between the Ohio river and lake Erie, to wage +war upon the Delawares. Their success in many of these +expeditions, is preserved in the traditions of the Delawares, +who continue to regard them as having used in +these wars, a degree of cunning and stratagem, to which +other tribes have never approached.<a name='FNanchor_0024' id='FNanchor_0024'></a><a href='#Footnote_0024' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_47' name='page_47'></a>47</span></div> +<p>Such were the numbers and positions of many of the +proximate Indians about the time settlements were begun +to be [42] made on the Monongahela river and its branches. +Anterior to this period, adventurers had explored, and +established themselves, in various parts of the valley between +the Blue ridge and the Alleghany mountain. That +section of it, which was included within the limits of the +Northern-Neck, was the first to become occupied by the +whites. The facilities afforded by the proprietor for obtaining +land within his grant, the greater salubrity of +climate and fertility of soil near to the Blue ridge, caused +the tide of emigration to flow rapidly towards the upper +country, and roll even to the base of that mountain. Settlements +were soon after extended westwardly across the +Shenandoah, and early in the eighteenth century Winchester +became a trading post, with sparse improvements +in its vicinity.</p> +<p>About this time Thomas Morlin, a pedlar trading +from Williamsburg to Winchester, resolved, in conjunction +with John Salling a weaver also from Williamsburg, +to prosecute an examination of the country, beyond the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_48' name='page_48'></a>48</span> +limits which had hitherto bounded the exploratory excursions +of other adventurers. With this view, they travelled +up the valley of the Shenandoah, and crossing James river +and some of its branches, proceeded as far as the Roanoke, +when Salling was taken captive by a party of Cherokees. +Morlin was fortunate enough to elude their pursuit, and +effect a safe retreat to Winchester.</p> +<p>Upon the return of the party by whom Salling had +been captivated, he was taken to Tennessee where he remained +for some years. When on a hunting expedition +to the Salt licks of Kentucky, in company with some +Cherokees to kill buffalo, they were surprised by a party +of Illinois Indians, with whom the Cherokees were then +at war, and by them Salling was again taken prisoner. +He was then carried to Kaskaskia, when he was adopted +into the family of a squaw whose son had been killed in +the wars.</p> +<p>While with this nation of Indians, Salling frequently +accompanied parties of them on hunting excursions, a considerable +distance to the south. On several occasions he +went with them below the mouth of the Arkansas, and +once to the Gulph of Mexico. In one of those expeditions +they met with a party of Spaniards, exploring the country +and who needed an interpreter. For this purpose they +purchased Salling of his Indian mother for three strands +of beads and a Calumet. Salling attended them to the +post at Crevecœur; from which [43] place he was conveyed +to fort Frontignac: here he was redeemed by the Governor +of Canada, who sent him to the Dutch settlement in New +York, whence he made his way home after an absence of +six years.<a name='FNanchor_0025' id='FNanchor_0025'></a><a href='#Footnote_0025' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_49' name='page_49'></a>49</span></div> +<p>The emigration from Great Britain to Virginia was then +very great, and at the period of Salling’s return to Williamsburg, +there were then many adventurers, who had but +recently arrived from Scotland and the north of England. +Among these adventurers were John Lewis<a name='FNanchor_0026' id='FNanchor_0026'></a><a href='#Footnote_0026' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> and John +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_50' name='page_50'></a>50</span> +Mackey. Salling’s return excited a considerable and very +general interest, and drew around him many, particularly +of those who had but lately come to America, and to whom +the narrative of one, who had been nearly six years a +captive among the Indians, was highly gratifying. Lewis +and Mackey listened attentively to the description given +of the country in the valley, and pleased with its beauty +and fertility as represented by Salling, they prevailed on +him to accompany them on a visit to examine it more +minutely, and if found correspondent with his description +to select in it situations for their future residence.</p> +<p>Lewis made choice of, and improved, a spot a few miles +below Staunton, on a creek which bears his name––Mackey +on the middle branch of the Shenandoah near Buffalo-gap; +and Salling in the forks of James river, below the +Natural Bridge, where some of his descendants still reside. +Thus was effected the first white settlement ever made on +the James river, west of the Blue ridge.<a name='FNanchor_0027' id='FNanchor_0027'></a><a href='#Footnote_0027' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>In the year 1736, Lewis, being in Williamsburg, met +with Benjamin Burden (who had then just come to the country +as agent of Lord Fairfax, proprietor of the Northern +Neck,) and on whom he prevailed to accompany him home. +Burden remained at Lewis’s the greater part of the summer, +and on his return to Williamsburg, took with him a +buffalo calf, which while hunting with Samuel<a name='FNanchor_0028' id='FNanchor_0028'></a><a href='#Footnote_0028' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> and Andrew +Lewis (elder sons of John) they had caught and afterwards +tamed. He presented this calf to Gov. Gooch, who thereupon +entered on his journal, [44] an order, authorizing +Burden to locate conditionally, any quantity of land not +exceeding 500,000 acres on any of the waters of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_51' name='page_51'></a>51</span> +Shenandoah, or of James river west of the Blue ridge. The +conditions of this grant were, that he should interfere +with no previous grants––that he should settle 100 families, +in ten years, within its limits; and should have 1000 acres +adjoining each cabin which he should cause to be built, +with liberty to purchase any greater quantity adjoining, at +the rate of fifty pounds per thousand acres. In order to +effect a compliance with one of these conditions, Burden +visited Great Britain in 1737; and on his return to Virginia +brought with him upwards of one hundred families +of adventurers, to settle on his grant.<a name='FNanchor_0029' id='FNanchor_0029'></a><a href='#Footnote_0029' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> Amongst these +adventurers were, John Patton, son-in-law to Benjamin +Burden, who settled on Catawba, above Pattonsburg<a name='FNanchor_0030' id='FNanchor_0030'></a><a href='#Footnote_0030' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a>––Ephraim +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_52' name='page_52'></a>52</span> +McDowell, who settled at Phoebe’s falls––John, +the son of Ephraim,<a name='FNanchor_0031' id='FNanchor_0031'></a><a href='#Footnote_0031' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> who settled at Fairfield, where Col. +James McDowell now lives––Hugh Telford, who settled at +the Falling spring, in the forks of James river––Paul +Whitley, who settled on Cedar creek, where the Red Mill +now is––Archibald Alexander, who settled on the North +river, opposite Lexington––Andrew Moore, who settled +adjoining Alexander––Sampson Archer, who settled at +Gilmore’s spring, east of the Bridge tavern, and Capt. +John Matthews, who married Betsy Archer, (the daughter +of Sampson) settled where Major Matthews lives, below +the Natural bridge.</p> +<p>Among others who came to Virginia at this time, +was an Irish girl named Polly Mulhollin. On her arrival +she was hired to James Bell to pay her passage; and with +whom she remained during the period her servitude was +to continue. At its expiration she attired herself in the +habit of a man; and with hunting shirt and mocassons, +went into Burden’s grant, for the purpose of making improvements +and acquiring a title to land. Here she erected +thirty cabins, by virtue of which she held one hundred +acres adjoining each. When Benjamin Burden the +younger, came on to make deeds to those who held cabin +rights, he was astonished to see so many in the name of +Mulhollin. Investigation led to a discovery of the mystery, +to the great mirth of the other claimants. She resumed +her christian name and feminine dress, and many of +[45] her respectable descendants still reside within the limits +of Burden’s grant.<a name='FNanchor_0032' id='FNanchor_0032'></a><a href='#Footnote_0032' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_53' name='page_53'></a>53</span></div> +<p>When in 1752 Robert Dinwiddie came over as governor +of Virginia, he was accompanied by many adventurers; +among whom was John Stuart,<a name='FNanchor_0033' id='FNanchor_0033'></a><a href='#Footnote_0033' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> an intimate friend +of Dinwiddie, who had married the widow of John Paul +(son of Hugh, bishop of Nottingham.) John Paul, a partizan +of the house of Stuart, had perished in the siege of +Dalrymple castle in 1745, leaving three children––John, +who became a Roman catholic priest and died on the eastern +shore of Maryland––Audley, who was for ten years an +officer in the British colonial forces,––and Polly, who +married Geo. Matthews, afterwards governor of Georgia. +Mrs. Paul (formerly Jane Lynn, of the Lynns of Loch-Lynn, +a sister to the wife of John Lewis) had issue, by +Stuart, John, since known as Col. Stuart of Greenbrier, +and Betsy, who became the wife of Col. Richard Woods +of Albemarle.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_54' name='page_54'></a>54</span></div> +<p>The greater part of those, who thus ventured “on the +untried being” of a wilderness life, were Scottish presbyterian +dissenters; a class of religionists, of all others perhaps, +the most remarkable for rigid morality. They +brought with them, their religious principles, and sectional +prepossessions; and acting upon those principles acquired +for their infant colony a moral and devotional character +rarely possessed by similar establishments. While these +sectional prepossessions, imbibed by their descendants, +gave to their religious persuasions, an ascendency in that +section of country, which it still retains.</p> +<p>They were also men of industry and enterprise. Hunting, +which too frequently occupies the time, of those who +make the forest their dwelling place, and abstracts the +attention from more important pursuits, was to them a +recreation––not the business of life. To improve their +condition, by converting the woods into fertile plains, and +the wilderness into productive meadows, was their chief +object. In the attainment of this, they were eminently +successful. Their individual circumstances became prosperous, +and the country flourishing.</p> +<p>The habits and manners of the primeval inhabitants +of any country, generally give to it a distinctive character, +which marks it through after ages. Notwithstanding the +influx of strangers, bringing with them prejudices and +prepossessions, at variance with those of the community +in which they come; [46] yet such is the influence of example, +and such the facility with which the mind imbibes +the feelings and sentiments of those with whom it associates, +that former habits are gradually lost and those +which prevail in society, imperceptibly adopted by its new +members.</p> +<p>In like manner, the moral and religious habits of those +who accompanied Burden to Virginia, were impressed on +the country which they settled, and entailed on it that +high character for industry, morality and piety, which it +still possesses, in an eminent degree. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_55' name='page_55'></a>55</span></p> +<p>At the time of the establishment of this settlement, all +that part of Virginia lying west of the Blue ridge mountains, +was included in the county of Orange. At the fall +session, of the colonial legislature, in 1738, the counties of +Frederick and Augusta were formed out of Orange––The +country included within the boundaries of the Potomac +river, on the north, the Blue ridge, on the east, and a line, +to be run from the head spring of Hedgman, to the head +spring of Potomac, on the south and west, to be the county +of Frederick; the remainder of the state west of the Blue +ridge, to the utmost limits of Virginia to constitute Augusta. +Within its limits were included, not only a considerable +portion of Virginia as she now is, but an extent +of territory out of which has been already carved four +states, possessing great natural advantages, and the extreme +fertility of whose soil, will enable them to support +perhaps a more dense population, than any other portion +of North America of equal dimensions. As the settlements +were extended, subdivisions were made, ’till what was once +Augusta county south east of the Ohio river, has been +chequered on the map of Virginia, into thirty-three counties +with an aggregate population of 289,362.<a name='FNanchor_n0013' id='FNanchor_n0013'></a><a href='#Footnote_n0013' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_56' name='page_56'></a>56</span></div> +<p>[48] About the year 1749 there was in the county of +Frederick, a man subject to lunacy, and who, when laboring +under the influence of this disease, would ramble a +considerable distance into the neighboring wilderness. In +one of these wanderings he came on some of the waters +of Greenbrier river. Surprised to see them flowing in a +westwardly direction, on his return to Winchester he +made known the fact, and that the country abounded very +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_57' name='page_57'></a>57</span> +much with different kinds of Game. In consequence of +this information two men, recently from New England, +visited the country and took up their residence on the +Greenbrier river.</p> +<p>Having erected a cabin and being engaged in making +some other improvements, an altercation arose, which +caused Stephen Suel,<a name='FNanchor_0034' id='FNanchor_0034'></a><a href='#Footnote_0034' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> one of them, to forsake the cabin +and abide for some time in a hollow tree not far from the +improvement, which was still occupied by his old companion. +They were thus situated in 1751, when John +Lewis, of Augusta and his son Andrew were exploring +the country; to whom Suel made known the cause of their +living apart, and the great pleasure which he experienced +now in their morning salutations, when issuing from their +respective habitations; whereas when they slept under the +same roof, none of those kindly greetings passed between +them. Suel however did not long remain in the vicinity +of Martin, the other of the two adventurers; he moved +forty miles west of his first improvement, and soon after +fell a prey to Indian ferocity. Martin is said to have returned +to the settlements.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_58' name='page_58'></a>58</span></div> +<p>There was no other attempt made by the whites, to +improve the Greenbrier country for several years. Lewis +and his son thoroughly examined it; and when permission +was given to the Greenbrier company (of which John +Lewis was a member) to locate 100,000 acres, on the waters +of this river, they became agents to make the surveys and +locations. The war between France and England in 1754 +checked their proceedings; and when they, on the restoration +of peace, would have resumed them, they were interdicted +by a royal proclamation, issued in 1761, commanding +all those who had made settlements on the western +waters to remove from them; and those who were engaged +in making surveys to desist. Sound policy requiring, that +a good understanding should be maintained with the Indians +(who claimed the country) to prevent a further cooperation +on their part with France.<a name='FNanchor_0035' id='FNanchor_0035'></a><a href='#Footnote_0035' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a></p> +<p>Previous to the issuing of this proclamation, some +families had moved to Greenbrier and made two settlements––the +one on Muddy creek, the other in the Big-Levels. +These, disregarding the command of his royal +majesty and rather regardless of their own safety, remained +until they were destroyed by the Indians, in 1763.<a name='FNanchor_0036' id='FNanchor_0036'></a><a href='#Footnote_0036' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> +From this time ’till 1769 Greenbrier was altogether uninhabited. +Capt. John Stuart and a few other young men, +then began to settle and improve the country; and although +attempts were subsequently made by the Indians +to exterminate them, yet they ever after continued in possession +of it.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_59' name='page_59'></a>59</span></div> +<p>[49] In the year 1756 settlements were also made on New +river and on Holstein.<a name='FNanchor_0037' id='FNanchor_0037'></a><a href='#Footnote_0037' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a> Among the daring adventurers +who effected them, were Evan Shelby, William Campbell, +William Preston and Daniel Boone, all of whom became +distinguished characters in subsequent history. Thomas +Walden,<a name='FNanchor_0038' id='FNanchor_0038'></a><a href='#Footnote_0038' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> who was afterwards killed on Clinch river and +from whom the mountain dividing Clinch and Powel +rivers derived its name, was likewise one of them. The +lands taken up by them, were held as “<i>corn rights</i>” each +acquiring a title to an hundred acres of the adjoining land, +for every acre planted in corn.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_60' name='page_60'></a>60</span></div> +<p>Nearly cotemporaneous with these establishments, was +that at Galliopolis, on the north western bank of the Ohio, +and below Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa. +This was made by a party of French Jesuits, by +whom the Indians were incited to make incursions, and +commit the most enormous barbarities on the then frontiers.<a name='FNanchor_0039' id='FNanchor_0039'></a><a href='#Footnote_0039' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a> +This place and the mouth of Great Sandy were the +chief points of rendezvous for the Ohio Indians. From +the former of these places they would ascend the Kenhawa +and Greenbrier rivers, and from thence crossing the mountains +enter into Augusta; or after having ascended the +Kenhawa, go up the New river, from which they would +pass over to the James and Roanoke. From the mouth +of Great Sandy they would ascend that river, and by the +way of Bluestone fall over on the Roanoke and New river. +From those two points, expeditions were frequently made +by the Indians, which brought desolation and death into +the infant settlements of the south west, and retarded their +growth very much. In the spring of 1757 nearly the whole +Roanoke settlement was destroyed by a party of Shawanees, +who had thus made their way to it.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_61' name='page_61'></a>61</span></div> +<p>That portion of the valley of Virginia in which establishments +were thus begun to be made, was at that time +one continued forest; overspreading a limestone soil of +great fertility; and intersected by rivers affording extensive +bottoms of the most productive alluvial land. Indeed +few rivers of equal size, are bordered with as wide and +fertile levels of this formation of earth, as those which +water that section of country: the Roanoke particularly +affords large bodies of it, capable of producing in great +abundance hemp, tobacco and the different kinds of grain +usually grown. In the country generally, every species of +vegetable, to which the climate was congenial, grew with +great luxuriancy; while the calcareous nature of the soil, +adapted it finely to the production of that kind of grain, to +which European emigrants were mostly used.</p> +<p>The natural advantages of the country were highly +improved by the persevering industry of its inhabitants. +Its forests, felled by untiring labor, were quickly reduced +to profitable cultivation, and the weeds which spontaneously +sprang from the earth, were soon succeeded by the +various grasses calculated to furnish the most nutritious +food, for the lowing herds with which their farmers were +early stocked; these yielded a present profit, and laid the +sure foundation [50] of future wealth. Some of the most +extensive and successful graziers of Virginia, now inhabit +that country; and reap the rich reward of their management +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_62' name='page_62'></a>62</span> +and industry, in the improved and more contiguous +market of Richmond.</p> +<p>In the infancy of these establishments, their only +market was at Williamsburg. Thither the early settlers +<i>packed</i> their butter and poultry, and received in exchange +salt, iron, and some of the luxuries of life; their beef and +other stock was taken to the same place. In the process +of time, as the country east of the Blue ridge became +more improved, other markets were opened to them; and +the facilities of communication were gradually increased. +Their successors have already derived great advantage +from those improvements; and the present generation will +not only witness their farther extension, but most probably +see the country first tenanted by Lewis and his cotemporaries, +a great thoroughfare for the produce of several +of the western states––a link of communication +between the Chesapeak bay and the Gulph of Mexico.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_63' name='page_63'></a>63</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[51] CHAPTER II.</p> +<p>The tract of country usually denominated North +Western Virginia, includes the counties of Brook, Ohio, +Tyler, Wood, Lewis, Randolph, Preston, Harrison and +Monongalia, covering an area of 8,887 square miles, and +having a population, according to the census of 1830, of +78,510 souls. These counties, with a portion of Pennsylvania +then deemed to be within the limits of Virginia, +constituted the district of West Augusta; and was the +last grand division of the state, to become occupied by the +whites. This was perhaps owing to natural causes, as well +as to the more immediate proximity of hostile Indians.</p> +<p>The general surface of this district of country is very +broken, its hills, though rich, are yet steep and precipitous, +and the various streams which flow along their bases, afford +but few bottoms; and these of too narrow and contracted +dimensions to have attracted the adventurer, when +more invited portions of the country, were alike open to +his enterprise.––The Alleghany ridge of mountains, over +which the eastern emigrant had to pass, presented too, no +inconsiderable barrier to its earlier location; while the +cold, bleak, inhospitable region, extending from the North +Branch to the Cheat and Valley rivers, seemed to threaten +an entire seclusion from the eastern settlements, and to +render it an isolated spot, not easily connected with any +other section of the state.</p> +<p>The first attempt on the part of the English to occupy +the country contiguous to the Ohio river, was made in +consequence of the measures adopted by the French to +possess themselves of it. France had early become acquainted +with the country, so far as to perceive the facility +with which her possessions in the north, might, by means +of a free communication down the valley of the Mississippi, +be connected with those in the south. To preserve +this communication uninterrupted, to acquire influence +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_64' name='page_64'></a>64</span> +over the neighboring Indians and to prevent the occupancy +and settlement by England of the country west [52] of +the Alleghany mountains, the French were early induced +to establish trading posts among the Indians on the Ohio, +and to obtain and preserve possession of the country by +the erection of a chain of forts to extend from Canada to +Louisiana.<a name='FNanchor_0040' id='FNanchor_0040'></a><a href='#Footnote_0040' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<p>To counteract those operations of the French, to possess +herself of the country, to which she deemed her title +to be good, and to enjoy the lucrative traffic which was +then to be carried on with the Indians, England gave to +an association of gentlemen in Great Britain and Virginia, +(under the title of the Ohio Company,) liberty to +locate and hold in their own right, 600,000 acres of land +within the country then claimed by both England and +France. In pursuance of this grant, steps were directly +taken to effect those objects, by establishing trading +houses among the Indians near the Ohio, and by engaging +persons to make such a survey of the country, as would +enable the grantees to effect a location of the quantity allowed +them, out of the most valuable lands. The company +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_65' name='page_65'></a>65</span> +endeavored to complete their survey with all possible +secrecy, and by inducing the Indians to believe their +object to be purely commercial, to allay any apprehensions, +which might otherwise arise, of an attempt to gain +possession of the country.</p> +<p>The attempt to accomplish their purpose of territorial +aggrandizement, with secrecy, was fruitless and unavailing.––The +Pennsylvania traders, fearful that they +would lose the profitable commerce carried on with the +Indians, excited their jealousy by acquainting them with +the real motive of the company; while the French actually +seized, and made prisoners, of their traders, and +opened and secured, by detachments of troops stationed +at convenient situations, a communication from Presq’ Isle to the Ohio river.</p> +<p>The Ohio company sent a party of men to erect a +stockade fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and +Alleghany rivers, which had been recommended by General +Washington as a suitable position for the erection +of fortifications.<a name='FNanchor_0041' id='FNanchor_0041'></a><a href='#Footnote_0041' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> This party of men was accompanied +by a detachment of militia, which had been ordered out +by the governor; but before they could effect their object, +they were driven off by the French, [53] who immediately +took possession of the place, and erected thereon +Fort du Quesne. These transactions were immediately +succeeded by the war, usually called Braddock’s war, which +put an end to the contemplated settlement, and the events +of which are, for the most part, matter of general history. +It may not however be amiss to relate some incidents +connected with this war, which though of minor importance, +may yet be interesting to some; and which have +escaped the pen of the historian.</p> +<p>In Braddock’s army there were two regiments of volunteer +militia from Virginia.<a name='FNanchor_0042' id='FNanchor_0042'></a><a href='#Footnote_0042' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> One of these was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_66' name='page_66'></a>66</span> +commanded by Col. Russel of Fairfax; the other by Col. Fry, +and was from Shenandoah and James rivers. In this +latter regiment there was a company from Culpepper, +commanded by Capt. Grant, (afterwards known as +a considerable land holder in Kentucky) and of which +John Field (who was killed in the battle at Point Pleasant) +was a lieutenant. There was likewise in this regiment, +a company of riflemen, from Augusta, commanded +by Capt. Samuel Lewis, (the eldest son of John Lewis, +who, with Mackey and Salling, had been foremost in +settling that country) who was afterwards known as Col. +Samuel Lewis of Rockingham.<a name='FNanchor_0043' id='FNanchor_0043'></a><a href='#Footnote_0043' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> In this company was +also contained the five brothers of Capt. Lewis. Andrew, +afterwards Gen. Lewis of Botetourt––Charles, afterwards +Col. Lewis, who was likewise killed at Point Pleasant––William, +John and Thomas. Among their compatriots +in arms, were the five sons of Capt. John Matthews, +(who had accompanied Burden to Virginia) Elihu Barkley, +John McDowell,<a name='FNanchor_0044' id='FNanchor_0044'></a><a href='#Footnote_0044' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> Paul Whitly, James Bell, Patrick +Lockard, and a number of others of the first settlers of +Augusta, Rockbridge and Rockingham.</p> +<p>From the time the army crossed the Alleghany mountain, +its movements were constantly watched by Indian +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_67' name='page_67'></a>67</span> +spies, from Fort du Quesne; and as it approached nearer +the point of destination, runners were regularly despatched, +to acquaint the garrison with its progress, and +manner of marching.––When intelligence was received +that Braddock still moved in close order, the Indians laid +the plan for surprising him, and carried it into most +effectual execution with but little assistance from the +French.<a name='FNanchor_0045' id='FNanchor_0045'></a><a href='#Footnote_0045' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>[54] At the place where the English crossed the Monongahela +river, there are about two acres of bottom land, +bounded by the river on the east, and by a ledge of high +cliffs on the west. Through these cliffs there is a considerable +ravine, formed by the flowing of a small rivulet––On +the summit, a wide prospect opens to the west, +of a country whose base is level, but surface uneven. On +this summit lay the French and Indians concealed by the +prairie grass and timber, and from this situation, in almost +perfect security, they fired down upon Braddock’s men. +The only exposure of the French and Indians, resulted +from the circumstance of their having to raise their heads +to peep over the verge of the cliff, in order to shoot with +more deadly precision. In consequence, all of them who +were killed in the early part of the action, were shot +through the head.<a name='FNanchor_0046' id='FNanchor_0046'></a><a href='#Footnote_0046' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_68' name='page_68'></a>68</span></div> +<p>The companies, commanded by Capt. Grant and Lewis,<a name='FNanchor_0047' id='FNanchor_0047'></a><a href='#Footnote_0047' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> +were the first to cross the river. As fast as they landed +they formed, and proceeding up the ravine, arrived at the +plain on the head of the rivulet, without having discovered +the concealed enemy which they had just passed. So soon +as the rear of Braddock’s army had crossed the river, the +enemy raised a heart rending yell, and poured down a constant +and most deadly fire. Before General Braddock received +his wound, he gave orders for the whole line to +countermarch and form a phalanx on the bottom, so as to +cover their retreat across the river. When the main column +was wheeled, Grant’s and Lewis’ companies had proceeded +so far in advance, that a large body of the enemy +rushed down from both sides of the ravine, and intercepted +them. A most deadly contest ensued. Those who intercepted +Grant and Lewis, could not pass down the defile, +as the main body of Braddock’s army was there, and it +would have been rushing into the midst of it, to inevitable +destruction––the sides of the ravine were too steep and +rocky to admit of a retreat up them, and their only hope of +escape lay in cutting down those two companies and passing +[55] out at the head of the ravine. A dreadful slaughter +was the consequence. Opposed in close fight, and with +no prospect of security, but by joining the main army in +the bottom, the companies of Grant and Lewis literally +cut their way through to the mouth of the ravine. Many +of Lewis’s men were killed and wounded, and not more +than half of Grant’s lived to reach the river bank. Almost +the only loss the enemy sustained was in this conflict.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_69' name='page_69'></a>69</span></div> +<p>The unfortunate result of the campaign of 1755, gave +to the French a complete ascendency over the Indians on +the Ohio. In consequence of this there was a general distress +on the frontier settlements of Virginia. The incursions +of the Indians became more frequent and were extended +so far, that apprehensions existed of an irruption +into the country east of the Blue ridge.<a name='FNanchor_0048' id='FNanchor_0048'></a><a href='#Footnote_0048' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> This state of +things continued until the capture of Fort du Quesne in +1758, by Gen. Forbes.</p> +<p>In the regiment commanded by Washington in the +army of 1758, Andrew Lewis was a Major. With this +gentleman, Gen. Washington had become acquainted during +the campaign of 1754, and had formed of him, as a +military man, the highest expectations; his conduct at the +defeat of Major Grant, realized those expectations, and +acquired for him a reputation for prudence and courage +which he sustained unimpaired, during a long life of public +service.<a name='FNanchor_0049' id='FNanchor_0049'></a><a href='#Footnote_0049' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_70' name='page_70'></a>70</span></div> +<p>Gen. Lewis was in person upwards of six feet high, +finely proportioned, of uncommon strength and great +activity. His countenance was stern and rather forbidding––his +deportment distant and reserved; this rendered +his person more awful than engaging. When he was at +Fort Stanwich in 1768, as one of the commissioners from +the colony of Virginia, to treat, in conjunction with commissioners +from the eastern colonies, with the Six +Nations, the Governor of New York remarked “that the +earth seemed to tremble under his tread.”</p> +<p>When the war of the revolution commenced, and +General [56] Washington was commissioned commander +in chief, he is said to have expressed a wish, that the appointment +had been given to Gen. Lewis. Be this as it +may, it is certain that he accepted the commission of +Brigadier General at the solicitation of Washington; and +when, from wounded pride<a name='FNanchor_0050' id='FNanchor_0050'></a><a href='#Footnote_0050' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> and a shattered constitution, +he was induced to express an intention of resigning, Gen. +Washington wrote him, entreating that he would not do +so, and assuring him that justice should be done, as regarded +his rank. Gen. Lewis, however, had become much +reduced by disease, and did not think himself able, longer +to endure the hardships of a soldier’s life––he resigned his +commission in 1780, and died in the county of Bedford, on +the way to his home in Botetourt on Roanoke river.</p> +<p>When Major Grant, (who had been sent with a detachment +for the purpose of reconnoitering the country +about Fort du Quesne,) arrived in view of it, he resolved +on attempting its reduction. Major Lewis remonstrated +with him, on the propriety of that course, and endeavored +to dissuade him from the attempt. Grant deemed it +practicable to surprise the garrison and effect an easy conquest, +and was unwilling that the provincial troops should +divide with his Highland regulars the glory of the achievment––he +therefore ordered Major Lewis two miles into +the rear, with that part of the Virginia regiment then +under his command.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_71' name='page_71'></a>71</span></div> +<p>Soon after the action had commenced, Lewis discovered +by the retreating fire, that Grant was in an unpleasant +situation, and leaving Capt. Bullet with fifty +men to guard the baggage, hastened to his relief. On +arriving at the battle ground, and finding Grant and his +detachment surrounded by the Indians, who had passed +his rear under covert of the banks of the Alleghany and +Monongahela rivers, Major Lewis commenced a brisk fire +and made so vigorous an attack on the Indians as to open +a passage through which Grant and some few of his men +effected an escape. Lewis and his brave provincials became +enclosed within the Indian lines and suffered dreadfully. +Out of eight officers five were killed, a sixth +wounded and a seventh taken prisoner. Capt. Bullet, +[57] who defended the baggage with great bravery and +contributed much to save the remnant of the detachment, +was the only officer who escaped unhurt.<a name='FNanchor_0051' id='FNanchor_0051'></a><a href='#Footnote_0051' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> Out of one +hundred and sixty-six men, sixty-two were killed on the +spot and two were wounded.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_72' name='page_72'></a>72</span></div> +<p>Major Lewis was himself made prisoner; and although +stripped by the Indians of every article of his +clothing, and reduced to perfect nudity, he was protected +from bodily injury by a French officer, who took him to +his tent and supplied him with clothes. Grant who had +wandered all night with five or six of his men, came in, on +the morning after the engagement, and surrendered himself +a prisoner of war.</p> +<p>While Grant and Lewis were prisoners, the former +addressed a letter to Gen. Forbes giving a detailed account +of the engagement and attributing the defeat to the ill +conduct of the latter. This letter, (being inspected by the +French who knew the falsehood of the charge it contained) +was handed to Maj. Lewis. Exasperated at this charge, +Lewis waited on Major Grant and in the interview between +them, after having bestowed on him some abusive +epithets, challenged him to the field. Grant declined to +accept the invitation; and Lewis, after spitting in his face +in the presence of several of the French officers, left him +to reflect on his baseness.</p> +<p>After this defeat a council was held by the Indians +to determine on the course proper for them to pursue. +The most of them had come from about Detroit at the instance +of the French commandant there, to fortify Fort +du Quesne against an attack by Forbes––the hunting season +had arrived and many of them were anxious to return +to their town. The question which attracted their attention +most seriously was, whether Gen. Forbes would then +retreat or advance. As Grant had been most signally defeated, +many supposed that the main arm would retire into +winter quarters, as Dunbar had, after the battle on the +Monongahela. The French expressed a different opinion, +and endeavored to prevail on the Indians to remain and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_73' name='page_73'></a>73</span> +witness the result. This however they refused to do, and +the greater part of them left du Quesne. Upon this the +commandant of the fort, in order to learn the course +which Gen. Forbes would pursue, and to impress upon the +English, an idea that the French were in return preparing +to attack them, ordered the remainder of the Indians, a +number of Canadians and some French regulars to reconnoitre +the route [58] along which Gen. Forbes would be +most likely to march his army, to watch their motions and +harrass them as much as possible; determining if they +could not thus force him to abandon the idea of attacking +Du Quesne during that campaign, they would evacuate the +fort and retire into Canada.</p> +<p>When Major Grant with his men had been ordered on +to Du Quesne, the main army had been left at Raystown, +where it continued for some time; an advance was however +posted at fort Ligonier. Between this vanguard and +the detachment from Du Quesne there was a partial engagement, +which resulted in the loss of some of the Maryland +troops. Fort Ligonier was then closely watched by +the French and Indians, and several of the sentinels were +killed, before the point from which the fires were directed, +was discovered; it was at length ascertained that parties +of the enemy would creep under the bank of the Loyal +Hanna till they could obtain a position from which to do +execution. Some soldiers were then stationed to guard +this point, who succeeded in killing two Indians, and in +wounding and making prisoner of one Frenchman. From +him the English obtained information that the greater +part of the Indians had left Du Quesne, and that the fort +was defenceless: the army then moved forward and taking +possession of its ruins established thereon Fort Pitt.<a name='FNanchor_0052' id='FNanchor_0052'></a><a href='#Footnote_0052' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> The +country around began immediately to be settled, and several +other forts were erected to protect emigrants, and to +keep the Indians in awe.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_74' name='page_74'></a>74</span></div> +<p>Previous to this an attempt had been made by David +Tygart and a Mr. Files to establish themselves on an upper +branch of the Monongahela river.<a name='FNanchor_0053' id='FNanchor_0053'></a><a href='#Footnote_0053' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> They had been for +some time frontier’s men, and were familiar with the scenes +usually exhibited on remote and unprotected borders; and +nothing daunted by the cruel murders and savage enormities, +which they had previously witnessed, were induced +by some cause, most probably the uninterrupted enjoyment +of the forest in the pursuit of game, to venture still farther +into the wilderness. About the year 1754 these two men +with their families arrived on the east fork of the Monongahela, +and after examining the country, selected positions +for their future residence. Files chose a spot on the +river, at the mouth of a creek which still bears his name, +where Beverly, the county seat of Randolph has been +since established. Tygart settled a few miles farther up +and also on the river. The valley in which they had thus +taken up their abode, has been since called Tygart’s +[59] valley, and the east fork of the Monongahela, Tygart’s-valley +river.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_75' name='page_75'></a>75</span></div> +<p>The difficulty of procuring bread stuffs for their families, +their contiguity to an Indian village, and the fact that +an Indian war path passed near their dwellings, soon determined +them to retrace their steps.<a name='FNanchor_0054' id='FNanchor_0054'></a><a href='#Footnote_0054' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> Before they carried +this determination into effect, the family of Files became +the victims of savage cruelty. At a time when all the +family were at their cabin, except an elder son, they were +discovered by a party of Indians, supposed to be returning +from the South Branch, who inhumanly butchered them +all.<a name='FNanchor_0055' id='FNanchor_0055'></a><a href='#Footnote_0055' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> Young Files being not far from the house and hearing +the uproar, approached until he saw, too distinctly, the +deeds of death which were doing; and feeling the utter +impossibility of affording relief to his own, resolved if he +could, to effect the safety of Tygart’s family. This was +done and the country abandoned by them.</p> +<p>Not long after this, Doctor Thomas Eckarly and his +two brothers came from Pennsylvania and camped at the +mouth of a creek, emptying into the Monongahela, 8 or 10 +miles below Morgantown; they were Dunkards, and from +that circumstance, the watercourse on which they fixed +themselves for a while, has been called Dunkard’s creek. +While their camp continued at this place, these men were +engaged in exploring the country; and ultimately settled +on Cheat river, at the Dunkard bottom. Here they erected +a cabin for their dwelling, and made such improvements +as enabled them to raise the first year, a crop of corn sufficient +for their use, and some culinary vegetables: their +guns supplied them with an abundance of meat, of a flavor +as delicious as the refined palate of a modern epicure could +well wish. Their clothes were made chiefly of the skins +of animals, and were easily procured: and although calculated +to give a grotesque appearance to a fine gentleman in +a city drawing room; yet were they particularly suited to +their situation, and afforded them comfort.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_76' name='page_76'></a>76</span></div> +<p>Here they spent some years entirely unmolested by the +Indians, although a destructive war was then raging, and +prosecuted with cruelty, along the whole extent of our +frontier. At length to obtain an additional supply of ammunition, +salt and shirting, Doctor Eckarly left Cheat, +with a pack of furs and skins, to visit a trading post on +the Shenandoah. On his return, he stopped at Fort Pleasant, +on the South Branch; and having communicated to +its inhabitants the place of his residence, and the length +of time he had been living there, he was charged with +being in confederacy with the Indians, and probably at +that instant a spy, examining the condition of the fort. +In vain the Doctor protested his innocence and the fact +that he had not even seen an Indian in the country; the +suffering condition [59] of the border settlements, rendered +his account, in their opinion improbable, and he was put +in confinement.</p> +<p>The society, of which Doctor Eckarly was a member, +was rather obnoxious to a number of the frontier inhabitants. +Their intimacy with the Indians, although cultivated +with the most laudable motives, and for noble purposes, yet +made them objects at least of distrust to many. Laboring +under these disadvantages, it was with difficulty that Doctor +Eckarly prevailed on the officer of the fort to release him; +and when this was done he was only permitted to go home +under certain conditions––he was to be escorted by a guard +of armed men, who were to carry him back if any discovery +were made prejudicial to him. Upon their arrival at +Cheat, the truth of his statement was awfully confirmed. +The first spectacle which presented itself to their view, +when the party came within sight of where the cabin had +been, was a heap of ashes. On approaching the ruins, the +half decayed, and mutilated bodies of the poor Dunkards, +were seen in the yard; the hoops, on which their scalps +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_77' name='page_77'></a>77</span> +had been dried, were there, and the ruthless hand of desolation +had waved over their little fields. Doctor Eckarly +aided in burying the remains of his unfortunate brothers, +and returned to the fort on the South Branch.</p> +<p>In the fall of 1758, Thomas Decker and some others +commenced a settlement on the Monongahela river, at the +mouth of what is now, Decker’s creek. In the ensuing +spring it was entirely broken up by a party of Delawares +and Mingoes; and the greater part of its inhabitants murdered.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_78' name='page_78'></a>78</span></div> +<p>There was at this time at Brownsville a fort, then known +as Redstone fort, under the command of Capt. Paul.<a name='FNanchor_0056' id='FNanchor_0056'></a><a href='#Footnote_0056' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a> One +of Decker’s party escaped from the Indians who destroyed +the settlement, and making his way to Fort Redstone, +gave to its commander the melancholy intelligence. The +garrison being too weak to admit of sending a detachment +in pursuit, Capt. Paul despatched a runner with the information +to Capt. John Gibson, then stationed at Fort +Pitt. Leaving the fort under the command of Lieut. Williamson, +Capt. Gibson set out with thirty men to intercept +the Indians, on their return to their towns.</p> +<p>In consequence of the distance which the pursuers had +to go, and the haste with which the Indians had retreated, +the expedition failed in its object; they however accidentally +came on a party of six or seven Mingoes, on the head of +Cross Creek in Ohio (near Steubenville)––these had been +prowling about the river, below Fort Pitt, seeking an opportunity +of committing depredations.<a name='FNanchor_0057' id='FNanchor_0057'></a><a href='#Footnote_0057' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> As Capt. Gibson +passed the point of a small knoll, just after day break, he +came unexpectedly upon them––some of them were lying +down; the others were sitting round a fire, making thongs +of green hides. Kiskepila or Little Eagle, a Mingo chief, +headed the party. So soon as he discovered Capt. Gibson, +he raised the war whoop and fired [61] his rifle––the ball +passed through Gibson’s hunting shirt and wounded a soldier +just behind him. Gibson sprang forward, and swinging +his sword with herculean force, severed the head of the +Little Eagle from his body––two other Indians were shot +down, and the remainder escaped to their towns on Muskingum.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_79' name='page_79'></a>79</span></div> +<p>When the captives, who were restored under the treaty +of 1763, came in, those who were at the Mingo towns when +the remnant of Kiskepila’s party returned, stated that the +Indians represented Gibson as having cut off the Little +Eagle’s head with a <i>long knife</i>. Several of the white persons +were then sacrificed to appease the manes of Kiskepila; +and a war dance ensued, accompanied with terrific +shouts and bitter denunciations of revenge on “<i>the Big knife +warrior</i>.” This name was soon after applied to the Virginia +militia generally; and to this day they are known +among the north western Indians as the “<i>Long knives</i>,” or +“<i>Big knife nation</i>.”<a name='FNanchor_0058' id='FNanchor_0058'></a><a href='#Footnote_0058' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_80' name='page_80'></a>80</span></div> +<p>These are believed to have been the only attempts to +effect a settlement of North Western Virginia, prior to the +close of the French war. The capture of Fort du Quesne +and the erection and garrisoning of Fort Pitt, although +they gave to the English an ascendency in that quarter; +yet they did not so far check the hostile irruptions of the +Indians, as to render a residence in this portion of Virginia, +by any means secure.––It was consequently not attempted +’till some years after the restoration of peace in +1765.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_81' name='page_81'></a>81</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[62] CHAPTER III.</p> +<p>The destruction of the Roanoke settlement in the +spring of 1757, by a party of Shawanees, gave rise to the +campaign, which was called by the old settlers the “Sandy +creek voyage.” To avenge this outrage, Governor Dinwiddie +ordered out a company of regulars (taken chiefly +from the garrison at Fort Dinwiddie, on Jackson’s river) +under the command of Capt. Audley Paul; a company of +minute-men from Boutetourt, under the command of Capt. +William Preston; and two companies from Augusta, under +Captains John Alexander<a name='FNanchor_0059' id='FNanchor_0059'></a><a href='#Footnote_0059' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> and William Hogg. In +Capt. Alexander’s company, John M’Nutt, afterwards +governor of Nova Scotia, was a subaltern. The whole +were placed under the command of Andrew Lewis.<a name='FNanchor_0060' id='FNanchor_0060'></a><a href='#Footnote_0060' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_82' name='page_82'></a>82</span></div> +<p>Beside the chastisement of the Indians, the expedition +had for its object, the establishment of a military post at +the mouth of the Great Sandy. This would have enabled +them, not only to maintain a constant watch over marauding +parties of Indians from that quarter; but to check the +communication between them and the post at Galliopolis; +and thus counteract the influence which the French there +had obtained over them.<a name='FNanchor_0061' id='FNanchor_0061'></a><a href='#Footnote_0061' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<p>The different companies detailed upon the Shawanee +expedition, were required to rendezvous on the Roanoke, +near to the present town of Salem in Bottetourt, where +Col. Lewis was then posted. The company commanded +by Capt. Hogg failed to attend at the appointed time; +and Col. Lewis after delaying a week for its arrival, +marched forward, expecting to be speedily overtaken by it.</p> +<p>To avoid an early discovery by the Indians, which +would have been the consequence of their taking the more +public route by the Great Kenhawa; and that they might +fall upon the Indians towns in the valley of the Scioto, +without being interrupted or seen by the French at Galliopolis, +they took the route by the way of New river and +Sandy. Crossing New river below the Horse-shoe, they +descended it to the mouth of Wolf creek; and ascending +this to its source, passed over to the head of Bluestone +river; where they delayed another week awaiting the arrival +of Capt. Hogg and his company.<a name='FNanchor_0062' id='FNanchor_0062'></a><a href='#Footnote_0062' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a>––They then +marched to the head of the north fork of Sandy, and continued +down it to the great Burning Spring, where they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_83' name='page_83'></a>83</span> +also remained a day. Here the salt and provisions, which +had been conveyed [63] on pack horses, were entirely exhausted. +Two buffaloes, killed just above the spring, were +also eaten while the army continued here; and their hides +were hung upon a beech tree. After this their subsistence +was procured exclusively by hunting.</p> +<p>The army then resumed their march; and in a few +days after, it was overtaken by a runner with the intelligence +that Capt. Hogg and his company were only a +day’s march in the rear. Col. Lewis again halted; and +the day after he was overtaken by Hogg, he was likewise +overtaken by an express from Francis Fauquier<a name='FNanchor_0063' id='FNanchor_0063'></a><a href='#Footnote_0063' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> +with orders for the army to return home; and for the disbanding +of all the troops except Capt. Paul’s regulars,<a name='FNanchor_0064' id='FNanchor_0064'></a><a href='#Footnote_0064' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> +who were to return to Fort Dinwiddie.</p> +<p>This was one of the first of Gov. Fauquier’s official acts; +and it was far from endearing him to the inhabitants west +of the Blue ridge. They had the utmost confidence in +the courage and good conduct of Col. Lewis, and of the +officers and men under his command––they did not for an +instant doubt the success of the expedition, and looked +forward with much satisfaction, to their consequent exemption +in a great degree, from future attacks from the +Indians. It was not therefore without considerable regret, +that they heard of their countermanding orders.</p> +<p>Nor were they received by Lewis and his men with +very different feelings. They had endured much during +their march, from the inclemency of the weather; more +from the want of provisions––They had borne these hardships +without repining; anticipating a chastisement of the +Indians, and the deriving of an abundant supply of provisions +from their conquered towns––They had arrived +within ten miles of the Ohio river, and could not witness +the blasting of their expectations, without murmuring. +A council of war was held––disappointment and indignation +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_84' name='page_84'></a>84</span> +were expressed in every feature. A majority of the +officers were in favor of proceeding to the Ohio river, under +the expectation that they might fall in with some +of the enemy––they marched to the river and encamped +two nights on its banks. Discovering nothing of an +enemy, they then turned to retrace their steps through +pathless mountains, a distance of three hundred miles, in +the midst of winter and without provisions.</p> +<p>The reasons assigned by the friends of Gov. Fauquier, +for the issuing of those orders were, that the force detailed +by Gov. Dinwiddie, was not sufficient to render secure +an establishment at the contemplated point––near the Indian +towns on the Scioto––within a few days journey of +several thousand warriors on the Miami––in the vicinity +of the hostile post at Galliopolis and so remote from the +settled part of Virginia, that they could not be furnished +with assistance, and supplied with provisions and military +stores, without incurring an expenditure, both of blood +and money, beyond what the colony could spare, for the +accomplishment of that object.</p> +<p>Had Capt. Hogg with his company, been at the place +of rendezvous at the appointed time, the countermanding orders +of the governor [64] could not have reached the army, +until it had penetrated the enemy’s country. What might +have been its fate, it is impossible to say––the bravery of +the troops––their familiar acquaintance with the Indian +mode of warfare––their confidence in the officers and the +experience of many of them, seemed to give every assurance +of success––While the unfortunate result of many +subsequent expeditions of a similar nature, would induce +the opinion that the governor’s apprehensions were perhaps +prudent and well founded. That the army would +soon have had to encounter the enemy, there can be no +doubt; for although not an Indian had been seen, yet it +seems probable from after circumstances, that it had been +discovered and watched by them previous to its return.</p> +<p>On the second night of their march homeward, while +encamped at the Great falls, some of Hogg’s men went +out on the hills to hunt turkeys, and fell in with a party +of Indians, painted as for war. As soon as they saw that +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_85' name='page_85'></a>85</span> +they were discovered, they fired, and two of Hogg’s men +were killed––the fire was returned and a Shawanee warrior +was wounded and taken prisoner. The remaining Indians, +yelling their war whoop, fled down the river.</p> +<p>Many of the whites, thinking that so small a party of +Indians would not have pursued the army alone, were of +opinion that it was only an advanced scout of a large body +of the enemy, who were following them: the wounded Indian +refused to give any information of their number or +object. A council of war was convoked; and much diversity +of opinion prevailed at the board. It was proposed +by Capt. Paul to cross the Ohio river, invade the towns on +the Scioto, and burn them, or perish in the attempt.<a name='FNanchor_0065' id='FNanchor_0065'></a><a href='#Footnote_0065' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> The +proposition was supported by Lieut. M’Nutt, but overruled; +and the officers, deeming it right to act in conformity +with the governor’s orders, determined on pursuing +their way home. Orders were then given that no +more guns should be fired, and no fires kindled in camp, +as their safe return depended very much on silence and +secrecy.</p> +<p>An obedience to this order, produced a very considerable +degree of suffering, as well from extreme cold as from +hunger. The pack horses, which were no longer serviceable +(having no provisions to transport) and some of which +had given out for want of provender, were killed and +eaten. When the army arrived at the Burning spring, +the buffalo hides, which had been left there on their way +down, were cut into tuggs, or long thongs, and eaten by +the troops, after having been exposed to the heat produced +by the flame from the spring.––Hence they called it Tugg +river––a name by which it is still known. After this the +army subsisted for a while on beachnuts; but a deep snow +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_86' name='page_86'></a>86</span> +falling these could no longer be obtained, and the restrictions +were removed.</p> +<p>About thirty men then detached themselves from the +main body, to hunt their way home. Several of them +were known to have perished from cold and hunger––others +were lost and never afterwards [65] heard of; as +they had separated into small parties, the more certainly +to find game on which to live. The main body of the +army was conducted home by Col. Lewis, after much suffering––the +strings of their mocasons, the belts of their +hunting shirts, and the flaps of their shot pouches, having +been all the food which they had eaten for some days.<a name='FNanchor_0066' id='FNanchor_0066'></a><a href='#Footnote_0066' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<p>A journal of this campaign was kept by Lieut. M’Nutt, +a gentleman of liberal education and fine mind. On his return +to Williamsburg he presented it to Governor Fauquier +by whom it was deposited in the executive archives. In +this journal Col. Lewis was censured for not having proceeded +directly to the Scioto towns; and for imposing on +the army the restrictions, as to fire and shooting, which +have been mentioned.––This produced an altercation between +Lewis and M’Nutt, which was terminated by a personal +encounter.<a name='FNanchor_0067' id='FNanchor_0067'></a><a href='#Footnote_0067' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a></p> +<p>During the continuance of this war, many depredations +were committed by hostile Indians, along the whole +extent of the Virginia frontier. Individuals, leaving the +forts on any occasion, scarcely ever returned; but were, +almost always, intercepted by Indians, who were constantly +prowling along the border settlements, for purposes of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_87' name='page_87'></a>87</span> +rapine and murder. The particulars of occurrences of this +kind, and indeed of many of a more important character, +no longer exist in the memory of man––they died with +them who were contemporaneous with the happening of +them.<a name='FNanchor_0068' id='FNanchor_0068'></a><a href='#Footnote_0068' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> On one occasion however, such was the extent of +savage duplicity, and such, and so full of horror, the +catastrophe resulting from misplaced confidence, that the +events which marked it, still live in the recollection of the +descendants of some of those, who suffered on the theatre +of treachery and blood.</p> +<p>On the south fork of the South Branch of Potomac, in, +what is now, the county of Pendleton, was the fort of +Capt. Sivert.<a name='FNanchor_0069' id='FNanchor_0069'></a><a href='#Footnote_0069' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> In this fort, the inhabitants of what was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_88' name='page_88'></a>88</span> +then called the “Upper Tract,” all sought shelter from +the tempest of savage ferocity; and at the time the +Indians appeared before [66] it, there were contained +within its walls between thirty and forty persons of both +sexes and of different ages. Among them was Mr. Dyer, +(the father of Col. Dyer now of Pendleton) and his family. +On the morning of the fatal day, Col. Dyer and his sister +left the fort for the accomplishment of some object, and +although no Indians had been seen there for some time, +yet did they not proceed far, before they came in view of +a party of forty or fifty Shawanees, going directly towards +the fort. Alarmed for their own safety, as well as for the +safety of their friends, the brother and sister endeavored +by a hasty flight to reach the gate and gain admittance into +the garrison; but before they could effect this, they were +overtaken and made captives.</p> +<p>The Indians rushed immediately to the fort and commenced +a furious assault on it. Capt. Sivert prevailed, +(not without much opposition,) on the besieged, to forbear +firing ’till he should endeavor to negotiate with, and buy +off the enemy. With this view, and under the protection +of a flag he went out, and soon succeeded in making the +wished for arrangement. When he returned, the gates +were thrown open, and the enemy admitted.</p> +<p>No sooner had the money and other articles, stipulated +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_89' name='page_89'></a>89</span> +to be given, been handed over to the Indians, than a most +bloody tragedy was begun to be acted. Arranging the +inmates of the fort, in two rows, with a space of about +ten feet between them, two Indians were selected; who +taking each his station at the head of a row, with their +tomahawks most cruelly murdered almost every white +person in the fort; some few, whom caprice or some other +cause, induced them to spare, were carried into captivity,––such +articles as could be well carried away were taken +off by the Indians; the remainder was consumed, with the +fort, by fire.</p> +<p>The course pursued by Capt. Sivert, has been supposed +to have been dictated by timidity and an ill founded apprehension +of danger from the attack. It is certain that +strong opposition was made to it by many; and it has +been said that his own son raised his rifle to shoot him, +when he ordered the gates to be thrown open; and was +only prevented from executing his purpose, by the interference +of some near to him. Capt. Sivert was also supported +by many, in the plan which he proposed to rid the +fort of its assailants: it was known to be weak, and +incapable of withstanding a vigorous onset; and [67] its +garrison was illy supplied with the munitions of war. +Experience might have taught them, however, the futility +of any measure of security, founded in a reliance on Indian +faith, in time of hostility; and in deep and bitter +anguish, they were made to feel its realization in the present +instance.</p> +<p>In the summer of 1761, about sixty Shawanee warriors +penetrated the settlements on James river. To avoid +the fort at the mouth of Looney’s creek, on this river, +they passed through Bowen’s gap in Purgatory mountain, +in the night; and ascending Purgatory creek, killed +Thomas Perry, Joseph Dennis and his child and made +prisoner his wife, Hannah Dennis. They then proceeded +to the house of Robert Renix, where they captured Mrs. +Renix, (a daughter of Sampson Archer) and her five children, +William, Robert, Thomas, Joshua and Betsy––Mr. +Renix not being at home. They then went to the house +of Thomas Smith, where Renix was; and shot and scalped +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_90' name='page_90'></a>90</span> +him and Smith; and took with them, Mrs. Smith and Sally +Jew, a white servant girl.<a name='FNanchor_0070' id='FNanchor_0070'></a><a href='#Footnote_0070' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<p>William and Audley Maxwell, and George Matthews, +(afterwards governor of Georgia,) were then going to +Smith’s house; and hearing the report of the guns, supposed +that there was a shooting match. But when they +rode to the front of the house and saw the dead bodies of +Smith and Renix lying in the yard, they discovered their +mistake; and contemplating for a moment the awful spectacle, +wheeled to ride back. At this instant several guns +were fired at them; fortunately without doing any execution, +except the cutting off the club of Mr. Matthews’ cue. +The door of the house was then suddenly opened; the +Indians rushed out and raising the war cry, several of +them fired––Audley Maxwell was slightly wounded in +the arm.</p> +<p>It appeared afterwards, that the Indians had seen +Matthews and the Maxwells coming; and that some of +them had crowded into the house, while the others with +the prisoners went to the north side of it, and concealed +themselves behind some fallen timber. Mrs. Renix, after +she was restored to her friends in 1766, stated that she +was sitting tied, in the midst of four Indians, who laying +their guns on a log, took deliberate aim at Matthews; the +others firing at the Maxwells––The sudden wheeling of +their horses no doubt saved the lives of all three.</p> +<p>The Indians then divided, and twenty of them taking +the [68] prisoners, the plunder and some horses which +they had stolen, set off by the way of Jackson’s river, for +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_91' name='page_91'></a>91</span> +the Ohio; the remainder started towards Cedar creek, +with the ostensible view of committing farther depredations. +But Matthews and the Maxwells had sounded the +alarm, and the whole settlement were soon collected at +Paul’s stockade fort, at the Big spring near to Springfield. +Here the women and children were left to be defended by +Audley Maxwell and five other men; while the others, +forming a party of twenty-two, with George Matthews at +their head, set out in quest of the enemy.</p> +<p>The Indians were soon overtaken, and after a severe +engagement, were forced to give ground. Matthews and +his party followed in pursuit, as far as Purgatory creek; +but the night being very dark in consequence of a continued +rain, the fugitives effected an escape; and overtaking +their comrades with the prisoners and plunder, on +the next evening, at the forks of the James and Cowpasture +rivers, proceeded to Ohio without further molestation.</p> +<p>When Matthews and his men, on the morning succeeding +the engagement, returned to the field of battle, +they found nine Indians dead; whom they buried on the +spot. Benjamin Smith, Thomas Maury and the father of +Sally Jew, were the only persons of Matthews’ party, +who were killed––these, together with those who had been +murdered on the preceding day, were buried near the fork +of a branch, in (what is now) the meadow of Thomas +Cross sr.</p> +<p>In Boquet’s treaty with the Ohio Indians, it was stipulated +that the whites detained by them in captivity were +to be brought in and redeemed. In compliance with this +stipulation, Mrs. Renix was brought to Staunton in 1767 +and ransomed, together with two of her sons, William, +the late Col. Renix of Greenbrier, and Robert, also of +Greenbrier––Betsy, her daughter, had died on the Miami. +Thomas returned in 1783, but soon after removed and settled, +on the Scioto, near Chilicothe. Joshua never came +back; he took an Indian wife and became a Chief among +the Miamies––he amassed a considerable fortune and died +near Detroit in 1810.</p> +<p>Hannah Dennis was separated from the other captives, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_92' name='page_92'></a>92</span> +and allotted to live at the Chilicothe towns.<a name='FNanchor_0071' id='FNanchor_0071'></a><a href='#Footnote_0071' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> She learned +their language; painted herself as they do; and in many +respects conformed to their manners and customs. She +was attentive to sick persons and was highly esteemed by +the Indians, as [69] one well skilled in the art of curing +diseases. Finding them very superstitious and believers +in necromancy; she professed witchcraft, and affected to +be a prophetess. In this manner she conducted herself, +’till she became so great a favorite with them, that they +gave her full liberty and honored her as a queen. Notwithstanding +this, Mrs. Dennis was always determined to +effect her escape, when a favorable opportunity should +occur; and having remained so long with them, apparently +well satisfied, they ceased to entertain any suspicions +of such a design.</p> +<p>In June 1763, she left the Chilicothe towns, <i>ostensibly</i> +to procure herbs for medicinal purposes, (as she had before +frequently done,) but <i>really</i> to attempt an escape. As +she did not return that night, her intention became suspected; +and in the morning, some warriors were sent in +pursuit of her. In order to leave as little trail as possible, +she had crossed the Scioto river three times, and was just +getting over the fourth time 40 miles below the towns, +when she was discovered by her pursuers. They fired at +her across the river without effect; but in endeavoring to +make a rapid flight, she had one of her feet severely cut +by a sharp stone.</p> +<p>The Indians then rushed across the river to overtake +and catch her, but she eluded them by crawling into the +hollow limb, of a large fallen sycamore. They searched +around for her some time, frequently stepping on the log +which concealed her; and encamped near it that night. +On the next day they went on to the Ohio river, but finding +no trace of her, they returned home.</p> +<p>Mrs. Dennis remained at that place three days, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_93' name='page_93'></a>93</span> +doctoring her wound, and then set off for home. She crossed +the Ohio river, at the mouth of Great Kenhawa, on a log +of driftwood, travelling only during the night, for fear of +discovery––She subsisted on roots, herbs, green grapes, +wild cherries and river muscles––and entirely exhausted +by fatigue and hunger, sat down by the side of Greenbrier +river, with no expectation of ever proceeding farther. +In this situation she was found by Thomas Athol and +three others from Clendennin’s settlement, which she had +passed without knowing it. She had been then upwards +of twenty days on her disconsolate journey, alone, on +foot––but ’till then, cheered with the hope of again being +with her friends.</p> +<p>She was taken back to Clendennin’s, where they +kindly [70] ministered to her, ’till she became so far invigorated, +as to travel on horseback with an escort, to Fort +Young on Jackson’s river; from whence she was carried +home to her relations.</p> +<p>In the course of a few days after Hannah Dennis had +gone from Clendennins, a party of about sixty warriors +came to the settlement on Muddy creek, in the county of +Greenbrier. That region of country then contained no +inhabitants, but those on Muddy creek, and in the Levels; +and these are believed to have consisted of at least one +hundred souls. The Indians came apparently as friends, +and the French war having been terminated by the treaty +of the preceding spring, the whites did not for an instant +doubt their sincerity. They were entertained in +small parties at different houses, and every civility and act +of kindness, which the new settlers could proffer, were extended +to them. In a moment of the most perfect confidence +in the innocense of their intentions, the Indians +rose on them and tomahawked and scalped all, save a few +women and children of whom they made prisoners.</p> +<p>After the perpetration of this most barbarous and +bloody outrage, the Indians (excepting some few who took +charge of the prisoners) proceeded to the settlement in +the Levels. Here, as at Muddy creek, they disguised +their horrid purpose, and wearing the mask of friendship, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_94' name='page_94'></a>94</span> +were kindly received at the house of Mr. Clendennin.<a name='FNanchor_0072' id='FNanchor_0072'></a><a href='#Footnote_0072' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> +This gentleman had just returned from a successful hunt, +and brought home three fine elks––these and the novelty +of being with <i>friendly Indians</i>, soon drew the whole settlement +to his house. Here too the Indians were well +entertained and feasted on the fruit of Clendennin’s hunt, +and every other article of provision which was there, and +could minister to their gratification. An old woman, who +was of the party, having a very sore leg and having understood +that Indians could perform a cure of any ulcer, +shewed it to one near her; and asked if he could heal +it––The inhuman monster raised his tomahawk and buried +it in her head. This seemed to be the signal of a general +massacre and promptly was it obeyed––nearly every man of +the settlement was killed and the women and children +taken captive.</p> +<p>While this tragedy was acting, a negro woman, who +was [71] endeavoring to escape, was followed by her crying +child.––To save it from savage butchery, she turned +round and murdered it herself.</p> +<p>Mrs. Clendennin, driven to despair by the cruel and +unprovoked murder of her husband and friends, and the +spoliation and destruction of all their property, boldly +charged the Indians with perfidy and treachery; and alleged +that cowards only could act with such duplicity. +The bloody scalp of her husband was thrown in her +face––the tomahawk was raised over her head; but she did +not cease to revile them. In going over Keeny’s knot on +the next day, the prisoners being in the centre, and the +Indians in the front and rear, she gave her infant child to +one of the women to hold for a while.––She then stepped +into the thicket unperceived, and made her escape. The +crying of the infant soon lead to a discovery of her +flight––one of the Indians observed that he could “bring the +cow to her calf,” and taking the child by the heels, beat +out its brains against a tree.</p> +<p>Mrs. Clendennin returned that night to her home, a +distance of ten miles; and covering the body of her +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_95' name='page_95'></a>95</span> +husband with rails and trash, retired into an adjoining corn +field, lest she might be pursued and again taken prisoner. +While in the corn field, her mind was much agitated by +contending emotions; and the prospect of effecting an escape +to the settlements, seemed to her dreary and hopeless. +In a moment of despondency, she thought she beheld a +man, with the aspect of a murderer, standing near her; +and she became overwhelmed with fear. It was but the +creature of a sickly and terrified imagination; and when +her mind regained its proper tone, she resumed her flight +and reached the settlement in safety.<a name='FNanchor_0073' id='FNanchor_0073'></a><a href='#Footnote_0073' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a></p> +<p>These melancholy events occurring so immediately +after the escape of Hannah Dennis; and the unwillingness +of the Indians that she should be separated from them, +has induced the supposition that the party committing +those dreadful outrages were in pursuit of her. If such +were the fact, dearly were others made to pay the penalty +of her deliverance.</p> +<p>This and other incidents, similar in their result, satisfied +the whites that although the war had been terminated +on the part of the French; yet it was likely to be continued +with all its horrors, by their savage allies. This was +then, and has since been, attributed to the smothered hostility +of the French in [72] Canada and on the Ohio river; +and to the influence which they had acquired over the +Indians. This may have had its bearing on the event; +but from the known jealousy entertained by the Indians, +of the English Colonists; their apprehensions that they +would be dispossessed of the country, which they then held +(England claiming jurisdiction over it by virtue of the +treaty of Paris;) and their dissatisfaction at the terms on +which France had negotiated a peace, were in themselves +sufficient to induce hostilities on the part of the Indians. +Charity would incline to the belief that the continuance +of the war was rightly attributable to these causes––the +other reason assigned for it, supposing the existence of a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_96' name='page_96'></a>96</span> +depravity, so deep and damning, as almost to stagger credulity +itself.</p> +<p>In October, 1764, about fifty Delaware and Mingo +warriors ascended the Great Sandy and came over on New +river, where they separated; and forming two parties, directed +their steps toward different settlements––one party +going toward Roanoke and Catawba––the other in the direction +of Jackson’s river. They had not long passed, +when their trail was discovered by three men, (Swope, +Pack and Pitman) who were trapping on New river. +These men followed the trail till they came to where the +Indian party had divided; and judging from the routes +which, had been taken, that their object was to visit the +Roanoke and Jackson’s river settlements, they determined +on apprizing the inhabitants of their danger. Swope and +Pack set out for Roanoke and Pitman for Jackson’s river. +But before they could accomplish their object, the Indians +had reached the settlements on the latter river, and on +Catawba.</p> +<p>The Party which came to Jackson’s river, travelled +down Dunlap’s creek and crossed James river, above Fort +Young, in the night and unnoticed; and going down this +river to William Carpenter’s, where was a stockade fort +under the care of a Mr. Brown, they met Carpenter just +above his house and killed him. They immediately proceeded +to the house, and made prisoners of a son of Mr. +Carpenter, two sons of Mr. Brown<a name='FNanchor_0074' id='FNanchor_0074'></a><a href='#Footnote_0074' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> [73] (all small children) +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_97' name='page_97'></a>97</span> +and one woman––the others belonging to the house, were +in the field at work. The Indians then dispoiled the house +and taking off some horses, commenced a precipitate retreat––fearing +discovery and pursuit.</p> +<p>When Carpenter was shot, the report of the gun was +heard by those at work in the field; and Brown carried +the alarm to Fort Young. In consequence of the weakness +of this fort, a messenger was despatched to Fort +Dinwiddie, with the intelligence. Capt. Paul (who still +commanded there,) immediately commenced a pursuit with +twenty of his men; and passing out at the head of Dunlap’s +creek, descended Indian creek and New river to Piney +creek; without making any discovery of the enemy. On +Indian creek they met Pitman, who had been running all +the day and night before, to apprise the garrison at Fort +Young of the approach of the Indians. Pitman joined in +pursuit of the party who had killed Carpenter; but they, +apprehending that they would be followed, had escaped to +Ohio, by the way of Greenbrier and Kenhawa rivers.<a name='FNanchor_0075' id='FNanchor_0075'></a><a href='#Footnote_0075' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<p>As Capt. Paul and his men were returning, they accidently +met with the other party of Indians, who had been +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_98' name='page_98'></a>98</span> +to Catawba, and committed some depredations and murders +there. They were discovered about midnight, encamped +on the north bank of New river, opposite an island at the +mouth of Indian creek. Excepting some few who were +watching three prisoners, (whom they had taken on Catawba, +and who were sitting in the midst of them,) they +were lying around a small fire, wrapped in skins and blankets. +Paul’s men not knowing that there were captives +among them, fired in the midst, killed three Indians, and +wounded several others, one of whom drowned himself to +preserve his scalp––the rest of the party fled hastily down +the river and escaped.</p> +<p>In an instant after the firing, Capt. Paul and his men +rushed forward to secure the wounded and prevent further +escapes. One of the foremost of his party seeing, as he +supposed, a squaw sitting composedly awaiting the result, +raised his tomahawk and just as it was descending, Capt. +Paul threw himself between the assailant and his victim; +and receiving the blow on his arm, exclaimed, “It is a +shame to hurt a woman, even a squaw.” Recognising the +voice of Paul, the woman named him. She was Mrs. +Catharine Gunn, an English lady, who had come to the +country some years before; and who, previously to her +marriage, had lived in the family of Capt. Paul’s father-in-law, +where she became acquainted with that gentleman––She +had been taken captive by the Indians, on the Catawba, +a few days before, when her husband and two only children +were killed by them. When questioned why she had +not cried out, or otherwise made known that she was a +white prisoner, she replied, “I had as soon be killed as not––my +husband is murdered––my children are slain––my +parents are dead. I have not a relation in America––every +thing dear to me here is gone––I have no wishes––no hopes––no +fears––I would not have risen to my feet to save my +life.”</p> +<p>[74] When Capt. Paul came on the enemy’s camp, he +silently posted his men in an advantageous situation for +doing execution, and made arrangements for a simultaneous +fire. To render this the more deadly and efficient, +they dropped on one knee, and were preparing to take +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_99' name='page_99'></a>99</span> +deliberate aim, when one of them (John M’Collum) called +to his comrades, “Pull steady and send them all to hell.” +This ill timed expression of anxious caution, gave the +enemy a moment’s warning of their danger; and is the +reason why greater execution was not done.</p> +<p>The Indians had left all their guns, blankets and +plunder––these together with the three white captives, +were taken by Capt. Paul to Fort Dinwiddie.<a name='FNanchor_0076' id='FNanchor_0076'></a><a href='#Footnote_0076' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_100' name='page_100'></a>100</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[75] CHAPTER IV.</p> +<p>During the continuance of the French war, and of +that with the Indians which immediately succeeded it, the +entire frontier from New York to Georgia was exposed to +the merciless fury of the savages. In no instance were the +measures of defence adopted by the different colonies, adequate +to their object.––From some unaccountable fatuity +in those who had the direction of this matter, a defensive +war, which alone could have checked aggression and prevented +the effusion of blood, was delayed ’till the whole +population, of the country west of the Blue ridge, had retired +east of those mountains; or were cooped up in forts.</p> +<p>The chief means of defence employed, were the +militia of the adjoining counties, and the establishment of +a line of forts and block-houses, dispersed along a considerable +extent of country, and occupied by detachments +of British colonial troops, or by militiamen. All these +were utterly incompetent to effect security; partly from +the circumstances of the case, and somewhat from the entire +want of discipline, and the absence of that subordination +which is absolutely necessary to render an army +effective.</p> +<p>So great and apparent were the insubordination and +remissness of duty, on the part of the various garrisons, +that Gen. Washington, declared them “utterly inefficient +and useless;” and the inhabitants themselves, could place +no reliance whatever on them, for protection. In a particular +instance, such were the inattention and carelessness +of the garrison that several children playing under the +walls of the fort, were run down and caught by the Indians, +who were not discovered ’till they arrived at the +very gate.<a name='FNanchor_0077' id='FNanchor_0077'></a><a href='#Footnote_0077' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<p>In Virginia the error of confiding on the militia, soon +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_101' name='page_101'></a>101</span> +became apparent.<a name='FNanchor_0078' id='FNanchor_0078'></a><a href='#Footnote_0078' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> Upon the earnest remonstrance and entreaty +of General Washington, the colonial legislature +substituted a force of regulars,<a name='FNanchor_0079' id='FNanchor_0079'></a><a href='#Footnote_0079' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> [76] which at once effected +the partial security of her frontier, and gave confidence to +the inhabitants.</p> +<p>In Pennsylvania, from the pacific disposition of her +rulers and their abhorrence of war of any kind, her border +settlements suffered most severely. The whole extent of +her frontier was desolated by the Indians, and irruptions +were frequently made by them into the interior. The establishments, +which had been made in the Conococheague +valley, were altogether broken up and scenes of the greatest +barbarity, on one side, and of the utmost suffering on +the other, were constantly exhibiting. A few instances +of this suffering and of that barbarity, may not be improperly +adduced here. They will serve to illustrate the +condition of those who were within reach of the savage +enemy; and perhaps, to palliate the enormities practiced +on the christian Indians.</p> +<p>In the fall of 1754 about forty or fifty Indians entered +that province, and dividing themselves into two parties, +sought the unprotected settlements, for purposes of murder +and devastation: the smaller party went about the +forks of Delaware––the other directing their steps along +the Susquehanna. On the 2nd of October, twelve of the +former appeared before the house of Peter Williamson, (a +Scotchman, with no family but his wife,) who had made +considerable improvement near the Delaware river. Mrs. +Williamson being from home, he sat up later than usual, +and about 11 o’clock was astounded at the savage war +whoop, resounding from various directions, near to the +house. Going to the window, he perceived several Indians +standing in the yard, one of whom, in broken English, +promised that if he would come out and surrender he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_102' name='page_102'></a>102</span> +should not be killed; threatening at the same time that +if he did not, they would burn him up in his house. Unable +to offer an effectual resistance, and preferring the +chance of safety by surrendering, to the certainty of a +horrid death if he attempted an opposition, he yielded +himself up a prisoner.</p> +<p>So soon as he was in their power they plundered the +house of such articles as they could conveniently take with +them, and set fire to it, and to the barn, in which was a +quantity of wheat, some horses and other cattle. After +inflicting some severe tortures on Williamson, and forcing +him to carry a heavy weight of the plunder, which they +had taken from him, they went to a neighboring house, +occupied by Jacob Snyder, his wife, five children and a +servant. The piercing cries, and [77] agonizing shrieks +of these poor creatures, made no impression on the savages. +The father, mother, and children were tomahawked +and scalped, and their bodies consumed by fire together +with the house. The servant was spared that he might +aid in carrying their plunder; but manifesting deep distress +at his situation as prisoner, he was tomahawked before +they proceeded far.</p> +<p>Before they could accomplish farther mischief a fall +of snow, making them apprehensive that they would be +pursued by the united force of the settlement, induced +them to return to Alamingo––taking Williamson with +them.</p> +<p>On their way back, they met with the party of +Indians, which had separated from them, as they approached +the settlements. These had been lower down +on the Susquehanna, and had succeeded in making greater +havoc, and committing more depredations, than it had +fallen to the lot of those who had taken Williamson, to +commit. They had with them three prisoners and twenty +scalps. According to the account of their transactions as +detailed by the prisoners, they had on one day killed and +scalped John Lewis, his wife and three children, and in a +few days after had murdered, with almost every circumstance +of cruelty, Jacob Miller, his wife and six children, +and George Folke, his wife and nine children, cutting up +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_103' name='page_103'></a>103</span> +the bodies of the latter family and giving them piece-meal +to the hogs in the pen. Wherever they had been, destruction +marked their course. In every instance the +houses, barns and grain stacks were consumed by fire; +and the stock killed.</p> +<p>The three prisoners who had been brought in by the +last party, endeavored soon after to effect an escape; but +their ignorance of the country, and the persevering activity +and vigilance of the Indians, prevented the accomplishment +of their attempt. They were overtaken, and +brought back; and then commenced a series of cruelties, +tortures and death, sufficient to shock the sensibilities of +the most obdurate heart, if unaccustomed to the perpetration +of such enormities.</p> +<p>Two of them were tied to trees, around which large +fires were kindled, and they suffered to remain for some +time, in the gradual but horrible state of being scorched +to death. After the Indians had enjoyed awhile the +writhings of agony and the tears of anguish, which were +drawn from these suffering victims, one, stepping within +the circle, ripped open their bodies and threw their bowels +into the flames. Others, to emulate [78] this most shocking +deed, approached, and with knives, burning sticks, +and heated irons, continued to lacerate, pierce and tear +the flesh from their breasts, arms and legs, ’till death +closed the scene of horrors and rendered its victims insensible +to its pains.</p> +<p>The third was reserved a few hours, that he might be +sacrificed under circumstances of peculiar enormity. A +hole being dug in the ground of a depth sufficient to enable +him to stand upright, with his head only exposed, +his arms were pinioned to his body, he placed in it, and +the loose earth thrown in and rammed closely around him. +He was then scalped and permitted to remain in that situation +for several hours. A fire was next kindled near +his head. In vain did the poor suffering victim of hellish +barbarity exclaim, that his brains were boiling in his +head; and entreat the mercy of instant death. Deaf to +his cries, and inexorable to his entreaties, they continued +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_104' name='page_104'></a>104</span> +the fire ’till his eye balls burst and gushed from their sockets, +and death put a period to his sufferings.</p> +<p>Of all these horrid spectacles, Williamson was an unwilling +spectator; and supposing that he was reserved for +some still more cruel and barbarous fate, determined on +escaping. This he was soon enabled to do; and returned +to the settlements.<a name='FNanchor_0080' id='FNanchor_0080'></a><a href='#Footnote_0080' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<p>The frequent infliction of such enormities as these +upon the helpless and unoffending women and children, +as well as upon those who were more able to resist and +better qualified to endure them; together with the desolation +of herds, the devastation of crops, and the conflagration +of houses which invariably characterized those incursions, +engendered a general feeling of resentment, that sought +in some instances, to wreak itself on those who were +guiltless of any participation in those bloody deeds. That +vindictive spirit led to the perpetration of offences against +humanity, not less atrocious than those which they were +intended to requite; and which obliterated every discriminative +feature between the perpetrators of them, and +their savage enemies.</p> +<p>The Canestoga Indians, to the number of forty, lived +in a village, in the vicinity of Lancaster; they were in +amity with the whites, and had been in peace and quiet +for a considerable length of time. An association of men, +denominated the “Paxton boys,” broke into their little +town and murdered all who were found at home––fourteen +men, women and children fell a prey to the savage +brutality of those sons of civilization [79]. The safety of +the others was sought to be effected, by confining them in +the jail at Lancaster. It was in vain. The walls of a +prison could afford no protection, from the relentless fury +of these exasperated men. The jail doors were broken +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_105' name='page_105'></a>105</span> +open, and its wretched inmates cruelly murdered.––And, +as if their deaths could not satiate their infuriate murderers, +their bodies were brutally mangled, the hands and +feet lopped off, and scalps torn from the bleeding heads +of innocent infants.</p> +<p>A similar fate impended the christian Indians of +Nequetank and Nain; and was only averted, by the timely +interposition of the government of Pennsylvania. They +were removed to Philadelphia, where they remained from +November 1763 ’till after the close of the war in December +1764; during which time the Paxton boys twice assembled +in the neighborhood of the city, for the purpose of assaulting +the barracks and murdering the Indians, but were +deterred by the military preparations made to oppose +them; and ultimately, but reluctantly, desisted.</p> +<p>Had the feelings excited in the minds of these misguided +men, by the cruelties of the Indians, been properly +directed, it would have produced a quite different result. +If, instead of avenging the outrages of others, upon those +who were no otherwise guilty than in the complexion of their +skin, they had directed their exertions to the repressing +of invasion, and the punishment of its authors, much good +might have been achieved; and they, instead of being +stigmatized as murderers of the innocent, would have +been hailed as benefactors of the border settlements. Associations +of this kind were formed in that province, and +contributed no little to lessen the frequency of Indian +massacres, and to prevent the effusion of blood, and the +destruction of property. At the time the Paxton boys +were meditating and endeavoring to effect the destruction +of the peaceable christian Indians, another company, formed +by voluntary league, was actively engaged in checking +the intrusions, of those who were enemies, and in punishing +their aggressions. A company of riflemen, called the +Black boys (from the fact of their painting themselves red +and black, after the Indian fashion,) under the command of +Capt. James Smith, contributed to preserve the Conococheague +valley, during the years 1763 and 1764, from +the devastation [80] which had overspread it early after +the commencement of Braddock’s war. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_106' name='page_106'></a>106</span></p> +<p>Capt. Smith had been captured by the Indians in the +spring of 1755, and remained with them until the spring of +1759, when he left them at Montreal, and after some time +arrived at home in Pennsylvania. He was in Fort du Quesne, +when the Indians and French went out to surprise Gen. +Braddock; and witnessed the burnings and other dreadful +tortures inflicted upon those who were so unfortunate +as to have been made prisoners; and the orgies and demoniacal +revels with which the victory was celebrated. He +was subsequently adopted into a family, by which he was +kindly treated; and became well acquainted with their +manner of warfare, and the various arts practised by them, +to ensure success in their predatory incursions, and afterwards +to elude pursuit. He became satisfied from observation, +that to combat Indians successfully, they must +be encountered in their own way; and he accordingly +instructed his men in the Indian mode of warfare, dressed +them after the Indian fashion, and fought after the Indian +manner.<a name='FNanchor_0081' id='FNanchor_0081'></a><a href='#Footnote_0081' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<p>An instance of the good effect resulting from practicing +the arts and stratagems of the Indians, occurred +during this war; and to its success the garrison of Fort +Pitt were indebted for their preservation.</p> +<p>After the ratification of the treaty of peace which had +been concluded between England and France, war +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_107' name='page_107'></a>107</span> +continued to be waged by the Indians on the whole western +frontier. A large body of them had collected and marched +to Fort Pitt, with a view to its reduction by famine. It +had been invested for some time and the garrison being +too weak to sally out and give battle to the besiegers, +Capt. Ecuyer dispatched messengers with the intelligence +of his situation and a request for aid and provisions: +these were either compelled to return or be killed, as the +country for some distance east of Fort Pitt was in the +possession of the savages.<a name='FNanchor_0082' id='FNanchor_0082'></a><a href='#Footnote_0082' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>At length a quantity of provisions were ordered by +Gov. Amherst for the relief of the fort, and forwarded +under a strong guard commanded by Colonel Boquet. +The Indians were soon apprized of this and determined +on intercepting the provisions, and if practicable, to prevent +their reaching the place of their destination. With +this object in view, a considerable force was detached, to +watch the motions of Col. Boquet and [81] upon a favorable +opportunity to give him battle. In a narrow defile +on Turtle creek an attack was made by the Indians, and +a severe engagement ensued. Both armies fought with +the most obstinate bravery, from one o’clock ’till night, +and in the morning it was resumed, and continued with +unabated fury for several hours. At length Col. Boquet, +having placed four companies of infantry and grenadiers +in ambush, ordered a retreat. So soon as this was commenced, +the Indians, confident of victory, pressed forward +with considerable impetuosity, and fell into the ambuscade. +This decided the contest––the Indians were repulsed +with great slaughter and dispersed.</p> +<p>The loss of the British, in killed and wounded, exceeded +one hundred. That they were not entirely cut off, +was attributable to the stratagem of the retreat (a favorite +one of the Indians;) the success of which not only saved +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_108' name='page_108'></a>108</span> +the detachment under Col. Boquet, but likewise preserved +Fort Pitt, from falling into the hands of the savage foe.</p> +<p>The loss sustained by the enemy, must have equaled +that of the British; several of their most distinguished +chiefs and warriors, were of the number of the slain: and +so decisive was the victory obtained over them, that in the +succeeding campaign against the Indians on the Muskingum, +Boquet found not much difficulty in bringing +them to terms. A cessation of hostilities was agreed to, +upon condition that they would give up all the whites +then detained by them in captivity. Upwards of three +hundred prisoners were then redeemed; but the season +being far advanced and the others scattered in different +parts of the country, it was stipulated, that they should +be brought into Fort Pitt early in the ensuing spring; and +as a security that they would comply with this condition +of the armistice, six of their chiefs were delivered up as +hostages––these however succeeded in making their escape +before the army arrived at Fort Pitt.<a name='FNanchor_0083' id='FNanchor_0083'></a><a href='#Footnote_0083' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<p>The ill success which had attended the combined operations +of the Indians, during this war, the difficulty of +procuring ammunition to support it, and the fact that it +had begun to be carried into their own country, disposed +them to make peace. A treaty was accordingly concluded +with them by Sir William Johnson in 1765. Previous to +this however, some few depredations were committed by +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_109' name='page_109'></a>109</span> +the Indians, in contravention of the agreement made with +them by Col. Boquet; and which induced a belief that +the want of clothes and ammunition,[82] was the real +cause of their partial forbearance. It was therefore of +great consequence, to prevent their obtaining a supply of +these necessaries, until there could be some stronger assurance, +than had been given, of their pacific disposition.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the prevalence of this impression, +and the fact, that a royal proclamation had been issued, forbidding +any person trading with the Indians, yet in March +1765 a number of wagons, laden with goods and warlike +stores for the Indians, was sent from Philadelphia to +Henry Pollens of Conococheague, to be thence transported +on pack horses to Fort Pitt. This very much alarmed the +country; and many individuals remonstrated against the +propriety of supplying the Indians at that particular juncture; +alleging the well known fact, that they were then +destitute of ammunition and clothing, and that to furnish +them with those articles, would be to aid in bringing on +another frontier war, and to lend themselves to the commission +of those horrid murders, by which those wars +were always distinguished. Remonstrance was fruitless. +The gainful traffick which could be then carried on with +the Indians, banished every other consideration; and seventy +horses, packed with goods, were directed on to Fort +Pitt.</p> +<p>In this situation of things, Capt. James Smith, (who +had been with Boquet during the campaign of 1764, and +was well convinced that a supply at that time of clothing +and ammunition, would be the signal for the recommencement +of hostilities) collected ten of his “Black boys,” +painted and dressed as Indians; and waylaid the caravan, +near a place called the “Side long Hill.” He disposed his +men in pairs, behind trees along the road, at intervals of +about 60 yards, with orders for the second not to fire ’till +the first had reloaded, so that a regular, slow fire might be +maintained at once, from front to rear.</p> +<p>As soon as the cavalcade approached, the firing commenced, +and the pack horses beginning to fall by the side +of their conductors, excited the fear of the latter, and induced +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_110' name='page_110'></a>110</span> +them to cry out “Gentlemen what would you have +us to do.” Captain Smith replied, “collect all your loads +to the front, deposit them in one place; take your private +property and retire.” These things were accordingly +done; and the goods left (consisting of blankets, shirts, +beads, vermillion, powder, lead, tomahawks, scalping +knives, &c.) were immediately burned or otherwise destroyed.</p> +<p>[83] The traders then went to Fort Loudon, and obtaining +of the commanding officer a party of Highland +soldiers, proceeded in quest of the <i>Robbers</i> (as they termed +them;) some of whom were taken and carried into the Fort. +Capt. Smith then raised about 300 riflemen, and marching +to Fort Loudon, occupied a position on an eminence near +it. He had not been long there before he had more than +twice as many of the garrison, prisoners in his camp, as +there were of his men in the guard house. Under a flag +of truce proceeding from the Fort, a convention for the exchange +of prisoners was entered into between Capt. Grant, +the commander of the garrison, and Capt. Smith, and the +latter with his men, immediately returned to their homes. +<a name='FNanchor_5541' id='FNanchor_5541'></a><a href='#Footnote_5541' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_111' name='page_111'></a>111</span></div> +<p>Occurrences such as this, were afterwards of too frequent +[84] recurrence. The people had been taught by +experience, that the fort afforded very little, if any protection +to those who were not confined within its walls––they +were jealous of the easy, and yet secure life led by +the garrison, and apprehensive of the worst consequences +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_112' name='page_112'></a>112</span> +from the intercourse of traders with the Indians. Under +those feelings, they did not scruple to intercept the passage +of goods to the trading posts, and commit similar outrages +to those above described, if there were any interference +on the part of the neighboring forts. On one occasion, +Capt. Grant was himself taken prisoner, and [85] detained +’till restitution was made the inhabitants of some guns, +which had been taken from them, by soldiers from the +garrison; and in 1769, a quantity of powder, lead and +other articles was taken from some traders passing through +Bedford county, and destroyed. Several persons, supposed +to have been of the party who committed this outrage, +were apprehended, and laid in irons in the guard +house at Fort Bedford.</p> +<p>Capt. Smith, although in no wise engaged in this transaction, +nor yet approving it, was nevertheless so indignant +that an offence against the civil authorities, should be attempted +to be punished by a military tribunal, that he resolved +on effecting their release. To accomplish this, he +collected eighteen of his “Black boys,” in whom he knew +he could confide; and marched along the main road in the +direction of Fort Bedford. On his way to that place, he +did not attempt to conceal his object, but freely told to +every one who enquired, that he was going to take Fort +Bedford. On the evening of the second day of their march, +they arrived at the crossings of Juniata, (14 miles from +Bedford) and erected tents as if they intended encamping +there all night.</p> +<p>Previous to this, Capt. Smith had communicated his +intention to Mr. William Thompson (who lived in Bedford +and on whom he could rely,) and prevailed on him to obtain +what information he could as to the effect produced in +the garrison by the preparations which he was making for +its attack; and acquaint him with it. That he might be +enabled to do this with greater certainty, a place and hour +were appointed at which Capt. Smith would meet him.</p> +<p>About 11 o’clock at night the march was resumed, +and moving briskly they arrived near to Bedford, where +they met Thompson; who communicated to them the fact, +that the garrison had been apprized of their object that in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_113' name='page_113'></a>113</span> +consequence of having heard from them on the preceding +evening, at the Crossings of Juniata, it was not expected +they would arrive before mid-day, that their number +was known, and the enterprise ridiculed. Thompson then +returned to Bedford, and the party moved silently under +covert of the banks of the river, ’till they approached near +to the Fort, where they lay concealed, awaiting the opening +of the gate. About day light Thompson apprised them +that the guard had thrown open the gate, and were taking +their morning’s dram; that the arms were stacked not far +from the entrance into the Fort, and three centinels on the +wall.</p> +<p>Upon hearing these things, Capt. Smith with his men +rushed rapidly to the Fort, and the morning being misty, +were not discovered ’till they had reached the gate. At +that instant the centinels fired their guns and gave the +alarm; but Capt. Smith and his men took possession of the +arms, and raised a loud shout, before the soldiers of the +garrison could learn the cause of the alarm, or get to the +scene of action.</p> +<p>[86] Having thus obtained possession of the Fort, +Capt. Smith had the prisoners released from the guardhouse, +and compelling a blacksmith to knock off their +irons, left the Fort with them and returned to Conococheaque. +“This, Capt. Smith says, was the first British +fort in America, taken by what they called American +rebels.”</p> +<p>Some time after this, an attempt was made to apprehend +Capt. Smith, as he was proceeding to survey and locate +land on the Youghogany river. In the encounter which +succeeded, a man (by the name of Johnson) was killed; +and the murder being charged on Smith, he was confined +for a time in Bedford jail; but fearing a release, the civil +authority sent him privately through the wilderness to Carlisle, +to await a trial for the alledged offence. On hearing +this, upwards of three hundred persons (among whom +were his old “Black boys,”) proceeded to Carlisle to effect +a rescue; and were only prevented the accomplishment of +their object, by the solicitation of Smith himself. He +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_114' name='page_114'></a>114</span> +knew his innocence, and preferred awaiting a trial; and +how willing soever he might have been to oppose any +encroachments of the military, he held in just abhorrence, +an opposition to the civil authority of his country. He +was put on his trial and acquitted.<a name='FNanchor_0084' id='FNanchor_0084'></a><a href='#Footnote_0084' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_115' name='page_115'></a>115</span></div> +<p>[87] Events such as those which have been narrated, +serve to shew the state of things which existed at that day; +and to point out the evils necessarily resulting, from an +absence of municipal regulations. Man, in every station +and condition of life, requires the controlling hand of civil +power, to confine him in his proper sphere, and to check +every advance of invasion, on the rights of others. Unrestrained +liberty speedily degenerates into licentiousness. +Without the necessary curbs and restraints of law, men +would relapse into a state of nature; [88] and although +the obligations of justice (the basis of society) be natural +obligations; yet such are the depravity and corruption of +human nature, that without some superintending and coercive +power, they would be wholly disregarded; and human +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_116' name='page_116'></a>116</span> +society, would become the field of oppression and +outrage––instead of a theatre for the interchange of good +offices. Civil institutions and judicial establishments; the +comminations of punishment and the denunciations of law, +are barely sufficient to repress the evil propensities of man. +Left to themselves, they spurn all natural restrictions, and +riot in the unrestrained indulgence of every passion.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_117' name='page_117'></a>117</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[89] CHAPTER V.</p> +<p>The comparative security and quiet, which succeeded +the treaty of 1765, contributed to advance the prosperity +of the Virginia frontiers. The necessity of congregating +in forts and blockhouses, no longer existing, each family +enjoyed the felicities of its own fireside, undisturbed by +fearful apprehensions of danger from the prowling savage, +and free from the bustle and confusion consequent on being +crowded together. No longer forced to cultivate their little +fields in common, and by the united exertions of a whole +neighborhood, with tomahawks suspended from their belts +and rifles attached to their plow beams, their original spirit +of enterprise was revived: and while a certainty of reaping +in unmolested safety, the harvest for which they had toiled, +gave to industry, a stimulus which increased their prosperity, +it also excited others to come and reside among +them––a considerable addition to their population, and a +rapid extension of settlements, were the necessary consequence.</p> +<p>It was during the continuation of this exemption from +Indian aggression, that several establishments were made +on the Monongahela and its branches, and on the Ohio +river. These were nearly cotemporaneous; the first however, +in order of time, was that made on the Buchannon––a +fork of the Tygart’s valley river, and was induced by a +flattering account of the country as given by two brothers; +who had spent some years in various parts of it, under +rather unpleasant circumstances.</p> +<p>Among the soldiers who garrisoned Fort Pitt, were +William Childers, John and Samuel Pringle and Joseph +Linsey. In 1761, these four men deserted from the fort, +and ascended the Monongahela as far as to the mouth of +George’s creek (the site afterwards selected by Albert +Gallatin, for the town of Geneva.) Here they remained +awhile; but not liking the [90] situation crossed over to the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_118' name='page_118'></a>118</span> +head of the Youghogany; and encamping in the glades, +continued there about twelve months.</p> +<p>In one of their hunting rambles, Samuel Pringle came +on a path, which he supposed would lead to the inhabited +part of Virginia. On his return he mentioned the discovery +and his supposition, to his comrades, and they resolved +on tracing it. This they accordingly did, and it +conducted them to Loony’s creek, then the most remote +western settlement. While among the inhabitants on +Loony’s creek, they were recognized and some of the +party apprehended as deserters. John and Samuel Pringle +succeeded in making an escape to their camp in the +glades, where they remained ’till some time in the year +1764.</p> +<p>During this year, and while in the employ of John +Simpson (a trapper, who had come there in quest of furs,) +they determined on removing farther west. Simpson was +induced to this, by the prospect of enjoying the woods +free from the intrusion of other hunters (the glades having +begun to be a common hunting ground for the inhabitants +of the South Branch;) while a regard for their personal +safety, caused the Pringles to avoid a situation, in +which they might be exposed to the observation of other +men.</p> +<p>In journeying through the wilderness, and after having +crossed Cheat river at the Horse shoe, a quarrel arose +between Simpson and one of the Pringles; and notwithstanding +that peace and harmony were so necessary to +their mutual safety and comfort; yet each so far indulged +the angry passions which had been excited, as at length +to produce a separation.</p> +<p>Simpson crossed over the Valley river, near the mouth +of Pleasant creek, and passing on to the head of another +water course, gave to it the name of Simpson’s creek. +Thence he went westwardly, and fell over on a stream +which he called Elk: at the mouth of this he erected +a camp, and continued to reside for more than twelve +months. During this time he neither saw the Pringles +nor any other human being; and at the expiration of it +went to the South Branch, where he disposed of his furs and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_119' name='page_119'></a>119</span> +skins and then returned to, and continued at, his encampment +at the mouth of Elk, until permanent settlements +were made in its vicinity.</p> +<p>The Pringles kept up the Valley river ’till they observed +a large right hand fork, (now Buchannon),<a name='FNanchor_0085' id='FNanchor_0085'></a><a href='#Footnote_0085' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> which +they ascended [91] some miles; and at the mouth of a +small branch (afterward called Turkey run) they took up +their abode in the cavity of a large Sycamore tree.<a name='FNanchor_0086' id='FNanchor_0086'></a><a href='#Footnote_0086' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> The +stump of this is still to be seen, and is an object of no +little veneration with the immediate descendants of the +first settlers.</p> +<p>The situation of these men, during a residence here of +several years, although rendered somewhat necessary by +their previous conduct, could not have been very enviable. +Deserters from the army, a constant fear of discovery +filled their minds with inquietude.––In the vicinity of a +savage foe, the tomahawk and scalping knife were ever +present to their imaginations.––Remote from civilized +man, their solitude was hourly interrupted by the frightful +shrieks of the panther, or the hideous howlings of the +wolf.––And though the herds of Buffalo, Elk and Deer, +which gamboled sportively around, enabled them easily to +supply their larder; yet the want of salt, of bread, and of +every species of kitchen vegetable, must have abated their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_120' name='page_120'></a>120</span> +relish for the, otherwise, delicious loin of the one, and +haunch of the others. The low state of their little magazine +too, while it limited their hunting, to the bare procuration +of articles of subsistence, caused them, from a +fear of discovery, to shrink at the idea of being driven to +the settlements, for a supply of ammunition. And not +until they were actually reduced to two loads of powder, +could they be induced to venture again into the vicinity of +their fellow men. In the latter part of the year 1767, +John left his brother, and intending to make for a trading +post on the Shenandoah, appointed the period of his +return.</p> +<p>Samuel Pringle, in the absence of John, suffered a +good deal. The stock of provisions left him became entirely +exhausted––one of his loads of powder, was expended +in a fruitless attempt to shoot a buck––his brother +had already delayed his return several days longer than +was intended, and he was apprehensive that he had been +recognized, taken to Port Pitt and would probably never +get back. With his remaining load of powder, however +he was fortunate enough to kill a fine buffalo; and John +soon after returned with the news of peace, both with the +Indians and French. The two brothers agreed to leave +their retirement.</p> +<p>Their wilderness habitation was not left without some +regret. Every object around, had become more or less endeared +to them. The tree, in whose hollow they had been +so [92] frequently sheltered from storm and tempest, was +regarded by them with so great reverence, that they resolved, +so soon as they could prevail on a few others to +accompany them, again to return to this asylum of their +exile.</p> +<p>In a population such as then composed the chief part +of the South Branch settlement, this was no difficult matter. +All of them were used to the frontier manner of living; +the most of them had gone thither to acquire land; +many had failed entirely in this object, while others were +obliged to occupy poor and broken situations off the river; +the fertile bottoms having been previously located. Add +to this the passion for hunting (which was a ruling one +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_121' name='page_121'></a>121</span> +with many,) and the comparative scarcity of game in their +neighborhood, and it need not excite surprise that the +proposition of the Pringles to form a settlement, in such a +country as they represented that on Buchannon to be, was +eagerly embraced by many.</p> +<p>In the fall of the ensuing year (1768) Samuel Pringle, +and several others who wished first to examine for themselves, +visited the country which had been so long occupied +by the Pringles alone. Being pleased with it, they, +in the following spring, with a few others, repaired thither, +with the view of cultivating as much corn, as would serve +their families the first year after their emigration. And +having examined the country, for the purpose of selecting +the most desirable situations; some of them proceeded to +improve the spots of their choice. John Jackson (who +was accompanied by his sons, George and Edward) settled +at the mouth of Turkey run, where his daughter, +Mrs. Davis, now lives––John Hacker<a name='FNanchor_0087' id='FNanchor_0087'></a><a href='#Footnote_0087' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> higher up on the +Buchannon river, where Bush’s fort was afterwards established, +and Nicholas Heavener now lives––Alexander and +Thomas Sleeth, near to Jackson’s, on what is now known +as the Forenash plantation. The others of the party +(William Hacker, Thomas and Jesse Hughes, John and +William Radcliff and John Brown) appear to have employed +their time exclusively in hunting; neither of them +making any improvement of land for his own benefit. +Yet were they of very considerable service to the new settlement. +Those who had commenced clearing land, were +supplied by them with abundance of meat, while in their +hunting excursions through the country, a better knowledge +of it was obtained, than could have been acquired, +had they been engaged in making improvements.</p> +<p>[93] In one of these expeditions they discovered, and +gave name to Stone coal creek; which flowing westwardly, +induced the supposition that it discharged itself directly +into the Ohio. Descending this creek, to ascertain the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_122' name='page_122'></a>122</span> +fact, they came to its confluence with a river, which they +then called, and has since been known as, the West Fork. +After having gone some distance down the river, they returned +by a different route to the settlement, better pleased +with the land on it and some of its tributaries, than with +that on Buchannon.</p> +<p>Soon after this, other emigrants arrived under the +guidance of Samuel Pringle. Among them were, John +and Benjamin Cutright, who settled on Buchannon, where +John Cutright the younger, now lives; and Henry Rule +who improved just above the mouth of Fink’s run. Before +the arrival of Samuel Pringle, John Hacker had begun +to improve the spot which Pringle had chosen for +himself. To prevent any unpleasant result, Hacker agreed +that if Pringle would clear as much land, on a creek which +had been recently discovered by the hunters, as he had on +Buchannon, they could then exchange places. Complying +with this condition Pringle took possession of the farm on +Buchannon, and Hacker of the land improved by Pringle +on the creek, which was hence called Hacker’s creek.<a name='FNanchor_0088' id='FNanchor_0088'></a><a href='#Footnote_0088' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> +John and William Radcliff, then likewise settled on this +stream––the former on the farm, where the Rev. John +Mitchel now lives; the latter at the place now owned by +William Powers Esq.––These comprise all the improvements +which were made on the upper branches of the +Monongahela in the years 1769 and 1770.</p> +<p>At the close of the working season of 1769 some of +these adventurers, went to their families on the South +Branch; and when they returned to gather their crops in +the fall, found them entirely destroyed. In their absence +the buffaloes, no longer awed by the presence of man, had +trespassed on their enclosures, and eaten their corn to the +ground––this delayed the removal of their families ’till the +winter of 1770.</p> +<p>Soon after the happening of this event, other settlements +were made on the upper branches of the Monongahela +river. Capt. James Booth and John Thomas established +themselves on what has been since called Booth’s +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_123' name='page_123'></a>123</span> +creek––The former at the place now owned by Jesse Martin; +and the latter where William Martin at present resides, +and which is perhaps the [94] most valuable landed +estate in North Western Virginia, off the Ohio river.</p> +<p>Previous however to the actual settlement of the +country above the forks of the Monongahela, some few +families (in 1767) had established themselves in the vicinity +of Fort Redstone, now Brownsville, in Pennsylvania.<a name='FNanchor_0089' id='FNanchor_0089'></a><a href='#Footnote_0089' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> At +the head of these were Abraham Tegard, James Crawford, +John Province, and John Harden. The latter of +these gentlemen afterwards removed to Kentucky and became +distinguished in the early history of that state, as +well for the many excellencies of his private and public +life, as for the untimely and perfidious manner of his +death.</p> +<p>In the succeeding year Jacob Vanmeter, John Swan, +Thomas Hughes and some others settled on the west side +of the Monongahela, near the mouth of Muddy creek, +where Carmichaelstown now stands.<a name='FNanchor_0090' id='FNanchor_0090'></a><a href='#Footnote_0090' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>In this year too, the place which had been occupied +for a while by Thomas Decker and his unfortunate associates, +and where Morgantown is now situated, was settled +by a party of emigrants; one of which was David Morgan, +who became so conspicuous for personal prowess, and for +the daring, yet deliberate courage displayed by him, during +the subsequent hostilities with the Indians.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_124' name='page_124'></a>124</span></div> +<p>In 1769, Col. Ebenezer Zane, his brothers Silas and +Jonathan, with some others from the south Branch, visited +the Ohio river for the purpose of commencing improvements;<a name='FNanchor_0091' id='FNanchor_0091'></a><a href='#Footnote_0091' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> +[95] and severally proceeded to select positions +for their future residence. Col. Zane chose for his, an +eminence above the mouth of Wheeling creek, near +to the Ohio, and opposite a beautiful and considerable +island in that river. The spot thus selected by him, is +now occupied by his son Noah Zane, Esq. and is nearly +the centre of the present flourishing town of Wheeling. +Silas Zane commenced improving on Wheeling creek +where Col. Moses Shepherd now lives, and Jonathan resided +with his brother Ebenezer. Several of those who +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_125' name='page_125'></a>125</span> +accompanied the adventurers, likewise remained with +Colonel Zane, in the capacity of laborers.</p> +<p>After having made those preparations which were immediately +requisite for the reception of their respective +families, they returned to their former homes. In the ensuing +year they finally left the South Branch, and accompanied +by Col. David Shepherd, (the father of Col. Moses +Shepherd,) John Wetzel (the father of Lewis) and the +McCulloughs––men whose names are identified with the +early history of that country––repaired again to the +wilderness, and took up their permanent abode in it.</p> +<p>Soon after this, other settlements were made at different +points, both above and below Wheeling; and the +country on Buffalo, Short, and Grave creeks,<a name='FNanchor_0092' id='FNanchor_0092'></a><a href='#Footnote_0092' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> and on the +Ohio river, became the abode of civilized man. Among +those who were first to occupy above Wheeling, were +George Lefler, John Doddridge, Benjamin Biggs, Daniel +Greathouse, Joshua Baker and Andrew Swearingen.<a name='FNanchor_0093' id='FNanchor_0093'></a><a href='#Footnote_0093' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a></p> +<p>[96] The settlement thus made constituting a kind of +advance <i>guard</i>, through which an Indian enemy would +have to penetrate, before they could reach the interior, +others were less reluctant to occupy the country between +them and the Alleghany mountains. Accordingly various +establishments were soon made in it by adventurers from +different parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; +and those places in which settlements had been previously +effected, received considerable accessions to their population.</p> +<p>In 1772, that comparatively beautiful region of country, +lying on the east fork of the Monongahela river, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_126' name='page_126'></a>126</span> +between the Alleghany mountains, on its south eastern, and +the Laurel Hill, or as it is there called the Rich mountain, +on its north western side, and which had received the denomination +of Tygart’s valley, again attracted the attention +of emigrants.––In the course of that year, the greater +part of this valley was located, by persons said to have +been enticed thither by the description given of it, by +some hunters from Greenbrier who had previously explored +it. Game, though a principal, was not however +their sole object. They possessed themselves at once of +nearly all the level land lying between those mountains––a +plain of 25 or 30 miles in length and varying from three +fourths to two miles in width, and of fine soil. Among +those who were first to occupy that section of country, we +find the names of Hadden, Connelly, Whiteman, Warwick, +Nelson, Stalnaker, Riffle and Westfall: the latter of these +found and interred the bones of Files’ family, which had +lain, bleaching in the sun, after their murder by the Indians, +in 1754.</p> +<p>Cheat river too, on which no attempt at settlement +had been made, but by the unfortunate Eckarly’s, became +an object of attention, The Horse Shoe bottom was located +by Capt. James Parsons, of the South Branch; and +in his neighborhood settled Robert Cunningham, Henry +Fink, John Goff and John Minear. Robert Butler, William +Morgan and some others settled on the Dunkard +bottom.</p> +<p>In this year too, settlements were made on Simpson’s +creek, the West Fork river and on Elk creek. Those who +made the former, were John Powers, who purchased Simpson’s +right (a tomahawk improvement)<a name='FNanchor_0094' id='FNanchor_0094'></a><a href='#Footnote_0094' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> to the land on +which Benjamin [97] Stout now resides; and James Anderson +and Jonas Webb who located themselves farther up +the creek.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_127' name='page_127'></a>127</span></div> +<p>On Elk, and in the vicinity of Clarksburg there settled +Thomas Nutter, near to the Forge-mills––Samuel Cottrial, +on the east side of the creek and nearly opposite to +Clarksburg––Sotha Hickman, on the west side of the same +creek, and above Cottrial––Samuel Beard at the mouth of +Nanny’s run––Andrew Cottrial above Beard, and at the +farm now owned by John W. Patton––Daniel Davisson, +where Clarksburg is now situated, and Obadiah Davisson +and John Nutter on the West Fork; the former near to +the old Salt works, and the latter at the place now owned +by Adam Hickman, jr.</p> +<p>There was likewise, at this time, a considerable accession +to the settlements on Buchannon and Hacker’s creek. +So great was the increase of population in this latter +neighborhood, that the crops of the preceding season did +not afford more than one third of the breadstuff, which +would be ordinarily consumed in the same time, by an +equal number of persons. Such indeed was the state of suffering +among the inhabitants, consequent on this scarcity, +that the year 1773 is called in the traditionary legends of +that day, the <i>starving year</i>; and such were the exertions +of William Lowther to mitigate that suffering, and so +great the success with which they were crowned, that his +name has been transmitted to their descendants, hallowed +by the blessings of those, whose wants he contributed so +largely to relieve.<a name='FNanchor_0095' id='FNanchor_0095'></a><a href='#Footnote_0095' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_128' name='page_128'></a>128</span></div> +<p>[98] These were the principal settlements begun in North +Western Virginia, prior to the year 1774. Few and scattered +as they were, no sooner was it known that they were +commenced, than hundreds flocked to them from different +parts; and sought there the gratifications of their respective +predilections. That spirit of adventurous emigration, +which has since peopled, with such unprecedented rapidity, +the south western and western states, and which was +then beginning to develope itself, overcame the fond attachments +of youth, and impelled its possessors, to the +dreary wilderness. Former homes, encircled by the comforts +of civilization, endeared by the grateful recollections +of by-gone days, and not unfrequently, consecrated as the +spots where their tenants had first inhaled the vital fluid, +were readily exchanged for “the variety of untried being, +the new scenes and changes,” which were to be passed, +before the trees of the forest could be supplanted, by the +fruits of the field, or society be reared in the solitude of +the desert. With a capability to sustain fatigue, not to be +subdued by toil; and with a cheerfulness, not easily to be +depressed; a patience which could mock at suffering and +a daring which nothing could daunt, every difficulty which +intervened, every obstacle which was interposed between +them and the accomplishment of the objects of their pursuit, +was surmounted or removed; and in a comparatively +brief space of time, they rose to the enjoyment of many +of those gratifications, which are experienced in earlier +and more populous settlements. That their morals should, +for a while, have suffered deterioration, and their manners +and habits, instead of [99] approximating those of refined +society, should have become perhaps, more barbarous and +uncouth, was the inevitable consequence of their situation, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_129' name='page_129'></a>129</span> +and the certain result of circumstances, which they could +not control. When that situation was changed, and these +circumstances ceased to exist, a rapid progress was made +in the advancement of many sections of the country, to +the refinements of civilized society.</p> +<p>The infantile state of all countries exhibits, in a +greater or less degree, a prevalence of barbarism. The +planting of colonies, or the formation of establishments in +new countries, is ever attended with circumstances unpropitious +to refinement. The force with which these circumstances +act, will be increased or diminished in proportion +to the remoteness or proximity of those new establishments, +to older societies, in which the arts and sciences +are cultivated; and to the facility of communication between +them. Man is, at all times, the creature of circumstances. +Cut off from an intercourse with his fellow men, +and divested of the conveniences of life, he will readily +relapse into a state of nature.––Placed in contiguity with +the barbarous and the vicious; his manners will become +rude, his morals perverted.––Brought into collision with +the sanguinary and revengeful; and his own conduct will +eventually be distinguished, by bloody and vindictive +deeds.</p> +<p>Such was really the situation of those who made the +first establishments in North Western Virginia. And +when it is considered, that they were, mostly, men from +the humble walks of life; comparatively illiterate and unrefined; +without civil or religious institutions, and with +a love of liberty, bordering on its extreme; their more +enlightened descendants can not but feel surprise, that +their dereliction from propriety had not been greater; +their virtue less.</p> +<p>The objects, for the attainment of which they voluntarily +placed themselves in this situation, and tempted the +dangers inseparable from a residence in the contiguity of +Indians, jealous of territorial encroachment, were almost +as various as their individual character. Generally speaking, +they were men in indigent circumstances, unable to +purchase land in the neigborhoods from which they came, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_130' name='page_130'></a>130</span> +and unwilling longer to remain the tenants of others. +These were induced to [100] emigrate, with the laudable +ambition of acquiring homes, from which they would not +be liable to expulsion, at the whim and caprice of some +haughty lordling. Upon the attainment of this object, +they were generally content; and made but feeble exertions +to acquire more land, than that to which they obtained +title, by virtue of their settlements. Some few, however, +availed themselves of the right of pre-emption, and becoming +possessed of the more desirable portions of the +country, added considerably to their individual wealth.</p> +<p>Those who settled on the Ohio, were of a more enterprising +and ambitious spirit, and looked more to the advancement +of their condition in a pecuniary point of view. +The fertile bottoms of that river, and the facility with which, +by means of it, their surplus produce might be transported to +a ready market,<a name='FNanchor_0096' id='FNanchor_0096'></a><a href='#Footnote_0096' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> were considerations which influenced many. +Others, again, looking forward to the time when the Indians +would be divested of the country north west of the Ohio river, +and it be open to location in the same manner its south eastern +shores were, selected this as a situation, from which +they might more readily obtain possession of the fertile +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_131' name='page_131'></a>131</span> +land, with which its ample plains were known to abound. +In anticipation of this period, there were some who embraced +every opportunity, afforded by intervals of peace +with the Indians, to explore that country and select in it +what they deemed, its most valuable parts. Around these +they would generally mark trees, or otherwise define +boundaries, by which they could be afterwards identified. +The cession by Virginia to the United States, of the North +Western Territory, and the manner in which its lands were +subsequently brought into market, prevented the realization +of those flattering, and apparently, well founded expectations.</p> +<p>There were also, in every settlement, individuals, who +had been drawn to them solely by their love of hunting, +and an attachment to the wild, unshackled scenes of a +wilderness life. These were perhaps, totally regardless of +all the inconveniencies, [101] resulting from their new situation; +except that of being occasionally pent up in forts; +and thus debarred the enjoyment of their favorite pastimes.</p> +<p>Although hunting was not the object of most of the +old settlers, yet it was for a good part of the year, the +chief employment of their time. And of all those, who +thus made their abode in the dense forest, and tempted aggression +from the neighboring Indians, none were so well +qualified to resist this aggression, and to retaliate upon +its authors, as those who were mostly engaged in this +pursuit. Of all their avocations, this “mimickry of war” +best fitted them to thwart the savages in their purpose, +and to mitigate the horrors of their peculiar mode of warfare. +Those arts which enabled them, unperceived to approach +the watchful deer in his lair, enabled them likewise +to circumvent the Indian in his ambush; and if not +always punish, yet frequently defeat him in his object. +Add to this the perfect knowledge which they acquired +of the woods, and the ease and certainty with which +they consequently, when occasion required, could make +their way to any point of the settlements and apprize the +inhabitants of approaching danger; and it will be readily +admitted that the more expert and successful the huntsman, +the more skillful and effective the warrior. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_132' name='page_132'></a>132</span></p> +<p>But various soever, as may have been their objects in +emigrating, no sooner had they come together, than there +existed in each settlement, a perfect unison of feeling. +Similitude of situation and community of danger, operating +as a magic charm, stifled in their birth those little +bickerings, which are so apt to disturb the quiet of society. +Ambition of preferment and the pride of place, +too often lets and hindrances to social intercourse, were +unknown among them. Equality of condition rendered +them strangers alike, to the baneful distinctions created by +wealth and other adventitious circumstances; and to envy, +which gives additional virus to their venom. A sense of +mutual dependence for their common security linked +them in amity; and conducting their several purposes in +harmonious concert, together they toiled and together suffered.</p> +<p>Not all the “pomp and pride and pageantry” of life, +could vie with the Arcadian scenes which encircled the +rude cottages of those men. Their humble dwellings were +the abode of virtues, rarely found in the “cloud capt towers +and [102] gorgeous palaces” of splendid ambition. And +when peace reigned around them, neither the gaudy trappings +of wealth, nor the insignia of office, nor the slaked +thirst for distinction, could have added to the happiness +which they enjoyed.</p> +<p>In their intercourse with others they were kind, +beneficent and disinterested; extending to all, the most +generous hospitality which their circumstances could afford. +That selfishness, which prompts to liberality for the +sake of remuneration, and proffers the civilities of life +with an eye to individual interest, was unknown to them. +They were kind for kindness sake; and sought no other +recompense, than the never failing concomitant of good +deeds––the reward of an approving conscience.</p> +<p>It is usual for men in the decline of life, to contrast +the scenes which are then being exhibited, with those +through which they passed in the days of youth; and not +unfrequently, to moralize on the decay of those virtues, +which enhance the enjoyment of life and give to pleasure +its highest relish. The mind is then apt to revert to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_133' name='page_133'></a>133</span> +earlier times, and to dwell with satisfaction on the manners +and customs which prevailed in the hey-day of youth. +Every change which may have been wrought in them is +deemed a deteriorating innovation, and the sentence of +their condemnation unhesitatingly pronounced. This is +not always, the result of impartial and discriminating +judgment. It is perhaps, more frequently founded in +prepossession; and based on the prejudices of education +and habit.</p> +<p>On the other hand those who are just entering on the +vestibule of life, are prone to give preference to the habits +of the present generation; viewing, too often, with contemptuous +derision, those of the past. Mankind certainly +advance in intelligence and refinement; but virtue and +happiness do not at all times keep pace with this progress. +“To inform the understanding,” is not always “to correct +and enlarge the heart;” nor do the blandishments of life +invariably add to the sum of moral excellence; they are +often “as dead sea fruit that tempts the eye, but turns to +ashes on the lips.”––While a rough exterior as frequently +covers a temper of the utmost benignity, happy in itself +and giving happiness to all around.</p> +<p>Such were the pioneers of this country; and the +greater part of mankind might now derive advantage from +the [103] contemplation of “their humble virtues, hospitable +homes and spirits patient, noble, proud and free––their +self respect, grafted on innocent thoughts; their days of +health and nights of sleep––their toils, by danger dignified, +yet guiltless––their hopes of cheerful old age and +a quiet grave, with cross and garland over its green turf, +and their grand children’s love for epitaph.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_134' name='page_134'></a>134</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[104] CHAPTER VI.</p> +<p>In the year 1774, the peace, which had subsisted with +but little violation since the treaty of 1765, received an interruption, +which checked for a while the emigration to +the North Western frontier; and involved its infant settlements +in a war with the Indians. This result has been attributed +to various causes. Some have asserted that it +had its origin in the murder of some Indians on the Ohio +river both above and below Wheeling, in the spring of +that year. Others suppose it to have been produced by +the instigation of British emissaries, and the influence of +Canadian traders.</p> +<p>That it was not caused by the murders at Captina, +and opposite the mouth of Yellow creek,<a name='FNanchor_0097' id='FNanchor_0097'></a><a href='#Footnote_0097' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> is fairly inferrible +from the fact, that several Indians had been previously +murdered by the whites in a period of the most +profound tranquillity, without having led to a similar +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_135' name='page_135'></a>135</span> +issue; or even given rise to any act of retaliation, on the +part of the friends or countrymen of those, who had been +thus murdered.</p> +<p>At different periods of time, between the peace of +1765, and the renewal of hostilities in 1774, three Indians +were unprovokedly killed by John Ryan, on the Ohio, +Monongahela and Cheat rivers. The first who suffered +from the unrestrained licentiousness of this man, was an +Indian of distinction in his tribe, and known by the name +of Capt. Peter; the other two were private warriors. And +but that Governor Dunmore, from the representations +made to him, was induced [105] to offer a reward for his +apprehension, which caused him to leave the country, +Ryan would probably have continued to murder every +Indian, with whom he should chance to meet, wandering +through the settlements.</p> +<p>Several Indians were likewise killed on the South +Branch, while on a friendly visit to that country, in the +interval of peace. This deed is said to have been done +by Henry Judah, Nicholas Harpold and their associates; +and when Judah was arrested for the offence, so great was +the excitement among those who had suffered from savage +enmity, that he was rescued from confinement by +upwards of two hundred men, collected for that especial +purpose.</p> +<p>The Bald Eagle was an Indian of notoriety, not only +among his own nation, but also with the inhabitants of +the North Western frontier; with whom he was in the +habit of associating and hunting. In one of his visits +among them, he was discovered alone, by Jacob Scott, +William Hacker and Elijah Runner, who, reckless of the +consequences, murdered him, solely to gratify a most wanton +thirst for Indian blood. After the commission of this +most outrageous enormity, they seated him in the stern +of a canoe, and with a piece of journey-cake thrust into +his mouth, set him afloat in the Monongahela. In this +situation he was seen descending the river, by several, who +supposed him to be as usual, returning from a friendly +hunt with the whites in the upper settlements, and who +expressed some astonishment that he did not stop to see +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_136' name='page_136'></a>136</span> +them. The canoe floating near to the shore, below the +mouth of George’s creek, was observed by a Mrs. Province, +who had it brought to the bank, and the friendly, +but unfortunate old Indian decently buried.</p> +<p>Not long after the murder of the Bald Eagle, another +outrage of a similar nature was committed on a peaceable +Indian, by William White; and for which he was apprehended +and taken to Winchester for trial. But the fury +of the populace did not suffer him to remain there awaiting +that event.––The prison doors were forced, the irons +knocked off him and he again set at liberty.</p> +<p>But a still more atrocious act is said to have been soon +after perpetrated. Until then the murders committed, +were only on such as were found within the limits of white +settlements, and on men & warriors. In 1772, there is +every reason to believe, that women and children likewise +became victims to the exasperated feelings of our +[106] own citizens; and this too, while quietly enjoying +the comforts of their own huts, in their own village.</p> +<p>There was at that time an Indian town on the Little +Kenhawa, (called Bulltown) inhabited by five families, who +were in habits of social and friendly intercourse with the +whites on Buchannon and on Hacker’s creek; frequently +visiting and hunting with them.<a name='FNanchor_0098' id='FNanchor_0098'></a><a href='#Footnote_0098' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> There was likewise residing +on Gauley river, the family of a German by the +name of Stroud.<a name='FNanchor_0099' id='FNanchor_0099'></a><a href='#Footnote_0099' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> In the summer of that year, Mr. Stroud +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_137' name='page_137'></a>137</span> +being from home, his family were all murdered, his house +plundered, and his cattle driven off. The trail made by +these leading in the direction of Bulltown, induced the +supposition that the Indians of that village had been the +authors of the outrage, and caused several to resolve on +avenging it upon them.</p> +<p>A party of five men, (two of whom were William +White and William Hacker,<a name='FNanchor_0100' id='FNanchor_0100'></a><a href='#Footnote_0100' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> who had been concerned in +previous murders) expressed a determination to proceed +immediately to Bulltown. The remonstrance of the settlement +generally, could not operate to effect a change in +that determination. They went; and on their return, circumstances +justified the belief that the pre-apprehension +of those who knew the temper and feelings of White and +Hacker, had been well founded; and that there had been +some fighting between them and the Indians. And notwithstanding +that they denied ever having seen an Indian +in their absence, yet it was the prevailing opinion, that +they had destroyed all the men, women and children at +Bulltown, and threw their bodies into the river. Indeed, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_138' name='page_138'></a>138</span> +one of the party is said to have, inadvertently, used expressions, +confirmatory of this opinion; and to have then +justified the deed, by saying that the clothes and other +things known to have belonged to Stroud’s family, were +found in the possession of the Indians. The village was +soon after visited, and found to be entirely desolated, and +nothing being ever after heard of its former inhabitants, +there can remain no doubt but that the murder of Stroud’s +family, was requited on them.</p> +<p>Here then was a fit time for the Indians to commence +a system of retaliation and war, if they were disposed to +engage in hostilities, for offences of this kind alone. Yet +no such event was the consequence of the killing of the +Bulltown Indians, or of those other murders which preceded +that outrage; and it may be hence rationally concluded, +that the murders on the Ohio river did not lead to +such an event. If however, a doubt should still remain, +that doubt is surely removed by the declaration of Logan +himself. It was his family that was killed opposite Yellow +creek, about the last of April; and in the following +July (after the expedition against the Wappatomica towns, +under Col. McDonald) he says, “the Indiens are not angry +on account of those murders, but only myself.” The fact +is, that hostilities had commenced before the happening +of the affair at Captina, or that near Yellow creek; and +these, instead of having produced that event, were the +consequence of the previous hostile movements of the Indians.</p> +<p>[107] Those who lived more immediately in the neighborhood +of the scene of action at that time, were generally +of opinion, that the Indians were urged to war by the instigation +of emissaries from Great Britain, and of the +Canadian traders; and, independently of any knowledge +which they may have had of the conduct of these, circumstances +of a general nature would seem to justify that +opinion.</p> +<p>The relative situation of the American colonies and +the mother country, is matter of general history, and too +well known to require being repeated here. It is equally +well known too, that from the first establishment of a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_139' name='page_139'></a>139</span> +colony in Canada, the Canadians obtained an influence +over the Natives, greater than the Anglo-Americans were +ever able to acquire; and that this influence was frequently +exercised by them, to the great annoyance, and manifest +injury of the latter. France and England have been long +considered as natural enemies; and the inhabitants of their +respective plantations in America, entertained strong feelings +of jealousy towards each other. When by the treaty +of Paris, the French possessions in North America (which +had not been ceded to Spain,) were transferred to Great +Britain, those feelings were not subdued. The Canadians +still regarded themselves as a different people. Their national +prejudices were too great to be extinguished by an +union under the same prince. Under the influence of +these prejudices, and the apprehension, that the lucrative +commerce of the natives might, by the competition of the +English traders, be diverted from its accustomed channels, +they may have exerted themselves to excite the Indians to +war; but that alone would hardly have produced this result. +There is in man an inherent partiality for self, which +leads him to search for the causes of any evil, elsewhere +than in his own conduct; and under the operation of this +propensity to assign the burden of wrong to be borne by +others, the Jesuits from Canada and Louisiana were censured +for the continuation of the war on the part of the +Indians, after it had been terminated with their allies by +the treaty of 1763. Yet that event was, no doubt, justly +attributable to the erection of forts, and the location of +land, in the district of country claimed by the natives, in +the province of Pennsylvania. And in like manner, the +origin of the war of 1774 may fairly be charged to the encroachments +which were then being made on the Indian +territory. To be convinced of this, it is necessary to advert +to the promptitude of resistance on the part of the +Natives, by which those encroachments were invariably +met; and to recur to events happening in other sections +of the country.––Events, perhaps no otherwise connected +with the history of North Western Virginia, than as they +are believed to have been the proximate causes of an hostility, +eventuating in the effusion of much of its blood; +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_140' name='page_140'></a>140</span> +and pregnant with other circumstances, having an important +bearing on its prosperity and advancement.</p> +<p>In the whole history of America, from the time when +it first [108] became apparent that the occupancy of the +country was the object of the whites, up to the present +period, is there perhaps to be found a solitary instance, in +which an attempt, made by the English to effect a settlement +in a wilderness claimed by the Natives, was not succeeded +by immediate acts of hostility on the part of the +latter. Every advance of the kind was regarded by them, +as tending to effect their expulsion from a country, which +they had long considered as their own, and as leading, +most probably, to their entire extinction as a people. This +excited in them feelings of the most dire resentment; +stimulating to deeds of cruelty and murder, at once to +repel the encroachment and to punish its authors. Experience +of the utter futility of those means to accomplish +these purposes, has never availed to repress their use, or +to produce an acquiesence in the wrong. Even attempts +to extend jurisdiction over a country, the right of soil in +which was never denied them, have ever given rise to the +most lively apprehensions of their fatal consequences, and +prompted to the employment of means to thwart that aim. +An Indian sees no difference between the right of empire +and the right of domain; and just as little can he discriminate +between the right of property, acquired by the actual +cultivation of the earth, and that which arises from its appropriation +to other uses.</p> +<p>Among themselves they have lines of demarkation, +which distinguish the territory of one nation from that of +another; and these are of such binding authority, that a +transgression of them by neighboring Indians, leads invariably +to war. In treaties of purchase, and other conventional +arrangements, made with them by the whites, the +validity of their rights to land, have been repeatedly +recognized; and an infraction of those rights by the +Anglo-Americans, encounters opposition at its threshold. +The history of every attempt to settle a wilderness, to +which the Indian title was not previously extinguished, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_141' name='page_141'></a>141</span> +has consequently been a history of plunder, conflagration +and massacre.</p> +<p>That the extension of white settlements into the Indian +country, was the cause of the war of 1774, will be +abundantly manifested by a recurrence to the early history +of Kentucky; and a brief review of the circumstances connected +with the first attempts to explore and make establishments +in it. For several reasons, these circumstances +merit a passing notice in this place. Redstone and Fort +Pitt (now Brownsville and Pittsburgh) were for some time, +the principal points of embarkation for emigrants to that +country; many of whom were from the establishments +which had been then not long made, on the Monongahela. +The Indians, regarding the settlements in North Western +Virginia as the line from which swarmed the adventurers +to Kentucky, directed their operations to prevent the success +of these adventurers, as well against the inhabitants +of the upper country, as against them. While at the same +time, in the efforts which were made to compel the Indians +to desist from farther opposition, the North Western Virginians +frequently combined [109] their forces, and acted +in conjunction, the more certainly to accomplish that object. +In truth the war, which was then commenced, and +carried on with but little intermission up to the treaty of +Fort Greenville in 1795 was a war in which they were +equally interested, having for its aim the indiscriminate +destruction of the inhabitants of both those sections of +country, as the means of preventing the farther extension +of settlements by the whites.<a name='FNanchor_0101' id='FNanchor_0101'></a><a href='#Footnote_0101' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_142' name='page_142'></a>142</span></div> +<p>When Kentucky was first begun to be explored, it is +said not to have been claimed in individual property by +any nation of Indians. Its extensive forests, grassy +plains and thick cane brakes, abounding with every variety +of game common to such latitudes, were used as common +hunting grounds, and considered by them, as open for all +who chose to resort to them. The Cherokees, the Chickasaws, +the Cataubas, and the Chicamaugas, from the south +east; and the Illinois, the Peorias, the Delawares, the +Mingoes and Shawanees from the west, claimed and +exercised equal rights and privileges within its limits. +When the tribes of those different nations would however +meet there, frequent collisions would arise between them; +and so deadly were the conflicts ensuing upon these, that, +in conjunction with the gloom of its dense forests, they +acquired for it the impressive appellation of “the dark +and bloody ground.” But frequent and deadly as may +have been those conflicts, they sprang from some other +cause, than a claim to exclusive property in it.</p> +<p>In the summer of 1769, Daniel Boone, in company +with John Finley (who had previously hunted through +the country) and a few other men, entered Kentucky, and +travelled over much of its surface, without meeting with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_143' name='page_143'></a>143</span> +an Indian, until the December following.<a name='FNanchor_0102' id='FNanchor_0102'></a><a href='#Footnote_0102' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> At this time +Boone and John Steward (one of his companions,) while +on a hunting excursion, were discovered by a party of +Indians, who succeeded in making them prisoners. After +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_144' name='page_144'></a>144</span> +a detention of but few days, these men effected their escape; +& returning to their old camp, found that it had +been plundered, and their associates, either killed or taken +into captivity. They were shortly after joined by a brother +of Daniel Boone and another man, from North Carolina, +who were so fortunate in wandering through the wilderness, +as to discover the only, though temporary residence +of civilized man within several hundred miles. But the +Indians had become alarmed for the possession of that +country; and fearing that if Boone and Steward should be +suffered to escape to the settlements, they might induce +others to attempt its permanent occupancy, they sought +with vigilance to discover and murder them. They succeeded +in killing Steward; but Daniel Boone and his +brother, then the only persons left (the man who came out +with the younger Boone having been killed by a wolf,) escaped +from them, and soon after returned to North Carolina.</p> +<p>The Indians were not disappointed in their expectations. +The description given of the country by the +Boones, soon led others to attempt its settlement; and in +1773, six families and about forty men, all under the +guidance of Daniel Boone, commenced their journey [110] +to Kentucky with a view of remaining there. Before +they proceeded far, they were attacked in the rear by a +party of Indians, who had been observing their movements; +and who in the first fire killed six of the emigrants +and dispersed their cattle. Nothwithstanding that, +in the engagement which ensued upon this attack, the +assailants were repulsed, yet the adventurers were so +afflicted at the loss of their friends, and dispirited by such +serious and early opposition, that they abandoned their +purpose for a time, and returned to the inhabited parts of +Tennessee.<a name='FNanchor_0103' id='FNanchor_0103'></a><a href='#Footnote_0103' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_145' name='page_145'></a>145</span></div> +<p>The Indians elated with their success in defeating this +first attempt at the settlement of Kentucky, and supposing +that the route pursued by the party which they had driven +back, would be the pass for future adventurers, determined +on guarding it closely, and checking, if possible, every +similar enterprise. But while their attention was directed +to this point, others found their way into the country by +a different route and from a different direction.</p> +<p>The Virginia troops, who had served in the Canadian +war, had been promised a bounty in Western lands. Many +of them being anxious to ascertain their value, and deeming +this a favorable period for the making of surveys, collected +at Fort Pitt in the fall of 1773; and descending the +Ohio river to its falls, at Louisville, proceeded from thence +to explore the country preparatory to a perfection of their +grants.<a name='FNanchor_0104' id='FNanchor_0104'></a><a href='#Footnote_0104' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_146' name='page_146'></a>146</span></div> +<p>About the same time too, General Thompson of Pennsylvania, +commenced an extensive course of surveys, of +the rich land on the North Fork of Licking; and other +individuals following his example, in the ensuing winter +the country swarmed with land adventurers and surveyors. +So sensible were they all, that these attempts to +appropriate those lands to their own use, would produce +acts of hostility, that they went prepared to resist those +acts; and the first party who took up their abode in Kentucky, +no sooner selected a situation for their residence, +than they proceeded to erect a fort for their security.<a name='FNanchor_0105' id='FNanchor_0105'></a><a href='#Footnote_0105' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> +The conduct of the Indians soon convinced them that +their apprehensions were not ill founded; and many of +them, in consequence of the hostile movements which +were being made, and the robberies which were committed, +ascended the Ohio river to Wheeling.</p> +<p>It is not known that any murders were done previously +to this, and subsequently to the attack and repulse +of the emigrants who were led on by Boone in 1773. This +event happened on the tenth day of October; and it was +in April the ensuing year, that the land adventurers retired +to Wheeling. In this interval of time, nothing +could, perhaps, be done by the Indians, but make preparation +[111] for hostilities in the spring. Indeed it very +rarely happens, that the Indians engage in active war +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_147' name='page_147'></a>147</span> +during the winter; and there is, moreover, a strong presumption, +that they were for some time ignorant of the fact +that there were adventurers in the country; and consequently, +they knew of no object there, on which their hostile +intentions could operate.––Be this as it may, it is certain +that, from the movements of the Indians at the close +of the winter, the belief was general, that they were assuming +a warlike attitude, and meditating a continuance +of hostilities. War was certainly begun on their part, +when Boone and his associates, were attacked and driven +back to the settlement; and if it abated for a season, that +abatement was attributable to other causes, than a disposition +to remain quiet and peaceable, while the country was +being occupied by the whites.</p> +<p>If other evidence were wanting, to prove the fact that +the war of 1774 had its origin in a determination of the +Indians to repress the extension of white settlements, it +could be found in the circumstance, that although it was +terminated by the treaty with Lord Dunmore, yet it revived +as soon as attempts were again made to occupy +Kentucky, and was continued with increased ardour, ’till +the victory obtained over them by General Wayne. For, +notwithstanding that in the struggle for American liberty, +those Indians became the allies of Great Britain, yet when +independence was acknowledged, and the English forces +withdrawn from the colonies, hostilities were still carried +on by them; and, as was then well understood, because of +the continued operation of those causes, which produced +the war of 1774. That the Canadian traders and British +emissaries, prompted the Indians to aggression, and extended +to them every aid which they could, to render that +aggression more effectually oppressive and overwhelming, +is readily admitted. Yet this would not have led to a +war, but for the encroachments which have been mentioned. +French influence, united to the known jealousy +of the Natives, would have been unavailingly exerted to +array the Indians against Virginia, at the commencement +of Braddock’s war, but for the proceedings of the Ohio +company, and the fact that the Pennsylvania traders represented +the object of that association to be purely territorial. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_148' name='page_148'></a>148</span> +And equally fruitless would have been their endeavor +to involve them in a contest [112] with Virginians +at a later period, but for a like manifestation of an intention +to encroach on their domain.</p> +<p>In the latter end of April 1774, a party of land adventurers, +who had fled from the dangers which threatened +them below, came in collision with some Indians, near the +mouth of Captina, sixteen miles below Wheeling. A slight +skirmish ensued, which terminated in the discomfiture of +the whites, notwithstanding they had only one man +wounded, and one or two of the enemy were killed. +About the same time, happened the affair opposite the +mouth of Yellow creek; a stream emptying into the Ohio +river from the northwest, nearly midway between Pittsburg +and Wheeling.<a name='FNanchor_0106' id='FNanchor_0106'></a><a href='#Footnote_0106' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a></p> +<p>In consequence of advices received of the menacing +conduct of the Indians, Joshua Baker (who lived at this +place) was preparing, together with his neighbors, to retire +for safety, into some of the nearer forts, or to go to +the older and more populous settlements, remote from +danger. There was at that time a large party of Indians, +encamped on both sides of Yellow creek, at its entrance +into the river; and although in their intercourse at +Baker’s, they had not manifested an intention of speedily +commencing depredations, yet he deemed his situation in +the immediate contiguity of them, as being far from secure, +and was on the eve of abandoning it, when a party +of whites, who had just collected at his house, fired upon +and killed some Indians, who were likewise there.––Among +them were the brother and daughter of the celebrated +chief, Logan.<a name='FNanchor_0107' id='FNanchor_0107'></a><a href='#Footnote_0107' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_149' name='page_149'></a>149</span></div> +<p>In justification of this conduct it has been said, that +on the preceding evening a squaw came over from the encampment +and informed Mrs. Baker that the Indians +meditated the murder of her family on the next day; and +that before the firing [113] at Baker’s, two canoes, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_150' name='page_150'></a>150</span> +containing Indians painted and armed for war, were seen to +leave the opposite shore. Under these circumstances, an +apparently slight provocation, and one, which would not +perhaps have been, otherwise heeded, produced the fatal +result. As the canoes approached the shore, the party +from Baker’s commenced firing on them, and notwithstanding +the opposition made by the Indians, forced them +to retire.</p> +<p>An interval of quiet succeeded the happening of these +events; but it was as the solemn stillness which precedes +the eruption of an earthquake, when a volcanic explosion +has given notice of its approach;––rendered more awful +by the uncertainty where its desolating influence would +be felt. It was however, a stillness of but short duration. +The gathering storm soon burst over the devoted heads +of those, who had neglected to seek a shelter from its +wrath. The traders in the Indian country were the first +victims sacrificed on the altar of savage ferocity; and a +general massacre of all the whites found among them, +quickly followed. A young man, discovered near the falls +of Muskingum and within sight of White Eyes town, was +murdered, scalped; literally cut to pieces, and the mangled +members of his body, hung up on trees. White Eyes, +a chief of the friendly Delawares, hearing the scalp halloo, +went out with a party of his men; and seeing what had +been done, collected the scattered limbs of the young man, +and buried them. On the next day, they were torn from +the ground, severed into smaller pieces, and thrown dispersedly +at greater distances from each other.</p> +<p>[114] Apprized of impending danger, many of the +inhabitants on the frontiers of North Western Virginia, +retired into the interior, before any depredations were +committed, in the upper country; some took refuge in +forts which had been previously built; while others, collecting +together at particular houses, converted them into +temporary fortresses, answering well the purposes of protection, +to those who sought shelter in them. Fort Redstone, +which had been erected after the successful expedition +of General Forbes; and Fort Pitt, at the confluence of +the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, afforded an asylum +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_151' name='page_151'></a>151</span> +to many. Several private forts were likewise established +in various parts of the country;<a name='FNanchor_0108' id='FNanchor_0108'></a><a href='#Footnote_0108' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> and every thing which +individual exertion could effect, to ensure protection to the +border inhabitants, was done.</p> +<p>Nor did the colonial government of Virginia neglect +the security of her frontier citizens. When intelligence +of the hostile disposition of the Natives, reached Williamsburg, +the house of Burgesses was in session; and measures +were immediately adopted, to prevent massacres, and to +restore tranquillity. That these objects might be the +more certainly accomplished, it was proposed by General +Andrew Lewis (then a delegate from Bottetourt,) to organize +a force, sufficient to overcome all intermediate opposition, +and to carry the war into the enemy’s country. +In accordance to this proposition, orders were issued by +Governor Dunmore for raising the requisite number of +troops, and for making other necessary preparations for +the contemplated campaign; the plan of which was concerted +by the Governor, Gen. Lewis and Colonel Charles +Lewis (then a delegate from Augusta.) But as some time +must necessarily have elapsed before the consummation of +the preparations which were being made; and as much +individual suffering might result from the delays unavoidably +incident to the raising, equipping and [115] organizing +a large body of troops, it was deemed advisable to take +some previous and immediate step to prevent the invasion +of exposed and defenceless portions of the country.––The +best plan for the accomplishment of this object was believed +to be, the sending of an advance army into the Indian +country, of sufficient strength to act offensively, before a +confederacy could be formed of the different tribes, and +their combined forces be brought into the field. A sense +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_152' name='page_152'></a>152</span> +of the exposed situation of their towns in the presence of +an hostile army, requiring the entire strength of every +village for its defence, would, it was supposed, call home +those straggling parties of warriors, by which destruction +is so certainly dealt to the helpless and unprotected. In +conformity with this part of the plan of operations, four +hundred men, to be detailed from the militia west of the +mountains, were ordered to assemble at Wheeling as soon +as practicable. And in the mean time, lest the surveyors +and land adventurers, who were then in Kentucky, might +be discovered and fall a prey to the savages, Daniel Boone +was sent by the Governor to the falls of Ohio, to conduct +them home from thence, through the wilderness; the only +practicable road to safety, the Ohio river being so effectually +guarded as to preclude the hope of escaping up it.<a name='FNanchor_0109' id='FNanchor_0109'></a><a href='#Footnote_0109' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_153' name='page_153'></a>153</span></div> +<p>Early in June, the troops destined to make an incursion +into the Indian country, assembled at Wheeling, and +being placed under the command of Colonel Angus McDonald, +descended the Ohio to the mouth of Captina. +Debarking, at this place, from their boats and canoes, they +took up their march to Wappatomica, an Indian town +on the Muskingum. The country through which the army +had to pass, was one unbroken forest, presenting many obstacles +to its speedy advance, not the least of which was +the difficulty of proceeding directly to the point proposed.<a name='FNanchor_0110' id='FNanchor_0110'></a><a href='#Footnote_0110' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> +To obviate this, however, they were accompanied by three +persons in the capacity of guides;<a name='FNanchor_0111' id='FNanchor_0111'></a><a href='#Footnote_0111' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> whose knowledge of +the woods, and familiarity with those natural indices, which +so unerringly mark the direction of the principal points, +enabled them to pursue the direct course.––When they had +approached within six miles of the town, the [116] army +encountered an opposition from a party of fifty or sixty +Indians lying in ambush; and before these could be dislodged, +two whites were killed, and eight or ten wounded;––one +Indian was killed, and several wounded. They then +proceeded to Wappatomica without further molestation.<a name='FNanchor_0112' id='FNanchor_0112'></a><a href='#Footnote_0112' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a></p> +<p>When the army arrived at the town, it was found to +be entirely deserted. Supposing that it would cross the +river, the Indians had retreated to the opposite bank, and +concealing themselves behind trees and fallen timber, were +awaiting that movement in joyful anticipation of a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_154' name='page_154'></a>154</span> +successful surprise.––Their own anxiety and the prudence +of the commanding officer, however, frustrated that expectation. +Several were discovered peeping from their +covert, watching the motion of the army; and Colonel +McDonald, suspecting their object, and apprehensive that +they would recross the river and attack him in the rear, +stationed videttes above and below, to detect any such +purpose, and to apprise him of the first movement towards +effecting it. Foiled by these prudent and precautionary +measures and seeing their town in possession of +the enemy, with no prospect of wresting it from them, +’till destruction would have done its work, the Indians +sued for peace; and the commander of the expedition +consenting to negotiate with them, if he could be assured +of their sincerity, five chiefs were sent over as hostages, +and the army then crossed the river, with these in front.</p> +<p>When a negotiation was begun, the Indians asked, +that one of the hostages might be permitted to go and +convoke the other chiefs, whose presence, it was alleged, +would be necessary to the ratification of a peace. One +was accordingly released; and not returning at the time +specified, another was then sent, who in like manner failed +to return. Colonel McDonald, suspecting some treachery, +marched forward to the next town, above Wappatomica, +where another slight engagement took place, in which +one Indian was killed and one white man wounded. It +was then ascertained, that the time which should have +been spent in collecting the other chiefs, preparatory to +negotiation, had been employed in removing their old +men, their women and children, together with what property +could be readily taken off, and for making preparations +for a combined attack on the Virginia troops. To +punish this duplicity and to render peace really desirable, +Col. McDonald burned their towns and destroyed their +crops; [117] and being then in want of provisions, retraced +his steps to Wheeling, taking with him the three remaining +hostages, who were then sent on to Williamsburg.<a name='FNanchor_0113' id='FNanchor_0113'></a><a href='#Footnote_0113' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_155' name='page_155'></a>155</span></div> +<p>The inconvenience of supplying provisions to an army +in the wilderness, was a serious obstacle to the success of +expeditions undertaken against the Indians. The want +of roads, at that early period, which would admit of transportation +in wagons, rendered it necessary to resort to +pack horses; and such was at times the difficulty of procuring +these, that, not unfrequently, each soldier had to +be the bearer of his entire stock of subsistence for the +whole campaign. When this was exhausted, a degree +of suffering ensued, often attended with consequences +fatal to individuals, and destructive to the objects of the +expedition. In the present case, the army being without +provisions before they left the Indian towns, their only +sustenance consisted of weeds, an ear of corn each day, +and occasionally, a small quantity of venison: it being impracticable +to hunt game in small parties, because of the +vigilance and success of the Indians, in watching and cutting +off detachments of this kind, before they could accomplish +their purpose and regain the main army.</p> +<p>No sooner had the troops retired from the Indian +country, than the savages, in small parties, invaded the +settlements in different directions, seeking opportunities +of gratifying their insatiable thirst for blood. And although +the precautions which had been taken, lessened the +frequency of their success, yet they did not always prevent +it. Persons leaving the forts on any occasion, were almost +always either murdered or carried into captivity,––a lot +sometimes worse than death itself.</p> +<p>Perhaps the first of these incursions into North Western +Virginia, after the destruction of the towns on the +Muskingum, was that made by a party of eight Indians, +at the head of which was the Cayuga chief Logan.<a name='FNanchor_0114' id='FNanchor_0114'></a><a href='#Footnote_0114' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> This +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_156' name='page_156'></a>156</span> +very celebrated [118] Indian is represented as having +hitherto, observed towards the whites, a course of conduct +by no means in accordance with the malignity and steadfast +implacability which influenced his red brethren generally; +but was, on the contrary, distinguished by a sense +of humanity, and a just abhorrence of those cruelties so frequently +inflicted on the innocent and unoffending, as well +as upon those who were really obnoxious to savage enmity. +Such indeed were the acts of beneficence which characterized +him, and so great his partiality for the English, that the +finger of his brethren would point to his cabin as the residence +of Logan, “the friend of white men.” “In the +course of the French war, he remained at home, idle and +inactive;” opposed to the interference of his nation, “an +advocate for peace.” When his family fell before the fury +of exasperated men, he felt himself impelled to avenge their +deaths; and exchanging the pipe of peace, for the tomahawk +of war, became active in seeking opportunities to +glut his vengeance.<a name='FNanchor_0115' id='FNanchor_0115'></a><a href='#Footnote_0115' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a> With this object in view, at +the head of the party which has been mentioned, he +traversed the county from the Ohio to the West Fork, +before an opportunity was presented him of achieving any +mischief. Their distance from what was supposed would +be the theatre of war, had rendered the inhabitants of that +section of country, comparatively inattentive to their +safety. Relying on the expectation that the first blow +would be struck on the Ohio, and that they would have +sufficient notice of this to prepare for their own security, +before danger could reach them, many had continued to +perform the ordinary business of their farms.</p> +<p>On the 12th day of July, as William Robinson, Thomas +Hellen and Coleman Brown were pulling flax in a field opposite +the mouth of Simpson’s creek, Logan and his party +approached unperceived and fired at them. Brown fell +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_157' name='page_157'></a>157</span> +instantly; his body perforated by several balls; and Hellen +and Robinson [119] unscathed, sought safety in flight. +Hellen being then an old man, was soon overtaken and +made captive; but Robinson, with the elasticity of youth, +ran a considerable distance before he was taken; and but +for an untoward accident might have effected an escape. +Believing that he was outstripping his pursuers, and +anxious to ascertain the fact, he looked over his shoulder, +but before he discovered the Indian giving chase, he ran +with such violence against a tree, that he fell, stunned by +the shock and lay powerless and insensible. In this situation +he was secured with a cord; and when he revived, +was taken back to the place where the Indians had Hellen +in confinement, and where lay the lifeless body of Brown. +They then set off to their towns, taking with them a horse +which belonged to Hellen.</p> +<p>When they had approached near enough to be distinctly +heard, Logan (as is usual with them after a successful +scout,) gave the scalp halloo, and several warriors +came out to meet them, and conducted the prisoners into +the village. Here they passed through the accustomed +ceremony of running the gauntlet; but with far different +fortunes. Robinson, having been previously instructed by +Logan (who from the time he made him his prisoner, manifested +a kindly feeling towards him,) made his way, with +but little interruption, to the council house; but poor Hellen, +from the decrepitude of age, and his ignorance of +the fact that it was a place of refuge, was sadly beaten +before he arrived at it; and when he at length came near +enough, he was knocked down with a war club, before he +could enter. After he had fallen, they continued to beat +and strike him with such unmerciful severity, that he +would assuredly have fallen a victim to their barbarous +usage, but that Robinson (at some peril for the interference) +reached forth his hand and drew him within the sanctuary. +When he had however, recovered from the effects of the +violent beating which he had received, he was relieved +from the apprehension of farther suffering, by being +adopted into an Indian family.</p> +<p>A council was next convoked to resolve on the fate +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_158' name='page_158'></a>158</span> +of Robinson; and then arose in his breast, feelings of the +most anxious inquietude. Logan assured him, that he +should not be killed; but the council appeared determined +that he should die, and he was tied to the stake. Logan +then addressed them, and with much vehemence, insisted +that Robinson too should be spared; and had the eloquence +displayed on that occasion been less than Logan is +believed to have possessed, [120] it is by no means wonderful +that he appeared to Robinson (as he afterwards +said) the most powerful orator he ever heard. But commanding +as his eloquence might have been, it seems not +to have prevailed with the council; for Logan had to interpose +otherwise than by argument or entreaty, to succeed +in the attainment of his object. Enraged at the pertinacity +with which the life of Robinson was sought to be +taken, and reckless of the consequences, he drew the tomahawk +from his belt, and severing the cords which bound +the devoted victim to the stake, led him in triumph, to +the cabin of an old squaw, by whom he was immediately +adopted.</p> +<p>After this, so long as Logan remained in the town +where Robinson was, he was kind and attentive to him; +and when preparing to go again to war, got him to write +the letter which was afterwards found on Holstein at the +house of a Mr. Robertson, whose family were all murdered +by the Indians. Robinson remained with his adopted +mother, until he was redeemed under the treaty concluded +at the close of the Dunmore campaign.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_159' name='page_159'></a>159</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[121] CHAPTER VII.</p> +<p>When information of the hostile deportment of the +Indians was carried to Williamsburg, Col. Charles Lewis +sent a messenger with the intelligence to Capt. John +Stuart, and requesting of him, to apprize the inhabitants +on the Greenbrier river that an immediate war was anticipated, +and to send out scouts to watch the warrior’s +paths beyond the settlements. The vigilance and activity +of Capt. Stuart, were exerted with some success, to prevent +the re-exhibition of those scenes which had been +previously witnessed on Muddy creek and in the Big +Levels: but they could not avail to repress them altogether.</p> +<p>In the course of the preceding spring, some few individuals +had begun to make improvements on the Kenhawa +river below the Great Falls; and some land adventurers, +to examine and survey portions of the adjoining country. +To these men Capt. Stuart despatched an express, to inform +them that apprehensions were entertained of immediate +irruptions being made upon the frontiers by the +Indians, and advising them to remove from the position +which they then occupied; as from its exposed situation, +without great vigilance and alertness, they must necessarily +fall a prey to the savages.</p> +<p>When the express arrived at the cabin of Walter +Kelly, twelve miles below the falls, Capt. John Field of +Culpepper (who had been in active service during the +French war, and was then engaged in making surveys,) +was there with a young Scotchman and a negro woman. +Kelly with great prudence, directly sent his family to +Greenbrier, under the care of a younger brother. But +Capt. Field, considering the apprehension as groundless, +determined on remaining with Kelly, who from prudential +motives did not wish to subject himself to observation by +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_160' name='page_160'></a>160</span> +mingling with others.<a name='FNanchor_0116' id='FNanchor_0116'></a><a href='#Footnote_0116' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> Left with no persons but the +Scotchman and negro, they were not long permitted to +doubt the reality of those dangers, of which they had been +forewarned by Capt Stuart.</p> +<p>[122] Very soon after Kelly’s family had left the cabin, +and while yet within hearing of it, a party of Indians approached, +unperceived, near to Kelly and Field, who were +engaged in drawing leather from a tan trough in the yard. +The first intimation which Field had of their approach +was the discharge of several guns and the fall of Kelly. +He then ran briskly towards the house to get possession +of a gun, but recollecting that it was unloaded, he changed +his course, and sprang into a cornfield which screened him +from the observation of the Indians; who, supposing that +he had taken shelter in the cabin, rushed immediately into +it. Here they found the Scotchman and the negro woman, +the latter of whom they killed; and making prisoner of +the young man, returned and scalped Kelly.</p> +<p>When Kelly’s family reached the Greenbrier settlement, +they mentioned their fears for the fate of those +whom they had left on the Kenhawa, not doubting but +that the guns which they heard soon after leaving the +house, had been discharged at them by Indians. Capt. +Stuart, with a promptitude which must ever command admiration, +exerted himself effectually to raise a volunteer +corps, and proceed to the scene of action, with the view +of ascertaining whether the Indians had been there; and +if they had, and he could meet with them, to endeavor to +punish them for the outrage, and thus prevent the repetition +of similar deeds of violence.</p> +<p>They had not however gone far, before they were met +by Capt. Field, whose appearance of itself fully told the +tale of woe. He had ran upwards of eighty miles, naked +except his shirt, and without food; his body nearly exhausted +by fatigue, anxiety and hunger, and his limbs +greviously lacerated with briers and brush. Captain +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_161' name='page_161'></a>161</span> +Stuart, fearing lest the success of the Indians might induce +them to push immediately for the settlements, +thought proper to return and prepare for that event.</p> +<p>In a few weeks after this another party of Indians +came to the settlement on Muddy creek, and as if a certain +fatality attended the Kelly’s, they alone fell victims +to the incursion. As the daughter of Walter Kelly was +walking with her uncle (who had conducted the family +from the Kenhawa) some distance from the house, which +had been converted into a temporary fort, and in which +they lived, they were discovered and fired upon; the latter +was killed and scalped, and the former being overtaken in +her flight, was carried into captivity.</p> +<p>After the murder of Brown, and the taking of Hellen +and Robinson, the inhabitants on the Monongahela and +its upper branches, alarmed for their safety, retired into +forts. But in the ensuing September, as Josiah Pricket +and Mrs. Susan Ox, who had left Pricket’s fort for the +purpose of driving up their cows, were returning in the +evening they were way laid by a party of Indians, who +had been drawn to the path by the tinkling of the cowbell. +Pricket was killed and scalped, and Mrs. Ox taken +prisoner.</p> +<p>[123] It was in the course of this season, that Lewis +Wetsel<a name='FNanchor_0117' id='FNanchor_0117'></a><a href='#Footnote_0117' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> first gave promise of that daring and discretion, +which were so fully developed in his maturer years, and +which rendered him among the most fortunate and successful +of Indian combatants. When about fourteen years +old, he and his brother Jacob, (still younger) were discovered +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_162' name='page_162'></a>162</span> +some distance from the house, by a party of Indians, +who had been prowling through the settlements on the +Ohio river, with the expectation of fortunately meeting +with some opportunity of taking scalps or making prisoners. +As the boys were at some distance from them, and in +a situation too open to admit of their being approached +without perceiving those who should advance towards +them, the Indians determined on shooting the larger one, +lest his greater activity might enable him to escape. A +shot was accordingly discharged at him, which, partially +taking effect and removing a portion of his breast bone, so +far deprived him of his wonted powers, that he was easily +overtaken; and both he and his brother were made prisoners. +The Indians immediately directed their steps +towards their towns, and having travelled about twenty +miles beyond the Ohio river, encamped at the Big Lick, +on the waters of McMahon’s creek, on the second night +after they had set off. When they had finished eating, +the Indians laid down, without confining the boys as on +the preceding night, and soon fell to sleep. After making +some little movements to test the soundness of their repose, +Lewis whispered to his brother that he must get up and go +home with him; and after some hesitation on the part of +Jacob, they arose and set off. Upon getting about 100 +yards from the camp, Lewis stopped, and telling his +brother to await there, returned to the camp and brought +from thence a pair of mocasons for each of them. He then +observed, that he would again go back and get his father’s +gun; this he soon effected, and they then commenced their +journey home. The moon shining brightly, they were +easily able to distinguish the trail which they had made in +going out; but had not however pursued it far, before they +heard the Indians coming in pursuit of them. So soon as +Lewis perceived by the sound of their voices that they +were approaching tolerably near to them, he led his brother +aside from the path, and squatting down, concealed themselves +’till their pursuers had passed them; when they +again commenced travelling and in the rear of the Indians. +Not overtaking the boys as soon as was expected, those +who had been sent after them, began to retrace their steps. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_163' name='page_163'></a>163</span> +Expecting this, the boys were watchful of every noise or +object before them, and when they heard the Indians returning, +again secreted themselves in the bushes, and +escaped observation. They were then followed by two, of +the party who had made them prisoners, on horseback; +but by practising the same stratagem, they eluded them +also; and on the next day reached the Ohio river opposite +to Wheeling. Apprehensive that it would be dangerous +to apprize those on the opposite side of the river of their +situation, by hallooing, Lewis set himself to work as +silently, and yet as expeditiously [124] as possible, and with +the aid of his little brother, soon completed a raft on which +they safely crossed the Ohio; and made their way home.</p> +<p>That persons, should, by going out from the forts, +when the Indians were so generally watching around them, +expose themselves to captivity or death, may at first appear +strange and astonishing. But when the mind reflects on +the tedious and irksome confinement, which they were +compelled to undergo; the absence of the comforts, and +frequently, of the necessaries of life, coupled with an +overweening attachment to the enjoyment of forest +scenes and forest pastimes, it will perhaps be matter +of greater astonishment that they did not more frequently +forego the security of a fortress, for the uncertain +enjoyment of those comforts and necessaries, and +the doubtful gratification of this attachment. Accustomed +as they had been “free to come and free to go,” +they could not brook the restraint under which they +were placed; and rather than chafe and pine in unwilling +confinement, would put themselves at hazard, that they +might revel at large and wanton in the wilderness. Deriving +their sustenance chiefly from the woods, the strong +arm of necessity led many to tempt the perils which environed +them; while to the more chivalric and adventurous +“the danger’s self were lure alone.” The quiet and stillness +which reigned around, even when the enemy were +lurking nearest and in greater numbers, inspired many +too, with the delusive hope of exemption from risk, not +unfrequently the harbinger of fatal consequences. It +seemed indeed, impracticable at first to realize the existence +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_164' name='page_164'></a>164</span> +of a danger, which could not be perceived. And not +until taught by reiterated suffering did they properly appreciate +the perilous situation of those, who ventured +beyond the walls of their forts. But this state of things +was of short duration. The preparations, which were necessary +to be made for the projected campaign into the Indian +country, were completed; and to resist this threatened +invasion, required the concentrated exertions of all their +warriors.</p> +<p>The army destined for this expedition, was composed +of volunteers and militia, chiefly from the counties west +of the Blue ridge, and consisted of two divisions. The +northern division, comprehending the troops, collected in +Frederick, Dunmore,<a name='FNanchor_0118' id='FNanchor_0118'></a><a href='#Footnote_0118' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> and the adjacent counties, was to be +commanded by Lord Dunmore, in person;<a name='FNanchor_0119' id='FNanchor_0119'></a><a href='#Footnote_0119' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> and the southern, +comprising the different companies raised in Botetourt, +Augusta and the adjoining counties east of the Blue +ridge, was to be led on by Gen. Andrew Lewis. These +two divisions, proceeding by different routes, were to form +a junction at the mouth of the Big Kenhawa, and from +thence penetrate the country north west of the Ohio river, +as far as the season would admit of their going; and destroy +all the Indian towns and villages which they could +reach.</p> +<p>About the first of September, the troops placed under +the command [125] of Gen. Lewis rendezvoused at Camp +Union (now Lewisburg) and consisted of two regiments, +commanded by Col. William Fleming of Botetourt and +Col. Charles Lewis of Augusta, and containing about four +hundred men each. At Camp Union they were joined by +an independent volunteer company under Col. John Field +of Culpepper; a company from Bedford under Capt. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_165' name='page_165'></a>165</span> +Buford and two from the Holstein settlement (now Washington +county) under Capts. Evan Shelby and Harbert. +These three latter companies were part of the forces to +be led on by Col. Christian, who was likewise to join the +two main divisions of the army at Point Pleasant, so soon +as the other companies of his regiment could be assembled. +The force under Gen. Lewis, having been thus augmented +to eleven hundred men, commenced its march for the +mouth of Kenhawa on the 11th of September 1774.<a name='FNanchor_0120' id='FNanchor_0120'></a><a href='#Footnote_0120' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<p>From Camp Union to the point proposed for the junction +of the northern and southern divisions of the army, +a distance of one hundred and sixty miles, the intermediate +country was a trackless forest, so rugged and mountainous +as to render the progress of the army, at once, +tedious and laborious. Under the guidance of Capt. Matthew +Arbuckle, they however, succeeded in reaching the +Ohio river after a march of nineteen days; and fixed their +encampment on the point of land immediately between +that river and the Big Kenhawa.<a name='FNanchor_0121' id='FNanchor_0121'></a><a href='#Footnote_0121' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> The provisions and +ammunition, transported on packhorses, and the beeves in +droves, arrived soon after.</p> +<p>When the army was preparing to leave Camp Union, +there was for a while some reluctance manifested on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_166' name='page_166'></a>166</span> +part of Col. Field to submit to the command of Gen. Lewis. +This proceeded from the fact, that in a former military +service, he had been the senior of Gen. Lewis; and from +the circumstance that the company led on by him were Independent +Volunteers, not raised in pursuance of the orders +of Governor Dunmore, but brought into the field by +his own exertions, after his escape from the Indians at +Kelly’s. These circumstances induced him to separate +his men from the main body of the army on its march, and +to take a different way from the one pursued by it,––depending +on his own knowledge of the country to lead +them a practicable route to the river.<a name='FNanchor_0122' id='FNanchor_0122'></a><a href='#Footnote_0122' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<p>While thus detached from the forces under Gen. +Lewis, two of his men (Clay and Coward) who were out +hunting and at some little distance from each other, came +near to where two Indians were concealed. Seeing Clay +only, and supposing him to be alone, one of them fired at +him; and running up to scalp him as he fell, was himself +shot by Coward, who was then about 100 yards off. The +other Indian ran off unarmed, and made his escape. A +bundle of ropes found where Clay was killed, induced the +belief that it was the object of these Indians to steal +horses;––it is not however improbable, that they had been +observing the progress of the army, and endeavoring to +ascertain its numbers. Col. Field, fearing that he might +[126] encounter a party of the enemy in ambush, redoubled +his vigilance ’till he again joined General Lewis; +and the utmost concert and harmony then prevailed in the +whole army.<a name='FNanchor_0123' id='FNanchor_0123'></a><a href='#Footnote_0123' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<p>When the Southern division arrived at Point Pleasant, +Governor Dunmore with the forces under his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_167' name='page_167'></a>167</span> +command, had not reached there; and unable to account for +his failure to form the preconcerted junction at that place, +it was deemed advisable to await that event; as by so +doing, a better opportunity would be afforded to Col. +Christian of coming up, with that portion of the army, +which was then with him.<a name='FNanchor_0124' id='FNanchor_0124'></a><a href='#Footnote_0124' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> Meanwhile General Lewis, to +learn the cause of the delay of the Northern division, despatched +runners by land, in the direction of Port Pitt, to +obtain tidings of Lord Dunmore, and to communicate +them to him immediately. In their absence, however, advices +were received from his Lordship, that he had determined +on proceeding across the country, directly to the +Shawanee towns; and ordering General Lewis to cross the +river, march forward and form a junction with him, near +to them. These advices were received on the 9th of October, +and preparations were immediately begun to be made +for the transportation of the troops over the Ohio river.<a name='FNanchor_0125' id='FNanchor_0125'></a><a href='#Footnote_0125' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_168' name='page_168'></a>168</span></div> +<p>Early on the morning of Monday the tenth of that +month, two soldiers<a name='FNanchor_0126' id='FNanchor_0126'></a><a href='#Footnote_0126' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> left the camp, and proceeded up the +Ohio river, in quest of deer. When they had progressed +about two miles, they unexpectedly came in sight of a +large number of Indians, rising from their encampment, +and who discovering the two hunters fired upon them and +killed one;––the other escaped unhurt, and running briskly +to the camp, communicated the intelligence, “that he had +seen a body of the enemy, covering four acres of ground +as closely as they could stand by the side of each other.” +The main part of the army was immediately ordered out +under Colonels Charles Lewis,<a name='FNanchor_0127' id='FNanchor_0127'></a><a href='#Footnote_0127' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> and William Fleming; and +having formed into two lines, [127] they proceeded about +four hundred yards, when they met the Indians, and the +action commenced.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_169' name='page_169'></a>169</span></div> +<p>At the first onset, Colonel Charles Lewis having fallen, +and Colonel Fleming being wounded, both lines gave way +and were retreating briskly towards the camp, when they +were met by a reinforcement under Colonel Field,<a name='FNanchor_0128' id='FNanchor_0128'></a><a href='#Footnote_0128' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> and +rallied. The engagement then became general, and was +sustained with the most obstinate fury on both sides. The +Indians perceiving that the “tug of war” had come, and +determined on affording the Colonial army no chance of +escape, if victory should declare for them, formed a line +extending across the point, from the Ohio to the Kenhawa, +and protected in front, by logs and fallen timber. In this +situation they maintained the contest with unabated vigor, +from sunrise ’till towards the close of evening; bravely +and successfully resisting every charge which was made +on them; and withstanding the impetuosity of every onset, +with the most invincible firmness, until a fortunate movement +on the part of the Virginia troops, decided the day.</p> +<p>Some short distance above the entrance of the Kenhawa +river into Ohio, there is a stream, called Crooked creek, +emptying into the former of these, from the North east,<a name='FNanchor_0129' id='FNanchor_0129'></a><a href='#Footnote_0129' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> +whose banks are tolerably high, and were then covered +with a thick and luxuriant growth of weeds. Seeing the +impracticability of dislodging the Indians, by the most +vigorous attack, and sensible of the great danger, which +must arise to his army, if the contest were not decided before +night, General Lewis detached the three companies +which were commanded by Captains Isaac Shelby, George +Matthews, and John Stuart, with orders to proceed up the +Kenhawa river, and Crooked creek under cover of the +banks and weeds, ’till they should [128] pass some distance +beyond the enemy; when they were to emerge from +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_170' name='page_170'></a>170</span> +their covert, march downward towards the point and attack +the Indians in their rear.<a name='FNanchor_0130' id='FNanchor_0130'></a><a href='#Footnote_0130' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> The manœuvre thus +planned, was promptly executed, and gave a decided victory +to the Colonial army. The Indians finding themselves +suddenly and unexpectedly encompassed between +two armies, & not doubting but that in their rear, was the +looked for reinforcement under Colonel Christian, soon +gave way, and about sun down, commenced a precipitate +retreat across the Ohio, to their towns on the Scioto.</p> +<p>Some short time after the battle had ended, Colonel +Christian arrived with the troops which he had collected +in the settlements on the Holstein, and relieved the anxiety +of many who were disposed to believe the retreat of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_171' name='page_171'></a>171</span> +Indians to be only a feint;<a name='FNanchor_0131' id='FNanchor_0131'></a><a href='#Footnote_0131' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> and that an attack would be +again speedily made by them, strengthened and reinforced +by those of the enemy who had been observed during the +engagement, on the opposite side of the Ohio and Kenhawa +rivers. But these had been most probably stationed there, +in anticipation of victory, to prevent the Virginia troops +from effecting a retreat across those rivers, (the only possible +chance of escape, had they been overpowered by the enemy +in their front;) and the loss sustained by the Indians was +too great, and the prospect of a better fortune, too gloomy +and unpromising, for them to enter again into an engagement. +Dispirited by the bloody repulse with which they +had met, they hastened to their towns, better disposed to +purchase security from farther hostilities by negotiation, +than risk another battle with an army whose strength and +prowess, they had already tested; and found superior to +their own. The victory indeed, was decisive, and many +advantages were obtained by it; but they were not cheaply +bought. The Virginia army sustained, in this engagement, +a loss of seventy-five killed, and one hundred and +forty wounded.––About one fifth of the entire number of +the troops.</p> +<p>Among the slain were Colonels Lewis and Field; Captains +Buford, Morrow, Wood, Cundiff, Wilson, and Robert +McClannahan; and Lieutenants Allen, Goldsby and Dillon, +with some other subalterns. The loss of the enemy +could not be ascertained. On the morning after the action, +Colonel Christian marched his men over the battle ground +and found twenty-one of the Indians lying dead; and +twelve others [129] were afterwards discovered, where +they had been attempted to be concealed under some old +logs and brush.<a name='FNanchor_0132' id='FNanchor_0132'></a><a href='#Footnote_0132' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_172' name='page_172'></a>172</span></div> +<p>From the great facility with which the Indians either +carry off or conceal their dead, it is always difficult to ascertain +the number of their slain; and hence arises, in +some measure, the disparity between their known loss and +that sustained by their opponents in battle. Other reasons +for this disparity, are to be found in their peculiar mode +of warfare, and in the fact, that they rarely continue a +contest, when it has to be maintained with the loss of their +warriors. It would not be easy otherwise to account for +the circumstance, that even when signally vanquished, the +list of their slain does not, frequently, appear more than +half as great, as that of the victors. In this particular +instance, many of the dead were certainly thrown into +the river.</p> +<p>Nor could the number of the enemy engaged, be ever +ascertained. Their army is known to have been composed +of warriors from the different nations, north of the Ohio; +and to have comprised the flower of the Shawanee, Delaware, +Mingo, Wyandotte and Cayuga tribes; led on by +men, whose names were not unknown to fame,<a name='FNanchor_0133' id='FNanchor_0133'></a><a href='#Footnote_0133' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> and at the +head of whom was Cornstalk, Sachem of the Shawanees, +and King of the Northern Confederacy.<a name='FNanchor_0134' id='FNanchor_0134'></a><a href='#Footnote_0134' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_173' name='page_173'></a>173</span></div> +<p>This distinguished chief and consummate warrior, +proved himself on that day, to be justly entitled to the +prominent station which he occupied. His plan of alternate +retreat & attack, was well conceived, and occasioned +the principal loss sustained by the writes. If at any time +his warriors were believed to waver, his voice could be +heard above the din of arms, exclaiming in his native +tongue, “Be strong! Be strong;” and when one near him, +by trepidation and reluctance to proceed to the charge, +evinced a dastardly disposition, fearing the example might +have a pernicious influence, with one blow of the tomahawk +he severed his skull. It was perhaps a solitary instance +in which terror predominated. Never did men +exhibit a more conclusive evidence of bravery, in making +a charge, and fortitude in withstanding an onset, than did +these undisciplined soldiers of the forest, in the [130] field +at Point Pleasant. Such too was the good conduct of +those who composed the army of Virginia, on that occasion; +and such the noble bravery of many, that high +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_174' name='page_174'></a>174</span> +expectations were entertained of their future distinction. +Nor were those expectations disappointed. In the various +scenes through which they subsequently passed, the pledge +of after eminence then given, was fully redeemed; and the +names of Shelby, Campbell, Matthews, Fleming, Moore, +and others, their compatriots in arms on the memorable +tenth of October, 1774, have been inscribed in brilliant +characters on the roll of fame.<a name='FNanchor_0135' id='FNanchor_0135'></a><a href='#Footnote_0135' class='fnanchor'>[20]</a></p> +<p>Having buried the dead, and made every arrangement +of which their situation admitted, for the comfort of the +wounded, entrenchments were thrown up, and the army +commenced its march to form a junction with the northern +division, under Lord Dunmore. Proceeding by the +way of the Salt Licks, General Lewis pressed forward +with astonishing rapidity (considering that the march was +through a trackless desert); but before he had gone far, an +express arrived from Dunmore, with orders to return immediately +to the mouth of the Big Kenhawa. Suspecting +the integrity of his Lordship’s motives, and urged by the +advice of his officers generally, General [131] Lewis refused +to obey these orders; and continued to advance ’till +he was met, (at Kilkenny creek, and in sight of an Indian +village, which its inhabitants had just fired and deserted,) +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_175' name='page_175'></a>175</span> +by the Governor, (accompanied by White Eyes,) who informed +him, that he was negotiating a treaty of peace +which would supersede the necessity of the further movement +of the Southern division, and repeating the order for +its retreat.</p> +<p>The army under General Lewis had endured many +privations and suffered many hardships. They had encountered +a savage enemy in great force, and purchased a +victory with the blood of their friends. When arrived +near to the goal of their anxious wishes, and with nothing +to prevent the accomplishment of the object of the +campaign; they received those orders with evident chagrin; +and did not obey them without murmuring. Having, +at his own request, been introduced severally to the +officers of that division; complimenting them for their +gallantry and good conduct in the late engagement, and +assuring them of his high esteem, Lord Dunmore returned +to his camp; and General Lewis commenced his +retreat.<a name='FNanchor_0136' id='FNanchor_0136'></a><a href='#Footnote_0136' class='fnanchor'>[21]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_176' name='page_176'></a>176</span></div> +<p>If before the opening of this campaign, the belief was +prevalent, that to the conduct of emissaries from Great +Britain, because of the contest then waging between her +and her American colonies, the Indian depredations of +that year, were mainly attributable; that belief had become +more general, and had received strong confirmation, +from the more portentous aspect which that contest had +assumed, prior to the battle at Point Pleasant. The destruction +of the tea at Boston had taken place in the +March preceding. The <i>Boston Port Bill</i>, the signal for +actual conflict between the colonies and mother country, +had been received early in May. The house of Burgesses +in Virginia, being in session at the time, recommended +that the first of June, the day on which that +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_177' name='page_177'></a>177</span> +bill was to go into operation, be observed throughout +the colony “as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, +imploring the divine interposition to avert the heavy +calamity which threatened destruction to their civil +rights, and the evils of a civil war.” In consequence +of this recommendation and its accompanying resolutions, +the Governor had dissolved the Assembly. The Legislature +of Massachusetts had likewise passed declaratory +resolutions, expressive of their sense of the state of public +affairs and the designs of Parliament; and which led +[132] to their dissolution also. The committee of correspondence +at Boston, had framed and promulgated an +agreement, which induced Governor Gage, to issue a +proclamation, denouncing it as “an unlawful, hostile and +traitorous combination, contrary to the allegiance due to +the King, destructive of the legal authority of Parliament, +and of the peace, good order, and safety of the community;” +and requiring of the magistrates, to apprehend +and bring to trial, all such as should be in any wise guilty +of them. A congress, composed of delegates from the +different colonies, and convened for the purpose “of uniting +and guiding the councils, and directing the efforts of +North America,” had opened its session on the 4th of September. +In fine, the various elements of that tempest, +which soon after overspread the thirteen united colonies, +had been already developed, and were rapidly concentrating, +before the orders for the retreat of the Southern division of +the army, were issued by Lord Dunmore. How far these +were dictated by a spirit of hostility to the cause of the +colonies, and of subservience to the interests of Great +Britain, in the approaching contest, may be inferred from +his conduct during the whole campaign; and the course +pursued by him, on his return to the seat of government. +If indeed there existed (as has been supposed,) between +the Indians and the Governor from the time of his arrival +with the Northern Division of the army at Fort Pitt, a +secret and friendly understanding, looking to the almost +certain result of the commotions which were agitating +America, then was the battle at Point Pleasant, virtually +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_178' name='page_178'></a>178</span> +the first in the series of those brilliant achievements +which burst the bonds of British tyranny; and the blood +of Virginia, there nobly shed, was the first blood spilled +in the sacred cause of American liberty.<a name='FNanchor_0137' id='FNanchor_0137'></a><a href='#Footnote_0137' class='fnanchor'>[22]</a></p> +<p>It has been already seen that Lord Dunmore failed to +form a junction with General Lewis, at the mouth of the +Great Kenhawa, agreeably to the plan for the campaign, +as concerted at Williamsburg by the commanding officer +of each division. No reason for changing the direction of +his march, appears to have been assigned by him; and +others were left to infer his motives, altogether from circumstances.</p> +<p>While at Fort Pitt Lord Dunmore was joined by the +notorious Simon Girty,<a name='FNanchor_0138' id='FNanchor_0138'></a><a href='#Footnote_0138' class='fnanchor'>[23]</a> who accompanied him from thence +’till the close of the expedition. The subsequent conduct +of this man, his attachment to the side of Great Britain, +in her [133] attempts to fasten the yoke of slavery upon +the necks of the American people,––his withdrawal from +the garrison at Fort Pitt while commissioners were there +for the purpose of concluding a treaty with the Indians, +as was stipulated in the agreement made with them by +Dunmore,––the exerting of his influence over them, to +prevent the chiefs from attending there, and to win them +to the cause of England,––his ultimate joining the savages +in the war which (very much from his instigation,) they +waged against the border settlements, soon after,––the +horrid cruelties, and fiendish tortures inflicted on unfortunate +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_179' name='page_179'></a>179</span> +white captives by his orders and connivance;––all +combined to form an exact counterpart to the subsequent +conduct of Lord Dunmore when exciting the negroes to +join the British standard;––plundering the property of +those who were attached to the cause of liberty,––and applying +the brand of conflagration to the most flourishing +town in Virginia.</p> +<p>At Wheeling, as they were descending the river, the +army delayed some days; and while proceeding from +thence to form a junction with the division under general +Lewis, was joined, near the mouth of the Little Kenhawa, +by the noted John Connoly, of great fame as a tory.</p> +<p>Of this man, Lord Dunmore thence forward became +an intimate associate; and while encamped at the mouth +of Hock Hocking––seemed to make him his confidential +adviser. It was here too, only seventy miles distant from +the head quarters of General Lewis, that it was determined +to leave the boats and canoes and proceed by land to the +Chilicothe towns.<a name='FNanchor_0139' id='FNanchor_0139'></a><a href='#Footnote_0139' class='fnanchor'>[24]</a></p> +<p>The messengers, despatched by Lord Dunmore to apprize +the lower army of this change of determination, were +Indian traders; one of whom being asked, if he supposed +the Indians would venture to give battle to the superior +force of the whites, replied that they certainly would, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_180' name='page_180'></a>180</span> +that Lewis’ division would soon see his prediction verified.<a name='FNanchor_0140' id='FNanchor_0140'></a><a href='#Footnote_0140' class='fnanchor'>[25]</a> +This was on the day previous to the engagement. On the +return of these men, on the evening of the same day, they +must have seen the Indian army which made the attack on +the next morning; and the belief was general on the day +of battle, that they had communicated to the Indians, the +present strength and expected reinforcement of the southern +division. It has also been said that on the evening of +the 10th of October, while [134] Dunmore, Connoly and +one or two others were walking together, his Lordship +remarked “by this time General Lewis has warm work.”<a name='FNanchor_0141' id='FNanchor_0141'></a><a href='#Footnote_0141' class='fnanchor'>[26]</a></p> +<p>The acquaintance formed by the Governor with Connoly, +in the ensuing summer was further continued, and at +length ripened into one of the most iniquitous conspiracies, +that ever disgraced civilized man.</p> +<p>In July, 1775, Connoly presented himself to Lord +Dunmore with proposals, well calculated to gain the favor +of the exasperated Governor, and between them a plan +was soon formed, which seemed to promise the most certain +success. Assurances of ample rewards from Lord +Dunmore, were transmitted to such officers of the militia +on the frontiers of Virginia, as were believed to be friendly +to the royal cause, on putting themselves under the command +of Connoly; whose influence with the Indians, was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_181' name='page_181'></a>181</span> +to ensure their co-operation against the friends of America. +To perfect this scheme, it was necessary to communicate +with General Gage; and about the middle of September, +Connoly, with despatches from Dunmore, set off for Boston, +and in the course of a few weeks returned, with instructions +from the Governor of Massachusetts, which developed +their whole plan. Connoly was invested with the +rank of Colonel of a regiment, (to be raised among those +on the frontiers, who favored the cause of Great Britain,) +with which he was to proceed forthwith to Detroit, where +he was to receive a considerable reinforcement, and be supplied +with cannon, muskets and ammunition. He was +then to visit the different Indian nations, enlist them in +the projected enterprise, and rendezvous his whole force +at Fort Pitt. From thence he was to cross the Alleghany +mountain, and marching through Virginia join Lord Dunmore, +on the 20th of the ensuing April, at Alexandria.</p> +<p>This scheme, (the execution of which, would at once, +have laid waste a considerable portion of Virginia, and +ultimately perhaps, nearly the whole state,) was frustrated +by the taking of Connoly, and all the particulars of it, +made known. This development, served to shew the villainous +connexion existing between Dunmore and Connoly, +and to corroborate the suspicion of General Lewis and +many of his officers, that the conduct of the former, during +the campaign of 1774, was [135] dictated by any thing +else than the interest and well being of the colony of +Virginia.</p> +<p>This suspicion was farther strengthened by the readiness +with which Lord Dunmore embraced the overtures +of peace, and the terms on which a treaty was concluded +with them; while the encamping of his army, without entrenchments, +in the heart of the Indian country, and in +the immediate adjacency of the combined forces of the +Indian nations of Ohio, would indicate, that there must +have been a friendly understanding between him and +them. To have relied solely on the bravery and good +conduct of his troops, would have been the height of imprudence. +His army was less than that, which had been +scarcely delivered from the fury of a body of savages inferior +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_182' name='page_182'></a>182</span> +in number, to the one with which he would have +had to contend; and it would have been folly in him to +suppose, that he could achieve with a smaller force, what +required the utmost exertions of General Lewis and his +brave officers, to effect with a greater one.<a name='FNanchor_0142' id='FNanchor_0142'></a><a href='#Footnote_0142' class='fnanchor'>[27]</a></p> +<p>When the Northern division of the army resumed its +march for Chilicothe, it left the greater part of its provisions +in a block house which had been erected during its +stay at the mouth of the Hockhocking, under the care of +Captain Froman with a small party of troops to garrison +it. On the third day after it left Fort Gore (the block +house at the mouth of Hockhocking) a white man by the +name of Elliott came to Governor Dunmore, with a request +from the Indians that he would withdraw the army +from their country, and appoint commissioners to meet +their chiefs at Pittsburg to confer about the terms of a +treaty. To this request a reply was given, that the Governor +was well inclined to make peace, and was willing +that hostilities should cease; but as he was then so near +their towns, and all the chiefs of the different nations +were at that time with the army, it would be more convenient +to negotiate then, than at a future period. He +then named a place at which he would encamp, and listen +to their proposals; and immediately despatched a courier +to General Lewis with orders for his return.<a name='FNanchor_0143' id='FNanchor_0143'></a><a href='#Footnote_0143' class='fnanchor'>[28]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_183' name='page_183'></a>183</span></div> +<p>The Indian spies reporting that General Lewis had +disregarded these orders, and was still marching rapidly +towards their towns, the Indians became apprehensive of +the result; and one of their chiefs (the White Eyes) +waited on Lord Dunmore in person, and complained that +the “Long Knives” [136] were coming upon them and +would destroy all their towns. Dunmore then, in company +with White Eyes, visited the camp of General Lewis, +and prevailed with him, as we have seen, to return across +the Ohio.</p> +<p>In a few days after this, the Northern division of the +army approached within eight miles of Chilicothe, and encamped +on the plain, at the place appointed for the chiefs +to meet without entrenchments or breast works, or any +protection, save the vigilance of the sentinels and the +bravery of the troops.<a name='FNanchor_0144' id='FNanchor_0144'></a><a href='#Footnote_0144' class='fnanchor'>[29]</a> On the third day from the halting +of the army eight chiefs, with Cornstalk at their head, +came into camp; and when the interpreters made known +who Cornstalk was, Lord Dunmore addressed them, and +from a written memorandum, recited the various infractions, +on the part of the Indians, of former treaties, and +different murders, unprovokedly committed by them. To +all this Cornstalk replied, mixing a good deal of recrimination +with the defence of his red brethren; and when he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_184' name='page_184'></a>184</span> +had concluded, a time was specified when the chiefs of the +different nations should come in, and proceed to the negotiation +of a treaty.</p> +<p>Before the arrival of that period, Cornstalk came +alone to the camp, and acquainted the Governor that none +of the Mingoes would attend; and that he was apprehensive +there could not a full council be convened. Dunmore +then requested that he would convoke as many chiefs of +the other nations as he could, and bring them to the council +fire without delay, as he was anxious to close the war +at once; and that if this could not be effected peaceably, +he should be forced to resume hostilities. Meantime two +interpreters were despatched to Logan,<a name='FNanchor_0145' id='FNanchor_0145'></a><a href='#Footnote_0145' class='fnanchor'>[30]</a> by Lord Dunmore, +requesting his attendance;––but Logan replied, that “he +was a warrior, not a councillor, and would not come.”<a name='FNanchor_0146' id='FNanchor_0146'></a><a href='#Footnote_0146' class='fnanchor'>[31]</a></p> +<p>On the night after the return of the interpreters to +camp [137] Charlotte (the name of Dunmore’s +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_185' name='page_185'></a>185</span> +encampment,) Major William Crawford, with three hundred men, +left the main army about midnight, on an excursion +against a small Mingo village, not far off. Arriving there +before day, the detachment surrounded the town; and on +the first coming out of the Indians from their huts, there +was some little firing on the part of the whites, by which +one squaw and a man were killed––the others about 20 in +number were all made prisoners and taken to the camp; +where they remained until the conclusion of a treaty. +Every thing about the village, indicated an intention of +their speedily deserting it.<a name='FNanchor_0147' id='FNanchor_0147'></a><a href='#Footnote_0147' class='fnanchor'>[32]</a></p> +<p>Shortly after Cornstalk and two other chiefs, made +their appearance at camp Charlotte, and entered into a negotiation +which soon terminated in an agreement to forbear +all farther hostilities against each other,––to give up +the prisoners then held by them, and to attend at Pittsburgh, +with as many of the Indian chiefs as could be prevailed +on to meet the commissioners from Virginia, in the +ensuing summer, where a treaty was to be concluded and +ratified––Dunmore requiring hostages, to guarantee the +performance of those stipulations, on the part of the Indians.</p> +<p>If in the battle at Point Pleasant, Cornstalk manifested +the bravery and generalship of a mighty captain; +in the negotiations at camp Charlotte, he displayed the +skill of a statesman, joined to powers of oratory, rarely, +if ever surpassed. With the most patriotic devotion to +his country, and in a strain of most commanding eloquence, +he recapitulated the accumulated wrongs, which +had oppressed their fathers, and which were oppressing +them. Sketching in lively colours, the once happy and +powerful condition of the Indians, he placed in striking +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_186' name='page_186'></a>186</span> +contrast, their present fallen fortunes and unhappy destiny. +Exclaiming against the perfidiousness of the whites, and +the dishonesty of the traders, he proposed as the basis of +a treaty, that no persons should be permitted to carry on a +commerce with the Natives, for individual profit; but that +[138] their white brother should send them such articles +as they needed, by the hands of honest men, who were +to exchange them at a fair price, for their skins and furs; +and that no spirit of any kind should be sent among them, +as from the “fire water” of the whites, proceeded evil to +the Indians.<a name='FNanchor_0148' id='FNanchor_0148'></a><a href='#Footnote_0148' class='fnanchor'>[33]</a></p> +<p>This truly great man, is said to have been opposed to +the war from its commencement; and to have proposed +on the eve of the battle at Point Pleasant, to send in a +flag, and make overtures for peace; but this proposal was +overruled by the general voice of the chiefs. When a +council was first held after the defeat of the Indians, Cornstalk, +reminding them of their late ill success, and that +the Long Knives were still pressing on them, asked what +should be then done. But no one answered. Rising +again, he proposed that the women and children should +be all killed; and that the warriors should go out and +fight, until they too were slain. Still no one answered. +Then, said he, striking his tomahawk into the council +post, “I will go and make peace.” This was done, and +the war of 1774 concluded.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_187' name='page_187'></a>187</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[139] CHAPTER VIII.</p> +<p>Upon the close of the campaign of 1774, there succeeded +a short period of perfect quiet, and of undisturbed +repose from savage invasion, along the borders of North +Western Virginia. The decisive battle of the 10th of +October, repressed incursion for a time, and taught those +implacable enemies of her citizens, their utter inability, +alone and unaided, to maintain a contest of arms, against +the superior power of Virginia. They saw that in any +future conflict with this colony, her belligerent operations +would no longer be confined to the mere purposes of defence; +but that war would be waged in their own country, +and their own towns become the theatre of its action. Had +the leading objects of the Dunmore campaign been fully +accomplished,––had the contemplated junction of the different +divisions of the army taken place;––had its combined +forces extended their march into the Indian territory, +and effected the proposed reduction of the Chilicothe, +and other towns on the Scioto and Sandusky, it would +have been long indeed, before the frontier settlements, became +exposed to savage inroad. A failure to effect these +things however, left the Indians comparatively at liberty, +and prepared to renew invasion, and revive their cruel and +bloody deeds, whenever a savage thirst for vengeance +should incite them to action, and the prospect of achieving +them with impunity, be open before them. In the then +situation of our country, this prospect was soon presented +to them.</p> +<p>The contest between Great Britain and her American +colonies, which had been for some time carried on with increasing +warmth, was ripening rapidly into war. The +events of every day, more and more confirmed the belief, +that the “<i>unconditional submission</i>” of the colonies, was +the object of the parent state; and that to accomplish this, +she was [140] prepared to desolate the country by a civil +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_188' name='page_188'></a>188</span> +war, and imbrue her hands in the blood of its citizens. +This state of things the Indians knew, would favor the +consummation of their hopes. Virginia, having to apply +her physical strength to the repulsion of other enemies, +could not be expected to extend her protecting ægis over +the remote and isolated settlements on her borders. These +would have to depend on themselves alone, for resistance +to ruthless irruption, and exemption from total annihilation. +The Indians well knew the weakness of those settlements, +and their consequent incapacity to vie in open conflict +with the overwhelming force of their savage foes; and +their heriditary resentment to the whites prompted them +to take advantage of that weakness, to wreak this resentment, +and involve them once more in hostilities.</p> +<p>Other circumstances too, combined in their operation, +to produce this result. The plan of Lord Dunmore and +others, to induce the Indians to co-operate with the English +in reducing Virginia to subjection, and defeated by +the detection and apprehension of Connoly, was soon after +resumed on a more extensive scale. British agents were +busily engaged from Canada to the Gulph of Mexico, in endeavoring +by immediate presents and the promise of future +reward, to excite the savages to a war upon the western +frontiers. To accomplish this object, no means which were +likely to be of any avail, were neglected to be used. Gratified +resentment and the certainty of plunder, were held up +to view as present consequences of this measure; and the +expulsion of the whites, and the repossession, by the Natives, +of the country from which their fathers had been +ejected, as its ultimate result.––Less cogent motives might +have enlisted them on the side of Great Britain. These +were too strong to be resisted by them, and too powerful +to be counteracted by any course of conduct, which the +colonies could observe towards them; and they became ensnared +by the delusive bait, and the insidious promises +which accompanied it.</p> +<p>There were in the colonies too, many persons, who +from principle or fear, were still attached to the cause of +Great Britain; and who not only, did not sanction the opposition +of their country to the supremacy of Parliament, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_189' name='page_189'></a>189</span> +but were willing in any wise to lend their aid to the royal +cause. Some of those disaffected Americans, (as they were +at first denominated) who resided on the frontiers, foreseeing +the [141] attachment of the Indians to the side of +Britain, and apprehensive that in their inroads, the friends +as well as the enemies of that country, might, from the +difficulty of discriminating, be exposed to savage fury; and +at the same time, sensible that they had become obnoxious +to a majority of their neighbors, who were perhaps, too +much inclined to practice summary modes of punishment, +sought a refuge among the Indians, from those impending +evils. In some instances, these persons were under the +influence of the most rancorous and vindictive passions, +and when once with the savages, strove to infuse those +passions into their breasts, and stimulate them to the repetition +of those enormities, which had previously, so terribly +annoyed the inhabitants of the different frontiers.<a name='FNanchor_0149' id='FNanchor_0149'></a><a href='#Footnote_0149' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> +Thus wrought upon, their inculcated enmity to the Anglo-Americans +generally, roused them to action, and the dissonant +notes of the war song, resounded in their villages. +For a while indeed, they refrained from hostilities against +North Western Virginia. It was however, but to observe +the progress of passing events, that they might act against +the mountain borders, simultaneously with the British on +the Atlantic coast; as a premature movement on their +part, might, while Virginia was yet at liberty to bear +down upon them with concentrated forces, bring upon +their towns the destruction which had so appallingly +threatened them after the battle at Point Pleasant.</p> +<p>But though the inhabitants on the Virginia frontiers, +enjoyed a momentary respite from savage warfare; yet +were the Indians not wholly unemployed in deeds of aggression. +The first attempt to occupy Kentucky, had been +the signal of hostilities in 1774; and the renewed endeavors +to form establishments in it, in 1775, induced their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_190' name='page_190'></a>190</span> +continuance, and brought on those who were engaged in +effecting them, all the horrors of savage warfare.</p> +<p>Upon the close of the campaign under Lord Dunmore, +Kentucky became more generally known. James +Harrod, with those who had associated themselves with +him in making a settlement in that country and aided in +the erection of the fort at Harrodsburg, joined the army +of General Lewis at Point Pleasant; and when, after the +treaty of Camp Charlotte, the army was disbanded, many +of the soldiers and some of the officers, enticed by the +description given of it by Harrod, returned to south Western +Virginia, through that country.<a name='FNanchor_0150' id='FNanchor_0150'></a><a href='#Footnote_0150' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> The result of their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_191' name='page_191'></a>191</span> +examination of it, induced many to migrate thither immediately; +and in 1775, families began to take up their +residence in it.</p> +<p>At that time, the only white persons residing in Kentucky, +were those at Harrod’s fort; and for a while, emigrants +to that country [142] established themselves in its +immediate vicinity, that they might derive protection from +its walls, from the marauding irruptions of Indians. Two +other establishments were, however, soon made, and became, +as well as Harrod’s, rallying points for land adventurers, +and for many of those, whose enterprising spirits +led them, to make their home in that wilderness. The +first of these was that at Boonesborough, and which was +made, under the superintendence of Daniel Boone.</p> +<p>The prospect of amassing great wealth, by the purchase +of a large body of land from the Indians, for a +comparatively trifling consideration, induced some gentlemen +in North Carolina, to form a company, and endeavor +by negotiation to effect such purpose. This association +was known under the title of Henderson and company; +and its object was, the acquisition of a considerable portion +of Kentucky.<a name='FNanchor_0151' id='FNanchor_0151'></a><a href='#Footnote_0151' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> The first step, necessary towards the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_192' name='page_192'></a>192</span> +accomplishment of this object, was, to convene a council +of the Indians; and as the territory sought to be acquired, +did not belong, in individual property to any one nation +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_193' name='page_193'></a>193</span> +of them, it was deemed advisable to convoke the chiefs of +the different nations south of the Ohio river. A time was +then appointed at which these were to assemble; and it +became necessary to engage an agent, possessing the requisite +qualifications, to attend the council, on behalf of +Henderson and company, and to transact the business for +them. The fame of Daniel Boone which had reached +them, recommended him, as one eminently qualified to +discharge the duties devolving on an agent; and he was +employed in that capacity. At the appointed period, the +council was held, and a negotiation commenced, which resulted +in the transfer, to Henderson and company, of the +title of the southern Indians to the land lying south of the +Kentucky river, and north of the Tennessee.<a name='FNanchor_0152' id='FNanchor_0152'></a><a href='#Footnote_0152' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_194' name='page_194'></a>194</span></div> +<p>Boone was then placed at the head of a party of enterprising +men, sent to open a road from the Holstein settlement, +through the wilderness, to the Kentucky river, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_195' name='page_195'></a>195</span> +and to take possession of the company’s purchase. When +within fifteen miles of the termination of their journey, +they were attacked by a body of northern Indians, who +killed two of Boone’s comrades, and wounded two others.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_196' name='page_196'></a>196</span></div> +<p>Two days after, they were again attacked by them, and +had two more of their party killed and three wounded.<a name='FNanchor_0153' id='FNanchor_0153'></a><a href='#Footnote_0153' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> +From this time they experienced no farther molestation +until they had arrived within the limits of the purchase, +and erected a fort, at a lick near the southern bank of the +Kentucky river––the site of the present town of Boonesborough. +Enfeebled by the loss sustained in the attacks +made on them by the Indians; and worn down by the continued +labor of opening a road through an almost impervious +wilderness, it was some time before they could so far +complete the fort, so as to render it secure against anticipated +assaults of the savages, and justify a detachment being +sent from the garrison, to escort the family of Boone +to his new situation. When it was thus far completed, an +office [143] was opened for the sale of the company’s +land;<a name='FNanchor_0154' id='FNanchor_0154'></a><a href='#Footnote_0154' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> and Boone and some others returned to Holstein, +and from thence, guarded the family of Boone, through +the wilderness, to the newly erected fort. Mrs. Boone +and her daughter, are believed to be the first white females +who ever stood on the banks of the Kentucky river.<a name='FNanchor_0155' id='FNanchor_0155'></a><a href='#Footnote_0155' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_197' name='page_197'></a>197</span></div> +<p>[143] In 1775 Benjamin Logan, who had been with Lord +Dunmore at Camp Charlotte, visited Kentucky and selected +a spot for his future residence, near to the present +village of Stamford, erected thereon a fort; and in the following +year moved his family thither.</p> +<p>These were the only settlements then begun to be +made within the limits of the now state of Kentucky. As +the tide of emigration flowed into the country, those three +forts afforded an asylum, from the Indian hostility to which +the whites were incessantly subjected; and never perhaps +lived three men better qualified by nature and habit, to +resist that hostility, and preserve the settlers from captivity +and death, than James Harrod, Daniel Boone, and +Benjamin Logan. Reared in the lap of danger, and early +inured to the hardships and sufferings of a wilderness life, +they were habitually acquainted with those arts which +were necessary to detect and defeat the one, and to lessen +and alleviate the others. Intrepid and fearless, yet cautious +and prudent, there was united in each of them, the +sly, circumventive powers of the Indian, with the bold defiance, +and open daring of the whites. Quick, almost to +intuition, in the perception of impending dangers, instant +in determining, and prompt in action; to see, to resolve, +and to execute, were with them the work of the same moment. +Rife in expedients, the most perplexing difficulties +rarely found them at a loss. Possessed of these qualities, +they were placed at the head of the little colonies planted +around them; not by ambition, but by the universal voice +of the people; from a deep and thorough conviction, that +they only were adequate to the exigencies of their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_198' name='page_198'></a>198</span> +situation. The conviction was not ill founded. Their intellectual +and physical resources were powerfully and constantly +exerted for the preservation and security of the +settlements; and frequently, with astonishing success, under +the most inauspicious circumstances. Had they indeed, +by nature, been supine and passive, their isolated +situation, and the constantly repeated attempts of the Indians, +at their extermination, would have aroused them, as +it did others, to activity and energy, and brought their +every [144] nerve into action. For them, there were no +“weak, piping times of peace,”––no respite from danger. +The indefatigable vigilance and persevering hostility of +an unrelenting foe, required countervailing exertions on +their part; and kept alive the life, which they delighted to +live.</p> +<p>From the instant those establishments were made, and +emigrants placed themselves in their vicinity, the Savages +commenced their usual mode of warfare; and marauding +parties were ever in readiness, to seize upon, those, whose +misfortune it was to become exposed to their vigilance. In +the prosecution of these hostilities, incidents of the most +lively and harrowing interest, though limited in their consequences, +were constantly recurring; before a systematic +course of operations, was undertaken for the destruction +of the settlers.</p> +<p>The Indians, seeing that they had to contend with +persons, as well skilled in their peculiar mode of warfare, +as themselves, and as likely to detect them, while lying in +wait for an opportunity to strike the deadly blow, as they +were to strike it with impunity, they entirely changed +their plans of annoyance. Instead of longer endeavoring +to cut off the whites in detail, they brought into the country +a force, sufficiently numerous and powerful to act simultaneously +against all the settlements. The consequence +of this was, much individual suffering and several horrid +massacres. Husbandmen, toiling to secure the product of +the summer’s labor, for their sustenance another season, +were frequently attacked, and murdered.––Hunters, engaged +in procuring meat for immediate and pressing use, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_199' name='page_199'></a>199</span> +were obliged to practise the utmost wariness to evade the +ambushed Indian, and make sure their return to the fort. +Springs and other watering places, and the paths leading +to them, were constantly guarded by the savages; who +would lie near them day and night, until forced to leave +their covert, in quest of food to satisfy their extreme +hunger; and who, when this end was attained, would return +to their hiding places, with renovated strength, and +increased watchfulness. The cattle belonging to the garrisons +were either driven off, or killed, so that no supplies +could be derived from them. This state of things continued, +without intermission, ’till the severity of winter +forced the Indians to depart for their towns; and then succeeded, +of necessity, a truce, which had become extremely +desirable to the different settlements.</p> +<p>When we reflect on the dangers, the difficulties, the +complicated distresses, to which the inhabitants were then +exposed, it is really matter of astonishment that they did +not abandon the country, and seek elsewhere an exemption +from those evils. How women, with all the feminine +weakness of the sex, could be prevailed upon to remain +during the winter, and encounter with the returning +spring, the returning horrors of savage warfare, is truly +surprising. The frequent recurrence of danger, does indeed, +produce a comparative insensibility and indifference +to it; but it is difficult to conceive, [145] that familiarity +with the tragic scenes which were daily exhibited there, +could reconcile persons to a life of constant exposure +to them. Yet such was the fact; and not only did the +few, who were first to venture on them, continue in the +country, but others, equally adventurous, moved to it; encountering +many hardships and braving every danger, to +aid in maintaining possession of the modern Canaan, and +to obtain a home in that land of milk and honey. If for +a while, they flattered themselves with the hope, that the +ravages which had been checked by winter, would not be +repeated on the return of spring, they were sadly disappointed. +Hostilities were resumed, as soon as the abatement +of cold, suffered the Indians to take the field; and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_200' name='page_200'></a>200</span> +were carried on with renovated ardor, and on an enlarged +scale.<a name='FNanchor_0156' id='FNanchor_0156'></a><a href='#Footnote_0156' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<p>Feeling the hopelessness of extirpating the settlements, +so long as the forts remained to afford a safe retreat +to the inhabitants; and having learned, by the experience of +the preceding season, that the whites were but little, if at +all, inferior to them in their own arts, and were competent +to combat them, in their own mode of warfare, the Indians +resolved on bringing into the country a larger force, +and to direct their united energies to the demolition of the +different forts. To prevent any aid being afforded by the +other garrisons, while operations were leveled against one, +they resolved on detaching from their main body, such a +number of men as was deemed sufficient to keep watch +around the other forts, and awe their inmates from attempting +to leave them, on any occasion. This was a course of +excellent policy. It was calculated not only to prevent the +marching of any auxiliary forces from one to the other of +the fortresses, but at the same time by preventing hunting +parties from ranging the woods, cut off the principal source, +from which their supplies were derived; and thus tended +to render their fall, the more certain and easy.</p> +<p>Accordingly in March 1777, they entered Kentucky +with a force of upwards of two hundred warriors; and +sending some of their most expert and active men to +watch around Boone’s and Logan’s forts, marched with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_201' name='page_201'></a>201</span> +the chief part of their army to attack Harrodsburg. On +the 14th of March three persons (who were engaged in +clearing some land) not far from Harrod’s fort, discovered +the Indians proceeding through the woods, and sought to +escape observation and convey the intelligence to the garrison. +But they too, were discovered and pursued; and +one of them was killed, another taken prisoner, and the +third (James, afterwards Gen. Ray, then a mere youth) +reached Harrodsburg alone in safety.<a name='FNanchor_0157' id='FNanchor_0157'></a><a href='#Footnote_0157' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> Aware that the +place had become alarmed, and that they had then no +chance of operating on it, by surprise, they encamped near +to it on that evening; and early on the morning of the +15th commenced a furious and animated attack.</p> +<p>Apprized of the near approach of the enemy, the garrison +had made every preparation for defense, of which +their situation admitted; and when the assailants rushed +to the assault, not intimidated by their horrible and unnatural +yells, nor yet dispirited by the [146] presence of a +force so far superior to their own, they received them with +a fire so steady and well directed, as forced them to recoil; +leaving one of their slain on the field of attack. This +alone, argued a great discomfiture of the Indians; as it is +well known to be their invariable custom, to remove, if +practicable, those of their warriors who fall in battle. +Their subsequent movements, satisfied the inmates of the +fort, that there had been indeed a discomfiture; and that +they had but little to apprehend from a renewed assault +on their little fortress. After reconnoitering for a while, +at a prudent distance from the garrison, the Indians kindled +their fires for the night; and in the following day, +leaving a small party for the purpose of annoyance, decamped +with the main body of their army, and marched +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_202' name='page_202'></a>202</span> +towards Boonesborough.<a name='FNanchor_0158' id='FNanchor_0158'></a><a href='#Footnote_0158' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> In consequence however, of a +severe spell of March weather, they were forced to remain +inactive for a time; and did not make their appearance +there, until the middle of April.</p> +<p>In the assault on Boone’s fort, the Indians soon, became +satisfied that it was impregnable against them; and +although their repulse was not as signal here, as it had +been at Harrodsburg, yet they soon withdrew from the +contest, and marched towards Logan’s fort,––having killed +one and wounded four, of the whites.<a name='FNanchor_0159' id='FNanchor_0159'></a><a href='#Footnote_0159' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<p>Several causes combined to render an attack on the +fort at Logan’s station, an event of most fearful consequence.<a name='FNanchor_0160' id='FNanchor_0160'></a><a href='#Footnote_0160' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> +Its inmates had been but a short time in the +country, and were not provided with an ample supply +either of provisions or ammunition. They were few in +number; and though of determined spirit and undaunted +fortitude, yet such was the disparity between thirteen and +two hundred––the force of the garrison and the force of +the assailants, joined to their otherwise destitute situation, +that hope itself, could scarcely live in so perilous a situation. +Had this been the first point, against which the +enemy levelled their operations when they arrived in the +country, it must have fallen before them. But by deferring +the attack on it, ’till they had been repulsed at the two +other forts, the garrison was allowed time; and availing +themselves of it, to fortify their position more strongly, +the issue was truly, most fortunate, though unexpected.</p> +<p>On the night preceding the commencement of the attack +on the fort, the Indians had approached near to it +unperceived, and secreted themselves in a cane brake, +which had been suffered to remain around the cabins.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_203' name='page_203'></a>203</span></div> +<p>Early in the morning the women, went out to milk, +guarded by most of the garrison; and before they were +aware of impending danger, the concealed Indians opened +a general fire, which killed three of the men, and drove +the others, hastily within the fort.<a name='FNanchor_0161' id='FNanchor_0161'></a><a href='#Footnote_0161' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> A most affecting +spectacle was then presented to view, well calculated to +excite the sympathies of human nature, and arouse to +action a man possessed of the generous sensibility and noble +daring, which animated the bosom of Logan.</p> +<p>One of the men who had fallen on the first fire of +the Indians and had been supposed by his comrades to be +dead, was in truth though [147] badly wounded, yet still +alive; and was observed feebly struggling to crawl towards +the fort. The fear of laceration and mangling from +the horrid scalping knife, and of tortures from more barbarous +instruments, seemed to abate his exertions in dragging +his wounded body along, lest he should be discovered +and borne off by some infuriated and unfeeling savage. +It was doubtful too, whether his strength would endure +long enough to enable him to reach the gate, even if unmolested +by any apprehension of danger. The magnanimous +and intrepid Logan resolved on making an effort to +save him. He endeavored to raise volunteers, to accompany +him without the fort, and bring in their poor +wounded companion. It seemed as if courting the quick +embrace of death, and even his adventurous associates +for an instant, shrunk from the danger. At length a man +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_204' name='page_204'></a>204</span> +by the name of Martin, who plumed himself on rash and +daring deeds, consented to aid in the enterprise; and the +two proceeded towards the gate. Here the spirit of Martin +forsook him, and he recoiled from the hazardous adventure. +Logan was then alone. He beheld the feeble, +but wary exertions of his unfortunate comrade, entirely +subside; and he could not hesitate. He rushed quickly +through the gate, caught the unhappy victim in his arms, +and bore him triumphantly into the fort, amid a shower +of bullets aimed at him; and some of which buried themselves +in the pallisades close by his head. A most noble +and disinterested achievement, and worthy of all commendation.<a name='FNanchor_0162' id='FNanchor_0162'></a><a href='#Footnote_0162' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a></p> +<p>[148] The siege being maintained by the Indians, the +animation of the garrison was nearly exhausted, in repelling +the frequent assaults made on the fort; and it was +apparent, that the enemy did not intend speedily to withdraw +their forces. Parties of Indians were frequently +detached from the main body, as well to obtain a supply +of provisions by hunting, as to intercept and cut off any +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_205' name='page_205'></a>205</span> +[147] aid, which might be sent to St. Asaph’s<a name='FNanchor_0163' id='FNanchor_0163'></a><a href='#Footnote_0163' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> from the other +forts. In this posture of affairs, it was impossible that the +garrison could long hold out, unless its military stores +could be replenished; and to effect this, under existing +circumstances, appeared to be almost impossible. Harrodsburg +and Boonesborough were not themselves amply +provided with stores; and had it been otherwise, so closely +was the intermediate country between them and St. Asaph’s, +guarded by the savages, that no communication could be +carried from one to the other of them. The settlement on +the Holstein was the nearest point, from which it could be +practicable to derive a supply of ammunition, and the +distance to that neighborhood, was considerable.</p> +<p>Logan knew the danger which must result to the garrison, +from being weakened as much as it must be, by +sending a portion of it on this hazardous enterprise; but +he also knew, that the fort could not be preserved from +falling, unless its magazine was soon replenished. Prefering +the doubtful prospect of succeeding in its relief, by +adopting the plan of sending to Holstein, he proposed the +measure to his companions, and they eagerly embraced it. +It remained then to select the party, which was to venture +on this high enterprise. Important as the presence of +Logan, was known to be, in the fort, yet as the lives of all +within, depended on the success of the expedition and as +to effect this, required the exercise of qualities rarely possessed +in so great degree by any other individual, he was +unanimously chosen to conduct the enterprise.</p> +<p>Accompanied by four of the garrison, Logan, as slyly +as possible, slipped from the fort, and commenced his tedious +journey.<a name='FNanchor_0164' id='FNanchor_0164'></a><a href='#Footnote_0164' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> To lessen the chance of coming in contact +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_206' name='page_206'></a>206</span> +[148] with straggling bands of Indians, he avoided the pack +road which had been opened by Boone; and pursuing an +untrodden route, reached the settlement in safety. The +requisite supplies were soon engaged; and while they were +being prepared for transportation, Logan was actively engaged +in endeavoring to prevail on the inhabitants, to form +a company as expeditiously as possible and march to their +relief. With a faint promise of assistance, and with the +assurance that their situation should be immediately made +known to the executive authority of the state, he set off +on his return. Confiding the ammunition which he had +obtained, to the care of his companions, and prudently advising +and instructing them in the course best to be pursued, +he left them, and hastened to make his way alone, +back to St. Asaph. In ten days after his departure from +the fort, he returned to it again; and his [149] presence +contributed much to revive and encourage the garrison; +’till then in almost utter despair of obtaining relief. In a +few days after, the party arrived with the ammunition, and +succeeded in entering the fort unperceived; though it was +still surrounded by the Indians. With so much secrecy +and caution had the enterprise been conducted, that the +enemy never knew it had been undertaken, until it was +happily accomplished.</p> +<p>For some time after this the garrison continued in +high expectation of seeing the besiegers depart, despairing +of making any impression on the fort. But they were +mistaken in this expectation. Each returning day shewed +the continued investiture of the fort, and exhibited the +Indians as pertinaciously intent on its reduction by assault +or famine, as they were on the day of their arrival before +it. Weeks elapsed, and there was no appearance of the +succours which had been promised to Logan, when in the +settlement on Holstein. And although the besieged were +still successful in repelling every assault on the garrison, +yet their stock of provisions was almost entirely exhausted; +and there was no chance of obtaining a farther supply, but +from the woods around them. To depend on the success +of hunting parties, to relieve their necessities and prevent +their actual starvation or surrender, seemed indeed, but a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_207' name='page_207'></a>207</span> +slender reed on which to rely; and the gloom of despondency +overshadowed their hitherto sanguine countenances. +But as they were resigning themselves to despair, and yielding +up the last hope of being able to escape from savage fury +and savage vengeance, Colonel Bowman arrived to their relief, +and forced the Indians to raise the siege. It was not +however, without some loss on his part. A detachment +of his men, which had preceded the advance of the main +army, was unfortunately unable to reach the fort, undiscovered +by the besiegers; who attacked and killed them +before they could enter the garrison. On the body of one +of these men, was left a proclamation, issued by the Governor +of Detroit promising protection and reward to those +who would renounce the cause of the American colonies, +and espouse that of Great Britain; and denouncing those +who would not. When this proclamation was carried to +Logan, he carefully kept secret its contents, lest it might +produce an unfavorable effect on the minds of some of his +men; worn down, exhausted, and discouraged as they then +were.<a name='FNanchor_0165' id='FNanchor_0165'></a><a href='#Footnote_0165' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<p>[150] After the arrival of Colonel Bowman in the +country, there was for a time, a good deal of skirmishing +between his forces, aided by individuals from the different +forts, and those Indians. In all of them, the superiority +of the whites in the use of the rifle, became apparent to +the savages; and as the feat of Captain Gibson with the +sword, had previously acquired for the Virginians, the +appellation of the Long Knives,<a name='FNanchor_0166' id='FNanchor_0166'></a><a href='#Footnote_0166' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> the fatal certainty, with +which Bowman’s men and the inhabitants of the various +settlements in Kentucky, then aimed their shots, might +have added to that title, the forcible epithet of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_208' name='page_208'></a>208</span> +sharp-shooters. They were as skilful and successful, too, in the +practice of those arts, by which one is enabled to steal unaware +upon his enemy, as the Natives themselves; and +were equally as sure to execute the purposes, for which +those arts were put in requisition, as these were. The +consequence was, that the Indians were not only more shy +in approaching the garrison, than they had been; but +they likewise became, more cautious and circumspect, in +their woods operations, than formerly.</p> +<p>The frequent success of Colonel Bowman’s men, in +scouring the surrounding country, gave to the inhabitants +of all the settlements, an opportunity of cultivating their +little fields, and of laying in such a stock of provisions +and military stores, as would suffice in the hour of need; +when that force should be withdrawn from the country, +and the Indians consequently be again enabled to overrun +it. All that the inhabitants, by reason of the paucity of +their numbers, could yet do, was to shut themselves in +forts, and preserve these from falling into the hands of the +enemy. When the term of those, who had so opportunely +came to their relief, expired, and they returned to their +homes, there were at Boonesborough only twenty-two, at +Harrodsburg sixty-five, and at St. Asaph’s fifteen men. +Emigrants however, flocked to the country during the ensuing +season, in great numbers; and their united strength +enabled them the better to resist aggression, and conduct +the various operations of husbandry and hunting––then +the only occupations of the men.</p> +<p>While these things were transacting in Kentucky, +North Western Virginia enjoyed a repose undisturbed, +save by the conviction of the moral certainty, that it +would be again involved in all the horrors of savage warfare; +and that too, at no distant period: The machinations +of British agents, to [151] produce this result, were +well known to be gaining advocates daily, among the savages; +and the hereditary resentments of these, were known +to be too deeply seated, for the victory of Point Pleasant +to have produced their eradication, and to have created in +their stead, a void, to become the future receptacle of +kindlier feelings, towards their Virginia neighbors. A +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_209' name='page_209'></a>209</span> +coalition of the many tribes north west of the Ohio river, +had been some time forming, and the assent of the Shawanees, +alone, was wanting to its perfection. The distinguished +Sachem at the head of that nation, was opposed +to an alliance with the British, and anxious to preserve a +friendly intercourse with the colonists. All his influence, +with all his energy, was exerted, to prevent his brethren +from again involving themselves, in a war with the whites. +But it was likely to be in vain. Many of his warriors had +fallen at the mouth of the Kenhawa, and his people had +suffered severely during the continuance of that war; they +were therefore, too intent on retaliation, to listen to the +sage counsel of their chief. In this posture of affairs, +Cornstalk, in the spring of 1777, visited the fort, which +had been erected at Point Pleasant after the campaign of +1774, in company with the Red Hawk, and another Indian. +Captain Matthew Arbuckle was then commandant +of the garrison; and when Cornstalk communicated to +him the hostile preparations of the Indians,––that the +Shawanees alone were wanting to render a confederacy +complete,––that, as the “current set so strongly against +the colonies, even they would float with the stream in despite +of his endeavors to stem it,” and that hostilities +would commence immediately, he deemed it prudent to +detain him and his companions as hostages, for the peace +and neutrality of the different tribes of Indians in Ohio. +He at the same time acquainted the newly organized government +of Virginia, with the information which he had +received from Cornstalk, and the course which he had +taken with that chief, and the others who accompanied +him to the garrison.</p> +<p>Upon the receipt of this intelligence, it was resolved, +if volunteers could be had for this purpose, to march an +army into the Indian country and effectually accomplish +the objects, which had been proposed to be achieved in the +campaign of Lord Dunmore in 1774. The volunteers in +Augusta and Bottetourt, were to rendezvous as early as +possible, at the mouth of the Big Kenhawa, where they +would be joined by [152] other troops under General +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_210' name='page_210'></a>210</span> +Hand,<a name='FNanchor_0167' id='FNanchor_0167'></a><a href='#Footnote_0167' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a> who would then assume the command of the whole +expedition.</p> +<p>In pursuance of this resolve, three or four companies +only, were raised in the counties of Bottetourt and Augusta; +and these immediately commenced their march, to +the place of general rendezvous, under the command of +Colonel George Skillern. In the Greenbrier country, great +exertions were made by the militia officers there, to obtain +volunteers, but with little effect. One company only was +formed, consisting of thirty men, and the officers, laying +aside all distinctions of rank, placed themselves in the line +as common soldiers, and proceeded to Point Pleasant with +the troops led on by Colonel Skillern. Upon their arrival +at that place, nothing had been heard of General Hand, +or of the forces which it was expected would accompany +him from Fort Pitt; and the volunteers halted, to await +some intelligence from him.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_211' name='page_211'></a>211</span></div> +<p>The provisions, for the support of the army in its projected +invasion of the Indian country, were expected to be +brought down the river, from Fort Pitt; and the troops +under Colonel Skillern had only taken with them, what +was deemed sufficient for their subsistence on their march +to the place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhausted, +and the garrison was too illy supplied, to admit of +their drawing on its stores.––While thus situated, and +anxiously awaiting the arrival of General Hand with his +army and provisions, the officers held frequent conversations +with Cornstalk, who seemed to take pleasure in acquainting +them with the geography of the country west of +the Ohio river generally, and more particularly with that +section of it lying between the Mississippi and Missouri +rivers. One afternoon while he was engaged in delineating +on the floor a map of that territory, with the various +water courses emptying into those two mighty streams, +and describing the face of the country, its soil and climate, +a voice was heard hallooing from the opposite shore of the +Ohio, which he immediately recognised to be that of his +son Ellinipsico, and who coming over at the instance of +Cornstalk, embraced him most affectionately. Uneasy at +the long absence of his father, and fearing that some unforseen +evil might have befallen him, he had come to learn +some tidings of him here; knowing that it was the place, +to go to which he had left the nation. His visit was +prompted by feelings [153] which do honor to human nature––anxious +solicitude for a father,––but it was closed by +a most terrible catastrophe.</p> +<p>On the day after the arrival of Ellinipsico, and while +he was yet in the garrison, two men, from Captain Hall’s +company of Rockbridge volunteers, crossed the Kenhawa +river on a hunting excursion. As they were returning to +the canoe for the purpose of recrossing to the Fort, after +the termination of the hunt, Gilmore was espied by two +Indians, concealed near the bank, who fired at, killed and +scalped him. At that instant, Captains Arbuckle and +Stuart (the latter having accompanied the Greenbrier volunteers +as a private soldier) were standing on the point +opposite to where lay the canoe in which Hamilton and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_212' name='page_212'></a>212</span> +Gilmore had crossed the river; and expressed some astonishment +that the men should be so indiscreet as to be +shooting near to the encampment, contrary to commands. +They had scarcely time to express their disapprobation at +the supposed violation of orders, when Hamilton was seen +running down the bank of the river, and heard to exclaim, +that Gilmore was killed. A party of Captain Hall’s men +immediately sprang into a canoe and went over to relieve +Hamilton from danger, and to bring the body of Gilmore +to the encampment. Before they relanded with the bloody +corpse of Gilmore, a cry arose, “let us go and kill the Indians +in the fort;” and pale with rage they ascended the +bank, with captain Hall at their head, to execute their +horrid purpose. It was vain to remonstrate. To the interference +of Captains Arbuckle and Stuart to prevent the +fulfilling of this determination, they responded, by cocking +their guns, and threatening instant death to any one who +should dare to oppose them.</p> +<p>The interpreter’s wife, (who had lately returned from +Indian captivity, and seemed to entertain a feeling of affection +for Cornstalk and his companions) seeing their danger, +ran to their cabin to apprise them of it, and told them that +Ellinipsico was charged with having brought with him the +Indians who had killed Gilmore. This however he positively +denied, averring that he came alone, and with the +sole object of learning something of his father. In this +time Captain Hall and his men had arrived within hearing, +and Ellinipsico appeared much agitated. Cornstalk however, +encouraged him to meet his fate composedly, saying, +“my son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that we should die +together, and has sent you here to that [154] end. It is +his will and let us submit;––it is all for the best;” and +turning to meet his murderers at the door, received seven +bullets in his body and fell without a groan.</p> +<p>Thus perished the mighty Cornstalk, Sachem of the +Shawanees, and king of the northern confederacy in 1774: +A chief remarkable for many great and good qualities. +He was disposed to be at all times the friend of white men; +as he ever was, the advocate of honorable peace. But +when his country’s wrongs “called aloud to battle,” he became +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_213' name='page_213'></a>213</span> +the thunderbolt of war; and made her oppressors feel +the weight of his uplifted arm. He sought not to pluck +the scalp from the head of the innocent, nor to war against +the unprotected and defenceless; choosing rather to encounter +his enemies, girded for battle, and in open conflict. +His noble bearing,––his generous and disinterested attachment +to the colonies, when the thunder of British cannon +was reverberating through the land––his anxiety to preserve +the frontier of Virginia from desolation and death, +(the object of his visit to Point Pleasant)––all conspired to +win for him the esteem and respect of others; while the +untimely, and perfidious manner of his death, caused a +deep and lasting regret to pervade the bosoms, even of +those who were enemies to his nation; and excited the +just indignation of all, towards his inhuman and barbarous +murderers.</p> +<p>When the father fell, Ellinipsico continued still and +passive; not even raising himself from the seat, which he +had occupied before they received notice, that some infuriated +whites were loudly demanding their immolation. He +met death in that position, with the utmost composure +and calmness. The trepidation which first seized upon +him, was of but momentary duration, and was succeeded +by a most dignified sedateness and stoical apathy. It was +not so with the young Red Hawk. He endeavored to +conceal himself up the chimney of the cabin, in which +they were; but without success. He was soon discovered +and killed. The remaining Indian was murdered by +piece-meal; and with almost all those circumstances of +cruelty and horror, which characterize the savage, in +wreaking vengeance upon an enemy.</p> +<p>Cornstalk is said to have had a presentiment of his +approaching fate. On the day preceding his death, a +council of officers was convoked, in consequence of the +continued absence of General Hand, and their entire ignorance +of his [155] force or movements, to consult and +determine on what would be the course for them to pursue +under existing circumstances. Cornstalk was admitted +to the council; and in the course of some remarks, +with which he addressed it, said, “When I was young and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_214' name='page_214'></a>214</span> +went to war, I often thought, each might be my last adventure, +and I should return no more. I still lived. Now +I am in the midst of you, and if you choose, may kill me. +I can die but once. It is alike to me, whether now or +hereafter.” Little did those who were listening with delight +to the eloquence of his address, and deriving knowledge +from his instruction, think to see him so quickly and +inhumanly, driven from the theatre of life. It was a fearful +deed; and dearly was it expiated by others. The +Shawanees were a warlike people, and became henceforward +the most deadly foe, to the inhabitants on the +frontiers.</p> +<p>In a few days after the perpetration of this diabolical +outrage upon all propriety, General Hand arrived from +Pittsburg without an army, and without provisions for +those who had been awaiting his coming. It was then +determined to abandon the expedition; and the volunteers +returned to their homes.<a name='FNanchor_0168' id='FNanchor_0168'></a><a href='#Footnote_0168' class='fnanchor'>[20]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_215' name='page_215'></a>215</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[156] CHAPTER IX.</p> +<p>While Cornstalk was detained at Point Pleasant, as +surety for the peace and neutrality of the Shawanees, Indians, +of the tribes already attached to the side of Great +Britain, were invading the more defenceless and unprotected +settlements. Emerging, as Virginia then was, from +a state of vassalage and subjection, to independence and +self-government––contending in fearful inferiority of +strength and the munitions of war with a mighty and +warlike nation––limited in resources, and wanting in +means, essential for supporting the unequal conflict, she +could not be expected to afford protection and security +from savage inroad, to a frontier so extensive as hers; and +still less was she able to spare from the contest which she +was waging with that colossal power, a force sufficient to +maintain a war in the Indian country and awe the savages +into quiet. It had not entered into the policy of this state +to enlist the tomahawk and scalping knife in her behalf; +or to make allies of savages, in a war with Christians and +civilized men. She sought by the force of reason and the +conviction of propriety, to prevail on them to observe +neutrality––not to become her auxiliaries. “To send +forth the merciless cannibal, thirsting for blood, against +protestant brethren,” was a refinement in war to which +she had not attained. That the enemy, with whom she +was struggling for liberty and life as a nation, with all the +lights of religion and philosophy to illumine her course, +should have made of them allies, and “let loose those horrible +hell-hounds of war against their countrymen in +America, endeared to them by every tie which should +sanctify human nature,” was a most lamentable circumstance––in +its consequences, blighting and desolating the +fairest portions of the country, and covering the face of +[157] its border settlements, with the gloomy mantle of +sorrow and woe. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_216' name='page_216'></a>216</span></p> +<p>There is in the Indian bosom an hereditary sense of +injury, which naturally enough prompts to deeds of revengeful +cruelty towards the whites, without the aid of adventitious +stimulants. When these are superadded, they +become indeed, the most ruthless and infuriated enemy––“thirsting +for blood,” and causing it literally to flow, alike +from the hearts of helpless infancy and hoary age––from +the timorous breast of weak woman, and the undaunted +bosom of the stout warrior. Leagued with Great Britain, +the Indians were enabled more fully and effectually, to +glut their vengeance on our citizens, and gratify their entailed +resentment towards them.</p> +<p>In the commencement of Indian depredations on +North Western Virginia, during this war, the only places +of refuge for the inhabitants, besides private forts and +block-houses, were at Pittsburg, Redstone, Wheeling and +Point Pleasant. Garrisons had been maintained at Fort +Pitt and Redstone, ever after their establishment; and +fortresses were erected at the two latter places in 1774. +They all seemed to afford an asylum to many, when the +Indians were known to be in the country; but none of +them had garrisons, strong enough to admit of detachments +being sent, to act offensively against the invaders. +All that they could effect, was the repulsion of assaults +made on them, and the expulsion from their immediate +neighborhoods, of small marauding parties of the savage +enemy. When Captain Arbuckle communicated to the +Governor the information derived from Cornstalk, that +extensive preparations were making by the Indians, for +war, and the probability of its early commencement, such +measures were immediately adopted, to prevent its success, +as the then situation of the country would justify. A +proclamation was issued, advising the inhabitants of the +frontier, to retire into the interior as soon as practicable; +and that they might be enabled the better to protect themselves +from savage fury, some ammunition was forwarded +to settlements on the Ohio river, remote from the state +forts, and more immediately exposed to danger from incursion. +General Hand too, then stationed at Fort Pitt, +sent an express to the different settlements, recommending +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_217' name='page_217'></a>217</span> +that they should be immediately abandoned, and the individuals +composing them, should forthwith seek shelter in +some contiguous fortress, or retire east of the [158] mountain. +All were apprized of the impending danger, and +that it was impracticable in the pressing condition of affairs, +for the newly organized government to extend to +them any effective protection.</p> +<p>Thus situated, the greater part of those who had taken +up their abode on the western waters, continued to reside +in the country. Others, deeming the means of defence +inadequate to security, and unwilling to encounter the +horrors of an Indian war, no better provided than they +were, pursued the advice of government, and withdrew +from the presence of danger. Those who remained, sensible +of dependence on their individual resources, commenced +making preparations for the approaching crisis. +The positions which had been selected as places of security +and defence in the war of 1774, were fortified anew, and +other block-houses and forts were erected by their unaided +exertion, into which they would retire on the approach of +danger. Nor was it long before this state of things was +brought about.</p> +<p>In June 1777,<a name='FNanchor_0169' id='FNanchor_0169'></a><a href='#Footnote_0169' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> a party of Indians came to the house +of Charles Grigsby on Rooting creek, a branch of the +West Fork, and in the county of Harrison. Mr. Grigsby +being from home, the Indians plundered the house of +every thing considered valuable by them, and which they +could readily carry with them; and destroying many +other articles, departed, taking with them Mrs. Grigsby +and her two children as prisoners. Returning home soon +after, seeing the desolation which had been done in his +short absence, and unable to find his wife and children, +Mr. Grigsby collected some of his neighbors and set out +in pursuit of those, by whom the mischief had been effected,––hoping +that he might overtake and reclaim from +them the partner of his bosom, and the pledges of her +affection. His hopes were of but momentary existence.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_218' name='page_218'></a>218</span></div> +<p>Following in the trail of the fugitive, when they had arrived +near to Loss creek, a distance of but six miles, they +found the body of Mrs. Grigsby and of her younger child, +where they had recently been killed and scalped. The +situation of this unfortunate woman (being near the hour +of confinement,) and the entire helplessness of the child, +were hindrances to a rapid retreat; and fearing pursuit, +the Indians thus inhumanly rid themselves of those incumbrances +to their flight and left them to accidental discovery, +or to become food for the beasts of the forest.</p> +<p>[159] Stimulated to more ardent exertions by the distressing +scene just witnessed, the pursuers pushed forward, +with increased expectation of speedily overtaking and +punishing, the authors of this bloody deed; leaving two +of their party to perform the sepulture of the unfortunate +mother, and her murdered infant. But before the whites +were aware of their nearness to the Indians, these had become +apprized of their approach, and separated, so as to +leave no trail by which they could be farther traced. They +had of course to give over the pursuit; and returned +home, to provide more effectually against the perpetration +of similar acts of atrocity and darkness.</p> +<p>A short time after this, two Indians came on the West +Fork, and concealed themselves near to Coon’s fort, awaiting +an opportunity of effecting some mischief. While +thus lying in ambush, a daughter of Mr. Coon came out +for the purpose of lifting some hemp in a field near to the +fort, and by the side of the road. Being engaged in performing +this business, Thomas Cunningham and Enoch +James passing along, and seeing her, entered into conversation +with her, and after a while proceeded on their +road. But before they had gone far, alarmed by the report +of a gun, they looked back and saw an Indian run +up to the girl, tomahawk and scalp her. The people of +the fort were quickly apprised of what had been done, +and immediately turned out in pursuit; but could not +trace the course taken by the savages. It afterwards appeared +that the Indians had been for some time waiting +for the girl to come near enough for them to catch and +make her prisoner, before she could alarm the fort, or get +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_219' name='page_219'></a>219</span> +within reach of its guns; but when one of them crossed +the fence for this purpose, she espied him and ran directly +towards the fort.––Fearing that he would not be able to +overtake her, without approaching the fort so as to involve +himself in some danger, he shot her as she ran; and +going up to her he tomahawked and scalped her. In endeavoring +then to secure himself by flight, he was shot at +by James, but at so great distance as to prevent the doing +of execution.</p> +<p>In the neighborhood of Wheeling, some mischief of +this kind was done about the same time, and by Indians +who acted so warily, as to avoid being discovered and +punished. A man by the name of Thomas Ryan was +killed in a field some distance from the house, and a negro +fellow at work with him, [160] taken prisoner and carried +off. No invasion however, of that country, had been as +yet, of sufficient importance to induce the people to forsake +their homes and go into the forts.––Scouting parties +were constantly traversing the woods in every direction, +and so successfully did they, observe every avenue to the +settlements, that the approach of Indians was generally +discovered and made known, before any evil resulted from +it. But in August the whole country bordering on the +Ohio, from Fort Pitt to Wheeling, became justly alarmed +for its fate; and the most serious apprehensions for the +safety of its inhabitants, were excited in the bosoms of all. +Intelligence was conveyed to General Hand at Fort Pitt,<a name='FNanchor_0170' id='FNanchor_0170'></a><a href='#Footnote_0170' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> +by some friendly Indians from the Moravian towns, that +a large army of the north western confederacy, had come +as far as those villages, and might soon be expected to +strike an awful blow on some part of the Ohio settlements. +The Indian force was represented as being so great, as to +preclude all idea of purchasing safety, by open conflict; +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_220' name='page_220'></a>220</span> +and the inhabitants along the river, generally retired into +forts, as soon as they received information of their danger, +and made every preparation to repel an assault on them. +They did not however, remain long in suspense, as to the +point against which the enemy would direct its operations.</p> +<p>Wheeling Fort, although it had been erected by the +proper authorities of the government, and was supplied +with arms and ammunition from the public arsenal, was +not at this time garrisoned, as were the other state forts on +the Ohio, by a regular soldiery; but was left to be defended +solely by the heroism and bravery of those, who +might seek shelter within its walls.<a name='FNanchor_0171' id='FNanchor_0171'></a><a href='#Footnote_0171' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> The settlement +around it was flourishing, and had grown with a rapidity +truly astonishing, when its situation, and the circumstances +of the border country generally, are taken into consideration. +A little village, of twenty-five or thirty houses, had +sprung up, where but a few years before, the foot of civilized +man had never trod; and where the beasts of the +forest had lately ranged undisturbedly, were to be seen +lowing herds and bleating flocks, at once, the means of +sustenance, and the promise of future wealth to their +owners.––In the enjoyment of this, comparatively, prosperous +condition of things, the inhabitants little dreamed, +how quickly those smiling prospects were to be blighted, +their future hopes blasted, and they deprived of almost +every necessary of life. They [161] were not insensible to +the danger which in time of war was ever impending over +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_221' name='page_221'></a>221</span> +them; but relying on the vigilance of their scouts, to ascertain +and apprize them of its approach, and on the proximity +of a fort into which they could retire upon a minute’s +warning, they did not shut themselves up within its walls, +until advised of the immediate necessity of doing so, from +the actual presence of the enemy.</p> +<p>On the night of the first of September, Captain Ogal, +who with a party of twelve men, had been for some days +engaged in watching the paths to the settlement and endeavoring +to ascertain the approach of danger,<a name='FNanchor_0172' id='FNanchor_0172'></a><a href='#Footnote_0172' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> came into +Wheeling with the assurance that the enemy were not at +hand. In the course of that night, however, the Indian +army, consisting of three hundred and eighty-nine warriors,<a name='FNanchor_0173' id='FNanchor_0173'></a><a href='#Footnote_0173' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> +came near to the village, and believing from the +lights in the fort, that the inhabitants were on their +guard, and that more might be effected by an ambuscade +in the morning, than by an immediate and direct attack, +posted themselves advantageously for that purpose. Two +lines were formed, at some distance from each, extending +from the river across the point to the creek, with a cornfield +to afford them concealment. In the centre between +these lines, near a road leading through the field to the +fort, and in a situation easily exposing them to observation, +six Indians were stationed, for the purpose of decoying +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_222' name='page_222'></a>222</span> +within the lines, any force which might discover, and +come out to molest them.</p> +<p>Early in the morning of the second, two men, going +to a field for horses, passed the first line, and came near to +the Indians in the centre, before they were aware of danger.<a name='FNanchor_0174' id='FNanchor_0174'></a><a href='#Footnote_0174' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a>––Perceiving +the six savages near them, they endeavored +to escape by flight. A single shot brought one of +them to the ground: the other was permitted to escape +that he might give the alarm. Captain Mason (who, with +Captain Ogal and his party, and a few other men had occupied +the fort the preceding night) hearing that there +were but six of the enemy, marched with fourteen men, +to the place where they had been seen. He had not proceeded +far from the fort, before he came in view of them; +and leading his men briskly towards where they were, +soon found themselves enclosed by a body of Indians, +who ’till then had remained concealed.––Seeing the impossibility +of maintaining a conflict with them, he endeavored +to retreat with his men, to the fort; but in +[162] vain. They were intercepted by the Indians, and +nearly all literally, cut to pieces.<a name='FNanchor_0175' id='FNanchor_0175'></a><a href='#Footnote_0175' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> Captain Mason however, +and his sergeant succeeded in passing the front line, but +being observed by some of the enemy, were pursued, and +fired at, as they began to rise the hill. The sergeant was +so wounded by the ball aimed at him, that he fell, unable +again to get up; but seeing his Captain pass near without +a gun and so crippled that he moved but slowly in advance +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_223' name='page_223'></a>223</span> +of his pursuers, he handed him his, and calmly surrendered +himself to his fate.</p> +<p>Captain Mason had been twice wounded, and was +then so enfeebled by the loss of blood, and faint from +fatigue that he almost despaired of ever reaching the fort; +yet he pressed forward with all his powers. He was sensible +that the Indian was near him, and expecting every instant, +that the tomahawk would sever his skull, he for a while +forgot that his gun was yet charged. The recollection of +this, inspiring him with fresh hopes, he wheeled to fire at +his pursuer, but found him so close that he could not bring +his gun to bear on him. Having greatly the advantage of +ground, he thrust him back with his hand. The uplifted +tomahawk descended to the earth with force; and before +the Indian could so far regain his footing as to hurl the +fatal weapon from his grasp, or rush forward to close in +deadly struggle with his antagonist, the ball from Captain +Mason’s gun had done its errand, and the savage fell lifeless +to the earth. Captain Mason was able to proceed only +a few paces farther; but concealing himself by the side of +a large fallen tree, he remained unobserved while the +Indians continued about the fort.</p> +<p>The shrieks of Captain Mason’s men, and the discharge +of the guns, induced Capt. Ogal to advance with +his twelve scouts, to their relief. Being some distance in +the rear of his men, the Indians, in closing round them, +fortunately left him without the circle, and he concealed +himself amid some briers in the corner of the fence; where +he lay until the next day. The same fate awaited his +men, which had befallen Capt. Mason’s. Of the twenty +six who were led out by these two officers, only three escaped +death, and two of these were badly wounded: a +striking evidence of the fact, that the ambuscade was +judiciously planned, and the expectations of its success, +well founded.<a name='FNanchor_0176' id='FNanchor_0176'></a><a href='#Footnote_0176' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<p>While these things were doing, the inhabitants of the +village were busily employed in removing to the fort and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_224' name='page_224'></a>224</span> +preparing for its defense. A single glance at the situation +of the parties led on by Mason and Ogal, convinced them +of the overwhelming force of the [163] Indians, and the +impossibility of maintaining an open contest with them. +And so quick had been the happening of the events which +have been narrated, that the gates of the fort were scarcely +closed, before the Indian army appeared under its walls, +with a view to its reduction by storm.<a name='FNanchor_0177' id='FNanchor_0177'></a><a href='#Footnote_0177' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> But before the assault +was begun to be made, the attention of the garrison +was directed to a summons for its surrender, made by that +infamous renegado, Simon Girty.<a name='FNanchor_0178' id='FNanchor_0178'></a><a href='#Footnote_0178' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a></p> +<p>This worse than savage wretch, appeared at the end +window of a house not far from the fort, and told them, +that he had come with a large army to escort to Detroit, +such of the Inhabitants along the frontier, as were willing +to accept the terms offered by Governor Hamilton, to +those who would renounce the cause of the colonies and +attach themselves to the interest of Great Britain; calling +upon them to remember their fealty to their sovereign; +assuring them of protection, if they would join his standard, +and denouncing upon them, all the woes which spring +from the uncurbed indulgence of savage vengeance, if +they dared to resist, or fire one gun to the annoyance of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_225' name='page_225'></a>225</span> +his men. He then read to them, Gov. Hamilton’s proclamation; +and told them, he could allow only fifteen minutes +to consider of his proposition. It was enough. In +love with liberty, attached to their country, and without +faith in his proffered protection, they required but little +time to “deliberate, which of the two to choose, slavery +or death.” Col. Zane replied to him, “that they had consulted +their wives and children, and that all were resolved +to perish, sooner than place themselves under the protection +of a savage army with him at its head, or abjure the +cause of liberty and of the colonies.” Girty then represented +to them the great force of the Indians,––the impossibility +that the fort could withstand the assault,––the certainty +of protection if they acceded to his propositions, +and the difficulty of restraining the assailants, if enraged +and roused to vengeance by opposition and resistance. A +shot discharged at him from the fort, caused him to withdraw +from the window and the Indians commenced the +assault.</p> +<p>There were then in the fort but thirty-three men, to +defend it against the attack of upwards of three hundred +and eighty Indians; and bravely did they maintain +their situation against the superior force of the enemy, +and all that art and fury could effect to accomplish their +destruction. For twenty-three hours, all was life, and +energy, and activity within the walls. Every individual +had particular duties to perform; and promptly and faithfully +were they discharged. The more expert of the +women, took stations by the side of the men; and handling +their guns with soldier like readiness, aided in the repulse, +with fearless intrepidity.<a name='FNanchor_0179' id='FNanchor_0179'></a><a href='#Footnote_0179' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> Some were engaged in +moulding bullets; others in loading and supplying the +[164] men with guns already charged; while the less +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_226' name='page_226'></a>226</span> +robust were employed in cooking, and in furnishing to the +combatants, provisions and water, during the continuance +of the attack. It seemed indeed, as if each individual +were sensible, that the safety of all depended on his lone +exertions; and that the slightest relaxation of these, would +involve them all in one common ruin.</p> +<p>Finding that they could make no impression on the +fort, and fearing to remain longer before it, lest their retreat +might be cut off, by reinforcements from the surrounding +country, the assailants fired all the houses without +the walls; killed all the stock, which could be found; +and destroying every thing on which they could lay their +hands, retired about day light, and left the garrison in +possession of the fortress, but deprived of almost every +thing else. The alarm of the presence of Indians having +been given after day light, and the attack on the fort commencing +before sun rise, but little time was afforded them, +for securing their moveable property. The greater part +had taken with them nothing but their clothes, while +some had left their homes with their night apparel only. +Few were left the enjoyment of a bed, or the humble +gratification of the coarse repast of bread and milk. Their +distress was consequently great; and their situation for +some time, not much more enviable, than when pent +within the fort, and straining every nerve to repel its savage +assailants.</p> +<p>Before this, the Governor had sent to Col. Andrew +Swearingen, a quantity of ammunition for the defence of +those who remained in the country above Wheeling. By +his exertions, and under his superintendence, Bolling’s and +Holliday’s old forts were repaired, and the latter made +strong enough to serve as a magazine. In it was collected, +all the inhabitants from its neighborhood; and it was +generally regarded, as a strong position, and able, occasionally, +to detach part of its garrison, for the aid of other +portions of the country. Soon after the attack was begun +to be made on Wheeling, the alarm reached Shepherd’s +fort, and a runner was despatched from thence to Holliday’s +fort with the intelligence, and the apprehension that +if speedy relief were not afforded, the garrison at Wheeling +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_227' name='page_227'></a>227</span> +must fall. No expectation, of being able to collect a +force sufficient to cope with the assailants, was entertained. +All that was expected was, to throw succours into the +fort, and thus enable the garrison the more successfully to +repel assaults, and preserve it from the violence of the Indian +onsets. For this purpose, Col. Swearingen left Holliday’s +with fourteen men, who nobly volunteered to accompany +him in this hazardous enterprise, to the regret of +those who remained, from an apprehension that thus +weakened, if Holliday’s fort were attacked it must fall +easily into the hands of the enemy. These men got into +a large <i>continental canoe</i>, and plied their paddles industriously, +to arrive in time to be of service to the besieged. +But the night being dark, and a dense fog hanging over +the river, they toiled to great disadvantage, frequently +coming in contact with the banks; until [165] at length +it was thought advisable to cease rowing and float with +the current, lest they might, unknowingly, pass Wheeling, +and at the appearance of day be obliged to contend +with the force of the stream, to regain that point. Floating +slowly, they at length descried the light which proceeded +from the burning of the houses at Wheeling, and +with all their exertion could not then attain their destination +before the return of day. Could they have realized +their expectation of arriving before day, they might from, +the river bank, in the darkness of the night, have gained +admission into the fort; but being frustrated in this, they +landed some of the men near above Wheeling, to reconnoiter +and ascertain the situation of things: it being +doubtful to them, from the smoke and fog, whether the +fort and all, were not a heap of ruins. Col. Swearingen, +Cap. Bilderbock and William Boshears, volunteered for +this service, and proceeding cautiously soon reached the +fort.</p> +<p>When arrived there, it was still questionable whether +the Indians had abandoned the attack, or were only lying +concealed in the cornfield, in order to fall on any, who +might come out from the fort, under the impression that +danger was removed from them. Fearing that the latter +was the case, it was thought prudent, not to give the preconcerted +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_228' name='page_228'></a>228</span> +signal for the remainder of Col. Swearingen’s +party to come on, lest it might excite the Indians to +greater vigilance and they intercept the men on their way +to the fort. To obviate the difficulty arising from this apprehension, +Col. Swearingen, Capt. Bilderbock and William +Boshears, taking a circuitous route to avoid passing near the +cornfield, returned to their companions, and escorted them +to Wheeling. It then remained to ascertain whether the +Indians had really withdrawn, or were only lying in ambush. +A council, consisting of Col. Zane, Col. Shepherd, +Doctor McMahon and Col. Swearingen, being requested +to devise some expedient by which to be assured of the +fact, recommended that two of their most active and vigilant +men, should go out openly from the fort, and carelessly, +but surely, examine the cornfield near to the +palisade. Upon their return, twenty others, under the +guidance of Col. Zane, marched round at some distance +from the field, and approaching it more nearly on their return, +became assured that the Indians had indeed despaired +of success, and were withdrawn from the field. About +this time Major M’Cullough arrived with forty-five men, +and they all proceeded to view the battle ground.</p> +<p>Here was indeed a pitiable sight. Twenty-three of the +men who had accompanied Capts. Mason and Ogal in the +preceding morning, were lying dead; few of them had +been shot, but the greater part, most inhumanly and barbarously +butchered with the tomahawk and scalping +knife. Upwards of three hundred head of cattle, horses, +and hogs, wantonly killed by the savages, were seen lying +about the field, and all the houses, with every thing which +they contained, and which could not be conveniently +taken off by the enemy, were but heaps of ashes. It was +long indeed, before the [166] inhabitants of that neighborhood +regained the comforts, of which that night’s desolation +had deprived them.</p> +<p>Soon after the happening of these events a company +of militia under the command of Capt. Foreman, arrived +from east of the Alleghany, to afford protection to the +settlements around Wheeling, and occupy the fort at this +place. While stationed in it, it was known that parties of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_229' name='page_229'></a>229</span> +Indians were still lurking about, seeking opportunities of +doing mischief, and to prevent which, detachments were +frequently sent on scouting expeditions. On the 26th of +September, Capt. Foreman with forty five men, went +about twelve miles below Wheeling and encamped for the +night. He was ignorant of the practices of the Indians, +and seemed rather indisposed to take council of those, +who were conversant with them. After building fires for +the night, he remained with his men close around them, +contrary to the advice of one of the settlers, by the name +of Lynn, who had accompanied him as a spy. Lynn however, +would not consent to remain there himself, but taking +with him those of the frontiers men who were in company, +retired some distance from the fires, and spent the +night. Before it was yet light, Lynn, being awake, +thought he heard such a noise, as would be probably produced +by the launching of rafts on the river, above the +position occupied by Capt. Foreman. In the morning he +communicated his suspicion that an Indian force was near +them, and advised the Captain to return to Wheeling +along the hill sides and avoid the bottoms. His advice +was rejected; but Lynn, with the caution of one used to +such a condition of things, prudently kept on the hill side +with four others, while they, who belonged to the command +of Capt. Foreman, continued along the level at the +base of the hill.</p> +<p>In marching along the Grave creek narrows, one of +the soldiers saw a parcel of Indian ornaments lying in the +path; and picking them up, soon drew around him the +greater part of the company. While thus crowded together +inspecting the trinkets, a galling fire was opened on them +by a party of Indians who lay in ambush, and which threw +them into great confusion. The fire was continued with +deadly effect, for some minutes; and must eventually have +caused the loss of the whole party, but that Lynn, with +his few comrades rushed from the hill discharging their +guns, and shouting so boisterously, as induced the Indians +to believe that a reinforcement was at hand, and they precipitately +retreated.</p> +<p>In this fatal ambuscade there were twenty-one of Captain +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_230' name='page_230'></a>230</span> +Foreman’s party killed, and several much wounded; +among the slain were the Captain and his two sons.</p> +<p>It appeared that the Indians had dropped their ornaments, +purposely to attract the attention of the whites; +while they themselves were lying concealed in two parties; +the one to the right of the path, in a sink-hole on the bottom, +and the other to the left, under covert of the river +bank. From these advantageous positions, they [167] fired +securely on our men; while they were altogether exempt +from danger ’till the party in the sink hole was descried +by Lynn. His firing was not known to have taken effect; +but to his good conduct is justly attributable the saving +of the remnant of the detachment. The Indian force was +never ascertained. It was supposed to have been small; +not exceeding twenty warriors.</p> +<p>On the ensuing day, the inhabitants of the neighborhood +of Wheeling under the direction and guidance of +Colonel Zane, proceeded to Grave Creek and buried those +who had fallen.<a name='FNanchor_0180' id='FNanchor_0180'></a><a href='#Footnote_0180' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_231' name='page_231'></a>231</span></div> +<p>At the time of the happening of those occurrences +the belief was general, that the army which had been led +to Wheeling by Girty, had been ordered on, for the purpose +of conducting the tories from the settlements to Detroit; +and that detachments from that army continued to +hover about the frontiers for some time, to effect that +object. There was then, unfortunately for the repose and +tranquility of many neighborhoods, a considerable number +of those misguided and deluded wretches, who, disaffected +to the cause of the colonies, were willing to advance the +interest of Britain, by the sacrifice of every social relation, +and the abandonment of every consideration, save that of +loyalty to the king. So far did their opposition, to those +who espoused the cause of American liberty, blunt every +finer and more noble feeling, that many of them were +willing to imbrue their hands in the blood of their neighbors, +in the most sly and secret manner, and in the hour +of midnight darkness, for no offence but attachment to +the independence of the colonies. A conspiracy for the +murder of the whigs and for accepting the terms, offered +by the Governor of Canada to those who would renounce +their allegiance to the United States and repair to Detroit, +by the relenting of one individual, was prevented being +carried into effect; and many were consequently saved +from horrors, equalling, if not transcending in enormity, +the outrages of the savages themselves. Scenes of licentiousness +and fury, followed upon the discovery of the +plot.––Exasperated at its heinousness, and under the influence +of resentful feelings, the whigs retaliated upon the +tories, some of the evils which these had conspired to inflict +upon them. In the then infuriated state of their +minds, and the little restraint at that time imposed on the +passions by the operation of the laws, it is really matter of +admiration that they did not proceed farther, and requite +upon those deluded wretches, the full measure of their +premeditated wrongs. The head only of this fiendish +league, lost his life; but many depredations were committed, +on the property of its members.</p> +<p>A court, for the trial of the conspirants, was held at +Redstone Fort; and many of them were arraigned at its +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_232' name='page_232'></a>232</span> +bar. But as their object had been defeated by its discovery, +and as no farther danger was apprehended from them, +they were released, after having been required to take the +oath of allegiance to the United States and to bear with the +injuries which had [168] been done their property. Those +who were suspected for the murder of the chief conspirator, +were likewise arraigned for that offence, but were acquitted.</p> +<p>Hitherto the inhabitants of Tygart’s Valley had escaped +the ill effects of savage enmity; Indian hostility not +having prompted an incursion into that country, since its +permanent settlement was effected previous to the war of +1774. This however had not the effect to lull them into +confident security. Ascribing their fortunate exemption +from irruptions of the enemy, to other causes than a +willingness on the part of the Indians, to leave them in +quiet and repose, they exercised the utmost vigilance to +discover their approach, and used every precaution to ensure +them safety, if the enemy should appear among them. +Spies were regularly employed in watching the warriors +paths beyond the settlements, to detect their advance and +to apprize the inhabitants of it.</p> +<p>In September of this year (1777) Leonard Petro and +Wm. White, being engaged in watching the path leading +up the Little Kenhawa, killed an Elk late in the evening; +and taking part of it with them, withdrew a short distance +for the purpose of eating their suppers and spending +the night. About midnight, White, awaking from sleep, +discovered by the light of the moon, that there were several +Indians near, who had been drawn in quest of them +by the report of the gun in the evening. He saw at a +glance, the impossibility of escaping by flight; and preferring +captivity to death, he whispered to Petro to lie +still, lest any movement of his, might lead to this result. +In a few minutes the Indians sprang on them; and White +raising himself as one lay hold on him, aimed a furious +blow, with his tomahawk, hoping to wound the Indian by +whom he was beset, and then make his escape. Missing +his aim he affected to have been ignorant of the fact that +he was encountered by Indians, professed great joy at +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_233' name='page_233'></a>233</span> +meeting with them, and declared that he was then on his +way to their towns. They were not deceived by the artifice; +for although he assumed an air of pleasantness and +gaity, calculated to win upon their confidence, yet the +woful countenance and rueful expression of poor Petro, +convinced them that White’s conduct was feigned, that he +might lull them into inattention, and they be enabled to +effect an escape. They were both tied for the night; and +in the morning White being painted red, and Petro black, +they were forced to proceed to the Indian towns. When +approaching a [169] village, the whoop of success brought +several to meet them; and on their arrival at it, they found +that every preparation was made for their running the +gauntlet; in going through which ceremony both were +much bruised. White did not however remain long in +captivity. Eluding their vigilance, he took one of their +guns and began his flight homeward.––Before he had +travelled far, he met an Indian on horseback, whom he +succeeded in shooting; and mounting the horse from +which he fell, his return to the Valley was much facilitated. +Petro was never heard of afterwards. The painting +of him black, had indicated their intention of killing +him; and the escape of White probably hastened his +doom.</p> +<p>During this time, and after the return of White among +them, the inhabitants of Tygart’s Valley practiced their +accustomed watchfulness ’till about the twentieth of November; +when there was a considerable fall of snow. This +circumstance induced them to believe, that the savages +would not attempt an irruption among them until the return +of spring; and they became consequently, inattentive +to their safety.</p> +<p>Generally, the settlements enjoyed perfect quiet from +the first appearance of winter, until the return of spring. In +this interval of time, the Indians are usually deterred from +penetrating into them, as well because of their great exposure +to discovery and observation in consequence of the +nakedness of the woods and the increased facility of pursuing +their trail in the snows which then usually covered +the earth, as of the suffering produced by their lying in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_234' name='page_234'></a>234</span> +wait and travelling, in their partially unclothed condition, +in this season of intense cold. Instances of their being +troublesome during the winter were rare indeed; and never +occurred, but under very peculiar circumstances: the inhabitants, +were therefore, not culpably remiss, when they +relaxed in their vigilance, and became exposed to savage +inroad.</p> +<p>A party of twenty Indians, designing to commit some +depredations during the fall, had nearly reached the upper +end of Tygart’s Valley, when the snow, which had inspired +the inhabitants with confidence in their security, +commenced falling. Fearful of laying themselves open to +detection, if they ventured to proceed farther at that time, +and anxious to effect some mischief before they returned +home, they remained concealed about ten miles from the +settlements, until the snow disappeared. On the 15th of +December, they came to the [170] house of Darby Connoly, +at the upper extremity of the Valley, and killed him, his +wife and several of the children, and took three others +prisoners. Proceeding to the next house, killed John +Stewart, his wife and child, and took Miss Hamilton (sister-in-law +to Stewart) into captivity. They then immediately +changed their direction, and with great dispatch, +entered upon their journey home; with the captives and +plunder, taken at those two places.</p> +<p>In the course of the evening after these outrages were +committed, John Hadden passing by the House of Connoly +saw a tame elk belonging there, lying dead in the yard. +This, and the death-like silence which reigned around, excited +his fears that all was not right; and entering into +the house, he saw the awful desolation which had been +committed. Seeing that the work of blood had been but +recently done, he hastened to alarm the neighborhood, and +sent an express to Capt. Benjamin Wilson, living about +twenty miles lower in the Valley, with the melancholy intelligence. +With great promptitude, Capt. Wilson went +through the settlement, exerting himself to procure as +many volunteers, as would justify going in pursuit of the +aggressors; and so indefatigable was he in accomplishing +his purpose, that, on the day after the murders were perpetrated, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_235' name='page_235'></a>235</span> +he appeared on the theatre of their exhibition +with thirty men, prepared to take the trail and push forward +in pursuit of the savages. For five days they followed +through cold and wet, without perceiving that they +had gained upon them. At this time many of the men +expressed a determination to return. They had suffered +much, travelled far, and yet saw no prospect of overtaking +the enemy. It is not wonderful that they became dispirited. +In order to expedite their progress, the numerous +water courses which lay across their path, swollen to an +unusual height and width, were passed without any preparation +to avoid getting wet; the consequence was that +after wading one of them, they would have to travel with +icicles hanging from their clothes the greater part of a day, +before an opportunity could be allowed of drying them. +They suffered much too for the want of provisions. The +short time afforded for preparation, had not admitted of +their taking with them as much as they expected would +be required, as they had already been on the chase longer +than was anticipated. Under these circumstances it was +with great difficulty, Captain Wilson could prevail [171] +on them to continue the pursuit one day longer; hoping +the Indians would have to halt, in order to hunt for food. +Not yet being sensible that they gained upon them, the +men positively refused going farther; and they returned +to their several homes.</p> +<p>This was the last outrage committed by the savages +on North Western Virginia, in this year. And although +there was not as much mischief effected by them in this +season, as had been in others, yet the year 1777, has become +memorable in the annals of Border Warfare. The +murder of Cornstalk and his companions,––the attack on +Wheeling Fort,––the loss of lives and destruction of property +which then took place, together with the fatal ambuscade +at Grave Creek Narrows, all conspired to render it a +period of much interest, and to impress its incidents deeply +on the minds of those who were actors in these scenes.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_236' name='page_236'></a>236</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[172] CHAPTER X.</p> +<p>After the winter became so severe as to prevent the +Indians from penetrating the country and committing farther +aggression, the inhabitants became assured of safety, +and devoted much of their time to the erection of new +forts, the strengthening of those which had been formerly +established, and the making of other preparations, deemed +necessary to prevent the repetition of those distressing occurrences, +which had spread gloom and sorrow over almost +every part of North Western Virginia. That the savages +would early renew their exertions to destroy the frontier +settlements, and harrass their citizens, could not for an +instant be doubted.––Revenge for the murder of Cornstalk, +and the other chiefs killed in the fort by the whites, had +operated to unite the warlike nation of the Shawanees in +a league with the other Indians, against them; and every +circumstance seemed to promise increased exertions on +their part, to accomplish their purposes of blood and +devastation.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding all which had been suffered during +the preceding season; and all, which it was confidently +anticipated, would have to be undergone after the return +of spring, yet did the whole frontier increase in population, +and in capacity to defend itself against the encroachments +of a savage enemy, aided by British emissaries, and +led on by American tories. The accession to its strength, +caused by the number of emigrants, who came into the +different settlements, was indeed considerable; yet it was +insufficient, to enable the inhabitants to purchase by offensive +operations, exemption from [173] invasion, or security +from the tomahawk and scalping knife. Assured of this, +Virginia extended to them farther assistance; and a small +body of regular troops, under the command of General +McIntosh, was appropriated to their defence. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_237' name='page_237'></a>237</span></p> +<p>In the spring of 1778, General McIntosh,<a name='FNanchor_0181' id='FNanchor_0181'></a><a href='#Footnote_0181' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> with the +regulars and some militiamen, attached to his command, +descended the Ohio river from Fort Pitt, to the mouth of +Big Beaver––a creek discharging itself into that river from +the north-west.<a name='FNanchor_0182' id='FNanchor_0182'></a><a href='#Footnote_0182' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> This was a favorable position, at which +to station his troops to effect the partial security of the +frontier, by intercepting parties of Indians on their way to +the settlements on the opposite side of the river, and by +pursuing and punishing them while engaged, either in +committing havoc, or in retreating to their towns, after +the consummation of their horrid purposes. Fort McIntosh +was accordingly erected here, and garrisoned; a six +pounder mounted for its defence.</p> +<p>From Wheeling to Point Pleasant, a distance of one +hundred and eighty-six miles,<a name='FNanchor_0183' id='FNanchor_0183'></a><a href='#Footnote_0183' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> there was then no obstacle +whatever, presented to the advance of Indian war parties, +into the settlements on the East and West Forks of the +Monongahela, and their branches. The consequences of +this exposure had been always severely felt; and never +more so than after the establishment of Fort McIntosh. +Every impediment to their invasion of one part of the +country, caused more frequent irruptions into others, +where no difficulties were interposed to check their progress, +and brought heavier woes on them.––This had been +already experienced, in the settlements on the upper +branches of the Monongahela, and as they were the last +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_238' name='page_238'></a>238</span> +to feel the effects of savage enmity in 1777, so were they +first to become sacrificed to its fury in 1778.</p> +<p>Anticipating the commencement of hostilities at an +earlier period of the season, than usual, several families +retired into Harbert’s block-house, on Ten Mile (a branch +of the West Fork,) in the month of February. And notwithstanding +the prudent caution manifested by them in +the step thus taken; yet, the state of the weather lulling +them into false security, they did not afterwards exercise +the vigilance and provident care, which were necessary to +ensure their future safety. On the third of March, some +children, playing with a crippled crow, at a short distance +from the yard, espied a number of Indians proceeding towards +them; and running briskly to the house, told “that +a number of <i>red men</i> were close by.”––[174] John Murphey +stepped to the door to see if danger had really approached, +when one of the Indians, turning the corner of the house, +fired at him. The ball took effect, and Murphey fell back +into the house. The Indian springing directly in, was +grappled by Harbert, and thrown on the floor. A shot +from without, wounded Harbert, yet he continued to maintain +his advantage over the prostrate savage, striking him +as effectually as he could with his tomahawk, when another +gun was fired at him from without the house. The +ball passed through his head, and he fell lifeless. His antagonist +then slipped out at the door, sorely wounded in +the encounter.</p> +<p>Just after the first Indian had entered, an active +young warrior, holding in his hand a tomahawk with a +long spike at the end, also came in. Edward Cunningham +instantly drew up his gun to shoot him; but it +flashed, and they closed in doubtful strife. Both were +active and athletic; and sensible of the high prize for +which they were contending, each put forth his utmost +strength, and strained his every nerve, to gain the ascendency. +For a while, the issue seemed doubtful. At length, +by great exertion, Cunningham wrenched the tomahawk +from the hand of the Indian, and buried the spike end to +the handle, in his back. Mrs. Cunningham closed the +contest. Seeing her husband struggling closely with the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_239' name='page_239'></a>239</span> +savage, she struck at him with an axe. The edge wounding +his face severely, he loosened his hold, and made his +way out of the house.</p> +<p>The third Indian, which had entered before the door +was closed, presented an appearance almost as frightful as +the object which he had in view. He wore a cap made +of the unshorn front of a buffalo, with the ears and horns +still attached to it, and which hanging loosely about his +head, gave to him a most hideous aspect. On entering +the room, this infernal monster, aimed a blow with his +tomahawk at a Miss Reece, which alighting on her head, +wounded her severely. The mother of this girl, seeing +the uplifted arm about to descend on her daughter, seized +the monster by the horns; but his false head coming readily +off, she did not succeed in changing the direction of +the weapon. The father then caught hold of him; but +far inferior in strength and agility, he was soon thrown +on the floor, and must have been killed, but for the timely +interference of Cunningham. Having [175] succeeded in +ridding the room of one Indian, he wheeled, and sunk a +tomahawk into the head of the other.</p> +<p>During all this time the door was kept by the women, +tho’ not without great exertion. The Indians from without +endeavored several times to force it open and gain +admittance; and would at one time have succeeded, but +that, as it was yielding to their effort to open it, the Indian, +who had been wounded by Cunningham and his +wife, squeezing out at the aperture which had been made, +caused a momentary relaxation of the exertions of those +without, and enabled the women again to close it, and +prevent the entrance of others.––These were not however, +unemployed. They were engaged in securing such of the +children in the yard, as were capable of being carried +away as prisoners, and in killing and scalping the others; +and when they had effected this, despairing of being able +to do farther mischief, they retreated to their towns.</p> +<p>Of the whites in the house, one only was killed and +four were wounded; and seven or eight children in the +yard, were killed or taken prisoners. One Indian was +killed, and two badly wounded. Had Reece engaged +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_240' name='page_240'></a>240</span> +sooner in the conflict, the other two who had entered the +house, would no doubt have been likewise killed; but being +a quaker, he looked on, without participating in the +conflict, until his daughter was wounded. Having then +to contend singly, with superior prowess, he was indebted +for the preservation of his life, to the assistance of those +whom he refused to aid in pressing need.</p> +<p>On the eleventh of April, some Indians visited the +house of Wm. Morgan, at the Dunkard bottom of Cheat +river. They there killed a young man by the name of +Brain, Mrs. Morgan, (the mother of William) and her +grand daughter, and Mrs. Dillon and her two children; +and took Mrs. Morgan (the wife) and her child prisoners. +When, on their way home, they came near to Pricket’s +fort, they bound Mrs. Morgan to a bush, and went in +quest of a horse for her to ride, leaving her child with +her. She succeeded in untying with her teeth, the bands +which confined her, and wandered the balance of that day +and part of the next before she came in sight of the fort. +Here she was kindly treated and in a few days sent home. +Some men going out from Pricket’s fort some short time +after, found at the spot where Mrs. Morgan had [176] been +left by the Indians, a fine mare stabbed to the heart.––Exasperated +at the escape of Mrs. Morgan, they had no doubt +vented their rage on the animal which they had destined +to bear her weight.</p> +<p>In the last of April, a party of about twenty Indians +came to the neighborhoods of Hacker’s creek and the +West Fork. At this time the inhabitants of those neighborhoods +had removed to West’s fort, on the creek, and to +Richards’ fort on the river; and leaving the women and +children in them during the day, under the protection of a +few men, the others were in the habit of performing the +usual labors of their farms in companies, so as to preserve +them from attacks of the Indians. A company of men, +being thus engaged, the first week of May, in a field, now +owned by Minter Bailey, on Hacker’s creek, and being a +good deal dispersed in various occupations, some fencing, +others clearing, and a few ploughing, they were unexpectedly +fired upon by the Indians, and Thomas Hughes and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_241' name='page_241'></a>241</span> +Jonathan Lowther shot down: the others being incautiously +without arms fled for safety. Two of the company, +having the Indians rather between them and West’s fort, +ran directly to Richards’, as well for their own security as +to give the alarm there. But they had been already apprized +that the enemy was at hand. Isaac Washburn, who +had been to mill on Hacker’s creek the day before, on his +return to Richards’ fort and near to where Clement’s mill +now stands, was shot from his horse, tomahawked and +scalped. The finding of his body, thus cruelly mangled, +had given them the alarm, and they were already on their +guard, before the two men from Hacker’s creek arrived +with the intelligence of what had been done there. The +Indians then left the neighborhood without effecting more +havoc; and the whites were too weak to go in pursuit, +and molest them.</p> +<p>The determination of the Shawanees to revenge the +death of their Sachem, had hitherto been productive of no +very serious consequences. A while after his murder, a +small band of them made their appearance near the fort +at Point Pleasant; and Lieutenant Moore was dispatched +from the garrison, with some men, to drive them off. +Upon his advance, they commenced retreating; and the +officer commanding the detachment, fearing they would +escape, ordered a quick pursuit. He did not proceed far +before he fell into an ambuscade. He and three of his +men were killed at the first [177] fire;––the rest of the +party saved themselves by a precipitate flight to the fort.</p> +<p>In the May following this transaction, a few Indians +again came in sight of the fort. But as the garrison had +been very much reduced by the removal of Captain Arbuckle’s +company, and the experience of the last season +had taught them prudence, Captain McKee forbore to +detach any of his men in pursuit of them. Disappointed, +in their expectations of enticing others to destruction, as +they had Lieutenant Moore in the winter, the Indians suddenly +rose from their covert, and presented an unbroken +line, extending from the Ohio to the Kanawha river in +front of the fort. A demand for the surrender of the garrison, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_242' name='page_242'></a>242</span> +was then made; and Captain McKee asked ’till the +next morning to consider of it. In the course of the night, +the men were busily employed in bringing water from the +river, expecting that the Indians would continue before +the fort for some time.</p> +<p>In the morning, Captain McKee sent his answer by +the grenadier squaw, (sister to Cornstalk, and who, notwithstanding +the murder of her brother and nephew, was +still attached to the whites, and was remaining at the fort +in the capacity of interpreter)<a name='FNanchor_0184' id='FNanchor_0184'></a><a href='#Footnote_0184' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> that he could not comply +with their demand.––The Indians immediately began the +attack, and for one week kept the garrison closely besieged. +Finding however, that they made no impression on the +fort, they collected the cattle about it and instead of returning +towards their own country with the plunder, proceeded +up the Kanawha river towards the Greenbrier +settlement.</p> +<p>Believing their object to be the destruction of that +settlement, and knowing from their great force that they +would certainly accomplish it, if the inhabitants were unadvised +of their approach, Captain McKee despatched two +men to Col. Andrew Donnelly’s, (then the frontier +house,) with the intelligence. These men soon came in +view of the Indians; but finding that they were advancing +in detached groups, and dispersed in hunting parties, +through the woods, they despaired of being able to pass +them, and returned to the fort. Captain McKee then +made an appeal to the chivalry of the garrison, and asked, +“who would risk his life to save the people of Greenbrier.” +John Pryor and Philip Hammond, at once stepped forward, +and replied “<span class='smcap'>We Will</span>.” They were then habited +after the Indian manner, and painted in Indian style by +the Grenadier Squaw, and departed on their hazardous, +but noble and generous undertaking. Travelling, night +and day, with great rapidity, they [178] passed the Indians +at Meadow river, and arrived, about sunset of that day +at Donnelly’s fort, twenty miles farther on.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_243' name='page_243'></a>243</span></div> +<p>As soon as the intelligence of the approach of the Indians, +was communicated by these men, Col. Donnelly had +the neighbors all advised of it; and in the course of the +night, they collected at his house. He also dispatched a +messenger to Capt. John Stuart, to acquaint him with the +fact; and made every preparation to resist attack and ensure +their safety, of which his situation admitted. Pryor +and Hammond told them how, by the precaution of Captain +McKee, the garrison at Point Pleasant had been saved +from suffering by the want of water; and advised them to +lay in a plentiful supply, of that necessary article. A hogshead +was accordingly filled and rolled behind the door of +the kitchen, which adjoined the dwelling house.</p> +<p>Early next morning, John Pritchet (a servant to Col. +Donnelly) went out for some firewood, and while thus engaged, +was fired at and killed. The Indians then ran into +the yard, and endeavored to force open the kitchen door; +but Hammond and Dick Pointer (a negro belonging to Col. +Donnelly) who were the only persons within, aided by the +hogshead of water, prevented their accomplishing this object. +They next proceeded to cut it in pieces, with their +tomahawks. Hammond seeing that they would soon succeed +in this way, with the assistance of Dick, rolled the +hogshead to one side, and letting the door suddenly fly +open, killed the Indian at the threshold, and the others +who were near gave way. Dick then fired among them, +with a musket heavily charged with swan shot, and no +doubt with effect, as the yard was crowded with the enemy; +a war club with a swan shot in it, was afterwards +picked up near the door.</p> +<p>The men in the house, who were asleep at the commencement +of the attack, being awakened at the firing of +Hammond and Dick, now opened a galling fire upon the +Indians. Being chiefly up stairs they were enabled to do +greater execution, and fired with such effect that, about +one o’clock, the enemy retired a small distance from the +house. Before they retired however, some of them succeeded +in getting under the floor, when they were aided +by the whites below in raising some of the puncheons of +which it was made. It was to their advantage to do this; +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_244' name='page_244'></a>244</span> +and well did they profit by it. Several of the Indians were +killed in this attempt to gain admittance, while only one +of the whites received a wound, which but slightly injured +his hand.</p> +<p>When intelligence was conveyed to Capt. Stuart of +the approach of so large a body of savages, Col. Samuel +Lewis was with him; and they both exerted themselves to +save the settlement from destruction, by collecting the inhabitants +at a fort where Lewisburg now stands. Having +succeeded in this, they sent two men to Donnelly’s to learn +whether the Indians had advanced that far. As they approached, +the firing became distinctly audible, and they +returned [179] with the tidings. Capt. Stuart and Col. +Lewis proposed marching to the relief of Donnelly’s fort, +with as many men as were willing to accompany them; +and in a brief space of time, commenced their march at +the head of sixty-six men. Pursuing the most direct route +without regarding the road, they approached the house on +the back side; and thus escaped an ambuscade of Indians +placed near the road to intercept and cut off any assistance +which might be sent from the upper settlements.</p> +<p>Adjoining the yard, there was a field of well grown +rye, into which the relief from Lewisburg, entered about +two o’clock; but as the Indians had withdrawn to a distance +from the house, there was no firing heard. They +soon however, discovered the savages in the field, looking +intently towards Donnoly’s; and it was resolved to pass +them. Capt. Stuart and Charles Gatliff fired at them, and +the whole party rushed forward into the yard, amid a +heavy discharge of balls from the savage forces. The people +in the fort hearing the firing in the rear of the house, +soon presented themselves at the port holes, to resist, what +they supposed, was a fresh attack on them; but quickly +discovering the real cause, they opened the gates, and all +the party led on by Stuart and Lewis, safely entered.</p> +<p>The Indians then resumed the attack, and maintained +a constant fire at the house, until near dark, when one +of them approached, and in broken English called out, “we +want peace.” He was told to come in and he should have +it; but he declined the invitation to enter, and they all retreated, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_245' name='page_245'></a>245</span> +dragging off those of their slain, who lay not too +near the fort.</p> +<p>Of the whites, four only were killed by the enemy. +Pritchet, before the attack commenced,––James Burns and +Alexander Ochiltree, as they were coming to the house +early in the morning,––and James Graham while in the +fort. It was impossible to ascertain the entire loss of the +Indians. Seventeen lay dead in the yard; and they were +known to carry off others of their slain. Perhaps the disparity +of the killed, equalled, if it did not exceed the disparity +of the number engaged. There were twenty-one +men at Donnoly’s fort, before the arrival of the reinforcement +under Stuart and Lewis; and the brunt of the battle +was over before they came. The Indian force exceeded +two hundred men.</p> +<p>It was believed, that the invasion of the Greenbrier +country had been projected, some time before it actually +was made. During the preceding season, an Indian calling +himself John Hollis, had been very much through the +settlement; and was known to take particular notice of +the different forts, which he entered under the garb of +friendship. He was with the Indians in the attack on +Donnoly’s fort; and was recognized as one of those who +were left dead in the yard.</p> +<p>On the morning after the Indians departed, Capt. +Hamilton went in pursuit of them with seventy men; but +following two days, without [180] perceiving that he gained +on them, he abandoned the chase and returned.</p> +<p>About the middle of June, three women went out +from West’s fort, to gather greens in a field adjoining; +and while thus engaged were attacked by four Indians, +lying in wait. One gun only was fired, and the ball from +it, passed through the bonnet of Mrs. Hackor, who screamed +aloud and ran with the others towards the fort. An Indian, +having in his hand a long staff, with a spear in one +end, pursuing closely after them, thrust it at Mrs. Freeman +with such violence that, entering her back just below +the shoulder, it came out at her left breast. With his +tomahawk, he cleft the upper part of her head, and carried +it off to save the scalp. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_246' name='page_246'></a>246</span></p> +<p>The screams of the women alarmed the men in the +fort; and seizing their guns, they ran out, just as Mrs. +Freeman fell. Several guns were fired at the Indian while +he was getting her scalp, but with no effect. They served +however, to warn the men who went out, that danger was +at hand; and they quickly came in.</p> +<p>Jesse Hughs<a name='FNanchor_0185' id='FNanchor_0185'></a><a href='#Footnote_0185' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> and John Schoolcraft (who were out) +in making their way to the fort, came very near two Indians +standing by the fence looking towards the men at +West’s, so intently, that they did not perceive any one +near them. They however, were observed by Hughs and +Schoolcraft, who, avoiding them, made their way in, safely, +Hughs immediately took up his gun, and learning the fate +of Mrs. Freeman, went with some others to bring in the +corpse. While there, he proposed to go and shew them, +how near he had approached the Indians after the alarm +had been given, before he saw them. Charles and Alexander +West, Chas. Hughs, James Brown and John Steeth, +went with him. Before they had arrived at the place, one +of the Indians was heard to howl like a wolf; and the men +with Hughs moved on in the direction from which the +sound proceeded. Supposing that they were then near +the spot, Jesse Hughs howled in like manner, and being +instantly answered, they ran to a point of the hill and +looking over it, saw two Indians coming towards them. +Hughs fired and one of them fell. The other took to +flight. Being pursued by the whites, he sought shelter in +a thicket of brush; and while they were proceeding to intercept +him at his coming out, he returned by the way he +had entered, and made his escape. The wounded Indian +likewise got off. When the whites were in pursuit of the +one who took to flight, they passed near to him who had +fallen, and one of the men was for stopping and finishing +him; but Hughs called to him, “he is safe––let us have +the other,” and they all pressed forward. On their return, +however, he was gone; and although his free bleeding enabled +them to pursue his track readily for a while, yet a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_247' name='page_247'></a>247</span> +heavy shower of rain soon falling, all trace of him was +quickly lost and could not be afterwards regained.</p> +<p>On the 16th of June as Capt. James Booth and +Nathaniel Cochran, were at work in a field on Booth’s +creek, they were fired at by [181] the Indians. Booth fell, +but Cochran, being very slightly wounded, took to flight. +He was however, overtaken, and carried into captivity to +their towns. From thence he was taken to Detroit, where +he remained some time; and endeavoring to escape from +that place, unfortunately took a path which led him immediately +to the Maumee old towns. Here he was detained +a while, & then sent back to Detroit, where he was +exchanged, and from whence he made his way home, after +having had to endure much suffering and many hardships. +The loss of Booth was severely felt by the inhabitants in +that settlement. He was not only an active and enterprising +man, but was endowed with superior talents, and +a better education than most of those who had settled +in the country; and on these accounts was very much +missed.</p> +<p>In a few days after this transaction, Benjamin Shinn, +Wm. Grundy, and Benjamin Washburn, returning from a +lick on the head of Booth’s creek, were fired on by the +Indians, when near to Baxter’s run. Washburn and Shinn +escaped unhurt, but Grundy was killed: he was brother +to Felix Grundy of Tennessee, whose father was then residing +at Simpson’s creek, at a farm afterwards owned by +Colonel Benjamin Wilson, senior.</p> +<p>This party of Indians continued for some days, to +prowl about the neighborhood, seeking opportunities of +committing murder on the inhabitants; fortunately however, +with but little success. James Owens, a youth of sixteen +years of age, was the only one whom they succeeded +in killing after the murder of Grundy. Going from Powers’ +fort on Simpson’s creek, to Booth’s creek, his saddle +girth gave way, and while he was down mending it, a ball +was discharged at him, which killed both him and the +horse.</p> +<p>Seeing that the whites, in that neighborhood, had all +retired to the fort; and being too weak, openly to attack +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_248' name='page_248'></a>248</span> +it, they crossed over to Bartlett’s run, and came to the +house of Gilbert Hustead, who was then alone, and engaged +in fixing his gun lock. Hearing a noise in the yard, +for which he was unable to account, he slipped to the door, +to ascertain from whence it proceeded. The Indians were +immediately round it, and there was no chance for his +escape. Walking out with an air of the utmost pleasantry, +he held forth his hand to the one nearest him, and +asked them all to walk in. While in the house he affected +great cheerfulness, and by his tale [182] won their confidence +and friendship. He told them that he was a King’s +man and unwilling to live among the rebels; for which +reason, when others retired into the fort, he preferred +staying at his own house, anxiously hoping for the arrival +of some of the British Indians, to afford him an opportunity +of getting among English friends. Learning upon +enquiry, that they would be glad to have something to eat, +he asked one of them to shoot a fat hog which was in the +yard, that they might regale on it that night, and have +some on which to subsist while travelling to their towns. +In the morning, still farther to maintain the deception he +was practising, he broke his furniture to pieces, saying +“the rebels shall never have the good of you.” He then +accompanied them to their towns, acting in the same, apparently, +contented and cheerful manner, ’till his sincerity +was believed by all, and he obtained leave to return for +his family. He succeeded in making his way home, where +he remained, sore at the destruction of his property, but +exulting in the success of his artifice.</p> +<p>While this party of Indians were thus engaged, on +Booth’s creek and in the circumjacent country, a more +numerous body had invaded the settlements lower down, +and were employed in the work of destruction there. +They penetrated to Coburn’s creek unperceived, and were +making their way (as was generally supposed) to a fort +not far from Morgantown, when they fell in with a party +of whites, returning from the labors of the cornfield, and +then about a mile from Coburn’s fort. The Indians had +placed themselves on each side of the road leading to the +fort, and from their covert fired on the whites, before they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_249' name='page_249'></a>249</span> +were aware of danger. John Woodfin being on horseback, +had his thigh broken by a ball; which killed his +horse and enabled them to catch him easily.––Jacob Miller +was shot through the abdomen, and soon overtaken, +tomahawked and scalped.––The others escaped to the fort.</p> +<p>Woodfin was afterwards found on a considerable eminence +overlooking the fort, tomahawked and scalped. +The Indians had, most probably, taken him there, that he +might point out to them the least impregnable part of the +fortress, and in other respects give them such information, +as would tend to ensure success to their meditated +attack on it; but when they heard its strength and the +force with which it was garrisoned, despairing of being +able to reduce it, in a fit of disappointed fury, they murdered +him on the spot.</p> +<p>[183] They next made their appearance on Dunkard +creek, and near to Stradler’s fort. Here, as on Coburn’s +creek, they lay in ambush on the road side, awaiting the +return of the men who were engaged at work, in some of +the neighboring fields. Towards evening the men came +on, carrying with them some hogs which they had killed +for the use of the fort people, and on approaching where +the Indians lay concealed, were fired on and several fell. +Those who escaped injury from the first fire, returned the +shot, and a severe action ensued. But so many of the +whites had been killed before the savages exposed themselves +to view, that the remainder were unable long to +sustain the unequal contest. Overpowered by numbers, +the few, who were still unhurt, fled precipitately to the +fort, leaving eighteen of their companions dead in the +road. These were scalped and mangled by the Indians in +a most shocking manner, and lay some time, before the +men in the fort, assured of the departure of the enemy, +went out and buried them.</p> +<p>Weakened by the severe loss sustained in this bloody +skirmish, had the Indians pushed forward to attack the +fort, in all human probability, it would have fallen before +them. There were at that day very few settlements which +could have maintained possession of a garrison for any +length of time, after having suffered so great a diminution +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_250' name='page_250'></a>250</span> +of the number of their inhabitants, against the onsets +of one hundred savages, exercising their wonted +energy: and still less would they be able to leave their +strong holds, and cope with such superior force, in open +battle. Nor were the settlements, as yet, sufficiently contiguous +to each other, to admit of their acting in concert, +and combining their strength, to operate effectively against +their invaders. When alarmed by the approach of the +foe, all that they could generally do, was, retire to a fort, +and endeavor to defend it from assault. If the savages, +coming in numbers, succeeded in committing any outrage, +it usually went unpunished. Sensible of their want of +strength, the inhabitants rarely ventured in pursuit, to +harrass or molest the retiring foe. When, however, they +would hazard to hang on their retreat, the many precautions +which they were compelled to exercise, to prevent +falling into ambuscades and to escape the entangling artifices +of their wily enemies, frequently rendered their enterprises +abortive, and their exertions inefficient.</p> +<p>[184] The frequent visits paid by the Indians to the +country on the West Fork, and the mischief which they +would effect at these times, led several of the inhabitants +to resolve on leaving a place so full of dangers, as soon as +they could make the necessary preparations. A family +of Washburns particularly, having several times very narrowly +escaped destruction, commenced making arrangements +and fitting up for their departure. But while two +of them were engaged in procuring pine knots, from which +to make wax for shoemaking, they were discovered, and +shot at by the Indians. Stephen fell dead, and James was +taken prisoner and carried to their towns.––He was there +forced to undergo repeated and intense suffering before +death closed the scene of his miseries.</p> +<p>According to the account given by Nathaniel Cochran +on his return from captivity, Washburn was most severely +beaten, on the first evening of his arrival at their village, +while running the gauntlet; and although he succeeded in +getting into the council house, where Cochran was, yet +he was so disfigured and mutilated, that he could not be +recognised by his old acquaintance; and so stunned and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_251' name='page_251'></a>251</span> +stupified, that he remained nearly all night in a state of +insensibility. Being somewhat revived in the morning, +he walked to where Cochran sat by the fire, and being +asked if he were not James Washburn, replied with a +smile––as if a period had been put to his sufferings by the +sympathetic tone in which the question was proposed––that +he was. The gleam of hope which flashed over his +countenance, was transient and momentary. In a few +minutes he was again led forth, that the barbarities which +had been suspended by the interposition of night, might +be revived; and he made to endure a repetition of their +cruelties. He was now feeble and too much exhausted to +save himself from the clubs and sticks, even of the aged +of both sexes. The old men and the old women, who followed +him, had strength and activity enough to keep pace +with his fleetest progress, and inflict on him their severest +blows. Frequently he was beaten to the ground, and as +frequently, as if invigorated by the extremity of anguish, +he rose to his feet. Hobbling before his tormentors, with +no hope but in death, an old savage passed a knife across +his ham, which cutting the tendons, disabled him from +proceeding farther. Still they repeated their unmerciful +blows with all their energy. He was next scalped, though +alive, and struggling to regain his feet. [185] Even this +did not operate to suppress their cruelty. They continued +to beat him, until in the height of suffering he again exhibited +symptoms of life and exerted himself to move. +His head was then severed from his shoulders, attached +to a pole, and placed in the most public situation in the +village.</p> +<p>After the attack on the Washburns, there were but +two other outrages committed in the upper country during +that season. The cessation on the part of the savages, +of hostile incursions, induced an abandonment of the +forts, and the people returned to their several homes, and +respective occupations. But aggression was only suspended +for a time. In October, two Indians appeared +near the house of Conrad Richards, and finding in the +yard a little girl at play, with an infant in her arms, they +scalped her and rushed to the door. For some time they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_252' name='page_252'></a>252</span> +endeavored to force it open; but it was so securely fastened +within, that Richards was at liberty to use his gun +for its defence. A fortunate aim wounded one of the assailants +severely, and the other retreated, helping off his +companion. The girl who had been scalped in the yard, +as soon as she observed the Indians going away, ran, +with the infant still in her arms and uninjured, and entered +the house––a spectacle of most heart-rending wretchedness.</p> +<p>Soon after, David Edwards, returning from Winchester +with salt, was shot near the Valley river, tomahawked +and scalped; in which situation he lay for some time before +he was discovered. He was the last person who fell +a victim to savage vengeance, in North Western Virginia +in the year 1778.</p> +<p>The repeated irruptions of the Indians during the +summer of the year;<a name='FNanchor_0186' id='FNanchor_0186'></a><a href='#Footnote_0186' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> and the frequent murders and great +devastation committed by them, induced Government to +undertake two expeditions into the Indian country. One +thousand men were placed under the command of General +McIntosh, some time in the fall, and he received orders to +proceed forthwith against the Sandusky towns. Between +two and three hundred soldiers were likewise placed under +Colonel Clarke, to operate against the Canadian settlements +in Illinois. It was well known that the Governor +of those settlements was an indefatigable agent of British +cruelty, stimulating the savages to aggression, and paying +them well for scalps, torn alike from the heads of the +aged matron and the helpless infant.<a name='FNanchor_0187' id='FNanchor_0187'></a><a href='#Footnote_0187' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> [186] The settlements +in Kentucky, were constantly the theatre of outrage +and murder; and to preserve these from entire destruction, +it was necessary that a blow should be aimed, at the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_253' name='page_253'></a>253</span> +hives from which the savages swarmed, and if possible, +that those holds, into which they would retire to reap the +rewards of their cruelties and receive the price of blood, +should be utterly broken up. The success of those two +expeditions could not fail to check savage encroachments, +and give quiet and security to the frontier; and although +the armies destined to achieve it, were not altogether adequate +to the service required, yet the known activity and +enterprise of the commanding officers, joined to their +prudence and good conduct, and the bravery and indefatigable +perseverance and hardiness of the troops, gave +promise of a happy result.</p> +<p>The success of the expedition under Colonel Clarke,<a name='FNanchor_0188' id='FNanchor_0188'></a><a href='#Footnote_0188' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_254' name='page_254'></a>254</span> +fully realized the most sanguine expectations of those, +who were acquainted with the adventurous and enterprising +spirit of its commander; and was productive of essential +benefit to the state, as well as of comparative security to +the border settlements. Descending the Ohio river, from +Fort Pitt to the Falls, he there landed his troops, and concealing +his boats, marched directly towards Kaskaskias. +Their provisions, which were carried on their backs, were +soon exhausted; and for two days, the army subsisted entirely +on roots. This was the only circumstance, which +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_255' name='page_255'></a>255</span> +occurred during their march, calculated to damp the +ardor of the troops. No band of savage warriors, had +interposed to check their progress,––no straggling Indian, +had discovered their approach. These fortunate omens +inspired them with flattering hopes; and they pushed forward, +with augmented energy. Arriving before Kaskaskias +in the night, they entered it, unseen and unheard, and +took possession of the town and fort, without opposition. +Relying on the thick and wide extended forests which interposed +between them and the American settlements, the +inhabitants had been lulled to repose by fancied security, +and were unconscious of danger until it had become too +late to be avoided. Not a single individual escaped, to +spread the alarm in the adjacent settlements.</p> +<p>But there still remained other towns, higher up the +Mississippi, which, if unconquered, would still afford +shelter to the savages and furnish them the means of annoyance +and of ravage. Against these, Colonel Clarke +immediately directed [187] operations. Mounting a detachment +of men, on horses found at Kaskaskias, and +sending them forward, three other towns were reduced +with equal success. The obnoxious governor at Kaskaskias +was sent directly to Virginia, with the written instructions +which he had received from Quebec, Detroit +and Michillimacinac, for exciting the Indians to war, and +remunerating them for the blood which they might shed.</p> +<p>Although the country within which Colonel Clarke +had so successfully carried on operations, was considered +to be within the limits of Virginia; yet as it was occupied +by savages and those who were but little, if any, less hostile +than they; and being so remote from her settlements, +Virginia had as yet exercised no act of jurisdiction over +it. But as it now belonged to her, by conquest as well as +charter, the General Assembly created it into a distinct +county, to be called Illinois; a temporary government was +likewise established in it, and a regiment of infantry and +a troop of cavalry, ordered to be enlisted for its defence, +and placed under the command of its intrepid and enterprising +conqueror.</p> +<p>The expedition directed under General McIntosh, was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_256' name='page_256'></a>256</span> +not equally successful. The difficulty of raising, equipping, +and organizing, so large a force as was placed under +his command, at so great a distance from the populous +district of the state, caused the consumption of so much +time, that the season for carrying on effective operations +had well nigh passed before he was prepared to commence +his march. Anxious however, to achieve as much as could +then be effected for the security of the frontier, he penetrated +the enemy’s country, as far as Tuscarawa, when it +was resolved to build and garrison a fort, and delay farther +operations ’till the ensuing spring. Fort Laurens was accordingly +erected on the banks of the Tuscarawa, a garrison +of one hundred and fifty men, under the command of +Colonel John Gibson, left for its preservation, and the main +army returned to Fort Pitt.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_257' name='page_257'></a>257</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[188] CHAPTER XI.</p> +<p>No sooner had the adventurous advance of Col. Clarke, +and the success with which it was crowned, become known +at Detroit, than preparations were made to expel him +from Kaskaskias, or capture his little army, and thus rid +the country of this obstacle to the unmolested passage of +the savages, to the frontier of Virginia. An army of six +hundred men, principally Indians, led on by Hamilton, the +governor of Detroit––a man at once bold and active, yet +blood-thirsty and cruel, and well known as a chief instigator +of the savages to war, and as a stay and prop of tories––left +Detroit and proceeded towards the theatre of +Clarke’s renown. With this force, he calculated on being +able to effect his purpose as regarded Col. Clarke and his +little band of bold and daring adventurers, and to spread +devastation and death along the frontier, from Kentucky +to Pennsylvania. Arriving at Fort St. Vincent,<a name='FNanchor_0189' id='FNanchor_0189'></a><a href='#Footnote_0189' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> on the +Wabash, about the middle of December, and deeming it +too late to advance towards Kaskaskias, he repaired its +battlements and converting it into a repository for warlike +implements of every description, he detached the +greater part of his force in marauding parties to operate +against the settlements on the Ohio river, reserving for +the security of his head quarters only one company of +men.</p> +<p>While these alarming preparations were being made, +Col. Clarke was actively engaged in acquiring an ascendency +over the neighboring tribes of Indians; and in endeavors +to attach them to the cause of the United States, +from principle or fear. The aid which had been voted +him, fell far short of [189] the contemplated assistance, +and had not yet arrived; but his genius and activity amply +compensated for the deficiency. In the heart of an +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_258' name='page_258'></a>258</span> +Indian country,––remote from every succour,––and in the +vicinity of powerful and hostile tribes, he yet not only +maintained his conquest and averted injury, but carried +terror and dismay into the very strongholds of the savages. +Intelligence of the movement of Hamilton at length +reached him, and hostile parties of Indians soon hovered +around Kaskaskias. Undismayed by the tempest which +was gathering over him, he concentrated his forces, withdrawing +garrisons from the other towns to strengthen +this, and made every preparation to enable him to endure +a siege, and withstand the assault of a powerful army. +The idea of abandoning the country never occurred to +him. He did not despair of being able to maintain his +position, and he and his gallant band resolved that they +would do it, or perish in the attempt. In this fearful +juncture, all was activity and industry, when the arrival +of a Spanish merchant who had been at St. Vincents +brought information of the reduced state of Hamilton’s +army.<a name='FNanchor_0190' id='FNanchor_0190'></a><a href='#Footnote_0190' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> Convinced that a crisis had now arrived, Clarke +resolved by one bold stroke to change the aspect of affairs, +and instead of farther preparing to resist attack, himself +to become the assailant. For this purpose, a galley, +mounting two four pounders and four swivels, and having +on board a company of men, was despatched, with orders +to the commanding officer, to ascend the Wabash and station +himself a few miles below St. Vincents, allowing no +one to pass him until the arrival of the main army. Garrisoning +Kaskaskias, with militia, and embodying the inhabitants +for the protection of the other towns, Colonel +Clarke set forward on his march across the country, on +the 7th of February, 1779, at the head of one hundred +and thirty brave and intrepid men.<a name='FNanchor_0191' id='FNanchor_0191'></a><a href='#Footnote_0191' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_259' name='page_259'></a>259</span></div> +<p>Such was the inclemency of the weather, and so many +and great the obstacles which interposed, that in despite +of the ardor, perseverance and energy of the troops, they +could yet advance very slowly towards the point of destination. +They were five days in crossing the drowned +lands of the Wabash, and for five miles had to wade +through water and ice, frequently up to their breasts. +They overcame every difficulty and arrived before St. Vincents +on the evening of the twenty-third of February and +almost simultaneously with the galley.</p> +<p>Thus far fortune seemed to favor the expedition. The +army had not been discovered on its march, and the garrison +was totally ignorant of its approach. Much however +yet remained to be done. They had arrived within +view of the enemy, but the battle was yet to be fought.</p> +<p>Sensible of the advantage to be derived from commencing +the attack, while the enemy was ignorant of his +approach, at seven o’clock he marched to the assault. The +inhabitants instead of offering opposition, received the +troops with gladness, and surrendering [190] the town, engaged +with alacrity in the siege of the fort. For eighteen +hours the garrison resisted the repeated onsets of the +assailants; but during the night succeeding the commencement +of the attack, Colonel Clarke had an entrenchment +thrown up within rifle shot of the enemy’s strongest +battery, and in the morning, from this position, poured +upon it such a well-directed shower of balls, that in fifteen +minutes he silenced two pieces of cannon without sustaining +any loss whatever. The advantages thus gained, induced +Hamilton to demand a parley, intimating an intention +of surrendering. The terms were soon arranged. +The governor and garrison became prisoners of war, and +a considerable quantity of military stores fell into the +hands of the conqueror. +<a name='FNanchor_12187' id='FNanchor_12187'></a><a href='#Footnote_12187' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_260' name='page_260'></a>260</span></div> +<p>During the continuance of the siege, Colonel Clarke +received information that a party of Indians which had +been detached by Hamilton to harrass the frontiers, was +returning and then near to St. Vincents with two prisoners. +He immediately ordered a detachment of his men to +march out and give them battle––nine Indians were taken +and the two prisoners released.</p> +<p>History records but few enterprises, which display as +strikingly the prominent features of military greatness, +and evince so much of the genius and daring which are +necessary to their successful termination, as this; while +the motives which led to its delineation, were such, as +must excite universal admiration. Bold and daring, yet +generous and disinterested, Colonel Clarke sought not his +individual advancement in the projection or execution of +this campaign. It was not to gratify the longings of ambition, +or an inordinate love of fame, that prompted him +to penetrate the Indian country to the Kaskaskias, nor +that tempted him forth from thence, to war with the garrison +at St. Vincent. He was not one of</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_261' name='page_261'></a>261</span></div> +<table style='margin: auto' summary=''><tr><td> +<p class='cg'> +“Those worshippers of glory,</p> +<p class='cg'> +<span style='margin-left: 1.5625em;'>Who bathe the earth in blood,</span></p> +<p class='cg'> +And launch proud names for an after age,</p> +<p class='cg'> +<span style='margin-left: 1.5625em;'>Upon the crimson flood.”</span></p> +</td></tr></table> +<p>The distress and sufferings of the frontier of Virginia +required that a period should speedily be put to them, +to preserve the country from ravage and its inhabitants +from butchery. Clarke had seen and participated in that +distress and those sufferings, and put in requisition every +faculty of his mind and all the energies of his body, to alleviate +and prevent them. Providence smiled on his undertaking, +and his exertions were crowned with complete +success. The plan which had been concerted for the ensuing +campaign against the frontier of Virginia, threatening +to involve the whole country west of the Alleghany +mountains in destruction and death, was thus happily +frustrated; and he, who had been mainly instrumental in +impelling the savages to war, and in permitting, if not instigating +them to the commission of the most atrocious +barbarities, was a prisoner in the hands of the enemy. So +justly obnoxious had he [191] rendered himself by his +conduct, that a more than ordinary rigor was practised +upon him; and by the orders of the governor of Virginia, +the governor of Detroit was manacled with irons, and confined +in jail.<a name='FNanchor_0192' id='FNanchor_0192'></a><a href='#Footnote_0192' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<p>Far different was the termination of the enterprise +entrusted to the conduct of General McIntosh. It has +been already seen that the approach of winter forced the +main army to retire to the settlements into winter quarters, +before they were able to accomplish any thing, but +the erection of Fort Laurens.<a name='FNanchor_0193' id='FNanchor_0193'></a><a href='#Footnote_0193' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> Colonel Gibson, the commandant +of the garrison, though a brave and enterprising +officer, was so situated, that the preservation of the fort, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_262' name='page_262'></a>262</span> +was all which he could accomplish; and this was no little +hazard of failure, from the very superior force of the +enemy, and the scarcity of provisions for the subsistance +of the garrison. So soon as the Indians became acquainted +with the existence of a fort so far in their country, they put +in practice those arts which enable them, so successfully to +annoy their enemies.</p> +<p>Early in January, a considerable body of savages approached +Fort Laurens unperceived and before the garrison +was apprised that an Indian knew of its erection.<a name='FNanchor_0194' id='FNanchor_0194'></a><a href='#Footnote_0194' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> In +the course of the night they succeeded in catching the +horses outside of the fort; and taking off their bells, carried +them into the woods, some distance off. They then +concealed themselves in the prairie grass, along a path +leading from the fort, and in the morning commenced +rattling the bells, at the farther extremity of the line of +ambushment, so as to induce the belief that the horses was +there to be found. The stratagem succeeded. Sixteen +men were sent out to bring in the horses. Allured by the +sound of the bells, they kept the path, along which the +Indians lay concealed, until they found themselves unexpectedly +in the presence of an enemy, who opened upon +them a destructive fire from front and rear. Fourteen +were killed on the spot, and the remaining two were taken +prisoners.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_263' name='page_263'></a>263</span></div> +<p>On the evening of the day on which this unfortunate +surprise took place, the Indian army, consisting of eight +hundred and forty-seven warriors, painted and equipped +for war, marched in single file through a prairie near the +fort and in full view of the garrison, and encamped on an +adjacent elevation on the opposite side of the river. From +this situation, frequent conversations were held by them +with the whites, in which they deprecated the longer continuance +of hostilities, but yet protested against the encroachment +made upon their territory by the whites, the +erection of a fort and the garrisoning soldiers within their +country, not only unpermitted by them, but for some time +before they knew any thing of it. For these infringements +on their rights, they were determined on prosecuting the +war, and continued the investure of the fort, for six weeks. +In this time they became straitened for provisions, and +aware that without a fresh supply of them, they would be +forced to abandon the siege, they sent word to the commander +of the garrison, by a Delaware [192] Indian, calling +himself John Thompson, (who, though with the whites in +the fort, was permitted by both parties to go in and out, as +he choose) that they were desirous of peace, and were willing +to enter into a negotiation, if he would send them a barrel +of flour and some tobacco. Scarce as these articles had +actually become in the garrison, yet Col. Gibson complied +with their request, hoping that they might be induced to +make peace, or withdraw from the fort, and hopeless of +timely succours from the settlements. Upon the receipt of +those presents, the Indians raised the siege and marched +their army off, much to the relief of the garrison, although +they did not fulfil their promise of entering into a treaty.</p> +<p>During the time the Indians remained about the fort, +there was much sickness in the garrison; and when they +were believed to have retired, the commandant detached +Col. Clarke, of the Pennsylvania line,<a name='FNanchor_0195' id='FNanchor_0195'></a><a href='#Footnote_0195' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> with a party of +fifteen men, to escort the invalids to Fort McIntosh. They +proceeded but a small distance from the gate, where they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_264' name='page_264'></a>264</span> +were attacked by some Indians, who had been left concealed +near the fort, for the purpose of effecting farther +mischief. A skirmish ensued; but overpowered by numbers +and much galled by the first fire, Col. Clarke could +not maintain the conflict. With much difficulty, he and +three others reached the fort in safety: the rest of the +party were all killed.</p> +<p>Col. Gibson immediately marched out at the head of +the greater part of the garrison, but the Indians had retreated +as soon as they succeeded in cutting off the detachment +under Col. Clarke, and prudence forbade to proceed +in pursuit of them, as the main army was believed to +be yet in the neighborhood. The dead were however +brought in, and buried with the honors of war, in front of +the fort gate.</p> +<p>In a few days after this, Gen. McIntosh arrived with +a considerable body of troops and a supply of provisions +for the garrison. While the savages were continuing the +siege, a friendly Indian, had been despatched by Col. Gibson +to acquaint Gen. McIntosh with the situation at Fort +Laurens, and that without the speedy arrival of a reinforcement +of men and an accession to their stock of provisions, +the garrison would have to surrender; or seek a +doubtful safety, by evacuating the fort and endeavoring to +regain the Ohio river, in the presence of an overwhelming +body of the enemy. With great promptitude the settlers +flocked to the standard of Gen. McIntosh, and loading +pack horses, with abundance of provisions for the supply +of the garrison at Fort Laurens, commenced a rapid march +to their relief. Before their arrival, they had been relieved +from the most pressing danger, by the withdrawal +of the Indian army; and were only suffering from the +want of flour and meat. A manifestation of the great joy +felt upon the arrival of Gen. McIntosh, had well nigh deprived +them of the benefit to be derived from the provisions +brought for them. When the relief army approached +the fort, a salute was fired by the garrison, +which, alarming the pack horses, caused them [193] to +break loose and scatter the greater part of the flour in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_265' name='page_265'></a>265</span> +every direction through the woods, so that it was impossible +to be again collected.</p> +<p>The remains of those, who had unfortunately fallen +into the ambuscade in January, and which had lain out +until then, were gathered together and buried;<a name='FNanchor_0196' id='FNanchor_0196'></a><a href='#Footnote_0196' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> and a +fresh detachment, under Major Vernon, being left to garrison +the fort, in the room of that which had been stationed +there during winter, Gen. McIntosh, withdrew from +the country and returned to Fort McIntosh. In the ensuing +fall, Fort Laurens was entirely evacuated; the garrison +having been almost reduced to starvation, and it being +found very difficult to supply them with provisions at so +great a distance from the settlements and in the heart of +the Indian country.</p> +<p>During the year 1778, Kentucky was the theatre of +many outrages. In January, a party of thirty men, among +whom was Daniel Boone, repaired to the “Lower Blue +Licks” for the purpose of making salt; and on the 7th of +February, while Boone was alone in the woods, on a hunt +to supply the salt makers with meat, he was encountered +by a party of one hundred and two Indians and two Canadians, +and made prisoner. The savages advanced to the +Licks, and made prisoners of twenty-seven of those engaged +in making salt.<a name='FNanchor_0197' id='FNanchor_0197'></a><a href='#Footnote_0197' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> Their object in this incursion, was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_266' name='page_266'></a>266</span> +[193] the destruction of Boonesborough; and had they continued +their march thither, there is no doubt but that +place, weakened as it was by the loss of so many of its +men and not expecting an attack at that inclement season, +would have fallen into their hands; but elated with their +success, the Indians marched directly back with their +prisoners to Chillicothe. The extreme suffering of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_267' name='page_267'></a>267</span> +prisoners, during this march, inspired the savages with +pity, and induced them to exercise an unusual lenity +towards their captives. In March, Boone was carried to +Detroit, where the Indians refused to liberate him, though +an hundred pounds were offered for his ransom, and from +which place he accompanied them back to Chillicothe in +the latter part of April. In the first of June, he went with +them to the Scioto salt springs, and on his return found +one hundred and fifty choice warriors of the Shawanee +nation, painting, arming, and otherwise equipping themselves +to proceed again to the attack of Boonesborough.</p> +<p>[194] Hitherto Boone had enjoyed as much satisfaction, +as was consistent with his situation, and more than +would have been experienced by the most of men, in +captivity to the Indians; but when he found such great +preparations making for an attack on the place which +contained all that he held most dear, his love of family, +his attachment to the village reared under his superintending +hand, and to its inhabitants protected by his fostering +care, determined him to attempt an immediate +escape. Early on the morning of the 16th of June, he +went forth as usual to hunt. He had secreted as much +food as would serve him for one meal, and with this +scanty supply, he resolved on finding his way home. On +the 20th, having travelled a distance of one hundred and +sixty miles, crossed the Ohio and other rivers, and with +no sustenance, save what he had taken with him from +Chillicothe, he arrived at Boonesborough. The fort was +quickly repaired, and every preparation made to enable it +to withstand a siege.</p> +<p>In a few days after, another, of those who had been +taken prisoners at the Blue Licks, escaped, and brought +intelligence that in consequence of the flight of Boone, +the Indians had agreed to postpone their meditated irruption, +for three weeks.<a name='FNanchor_0198' id='FNanchor_0198'></a><a href='#Footnote_0198' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> This intelligence determined Boone +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_268' name='page_268'></a>268</span> +to invade the Indian country, and at the head of only ten +men he went forth on an expedition against Paint creek +town. Near to this place, he met with a party of Indians +going to join the main army, then on its march to Boonesborough, +whom he attacked and dispersed without sustaining +any loss on his part. The enemy had one killed +and two severely wounded in this skirmish; and lost their +horses and baggage. On their return, they passed the Indian +army on the 6th of August, and on the next day +entered Boonesborough.<a name='FNanchor_0199' id='FNanchor_0199'></a><a href='#Footnote_0199' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<p>On the 8th of August, the Indian army, consisting of +four hundred and fifty men, and commanded by Capt. Du +Quesne, eleven other Frenchmen, and their own chiefs, +appeared before the Fort and demanded its surrender.<a name='FNanchor_0200' id='FNanchor_0200'></a><a href='#Footnote_0200' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> +In order to gain time, Boone requested two days’ consideration, +and at the expiration of that period, returned for +answer, that the garrison had resolved on defending it, +while one individual remained alive within its walls.</p> +<p>Capt. Du Quesne then made known, that he was +charged by Gov. Hamilton, to make prisoners of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_269' name='page_269'></a>269</span> +garrison, but not to treat them harshly; and that if nine of +their principal men would come out, and negotiate a +treaty, based on a renunciation of allegiance to the United +States, and on a renewal of their fealty to the king, the +Indian army should be instantly withdrawn. Boone did +not confide in the sincerity of the Frenchman, but he determined +to gain the advantage of farther preparation for +resistance, by delaying the attack. He consented to negotiate +on the terms proposed; but suspecting treachery, insisted +that the conference should be held near the fort +walls. The garrison were on the alert, while the negotiation +continued, and did not fail to remark that many of +the Indians, not [195] concerned in making the treaty, +were stalking about, under very suspicious circumstances. +The terms on which the savage army was to retire were at +length agreed upon, and the articles signed, when the +whites were told that it was an Indian custom, in ratification +of compacts, that two of their chiefs should shake +hands with one white man. Boone and his associates, +consenting to conform to this custom, not without suspicion +of a sinister design, were endeavored to be dragged +off as prisoners by the savages; but strong and active, +they bounded from their grasp, and entered the gate, amid +a heavy shower of balls––one only of the nine, was slightly +wounded. The Indians then commenced a furious assault +on the fort, but were repulsed with some loss on their +part; and every renewed attempt to carry it by storm, +was in like manner, frustrated by the intrepidity and gallantry +of its inmates.<a name='FNanchor_0201' id='FNanchor_0201'></a><a href='#Footnote_0201' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a></p> +<p>Disappointed in their expectation of succeeding in +this way, the savages next attempted to undermine the +fort, commencing at the water mark of the Kentucky +river, only sixty yards from the walls. This course was +no doubt dictated to them by their French commanders, +as they are ignorant of the practice of war, farther than +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_270' name='page_270'></a>270</span> +depends on the use of the gun, and tomahawk, and the +exercise of stratagem and cunning. The vigilance of the +besieged however, soon led to a discovery of the attempt––the +water below, was colored by the clay thrown out +from the excavation, while above it retained its usual +transparency; and here again they were foiled by the active +exertion of the garrison. A countermine was begun +by them, the earth from which being thrown over the +wall, manifested the nature of their operations, and led +the enemy to raise the siege, and retire from the country.<a name='FNanchor_0202' id='FNanchor_0202'></a><a href='#Footnote_0202' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a></p> +<p>In the various assaults made on the fort by this savage +army, two only, of the garrison, were killed, and four +wounded. The loss of the enemy, as usual, could not be +properly ascertained: thirty-seven were left dead on the +field, and many, were no doubt wounded.<a name='FNanchor_0203' id='FNanchor_0203'></a><a href='#Footnote_0203' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a></p> +<p>So signally was the savage army repulsed, in their repeated +attacks on Boonesborough, that they never afterwards +made any great effort to effect its reduction. The +heroism and intrepidity of Boone and his assistants rendered +it impregnable to their combined exertions to demolish +it; while the vigilance and caution of the inhabitants, +convinced them, that it would be fruitless and unavailing +to devise plans for gaining admission into the fort, +by stratagem or wile. Still however, they kept up a war of +ravage and murder, against such as were unfortunately +found defenceless and unprotected; and levelled combined +operations against other and weaker positions.</p> +<p>[196] The success of the expedition under Col. Clarke, +though productive of many and great advantages to the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_271' name='page_271'></a>271</span> +[195] frontier inhabitants, did not achieve for them, an unmolested +security. Their property was still liable to plunder, +and families newly arrived among them, to be murdered +or taken prisoners. Combined efforts were required, to +put a period to savage aggression; and a meeting of the +settlers was held at Harrodsburg, to concert measures to +effect that object. Their consultation resulted in a determination, +to carry the war into the enemy’s country; and +as the Shawanees had been most efficient in waging hostilities, +it was resolved to commence operations, against +their most considerable town. Two hundred volunteers +were accordingly raised, and when rendezvoused at Harrodsburg, +were placed under the command of Col. Bowman, +and proceeded against Chillicothe.<a name='FNanchor_0204' id='FNanchor_0204'></a><a href='#Footnote_0204' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<p>The expedition thus fitted out, arrived, by forced +marches, near to Chillicothe in the evening towards the +latter end of July, 1779; and on deliberation, it was agreed +to defer the attack ’till next morning. Before dawn the +army was drawn up and arranged in order of battle. The +right wing led on by Col. Bowman, was to assume a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_272' name='page_272'></a>272</span> +position on one side of the town, and the left, under Capt. +Logan, was to occupy the ground on the opposite side; +and at a given signal, both were to develope to the right +and left, so as to encircle and attack it in concert.<a name='FNanchor_0205' id='FNanchor_0205'></a><a href='#Footnote_0205' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> The +party, led on by Logan, repaired to the point assigned, and +was waiting in anxious, but vain expectation for the signal +of attack to be given, when the attention of the Indians +was directed towards him by the barking of their dogs. +At this instant a gun was discharged by one of Bowman’s +men, and the whole village alarmed. The squaws and +children were hurried into the woods, along a path not +yet occupied by the assailants, and the warriors collected +in a strong cabin.<a name='FNanchor_0206' id='FNanchor_0206'></a><a href='#Footnote_0206' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a> Logan, being near enough to perceive +every movement of the enemy, ordered his men quietly to +occupy the deserted huts, as a momentary shelter from the +Indian fires, until Col. Bowman should march forward. +It was now light; and the savages began a regular discharge +of shot at his men, as they advanced to the deserted +cabins. This determined him to move directly to the attack +of the cabin, in which the warriors were assembled; +and ordering his men to tear off the doors and hold them +in front, as a shield, while advancing to the assault, he was +already marching on the foe, when he was overtaken by an +order from Col. Bowman, to retreat.</p> +<p>Confounded by this command, Capt. Logan was for a +time reluctant to obey it; a retreat was however, directed; +and each individual, sensible of his great exposure while +retiring from the towns, sought to escape from danger, in +the manner directed by his own judgment; and fled to the +woods at his utmost speed. There they rallied, and resumed +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_273' name='page_273'></a>273</span> +more of order, though still too much terrified to stand a +contest, when the Indians sallied out to give battle. Intimidated +by the apprehension of danger, which they had +not seen, [197] but supposed to be great from the retreating +order of Col. Bowman, they continued to fly before +the savages, led on by their chief, the Black Fish. At +length they were brought to a halt, and opened a brisk, +though inefficient fire, upon their pursuers. Protected by +bushes, the Indians maintained their ground, ’till Capts. +Logan and Harrod, with some of the men under their +immediate command, mounted on pack horses, charged +them with great spirit, and dislodged them from their +covert. Exposed in turn to the fire of the whites, and seeing +their chief fall, the savages took to flight, and Col. +Bowman continued his retreat homeward, free from farther +interruption.<a name='FNanchor_0207' id='FNanchor_0207'></a><a href='#Footnote_0207' class='fnanchor'>[20]</a></p> +<p>In this illy conducted expedition, Col. Bowman had +nine of his men killed and one wounded. The Indian loss +was no doubt less: only two or three were known to be +killed. Had the commanding officer, instead of ordering +a retreat when Logan’s men were rushing bravely to the +conflict, marched with the right wing of the army to their +aid, far different would have been the result. The enemy, +only thirty strong, could not long have held out, against +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_274' name='page_274'></a>274</span> +the bravery and impetuosity of two hundred backwoodsmen, +stimulated to exertion by repeated suffering, and +nerved by the reflection, that they were requiting it upon +its principal authors. Col. Bowman doubtless believed +that he was pursuing a proper course. The gallantry and +intrepidity, displayed by him on many occasions, forbid +the supposition that he was under the influence of any unmilitary +feeling, and prompted to that course by a disposition +to shrink from ordinary dangers. His motives were +certainly pure, and his subsequent exertions to rally his +men and bring them to face the foe, were as great as could +have been made by any one; but disheartened by the fear +of unreal danger, and in the trepidation of a flight, deemed +to be absolutely necessary for their safety, they could not +be readily brought to bear the brunt of battle. The efforts +of a few cool and collected individuals, drove back the +pursuers, and thus prevented an harrassed retreat.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the frequent irruptions of the Indians, +and the constant exposure of the settlers to suffering +and danger, Kentucky increased rapidly in population. +From the influx of emigrants during the fall and winter +months, the number of its inhabitants were annually +doubled for some years; and new establishments were +made in various parts of the country. In April 1779, a +block house was erected on the present site of Lexington,<a name='FNanchor_0208' id='FNanchor_0208'></a><a href='#Footnote_0208' class='fnanchor'>[21]</a> +and several stations were selected in its vicinity, and in the +neighborhood of the present town of Danville. Settlements +were also made, in that year, on the waters of Bear +Grass, Green and Licking rivers, and parts of the country +began to be distinguished by their interior and frontier +situation.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_275' name='page_275'></a>275</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[198] CHAPTER XII.</p> +<p>In North Western Virginia, the frequent inroads of +small parties of savages in 1778, led to greater preparations +for security, from renewed hostilities after the winter +should have passed away; and many settlements received +a considerable accession to their strength, from the number +of persons emigrating to them. In some neighborhoods, +the sufferings of the preceding season and the +inability of the inhabitants, from the paucity of their +numbers, to protect themselves from invasion, led to a +total abandonment of their homes. The settlement on +Hacker’s creek was entirely broken up in the spring of +1779,––some of its inhabitants forsaking the country and +retiring east of the mountains; while the others went to +the fort on Buchannon, and to Nutter’s fort, near Clarksburg, +to aid in resisting the foe and in maintaining possession +of the country. When the campaign of that year +opened, the whole frontier was better prepared to protect +itself from invasion and to shield its occupants from the +wrath of the savage enemy, than it had ever been, since it +became the abode of white men. There were forts in +every settlement, into which the people could retire when +danger threatened, and which were capable of withstanding +the assaults of savages, however furious they might +be, if having to depend for success, on the use of small +arms only. It was fortunate for the country, that this was +their dependence. A few well directed shots even from +small cannon, would have demolished [199] their strongest +fortress, and left them no hope from death, but captivity.</p> +<p>In the neighborhood of Pricket’s fort, the inhabitants +were early alarmed, by circumstances which induced a belief +that the Indians were near, and they accordingly entered +that garrison. It was soon evident that their fears +were groundless, but as the season was fast approaching, +when the savages might be expected to commence depredations, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_276' name='page_276'></a>276</span> +they determined on remaining in the fort, of a +night, and yet prosecute the business of their farms as +usual during the day. Among those who were at this +time in the fort, was David Morgan, (a relation of General +Daniel Morgan,) then upwards of sixty years of age. +Early in April, being himself unwell, he sent his two +children––Stephen, a youth of sixteen, and Sarah, a girl +of fourteen––to feed the cattle at his farm, about a mile +off. The children, thinking to remain all day and spend +the time in preparing ground for water melons, unknown +to their father took with them some bread and meat. +Having fed the stock, Stephen set himself to work, and +while he was engaged in grubbing, his sister would remove +the brush, and otherwise aid him in the labor of +clearing the ground; occasionally going to the house to +wet some linen which she had spread out to bleach. Morgan, +after the children had been gone some time, betook +himself to bed, and soon falling asleep, dreamed that he +saw Stephen and Sarah walking about the fort yard, +scalped. Aroused from slumber by the harrowing spectacle +presented to his sleeping view, he enquired if the +children had returned, and upon learning they had not, he +set out to see what detained them, taking with him his +gun. As he approached the house, still impressed with +the horrible fear that he should find his dream realized, he +ascended an eminence, from which he could distinctly see +over his plantation, and descrying from thence the objects +of his anxious solicitude, he proceeded directly to them, +and seated himself on an old log, near at hand. He had +been here but a few minutes, before he saw two Indians +come out from the house and make toward the children. +Fearing to alarm them too much, and thus deprive +them of the power of exerting themselves ably to make +an escape, he apprized them in a careless manner, of +their danger, and told them to run towards the fort––himself +still maintaining his seat on the log. The Indians +then raised a hideous yell and ran in pursuit; but the old +[200] gentleman shewing himself at that instant, caused +them to forbear the chase, and shelter themselves behind +trees. He then endeavored to effect an escape, by flight, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_277' name='page_277'></a>277</span> +and the Indians followed after him. Age and consequent +infirmity, rendered him unable long to continue out of +their reach; and aware that they were gaining considerably +on him, he wheeled to shoot. Both instantly sprang +behind trees, and Morgan seeking shelter in the same +manner, got behind a sugar, which was so small as to +leave part of his body exposed. Looking round, he saw a +large oak about twenty yards farther, and he made to it. +Just as he reached it, the foremost Indian sought security +behind the sugar sapling, which he had found insufficient +for his protection. The Indian, sensible that it would not +shelter him, threw himself down by the side of a log +which lay at the root of the sapling. But this did not afford +him sufficient cover, and Morgan, seeing him exposed +to a shot, fired at him. The ball took effect, and the savage, +rolling over on his back, stabbed himself twice in the +breast.</p> +<p>Having thus succeeded in killing one of his pursuers, +Morgan again took to flight, and the remaining Indian +after him. It was now that trees could afford him no +security––His gun was unloaded, and his pursuer could +approach him safely.––The unequal race was continued +about sixty yards, when looking over his shoulder, he saw +the savage within a few paces of him, and with his gun +raised. Morgan sprang to one side, and the ball whizzed +harmlessly by him. The odds was now not great, and +both advanced to closer combat, sensible of the prize for +which they had to contend, and each determined, to deal +death to his adversary. Morgan aimed a blow with his +gun; but the Indian hurled a tomahawk at him, which +cutting the little finger of his left hand entirely off, and +injuring the one next it very much, knocked the gun out +of his grasp, and they closed. Being a good wrestler, +Morgan succeeded in throwing the Indian; but soon found +himself overturned, and the savage upon him, feeling for +his knife and sending forth a most horrifick yell, as is their +custom when they consider victory as secure. A woman’s +apron, which he had taken from the house and fastened +round him above his knife, so hindered him in getting at +it quickly, that Morgan, getting one of his fingers in his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_278' name='page_278'></a>278</span> +mouth, deprived him of the use of that hand, and disconcerted +him very much by continuing to grind it between +his teeth. At length the [201] Indian got hold of his +knife, but so far towards the blade, that Morgan too got a +small hold on the extremity of the handle; and as the Indian +drew it from the scabbard, Morgan, biting his finger +with all his might, and thus causing him somewhat to relax +his grasp, drew it through his hand, gashing it most +severely.</p> +<p>By this time both had gained their feet, and the Indian, +sensible of the great advantage gained over him, +endeavored to disengage himself; but Morgan held fast to +the finger, until he succeeded in giving him a fatal stab, +and felt the almost lifeless body sinking in his arms. He +then loosened his hold and departed for the fort.</p> +<p>On his way he met with his daughter, who not being +able to keep pace with her brother, had followed his footsteps +to the river bank where he had plunged in, and was +then making her way to the canoe. Assured thus far of +the safety of his children, he accompanied his daughter to +the fort, and then, in company with a party of the men, +returned to his farm, to see if there were any appearance +of other Indians being about there. On arriving at the +spot where the desperate struggle had been, the wounded +Indian was not to be seen; but trailing him by the blood +which flowed profusely from his side, they found him concealed +in the branches of a fallen tree.––He had taken the +knife from his body, bound up the wound with the apron, +and on their approaching him, accosted them familiarly, +with the salutation “How do do broder, how do broder.” +Alas! poor fellow! their brotherhood extended no farther +than to the gratification of a vengeful feeling. He was +tomahawked and scalped; and, as if this would not fill +the measure of their vindictive passions, both he and his +companion were flayed, their skins tanned and converted +into saddle seats, shot pouches and belts––A striking instance +of the barbarities, which a revengeful spirit will +lead its possessors to perpetrate.<a name='FNanchor_0209' id='FNanchor_0209'></a><a href='#Footnote_0209' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_279' name='page_279'></a>279</span></div> +<p>The alarm which had caused the people in the neighborhood +of Pricket’s fort, to move into it for safety, induced +two or three families on Dunkard creek to collect at +the house of Mr. Bozarth, thinking they would be more +exempt from danger when together, than if remaining at +their several homes. About the first of April, when only +Mr. Bozarth and two men were in the house, the children, +who had been out at play, came running into the yard, exclaiming +that there were [202] “<i>ugly red men coming.</i>” +Upon hearing this, one of the two men in the house, going +to the door to see if Indians really were approaching, received +a glancing shot on his breast, which caused him to +fall back. The Indian who had shot him, sprang in immediately +after, and grappling with the other white man, was +quickly thrown on the bed. His antagonist having no +weapon with which to do him any injury called to Mrs. +Bozarth for a knife. Not finding one at hand, she siezed +an axe, and at one blow, let out the brains of the prostrate +savage. At that instant a second Indian entering the +door, shot dead the man engaged with his companion on +the bed. Mrs. Bozarth turned on him, and with a well +directed blow, let out his entrails and caused him to bawl +out for help. Upon this, others of his party, who had +been engaged with the children in the yard, came to his +relief. The first who thrust his head in at the door, had +it cleft by the axe of Mrs. Bozarth and fell lifeless on the +ground. Another, catching hold of his wounded, bawling +companion, drew him out of the house, when Mrs. Bozarth, +with the aid of the white man who had been first shot and +was then somewhat recovered, succeeded in closing and +making fast the door. The children in the yard were all +killed, but the heroism and exertions of Mrs. Bozarth and +the wounded white man, enabled them to resist the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_280' name='page_280'></a>280</span> +repeated attempts of the Indians, to force open the door, +and to maintain possession of the house, until they were +relieved by a party from the neighboring settlement.––The +time occupied in this bloody affair, from the first +alarm by the children to the shutting of the door, did not +exceed three minutes. And in this brief space, Mrs. Bozarth, +with infinite self possession, coolness and intrepidity, +succeeded in killing three Indians.</p> +<p>On the eleventh of the same month, five Indians came +to a house on Snowy creek, (in the, now, county of Preston,) +in which lived James Brain and Richard Powell, and +remained in ambush during the night, close around it. In +the morning early, the appearance of some ten or twelve +men, issuing from the house with guns, for the purpose of +amusing themselves in shooting at a mark, deterred the Indians +from making their meditated attack. The men seen +by them, were travellers, who had associated for mutual +security, and who, after partaking of a morning’s repast, +resumed their journey, unknown to the savages; when +Mr. Brain and the sons of Mr. Powell [203] went to their +day’s work. Being engaged in carrying clap-boards for +covering a cabin, at some distance from the house, they +were soon heard by the Indians, who, despairing of succeeding +in an attack on the house, changed their position, +& concealed themselves by the side of the path, along +which those engaged at work had to go. Mr. Brain and +one of his sons being at a little distance in front of them, +they fired and Brain fell. He was then tomahawked and +scalped, while another of the party followed and caught +the son as he was attempting to escape by flight.</p> +<p>Three other boys were then some distance behind and +out of sight, and hearing the report of the gun which +killed Brain, for an instant supposed that it proceeded +from the rifle of some hunter in quest of deer. They were +soon satisfied that this supposition was unfounded. Three +Indians came running towards them, bearing their guns in +one hand, and tomahawks in the other. One of the boys +stupefied by terror,––and unable to stir from the spot, was +immediately made prisoner. Another, the son of Powell, +was also soon caught; but the third, finding himself out +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_281' name='page_281'></a>281</span> +of sight of his pursuer, ran to one side and concealed himself +in a bunch of alders, where he remained until the Indian +passed the spot where he lay, when he arose, and +taking a different direction, ran with all his speed, and effected +an escape. The little prisoners were then brought +together; and one of Mr. Powell’s sons, being discovered +to have but one eye, was stripped naked, had a tomahawk +sunk into his head, a spear ran through his body, and the +scalp then removed from his bleeding head.</p> +<p>The little Powell who had escaped from the savages, +being forced to go a direction opposite to the house, proceeded +to a station about eight miles off, & communicated +intelligence of what had been done at Brain’s. A party +of men equipped themselves and went immediately to the +scene of action; but the Indians had hastened homeward, +as soon as they perpetrated their horrid cruelties. One +of their little captives, (Benjamin Brain) being asked by +them, “how many men were at the house,” replied +“twelve.” To the question, “how far from thence was +the nearest fort,” he answered “two miles.” Yet he well +knew that there was no fort, nearer than eight miles, and +that there was not a man at the house,––Mr. Powell being +from home, and the twelve travellers having departed, before +his father and he had gone out to [204] work. His +object was to save his mother and the other women and +children, from captivity or death, by inducing them to +believe that it would be extremely dangerous to venture +near the house. He succeeded in the attainment of his +object. Deterred by the prospect of being discovered, and +perhaps defeated by the superior force of the white men, +represented to be at Mr. Brain’s, they departed in the +greatest hurry, taking with them their two little prisoners, +Benjamin and Isaac Brain.</p> +<p>So stilly had the whole affair been conducted (the report +of a gun being too commonly heard to excite any suspicion +of what was doing,) and so expeditiously had the +little boy who escaped, and the men who accompanied +him back, moved in their course, that the first intimation +given Mrs. Brain of the fate of her husband, was given by +the men who came in pursuit. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_282' name='page_282'></a>282</span></p> +<p>Soon after the happening of this affair, a party of Indians +came into the Buchannon settlement, and made +prisoner Leonard Schoolcraft, a youth of about sixteen, +who had been sent from the fort on some business.––When +arrived at their towns and arrangements being made for +his running the gauntlet, he was told that he might defend +himself against the blows of the young Indians who were +to pursue him to the council house. Being active and +athletic, he availed himself of this privilege, so as to save +himself from the beating which he would otherwise have +received, and laying about him with well timed blows, frequently +knocked down those who came near to him––much +to the amusement of the warriors, according to the +account given by others, who were then prisoners and +present. This was the last certain information which was +ever had concerning him. He was believed however, to +have been afterwards in his old neighborhood in the capacity +of guide to the Indians, and aiding them, by his +knowledge of the country, in making successful incursions +into it.</p> +<p>In the month of June, at Martin’s fort on Crooked +Run, another murderous scene was exhibited by the savages. +The greater part of the men having gone forth +early to their farms, and those who remained, being unapprehensive +of immediate danger, and consequently supine +and careless, the fort was necessarily, easily accessible, and +the vigilance of the savages who were lying hid around +it, discovering its exposed and [205] weakened situation, +seized the favorable moment to attack those who were +without. The women were engaged in milking the cows +outside the gate, and the men who had been left behind +were loitering around. The Indians rushed forward, and +killed and made prisoners of ten of them. James Stuart, +James Smally and Peter Crouse, were the only persons +who fell, and John Shiver and his wife, two sons of Stuart, +two sons of Smally and a son of Crouse, were carried +into captivity. According to their statement upon their +return, there were thirteen Indians in the party which +surprised them, and emboldened by success, instead of retreating +with their prisoners, remained at a little distance +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_283' name='page_283'></a>283</span> +from the fort ’till night, when they put the captives in a +waste house near, under custody of two of the savages, +while the remaining eleven, went to see if they could not +succeed in forcing an entrance at the gate. But the disaster +of the morning had taught the inhabitants the necessity +of greater watchfulness. The dogs were shut out +at night, and the approach of the Indians exciting them +to bark freely, gave notice of impending danger, in time +for them to avert it. The attempt to take the fort being +thus frustrated, the savages returned to the house in which +the prisoners were confined, and moved off with them to +their towns.</p> +<p>In August, two daughters of Captain David Scott +living at the mouth of Pike run, going to the meadow with +dinner for the mowers, were taken by some Indians who +were watching the path. The younger was killed on the +spot; but the latter being taken some distance farther, and +every search for her proving unavailing, her father fondly +hoped that she had been carried into captivity, and that +be might redeem her. For this purpose he visited Pittsburg +and engaged the service of a friendly Indian to ascertain +where she was and endeavour to prevail on them +to ransom her. Before his return from Fort Pitt, some +of his neighbors directed to the spot by the buzzards hovering +over it, found her half eaten and mutilated body.</p> +<p>In September, Nathaniel Davisson and his brother, +being on a hunting expedition up Ten Mile, left their camp +early on the morning of the day on which they intended +to return home; and naming an hour at which they would +be back, proceeded through the woods in different directions. +At the appointed time, Josiah went to the camp, +and after waiting there in vain for the arrival of his +brother, and becoming uneasy lest [206] some unlucky +accident had befallen him, he set out in search of him. +Unable to see or hear anything of him he returned home, +and prevailed on several of his neighbors to aid in endeavouring +to ascertain his fate. Their search was likewise +unavailing; but in the following March, he was found +by John Read, while hunting in that neighborhood. He +had been shot and scalped; and notwithstanding he had +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_284' name='page_284'></a>284</span> +lain out nearly six months, yet he was but little torn by +wild beasts, and was easily recognized.</p> +<p>During this year too, Tygarts Valley, which had escaped +being visited by the Indians in 1778 again heard +their harrowing yells; and although but little mischief was +done by them while there, yet its inhabitants were awhile, +kept in fearful apprehension that greater ills would betide +them. In October of this year, a party of them lying in +ambush near the road, fired several shots at Lieut. John +White, riding by, but with no other effect than by wounding +the horse to cause him to throw his rider. This was +fatal to White. Being left on foot and on open ground, he +was soon shot, tomahawked and scalped.</p> +<p>As soon as this event was made known, Capt. Benjamin +Wilson, with his wonted promptitude and energy, +raised a company of volunteers, and proceeding by forced +marches to the Indian crossing at the mouth of the Sandy +fork of Little Kenhawa, he remained there nearly three +days with a view to intercept the retreat of the savages. +They however, returned by another way and his scheme, +of cutting them off while crossing the river, consequently +failed.</p> +<p>Some time after this several families in the Buchannon +settlement, left the fort and returned to their homes, +under the belief that the season had advanced too far, for +the Indians again to come among them. But they were +sorely disappointed. The men being all assembled at the +fort for the purpose of electing a Captain, some Indians +fell upon the family of John Schoolcraft, and killed the +women and eight children,––two little boys only were +taken prisoners. A small girl, who had been scalped and +tomahawked ’till a portion of her brains was forced from +her head, was found the next day yet alive, and continued +to live for several days, the brains still oozing from the +fracture of her skull.</p> +<p>The last mischief that was done this fall, was perpetrated +at the house of Samuel Cottrail near to the present +town of Clarksburg.––During the night considerable fear +was excited, both at Cottrial’s and at Sotha Hickman’s on +the opposite side of Elk creek, by the continued barking +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_285' name='page_285'></a>285</span> +of the dogs, that Indians were lurking near, and in consequence +of this apprehension Cottrial, on going to bed, secured +well the doors and directed that no one should stir +out in the morning until it was ascertained that there was +no danger threatening. A while before day, Cottrial being +fast asleep, Moses Coleman, who lived with him, got +up, shelled some corn, and giving a few ears to Cottrial’s +nephew with directions to feed the pigs around [207] the +yard, went to the hand mill in an out house, and commenced +grinding. The little boy, being squatted down +shelling the corn to the pigs, found himself suddenly +drawn on his back and an Indian standing over him, ordering +him to lie there. The savage then turned toward the +house in which Coleman was, fired, and as Coleman fell +ran up to scalp him. Thinking this a favorable time for +him to reach the dwelling house, the little boy sprang to +his feet, and running to the door, it was opened and he +admitted. Scarcely was it closed after him, when one of +the Indians with his tomahawk endeavored to break it +open. Cottrail fired through the door at him, and he went +off. In order to see if others were about, and to have a +better opportunity of shooting with effect, Cottrail ascended +the loft, and looking through a crevice saw them +hastening away through the field and at too great distance +for him to shoot with the expectation of injuring them. +Yet he continued to fire and halloo; to give notice of +danger to those who lived near him.</p> +<p>The severity of the following winter put a momentary +stop to savage inroad, and gave to the inhabitants on the +frontier an interval of quiet and repose extremely desirable +to them, after the dangers and confinement of the +preceding season. Hostilities were however, resumed upon +the first appearance of spring, and acts of murder and devastation, +which had, of necessity, been suspended for a +time, were begun to be committed, with a firm determination +on the part of the savages, utterly to exterminate the +inhabitants of the western country. To effect this object, +an expedition was concerted between the British commandant +at Detroit and the Indian Chiefs north west of +the Ohio to be carried on by their united forces against +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_286' name='page_286'></a>286</span> +Kentucky, while an Indian army alone, was to penetrate +North Western Virginia, and spread desolation over its +surface. No means which could avail to ensure success +and which lay within their reach, were left unemployed. +The army destined to operate against Kentucky, was to +consist of six hundred Indians and Canadians, to be commanded +by Col. Byrd (a British officer) and furnished with +every implement of destruction, from the war club of the +savages, to the cannon of their allies.<a name='FNanchor_0210' id='FNanchor_0210'></a><a href='#Footnote_0210' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> Happily for North +Western Virginia, its situation exempted its inhabitants +from having to contend against these instruments of war; +the want of roads prevented the transportation of cannon +through the intermediate forests, and the difficulty and +labor of propelling them up the Ohio river, forbade the +attempt in that way.</p> +<p>While the troops were collecting for these expeditions, +and other preparations were making for carrying them on, +the settlements of North Western Virginia were not free +from invasion. Small parties of Indians would enter them +at unguarded moments, and kill and plunder, whenever +opportunities occurred of their being done with impunity, +and then retreat to their villages. Early in March (1780) +Thomas Lackey discovered some mocason tracks near the +upper extremity of Tygarts Valley, and thought he heard +a voice saying in [208] an under tone, “<i>let him alone, he will +go and bring more</i>.” Alarmed by these circumstances, he +proceeded to Hadden’s fort and told there what he had +seen, and what he believed, he had heard. Being so early +in the season and the weather yet far from mild, none +heeded his tale, and but few believed it. On the next day +however, as Jacob Warwick, William Warwick and some +others from Greenbrier were about leaving the fort on +their return home, it was agreed that a company of men +should accompany them some distance on the road. Unapprehensive +of danger, in spite of the warning of Lackey, +they were proceeding carelessly on their way, when they +were suddenly attacked by some Indians lying in ambush, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_287' name='page_287'></a>287</span> +near to the place, where the mocason tracks had been seen +on the preceding day. The men on horse back, all got +safely off; but those on foot were less fortunate. The Indians +having occupied the pass both above and below, the +footmen had no chance of escape but in crossing the river +and ascending a steep bluff, on its opposite side. In attempting +this several lost their lives. John McLain was +killed about thirty yards from the brow of the hill.––James +Ralston, when a little farther up it, and James +Crouch was wounded after having nearly reached its summit, +yet he got safely off and returned to the fort on the +next day. John Nelson, after crossing over, endeavored +to escape down the river; but being there met by a stout +warrior, he too was killed, after a severe struggle. His +shattered gun breech, the uptorn earth, and the locks of +Indian hair in his yet clenched hands, showed that the +victory over him had not been easily won.</p> +<p>Soon after this, the family of John Gibson were surprised +at their sugar camp, on a branch of the Valley +river, and made prisoners. Mrs. Gibson, being incapable +of supporting the fatigue of walking so far and fast, was +tomahawked and scalped in the presence of her children.</p> +<p>West’s fort on Hacker’s creek, was also visited by the +savages, early in this year.<a name='FNanchor_0211' id='FNanchor_0211'></a><a href='#Footnote_0211' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> The frequent incursions of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_288' name='page_288'></a>288</span> +the Indians into this settlement, in the year 1778, had +caused the inhabitants to desert their homes the next +year, and shelter themselves in places of greater security; +but being unwilling to give up the improvements which +they had already made and commence anew in the woods, +some few families returned to it during the winter, & on +the approach of spring, moved into the fort. They had +not been long here, before the savages made their appearance, +and continued to invest the fort for some time. Too +weak to sally out and give them battle, and not knowing +when to expect relief, the inhabitants were almost reduced +to despair, when Jesse Hughs resolved at his own hazard, +to try to obtain assistance to drive off the enemy. Leaving +the fort at night, he broke by their sentinels and ran +with speed to the Buchannon fort. Here he prevailed on a +party of the men to accompany him to West’s, and relieve +those who had been so long confined there. They arrived +before day, and it was thought advisable to abandon the +place once more, and remove to Buchannon. On their +way, the [209] Indians used every artifice to separate the +party, so as to gain an advantageous opportunity of attacking +them; but in vain. They exercised so much caution, +and kept so well together, that every stratagem was frustrated, +and they all reached the fort in safety.</p> +<p>Two days after this, as Jeremiah Curl, Henry Fink +and Edmund West, who were old men, and Alexander +West,<a name='FNanchor_0212' id='FNanchor_0212'></a><a href='#Footnote_0212' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> Peter Cutright, and Simon Schoolcraft, were +returning to the fort with some of their neighbor’s +property, they were fired at by the Indians who were +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_289' name='page_289'></a>289</span> +lying concealed along a run bank. Curl was slightly +wounded under the chin, but disdaining to fly without +making a stand he called to his companions, “<i>stand your +ground, for we are able to whip them.</i>” At this instant a +lusty warrior drew a tomahawk from his belt and rushed +towards him. Nothing daunted by the danger which +seemed to threaten him, Curl raised his gun; but the powder +being damped by the blood from his wound, it did not +fire. He instantly picked up West’s gun (which he had +been carrying to relieve West of part of his burden) and +discharging it at his assailant, brought him to the ground.</p> +<p>The whites being by this time rid of their encumbrances, +the Indians retreated in two parties and pursued +different routes, not however without being pursued. +Alexander West being swift of foot, soon came near +enough to fire, and brought down a second, but having +only wounded him, and seeing the Indians spring behind +trees, he could not advance to finish him; nor could +he again shoot at him, the flint having fallen out when he +first fired. Jackson (who was hunting sheep not far off) +hearing the report of the guns, ran towards the spot, and +being in sight of the Indian when West shot, saw him +fall and afterwards recover and hobble off. Simon Schoolcraft, +following after West, came to him just after Jackson, +with his gun cocked; and asking where the Indians +were, was advised by Jackson to get behind a tree, or +they would soon let him know where they were. Instantly +the report of a gun was heard, and Schoolcraft let +fall his arm. The ball had passed through it, and striking +a steel tobacco box in his waistcoat pocket, did him no +farther injury. Cutright, when West fired at one of the +Indians, saw another of them drop behind a log, and +changing his position, espied him, where the log was a +little raised from the earth. With steady nerves, he drew +upon him. The moaning cry of the savage, as he sprang +from the ground and moved haltingly away, convinced +them that the shot had taken effect. The rest of the Indians +continued behind trees, until they observed a reinforcement +coming up to the aid of the whites, and they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_290' name='page_290'></a>290</span> +fled with the utmost precipitancy. Night soon coming +on, those who followed them, had to give over the pursuit.</p> +<p>A company of fifteen men went early next morning to +the battle ground, and taking the trail of the Indians and +pursuing it some distance, came to where they had some +horses (which they had stolen after the skirmish) hobbled +out on a fork of Hacker’s creek. They [210] then found +the plunder which the savages had taken from neighboring +houses, and supposing that their wounded warriors +were near, the whites commenced looking for them, when +a gun was fired at them by an Indian concealed in a laurel +thicket, which wounded John Cutright.<a name='FNanchor_0213' id='FNanchor_0213'></a><a href='#Footnote_0213' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> The whites then +caught the stolen horses and returned with them and the +plunder to the fort.</p> +<p>For some time after this, there was nothing occurring +to indicate the presence of Indians in the Buchannon settlement, +and some of those who were in the fort, hoping +that they should not be again visited by them this season, +determined on returning to their homes. Austin Schoolcraft +was one of these, and being engaged in removing +some of his property from the fort, as he and his niece +were passing through a swamp in their way to his house, +they were shot at by some Indians. Mr. Schoolcraft was +killed and his niece taken prisoner.</p> +<p>In June, John Owens, John Juggins and Owen Owens, +were attacked by some Indians, as they were going to their +cornfield on Booth’s creek; and the two former were killed +and scalped. Owen Owens being some distance behind +them, made his escape to the fort. John Owens the +younger, who had been to the pasture field for the plough +horses, heard the guns, but not suspecting any danger to +be near, rode forward towards the cornfield. As he was +proceeding along the path by a fence side, riding one and +leading another horse, he was fired at by several Indians, +some of whom afterwards rushed forward and caught at +the bridle reins; yet he escaped unhurt from them all.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_291' name='page_291'></a>291</span></div> +<p>The savages likewise visited Cheat river, during the +spring, and coming to the house of John Sims, were discovered +by a negro woman, who ran immediately to the +door and alarmed the family.––Bernard Sims (just recovering +from the small pox) taking down his gun, and going +to the door, was shot. The Indians, perceiving that he +was affected with a disease, of all others the most terrifying +to them, not only did not perform the accustomed +operation of scalping, but retreated with as much rapidity, +as if they had been pursued by an overwhelming force of +armed men,––exclaiming as they ran “<i>small pox, small +pox.</i>”</p> +<p>After the attack on Donnelly’s fort in May 1778, the +Indians made no attempt to effect farther mischiefs in the +Greenbrier country, until this year. The fort at Point +Pleasant guarded the principal pass to the settlements on +the Kenhawa, in the Levels, and on Greenbrier river, and +the reception with which they had met at Col. Donnelly’s, +convinced them that not much was to be gained by incursions +into that section of the frontiers. But as they were +now making great preparations for effectual operations +against the whole border country, a party of them was +despatched to this portion of it, at once for the purpose +of rapine and murder, and to ascertain the state of the +country and its capacity to resist invasion.</p> +<p>The party then sent into Greenbrier consisted of +twenty-two [211] warriors, and committed their first act +of atrocity near the house of Lawrence Drinnan, a few +miles above the Little Levels. Henry Baker and Richard +Hill, who were then staying there, going early in the +morning to the river to wash, were shot at by them: +Baker was killed, but Hill escaped back to the house. +When the Indians fired at Baker, he was near a fence between +the river and Drinnan’s and within gunshot of the +latter place. Fearing to cross the fence for the purpose of +scalping him, they prized it up, and with a pole fastening +a noose around his neck, drew him down the river bank +& scalped and left him there.</p> +<p>Apprehensive of an attack on the house, Mr. Drinnan +made such preparations as were in his power to repel +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_292' name='page_292'></a>292</span> +them, and despatched a servant to the Little Levels, with +the intelligence and to procure assistance. He presently +returned with twenty men, who remained there during the +night, but in the morning, seeing nothing to contradict +the belief that the Indians had departed, they buried +Baker, and set out on their return to the Levels, taking +with them all who were at Drinnan’s and the most of his +property. Arrived at the fork of the road, a question +arose whether they should take the main route, leading +through a gap which was deemed a favorable situation for +an ambuscade, or continue on the farther but more open +and secure way. A majority preferred the latter; but two +young men, by the name of Bridger, separated from the +others, and travelling on the nearer path, were both killed +at the place, where it was feared danger might be lurking.</p> +<p>The Indians next proceeded to the house of Hugh +McIver, where they succeeded in killing its owner, and in +making prisoner his wife; and in going from thence, met +with John Prior, who with his wife and infant were on +their way to the country on the south side of the Big +Kenawha. Prior was shot through the breast, but anxious +for the fate of his wife and child, stood still, ’till one of +the Indians came up and laid hold on him. Notwithstanding +the severe wound which he had received, Prior +proved too strong for his opponent, and the other Indians +not interfering, forced him at length to disengage himself +from the struggle. Prior, then seeing that no violence +was offered to Mrs. Prior or the infant, walked off without +any attempt being made to stop, or otherwise molest him: +the Indians no doubt suffering him to depart under the +expectation that he would obtain assistance and endeavor +to regain his wife and child, and that an opportunity of +waylaying any party coming with this view, would be +[212] then afforded them. Prior returned to the settlement, +related the above incidents and died that night. +His wife and child were never after heard of, and it is +highly probable they were murdered on their way, as +being unable to travel as expeditiously as the Indians +wished.</p> +<p>They next went to a house, occupied by Thomas +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_293' name='page_293'></a>293</span> +Drinnon and a Mr. Smith with their families, where they +made prisoners of Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Drinnon and a child; +and going then towards their towns, killed, on their way, +an old gentleman by the name of Monday and his wife. +This was the last outrage committed by the Indians in the +Greenbrier settlements. And although the war was carried +on by them against the frontier settlements, with energy +for years after, yet did they not again attempt an +incursion into it. Its earlier days had been days of tribulation +and wo, and those who were foremost in occupying +and forming settlements in it, had to endure all that savage +fury could inflict. Their term of probation, was indeed +of comparatively short duration, but their sufferings +for a time, were many and great. The scenes of murder +and blood, exhibited on Muddy creek and the Big Levels +in 1776, will not soon be effaced from the memory; and +the lively interest excited in the bosoms of many, for the +fate of those who there treacherously perished, unabated +by time, still gleams in the countenance, when tradition +recounts the tale of their unhappy lot.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_294' name='page_294'></a>294</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[213] CHAPTER XIII.</p> +<p>Early in June 1780, every necessary preparation having +been previously made, the Indian and Canadian forces +destined to invade Kentucky, moved from their place of +rendezvous, to fulfil the objects of the expedition. In +their general plan of the campaign, Louisville was the +point against which operations were first to be directed. +The hero of Kaskaskias and St. Vincent had been for +some time stationed there, with a small body of troops, to +intercept the passage of war parties into the interior, and +the force thus placed under his command, having been +considerably augmented by the arrival of one hundred and +fifty Virginia soldiers under Colonel Slaughter, that place +had assumed the appearance of a regular fortification, capable +of withstanding a severe shock;<a name='FNanchor_0214' id='FNanchor_0214'></a><a href='#Footnote_0214' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> while detachments +from it gave promise of security to the settlements remote +from the river, as well by detecting and checking every +attempt at invasion, as by acting offensively against the +main Indian towns, from which hostile parties would sally, +spreading desolation along their path. The reduction of +this establishment, would at once give wider scope to savage +hostilities and gratify the wounded pride of the Canadians. +Stung by the boldness and success of Colonel +Clarke’s adventure, and fearing the effect which it might +have on their Indian allies, they seemed determined to +achieve a victory over him, and strike a retributive blow +against the position which he then held.</p> +<p>[214] It is highly probable however, that the reputation +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_295' name='page_295'></a>295</span> +which, the gallant exploits of Colonel Clarke had acquired +for him, induced some doubts, in the minds of the +commanding officers, of the ultimate success of a movement +against that post.<a name='FNanchor_0215' id='FNanchor_0215'></a><a href='#Footnote_0215' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> They changed their destination; +and when their army arrived in their boats at the Ohio, +instead of floating with its rapid current to the point proposed, +they chose to stem the stream; and availing themselves +of an uncommon swell of the waters, ascended the +river Licking to its forks, where they landed their men +and munitions of war.<a name='FNanchor_0216' id='FNanchor_0216'></a><a href='#Footnote_0216' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<p>Not far from the place of debarkation, there was a +station,<a name='FNanchor_0217' id='FNanchor_0217'></a><a href='#Footnote_0217' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> reared under the superintendence of Captain Ruddle, +and occupied by several families and many adventurers. +Thither Colonel Byrd, with his combined army +of Canadians and Indians then amounting to one thousand +men, directed his march; and arriving before it on +the 22d of June, gave the first notice, which the inhabitants +had of the presence of an enemy, by a discharge of +his cannon. He then sent in a flag, demanding the immediate +surrender of the place. Knowing that it was impossible +to defend the station against artillery, Captain +Ruddle consented to surrender it, provided the inhabitants +should be considered prisoners to the British, and not to +the Indians. To this proposition Colonel Byrd assented, +and the gates were thrown open. The savages instantly +rushed in, each laying his hands on the first person with +whom he chanced to meet. Parents and children, husbands +and wives, were thus torn from each other; and the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_296' name='page_296'></a>296</span> +[214] air was rent with sighs of wailing, and shrieks of agony. +In vain did Captain Ruddle exclaim, against the enormities +which were perpetrated in contravention to the terms +of capitulation. To his remonstrances, Colonel Byrd replied +that he was unable to control them, and affirmed, +that he too was in their power.</p> +<p>That Colonel Byrd was really unable to check the +enormities of the savages, will be readily admitted, when +the great disparity of the Canadian and Indian troops, +and the lawless and uncontrolable temper of the latter, are +taken into consideration. That he had the inclination to +stop them, cannot be [215] doubted––his subsequent conduct +furnished the most convincing evidence, that the +power to effect it, was alone wanting in him.<a name='FNanchor_0218' id='FNanchor_0218'></a><a href='#Footnote_0218' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<p>After Ruddle’s station had been completely sacked, +and the prisoners disposed of, the Indians clamoured to be +led against Martin’s station, then only five miles distant. +Affected with the barbarities which he had just witnessed, +Colonel Byrd peremptorily refused, unless the chiefs would +guaranty that the prisoners, which might be there taken, +should be entirely at his disposal. For awhile the Indians +refused to accede to these terms, but finding Colonel Byrd, +inflexible in his determination, they at length consented, +that the prisoners should be his, provided the plunder were +allowed to them.––Upon this agreement, they marched forward. +Martin’s station, like Ruddle’s, was incapable of +offering any available opposition. It was surrendered on +the first summons, and the prisoners and plunder divided, +in conformity with the compact between Colonel Byrd and +the savages.</p> +<p>The facility, with which these conquests were made, +excited the thirst of the Indians for more. Not satisfied +with the plundering of Ruddle’s and Martin’s stations, +their rapacity prompted them to insist on going against +Bryant’s and Lexington. Prudence forbade it. The waters +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_297' name='page_297'></a>297</span> +were rapidly subsiding, and the fall of the Licking river, +would have rendered it impracticable to convey their artillery +to the Ohio. Their success too, was somewhat doubtful; +and it was even then difficult to procure provisions, +for the subsistence of the prisoners already taken.<a name='FNanchor_0219' id='FNanchor_0219'></a><a href='#Footnote_0219' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> Under +the influence of these considerations, Colonel Byrd +determined to return to the boats, and embarking on these +his artillery and the Canadian troops, descended the river; +while the Indians, with their plunder, and the prisoners +taken at Ruddle’s, moved across the country.</p> +<p>Among those who were taken captive at Ruddle’s +station, was a man of the name of Hinkstone, remarkable +for activity and daring, and for uncommon tact and skill +as a woodsman. On the second night of their march, the +Indians encamped on the bank of the river, and in consequence +of a sudden shower of rain, postponed kindling +their fires until dark, when part of the savages engaged in +this business, while the remainder guarded the prisoners. +Hinkstone thought the darkness favorable to escape, and +inviting its attempt. He resolved on trying it, and springing +suddenly from them, ran a small [216] distance and +concealed himself behind a large log, under the shade of a +wide spreading tree. The alarm was quickly given, and +the Indians, pursuing, searched for him in every direction. +It was fruitless and unavailing. Hid in thick obscurity, +no eye could distinguish his prostrate body. Perceiving +at length, by the subsiding of the noise without the camp, +that the Indians had abandoned the search, he resumed +his flight, with the stillness of death. The heavens afforded +him no sign, by which he could direct his steps. +Not a star twinkled through the dark clouds which enveloped +the earth, to point out his course. Still he moved +on, as he supposed, in the direction of Lexington. He had +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_298' name='page_298'></a>298</span> +mistaken the way, and a short space of time, served to +convince him that he was in error. After wandering +about for two hours, he came in sight of the Indian fires +again. Perplexed by his devious ramble, he was more at +fault than ever. The sky was still all darkness, and he +had recourse to the trees in vain, to learn the points of +the compass by the feeling of the moss. He remembered +that at nightfall, the wind blew a gentle breeze from the +west; but it had now, become so stilled, that it no longer +made any impression on him. The hunter’s expedient, to +ascertain the direction of the air, occurred to him.––He +dipped his finger in water, and, knowing that evaporation +and coolness would be first felt on the side from which +the wind came, he raised it high in the air. It was +enough.––Guided by this unerring indication, and acting +on the supposition that the current of air still flowed from +the point from which it had proceeded at night, he again +resumed his flight. After groping in the wilderness for +some time, faint and enfeebled, he sat down to rest his +wearied limbs, and sought their invigoration in refreshing +sleep. When he awoke, fresh dangers encircled him, but +he was better prepared to elude, or encounter them.</p> +<p>At the first dawn of day, his ears were assailed by the +tremulous bleating of the fawn, the hoarse gobbling of +the turkey, and the peculiar sounds of other wild animals. +Familiar with the deceptive artifices, practised to allure +game to the hunter, he was quickly alive to the fact, that +they were the imitative cries of savages in quest of provisions. +Sensible of his situation, he became vigilant to +discover the approach of danger, and active in avoiding it. +Several times however, with all his wariness, he found himself +within a few paces of [217] some one of the Indians; +but fortunately escaping their observation, made good his +escape, and reached Lexington in safety, gave there the +harrowing intelligence of what had befallen the inhabitants +of Ruddle’s and Martin’s stations.</p> +<p>The Indians after the escape of Hinkstone, crossed +the Ohio river at the mouth of Licking, and, separating +into small parties, proceeded to their several villages. The +Canadian troops descended Licking to the Ohio, and this +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_299' name='page_299'></a>299</span> +river to the mouth of the Great Miami, up which they ascended +as far as it was navigable for their boats, and made +their way thence by land to Detroit.</p> +<p>The Indian army destined to operate against North +Western Virginia, was to enter the country in two divisions +of one hundred and fifty warriors each; the one +crossing the Ohio near below Wheeling, the other, at the +mouth of Racoon creek, about sixty miles farther up. +Both were, avoiding the stronger forts, to proceed directly +to Washington, then known as Catfishtown, between +which place and the Ohio, the whole country was to be +laid waste.</p> +<p>The division crossing below Wheeling, was soon discovered +by scouts, who giving the alarm, caused most of the +inhabitants of the more proximate settlements, to fly immediately +to that place, supposing that an attack was +meditated on it. The Indians however, proceeded on the +way to Washington making prisoners of many, who, +although apprized that an enemy was in the country, yet +feeling secure in their distance from what was expected to +be the theatre of operations, neglected to use the precaution +necessary to guard them against becoming captives +to the savages. From all the prisoners, they learned the +same thing,––that the inhabitants had gone to Wheeling +with a view of concentrating the force of the settlements +to effect their repulsion. This intelligence alarmed them. +The chiefs held a council, in which it was determined, instead +of proceeding to Washington, to retrace their steps +across the Ohio, lest their retreat, if delayed ’till the whites +had an opportunity of organizing themselves for battle, +should be entirely cut off. Infuriate at the blasting of +their hopes of blood and spoil, they resolved to murder +all their male prisoners––exhausting on their devoted +heads, the fury of disappointed expectation. Preparations +to carry this resolution into effect, were immediately begun +to be made.</p> +<p>The unfortunate victims to their savage wrath, were +led [218] forth from among their friends and their families,––their +hands were pinioned behind them,––a rope +was fastened about the neck of each and that bound around +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_300' name='page_300'></a>300</span> +a tree, so as to prevent any motion of the head. The tomahawk +and scalping knife were next drawn from their +belts, and the horrid purpose of these preparations, fully +consummated.</p> +<p>“Imagination’s utmost stretch” can hardly fancy a +more heart-rending scene than was there exhibited. Parents, +in the bloom of life and glow of health, mercilessly +mangled to death, in the presence of children, whose sobbing +cries served but to heighten the torments of the +dying.––Husbands, cruelly lacerated, and by piece-meal +deprived of life, in view of the tender partners of their +bosoms, whose agonizing shrieks, increasing the anguish +of torture, sharpened the sting of death. It is indeed</p> +<table style='margin: auto' summary=''><tr><td> +<p class='cg'> +<span style='margin-left: 2.34375em;'>–––“A fearful thing,</span></p> +<p class='cg'> +To see the human soul, take wing,</p> +<p class='cg'> +In any shape,––in any mood;”</p> +</td></tr></table> +<p>but that wives and children should be forced to behold the +last ebb of life, and to witness the struggle of the departing +spirit of husbands and fathers, under such horrific +circumstances, is shocking to humanity, and appalling, +even in contemplation.</p> +<p>Barbarities such as these, had considerable influence +on the temper and disposition of the inhabitants of the +country. They gave birth to a vindictive feeling in many, +which led to the perpetration of similar enormities and +sunk civilized man, to the degraded level of the barbarian. +They served too, to arouse them to greater exertion, to +subdue the savage foe in justifiable warfare, and thus prevent +their unpleasant recurrence.</p> +<p>So soon as the Indian forces effected a precipitate retreat +across the Ohio, preparations were begun to be made +for acting offensively against them. An expedition was +concerted, to be carried on against the towns at the forks +of the Muskingum; and through the instrumentality of +Col’s Zane and Shepard, Col. Broadhead, commander of +the forces at Fort Pitt, was prevailed upon to co-operate +in it.<a name='FNanchor_0220' id='FNanchor_0220'></a><a href='#Footnote_0220' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> Before however, it could be carried into effect, it +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_301' name='page_301'></a>301</span> +was deemed advisable to proceed against the Munsie towns, +up the north branch of the Alleghany river; the inhabitants +of which, had been long engaged in active [219] hostilities, +and committed frequent depredations on the frontiers +of Pennsylvania. In the campaign against them, as +many of those, who resided in the settlements around +Wheeling, as could be spared from the immediate defence +of their own neighborhoods, were consociated with the +Pennsylvania troops, and the regulars under Col. Broadhead. +It eventuated in the entire destruction of all their +corn, (upwards of 200 acres,) and in the cutting off a party +of forty warriors, on their way to the settlements in Westmoreland +county.</p> +<p>Very soon after the return of the army, from the +Alleghany, the troops, with which it was intended to operate +against the Indian villages up the Muskingum and +amounting to eight hundred, rendezvoused at Wheeling. +From thence, they proceeded directly for the place of destination, +under the command of Col. Broadhead.<a name='FNanchor_0221' id='FNanchor_0221'></a><a href='#Footnote_0221' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a></p> +<p>When the army arrived near to Salem (a Moravian +town,)<a name='FNanchor_0222' id='FNanchor_0222'></a><a href='#Footnote_0222' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> many of the militia expressed a determination to +go forward and destroy it, but as the Indians residing +there, had ever been in amity with the whites, and were +not known to have ever participated in the murderous +deeds of their more savage red brethren, the officers exerted +themselves effectually, to repress that determination. +Col. Broadhead sent forward an express to the Rev’d Mr. +Heckewelder (the missionary of that place,)<a name='FNanchor_0223' id='FNanchor_0223'></a><a href='#Footnote_0223' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> acquainting +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_302' name='page_302'></a>302</span> +him with the object of the expedition, & requesting a small +supply of provisions, and that he would accompany the +messenger to camp. When Mr. Heckewelder came, the +commander enquired of him, if any christian Indians were +engaged in hunting or other business, in the direction of +their march,––stating, that if they were, they might be +exposed to danger, as it would be impracticable to distinguish +between them and other Indians, and that he +should greatly regret the happening to them, of any unpleasant +occurrence, through ignorance or mistake. On +hearing there were not, the army was ordered to resume +its march, and proceeded towards the forks of the river.</p> +<p>At White Eyes plain, near to the place of destination, +an Indian was discovered and made prisoner. Two others +were seen near there, and fired at; and notwithstanding +one of them was wounded, yet both succeeded in +effecting their escape. Apprehensive that they would +hasten to the Indian towns, and communicate the fact +that an army of whites was near at hand, Col. Broadhead +moved rapidly forward with the [220] troops, +notwithstanding a heavy fall of rain, to reach Coshocton, +(the nearest village,)<a name='FNanchor_0224' id='FNanchor_0224'></a><a href='#Footnote_0224' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> and take it by surprise. +His expectations were not disappointed. Approaching +the town, the right wing of the army was directed to occupy +a position above it, on the river; the left to assume +a stand below, while the centre marched directly upon it. +The Indian villages, ignorant of the fact that an enemy +was in their country, were all made prisoners without the +firing of a single gun. So rapid, and yet so secret, had +been the advance of the army, that every part of the town +was occupied by the troops, before the Indians knew of its +approach.</p> +<p>Successful as they thus far were, yet the expedition +accomplished but a portion of what had been contemplated. +The other towns were situated on the opposite side +of the river, and this was so swollen by the excessive rains +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_303' name='page_303'></a>303</span> +which had fallen and continued yet to deluge the earth, +that it was impracticable to cross over to them; and Col. +Broadhead, seeing the impossibility of achieving any +thing farther, commenced laying waste the crops about +Coshocton. This measure was not dictated by a spirit of +revenge, naturally enkindled by the exterminating warfare, +waged against the whites by the savages, but was a +politic expedient, to prevent the accomplishment of their +horrid purposes and to lessen the frequency of their incursions. +When they fail to derive sustenance from their +crops of corn and other edible vegetables, the Indians are +forced to have recourse to hunting, to obtain provisions, +and consequently, to suspend their hostile operations for a +season. To produce this desirable result, was the object +sought to be obtained by the destruction which was made +of every article of subsistence, found here and at the Munsie +towns, and subsequently at other places.</p> +<p>It remained then to dispose of the prisoners. Sixteen +warriors, particularly obnoxious for their diabolical deeds, +were pointed out by Pekillon (a friendly Delaware chief +who accompanied the army of Col. Broadhead) as fit subjects +of retributive justice; and taken into close custody. +A council of war was then held, to determine on their +fate, and which doomed them to death. They were taken +some distance from town, despatched with tomahawks and +spears, and then scalped. The other captives were committed +to the care of the militia, to be conducted to Fort +Pitt.</p> +<p>On the morning after the taking of Coshocton, an Indian, +[221] making his appearance on the opposite bank +of the river, called out for the “Big Captain.” Col. +Broadhead demanded what he wished. I want peace replied +the savage. Then send over some of your chiefs, +said the Colonel. May be you kill, responded the Indian. +No, said Broadhead, they shall not be killed. One of their +chiefs, a fine looking fellow, then come over; and while +he and Col. Broadhead were engaged in conversation, a +militiaman came up, and with a tomahawk which he had +concealed in the bosom of his hunting shirt, struck him a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_304' name='page_304'></a>304</span> +severe blow on the hinder part of his head. The poor Indian +fell, and immediately expired.</p> +<p>This savage like deed was the precursor of other, and +perhaps equally attrocious enormities. The army on its +return, had not proceeded more than half a mile from +Coshocton, when the militia guarding the prisoners, commenced +murdering them. In a short space of time, a few +women and children alone remained alive. These were +taken to Fort Pitt, and after a while exchanged for an +equal number of white captives.</p> +<p>The putting to death the sixteen prisoners designated +by Pekillon, can be considered in no other light, than as a +punishment inflicted for their great offences; and was +certainly right and proper. Not so with the deliberate +murder of the chief, engaged in negotiation with Col. +Broadhead. He had come over under the implied assurance +of the security, due to a messenger for peace, and +after a positive promise of protection had been given him +by the commander of the army.––His death can, consequently, +only be considered as an unwarrantable murder; +provoked indeed, by the barbarous and bloody conduct of +the savages. These, though they do not justify, should +certainly extenuate the offence.</p> +<p>The fact, that the enemy, with whom they were contending, +did not observe the rules of war, and was occasionally, +guilty of the crime, of putting their prisoners to +death, would certainly authorize the practice of greater +rigor, than should be exercised towards those who do not +commit such excesses. This extraordinary severity, of itself, +tends to beget a greater regard for what is allowable +among civilized men, and to produce conformity with those +usages of war, which were suggested by humanity, and +are sanctioned by all. But the attainment of this object, +if it were the motive which prompted to the deed, can not +justify the murder of the prisoners, placed [222] under +the safe keeping of the militia. It evinced a total disregard +of the authority of their superior officer. He had +assured them they should only be detained as prisoners, +and remain free from farther molestation; and nothing, +but the commission of some fresh offence, could sanction +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_305' name='page_305'></a>305</span> +the enormity. But, however sober reflection may condemn +those acts as outrages of propriety, yet so many and +so great, were the barbarous excesses committed by the +savages upon the whites in their power, that the minds of +those who were actors in those scenes, were deprived of +the faculty of discriminating between what was right or +wrong to be practised towards them. And if acts, savouring +of sheer revenge, were done by them, they should be +regarded as but the ebullitions of men, under the excitement +of great and damning wrongs, and which, in their +dispassionate moments, they would condemn, even in +themselves.</p> +<p>When, upon the arrival of Hinkston at Lexington, +the people became acquainted with the mischief which had +been wrought by the Canadian and Indian army,<a name='FNanchor_0225' id='FNanchor_0225'></a><a href='#Footnote_0225' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> every +bosom burned with a desire to avenge those outrages, and +to retort them on their authors. Runners were despatched +in every direction, with the intelligence, and the cry for +retribution, arose in all the settlements. In this state of +feeling, every eye was involuntarily turned towards Gen. +Clarke as the one who should lead them forth to battle; +and every ear was opened, to receive his counsel. He advised +a levy of four-fifths of the male inhabitants, capable +of bearing arms, and that they should speedily assemble +at the mouth of Licking, and proceed from thence to Chilicothe. +He ordered the building of a number of transport +boats, and directed such other preparations to be +made, as would facilitate the expedition, and ensure success +to its object. When all was ready, the boats with the +provisions and stores on board, were ordered up the Ohio, +under the command of Col. Slaughter.</p> +<p>In ascending the river, such was the rapidity of the +current, that the boats were compelled to keep near to the +banks, and were worked up, in two divisions––one near +each shore. While thus forcing their way slowly up the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_306' name='page_306'></a>306</span> +stream, one of the boats, being some distance in advance +of the others and close under the north western bank, was +fired into by a party of Indians. The fire was promptly +returned; but before the other boats could draw nigh to +her aid, a number of those on [223] board of her, was +killed and wounded. As soon however, as they approached +and opened a fire upon the assailants, the savages withdrew, +and the boats proceeded to the place of rendezvous, +without farther interruption.</p> +<p>On the second of August, General Clarke took up the +line of march from the place where Cincinnati now stands, +at the head of nine hundred and seventy men. They proceeded +without any delay, to the point of destination, +where they arrived on the sixth of the month. The town +was abandoned, and many of the houses were yet burning, +having been fired on the preceding day. There were however, +several hundred acres of luxuriant corn growing +about it, every stalk of which was cut down and destroyed.</p> +<p>The army then moved in the direction of the Piqua +Towns, twelve miles farther, and with a view to lay waste +every thing around it, and with the hope of meeting there +an enemy, with whom to engage in battle; but before they +had got far, a heavy shower of rain, accompanied with +loud thunder and high winds, forced them to encamp. +Every care which could be taken to keep the guns dry, +was found to be of no avail, and General Clarke, with +prudent precaution, had them all fired and re-loaded––continuing +to pursue this plan, to preserve them fit for +use, whenever occasion required, and keeping the troops +on the alert and prepared to repel any attack which might +be made on them––during the night.</p> +<p>In the afternoon of the next day, they arrived in sight +of Piqua, and as they advanced upon the town, were attacked +by the Indians concealed in the high weeds which +grew around. Colonel Logan, with four hundred men, +was ordered to file off,––march up the river to the east, +and occupy a position from which to intercept the savages, +should they attempt to fly in that direction. Another +division of the army was in like manner posted on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_307' name='page_307'></a>307</span> +opposite side of the river, while General Clarke with the +troops under Colonel Slaughter and those attached to +the artillery, was to advance directly upon the town. The +Indians seemed to comprehend every motion of the army, +and evinced the skill of tacticians in endeavoring to thwart +its purpose. To prevent being surrounded by the advance +of the detachment from the west, they made a powerful +effort to turn the left wing. Colonel Floyd extended his +line some distance west of the town, and the engagement +became general. Both armies fought with determined +[224] resolution, and the contest was warm and animated +for some time. The Indians, finding that their enemy was +gaining on them retired unperceived, through the prairie, +a few only remaining in the town. The piece of cannon +was then bro’t to bear upon the houses, into which some +of the savages had retired to annoy the army as it marched +upon the village.––They were soon dislodged and fled.</p> +<p>On reaching the houses, a Frenchman was discovered +concealed in one of them. From him it was learned, that +the Indians had been apprized of the intention of Gen. +Clarke to march against Chilicothe and other towns in +its vicinity, by one of Col. Logan’s men, who had deserted +from the army while at the mouth of Licking, and was +supposed to have fled to Carolina, as he took with him the +horse furnished him for the expedition. Instead of this +however, he went over to the enemy, and his treason,</p> +<table style='margin: auto' summary=''><tr><td> +<p class='cg'> +<span style='margin-left: 2.34375em;'>–––“Like a deadly blight,</span></p> +<p class='cg'> +Came o’er the councils of the brave,</p> +<p class='cg'> +And damped them in their hour of might.”</p> +</td></tr></table> +<p>Thus forwarned of the danger which threatened them, +they were enabled in a considerable degree to avoid it, and +watching all the movements of the army, were on the eve +of attacking it silently, with tomahawks and knives, on +the night of its encamping between Chilicothe and Piqua. +The shooting of the guns, convincing them that they had +not been rendered useless by the rain, alone deterred them +from executing this determination.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding that the victory obtained by Gen. +Clarke, was complete and decided, yet the army under his +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_308' name='page_308'></a>308</span> +command sustained a loss in killed and wounded, as +great as was occasioned to the enemy. This circumstance +was attributable to the sudden and unexpected attack +made on it, by the Indians, while entirely concealed, +and partially sheltered. No men could have evinced more +dauntless intrepidity and determined fortitude than was +displayed by them, when fired upon by a hidden foe, and +their comrades were falling around them. When the +“combat thickened,” such was their noble daring, that +Girty, (who had been made chief among the Mingoes,) remarking +the desperation with which they exposed themselves +to the hottest of the fire, drew off his three hundred +warriors; observing, that it was useless to fight with +fools and madmen. The loss in killed under the peculiar +[225] circumstances, attending the commencement of the +action, was less than would perhaps be expected to befall +an army similarly situated;––amounting in all to only +twenty men.</p> +<p>Here, as at Chilicothe, the crops of corn and every +article of subsistence on which the troops could lay their +hands, were entirely laid waste. At the two places, it was +estimated that not less than five hundred acres of that indispensable +article, were entirely destroyed.<a name='FNanchor_0226' id='FNanchor_0226'></a><a href='#Footnote_0226' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a></p> +<p>An unfortunate circumstance, occurring towards the +close of the engagement, damped considerably the joy +which would otherwise have pervaded the army. A +nephew of Gen. Clarke, who had been taken, and for +some time detained, a prisoner by the savages, was at +Piqua during the action. While the battle continued, he +was too closely guarded to escape to the whites; but upon +the dispersion of the savages which ensued upon the cannonading +of the houses into which some of them had retreated, +he was left more at liberty. Availing himself of +this change of situation, he sought to join his friends. He +was quickly discovered by some of them, and mistaken for +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_309' name='page_309'></a>309</span> +an Indian. The mistake was fatal. He received a shot +discharged at him, and died in a few hours.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the success of the expeditions commanded +by Col. Broadhead and Gen. Clarke, and the destruction +which took place on the Alleghany, at Coshocton, +Chilicothe and Piqua, yet the savages continued to commit +depredations on the frontiers of Virginia. The winter, as +usual, checked them for awhile, but the return of spring, +brought with it, the horrors which mark the progress of +an Indian enemy. In Kentucky and in North Western +Virginia, it is true that the inhabitants did not suffer much +by their hostilities in 1781, as in the preceding years; yet +were they not exempt from aggression.</p> +<p>Early in March a party of Indians invaded the settlements +on the upper branches of Monongahela river; and +on the night of the 5th of that month, came to the house +of Capt. John Thomas, near Booth’s creek. Unapprehensive +of danger, with his wife and seven children around +him, and with thoughts devotedly turned upon the realities +of another world, this gentleman was engaging in his +accustomed devotions when the savages approached his +door; and as he was repeating the first lines of the hymn, +“Go worship at Emanuel’s feet,” a gun was fired at him, +and he fell. The Indians [226] immediately forced open +the door, and, entering the house, commenced the dreadful +work of death. Mrs. Thomas raised her hands and +implored their mercy for herself and her dear children. It +was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stroke followed +stroke in quick succession, till the mother and six +children lay weltering in blood, by the side of her husband +and their father––a soul-chilling spectacle to any but heartless +savages. When all were down, they proceeded to +scalp the fallen, and plundering the house of what they +could readily remove, threw the other things into the fire +and departed––taking with them one little boy a prisoner.</p> +<p>Elizabeth Juggins, (the daughter of John Juggins who +had been murdered in that neighborhood, the preceding +year) was at the house of Capt. Thomas, when the Indians +came to it; but as soon as she heard the report of the gun +and saw Capt. Thomas fall, she threw herself under the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_310' name='page_310'></a>310</span> +bed, and escaped the observation of the savages. After +they had completed the work of blood and left the house, +fearing that they might be lingering near, she remained in +that situation until she observed the house to be in flames. +When she crawled forth from her asylum, Mrs. Thomas +was still alive, though unable to move; and casting a pitying +glance towards her murdered infant, asked that it +might be handed to her. Upon seeing Miss Juggins +about to leave the house, she exclaimed, “Oh Betsy! do +not leave us.” Still anxious for her own safety, the girl +rushed out, and taking refuge for the night between two +logs, in the morning early spread the alarm.</p> +<p>When the scene of those enormities was visited, Mrs. +Thomas was found in the yard, much mangled by the +tomahawk and considerably torn by hogs––she had, perhaps +in the struggle of death, thrown herself out at the +door. The house, together with Capt. Thomas and the +children, was a heap of ashes.<a name='FNanchor_0227' id='FNanchor_0227'></a><a href='#Footnote_0227' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a></p> +<p>In April, Matthias, Simon and Michael Schoolcraft +left Buchannon fort, and went to the head of Stone coal +creek for the purpose of catching pigeons. On their return, +they were fired upon by Indians, and Matthias killed––the +other two were taken captive. These were the last +of the Schoolcraft family,––fifteen of them were killed or +taken prisoners in the space of a few years. Of those who +were carried into captivity, none ever returned. They +were believed to have consociated with the savages, and +from the report of others [227] who were prisoners to the +Indians, three of them used to accompany war parties, in +their incursions into the settlements.</p> +<p>In the same month, as some men were returning to +Cheat river from Clarksburg, (where they had been to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_311' name='page_311'></a>311</span> +obtain certificates of settlement-rights to their lands, from +the commissioners appointed to adjust land claims in the +counties of Ohio, Youghiogany and Monongalia) they, +after having crossed the Valley river, were encountered by +a large party of Indians, and John Manear, Daniel Cameron +and a Mr. Cooper were killed,––the others effected +their escape with difficulty.</p> +<p>The savages then moved on towards Cheat, but meeting +with James Brown and Stephen Radcliff, and not being +able to kill or take them, they changed their course, and +passing over Leading creek, (in Tygarts Valley) nearly +destroyed the whole settlement. They there killed Alexander +Roney, Mrs. Dougherty, Mrs. Hornbeck and her +children, Mrs. Buffington and her children, and many +others; and made prisoners, Mrs. Roney and her son, and +Daniel Dougherty. Jonathan Buffington and Benjamin +Hornbeck succeeded in making their escape and carried +the doleful tidings to Friend’s and Wilson’s forts. Col. +Wilson immediately raised a company of men and proceeding +to Leading creek, found the settlement without +inhabitants, and the houses nearly all burned. He then +pursued after the savages, but not coming up with them as +soon as was expected, the men became fearful of the consequences +which might result to their own families, by +reason of this abstraction of their defence, provided other +Indians were to attack them, and insisted on their returning. +On the second day of the pursuit, it was agreed that +a majority of the company should decide whether they +were to proceeded farther or not. Joseph Friend, Richard +Kettle, Alexander West and Col. Wilson, were the only +persons in favor of going on, and they consequently had +to return.</p> +<p>But though the pursuit was thus abandoned, yet did +not the savages get off with their wonted impunity. When +the land claimants, who had been the first to encounter +this party of Indians escaped from them, they fled back +to Clarksburg, and gave the alarm. This was quickly +communicated to the other settlements, and spies were +sent out, to watch for the enemy. By some of these, the +savages were discovered on the West Fork, near the mouth +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_312' name='page_312'></a>312</span> +of Isaac’s Creek, and intelligence of it immediately carried +to the forts. Col. Lowther [228] collected a company of +men, and going in pursuit, came in view of their encampment, +awhile before night, on a branch of Hughes’ +river, ever since known as <i>Indian creek</i>. Jesse and Elias +Hughs––active, intrepid and vigilant men––were left to +watch the movements of the savages, while the remainder +retired a small distance to refresh themselves, and prepare +to attack them in the morning.</p> +<p>Before day Col. Lowther arranged his men in order +of attack, and when it became light, on the preconcerted +signal being given, a general fire was poured in upon them. +Five of the savages fell dead and the others fled leaving +at their fires, all their shot bags and plunder, and all their +guns, except one. Upon going to their camp, it was found +that one of the prisoners (a son of Alexander Rony who +had been killed in the Leading creek massacre) was among +the slain. Every care had been taken to guard against +such an occurrence, and he was the only one of the captives +who sustained any injury from the fire of the whites.<a name='FNanchor_0228' id='FNanchor_0228'></a><a href='#Footnote_0228' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a></p> +<p>In consequence of information received from the +prisoners who were retaken (that a larger party of Indians +was expected hourly to come up,) Col. Lowther +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_313' name='page_313'></a>313</span> +[228] deemed it prudent not to go in pursuit of those who had +fled, and collecting the plunder which the savages had left, +catching the horses which [229] they had stolen, and having +buried young Rony, the party set out on its return +and marched home––highly gratified at the success which +had crowned their exertions to punish their untiring foe.</p> +<p>Some short time after this, John Jackson and his son +George, returning to Buchannon fort, were fired at by +some Indians, but fortunately missed. George Jackson +having his gun in his hand, discharged it at a savage peeping +from behind a tree, without effect; and they then rode +off with the utmost speed.</p> +<p>At the usual period of leaving the forts and returning +to their farms, the inhabitants withdrew from Buchannon +and went to their respective homes. Soon after, a party +of savages came to the house of Charles Furrenash, and +made prisoners of Mrs. Furrenash and her four children, +and despoiled their dwelling. Mrs. Furrenash, being a +delicate and weakly woman, and unable to endure the +fatigue of travelling far on foot, was murdered on +Hughes’ river. Three of the children were afterwards +redeemed and came back,––the fourth was never more +heard of. In a few days after, the husband and father +returned from Winchester (where he had been for salt) +and instead of the welcome greeting of an affectionate +wife, and the pleasing prattle of his innocent children, was +saluted with the melancholy intelligence of their fate. It +was enough to make him curse the authors of the outrage, +and swear eternal enmity to the savage race.</p> +<p>The early period in spring at which irruptions were +frequently made by the savages upon the frontier, had induced +a belief, that if the Moravian Indians did not participate +in the bloody deeds of their red bretren, yet that +they afforded to them shelter and protection from the inclemency +of winter, and thus enabled them, by their +greater proximity to the white settlements, to commence +depredations earlier than they otherwise could. The consequence +of this belief was, the engendering in the minds +of many, a spirit of hostility towards those Indians; occasionally +threatening a serious result to them. Reports +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_314' name='page_314'></a>314</span> +too, were in circulation, proceeding from restored captives, +at war with the general pacific profession of the Moravians, +and which, whether true or false, served to heighten +the acrimony of feeling towards them, until the militia of +a portion of the frontier came to the determination of +breaking up the villages on the Muskingum.<a name='FNanchor_0229' id='FNanchor_0229'></a><a href='#Footnote_0229' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> To [230] +carry this determination into effect, a body of troops, commanded +by Col. David Williamson, set out for those towns, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_315' name='page_315'></a>315</span> +in the latter part of the year 1781. Not deeming it necessary +to use the fire and sword, to accomplish the desired +object, Col. Williamson resolved on endeavoring to prevail +on them to move farther off; and if he failed in this, to +make prisoners of them all, and take them to Fort Pitt. +Upon his arrival at their towns, they were found to be +nearly deserted, a few Indians only, remaining in them. +These were made prisoners and taken to Fort Pitt; but +were soon liberated.</p> +<p>It is a remarkable fact, that at the time the whites +were planning the destruction of the Moravian villages, +because of their supposed co-operation with the hostile +savages, the inhabitants of those villages were suffering +severely from the ill treatment of those very savages, because +of their supposed attachment to the whites. By the +one party, they were charged with affording to Indian war +parties, a resting place and shelter, and furnishing them +with provisions. By the other, they were accused of apprizing +the whites of meditated incursions into the country, +and thus defeating their purpose, or lessening the +chance of success; and of being instrumental in preventing +the Delawares from entering in the war which they +were waging. Both charges were probably, well founded, +and the Moravian Indians yet culpable in neither.<a name='FNanchor_0230' id='FNanchor_0230'></a><a href='#Footnote_0230' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<p>Their villages were situated nearly midway between +the frontier establishments of the whites, and the towns +of the belligerent Indians, and were consequently, convenient +resting places for warriors proceeding to and from +the settlements. That they should have permitted war +parties after ravages to refresh themselves there, or even +have supplied them with provisions, does not argue a disposition +to aid or encourage their hostile operations. It +was at any time in the power of those warring savages, to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_316' name='page_316'></a>316</span> +exact by force whatever was required of the Moravian Indians, +and the inclination was not wanting, to do this or +other acts of still greater enormity. That the warriors +were the better enabled to make incursions into the settlements, +and effect their dreadful objects by reason of +those accommodations, can not be questioned; the fault +however, lay not in any inimical feeling of the christian +Indians towards the whites, but in their physical inability +to withhold whatever might be demanded of them.</p> +<p>And although they exerted themselves to prevail on +other [231] tribes to forbear from hostilities against the +whites, and apprised the latter of enterprizes projected +against them, yet did not these things proceed from an +unfriendly disposition towards their red brethren. They +were considerate and reflecting, and saw that the savages +must ultimately suffer, by engaging in a war against the +settlements; while their pacific and christian principles, +influenced them to forewarn the whites of impending +danger, that it might be avoided, and the effusion of blood +be prevented. But pure and commendable as were, no +doubt, the motives which governed them, in their intercourse +with either party, yet they were so unfortunate as +to excite the enmity and incur the resentment of both, +and eventually were made to suffer, though in different +degrees, by both.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_317' name='page_317'></a>317</span></div> +<p>In the fall of 1781, the settlements of the Moravians +were almost entirely broken up by upwards of three hundred +warriors, and the missionaries, residing among them, +after having been robbed of almost every thing, were taken +prisoners and carried to Detroit. Here they were detained +until the governor became satisfied that they were guiltless +of any offence meriting a longer confinement; when +they were released & permitted to return to their beloved +people. The Indians were left to shift for themselves in +the Sandusky plains where most of their horses and cattle +perished from famine.<a name='FNanchor_0231' id='FNanchor_0231'></a><a href='#Footnote_0231' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_318' name='page_318'></a>318</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[232] CHAPTER XIV.</p> +<p>The revengeful feelings which had been engendered, +by inevitable circumstances, towards the Moravian Indians, +and which had given rise to the expedition of 1781, +under Col. Williamson, were yet more deeply radicated by +subsequent events. On the night after their liberation +from Fort Pitt, the family of a Mr. Monteur were all +killed or taken captive; and the outrage, occurring so immediately +after they were set at liberty and in the vicinity +of where they were, was very generally attributed to them. +An irruption was made too, in the fall of 1781, into the +settlement on Buffalo creek, and some murders committed +and prisoners taken. One of these, escaping from captivity +and returning soon after, declared that the party +committing the aggression, was headed by a Moravian warrior.</p> +<p>These circumstances operated to confirm many in the +belief, that those Indians were secretly inimical to the +whites, and not only furnished the savages with provisions +and a temporary home, but likewise engaged personally in +the war of extermination, which they were waging against +the frontier. Events occurring towards the close of winter, +dispelled all doubt, from the minds of those who had +fondly cherished every suggestion which militated against +the professed, and generally accredited, neutrality and pacific +disposition of the Moravians.</p> +<p>On the 8th of February 1782, while Henry Fink and +his son John, were engaged in sledding rails, on their farm +in the Buchannon settlement, several guns were simultaneously +discharged at them; and before John had time to +reply to his father’s inquiry, whether he were hurt, another +gun was fired and he fell lifeless. Having unlinked the +chain which fastened the horse to the sled, the old man +[233] galloped briskly away. He reached his home in +safety, and immediately moved his family to the fort. On +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_319' name='page_319'></a>319</span> +the next day the lifeless body of John, was brought into +the fort.––The first shot had wounded his arm; the ball +from the second passed through his heart, & he was afterwards +scalped.</p> +<p>Near the latter part of the same month, some Indians +invaded the country above Wheeling, and succeeded in +killing a Mr. Wallace, and his family, consisting of his wife +and five children, & in taking John Carpenter a prisoner. +The early period of the year at which those enormities +were perpetrated, the inclemency of the winter of 1781––2, +and the distance of the towns of hostile Indians from the +theatre of these outrages, caused many to exclaim, “<i>the +Moravians have certainly done this deed</i>.” The destruction +of their villages was immediately resolved, and preparations +were made to carry this determination into effect.</p> +<p>There were then in the North Western wilderness, between +three and four hundred of the christian Indians, +and who, until removed by the Wyandots and whites in +1781, as before mentioned, had resided on the Muskingum +in the villages of the Gnadenhutten, Salem and Shoenbrun. +The society of which they were members, had been established +in the province of Pennsylvania about the year +1752, and in a short time became distinguished for +the good order and deportment of its members, both as +men and as christians. During the continuance of the +French war, they nobly withstood every allurement which +was practised to draw them within its vortex, and expressed +their strong disapprobation of war in general; saying, +“that it must be displeasing to that Great Being, who +made men, not to destroy men, but to love and assist each +other.” In 1769 emigrants from their villages of Friedenshutten, +Wyalusing and Shesheequon in Pennsylvania, began +to make an establishment in the North Western wilderness, +and in a few years, attained a considerable degree of +prosperity, their towns increased rapidly in population, +and themselves, under the teaching of pious and beneficent +missionaries, in civilization and christianity. In the war +of 1774, their tranquil and happy hours were interrupted, +by reports of the ill intention of the whites along the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_320' name='page_320'></a>320</span> +frontier, towards them, and by frequent acts of annoyance, +committed by war parties of the savages.</p> +<p>This state of things continued with but little, if any, +intermission, occasionally assuming a more gloomy and +portentious aspect, until the final destruction of their +villages. In the spring of 1781, the principal war chief of +the Delawares apprised the missionaries and them, of the +danger which threatened them, as well from the whites as +the savages, and advised them to remove to some situation, +where they would be exempt from molestation by either. +Conscious of the rectitude of their conduct as regarded +both, and unwilling to forsake the comforts which their +industry had procured for them, and the fields rendered +productive by their labor, they disregarded the [234] +friendly monition, and continued in their villages, progressing +in the knowledge and love of the Redeemer of men, +and practising the virtues inculcated by his word.</p> +<p>This was their situation, at the time they were removed +to Sandusky, early in the fall of 1781. When their +missionaries and principal men were liberated by the governor +of Detroit, they obtained leave of the Wyandot +chiefs to return to the Muskingum to get the corn which +had been left there, to prevent the actual starvation of +their families. About one hundred and fifty of them, +principally women and children went thither for this purpose, +and were thus engaged when the second expedition +under Col. Williamson proceeded against them.</p> +<p>In March 1782, between eighty and ninety men assembled +themselves for the purpose of effecting the destruction +of the Moravian towns.<a name='FNanchor_0232' id='FNanchor_0232'></a><a href='#Footnote_0232' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> If they then had in +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_321' name='page_321'></a>321</span> +contemplation the achieving of any other injury to those +people, it was not promulgated in the settlements. They +avowed their object to be the destruction of the houses +and the laying waste the crops, in order to deprive the +hostile savages of the advantage of obtaining shelter and +provisions, so near to the frontier; and the removal of the +Moravians to Fort Pitt, to preserve them from the personal +injury which, it was feared, would be inflicted on them by +the warriors. Being merely a private expedition, each of +the men took with him, his own arms, ammunition and +provisions; and many of them, their horses. They took +up the line of march from the Mingo Bottom, and on the +second night thereafter, encamped within one mile of the +village of Gnadenhutten; and in the morning proceeded +towards it, in the order of attack prescribed by a council +of the officers.</p> +<p>The village being built upon both sides of the river, +and the scouts having discovered and reported that it was +occupied on both sides, one-half the men were ordered to +cross over and bear down upon the town on the western +bank, while the other half would possess themselves of +that part of it which lay on the eastern shore. Upon the +arrival of the first division at the river, no boat or other +small craft was seen in which they could be transported +across; and they were for a time, in some difficulty how +they should proceed. What appeared to be a canoe was +at length discovered on the opposite bank, and a young +man by the name of Slaughter, plunging in swam to it. It +proved to be a trough for containing sugar water, and +capable of bearing only two persons at a time. To obviate +the delay which must have resulted from this tedious +method of conveying themselves over, many of the men +unclothed themselves, and placing their garments, arms +and ammunition in the trough, swam by its sides, notwithstanding +that ice was floating in the current and the +water, consequently, cold and chilling.</p> +<p>When nearly half this division had thus reached the +western bank, two sentinels, who on the first landing had +been stationed a short distance in advance, discovered and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_322' name='page_322'></a>322</span> +fired at, one of the Indians. [235] The shot of one broke +his arm,––the other killed him. Directions were then sent +to the division which was to operate on the eastern side of +the river, to move directly to the attack, lest the firing +should alarm the inhabitants and they defeat the object +which seemed now to be had in view. The few who had +crossed without awaiting for the others, marched immediately +into the town on the western shore.</p> +<p>Arrived among the Indians, they offered no violence, +but on the contrary, professing peace and good will, assured +them, they had come for the purpose of escorting +them safely to Fort Pitt, that they might no longer be exposed +to molestation from the militia of the whites, or the +warriors of the savages. Sick of the sufferings which they +had so recently endured, and rejoicing at the prospect of +being delivered from farther annoyance they gave up their +arms, and with alacrity commenced making preparations +for the journey, providing food as well for the whites, as +for themselves. A party of whites and Indians was next +despatched to Salem, to bring in those who were there. +They then shut up the Moravians left at Gnadenhutten, in +two houses some distance apart, and had them well guarded, +When the others arrived from Salem, they were treated in +like manner, and shut up in the same houses with their +brethren of Gnadenhutten.</p> +<p>The division which was to move into the town on the +eastern side of the river, coming unexpectedly upon one +of the Indian women, she endeavored to conceal herself in +a bunch of bushes at the water edge, but being discovered, +by some of the men, was quickly killed. She was the +wife of Shabosh, who had been shot by the sentinels +of the other division. Others, alarmed at the appearance +of a party of armed men, and ignorant that a like +force was on the opposite side of the river, attempted to +escape thither.––They did not live to effect their object. +Three were killed in the attempt; and the men then +crossed over, with such as they had made prisoners, to +join their comrades, in the western and main part of the +town.</p> +<p>A council of war was then held to determine on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_323' name='page_323'></a>323</span> +fate of the prisoners. Col. Williamson having been much +censured for the lenity of his conduct towards those Indians +in the expedition of the preceding year, the officers +were unwilling to take upon themseves the entire responsibility +of deciding upon their fate now, and agreed that it +should be left to the men. The line was soon formed, and +they were told it remained with them to say, whether the +Moravian prisoners should be taken to Fort Pitt or murdered; +and Col. Williamson requested that those who were +inclined to mercy, should advance and form a second link, +that it might be seen on which side was the majority. +Alas! it required no scrutiny to determine. Only sixteen, +or at most eighteen men, stepped forward to save the lives +of this unfortunate people, and their doom became sealed.<a name='FNanchor_0233' id='FNanchor_0233'></a><a href='#Footnote_0233' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +<p>From the moment those ill fated beings were immured +in houses they seemed to anticipate the horrid destiny +which awaited them; [236] and spent their time in +holy and heartfelt devotion, to prepare them for the awful +realities of another world. They sang, they prayed, they +exhorted each other to a firm reliance on the Saviour of +men, and soothed those in affliction with the comfortable +assurance, that although men might kill the body, they +had no power over the soul, and that they might again +meet in a better and happier world, “where the wicked +cease from troubling and the weary find rest.” When +told that they were doomed to die, they all affectionately +embraced, and bedewing their bosoms with mutual tears, +reciprocally sought, and obtained forgiveness for any offences +which they might have given each other through +life. Thus at peace with God, and reconciled with one +another, they replied to those, who impatient for the +slaughter had asked if they were not yet prepared, “Yes! +We have commended our souls to God, and are ready +to die.”</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_324' name='page_324'></a>324</span></div> +<p>What must have been the obduracy of those, who +could remain inflexible in their doom of death, amid such +scenes as these? How ruthless & unrelenting their hearts, +who unmoved by the awful spectacle of so many fellow +creatures, preparing for the sudden and violent destruction +of life and asking of their God, mercy for themselves and +forgiveness for their enemies––could yet thirst for blood, +and manifest impatience that its shedding was delayed for +an instant? Did not the possibility of that innocence, +which has been ever since so universally accorded to their +victims, once occur to them; or were their minds so under +the influence of exasperation and resentment, that they +ceased to think of any thing, but the gratification of those +feelings? Had they been about to avenge the murder of +friends on its <i>known authors</i>, somewhat might have been +pardoned to retaliation and to vengeance; but involving +all in one common ruin, for <i>the supposed offences</i> of a few, +there can be no apology for their conduct,––no excuse for +their crime.</p> +<p>It were well, if all memory of the tragedy at Gnadenhutten, +were effaced from the mind; but it yet lives in +the recollection of many and stands recorded on the polluted +page of history.––Impartial truth requires, that it +should be here set down.</p> +<p>A few of the prisoners, supposed to have been actively +engaged in war, were the first to experience their +doom. They were tied and taken some distance from the +houses in which [237] they had been confined; despatched +with spears and tomahawks, and scalped. The remainder +of both sexes, from the hoary head of decrepitude, incapable +of wrong, to helpless infancy, pillowed on its mother’s +breast, were cruelly & shockingly murdered; and the +different apartments of those houses of blood, exhibited +their bleeding bodies, mangled by the tomahawk, scalping +knife and spear, and disfigured by the war-club and the +mallet.<a name='FNanchor_0234' id='FNanchor_0234'></a><a href='#Footnote_0234' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_325' name='page_325'></a>325</span></div> +<p>Thus perished ninety-six of the Moravian Indians. +Of these, sixty-two were grown persons, one-third of whom +were women; the remaining thirty-four were children.<a name='FNanchor_0235' id='FNanchor_0235'></a><a href='#Footnote_0235' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> +Two youth alone, made their escape. One of them had +been knocked down and scalped, but was not killed. He +had the presence of mind to lie still among the dead, until +nightfall, when he crept silently forth and escaped. The +other, in the confusion of the shocking scene, slipped +through a trap door into the cellar, and passing out at a +small window, got off unnoticed and uninjured.</p> +<p>In the whole of this transaction the Moravians were +passive and unresisting. They confided in the assurances +of protection given them by the whites, and until pent up +in the houses, continued cheerful and happy. If when +convinced of the murderous intent of their visitors, they +had been disposed to violence and opposition, it would have +availed them nothing. They had surrendered their arms +(being requested to do so, as a guarantee for the security +of the whites,) and were no longer capable of offering any +effectual or available resistance, and while the dreadful +work of death was doing, “they were as lambs led to the +slaughter; & as sheep before the shearers are dumb, so +opened they not their mouths.” There was but a solitary +exception to this passiveness, and it was well nigh terminating +in the escape of its author, and in the death of some +of the whites.</p> +<p>As two of the men were leading forth one of the supposed +warriors to death, a dispute arose between them, +who should have the scalp of this victim to their barbarity. +He was progressing after them with a silent dancing motion, +and singing his death song. Seeing them occupied +so closely with each other, he became emboldened to try +an escape. Drawing a knife from its scabbard, he cut the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_326' name='page_326'></a>326</span> +cord which bound him; and springing forward, aimed a +thrust at one of his conductors. The cutting of the rope +had, however, drawn it so [238] tightly that he who held +it became sensible that it was wrought upon in some way; +and turning quickly round to ascertain the cause, scarcely +avoided the stab. The Indian then bounded from them, +and as he fled towards the woods, dexterously removed +the cord from his wrists. Several shots were discharged +at him without effect, when the firing was stopped, lest in +the hurry and confusion of the pursuit, some of their own +party might suffer from it. A young man, mounting his +horse, was soon by the side of the Indian, and springing +off, his life had well nigh been sacrificed by his rashness. +He was quickly thrown to the ground, and the uplifted +tomahawk about to descend on his head, when a timely +shot, directed with fatal precision, took effect on the Indian +and saved him.</p> +<p>Had the Moravians been disposed for war, they could +easily have ensured their own safety, and dealt destruction +to the whites. If, when their town was entered by a party +of only sixteen, their thirty men, aided by the youths of +the village, armed and equipped as all were, had gone +forth in battle array, they could have soon cut off those +few; and by stationing some gunners on the bank of the +river, have prevented the landing of the others of the expedition. +But their faith in the sincerity of the whites––their +love of peace and abhorrence of war, forbade it; and +the confidence of those who first rushed into the town, in +these feelings and dispositions of the Indians, no doubt +prompted them to that act of temerity, while an unfordable +stream was flowing between them and their only +support.</p> +<p>During the massacre at Gnadenhutten, a detachment +of the whites was ordered to Shoenbrun to secure the Moravians +who were there. Fortunately however, two of the +inhabitants of this village had discovered the dead body +of Shabosh in time to warn their brethren of danger, and +they all moved rapidly off. When the detachment arrived, +nothing was left for them <i>but plunder</i>.––<i>This was secured</i>, +and they returned to their comrades. Gnadenhutten was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_327' name='page_327'></a>327</span> +then <i>pillaged</i> of every article of value which could be easily +removed; its houses––even those which contained the +dead bodies of the Moravians––were burned to ashes, and +the men set out on their return to the settlements.<a name='FNanchor_0236' id='FNanchor_0236'></a><a href='#Footnote_0236' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<p>The expedition against the Moravian towns on the +Muskingum, was projected and carried on by inhabitants +of the [239] western counties of Pennsylvania,––a district +of country which had long been the theatre of Indian +hostilities. Its result (strange as it may now appear) was +highly gratifying to many; and the ease with which so +much <i>Indian</i> blood had been made to flow, coupled with +an ardent desire to avenge the injuries which had been +done them by the savages, led to immediate preparations +for another, to be conducted on a more extensive scale, +and requiring the co-operation of more men. And although +the completion of the work of destruction, which +had been so successfully begun, of the Moravian Indians, +was the principal inducement of some, yet many attached +themselves to the expedition, from more noble and commendable +motives.</p> +<p>The residence of the Moravians ever since they were +removed to the plains of Sandusky, was in the immediate +vicinity of the Wyandot villages, and the warriors from +these had been particularly active and untiring in their +hostility to the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania. The +contemplated campaign against the Moravians, was viewed +by many as affording a fit opportunity to punish those +savages for their many aggressions, as it would require +that they should proceed but a short distance beyond the +point proposed, in order to arrive at their towns; and they +accordingly engaged in it for that purpose.</p> +<p>Other causes too, conspired to fill the ranks and form +an army for the accomplishment of the contemplated objects.––The +commandants of the militia of Washington +and Westmoreland counties (Cols. Williamson and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_328' name='page_328'></a>328</span> +Marshall)<a name='FNanchor_0237' id='FNanchor_0237'></a><a href='#Footnote_0237' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> encouraged the inhabitants to volunteer on this +expedition, and made known, that every militia man who +accompanied it, finding his own horse and gun, and provisions +for a month, should be exempt from two tours of +militia duty; and that all horses unavoidably lost in the +service, should be replaced from those taken in the Indian +country. From the operation of these different causes, an +army of nearly five hundred men was soon raised, who +being supplied with ammunition by the Lieutenant Colonel +of Washington county, proceeded to the Old Mingo +towns, the place of general rendezvous––where an election +was held to fill the office of commander of the expedition.<a name='FNanchor_0238' id='FNanchor_0238'></a><a href='#Footnote_0238' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> +The candidates were Colonel Williamson and Colonel +Crawford; and the latter gentleman being chosen immediately +organized the troops, and prepared to march.</p> +<p>[240] On the 25th of May, the army left the Mingo +towns, and pursuing “Williamson’s trail,” arrived at the +upper Moravian town on the Muskingum (Shoenbrun,) +where (finding plenty of corn of the preceding year’s crop, +yet on the stalk) they halted to refresh their horses. +While here, Captains Brenton and Bean, discovered and +fired upon two Indians; and the report of the guns being +heard in camp, the men, in despite of the exertions of their +officers, rushed towards the source of alarm, in the most +tumultuous and disorderly manner.––Colonel Crawford, +used to the discipline of continental soldiers, saw in the +impetuosity and insubordination of the troops under his +command, enough to excite the liveliest apprehensions for +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_329' name='page_329'></a>329</span> +the event of the expedition. He had volunteered to go on +the campaign, only in compliance with the general wish +of the troops that he should head them, and when chosen +commander in chief of the forces assembled at the Mingo +towns, he is said to have accepted the office with reluctance, +not only sensible of the impracticability of controlling +men unused to restraint, but opposed to some of the +objects of the expedition, and the frequently expressed determination +of the troops, to spare no Indian whom accident +or the fortune of war should place in their power.</p> +<p>From Shoenbrun the army proceeded as expeditiously +as was practicable to the site of the Moravian village, near +the Upper Sandusky; but instead of meeting with this +oppressed and persecuted tribe, or having gained an opportunity +of plundering their property, they saw nothing +which manifested that it had been the residence of man, +save a few desolate and deserted huts,––the people, whom +it was their intention to destroy, had some time before, +most fortunately for themselves, moved to the Scioto.</p> +<p>Discontent and dissatisfaction ensued upon the disappointment. +The guides were ignorant of there being any +Indian towns nearer than those on Lower Sandusky, and +the men became impatient to return home. In this posture +of affairs, a council of war, consisting of the field +officers and captains, was held, and it was resolved to move +forward, and if no enemy appeared that day, to retrace +their steps. Just after this determination was made +known, an express arrived, from a detachment of mounted +men, which had been sent forward to reconnoitre, with information +that about three miles in advance a large body +of Indians had been discovered hastening [241] rapidly to +meet them. The fact was, that Indian spies had watched +and reported the progress of the expedition, ever after it +left the Mingo towns; and when satisfied of its destination, +every arrangement which they could make to defeat +its object, and involve the troops in the destruction to +which it was their purpose to consign others, was begun +by the savages. Having perfected these, they were marching +on to give battle to the whites.</p> +<p>Immediately upon the reception of this intelligence, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_330' name='page_330'></a>330</span> +the army moved forward, and meeting the reconnoitreing +party coming in, had proceeded but a short distance farther, +when they came in view of the Indians hastening to occupy +a small body of woods, in the midst of an extensive +plain. The battle was then begun by a heavy fire from +both sides, and the savages prevented gaining possession +of the woods. A party of them having however, taken +post in them before the whites came up, continued much +to annoy the troops, until some of them, alighting from +their horses, bravely rushed forward and dislodged them. +The Indians then attempted to gain a small skirt of +wood on Colonel Crawford’s right; but the vigilance of +the commanding officer of the right wing, (Major Leet) +detected the movement, and the bravery of his men defeated +it. The action now became general and severe and +was warmly contested until dark, when it ceased for a +time without having been productive of much advantage +to either side. During the night, both armies lay on their +arms; adopting the wise policy of kindling large fires +along the line of battle, and retreating some distance behind +them, to prevent being surprised by a night attack.</p> +<p>Early in the morning a few shots were fired, but at +too great distance for execution. The Indians were hourly +receiving reinforcements, and seemed busily engaged in +active preparations for a decisive conflict. The whites became +uneasy at their increasing strength; and a council +of the officers deemed it expedient to retreat. As it would +be difficult to effect this in open day, in the presence of an +enemy of superior force, it was resolved to postpone it +until night, making in the mean time every arrangement +to ensure its success.––The killed were buried, and fires +burned over the graves to prevent discovery,––litters were +made for bearing the wounded, and the army was formed +into three lines with them in the centre.</p> +<p>[242] The day passed, without an attack being made +by the Indians. They were still seen to traverse the plains +in every direction, and in large bodies; and not until the +troops were about forming the line of retreat, did they +seem to have any idea that such a movement was intended. +They then commenced firing a few shots, and in a little +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_331' name='page_331'></a>331</span> +while it became apparent that they had occupied every +pass, leaving open only that which led to Sandusky. +Along this way, the guides conducted the main army, +until they had passed the Indian lines about a mile; when +wheeling to the left, they marched round and gained the +trail of their outward march. Continuing in this they +proceeded to the settlements without any interruption.––The +savage warriors thinking it better to follow detached +parties than the main army.</p> +<p>The few shots which were fired by the Indians as the +whites were forming the line of retreat, were viewed by +many as evidence that their purpose had been discovered, +and that these were signal guns preceding a general attack. +Under these impressions, the men in front hurried +off and others following the example, at least one third of +the army were to be seen flying in detached parties, and +in different directions from that taken by the main body, +supposing that the attention of the Indians would be +wholly turned to this point. They were not permitted to +proceed far under this delusive supposition. Instead of +following the main army, the Indians pursued those small +parties with such activity, that not many of those composing +them were able to escape;––one company of forty men +under a Captain Williamson,<a name='FNanchor_0239' id='FNanchor_0239'></a><a href='#Footnote_0239' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> was the only party detached +from the principal body of the troops, fortunate enough +to get with the main army on its retreat. Late in the +night, they broke through the Indian lines under a heavy +fire and with some loss, and on the morning of the second +day of the retreat, again joined their comrades in the expedition, +who had marched off in a body; in compliance +with the orders of the commander-in-chief.</p> +<p>Colonel Crawford himself proceeded at the head of +the army for some short distance, when missing his son, his +son-in-law (Major Harrison) and two nephews,<a name='FNanchor_0240' id='FNanchor_0240'></a><a href='#Footnote_0240' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> he stopped +to enquire for them. Receiving no satisfactory information +respecting either of them, he was induced through +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_332' name='page_332'></a>332</span> +anxiety for their fate to continue still, until all had passed +on, when he resumed his flight, in company with doctor +Knight<a name='FNanchor_0241' id='FNanchor_0241'></a><a href='#Footnote_0241' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> and two [243] others. For their greater security, +they travelled some distance apart, but from the jaded and +exhausted condition of their horses could proceed but +slowly. One of the two men in company with the Colonel +and doctor Knight, would frequently fall some distance +behind the others, and as frequently call aloud for them +to wait for him. Near the Sandusky creek he hallooed to +them to halt, but the yell of a savage being heard near +him, they went on and never again was <i>he heard of</i>. +About day, Colonel Crawford’s horse gave out and he +was forced to proceed on foot, as was also the other of +the two who had left the field with him and Knight. +They continued however to travel together, and soon overtook +Captain Biggs, endeavoring to secure the safety of +himself and Lieutenant Ashly, who had been so badly +wounded that he was unable to ride alone. A heavy fall +of rain induced them to halt, and stripping the bark from +some trees, they formed a tolerable shelter from the storm, +and remained there all night. In the morning they were +joined by another of the troops, when their company consisted +of six––Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, who +kept about an hundred yards in front––Captain Biggs and +Lieutenant Ashly, in the center; and the other two men +in the rear. They proceeded in this way about two miles, +when a party of Delawares suddenly sprang from their +hiding places into the road, and making prisoners of +Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, carried them to the +Indian camp near to where they then were. On the next +day the scalps of Captain Biggs and Lieutenant Ashly, +were brought in by another party of Indians who had been +likewise watching the road. From the encampment, they +were led, in company with nine other prisoners, to the old +Wyandot town, from which place they were told they +would be taken to the new town, not far off. Before +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_333' name='page_333'></a>333</span> +setting out from this place, Colonel Crawford and Doctor +Knight were painted black by Captain Pipe, a Delaware +chief, who told the former, that he intended to have him +shaved when he arrived among his friends, and the latter +that he was to be carried to the Shawnee town, to see +some of his old acquaintance. The nine prisoners were +then marched off in front of Colonel Crawford and Doctor +Knight, who were brought on by Pipe and Wingenim,<a name='FNanchor_0242' id='FNanchor_0242'></a><a href='#Footnote_0242' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> +another of the Delaware chiefs. As they went on, they +passed the bodies of four of the captives, who had been +tomahawked and scalped on the way, and came [244] to +where the remaining five were, in time to see them suffer +the same fate from the hands of squaws and boys. The +head of one of them (John McKinley, formerly an officer +in one of the Virginia regiments) was cut off, and for some +time kicked about on the ground. A while afterwards +they met Simon Girty and several Indians on horseback; +when Col. Crawford was stripped naked, severely beaten +with clubs and sticks, and made to sit down near a post +which had been planted for the purpose, and around which +a fire of poles was burning briskly. His hands were then +pinioned behind him, and a rope attached to the band +around his wrist and fastened to the foot of a post about +fifteen feet high, allowing him liberty only to sit down, or +walk once or twice round it, and return the same way. +Apprehensive that he was doomed to be burned to death, +he asked Girty if it were possible that he had been spared +from the milder instruments of the tomahawk and scalping +knife, only to suffer the more cruel death by fire. +“<i>Yes, said Girty, composedly, you must be burned Colonel.</i>” +“It is dreadful, replied Crawford, but I will endeavor to +bear it patiently.” Captain Pipe then addressed the savages +in an animated speech, at the close of which, they +rent the air with hideous yells, and immediately discharged +a number of loads of powder at the naked body of their +victim. His ears were then cut off, and while the men +would apply the burning ends of the poles to his flesh, the +squaws threw coals and hot embers upon him, so that in a +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_334' name='page_334'></a>334</span> +little time he had too, to walk on fire. In the midst of +these sufferings, he begged of the infamous Girty to shoot +him. That worse than savage monster, tauntingly replied, +“how can I? you see I have no gun,” and laughed +heartily at the scene.</p> +<p>For three hours Colonel Crawford endured the most +excruciating agonies with the utmost fortitude, when faint +and almost exhausted, he commended his soul to God, and +laid down on his face. He was then scalped, and burning +coals being laid on his head and back, by one of the squaws, +he again arose and attempted to walk; but strength failed +him and he sank into the welcome arms of death. His +body was then thrown into the fire and consumed to ashes.<a name='FNanchor_0243' id='FNanchor_0243'></a><a href='#Footnote_0243' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<p>Of the whole of this shocking scene, Doctor Knight +was [245] an unwilling spectator; and in the midst of it +was told by Girty, that it should be his fate too, when he +arrived at the Shawanee towns. These were about forty +miles distant; and he was committed to the care of a +young warrior to be taken there. On the first day they +travelled about twenty-five miles, and when they stopped +for the night, the Doctor was securely fastened. In vain +did he anxiously watch for an opportunity to endeavor to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_335' name='page_335'></a>335</span> +[244] release himself from the cords which bound him. The Indian +was vigilant and slept none. About day light they +arose, and while the Indian was kindling a fire, the gnats +were so troublesome that he untied his prisoner, and set +him likewise to making a fire to relieve them from the annoyance. +The doctor took a burning coal between two +sticks, and going behind the Indian towards the spot at +which he was directed to excite a smoke, turned suddenly +around, and struck the savage with all his force. The Indian +fell forward, but quickly recovering and seeing his +gun in the hands of his assailant, ran off, howling hideously.––The +anxiety of Doctor Knight, saved the life of +the savage.––When he seized the gun, he drew back the +cock in such haste and with so much violence as to break +the main spring and render it useless to him; but as the +Indian was ignorant of this circumstance, he continued +his flight and the doctor was then enabled to escape. After +a toilsome travel of twenty-one days, during which time +he subsisted altogether on wild gooseberries, young nettles, +a raw terrapin and two young birds, he arrived safely at +Fort McIntosh––meagre, emaciated and almost famished.</p> +<p>Another instance of great good-fortune occurred in the +person of John Slover,<a name='FNanchor_0244' id='FNanchor_0244'></a><a href='#Footnote_0244' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> who was also made prisoner after +having travelled more than half the distance from the fatal +scene of [246] action to Fort Pitt. When only eight +years of age he had been taken by some Indians on New +river, and detained in captivity for twelve years. In this +time he became well acquainted with their manners and +customs, and attached to their mode of living so strongly, +that when ransomed by his friends, he left his Indian companions +with regret. He had become too, while with them, +familiar with the country north west of the Ohio, and an +excellent woodsman; and in consequence of these attainments +was selected a principal guide to the army on its +outward march. When a retreat was prematurely began +to be made by detached parties, he was some distance from +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_336' name='page_336'></a>336</span> +camp, and having to equip himself for flight, was left a +good way in the rear. It was not long however, before he +came up with a party, whose horses were unable to extricate +themselves from a deep morass, over which they had +attempted to pass. Slover’s was soon placed in the same +unpleasant situation, and they all, alighting from them, +proceeded on foot. In this manner they traveled on until +they had nearly reached the Tuscarawa, when a party of +savages from the way side, fired upon them. One of the +men was killed, Slover and two others made prisoners, & +the fifth escaped to Wheeling.</p> +<p>Those taken captive were carried first to Wachatomakah +(a small town of the Mingoes and Shawanees,) +from whence after having been severely beaten, they were +conducted to a larger town two miles farther. On their +arrival here, they had all to pass through the usual ceremonies +of running the gauntlet; and one of them who +had been stripped of his clothes and painted black, was +most severely beaten, mangled, and killed, and his body +cut in pieces and placed on poles outside the town. Here +too, Slover saw the dead bodies of Col. McClelland, Major +Harrison and John Crawford; and learned that they had +all been put to death but a little while before his arrival +there; and although he was spared for some time, yet +every thing which he saw acted towards other prisoners, +led him to fear that he was reserved for a more cruel fate, +whenever the whim of the instant should suggest its consummation. +At length an express arrived from Detroit +with a speech for the warriors, which decided his doom. +Being decyphered from the belt of wampum which contained +it, the speech began by enquiring why they continued +to take prisoners, and said, “Provisions are scarce +and when you send in [247] prisoners, we have them to +feed, and still some of them are getting off, and carrying +tidings of our affairs. When any of your people are taken +by the rebels, they shew no mercy. Why then should +you? My children take no more prisoners of any sort, +men, women, or children.” Two days after the arrival of +the express with this speech, a council of the different +tribes of Indians near, was held, and it was determined to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_337' name='page_337'></a>337</span> +act in conformity with the advice of the Governor of Detroit. +Slover was then the only white prisoner at this +town; and on the morning after the council was dissolved, +about forty warriors came to the house where he was, and +tying a rope around his neck, led him off to another village, +five miles distant. Here again he was severely beaten +with clubs & the pipe end of the tomahawk, & then tied to +a post, around which were piles of wood. These were +soon kindled, but a violent rain falling unexpectedly, extinguished +the flames, before they had effected him. It +was then agreed to postpone his execution, until the next +day, and being again beaten and much wounded by their +blows, he was taken to a block house, his hands tied, the +rope about his neck fastened to a beam of the building, +and three warriors left to guard him for the night.</p> +<p>If the feelings of Slover would have permitted him +to enjoy sleep, the conduct of the guard would have prevented +it. They delighted in keeping alive in his mind +the shocking idea of the suffering which he would have to +endure, & frequently asking him “how he would like to +eat fire,” tormented him nearly all night. Awhile before +day however, they fell asleep, and Slover commenced untying +himself. Without much difficulty he loosened the +cord from his arms, but the ligature around his neck, of +undressed buffalo-hide, seemed to defy his exertions to remove +it; and while he was endeavoring to gnaw it in vain, +one of the sleeping Indians, rose up and going near to him, +sat and smoked his pipe for some time. Slover lay perfectly +still, apprehensive that all chance of escape was now +lost to him. But no––the Indian again composed himself +to sleep, and the first effort afterwards made, to loose the +band from his neck by slipping it over his head, resulted +in leaving Slover entirely unbound. He then crept softly +from the house and leaping a fence, gained the cornfield. +Passing on, as he approached a tree, he espied a squaw with +several children lying at its root; and fearing that some +of them might discover him and give the alarm of his +[248] escape, he changed his course. He soon after reached +a glade, in which were several horses, one of which he +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_338' name='page_338'></a>338</span> +caught; and also found a piece of an old rug, which afforded +him his only covering until he reached Wheeling. +This he was enabled to do in a few days, being perfectly +acquainted with the country.</p> +<p>The town, from which Slover escaped, was the one to +which Dr. Knight was to have been taken. The Indian +who had him in charge, came in while Slover was there, +and reported his escape––magnifying the Doctor’s stature +to gigantic size and attributing to him herculean strength. +When Slover acquainted the warriors with the fact, that +Doctor Knight was diminutive and effeminate, they +laughed heartily at this Indian, and mocked at him for +suffering the escape. He however bore a mark which +showed that, weak and enfeebled as he was, the Doctor +had not played booty when he aimed the blow at his conductor.––It +had penetrated to the skull and made a gash +of full four inches length.</p> +<p>These are but few of the many incidents which no +doubt occurred, to individuals who endeavored to effect an +escape by detaching themselves from the main army. The +number of those, thus separated from the troops, who had +the good fortune to reach the settlements, was small indeed; +and of the many of them who fell into the hands +of the savages, Knight and Slover are believed to be the +only persons, who were so fortunate as to make an escape. +The precise loss sustained in the expedition, was never +ascertained, and is variously represented from ninety to +one hundred and twenty.</p> +<p>Among those of the troops who went out under Col. +Crawford, that came into Wheeling, was a man by the +name of Mills.<a name='FNanchor_0245' id='FNanchor_0245'></a><a href='#Footnote_0245' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> Having rode very fast, and kept his horse +almost continually travelling, he was forced to leave him, +near to the present town of St. Clairsville in Ohio. Not +liking the idea of loosing him altogether, upon his arrival +at Wheeling he prevailed on Lewis Wetsel<a name='FNanchor_0246' id='FNanchor_0246'></a><a href='#Footnote_0246' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> to go with +him to the place where his horse gave out, to see if they +could not find him. Apprehensive that the savages would +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_339' name='page_339'></a>339</span> +pursue the fugitives to the border of the settlements, +Wetsel advised Mills that their path would not be free +from dangers, and counselled him to “prepare for fighting.”</p> +<p>When they came near to the place where the horse had +been left, they met a party of about forty Indians going towards +[249] the Ohio river and who discovered Mills and +Wetsel as soon as these saw them. Upon the first fire +from the Indians Mills was wounded in the heel, and soon +overtaken and killed. Wetzel singled out his mark, shot, +and seeing an Indian fall, wheeled and ran. He was immediately +followed by four of the savages, who laid aside +their guns that they might the more certainly overtake +him. Having by practice, acquired the art of loading his +gun as he ran, Wetsel was indifferent how near the savages +approached him, if he were out of reach of the rifles of +the others. Accordingly, keeping some distance ahead of +his pursuers whilst re-loading his gun, he relaxed his speed +until the foremost Indian had got within ten or twelve +steps of him. He then wheeled, shot him dead, and again +took to flight. He had now to exert his speed to keep in +advance of the savages ’till he should again load, & when +this was accomplished and he turned to fire, the second +Indian was near enough to catch hold of the gun, when as +Wetsel expressed it, “<i>they had a severe wring</i>.” At length +he succeed in raising the muzzle to the breast of his antagonist, +and killed him also.</p> +<p>In this time both the pursuers and pursued had become +much jaded, and although Wetsel had consequently +a better opportunity of loading quickly, yet taught wariness +by the fate of their companions, the two remaining +savages would spring behind trees whenever he made a +movement like turning towards them. Taking advantage +of a more open piece of ground, he was enabled to fire on +one of them who had sought protection behind a sapling +too small to screen his body. The ball fractured his thigh, +and produced death. The other, instead of pressing upon +Wetsel, uttered a shrill yell, and exclaiming, “no catch +<i>him</i>, gun always loaded,” returned to his party.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_340' name='page_340'></a>340</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[250] CHAPTER XV.</p> +<p>While expeditions were carrying on by the whites, +against the Moravian and other Indians, the savages were +prosecuting their accustomed predatory and exterminating +war, against several of the settlements. Parties of Indians, +leaving the towns to be defended by the united exertions +of contiguous tribes, would still penetrate to the +abode of the whites, and with various success, strive to +avenge on them their real and fancied wrongs.</p> +<p>On the 8th of March as William White, Timothy +Dorman and his wife, were going to, and in site of Buchannon +fort, some guns were discharged at them, and +White being shot through the hip soon fell from his horse, +and was tomahawked, scalped and lacerated in the most +frightful manner.<a name='FNanchor_0247' id='FNanchor_0247'></a><a href='#Footnote_0247' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a>––Dorman and his wife were taken +prisoners. The people in the fort heard the firing and +flew to arms; but the river being between, the savages +cleared themselves, while the whites were crossing over.</p> +<p>After the killing of White (one of their most active +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_341' name='page_341'></a>341</span> +and vigilant warriors and spies) and the capture of Dorman, +it was resolved to abandon the fort, and seek elsewhere, +security from the greater ills which it was found +would befall them if they remained. This apprehension +arose from the fact, that Dorman was then with the savages, +and that to gratify his enmity to particular individuals +in the settlement, he would unite with the Indians, +and <i>from his knowledge of the</i> [251] <i>country, be enabled</i> to +conduct them the more securely to blood and plunder. He +was a man of sanguinary and revengeful disposition, +prone to quarrelling, and had been known to say, that if +he caught particular individuals with whom he was at variance, +in the woods alone, he would murder them and attribute +it to the savages. He had led, when in England, a +most abandoned life, and after he was transported to this +country, was so reckless of reputation and devoid of shame +for his villainies, that he would often recount tales of theft +and robbery in which he had been a conspicuous actor. +The fearful apprehensions of increased and aggravated injuries +after the taking of him prisoner, were well-founded; +and subsequent events fully proved, that, but for the evacuation +of the fort, and the removal of the inhabitants, all +would have fallen before the fury of savage warriors, with +this abandoned miscreant at their head.</p> +<p>While some of the inhabitants of that settlement +were engaged in moving their property to a fort in Tygart’s +Valley (the others removing to Nutter’s fort and +Clarksburg,) they were fired upon by a party of savages, +and two of them, Michael Hagle and Elias Paynter, fell. +The horse on which John Bush was riding, was shot +through; yet Bush succeeded in extricating himself from +the falling animal, and escaped though closely pursued by +one of the savages. Several times the Indian following +him, would cry out to him, “<i>Stop, and you shall not be +hurt––If you do not, I will shoot you</i>,” and once Bush, +nearly exhausted, and in despair of getting off, actually +relaxed his pace for the purpose of yielding himself a +prisoner, when turning round he saw the savage stop also, +and commence loading his gun. This inspired Bush with +fear for the consequences, and renewing his flight he made +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_342' name='page_342'></a>342</span> +his escape. Edward Tanner, a mere youth, was soon +taken prisoner, and as he was being carried to their towns, +met between twenty and thirty savages, headed by Timothy +Dorman, proceeding to attack Buchannon fort. Learning +from him that the inhabitants were moving from it, and +that it would be abandoned in a few days, the Indians +pursued their journey with so much haste, that Dorman +had well nigh failed from fatigue. They arrived however, +too late, for the accomplishment of their bloody purpose; +the settlement was deserted, and the inhabitants safe +within the walls of other fortresses.</p> +<p>[252] A few days after the evacuation of the fort, some +of its former inmates went from Clarksburg to Buchannon +for grain which had been left there. When they came in +sight, they beheld a heap of ashes where the fort had +been; and proceeding on, became convinced that the savages +were yet lurking about. They however, continued +to go from farm to farm collecting the grain, but with the +utmost vigilance and caution, and at night went to an out +house, near where the fort had stood. Here they found a +paper, with the name of Timothy Dorman attached to it, +dated at the Indian towns, and containing information of +those who had been taken captive in that district of +country.</p> +<p>In the morning early, as some of the men went from +the house to the mill, they saw the savages crossing the +river, Dorman being with them. Thinking it best to impress +them with a belief that they were able to encounter +them in open conflict, the men advanced towards them,––calling +to their companions in the house, to come on. The +Indians fled hastily to the woods, and the whites, not so +rash as to pursue them, returned to the house, and secured +themselves in it, as well as they could. At night, Captain +George Jackson went privately forth from the house, and +at great hazzard of being discovered by the waylaying +savages, proceeded to Clarksburg, where he obtained such +a reinforcement as enabled him to return openly and escort +his former companions in danger, from the place of +its existence.</p> +<p>Disappointed in their hopes of involving the inhabitants +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_343' name='page_343'></a>343</span> +of the Buchannon settlements in destruction, the savages +went on to the Valley. Here, between Westfall’s and +Wilson’s forts, they came upon John Bush and his wife, +Jacob Stalnaker and his son Adam. The two latter being +on horse back and riding behind Bush and his wife, were +fired at, and Adam fell. The old gentleman, rode briskly +on, but some of the savages were before him and endeavored +to catch the reins of his bridle, and thus stop his flight. +He however, escaped them all. The horse from which +Adam Stalnaker had fallen, was caught by Bush, and both +he and Mrs. Bush got safely away on him.</p> +<p>The Indians then crossed the Alleghany mountains, +and coming to the house of Mrs. Gregg, (Dorman’s former +master) made an attack on it. A daughter of that gentleman, +alone fell a victim to their thirst for blood. When +taken prisoner, [253] she refused to go with them, and +Dorman sunk his tomahawk into her head and then +scalped her. She however, lived several days and related +the circumstances above detailed.</p> +<p>After the murder of John Thomas and his family in +1781, the settlement on Booth’s creek was forsaken, and +its inhabitants went to Simpson’s creek, for greater security. +In the Spring John Owens procured the assistance +of some young men about Simpson’s creek, and proceeded +to Booth’s creek for the purpose of threshing some wheat +at his farm there.––While on a stack throwing down +sheaves, several guns were fired at him by a party of twelve +Indians, concealed not far off. Owens leapt from the +stack, and the men caught up their guns. They could +not, however, discover any one of the savages in their +covert and thought it best to retreat to Simpson’s creek +and strengthen their force before they ventured in pursuit +of their enemy. They accordingly did so, and when they +came again to Booth’s creek, the Indians had decamped, +taking with them the horses left at Owens’. The men +however found their trail and followed it until night.––Early +next morning, crossing the West Fork at Shinnston, +they went on in pursuit and came within sight of +the Indian camp, and seeing some of the savages lying +near their fires, fired at them, but, as was believed without +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_344' name='page_344'></a>344</span> +effect. The Indians again took to flight; and as they +were hastening on, one of them suddenly wheeled and +fired upon his pursuers. The ball passed through the +hunting-shirt of one of the men, & Benjamin Coplin +(then an active, enterprising young man) returning the +shot, an Indian was seen suddenly to spring into a laurel +thicket. Not supposing that Coplin’s ball had taken effect, +they followed the other savages some distance farther, and +as they returned got the horses and plunder left at the +camp. Some time afterwards a gun was found in the +thicket, into which the Indian sprang, and it was then +believed that Coplin’s shot had done execution.</p> +<p>In the same spring the Indians made their appearance +on Crooked run, in Monongalia county. Mr. Thomas +Pindall, having been one day at Harrison’s fort, at a time +when a greater part of the neighbourhood had gone +thither for safety, prevailed on three young men, (Harrison, +Crawford and Wright, to return and spend the night +with him.) Some time after they had been abed, the females +waked Mr. Pindall, and telling him that they had +heard several times a noise very much [254] resembling +the whistling on a charger, insisted on going directly to +the fort. The men heard nothing, and being inclined to +believe that the fears of the females had given to the +blowing of the wind, that peculiar sound, insisted that +there was no danger and that it would be unpleasant to +turn out then, as the night was very dark. Hearing +nothing after this, for which they could not readily account, +the men rose in the morning unapprehensive of interruption; +and the females, relieved of their fears of being molested +by savages during the night, continued in bed. +Mr. Pindall walked forth to the woods to catch a horse, +and the young men went to the spring hard by, for +the purpose of washing. While thus engaged three guns +were fired at them, and Crawford and Wright were killed. +Harrison fled and got safely to the fort.</p> +<p>The females alarmed at the report of the guns, sprang +out of bed and hastened towards the fort, pursued by the +Indians. Mrs. Pindall was overtaken and killed, but Rachael +Pindall, her sister-in-law, escaped safely to the fort. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_345' name='page_345'></a>345</span></p> +<p>In June some Indians came into the neighborhood of +Clarksburg, and not meeting with an opportunity of killing +or making prisoners any of the inhabitants without +the town, one of them, more venturous than the rest, +came so near as to shoot Charles Washburn as he was +chopping a log of wood in the lot, and then running up, +with the axe, severed his skull, scalped him, and fled +safely away. Three of Washburn’s brothers had been +previously murdered by the savages.</p> +<p>In August as Arnold and Paul Richards were returning +to Richard’s fort, they were shot at by some Indians, +lying hid in a cornfield adjoining the fort, and both fell +from their horses. The Indians leaped over the fence immediately +and tomahawked and scalped them.</p> +<p>These two men were murdered in full view of the +fort, and the firing drew its inmates to the gate to ascertain +its cause. When they saw that the two Richards’ were +down, they rightly judged that Indians had done the +deed; and Elias Hughes, ever bold and daring, taking +down his gun, went out alone at the back gate, and entered +the cornfield, into which the savages had again retired, to +see if he could not avenge on one of them the murder of +his friends. Creeping softly along, he came in view of +them standing near the fence, reloading their guns, and +looking intently at the people at the fort gate. Taking +[255] a deliberate aim at one of them, he touched the +trigger. His gun flashed, and the Indians alarmed ran +speedily away.</p> +<p>A most shocking scene was exhibited some time before +this, on Muddy creek in Pennsylvania. On the 10th +of May as the Reverend John Corbly, his wife and five +children were going to meeting, (Mr. Corbly being a short +distance behind) they were attacked by a party of savages +waylaying the road. The shrieks of Mrs. Corbly +and the children, drew the husband and father to the fatal +spot. As he was approaching, his wife called to him, “to +fly,” He knew that it was impossible for him to contend +successfully against the fearful odds opposed to him, and +supposing that his family would be carried away as prisoners, +and that he would be enabled either to recover +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_346' name='page_346'></a>346</span> +them by raising a company and pursuing the savages, or +to ransom them, if conducted to the Indian towns, he complied +with her wish, and got safely off, though pursued by +one of the savages. But it was not their intention to +carry them into captivity. They delighted too much, to +look upon the lifeblood flowing from the heart; and accordingly +shed it most profusely. The infant in its +mother’s arms was the first on whom their savage fury +fell,––it was tomahawked and scalped. The mother then +received several severe blows, but not falling, was shot +through the body, by the savage who chased her husband; +and then scalped. Into the brains of a little son, six years +old, their hatchets were sunk to the heft. Two little girls, +of two and four years of age, were tomahawked and +scalped. The eldest child, also a daughter, had attempted to +escape by concealing herself in a hollow log, a few rods from +the scene of action. From her hiding place, she beheld all +that was done, and when the bleeding scalp was torn from +the head of her last little sister, & she beheld the savages +retiring from the desolation which they had wrought, +she crawled forth from concealment. It was too soon. +One of the savages yet lingered near, to feast to satiety on +the horrid spectacle. His eyes caught a glimpse of her as +she crept from the log, and his tomahawk and scalping +knife became red with her blood.</p> +<p>When Mr. Corbly returned, all his hopes vanished. +Which ever way he turned, the mangled body of some one +of his family was presented to his view. His soul sickened +at the contemplation of the scene, and he fainted and fell. +When he had revived, he was cheered with the hope that +some of [256] them might yet survive. Two of his +daughters had manifested symptoms of returning life, and +with care and attention were restored to him.</p> +<p>Thus far in the year 1782, the settlements only suffered +from the accustomed desultory warfare of the savages. No +numerous collection of Indians had crossed their border,––no +powerful army of warriors, threatening destruction to +the forts, those asylums of their safety, had appeared +among them.––But the scene was soon to change.</p> +<p>In August, there was a grand council convened at Chilicothe, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_347' name='page_347'></a>347</span> +in which the Wyandots, the Shawanees, the Mingoes, +the Tawas, Pottowatomies, and various other tribes +were represented.<a name='FNanchor_0248' id='FNanchor_0248'></a><a href='#Footnote_0248' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> Girty and McKee––disgraces to human +nature––aided in their deliberations. The surrender of +Cornwallis, which had been studiously kept secret from +the Indians, was now known to them, and the war between +Great Britain and the United States, seemed to them to +be verging to a close.––Should a peace ensue, they feared +that the concentrated strength of Virginia, would bear +down upon them and crush them at once. In anticipation +of this state of things, they had met to deliberate, what +course it best became them to pursue. Girty addressed +the council. He reminded them of the gradual encroachments +of the whites;––of the beauty of Kentucky and its +value to them as a hunting ground.––He pointed out to +them the necessity of greater efforts to regain possession +of that country, and warned them that if they did not +combine their strength to change the present state of things, +the whites would soon leave them no hunting grounds; +and they would consequently, have no means of procuring +rum to cheer their hearts, or blankets to warm their +bodies. His advice was well received and they determined +to continue the war.<a name='FNanchor_0249' id='FNanchor_0249'></a><a href='#Footnote_0249' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<p>When the council was adjourned, the warriors proceeded +to execute its determinations. Two armies, the +one of six hundred, and the other three hundred and fifty +men, prepared to march, each to it assigned station––The +larger was destined to operate against Kentucky, while +the smaller, was to press upon North Western Virginia; +and each was abundantly supplied with the munitions of +war.<a name='FNanchor_0250' id='FNanchor_0250'></a><a href='#Footnote_0250' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> Towards the last of August the warriors who were +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_348' name='page_348'></a>348</span> +to act in Kentucky, appeared before Bryant’s station, south +of Licking river, and placed themselves under covert +during night,<a name='FNanchor_0251' id='FNanchor_0251'></a><a href='#Footnote_0251' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> and in advantageous [257] situations for +firing upon the station, so soon as its doors should be +thrown open.</p> +<p>There were at that time but few inhabitants occupying +that station. William Bryant, its founder, and one in +whose judgment, skill and courage, many confidently reposed +for security from savage enormity, had been unfortunately +discovered by some Indians near the mouth of +Cane run, and killed.––His death caused most of those +who had come to that place from North Carolina, to forsake +the station, and return to their own country. Emigrants +from Virginia, arriving some short time before, and +among whom was Robert Johnson, (the father of Richard +M. Johnson) to a certain extent supplied this desertion; +yet it was in respect to numbers so far inferior to the savage +forces, that the most resolute shuddered in apprehension +of the result.</p> +<p>The station too, was at that time, careless and inattentive +to its own defence; not anticipating the appearance +of a savage army before its gates. Indeed had the +Indians delayed their attack a few hours, it would have +been in almost an entirely defenceless condition; as the +men were on that morning to have left it, for the purpose +of aiding in the defence of another station, which was +then understood to be assailed by an army of Indians. +Fortunately however, for the inhabitants, as soon as the +doors of some of the cabins were opened in the morning, +the savages commenced the fire, and thus admonished +them of danger, while it was not yet too late to provide +against it.</p> +<p>The Indians in the attack on Bryant’s station practised +their usual stratagem, to ensure their success. It was +begun on the south-east angle of the station, by one hundred +warriors, while the remaining five hundred were +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_349' name='page_349'></a>349</span> +concealed in the woods on the opposite side, ready to take +advantage of its unprotected situation when, as they anticipated, +the garrison would concentrate its strength, to +resist the assault on the south-east. But their purpose +was fully comprehended by the garrison, and instead of +returning the fire of the one hundred, they secretly sent +an express to Lexington for assistance, and commenced +repairing the pallisades, and putting themselves in the best +possible condition to withstand the fury of the assailants. +Aware that the Indians were posted near the spring, and +believing that they would not fire unless some of the men +should be seen going thither, the women [258] were sent +to bring in water for the use of the garrison. The event +justified their expectations––The concealed Indians, still +farther to strengthen the belief, that their whole force were +engaged in the attack on the south-east, forbore to fire, +or otherwise contradict the impression which they had +studiously sought to make on the minds of its inmates.</p> +<p>When a sufficiency of water had been provided, and +the station placed in a condition of defence, thirteen men +were sent out in the direction from which the assault was +made. They were fired upon by the assailing party of one +hundred, but without receiving any injury; and retired +again within the pallisades. Instantly the savages rushed +to the assault of, what they deemed, the unprotected side +of the station, little doubting their success. A steady, well +directed fire, put them quickly to flight. Some of the +more desperate and daring however, approached near +enough to fire the houses, some of which were consumed; +but a favorable wind drove the flames from the mass of +the buildings and the station escaped conflagration.</p> +<p>Disappointed of the expected success of their first +stratagem, the assailants withdrew a short distance, and +concealed themselves under the bank of the creek, to await +the arrival of the assistance, which was generally sent to +a besieged fort or station, arranging themselves in ambushment +to intercept its approach.</p> +<p>When the express from Bryant’s station reached Lexington, +the male inhabitants had left there to aid in the +defence of Holder’s station, which was reported to be attacked. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_350' name='page_350'></a>350</span> +Following on their route, they overtook them at +Boonesborough, and sixteen mounted, and thirty footmen +were immediately detached to aid the inhabitants of Bryant’s +station. When this reinforcement came near, the +firing had entirely ceased, no enemy was visible, and they +approached in the confidence that all was well. A sudden +discharge of shot from the savages in ambush, dispelled that +hope. The horsemen however, passed safely by. The cloud +of dust produced by the galloping of their horses, obscured +the view and hindered the otherwise deadly aim of the Indians. +The footmen were less fortunate. Two of them +were killed, and four wounded; and but for the luxuriant +growth of corn in the field through which they passed, +nearly all must have fallen, before the overwhelming force +of the enemy.</p> +<p>[259] Thus reinforced, the garrison did not for an instant +doubt of safety; while the savages became hopeless +of success by force of arms, and resorted to another expedient +to gain possession of the station. In the twilight +of evening, Simon Girty covertly drew near, and mounting +on a stump from which he could be distinctly heard, +demanded the surrender of the place. He told the garrison, +that a reinforcement, with cannon, would arrive that +night, and that this demand was suggested by <i>his humanity</i>, +as the station must ultimately fall, and he could assure +them of protection if they surrendered, but could not if +the Indians succeeded by storm; and then demanded, if +“they knew who was addressing them.” A young man +by the name of Reynolds, (fearing the effect which the +threat of cannon might have upon the garrison, as the fate +of Ruddle’s and Martin’s stations was yet fresh in their +recollections,) replied, that he “knew him well, and held +him in such contempt, that he had named a worthless dog +which he had <span class='smcap'>Simon Girty</span>; that his reinforcements and +threats, were not heeded by the garrison, who expected to +receive before morning such an auxiliary force as would enable +them to give a good account of the cowardly wretches +that followed him, whom he held in such contempt +that he had prepared a number of switches with which to +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_351' name='page_351'></a>351</span> +drive them out of the country if they remained there +’till day.”<a name='FNanchor_0252' id='FNanchor_0252'></a><a href='#Footnote_0252' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>Affecting to deplore their obstinacy, Girty retired, +and during the night, the main body of the Indian army +marched off, leaving a few warriors to keep up an occasional +firing and the semblance of a siege.<a name='FNanchor_0253' id='FNanchor_0253'></a><a href='#Footnote_0253' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<p>Shortly after the retreat of the savages, one hundred +and sixty men, from Lexington, Harrodsburg and Boonesborough, +assembled at Bryant’s station, and determined +to pursue them.<a name='FNanchor_0254' id='FNanchor_0254'></a><a href='#Footnote_0254' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> Prudence should have prevailed with +them to await the arrival of Colonel Logan, who was +known to be collecting additional forces from the other +station; but brave and fearless, well equipped, and burning +with ardent desire to chastise their savage invaders, +they rather indiscreetly chose to march on, unaided, +sooner than risk suffering the enemy to retire, by delaying +for other troops. But the Indians had no wish to +retire, to avoid the whites. The trail left by them, to the +experienced eye of Daniel Boone, furnished convincing +evidence, that they were only solicitous to conceal their +numbers, in reality to tempt pursuit.</p> +<p>[260] When the troops arrived at the Lower Blue +Licks, they saw the only Indians, which had met their +eye on the route. These were slowly ascending the ridge +on the opposite side of the river. The party was halted, +and Boone consulted as to what course it would be best +to pursue. He was of opinion that the savage force +was much greater, than most had been led to believe by +the appearance of the trail, and anticipating pursuit, were +then in ambush in the ravines; and he advised that the +force be divided into two equal parts, the one, marching +up the river, to cross it at the mouth of Elk creek, above +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_352' name='page_352'></a>352</span> +the upper ravine, while the other party should take a position +below for the purpose of co-operating whenever occasion +might require; but that neither party should by +any means cross the river, until spies were sent out to +learn the position and strength of the enemy.<a name='FNanchor_0255' id='FNanchor_0255'></a><a href='#Footnote_0255' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> The officers +generally were inclined to follow the counsel of Boone, +but Major McGary, remarkable for impetuosity, exclaiming, +“Let all who are not cowards, follow me,” spurred +his horse into the river. The whole party caught the contagious +rashness,––all rushed across the river. There was +no order,––no arrangement––no unity or concert. None +“paused in their march of terror,” lest “we should hover +o’er the path,” but each, following his own counsel, moved +madly towards the sheltered ravines and wooded ground, +where Boone had predicted the savages lay hid. The +event justified the prediction, and showed the wisdom of +his counsel.</p> +<p>At the head of a chosen band of warriors, Girty<a name='FNanchor_0256' id='FNanchor_0256'></a><a href='#Footnote_0256' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> advanced +with fierceness upon the whites, from the advantageous +position which he covertly occupied, and “madness, +despair and death succeed, the conflict’s gathering +wrath.” The Indians had greatly the advantage in numbers, +as well as position, and the disorderly front of the +whites, gave them still greater superiority. The bravery +of the troops for a while withstood the onset, and the contest +was fierce and sanguinary ’till their right wing being +turned, a retreat became inevitable. All pressed towards +the ford, but a division of the savage army, foreseeing this, +had been placed so as to interpose between them and it; +and they were driven to a point on the river, where it +could only be crossed by swimming. Here was indeed a +scene of blood and carnage. Many were killed on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_353' name='page_353'></a>353</span> +bank; others in swimming over, and some were tomahawked +in the edge of the water. Some of those who had +been foremost in getting across the river, wheeled and +opened a steady fire upon the pursuers. Others, animated +by the example, as soon as they reached the bank discharged +their guns upon the savages, and checking them +for a while enabled many to escape death. But for this +stand, the footmen would have been much harrassed, and +very many of them entirely cut off. As it was, the loss in +slain was great. Of one hundred and seventy-six (the +number of whites,) sixty-one were killed, and eight taken +prisoners. Cols. Todd and Trigg,––Majors Harland and +Bulger,––Capts. Gordon, McBride, and a son of Daniel +Boone, were among those who fell. The loss of the savages +was never known;––they [261] were left in possession +of the battle ground, and at leisure to conceal or carry off +their dead, and when it was next visited by the whites, +none were found.<a name='FNanchor_0257' id='FNanchor_0257'></a><a href='#Footnote_0257' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<p>A most noble and generous act, performed by one of +the whites, deserves to be forever remembered. While +they were flying before the closely pursuing savages, +Reynolds (who at Bryant’s station had so cavalierly replied +to Girty’s demand of its surrender) seeing Col. Robert +Patterson, unhorsed and considerably disabled by his +wounds, painfully struggling to reach the river, sprang +from his saddle, and assisting him to occupy the relinquished +seat, enabled that veteran officer to escape, and +fell himself into the hands of the savages. He was not +long however, detained a prisoner by them. He was taken +by a party of only three Indians; and two whites passing +hurriedly on towards the river, just after, two of his captors +hastened in pursuit of them, and he was left guarded +by only one. Reynolds was cool and collected, and only +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_354' name='page_354'></a>354</span> +awaited the semblance of an opportunity, to attempt an +escape. Presently the savage in whose custody he was, +stooped to tie his moccason. Suddenly he sprang to one +side, and being fleet of foot, got safely off.</p> +<p>The battle of the Blue Licks was fought on the 19th +of August. On the next day Col. Logan, with three hundred +men, met the remnant of the troops retreating to +Bryant’s station; and learning the fatal result of the contest, +hurried on to the scene of action to bury the dead, +and avenge their fall––if the enemy should be found yet +hovering near. On his arrival not a savage was to be seen. +Flushed with victory, and exulting in their revenge, they +had retired to their towns, to feast the eyes of their brethren, +with the scalps of the slain. The field of battle presented +a miserable spectacle. All was stillness, where so +lately had arisen the shout of the impetuous, but intrepid +whites, and the whoop and yell of the savages, as they +closed in deadly conflict; not a sound was to be heard but +the hoarse cry of the vulture, flapping her wings and +mounting into the air, alarmed at the intrusion of man. +Those countenances, which had so lately beamed with +daring and defiance, were unmeaning and inexpressive; +and what with the effect produced on the dead bodies, by +the excessive heat and the mangling and disfiguration of +the tomahawk and scalping knife, scarcely one could be +distinguished from another. Friends tortured themselves +in vain, to find friends, in the huge mass of slain,––fathers +to recognize their sons. The mournful gratification of +bending over the lifeless bodies of dear relations and gazing +with intense anxiety on their pallid features, was denied +them. Undistinguished, though not unmarked, all +were alike consigned to the silent grave, amid sighs of +sorrow and denunciations of revenge.</p> +<p>An expedition against the Indian towns was immediately +resolved upon, and in September, Gen. Clarke +marched towards them, at the head of nearly one thousand +men. Being discovered on their route and the intelligence +soon spreading that an army from [262] Kentucky was +penetrating the country, the savages deserted their villages +and fled; and the expedition was thus hindered of its +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_355' name='page_355'></a>355</span> +purpose of chastising them. The towns however were +burned, and in a skirmish with a party of Indians, five of +them were killed, and seven made prisoners, with the loss +of only one man.<a name='FNanchor_0258' id='FNanchor_0258'></a><a href='#Footnote_0258' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<p>The Indian forces which were to operate against North +Western Virginia, for some time delayed their purpose, +and did not set out on their march, until awhile before the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_356' name='page_356'></a>356</span> +return of those who had been sent into Kentucky. On +their way, a question arose among them––against what +part of the country they should direct their movements––and +their division on this subject, rising by degrees ’till +it assumed a serious aspect, led many of the chiefs to determine +on abandoning the expedition; but a runner arriving +with intelligence of the great success which had +crowned the exertion of the army in Kentucky, they +changed that determination, and proceeded hastily towards +Wheeling.</p> +<p>In the first of September, John Lynn (a celebrated +spy and the same who had been with Capt. Foreman at +the time of the fatal ambuscade at Grave creek) being engaged +in watching the warriors paths, northwest of the +Ohio, discovered the Indians marching with great expedition +for Wheeling, and hastening to warn the inhabitants +of the danger which was threatening them, swam the +river, and reached the village, but a little while before the +savage army made its appearance. The fort was at this +time without any regular garrison, and depended for defence +exclusively, on the exertions of those who sought +security within its walls. The brief space of time which +elapsed between the alarm by Lynn, and the arrival of +the Indians, permitted only those who were immediately +present to retire into it, and when the attack was begun +to be made, there were not within its pallisades, twenty +effective men to oppose the assault. The dwelling house +of Col. Ebenezer Zane, standing about forty yards from +the fort, contained the military stores which had been +furnished by the government of Virginia; and as it was +admirably situated as an out post from which to annoy the +savages in their onsets, he resolved on maintaining possession +of it, as well to aid in the defence of the fort, as +for the preservation of the ammunition. Andrew Scott, +George Green, Mrs. Zane, Molly Scott and Miss McCullough, +were all who remained with him. The kitchen +(adjoining) was occupied by Sam (a negro belonging to +Col, Zane) and Kate, his wife.––Col. Silas Zane commanded +in the fort.</p> +<p>When the savage army approached, the British colors +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_357' name='page_357'></a>357</span> +were waving over them; and before a shot was discharged +at the fort, they demanded the surrender of the garrison. +No answer was deigned to this demand, but the firing of +several shot (by order of Silas Zane) at the standard +which they bore; and the savages rushed to the assault. +A well directed and brisk fire opened upon them from +Col. Zane’s house and the fort, soon drove them back. +Again they rushed forward; and again were they repulsed. +The number of [263] arms in the house and fort, and the +great exertions of the women in moulding bullets, loading +guns and handing them to the men, enabled them to fire +so briskly, yet so effectively, as to cause the savages to +recoil from every charge. The darkness of night soon +suspended their attacks, and afforded a temporary repose +to the besieged. Yet were the assailants not wholly inactive. +Having suffered severely by the galling fire poured +upon them from the house, they determined on reducing +it to ashes. For this purpose, when all was quietness and +silence, a savage, with a firebrand in his hand crawled to +the kitchen, and raising himself from the ground, waving +the torch to and fro to rekindle its flame, and about to apply +it to the building, received a shot which forced him to +let fall the engine of destruction and hobble howling away. +The vigilance of Sam had detected him, in time to thwart +his purpose.</p> +<p>On the return of light, the savages were seen yet environing +the fort, and although for some time they delayed +to renew their suspended assault, yet it was evident they +had not given over its contemplated reduction. They +were engaged in making such preparations, as they were +confident would ensure success to their exertions.</p> +<p>Soon after the firing of the preceding day had subsided, +a small boat, proceeding from Fort Pitt to the Falls +of Ohio with cannon balls for the use of the troops there, +put to shore at Wheeling; and the man who had charge of +her, although discovered and slightly wounded by the +savages, reached the postern and was admitted to the fort. +The boat of course fell into the hands of the enemy, and +they resolved on using the balls aboard, for the demolition +of the fortress. To this end they procured a log, with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_358' name='page_358'></a>358</span> +a cavity as nearly corresponding with the size of the ball, +as they could; and binding it closely with some chains +taken from a shop hard by, charged it heavily, and pointing +it towards the fort, in imagination beheld its walls +tumbling into ruin, and the garrison bleeding under the +strokes and gashes of their tomahawks and scalping knives. +All things being ready, the match was applied.––A dreadful +explosion ensued. Their cannon burst;––its slivers +flew in every direction; and instead of being the cause of +ruin to the fort, was the source of injury only to themselves. +Several were killed, many wounded, and all, dismayed +by the event. Recovering from the shock, they +presently returned with redoubled animation to the charge. +Furious from disappointment, exasperated with the unforseen +yet fatal result, they pressed to the assault with the +blindness of phrensy. Still they were received with a fire +so constant and deadly, that they were again forced to retire; +and most opportunely for the garrison.</p> +<p>When Lynn gave the alarm that an Indian army +was approaching, the fort having been for some time unoccupied +by a garrison, and Col. Zane’s house being used +as a magazine, those who retired into the fortress had to +take with them a supply of ammunition for its defence. +The supply of powder, deemed ample at the time, by reason +of the long continuance of the savages, and the repeated +[264] endeavors made by them, to storm the fort was now +almost entirely exhausted, a few loads only, remaining. +In this emergency, it became necessary to replenish their +stock, from the abundance of that article in Col. Zane’s +house. During the continuance of the last assault, apprized +of its security, and aware of the danger which +would inevitably ensue, should the savages after being +again driven back, return to the assault before a fresh supply +could be obtained, it was proposed that one of their +fleetest men should endeavor to reach the house, obtain a +keg and return with it to the fort. It was an enterprise +full of danger; but many of the chivalric spirits, then +pent up within the fortress, were willing to encounter +them all.</p> +<p>Among those who volunteered to go on this emprise, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_359' name='page_359'></a>359</span> +was Elizabeth, the younger sister of Colonel Zane. She +was then young active and athletic;––with precipitancy to +dare danger, and fortitude to sustain her in the midst of it. +Disdaining to weigh the hazard of her own life, against +the risk of that of others, when told that a man would encounter +less danger by reason of his greater fleetness, she +replied––“and should he fall, his loss will be more severely +felt. You have not one man to spare;––a woman will not +be missed in the defence of the fort.” Her services were +accepted. Divesting herself of some of her garments, as +tending to impede her progress, she stood prepared for the +hazzardous adventure; and when the gate was opened, +she bounded forth with the buoyancy of hope, and in the +confidence of success. Wrapt in amazement, the Indians +beheld her spring forward; and only exclaiming, “a squaw, +a squaw,” no attempt was made to interrupt her progress. +Arrived at the door, she proclaimed her embassy. Col. +Zane fastened a table cloth around her waist, and emptying +into it a keg of powder, again she ventured forth. +The Indians were no longer passive. Ball after ball passed +whizzing and innocuous by. She reached the gate and +entered the fort in safety.<a name='FNanchor_0259' id='FNanchor_0259'></a><a href='#Footnote_0259' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a></p> +<p>Another instance of heroic daring, deserves to be recorded +[265] here. When intelligence of the investiture +of Wheeling by the savages, reached Shepherd’s fort, a +party was immediately detached from it, to try and gain +admission into the besieged fortress, and aid in its defence. +Upon arriving in view, it was found that the attempt +would be hopeless and unavailing, and the detachment +consequently prepared to return. Francis Duke, (son-in-law +to Colonel Shepherd) was unwilling to turn his back +on a people, straitened as he knew the besieged must be, +and declared his intention of endeavoring to reach the +fort, that he might contribute to its defence. It was useless +to disuade him from the attempt;––he knew its danger, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_360' name='page_360'></a>360</span> +but he also knew their weakness, and putting spurs to his +horse, rode briskly forward, calling aloud, “open the gate,––open +the gate.” He was seen from the fort, and the gate +was loosed for his admission; but he did not live to reach +it.––Pierced by the bullets of the savages, he fell, to the +regret of all. Such noble daring, deserved a better fate.</p> +<p>During that night and the next day, the Indians still +maintained the seige, and made frequent attempts to take +the fort by storm; but they were invareiably repulsed by +the deadly fire of the garrison and the few brave men in +Colonel Zane’s house. On the third night, despairing of +success, they resolved on raising the siege; and leaving +one hundred chosen warriors to scour and lay waste the +country, the remainder of their army retreated across the +Ohio, and encamped at the Indian Spring,––five miles from +the river. Their loss in the various assaults upon the fort, +could not be ascertained; but was doubtless very considerable. +Of the garrison, none were killed and only two +wounded,––the heroic Francis Duke was the only white +who fell during the siege. The gallantry displayed by all, +both men and women, in the defence of the fort, can not +be too highly commended; but to the caution and good conduct +of those few brave individuals who occupied Colonel +Zane’s house, its preservation has been mainly attributed.</p> +<p>In the evening preceding the departure of the savages +from before Wheeling, two white men, who had been +among them for several years, and then held commands in +the army, deserted from them, and on the next morning +early were taken prisoners by Colonel Swearingen, who, +with ninety-five men, was on his way to aid in the defence +of Wheeling fort, and the chastisement of its assailants. +Learning from them [266] the determination of the savages +to withdraw from Wheeling, and detach a portion of their +force to operate in the country, he despatched runners in +every direction to alarm the country and apprize the inhabitants +of danger.<a name='FNanchor_0260' id='FNanchor_0260'></a><a href='#Footnote_0260' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a> The intelligence was received by +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_361' name='page_361'></a>361</span> +Jacob Miller when some distance from home, but apprehensive +that the meditated blow would be aimed at the +fort where he resided, he hastened thither, and arrived in +time to aid in preparing for its defence.</p> +<p>The place against which the savages directed their +operations, was situated on Buffaloe creek, twelve or fifteen +miles from its entrance into the Ohio, and was known as +Rice’s fort. Until Miller’s return there were in it only five +men; the others having gone to Hagerstown to exchange +their peltries, for salt, iron and ammunition. They immediately +set about making preparations to withstand an +assault; and in a little while, seeing the savages approaching +from every direction, forsook the cabins and repaired +to the blockhouse. The Indians perceived that they were +discovered, and thinking to take the station by storm, +shouted forth the war whoop and rushed to the assault. +They were answered by the fire of the six brave and skilful +riflemen in the house, and forced to take refuge behind +trees and fallen timber. Still they continued the firing; +occasionally calling on the whites to “<i>give up, give up. Indian +too many. Indian too big. Give up. Indian no kill.</i>” +The men had more faith in the efficacy of their guns to purchase +their safety, than in the preferred mercy of the savages; +and instead of complying with their demand, called +on them, “as cowards skulking behind logs to leave their +coverts, and shew but their yellow hides, and they would +make holes in them.”</p> +<p>The firing was kept up by the savages from their protected +situation, until night, and whenever even a remote +prospect of galling them was presented to the whites, they +did not fail to avail themselves of it. The Indian shots in +the evening, were directed principally against the stock as +it came up as usual to the station, and the field was strewed +with its dead carcases. About ten o’clock of the night +they fired a large barn (thirty or forty yards from the +blockhouse) filled with grain and hay, and the flames from +which seemed for awhile to endanger the fort; but being +situated on higher ground, and the current of air flowing +in a contrary direction, it escaped conflagration. Collecting +on the side of the fort opposite [267] to the fire, the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_362' name='page_362'></a>362</span> +Indians took advantage of the light it afforded them to +renew the attack; and kept it up until about two o’clock, +when they departed. Their ascertained loss was four warriors,––three +of whom were killed by the first firing of +the whites,––the other about sundown. George Folebaum +was the only white who suffered. Early in the attack, +he was shot in the forehead, through a port-hole, and +instantly expired; leaving Jacob Miller, George Leffler, +Peter Fullenwieder, Daniel Rice and Jacob Leffler, junior, +sole defenders of the fort; and bravely and effectually did +they preserve it, from the furious assaults of one hundred +chosen savage warriors.</p> +<p>Soon after the Indians left Rice’s fort, they moved +across the hills in different directions and in detached +parties. One of these observing four men proceeding towards +the fort which they had lately left, waylaid the +path and killed two of them on the first fire. The remaining +two fled hastily; and one of them swift of foot, +soon made his escape. The other, closely pursued by one +of the savages, and in danger of being overtaken, wheeled +to fire. His gun snapped, and he again took to flight. +Yet more closely pressed by his pursuer, he once more attempted +to shoot. Again his gun snapped, and the savage +being now near enough, hurled a tomahawk at his head. +It missed its object and both strained every nerve for the +chase. The Indian gained rapidly upon him; and reaching +forth his arm, caught hold of the end of his belt. It +had been tied in a bow-knot, and came loose.––Sensible +that the race must soon terminate to his disadvantage unless +he could kill his pursuer, the white man once more +tried his gun. It fired; and the savage fell dead at his +feet.</p> +<p>Some time in the summer of this year, a party of Wyandots, +consisting of seven warriors, (five of whom were, +one of the most distinguished chiefs of that nation and his +four brothers) came into one of the intermediate settlements +between Fort Pitt and Wheeling, killed an old man +whom they found alone, robbed his cabin, and commenced +retreating with the plunder. They were soon discovered +by spies; and eight men, two of whom were Adam and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_363' name='page_363'></a>363</span> +Andrew Poe, (brothers, remarkable for uncommon size, +great activity, and undaunted bravery) went in pursuit of +them. Coming on their trail not far from the Ohio, Adam +Poe, fearing an ambuscade, left his companions [268] to +follow it, while he moved across to the river under cover +of the high weeds and bushes, with the view to attack +them in the rear should he find them situated as he expected.––Presently +he espied an Indian raft at the water’s +edge, but seeing nothing of the savages, moved cautiously +down the bank; and when near the foot, discovered the +large Wyandot chief and a small Indian standing near +and looking intently towards the party of whites, then +some distance lower down the bottom. Poe raised his +gun, and aiming surely at the chief, pulled trigger. It +missed fire, and the snap betrayed his presence. Too near +to retreat, he sprang forward; and seizing the large Indian +by the breast, and at the same instant encircling his arms +around the neck of the smaller one, threw them both to +the ground. Extricating himself from the grasp of Poe, +the small savage raised his tomahawk; but as he aimed +the blow, a vigorous and well directed kick, staggered +him back, and he let fall the hatchet. Recovering quickly, +he aimed several blows in defiance and exultation,––the +vigilance of Poe distinguished the real from the feigned +stroke, and suddenly throwing up his arm, averted it from +his head, but received a wound in his wrist. By a violent +effort, he freed himself from the grip of the chief, and +snatching up a gun, shot his companion through the +breast, as he advanced the third time with the tomahawk.</p> +<p>In this time the large chief had regained his feet; and +seizing Poe by the shoulder and leg threw him to the +ground.––Poe however, soon got up, and engaged with +the savage in a close struggle, which terminated in the fall +of both into the water. Now it became the object of each +to drown his antagonist, and the efforts to accomplish this +were continued for some time with alternate success;––first +one and then the other, being under water. At length, +catching hold of the long tuft of hair which had been +suffered to grow on the head of the chief, Poe held him +under water, until he supposed him dead; but relaxing +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_364' name='page_364'></a>364</span> +his hold too soon, the gigantic savage was again on his +feet and ready for another grapple. In this both were +carried beyond their depth, and had to swim for safety. +Both sought the shore, and each, with all his might, +strained every nerve to reach it first that he might end +the conflict with one of the guns lying on the beach. The +Indian was the more expert swimmer, and Poe, outstripped +by him, turned and swam farther into the river, +in the hope of avoiding being [269] shot by diving. +Fortunately his antagonist laid hold on the gun which had +been discharged at the little Indian, and he was enabled +to get some distance into the river.</p> +<p>At this juncture, two others of the whites came up; +and one of them mistaking Poe for a wounded savage attempting +to escape, shot and wounded him in the shoulder. +He then turned to make for shore, and seeing his brother +Andrew on the bank, called to him to “shoot the big Indian.” +Having done this, Andrew plunged into the river +to assist Adam in getting out; and the wounded savage, +to preserve his scalp, rolled himself into the water, and +struggling onward, sunk and could not be found.</p> +<p>During the continuance of this contest, the whites +had overtaken the other five Indians, and after a desperate +conflict, succeeded in killing all but one; with the loss of +three of their companions.––A great loss, when the number +engaged is taken into consideration.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_365' name='page_365'></a>365</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[270] CHAPTER XVI.</p> +<p>The treaty of peace between the United States and +Great Britain, which terminated so gloriously the war of +the revolution, did not put a period to Indian hostilities.<a name='FNanchor_0261' id='FNanchor_0261'></a><a href='#Footnote_0261' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> +The aid which had been extended to the savages, and +which enabled them so successfully to gratify their implacable +resentment against the border country, being +withdrawn, they were less able to cope with the whites +than they had been, and were less a hindrance to the population +and improvement of those sections of country +which had been the theatre of their many outrages. In +North Western Virginia, indeed, although the war continued +to be waged against its inhabitants, yet it assumed +a different aspect. It became a war rather of plunder, +than of blood; and although in the predatory incursions +of the Indians, individuals some times fell a sacrifice to +savage passion; yet this was of such rare occurrence, that +the chronicles of those days are divested of much of the +interest, which attaches to a detail of Indian hostilities. +For several years, scarce an incident occurred worthy of +being rescued from oblivion.</p> +<p>In Kentucky it was far otherwise. The war continued +to be prosecuted there, with the wonted vigor of the savages.––The +General Assembly of Virginia having, at the +close of the revolution, passed an act for surveying the +land set apart for her officers and soldiers, south of Green +river, the surveyors descended to the Ohio, to explore the +country and perform the duties assigned them. On their +arrival they found it occupied by the savages, and acts of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_366' name='page_366'></a>366</span> +hostilities immediately [271] ensued. In December, 1783, +the Legislature likewise passed an act, appropriating the +country between the Scioto and Miami rivers, for the purpose +of satisfying the claims of the officers and soldiers, if +the land previously allotted, in Kentucky, should prove +insufficient for that object. This led to a confederacy of +the many tribes of Indians, interested in those sections of +country, and produced such feelings and gave rise to such +acts of hostility on their part, as induced Benjamin Harrison +the Governor of Virginia, in November, 1784, to recommend +the postponement of the surveys; and in January, +1785, a proclamation was issued, by Patrick Henry, (successor +of Gov. Harrison) commanding the surveyors to desist +and leave the country. A treaty was soon after concluded, +by which the country on the Scioto, Miami, and +Muskingum, was ceded to the United States.<a name='FNanchor_0262' id='FNanchor_0262'></a><a href='#Footnote_0262' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> In this interval +of time, North Western Virginia enjoyed almost +uninterrupted repose. There was indeed an alarm of Indians, +on Simpson’s creek in 1783, but it soon subsided; +and the circumstance which gave rise to it (the discharge +of a gun at Major Power) was generally attributed to a +white man.</p> +<p>In 1784, the settlement towards the head of West Fork, +suffered somewhat from savage invasion. A party of Indians +came to the house of Henry Flesher, (where the town +of Weston now is) and fired at the old gentleman, as he +was returning from the labors of the field. The gun discharged +at him, had been loaded with two balls, and both +taking effect, crippled his arm a good deal. Two savages +immediately ran towards him; and he, towards the door; +and just as he was in the act of entering it, one of them +had approached so closely as to strike at him with the butt +end of his gun. The breech came first in contact with the +facing of the door, and descending on his head, seemed +to throw him forward into the house, and his wife closing +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_367' name='page_367'></a>367</span> +the door, no attempt was made by the savages to force it +open. Still, however, they did not feel secure; and as +soon as they became assured that the savages were withdrawn, +they left the house and sought security elsewhere. +Most of the family lay in the woods during the night,––one +young woman succeeded in finding the way to Hacker’s +creek, from whence Thomas Hughes immediately departed +to find the others. This was effected early next +morning, and all were safely escorted to that settlement.</p> +<p>[272] The foregoing event happened in September, and +in a few days after, as Daniel Radcliff was proceeding to +the Brushy Fork of Elk creek on a hunting expedition, +he was shot (probably by the Indians who had been at +Flesher’s,) tomahawked and scalped in a shocking manner.</p> +<p>In 1785, six Indians came to Bingamon creek, (a branch +of the West Fork) and made their appearance upon a farm +occupied by Thomas and Edward Cunningham. At this +time the two brothers were dwelling with their families +in separate houses, but nearly adjoining, though not in a +direct line with each other. Thomas was then on a trading +visit east of the mountain, and his wife and four children +were collected in their room for the purpose of eating +dinner, as was Edward with his family, in their house. +Suddenly a lusty savage entered where were Mrs. Thomas +Cunningham and her children, but seeing that he would +be exposed to a fire from the other house, and apprehending +no danger from the woman and children, he closed +the door and seemed for a time only intent on the means +of escaping.</p> +<p>Edward Cunningham had seen the savage enter his +brother’s house, and fastened his own door, seized his gun +and stepping to a small aperture in the wall next the +house in which was the Indian, and which served as well +for a port hole as for the admission of light, was ready to +fire whenever the savage should make his appearance. +But in the other house was a like aperture, and through it +the Indian fired at Edward, and shouted the yell of victory. +It was answered by Edward. He had seen the aim +of the savage only in time to avoid it,––the bark from the +log close to his head, was knocked off by the ball and flew +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_368' name='page_368'></a>368</span> +into his face. The Indian seeing that he had missed his +object, and observing an adze in the room, deliberately +commenced cutting an aperture in the back wall through +which he might pass out without being exposed to a shot +from the other building.<a name='FNanchor_0263' id='FNanchor_0263'></a><a href='#Footnote_0263' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<p>Another of the Indians came into the yard just after the +firing of his companion, but observing Edward’s gun pointing +through the port hole, he endeavored to retreat out of +its range. He failed of his purpose. Just as he was about +to spring over the fence, the gun was fired and he fell forward. +The ball however only fractured his thigh bone, +and he was yet able to hobble over the fence and take +shelter behind a [273] coverlet suspended on it, before Edward +could again load his gun.</p> +<p>While the Indian was engaged in cutting a hole in the +wall, Mrs. Cunningham made no attempt to get out. She +was well aware that it would draw down upon her head +the fury of the savage; and that if she escaped this, she +would most probably be killed by some of those who were +watching around, before the other door could be opened +for her admission.––She knew too, that it was impossible +for her to take the children with her, and could not brook +the idea of leaving them in the hands of the savage monster. +She even trusted to the hope that he would withdraw, +as soon as he could, without molesting any of them. +A few minutes served to convince her of the fallacy of this +expectation. When the opening had been made sufficiently +large, he raised his tomahawk, sunk it deep into +the brains of one of the children, and throwing the scarcely +lifeless body into the back yard, ordered the mother to +follow after. There was no alternative but death, and she +obeyed his order, stepping over the dead body of one of +her children,<a name='FNanchor_0264' id='FNanchor_0264'></a><a href='#Footnote_0264' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> with an infant in her arms and two others +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_369' name='page_369'></a>369</span> +screaming from horror at the sight, and clinging to her. +When all were out he scalped the murdered boy, and setting +fire to the house, retired to an eminence in the field, +where two of the savages were, with their wounded companion.––leaving +the other two to watch the opening of +Edward Cunningham’s door, when the burning of the +house should force the family from their shelter. They +were disappointed in their expectation of that event by +the exertions of Cunningham and his son. When the +flame from the one house communicated to the roof of the +other, they ascended to the loft, threw off the loose boards +which covered it, and extinguished the fire;––the savages +shooting at them all the while, and their balls frequently +striking close by.</p> +<p>Despairing of accomplishing farther havoc, and fearful +of detection and pursuit, the Indians collected together +and prepared to retreat. Mrs. Cunningham’s eldest son +was first tomahawked and scalped; the fatal hatchet sunk +into the head of her little daughter, whom they then took +by the arms and legs, and slinging it repeatedly against a +tree, ended its sufferings with its life. Mrs. Cunningham +stood motionless with grief, and in momentary expectation +of having the same dealt to her and her innocent infant. +But no! She was [274] doomed to captivity; and with her +helpless babe in her arms, was led off from this scene of +horror and of wo. The wounded savage was carried on a +rough litter, and they all departed, crossing the ridge to +Bingamon creek, near which they found a cave that afforded +them shelter and concealment.<a name='FNanchor_0265' id='FNanchor_0265'></a><a href='#Footnote_0265' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> After night, they +returned to Edward Cunningham’s, and finding no one, +plundered and fired the house.</p> +<p>When the savages withdrew in the evening, Cunningham +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_370' name='page_370'></a>370</span> +went with his family into the woods, where they remained +all night, there being no settlement nearer than +eight or ten miles. In the morning, proceeding to the +nearest house, they gave the alarm and a company of men +was soon collected to go in pursuit of the Indians. When +they came to Cunningham’s and found both houses heaps +of ashes, they buried the bones which remained of the boy +who was murdered in the house, with the bodies of his +brother and little sister, who were killed in the field; but +so cautiously had the savages conducted their retreat that +no traces of them could be discovered, and the men returned +to their homes.</p> +<p>Some days after, circumstances induced the belief that +the Indians were yet in the neighborhood, and men were +again assembled for the purpose of tracing them. They +were now enabled to distinguish the trail, and pursued it +near to the cave, where from the number of rocks on the +ground and the care which had been taken by the Indians +to leave no vestige, they could no longer discover it. They +however examined for it in every direction until night +forced them to desist. In thinking over the incidents of +the day; the cave occurred to the mind of Major Robinson, +who was well acquainted with the woods, and he concluded +that the savages must be concealed in it. It was +examined early next morning, but they had left it the preceding +night and departed for their towns. After her return +from captivity, Mrs. Cunningham stated, that in time +of the search on the day before, the Indians were in the +cave, and that several times the whites approached so near, +that she could distinctly hear their voices; the savages +standing with their guns ready to fire, in the event of their +being discovered, and forcing her to keep the infant to her +breast, lest its crying might point to the place of their concealment.<a name='FNanchor_0266' id='FNanchor_0266'></a><a href='#Footnote_0266' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a></p> +<p>In consequence of their stay at this place on account +of their wounded companion, it was some time before they +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_371' name='page_371'></a>371</span> +arrived [275] in their own country;<a name='FNanchor_0267' id='FNanchor_0267'></a><a href='#Footnote_0267' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> and Mrs. Cunningham’s +sufferings, of body as well as mind were truly great. +Fatigue and hunger oppressed her sorely,––the infant in +her arms, wanting the nourishment derived from the due +sustenance of the mother, plied at the breast for milk, in +vain––blood came in stead; and the Indians perceiving +this, put a period to its sufferings, with the tomahawk, +even while clinging to its mother’s bosom. It was cast a +little distance from the path, and left without a leaf or +bush to hide it from beasts of prey.</p> +<p>The anguish of this woman during the journey to the +towns, can only be properly estimated by a parent; her +bodily sufferings may be inferred from the fact, that for +ten days her only sustenance consisted of the head of a +wild turkey and three papaws, and from the circumstance +that the skin and nails of her feet, scalded by frequent +wading of the water, came with her stockings, when upon +their arrival at a village of the Delawares, she was permitted +to draw them off. Yet was she forced to continue +on with them the next day.––One of the Indians belonging +to the village where they were, by an application of +some sanative herbs, very much relieved the pain which +she endured.</p> +<p>When she came to the town of those by whom she +had been made prisoner, although receiving no barbarous +or cruel usage, yet everything indicated to her, that she +was reserved for some painful torture. The wounded Indian +had been left behind, and she was delivered to his +father. Her clothes were not changed, as is the case when +a prisoner is adopted by them; but she was compelled to +wear them, dirty as they were,––a bad omen for a captive. +She was however, not long in apprehension of a wretched +fate. A conference was soon to take place between the +Indians and whites, preparatory to a treaty of peace; and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_372' name='page_372'></a>372</span> +witnessing an uncommon excitement in the village one +evening, upon inquiring, learned that the Great captain +Simon Girty had arrived. She determined to prevail with +him, if she could, to intercede for her liberation, and seeing +him next day passing near on horseback, she laid hold on +his stirrup, and implored his interference. For a while he +made light of her petition,––telling her that she would be +as well there as in her own country, and that if he were disposed +to do her a kindness he could not as his saddle bags +were too small to conceal her; but her importunity at length +prevailed, and he whose heart had been so long steeled +[276] against every kindly feeling, every sympathetic impression, +was at length induced to perform an act of generous, +disinterested benevolence. He paid her ransom, +had her conveyed to the commissioners for negotiating +with the Indians, and by them she was taken to a station +on the south side of the Ohio.<a name='FNanchor_0268' id='FNanchor_0268'></a><a href='#Footnote_0268' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> Here she met with two +gentlemen (Long and Denton) who had been at the treaty +to obtain intelligence of their children taken captive +some time before, but not being able to gain any information +respecting them, they were then returning to the interior +of Kentucky and kindly furnished her a horse.</p> +<p>In consequence of the great danger attending a journey +through the wilderness which lay between the settlements +in Kentucky and those on the Holstein, persons +scarcely ever performed it but at particular periods of the +year, and in caravans, the better to defend themselves +against attacks of savages. Notice of the time and place +of the assembling of one of these parties being given, Mrs. +Cunningham prepared to accompany it; but before that time +arrived, they were deterred from the undertaking by the +report that a company of travellers, stronger than theirs +would be, had been encountered by the Indians, and all +either killed or made prisoners. Soon after another party +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_373' name='page_373'></a>373</span> +resolved on a visit to Virginia, and Mrs. Cunningham was +furnished a horse belonging to a gentleman on Holstein +(which had escaped from him while on a buffalo hunt in +Kentucky and was found after his return,) to carry her +that far on her way home. Experiencing the many unpleasant +circumstances incident to such a jaunt, she reached +Holstein, and from thence, after a repose of a few days, +keeping up the Valley of Virginia, she proceeded by the +way of Shenandoah, to the county of Harrison.<a name='FNanchor_0269' id='FNanchor_0269'></a><a href='#Footnote_0269' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> Here +she was sadly disappointed in not meeting with her husband. +Having understood that she had been ransomed +and taken to Kentucky, he had, some time before, gone on +in quest of her. Anxiety for his fate, alone and on a journey +which she well knew to be fraught with many dangers, +she could not cheerily partake of the general joy excited +by her return. In a few days however, he came back. He +had heard on Holstein of her having passed there and he +retraced his steps. Arriving at his brother Edward’s, he +again enjoyed the satisfaction of being with all that was +then dear to him on earth. It was a delightful satisfaction, +but presently damped by the recollection of [277] the +fate of his luckless children––Time assuaged the bitterness +of the recollection and blessed him with other and more +fortunate children.<a name='FNanchor_0270' id='FNanchor_0270'></a><a href='#Footnote_0270' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a></p> +<p>In October 1784, a party of Indians ascended Sandy +river and passing over to the head of Clynch, came to the +settlement near where Tazewell court house is now located. +Going first to the house of a Mr. Davisson, they killed him +and his wife; and setting fire to their dwelling, proceeded +towards the residence of James Moore, sr. On their way +they met Moore salting his horses at a <i>lick trough</i> in the +woods, and killed him. They then went to the house and +captured Mrs. Moore and her seven children, and Sally +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_374' name='page_374'></a>374</span> +Ivens, a young lady who was there on a visit. Fearing +detection, they immediately departed for Ohio with the +prisoners; and in order to expedite their retreat, killed +John Moore, jr. and the three younger children.</p> +<p>Upon their arrival at the Shawanee town on the Scioto +(near the mouth of Paint creek) a council was held, and it +was resolved that two of the captives should be <i>burned +alive</i>, to avenge the death of some of their warriors who +had been killed on the Kentucky river. This dreadful +doom was allotted to Mrs. Moore and her daughter Jane,––an +interesting girl about sixteen years of age. They were +tied to a post and tortured to death with burning splinters +of pine, in the presence of the remaining members of the +family.</p> +<p>After the death of his mother and sister, James Moore +was sent to the Maumee towns in Michigan, where he remained +until December 1785,––his sister Mary and Sally +Ivins remaining with the Shawanees. In December 1786, +they were all brought to Augusta county in conformity +with the stipulations of the treaty of Miami, and ransomed +by their friends.<a name='FNanchor_0271' id='FNanchor_0271'></a><a href='#Footnote_0271' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<p>In the fall of 1796, John Ice and James Snodgrass were +killed by the Indians when looking for their horses which +they [278] had lost on a buffalo hunt on Fishing creek. +Their remains were afterwards found––the flesh torn from +the bones by the wolves––and buried.</p> +<p>In a few days after Ice and Snodgrass left home in +quest of their horses, a party of Indians came to Buffalo +creek in Monongalia, and meeting with Mrs. Dragoo and +her son in a corn field gathering beans, took them prisoners, +and supposing that their detention would induce +others to look for them, they waylaid the path leading +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_375' name='page_375'></a>375</span> +[277] from the house. According to their expectation, uneasy +at their continued absence, Jacob Strait and Nicholas +Wood went to ascertain its cause. As they approached +the Indians fired from their covert, and Wood fell;––Strait +taking to flight was soon overtaken. Mrs. Strait and her +daughter, hearing the firing and seeing the savages in +pursuit of Mr. Strait, betook themselves also to flight, but +were discovered by some of the Indians who immediately +ran after them. The daughter concealed herself in a +thicket of bushes and escaped observation. Her mother +sought concealment under a large shelving rock, and was +not afterwards discovered by the savages, although those +in pursuit of her husband, passed near and overtook him +not far off. Indeed she was at that time so close, as to +hear Mr. Strait say, when overtaken, “don’t kill me and I +will go with you;” and the savage replying “will you go +with me,” she heard the fatal blow which deprived her +husband of life.</p> +<p>Mrs. Dragoo being infirm and unable to travel to their +towns, was murdered on the way. Her son (a lad of seven) +remained with the Indians upwards of twenty years,––he +married a squaw, by whom he had four children,––two of +whom he brought home with him, when he forsook the +Indians.</p> +<p>In 1787 the Indians again visited the settlement on +Buffaloe, and as Levi Morgan was engaged in skinning a +wolf which he had just taken from his trap, he saw three +of them––one riding a horse which he well knew, the other +two walking near behind––coming towards him. On first +looking in the direction they were coming, he recognized +the horse, and supposed the rider to be its owner––one of +his near neighbors. A second glance discovered the mistake, +and he siezed his gun and sprang behind a large +rock,––the Indians at the same instant taking shelter by +the side of a large tree.––As soon as his body was obscured +from their view, he turned, and seeing the Indians looking +towards the farther end of the [279] rocks as if expecting +him to make his appearance there, he fired and one of +them fell. Instantly he had recourse to his powder horn +to reload, but while engaged in skinning the wolf the stopper +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_376' name='page_376'></a>376</span> +had fallen out and his powder was wasted. He then +fled, and one of the savages took after him. For some +time he held to his gun; but finding his pursuer sensibly +gaining on him, he dropped it under the hope that it would +attract the attention of the Indian and give him a better +chance of escape. The savage passed heedlessly by it. +Morgan then threw his shot pouch and coat in the way, to +tempt the Indian to a momentary delay. It was equally +vain,––his pursuer did not falter for an instant. He now +had recourse to another expedient to save himself from +captivity or death. Arriving at the summit of the hill up +which he had directed his steps, he halted; and, as if some +men were approaching from the other side, called aloud, +“come on, come on; here is one, make haste.” The Indian +not doubting that he was really calling to some men +at hand, turned and retreated as precipitately as he had +advanced; and when he heard Morgan exclaim, “shoot +quick, or he will be out of reach,” he seemed to redouble +his exertion to gain that desirable distance. Pleased with +the success of the artifice, Morgan hastened home; leaving +his coat and gun to reward the savage for the deception +practised on him.<a name='FNanchor_0272' id='FNanchor_0272'></a><a href='#Footnote_0272' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a></p> +<p>In September of this year, a party of Indians were +discovered in the act of catching some horses on the West +Fork above Clarksburg; and a company of men led on by +Col. Lowther, went immediately in pursuit of them.<a name='FNanchor_0273' id='FNanchor_0273'></a><a href='#Footnote_0273' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> On +the third night the Indians and whites, unknown to each +other, encamped not far apart; and in the morning the +fires of the latter being discovered by Elias Hughes, the +detachment which was accompanying him fired upon the +camp, and one of the savages fell. The remainder taking +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_377' name='page_377'></a>377</span> +[279] to flight, one of them passed near to where Col. Lowther +and the other men were, and the Colonel firing at him as +he ran, the ball entering at his shoulder, perforated him, +and he fell. The horses and plunder which had been taken +by the savages, were then collected by the whites, and they +commenced their return home, in the confidence of false +security. They had not proceeded far, when two guns +were unexpectedly fired at them, and John Bonnet fell, +pierced through the body. He died before he reached +home.<a name='FNanchor_0274' id='FNanchor_0274'></a><a href='#Footnote_0274' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a></p> +<p>[280] The Indians never thought the whites justifiable +in flying to arms to punish them for acts merely of rapine. +They felt authorized to levy contributions of this sort, whenever +an occasion served, viewing property thus acquired as +(to use their own expression) the “only rent which they received +for their lands;” and if when detected in secretly +exacting them, their blood paid the penalty, they were +sure to retaliate with tenfold fury, on the first favorable +opportunity. The murder of these two Indians by Hughes +and Lowther was soon followed by acts of retribution, +which are believed to have been, at least mediately, produced +by them.</p> +<p>On the 5th of December, a party of Indians and one +white man (Leonard Schoolcraft) came into the settlement +on Hacker’s creek, and meeting with a daughter of Jesse +Hughes, took her prisoner. Passing on, they came upon +E. West, Senr. carrying some fodder to the stable, and +taking him likewise captive, carried him to where Hughes’ +daughter had been left in charge of some of their party.––Here +the old gentleman fell upon his knees and expressed +a fervent wish that they would not deal harshly by him. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_378' name='page_378'></a>378</span> +His petition was answered by a stroke of the tomahawk, +and he fell dead.</p> +<p>They then went to the house of Edmund West, Jun. +where were Mrs. West and her sister (a girl of eleven +years old, daughter of John Hacker) and a lad of twelve, +a brother of West. Forcing open the door, Schoolcraft +and two of the savages entered; and one of them immediately +tomahawked Mrs. West. The boy was taking +some corn from under the bed,––he was drawn out by the +feet and the tomahawk sank twice in his forehead, directly +above each eye. The girl was standing behind the door. +One of the savages approached and aimed at her a blow. +She tried to evade it; but it struck on the side of her neck, +though not with sufficient force to knock her down. She +fell however, and lay as if killed. Thinking their work of +death accomplished here, they took from a press some +milk, butter and bread, placed it on the table, and deliberately +sat down to eat,––the little girl observing all that +passed, in silent stillness. When they had satisfied their +hunger, they arose, scalped the woman and boy, plundered +the house––even emptying the feathers to carry off the ticking––and +departed, dragging the little girl by the hair, forty +or fifty yards from the house. They then threw her over the +fence, and scalped her; but as she evinced symptoms of +life, Schoolcraft observed “<i>that is not enough</i>,” when immediately +one of the savages thrust a knife into her side, +and they left her. Fortunately the point of the knife +came in contact with a rib and did not injure her much.</p> +<p>Old Mrs. West and her two daughters, who were alone +when the old gentleman was taken, became uneasy that he +did not return; and fearing that he had fallen into the +hands of savages (as they could not otherwise account for +his absence) they left the house and went to Alexander +West’s, who was then on a hunting expedition with his +brother Edmund. They told of the absence of old Mr. +West and [281] their fears for his fate; and as there was +no man here, they went over to Jesse Hughes’ who was +himself uneasy that his daughter did not come home. +Upon hearing that West too was missing, he did not +doubt but that both had fallen into the hands of Indians; +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_379' name='page_379'></a>379</span> +and knowing of the absence from home of Edmund West, +Jun. he deemed it advisable to apprize his wife of danger, +and remove her to his house. For this purpose and accompanied +by Mrs. West’s two daughters, he went on. +On entering the door, the tale of destruction which had +been done there was soon told in part. Mrs. West and the +lad lay weltering in their blood, but not yet dead. The +sight overpowered the girls, and Hughes had to carry +them off.––Seeing that the savages had but just left them; +and aware of the danger which would attend any attempt +to move out and give the alarm that night, Hughes guarded +his own house until day, when he spread the sorrowful intelligence, +and a company were collected to ascertain the +extent of the mischief and try to find those who were +known to be missing.</p> +<p>Young West was found––standing in the creek about +a mile from where he had been tomahawked. The brains +were oozing from his head; yet he survived in extreme +suffering for three days. Old Mr. West was found in the +field where he had been tomahawked. Mrs. West was in +the house; she had probably lived but a few minutes after +Hughes and her sisters-in-law had left there.––The little +girl (Hacker’s daughter) was in bed at the house of old +Mr. West. She related the history of the transactions at +Edmund West’s, Jun. and said that she went to <i>sleep</i> when +thrown over the fence and was awaked by the scalping. +After she had been stabbed at the suggestion of Schoolcraft +and left, she tried to re-cross the fence to the house, +but as she was climbing up she again went to sleep and +fell back. She then walked into the woods, sheltered herself +as well as she could in the top of a fallen tree, and remained +there until the cocks crew in the morning.</p> +<p>Remembering that there was no person left alive at +the house of her sister, awhile before day she proceeded +to old Mr. West’s. She found no person at home, the fire +nearly out, but the hearth warm and she laid down on it. +The heat produced a sickly feeling, which caused her to +get up and go to the bed, in which she was found.––She +recovered, grew up, was married, gave birth to ten children, +and died, as was believed, of an affection of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_380' name='page_380'></a>380</span> +head, occasioned by the wound she received that night. +Hughes’ daughter was ransomed by her father the next +year, and is yet living in sight of the theatre of those savage +enormities.</p> +<p>In March 1789, two Indians came to the house of Mr. +Glass in the upper end of Ohio (now Brooke) county. They +were discovered by a negro woman, who immediately exclaimed, +“here are Indians.” Mrs. Glass rose up from +her spinning wheel, ran to the door, and was met by an +Indian with his gun presented. She laid hold on the muzzle +and turning it aside, begged that he would not kill, +[282] but take her prisoner. He walked into the house +and when joined by another Indian with the negro woman +and her boy, about four years old, they opened a chest, +took out a small box and some articles of clothing, and +without doing farther mischief, departed with the prisoners,––Mrs. +Glass and her child, two years of age, the negro +woman and boy and her infant child. They had proceeded +but a short distance when a consultation was held, +and Mrs. Glass supposing from their gestures and frequent +pointing towards the children they were the subject of deliberation, +held forth her little boy to one of the savages +and begged that he might be spared––adding, “he will +make a fine little Indian after awhile.” He signed to her +to go on. The other savage then struck the negro boy +with the pipe end of his tomahawk, and with the edge +gave him a blow across the back of the neck, and scalped +and left him.</p> +<p>In the evening they came to the Ohio river just above +Wellsburg, and descended it in a canoe about five miles, +to the mouth of Rush run. They drew the canoe some +distance up the run and proceeding between one and two +miles farther encamped for the night.––Next morning they +resumed their march and about two o’clock halted on Indian +Short creek, twenty miles farther.</p> +<p>When the savages came to the house of Mr. Glass he +was at work in a field some few hundred yards off, and +was ignorant that any thing extraordinary had occurred +there, until in the afternoon.––Searching in vain for his +wife, he became satisfied that she had been taken by the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_381' name='page_381'></a>381</span> +Indians; and proceeding to Well’s fort prevailed on ten +men to accompany him in quest of them. Early next +morning they discovered the place where the Indians embarked +in the canoe; and as Mr. Glass readily distinguished +the impression made by Mrs. Glass’ shoe on the +sand, they crossed the river with great expectation of being +able to overtake them. They then went down the river +to the mouth of Rush run, where the canoe was found +and identified by some of Mr. Glass’ papers, purposely +left there by Mrs. Glass. From this place the trail of the +Indians and their prisoners was plainly visible, and pursuing +it, the party arrived in view of the smoke from +their fire on Short creek, about an hour after the Indians +had halted. Crossing slyly forward, when rather more +than one hundred yards off they beheld the two savages +attentively inspecting a red jacket which one of them +held, and Mrs. Glass and her little boy and the negro +woman and her child a few paces from them.––Suddenly +the Indians let fall the jacket, and looked towards the +men. Supposing they were discovered, they discharged +their guns and rushed towards the fire. One of the Indians +fell and dropped his gun, but recovering, ran about +one hundred yards when a shot aimed at him by Major +McGuire brought him to his hands and knees.––Mrs. Glass +informing them that there was another encampment of +Indians close by, instead of following the wounded savage, +they returned home with all speed.</p> +<p>[283] In August five Indians on their way to the settlements +on the waters of the Monongahela, met with two +men on Middle Island creek, and killed them. Taking +their horses they continued on their route until they came +to the house of William Johnson on Ten Mile, and made +prisoner of Mrs. Johnson and some children; plundered +the house, killed part of the stock, and taking with them +one of Johnson’s horses, returned towards the Ohio. +When the Indians came to the house, Johnson had gone +to a lick not far off, and on his return in the morning, seeing what +had been done, and searching until he found the trail +of the savages and their prisoners, ran to Clarksburg for +assistance. A company of men repaired with him immediately +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_382' name='page_382'></a>382</span> +to where he had discovered the trail, and keeping +it about a mile, found four of the children lying dead in +the woods. The savages had tomahawked and scalped +them, and placing their heads close together, turned their +bodies and feet straight out so as to represent a cross. The +dead were buried and farther pursuit given over.</p> +<p>Other Indians, about the same time, came to the house +of John Mack on a branch of Hacker’s creek. He being +from home, they killed all who were at the house. Two +of the children, who had been sent into the woods to hunt +the cattle, returning, saw a little sister lying in the yard +scalped, and directly fled, and gave the alarm. In the +morning some men assembled and went to ascertain the +extent of the mischief. The house was no longer to be +seen,––a heap of ashes was all that remained of it. The +little girl who had been scalped in the yard, was much +burned, and those who had been murdered in the house, +were consumed with it. Mrs. Mack had been taken some +distance from the house, tomahawked, scalped, and stripped +naked. She was yet alive; and as the men approached, a +sense of her situation induced her to exert her feeble +strength in drawing leaves around her so as to conceal +her nakedness. The men wrapped their hunting shirts +about her, and carried her to a neighboring house. She +lived a few days, gave birth to a child and died.</p> +<p>Some time after the murder of Mack’s family, John +Sims, living on a branch of Gnatty creek, seeing his horses +come running up much affrighted, was led to believe that +the Indians had been trying to catch them. In a few minutes, +the dogs began to bark furiously in the corn field adjoining, +and he became satisfied the savages were approaching. +Knowing [284] that he could offer no effectual resistance, +if they should attack his house, he contrived an artifice +to deter them from approaching. Taking down his +gun, he walked around the house backward and forward, +and as if speaking to men in it, called out, “<i>Be watchful.</i> +They will soon be here, and as soon as you see them, draw +a fine bead;” Mrs. Sims in a coarse tone of voice and with +feigned resolution, answering as she had been advised, +“Never fear! let them once shew their yellow hides, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_383' name='page_383'></a>383</span> +we’ll pepper them.” He would then retire into the house, +change his garments, the better to support the deception, +and again go forth to watch and give directions to those +within. He pursued this plan until night, when he withdrew +with his family to a place of safety. The Indians had +actually been in the cornfield, and near enough to have +shot Sims,––the place where they had been sitting being +plainly discernible next morning. Sims’ artifice no doubt +drove them off, and as they were retreating they fired +the house of Jethro Thompson on Lost creek.</p> +<p>In the spring of 1790, the neighborhood of Clarksburg +was again visited by Indians in quest of plunder, and +who stole and carried off several horses. They were discovered +and pursued to the Ohio river, when the pursuers, +being reinforced, determined to follow on over into the Indian +country. Crossing the river and ascending the Hockhocking, +near to the falls, they came upon the camp of the +savages. The whites opened an unexpected fire, which +killing one and wounding another of the Indians, caused +the remainder to fly, leaving their horses about their +camp.––These were caught, brought back and restored to +their owners.</p> +<p>In April as Samuel Hull was engaged in ploughing a +field for Major Benjamin Robinson, he was discovered by +some Indians, shot, tomahawked, and scalped. The murder +was first ascertained by Mrs. Robinson. Surprised +that Hull did not come to the house as usual, to feed the +horses and get his own dinner, she went to the field to see +what detained him. She found the horses some distance +from where they had been recently at work; and going on, +presently saw Hull lying where he had been shot.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_384' name='page_384'></a>384</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[285] CHAPTER XVII.</p> +<p>Upon the close of the war of the revolution, many +circumstances conspired to add considerably to the population +of Kentucky; and her strength and ability to cope +with the savages and repel invasion, were consequently +much increased. Conscious of this, and sensible of their +own condition, weakened by the withdrawal of their allies, +the Indians did not venture upon expeditions against +its inhabitants, requiring to be conducted by the co-operation +of many warriors. They preferred to wage war in +small parties, against detached settlements and unprotected +families; and guarding the Ohio river and the “<i>wilderness +trace</i>,”<a name='FNanchor_0275' id='FNanchor_0275'></a><a href='#Footnote_0275' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a> to cut off parties of emigrants removing to that +country. In all of those they were eminently successful. +In the interval of time, between the peace of 1783 and the +defeat of General Harmar, in 1790, it is inferred from evidence +laid before Congress, that in Kentucky, not less than +one thousand human beings were killed and taken prisoners. +And although the whites were enabled to carry the +war into the heart of the Indian country, and frequently +with success, yet did not this put a stop to their enormities. +When pressed by the presence of a conquering army, they +would sue for peace, and enter into treaties, which they +scarcely observed inviolate ’till those armies were withdrawn +from among them.</p> +<p>In April 1785, some Indians hovering about Bear +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_385' name='page_385'></a>385</span> +Grass, met with Colonel Christian and killed him. His +loss was severely felt throughout the whole country.<a name='FNanchor_0276' id='FNanchor_0276'></a><a href='#Footnote_0276' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +<p>In October of the same year, several families moving +to the [286] country were attacked and defeated on Skegg’s +creek. Six of the whites were killed, and a number of the +others made prisoners, among whom were Mrs. McClure +and her infant. When the attack was begun, she secreted +herself with four children in some bushes, which together +with the darkness of the night, protected her from observation; +and could she have overcome the feelings of a +mother for her child, she might have ensured her own +safety and that of her three other children by leaving her +infant at some distance from them. She was aware of +the danger to which its cries would expose her, and sought +to prevent them by giving it the breast. For awhile it +had that effect, but its shrieks at length arose and drew +the savages to the spot. Three of her children were slain +by her side.</p> +<p>On hearing of this disastrous event, Capt. Whitley +collected twenty-one men from the nearer stations, and +went in pursuit of the aggressors. He presently overtook +them, killed two of their party, and retook the prisoners +and the scalps of those whom they had slain.––So signal +was his success over them.</p> +<p>In ten days afterwards, another company of <i>movers</i>, led +on by Mr. Moore, was attacked, and in the skirmish which +ensued, nine of their party were killed. Again Capt. +Whitley went in pursuit of the savage perpetrators of this +outrage, having thirty men to accompany him. On the +sixth day of the pursuit, they overtook twenty mounted +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_386' name='page_386'></a>386</span> +Indians, some of whom were clad in the clothes of those +they had slain; and who dismounted and fled upon the first +fire. Three of them however were killed, and eight scalps +and all the plunder were recovered.</p> +<p>In consequence of the many repeated aggressions of +the savages, an expedition was this fall concerted against +their towns on the Wabash, to be carried into immediate +execution. Through the exertions of the county lieutenants +an army of one thousand men, was soon assembled +at Louisville<a name='FNanchor_0277' id='FNanchor_0277'></a><a href='#Footnote_0277' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> and placed under the command of Gen. +Clarke, who marched directly for the theatre of contemplated +operations––leaving the provisions and much of +their munitions to be transported in boats. The army +arrived near the towns, before the boats;––the men became +dissatisfied and mutinous, and Gen. Clarke was in consequence, +reluctantly forced to return without striking a +blow.<a name='FNanchor_0278' id='FNanchor_0278'></a><a href='#Footnote_0278' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<p>[287] When the army under Gen. Clarke marched from +Louisville, Col. Logan knowing that the attention of the +Indians would be drawn almost exclusively towards it, & +other towns be left exposed and defenceless, raised a body +of troops and proceeded against the villages on the Great +Miami, and on the head waters of Mad river. In this +campaign he burned eight large towns, killed twenty warriors +and took between seventy and eighty prisoners.<a name='FNanchor_0279' id='FNanchor_0279'></a><a href='#Footnote_0279' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_387' name='page_387'></a>387</span></div> +<p>Among the troops led on by Col. Logan, was the +late Gen. Lyttle (since of Cincinnati) then a youth of sixteen.<a name='FNanchor_0280' id='FNanchor_0280'></a><a href='#Footnote_0280' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> +At the head of a party of volunteers, when the first +towns on the Mad river were reduced, he charged on some +of the savages whom he saw endeavoring to reach a close +thicket of hazel and plum bushes. Being some distance +in front of his companions, when within fifty yards of the +retreating enemy, he dismounted, and raising his gun to +fire, saw the warrior at whom he was aiming, hold out his +hand in token of surrendering. In this time the other +men had come up and were making ready to fire, when +young Lyttle called to them, “they have surrendered; +and remember the Colonel’s orders to kill none who ask +for quarters.” The warrior advanced towards him with +his hand extended, and ordering the others to follow him. +As he approached, Lyttle gave him his hand, but with +difficulty restrained the men from tomahawking him. It +was the head chief with his three wives and children, +two or three of whom were fine looking lads, and one of +them a youth of Lyttle’s age. Observing the conduct of +Lyttle in preventing the murder of the chief, this youth +drew close to him. When they returned to the town, a +crowd of men rushed around to see the chief, and Lyttle +stepped out of the crowd to fasten his horse. The lad +accompanied him. A young man who had been to the +spring to drink, seeing Lyttle with the Indian lad, came +running towards him. The youth supposed that he was +advancing to kill him, and in the twinkling of an eye let +fly an arrow. It passed through Curner’s dress, and +grazed his side; and but for the timely twitch which Lyttle +gave the lad’s arm, would have killed him. His other arrows +were then taken away, and he sternly reprimanded.</p> +<p>Upon the return of Lyttle to where the chief stood, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_388' name='page_388'></a>388</span> +he heard Col. Logan give orders that the prisoners must +not be molested, but taken to a house and placed under +guard for their [288] security; and seeing Major McGary<a name='FNanchor_0281' id='FNanchor_0281'></a><a href='#Footnote_0281' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> +riding up and knowing his disposition, he called to him +saying, “Major McGary, you must not molest those prisoners” +and rode off. McGary mutteringly replied, “I’ll +see to that;” and dismounting, entered the circle around +the prisoners. He demanded of the chief, if he were at +the battle of the Blue Licks. The chief probably not understanding +the purport of the question, replied affirmatively. +McGary instantly seized an axe from the Grenadier +Squaw, standing by and sunk it into his head. Lyttle +saw the descending stroke and interposed his arm to prevent +it or break its force. The handle came in contact with his +wrist and had well nigh broke it. Indignant at the barbarous +deed, with the impetuosity of youth he drew his +knife to avenge it. His arm was arrested, or the steel +would have been plunged into the heart of McGary. The +bloody act of this man caused deep regret, humiliation and +shame to pervade the greater part of the army, and none +were more affected by it, than the brave and generous +Logan.––When the prisoners were conducted to the house, +it was with much difficulty the Indian lad could be prevailed +upon to quit the side of Lyttle.</p> +<p>The commencement of the year 1786 witnessed treaties +of peace with all the neighboring tribes;<a name='FNanchor_0282' id='FNanchor_0282'></a><a href='#Footnote_0282' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> but its progress +was marked by acts of general hostility. Many individual +massacres were committed and in the fall, a company of +<i>movers</i> were attacked, and twenty-one of them killed. +This state of things continuing, in 1787 the secretary of +war ordered detachments of troops to be stationed at +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_389' name='page_389'></a>389</span> +[288] different points for the protection of the frontier. Still the +Indians kept up such an incessant war against it, as after +the adoption of the federal constitution, led the general +government to interpose more effectually for the security +of its inhabitants, by sending a body of troops to operate +against them in their own country.</p> +<p>While these things were doing, a portion of the country +north west of the river Ohio, began to be occupied by +the whites. One million and a half acres of land in that +country, having been appropriated as military land, a company, +composed of officers and soldiers in the war of the +revolution, was formed in Boston in March 1786 under the +title of the [289] “Ohio Company,” and Gen. Rufus Putnam +was appointed its agent. In the spring of 1788, he +with forty-seven other persons, from Massachusetts, Rhode +Island and Connecticut, repaired to Marietta, erected a +stockade fort for security against the attacks of Indians, +and effected a permanent settlement there.<a name='FNanchor_0283' id='FNanchor_0283'></a><a href='#Footnote_0283' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> In the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_390' name='page_390'></a>390</span> +autumn of the same year, twenty families, chiefly from Essex +and Middlesex counties in Massachusetts, likewise moved +there, and the forests of lofty timber fell before their untiring +and laborious exertions. Many of those who thus +took up their abodes in that, then <i>distant</i> country had been +actively engaged in the late war, and were used, not only +to face danger with firmness when it came upon them; +but also to devise and practice, means to avert it. Knowing +the implacable resentment of the savages to the whites +generally, they were at once careful not to provoke it into +action, and to prepare to ward off its effects. In consequence +of this course of conduct, and their assiduity and +attention to the improvement of their lands, but few massacres +were committed in their neighborhoods, although +the savages were waging a general war against the frontier, +and carrying destruction into settlements, comparatively +in the interior.</p> +<p>In the winter of 1786, Mr. Stites of Redstone visited +New York with the view of purchasing (congress being +then in session there) for settlement, a tract of country +between the two Miamies. The better to insure success +to his project, he cultivated the acquaintance of many +members of congress and endeavored to impress upon +their minds its propriety and utility. John Cleves +Symmes, then a representative from New Jersey, and +whose aid Stites solicited to enable him to effect the purchase, +becoming impressed with the great pecuniary advantage +which must result from the speculation, if the +country were such as it was represented to be, determined +to ascertain this fact by personal inspection. He did so; +and on his return a purchase of one million of acres, lying +on the Ohio and between the Great and Little Miami, was +made in his name. Soon after, he sold to Matthias Denman +and others, that part of his purchase which forms the +present site of the city of Cincinnati; and in the fall of +1789, some families from New York, New Jersey, and Redstone, +descended the Ohio river to the mouth of the Little +Miami. As the Indians were now more than ordinarily +troublesome, forty soldiers under Lieut. Kersey, were ordered +to join them for the [290] defence of the settlement. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_391' name='page_391'></a>391</span> +They erected at first a single blockhouse, and soon after +adding to it three others, a stockade fort was formed on a +position now included within the town of Columbia.</p> +<p>In June 1789, Major Doughty with one hundred and +forty regulars, arrived opposite the mouth of Licking, and +put up four block houses on the purchase made by Denman +of Symmes, and directly after, erected Fort Washington. +Towards the close of the year, Gen. Harmar arrived +with three hundred other regulars, and occupied the fort. +Thus assured of safety, Israel Ludlow, (jointly interested +with Denman and Patterson) with twenty other persons, +moved and commenced building some cabins along the +river and near to the fort.––During the winter Mr. Ludlow +surveyed and laid out the town of Losantiville,<a name='FNanchor_0284' id='FNanchor_0284'></a><a href='#Footnote_0284' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> but when +Gen. St. Clair came there as governor of the North Western +Territory, he changed its name to Cincinnati.<a name='FNanchor_0285' id='FNanchor_0285'></a><a href='#Footnote_0285' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_392' name='page_392'></a>392</span></div> +<p>[290] In 1790, a settlement was made at the forks of Duck +creek, twenty miles up the Muskingum at the site of the +present town of Waterford; another fifteen miles farther +up the river at Big Bottom, and a third at Wolf creek near +the falls. These settlements were made on a tract of one +hundred thousand acres, laid off into “donation” lots of +one hundred acres, and gratuitously assigned to <i>actual +settlers</i>; and at the close of the year they contained nearly +five hundred men, of whom one hundred and seven had +families.</p> +<p>Thus was the present flourishing State of Ohio begun +to be occupied by the whites; and the mind cannot but be +struck with astonishment in contemplating the wonderful +changes which have been <i>wrought there</i>, in such brief space +of time, by industry and enterprise. Where then stood +mighty and unbroken forests, through which the savage +passed on his mission of blood; or stalked the majestic +buffaloe, gamboled the sportive deer, or trotted the shaggy +bear, are now to [291] be seen productive farms, covered +with lowing herds and bleating flocks, and teeming with +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_393' name='page_393'></a>393</span> +all the comforts of life.––And where then stood the town +of Losantiville with its three or four little cabins and their +twenty inmates, is now to be seen a flourishing city with +its splendid edifices, and a population of 26,513 souls. +Continuing thus progressively to improve, the mind of +man, “pervading and far darting” as it is, can scarcely +picture the state which may be there exhibited in the lapse +of a few centuries.</p> +<p>The formations of those establishments north west of +the Ohio river, incited the savages to the commission of +such and so frequent enormities that measures were +taken by the general government to reduce them to +quiet and render peace truly desirable to them. While +preparations were making to carry those measures into +operation, detachments from the regular troops at Fort +Washington were stationed at Duck creek, the Big Bottom +and Wolf creek, for the security of the <i>settlers</i> at +those places; and when every thing was prepared, Gen. +Harmar, at the head of three hundred and twenty regulars, +moved from his head quarters at Fort Washington, to the +Little Miami, where the militia detailed for the expedition, +were then assembled. The object was to bring the Indians, +if possible, to a general engagement; and if this +could not be effected, to destroy their towns and crops on +the Scioto and Miami.</p> +<p>On the last day of September 1790, the army then consisting +of fourteen hundred and forty-three men, (of whom +only three hundred and twenty were regulars) marched +forward, and on the 17th of October reached the Great +Miami village.<a name='FNanchor_0286' id='FNanchor_0286'></a><a href='#Footnote_0286' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> It was found to be entirely deserted and +all the valuable buildings in flames––having been fired by +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_394' name='page_394'></a>394</span> +the Indians. As it was apparent that the savages had but +recently left there, Col. Hardin was detached with two hundred +and ten men, sixty of whom were regulars to overtake +them. Having marched about six miles, he was suddenly +attacked by a body of Indians who were concealed +in thickets on every side of an open plain. On the first +onset, the militia made a most precipitate retreat, leaving +the few, but brave regulars to stand the charge. The conflict +was short but bloody. The regular troops, over powered +by numbers, were literally cut to pieces; and only +seven of them made their escape and rejoined the main +army at the Great Miami town.<a name='FNanchor_0287' id='FNanchor_0287'></a><a href='#Footnote_0287' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a></p> +<p>[292] Among those who were so fortunate as to escape +after the shameful flight of the militia, was Capt. Armstrong +of the regulars. He reached a pond of water +about two hundred yards from the field of action; and +plunging himself up to the neck in it, remained there all +night, a spectator of the horrid scene of a savage war +dance, performed over the dead and wounded bodies of his +brave soldiers. The escape of ensign Hartshorn was perhaps +owing entirely to a lucky accident. As he was flying +at his best speed he faltered over a log, which lay in +his path, and by the side of which he concealed himself +from the view of the savages.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the disastrous termination of this +engagement, the detachment succeeded in reducing the +other towns to ashes, and in destroying their crops of corn +and other provisions; and rejoining the main army under +Gen. Harmar, commenced their return to Fort Washington. +Anxious to wipe off in another action, the disgrace +which he felt would attach to the defeat, when within +eight miles of Chilicothe, Gen. Harmar halted his men, +and again detached Col. Hardin and Major Wylleys, with +five hundred militia and sixty regulars, to find the enemy +and bring them to an engagement.</p> +<p>Early next morning, a small body of the enemy was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_395' name='page_395'></a>395</span> +discovered, and being attacked, fled in different directions.––The +militia pursued them as they ran in despite of +orders; and when by this means the regulars were left +alone, they were attacked by the whole force of the Indians, +excepting the small parties whose flight had drawn +off the militia. A severe engagement ensued. The savages +fought with desperation; & when the troops which +had gone in pursuit of those who fled upon the first onset, +returned to take part in the engagement, they threw down +their guns and rushed upon the regulars tomahawk in +hand. Many of them fell, but being so very far superior +in numbers, the regulars were at last overpowered. Their +firmness and bravery could not avail much, against so overwhelming +a force; for though one of them might thrust his +bayonet into the side of an Indian, two other savages were +at hand to sink their tomahawks into his head. In his official +account of this battle, Gen. Harmar claimed the victory; +but the thinned ranks of his troops shewed that they had +been severely worsted. Fifty of the regulars and one hundred +of the militia were killed in the contest, and many +wounded. The loss of the Indians was no doubt considerable, +[293] or they would not have suffered the army to retire +to Fort Washington unmolested.<a name='FNanchor_0288' id='FNanchor_0288'></a><a href='#Footnote_0288' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a></p> +<p>Instead of the security from savage hostilities, which +it was expected would result from Harmar’s campaign, +the inhabitants of the frontier suffered from them, more +than they had been made to endure since the close of the +war with Great Britain. Flushed with the success which +had crowned their exertions to repel the invasion which +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_396' name='page_396'></a>396</span> +had been made into their country, and infuriated at the +destruction of their crops and the conflagration of their +villages, they became more active and zealous in the prosecution +of hostilities.</p> +<p>The settlements which had been recently made in +Ohio up the Muskingum, had ever after their first establishment, +continued apparently on the most friendly terms +with the Indians; but on the part of the savages, friendship +had only been feigned, to lull the whites into a ruinous +security. When this end was attained, they too +were made to feel the bitterness of savage enmity. On the +2d of January 1791, a party of Indians came to the Big +Bottom, and commenced an indiscriminate murder of the +inhabitants; fourteen of whom were killed and five taken +prisoners. The settlement at Wolf’s creek escaped a similar +fate, by being apprized of the destruction of Big Bottom +by two men who got safely off in time of the massacre. +When the Indians arrived there the next morning, +finding the place prepared to receive them, they withdrew +without making any serious attempt to take it.</p> +<p>On the 24th of April, John Bush (living on Freeman’s +creek,) having very early sent two of his children to drive +up the cattle, became alarmed by their screams, and taking +down his gun, was proceeding to learn the cause of it, +when he was met at the door by an Indian, who caught +hold of the gun, forced it from his grasp, and shot him +with it. Bush fell across the threshold, and the savage +drew his knife to scalp him. Mrs. Bush ran to the assistance +of her husband, and with an axe, aimed a blow +at the Indian with such force that it fastened itself in his +shoulder, and when he jumped back his exertion pulled +the handle from her hand. She then drew her husband +into the house and secured the door.</p> +<p>In this time other of the savages had come up, and +after endeavoring in vain to force open the door, they commenced +shooting through it. Fortunately Mrs. Bush remained +unhurt, although eleven bullets passed through +her frock and some of [294] them just grazing the skin. +One of the savages observing an aperture between the logs, +thrust the muzzle of his gun thro’ it. With another axe +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_397' name='page_397'></a>397</span> +Mrs. Bush struck on the barrel so as to make it ring, and, +the savage on drawing it back, exclaimed “<i>Dern you.</i>” +Still they were endeavoring to force an entrance into the +house, until they heard what they believed to be a party +of whites coming to its relief. It was Adam Bush, who +living close by and hearing the screams of the children +and the firing of the gun, had set off to learn what had +given rise to them, and taking with him his dogs, the +noise made by them in crossing the creek alarmed the savages, +and caused them to retreat, taking off the two children +as prisoners. A company of men were soon collected +and went in pursuit of the Indians; but were unable to +surprise them and regain the prisoners. They however, +came so nearly upon them, on the Little Kenhawa,<a name='FNanchor_0289' id='FNanchor_0289'></a><a href='#Footnote_0289' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> that +they were forced to fly precipitately, leaving the plunder +and seven horses which they had taken from the settlement: +these were retaken and brought back.</p> +<p>In May, as John McIntire and his wife were returning +from a visit, they passed through the yard of Uriah Ashcraft; +and in a small space of time after, Mr. Ashcraft, +startled by the sudden growling and springing up of one +of his dogs, stepped quickly to the door to see what had +aroused him. He had hardly reached the door, when he +espied an Indian on the outside with his gun presented. +Closing and making fast the door, he ascended the stairs +that he might the better fire upon the unwelcome intruder; +and after snapping three several times, and having discovered +that there were other Indians in the yard, he raised +a loud shout to apprize those who were within the sound +of his voice, that he was surrounded by danger. Upon +this the Indians moved off; and three brothers of McIntire +coming to his relief, they all pursued the trail of the savages. +About a mile from Ashcraft’s, they found the body +of John McIntire, tomahawked, scalped, and stripped; +and concluding that Mrs. McIntire, was taken prisoner, +they sent intelligence to Clarksburg of what had happened, +and requested assistance to follow the Indians and recover +the prisoner from captivity. The desired assistance was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_398' name='page_398'></a>398</span> +immediately afforded; and a company of men, led on by +Col. John Haymond and Col. George Jackson, went in +pursuit. On Middle Island creek,<a name='FNanchor_0290' id='FNanchor_0290'></a><a href='#Footnote_0290' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a> before they were aware +of their proximity to the savages, they were fired upon by +them, and [295] two of the party very narrowly escaped +being shot.––A ball passed through the hankerchief on the +head of Col. Haymond, and another through the sleeve +of Col. Jackson’s shirt. The fire was promptly returned, +and the men rushed forward. The Indians however, +made good their retreat, though not without having experienced +some injury; as was discovered by the blood, +and the throwing down some of the plunder which they +had taken. It was here first ascertained that Mrs. McIntire +had been killed,––her scalp being among the things +left––and on the return of the party, her body was found +some small distance from where that of her husband had +been previously discovered.</p> +<p>Towards the last of June, another party of Indians invaded +the settlement on Dunkard creek, in the county of +Monongalia. Early in the morning, as Mr. Clegg, Mr. +Handsucker, and two of Handsucker’s sons were engaged +at work in a cornfield near the house, they were shot at by +some concealed savages, and Handsucker was wounded and +soon overtaken. Clegg and Handsucker’s sons ran towards +the house, and the former entering it, defended it for +a while; but confident that he would soon be driven out by +fire, he surrendered on condition that they would spare his +life and that of his little daughter with him. The boys +passed the house, but were taken by some of the savages +who were also concealed in the direction which they ran, +and who had just made captive Mrs. Handsucker and her +infant. They then plundered and set fire to the house, +caught the horses and made off with the prisoners, leaving +one of their company, as usual, to watch after their +retreat.</p> +<p>When the firing was first heard, Mrs. Clegg being some +distance from the house, concealed herself in the creek, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_399' name='page_399'></a>399</span> +under some projecting bushes, until every thing became +quiet. She then crept out, but perceiving the Indian who +had remained near the burning house, she took to flight; and +he having at the same time discovered her, ran in pursuit. +She was so far in advance, and ran so well, that the savage, +despairing of overtaking her, raised his gun and fired +as she ran. The ball just grazed the top of her shoulder, +but not impeding her flight, she got safely off. Mr. Handsucker, +his wife and child, were murdered on the dividing +ridge between Dunkard and Fish creeks.<a name='FNanchor_0291' id='FNanchor_0291'></a><a href='#Footnote_0291' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a> Mr. Clegg after +some time got back, and upon the close of the Indian war, +ransomed his two daughters.</p> +<p>[296] In the month of September Nicholas Carpenter +set off to Marietta with a drove of cattle to sell to those +who had established themselves there; and when within +some miles from the Ohio river, encamped for the night.<a name='FNanchor_0292' id='FNanchor_0292'></a><a href='#Footnote_0292' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a> +In the morning early, and while he and the drovers were +yet dressing, they were alarmed by a discharge of guns, +which killed one and wounded another of his party. The +others endeavored to save themselves by flight; but Carpenter +being a cripple (because of a wound received some +years before) did not run far, when finding himself becoming +faint, he entered a pond of water where he fondly +hoped he should escape observation. But no! both he +and a son who had likewise sought security there, were +discovered, tomahawked and scalped. George Legget, +one of the drovers, was never after heard of; but Jesse +Hughes succeeded in getting off though under disadvantageous +circumstances. He wore long leggins, and when +the firing commenced at the camp, they were fastened at +top to his belt, but hanging loose below. Although an +active runner, yet he found that the pursuers were gaining +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_400' name='page_400'></a>400</span> +and must ultimately overtake him if he did not rid +himself of this incumbrance. For this purpose he halted +somewhat and stepping on the lower part of his leggins, +broke the strings which tied them to his belt; but before +he accomplished this, one of the savages approached and +hurled a tomahawk at him. It merely grazed his head, +and he then again took to flight and soon got off.</p> +<p>It was afterwards ascertained that the Indians by +whom this mischief was effected, had crossed the Ohio +river near the mouth of Little Kenhawa, where they +took a negro belonging to Captain James Neal, and continued +on towards the settlements on West Fork, until +they came upon the trail made by Carpenter’s cattle. +Supposing that they belonged to families moving, they +followed on until they came upon the drovers; and tying +the negro to a sapling made an attack on them. The +negro availed himself of their employment elsewhere, +and loosing the bands which fastened him, returned to his +master.</p> +<p>After the defeat of General Harmer, the terrors and +the annoyance proceeding from Indian hostilities, still continued +to harrass Kentucky, and to spread destruction +over its unprotected portions. Seeing that the expeditions +of the savages were yet conducted on a small scale, the +better to effect their purposes, the inhabitants had recourse +to other measures [297] of defence; and established many +posts on the frontier, garrisoned by a few men, to watch +the motions of the enemy, and intercept them in their progress, +or spread the alarm of their approach. It was productive +of but little benefit, and all were convinced, that +successful offensive war could alone give security from Indian +aggression. Convinced of this, preparations were +made by the General Government for another campaign +to be carried on against them; the objects of which were +the destruction of the Indian villages between the Miamies; +the expulsion of their inhabitants from the country, and +the establishment of a chain of forts to prevent their return, +until a general peace should give promise of a cessation +of hostilities on their part. Means, deemed adequate +to the accomplishment of those objects, were placed by +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_401' name='page_401'></a>401</span> +Congress at the disposal of the executive, and of the army +destined to effect them, he directed General Arthur St. +Clair to take the command.<a name='FNanchor_0293' id='FNanchor_0293'></a><a href='#Footnote_0293' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a></p> +<p>It was some time before the troops detailed for this +campaign, could be assembled at Fort Washington; but as +soon as they rendezvoused there, the line of march was +taken up.<a name='FNanchor_0294' id='FNanchor_0294'></a><a href='#Footnote_0294' class='fnanchor'>[20]</a> Proceeding immediately for the principal establishments +of the Indians on the Miami, General St. +Clair had erected the Forts Hamilton and Jefferson,<a name='FNanchor_0295' id='FNanchor_0295'></a><a href='#Footnote_0295' class='fnanchor'>[21]</a> and +placing sufficient garrisons in each, continued his march. +The opening of a road for the passage of the troops and +artillery, necessarily consumed much time; and while it +was in progress, small parties of the enemy were often +seen hovering near, and some unimportant skirmishes took +place; and as the army approached the Indian villages, +sixty of the militia deserted in a body. To prevent the +evil influence of this example, General St. Clair despatched +Major Hamtrack at the head of a regiment, to overtake +and bring them back; and the rest of the army moved +forward.</p> +<p>On the night of the third of November, General St. +Clair encamped near the Great Miami village, and notwithstanding +the reduced state of the forces under his command, +(by reason of the detachment of so large a body in +pursuit of the deserters,) he proposed to march in the +morning directly to its attack.<a name='FNanchor_0296' id='FNanchor_0296'></a><a href='#Footnote_0296' class='fnanchor'>[22]</a> Having understood that +the Indians were collected in great force, and apprehensive +of a night attack, his men were drawn up in a square, and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_402' name='page_402'></a>402</span> +kept under arms until the return of day, when they were +dismissed from parade for [298] the purpose of refreshment. +Directly after, and about half an hour before sun +rise, an attack was begun by the Indians on the rear line, +and the militia there immediately gave way, and retreated,––rushing +through a battalion of regulars, to the very centre +of the camp. The confusion was great. Thrown into +disorder by the tumultuous flight of the militia, the utmost +exertion of the officers could not entirely compose +the regulars, so as to render them as effective as they +would otherwise have been.</p> +<p>After the first fire, the Indians rushed forward, tomahawk +in hand, until they were checked by the well directed +aim of the front line; which being almost simultaneously +attacked by another body of the enemy, had to +direct their attention to their own assailants, and the action +became general. The weight of the enemy being +brought to bear on the centre of each line where the +artillery had been placed, the men were driven with great +slaughter from the guns and these rendered useless by the +killing of the matrosses. The enemy taking advantage +of this state of things, pushed forward upon the lines, and +confusion began to spread itself in every quarter. A +charge was ordered, and Lieutenant Colonel Drake succeeded +in driving back the Indians three or four hundred +yards at the point of the bayonet; but rallying, they returned +to the attack, and the troops in turn gave way. +At this moment the camp was entered by the left flank: +and, another charge was directed. This was made by +Butler and Clark’s battalions with great effect, and repeated +several times with success; but in each of these +charges, many being killed, and particularly the officers, +it was impossible longer to sustain the conflict, and a retreat +was directed.</p> +<p>To enable the troops to effect this they were again +formed into line, as well as could be under such circumstances, +and another charge was made, as if to turn the +right flank of the enemy, but in reality to gain the road. +This object was effected; and a precipitate flight commenced +which continued until they reached Fort Jefferson, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_403' name='page_403'></a>403</span> +a distance of thirty miles, the men throwing away +their guns and accoutrements as they ran.</p> +<p>Great was the havoc done by the Indians in this engagement. +Of the twelve hundred men engaged under +General St. Clair, nearly six hundred were left dead on +the field, and many were wounded. Every officer of the +second regiment [299] was killed in the various charges +made by it to retrieve the day, except three, and one of +these was shot through the body. Major General Butler +having been wounded, and carried to a convenient place to +have his wounds dressed, an Indian desperately adventurous, +broke through the guard in attendance, rushed up, +tomahawked and scalped him, before his own life paid the +forfeit of his rashness. General St. Clair had many narrow +escapes.<a name='FNanchor_0297' id='FNanchor_0297'></a><a href='#Footnote_0297' class='fnanchor'>[23]</a> Early in the action, a number of savages +surrounded his tent and seemed resolved on entering it +and sacrificing him. They were with difficulty restrained +by some regular soldiers at the point of the bayonet. +During the engagement eight balls passed through his +clothes, and while the troops were retreating, having had +his own horse killed, and being mounted on a sorry beast, +“which could not be pricked out of a walk,” he had to +make his way to Fort Jefferson as he could, considerably +in the rear of the men. During the action Adjutant Bulgess +received a severe wound, but yet continued to fight +with distinguished gallantry. Presently a second shot +took effect and he fell. A woman who was particularly +attached to him had accompanied him in the campaign, +raised him up, and while supporting him in her arms, received +a ball in the breast which killed her instantly.</p> +<p>The Chicasaws were then in amity with the whites, +and some of their warriors were to have cooperated with +Gen. St. Clair, but did not arrive in time. There was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_404' name='page_404'></a>404</span> +however one of that nation in the engagement, and he +killed and scalped eleven of the enemy with his own +hands, and while engaged with the twelfth was himself +killed, to the regret of those who witnessed his deeds of +daring and of courage.</p> +<p>According to the statement of the Indians, they +killed six hundred and twenty of the American troops, +and took seven pieces of cannon, two hundred head of +oxen, many horses, but no prisoners.<a name='FNanchor_0298' id='FNanchor_0298'></a><a href='#Footnote_0298' class='fnanchor'>[24]</a> They gave their +own loss in killed at only sixty-five; but it was no doubt +much greater. Their force consisted of four thousand +warriors, and was led on by a Missasago chief who had +served with the British in the late war; and who planned +and conducted the attack contrary to the opinion of a +majority of the chiefs, who yet, having such confidence +in his skill and judgment, yielded their individual plans +and gave to him the entire control of their movements. +He is reported to have caused the savages to forbear the +pursuit of the retreating troops; telling them that they +had killed enough, and it was time to enjoy the booty +they had gained with the victory. He was then about +forty-five years of age, six feet in height, and of a +[300] sour, morose countenance. His dress was Indian +leggins and moccasons, a blue petticoat coming half way +down his thighs, and European waistcoat and surtout. +His head was bound with an Indian cap, reaching midway +his back, and adorned with upwards of two hundred silver +ornaments. In each ear he had two ear rings, the upper +part of each of which was formed of three silver meddles +of the size of a dollar; the lower part consisted of quarters +of dollars, and more than a foot in length; one from +each ear hanging down his breast,––the others over his +back. In his nose he wore ornaments of silver curiously +wrought and painted.</p> +<p>Two days after the action the warriors from the Chicasaw +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_405' name='page_405'></a>405</span> +nation arrived at Fort Jefferson, under the command +of Piomingo, or the “Mountain Leader.” On their march +they heard of the fatal battle, and saw one of the enemy; +who mistaking Piomingo’s party for some of his own comrades, +made up to them. He discovered the mistake when +it was too late to rectify it. Piomingo accosted him in harsh +tones, saying––“Rascal, you have been killing the whites,” +and immediately ordered two of his warriors to expand +his arms, and a third to shoot him. This was done and his +scalp taken.</p> +<p>After the disastrous termination of this campaign,<a name='FNanchor_0299' id='FNanchor_0299'></a><a href='#Footnote_0299' class='fnanchor'>[25]</a> +the inhabitants of Kentucky were as much as, or perhaps +more than ever, exposed to savage enmity and those incursions +which mark the bitterness of Indian resentment. +Soon after the retreat of the army under Gen. Sinclair, +a party of them came upon Salt river, where two men +and some boys were fishing; and falling suddenly upon +them killed the men and made prisoners of the boys. +They then liberated one of the boys, and giving him a +tomahawk, directed him to go home; shew it to his +friends; inform them what had been the fate of his companions, +and what they were to expect for their own. The +threat was fearfully executed. Many families were entirely +cut off and many individuals sacrificed to their fury. +Companies of Indians were constantly traversing the +country in secret, and committing depredations, wherever +they supposed it could be done with impunity. A remarkable +instance of their failure and suffering in attempting +to form an entrance into a house where was an +almost unprotected family, deserves to be particularly +mentioned.</p> +<p>On the 24th of December 1791, a party of savages attacked +the house of John Merril, in Nelson county. Mr. +Merril, alarmed by the barking of the dogs, hastened to +the door to learn the cause.––On opening it, he was fired +at by two Indians and his leg and arm were both broken. +The savages then ran forward to enter the house, but +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_406' name='page_406'></a>406</span> +before they could do this, the door was closed and secured by +Mrs. Merril and her daughter. After a fruitless attempt to +force it open, they commenced hewing off a part of it with +their tomahawks, and when a passage was thus opened, one of +them attempted to enter through it. The heroic Mrs. Merril, +in the midst of her screaming and affrighted children, and +her groaning suffering husband, seized an axe, gave the ruffian +a fatal blow, and [301] instantly drew him into the house. +Supposing that their end was now nearly attained, the others +pressed forward to gain admittance through the same aperture. +Four of them were in like manner despatched by +Mrs. Merril, before their comrades were aware that any +opposition was making in the house. Discovering their +mistake the survivors retired for awhile, and returning, +two of them endeavored to gain admittance by climbing +to the top of the house, and descending in the chimney, +while the third was to exert himself at the door. Satisfied +from the noise on the top of the house, of the object of the +Indians, Mr. Merril directed his little son to rip open a +bed and cast its contents on the fire. This produced the +desired effect.––The smoke and heat occasioned by the +burning of the feathers brought the two Indians down, +rather unpleasantly; and Mr. Merril somewhat recovered, +exerted every faculty, and with a billet of wood soon despatched +those half smothered devils. Mrs. Merril was all +this while busily engaged in defending the door against +the efforts of the only remaining savage, whom she at +length wounded so severely with the axe, that he was glad +to get off alive.</p> +<p>A prisoner, who escaped from the Indians soon after +the happening of this transaction, reported that the +wounded savage was the only one, of a party of eight, +who returned to their towns; that on being asked by some +one, “what news,”––he replied, “bad news for poor Indian, +me lose a son, me lose a brother,––the squaws have +taken the breech clout, and fight worse than the Long +Knives.”</p> +<p>The frequent commission of the most enormous outrages, +led to an expedition against the Indians, carried +on by the inhabitants of Kentucky alone. An army of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_407' name='page_407'></a>407</span> +one thousand mounted volunteers was raised, and the +command of it being given to Gen. Scott, he marched immediately +for their towns.<a name='FNanchor_0300' id='FNanchor_0300'></a><a href='#Footnote_0300' class='fnanchor'>[26]</a> When near them, he sent out two +spies to learn the state of the enemy; who reported that +they had seen a large body of Indians, not far from the +fatal spot where St. Clair’s bloody battle had been fought, +enjoying themselves with the plunder there taken, riding +the oxen, and acting in every respect as if drunk. Gen. +Scott immediately gave orders to move forward briskly; +and arranging his men into three divisions, soon came upon +and attacked the savages. The contest was short but decisive.––Two +hundred of the enemy were killed on the +spot, the cannon and such of the other stores as were in +their possession, retaken, and the savage forces completely +routed. The loss of the Kentuckians was inconsiderable,––only +six men were killed and but few wounded.</p> +<p>Gen. Scott on his return, gave an affecting account of +the appearance of the field, where Gen. St. Clair had been +encountered by the savages. “The plain,” said he, “had +a very melancholy appearance. In the space of three hundred +and fifty yards, lay three hundred skull bones, which +were buried by my men while on the ground; from thence +for miles on, and the road was strewed with skeletons, +muskets, &c.” A striking picture of the desolation wrought +there on the bloody fourth of November.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_408' name='page_408'></a>408</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:1.2em;'>[302] CHAPTER XVIII.</p> +<p>Neither the signal success of the expedition under +General Scott, nor the preparations which were being +made by the general government, for the more rigorous +prosecution of the war against them, caused the Indians +to relax their exertions to harrass the frontier inhabitants. +The ease with which they had overcome the two armies +sent against them under Harmar and St. Clair, inspired +them with contempt for our troops, and induced a belief +of their own invincibility, if practising the vigilance +necessary to guard against a surprise. To the want of +this vigilance, they ascribed the success of Gen. Scott; +and deeming it necessary only to exercise greater precaution +to avoid similar results, they guarded more diligently +the passes into their country, while discursive +parties of their warriors would perpetrate their accustomed +acts of aggression upon the persons and property +of the whites.</p> +<p>About the middle of May, 1792, a party of savages +came upon a branch of Hacker’s creek, and approaching +late in the evening a field recently cleared by John Waggoner, +found him seated on a log, resting himself after the +labors of the day. In this company of Indians was the +since justly celebrated General Tecumseh, who leaving +his companions to make sure of those in the house, placed +his gun on the fence and fired deliberately at Waggoner. +The leaden messenger of death failed of its errand, and +passing through the sleeve of his shirt, left Waggoner uninjured, +to try his speed with the Indian. Taking a direction +opposite the house, to avoid coming in contact +with the savages there, he outstripped his pursuer, and got +safely off.</p> +<p>[303] In the mean time, those who had been left to +operate against those of the family who were at the house, +finding a small boy in the yard, killed and scalped him; +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_409' name='page_409'></a>409</span> +and proceeding on, made prisoners of Mrs. Waggoner and +her six children, and departed immediately with them, lest +the escape of her husband, should lead to their instant +pursuit. They were disappointed in this expectation. A +company of men was soon collected, who repaired to the +then desolate mansion, and from thence followed on the +trail of the savages. About a mile from the house, one of +the children was found where its brains had been beaten +out with a club, and the scalp torn from its head. A small +distance farther, lay Mrs. Waggoner and two others of her +children,––their lifeless bodies mangled in the most barbarous +and shocking manner. Having thus freed themselves +from the principal impediments to a rapid retreat, +the savages hastened on; and the pursuit was unavailing. +They reached their towns with the remaining prisoners––two +girls and a boy––and avoided chastisement for the outrage. +The elder of the two girls did not long remain with +them; but escaping to the neighborhood of Detroit with +another female prisoner, continued there until after the +treaty of 1795. Her sister abided with her captors ’till the +close of the war; and the boy until during the war of +1812. He was then seen among some friendly Indians, +and bearing a strong resemblance in features to his father, +was recognized as Waggoner’s captive son. He had married +a squaw, by whom he had several children, was attached +to his manner of life, and for a time resisted every +importunity, to withdraw himself from among them. +When his father visited him, it was with difficulty he was +enticed to return to the haunts of his childhood, and the +associates of his younger days, even on a temporary visit. +When however he did return to them, the attention and +kindly conduct of his friends, prevailed with him to remain, +until he married and took up his permanent abode +amid the habitations of civilized men. Still with the feelings +natural to a father, his heart yearns towards his children +in the forest; and at times he seems to lament that +he ever forsook them.<a name='FNanchor_0301' id='FNanchor_0301'></a><a href='#Footnote_0301' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_410' name='page_410'></a>410</span></div> +<p>In the summer of this year, a parcel of horses were +taken from the West Fork, and the Indians who had +stolen them, being discovered as they were retiring, they +were pursued by Captain Coburn, who was stationed at +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_411' name='page_411'></a>411</span> +the mouth of Little [304] Kenhawa with a party of men +as scouts. Following them across the Ohio river, he +overtook them some distance in the Indian country, and +retaking the horses, returned to his station. Hitherto +property recovered from the savages, had been invariably +restored to those from whom it had been stolen; but on +the present occasion a different course was pursued. Contending +that they received compensation for services rendered +by them in Virginia, and were not bound to treat +without its limits in pursuit of the savages or to retake +the property of which they had divested its rightful owners, +they claimed the horses as plunder taken from the +Indians, sold them, and divided the proceeds of sale +among themselves––much to the dissatisfaction of those +from whom the savages had taken them.<a name='FNanchor_0302' id='FNanchor_0302'></a><a href='#Footnote_0302' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +<p>In the course of the ensuing fall, Henry Neal, William +Triplett and Daniel Rowell, from Neal’s station ascended +the Little Kenhawa in canoes to the mouth of the Burning +Spring run, from whence they proceeded on a Buffoloe +hunt in the adjoining woods. But they had been seen as +they plied their canoes up the river, by a party of Indians, +who no sooner saw them placed in a situation favoring the +bloody purposes of their hearts, than they fired upon them. +Neal and Triplett were killed, and fell into the river.––Rowell +was missed and escaped by swimming the Kenhawa, +the Indians shooting at him as he swam. In a few days +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_412' name='page_412'></a>412</span> +after the dead were found in a ripple and buried. The +Indians had not been able to draw them from their watery +grave, and obtain their scalps.</p> +<p>During this year unsuccessful attempts were made by +the general government, to terminate Indian hostilities by +negotiation. They were too much elated with their recent +success, to think of burying their resentments in a treaty +of peace; and so little did they fear the operation of the +governmental forces, and such was their confidence in +their own strength, that they not only refused to negotiate +at all, but put to death two of those who were sent +to them as messengers of peace. Major Truman and Col. +Hardin, severally sent upon this mission, were murdered +by them; and when commissioners to treat with them, +were received by them, their only answer was, a positive +refusal to enter into a treaty.<a name='FNanchor_0303' id='FNanchor_0303'></a><a href='#Footnote_0303' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +<p>When this determination was made known to the +President, every precaution which could be used, was taken +by him to prevent the recurrence of these enormities +which were daily committed on the [305] frontier, and +particularly in the new state of Kentucky. Gen. St. Clair, +after having asked that a court of enquiry should be held, +to consider of his conduct in the campaign of 1791, and +finding that his request could not be granted, resigned the +command of the army, and was succeeded by Gen. Anthony +Wayne. That the operations of the army might not be +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_413' name='page_413'></a>413</span> +defeated as heretofore, by a too great reliance on undisciplined +militia, it was recommended to Congress to authorize +the raising of three additional regiments of regular +soldiers; and the bill for complying with this recommendation, +notwithstanding it was strenuously opposed by a +strong party hostile to the then administration, was finally +passed.<a name='FNanchor_0304' id='FNanchor_0304'></a><a href='#Footnote_0304' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<p>The forts Hamilton and Jefferson, erected by Gen. +St. Clair, continued to be well garrisoned; but there was +some difficulty in supplying them with provisions––the Indians +being always in readiness to intercept them on their +way. As early as April 1792, they taught us the necessity +of having a strong guard to escort supplies with safety, +by a successful attack on Major Adair; who with one +hundred and twenty volunteers from Kentucky, had +charge of a number of pack horses laden with provisions. +He was engaged by a body of savages, not much superior +in number, and although he was under cover of Fort St. +Clair, yet did they drive him into the fort, and carry off +the provisions and pack horses. The courage and bold +daring of the Indians, was eminently conspicuous on this +occasion. They fought with nearly equal numbers, +against a body of troops, better tutored in the science of +open warfare, well mounted and equipped, armed with +every necessary weapon, and almost under the guns of the +fort. And they fought successfully,––killing one captain +and ten privates, wounding several, and taking property +estimated to be worth fifteen thousand dollars. Nothing +seemed to abate their ardor for war. Neither the strong +garrisons placed in the forts erected so far in advance of +the settlements, nor the great preparations which were +making for striking an effectual blow at them, caused them +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_414' name='page_414'></a>414</span> +for an instant to slacken in hostilities, or check their +movements against the frontier.</p> +<p>In the spring of 1793, a party of warriors proceeding +towards the head waters of the Monongahela river, discovered +a marked way, leading a direction which they did +not know to be inhabited by whites. It led to a settlement +which had been recently made on Elk river, by Jeremiah +and Benjamin Carpenter and a few others from Bath +county, and who had been particularly careful to make +nor leave any path which might lead to a discovery of their +situation, but Adam O’Brien moving into the same section +of country in the spring of 1792, and being rather an indifferent +woodsman, incautiously blazed the trees in +several directions so as to enable him readily to find his +home, when business or pleasure should have drawn him +from it. It was upon one of these marked traces that the +Indians chanced to fall; and pursuing it, came to the deserted +cabin of [306] O’Brien: he having returned to the +interior, because of his not making a sufficiency of +grain for the subsistence of his family. Proceeding from +O’Brien’s, they came to the House of Benjamin Carpenter, +whom they found alone and killed. Mrs. Carpenter +being discovered by them, before she was aware of their +presence, was tomahawked and scalped, a small distance +from the yard.</p> +<p>The burning of Benjamin Carpenter’s house, led to a +discovery of these outrages; and the remaining inhabitants +of that neighborhood, remote from any fort or populous +settlement to which they could fly for security, retired +to the mountains and remained for several days concealed +in a cave. They then caught their horses and moved their +families to the West Fork; and when they visited the +places of their former habitancy for the purpose of collecting +their stock and carrying it off with their other property, +scarce a vestige of them was to be seen,––the Indians +had been there after they left the cave, and burned the +houses, pillaged their movable property, and destroyed the +cattle and hogs.</p> +<p>Among the few interesting incidents which occurred +in the upper country, during this year, was the captivity +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_415' name='page_415'></a>415</span> +and remarkable escape of two brothers, John and Henry +Johnson:––the former thirteen, the latter eleven years of +age. They lived at a station on the west side of the Ohio +river near above Indian Short creek; and being at some +distance from the house, engaged in the sportive amusements +of youth, became fatigued and seated themselves on +an old log for the purpose of resting. They presently +observed two men coming towards them, whom they +believed to be white men from the station until they approached +so close as to leave no prospect of escape by +flight, when to their great grief they saw that two Indians +were beside them. They were made prisoners, and taken +about four miles, when after partaking of some roasted +meat and parched corn given them by their captors, they +were arranged for the night, by being placed between the +two Indians and each encircled in the arms of the one +next him.</p> +<p>Henry, the younger of the brothers, had grieved much +at the idea of being carried off by the Indians, and during +his short but sorrowful journey across the hills, had wept +immoderately. John had in vain endeavored to comfort +him with the hope that they should be enabled to elude +the vigilence of the savages, and to return to the hearth of +their parents and brethren. He refused to be comforted.––The +ugly red man, with his tomahawk and scalping knife, +which had been often called in to quiet the cries of his infancy, +was now actually before him; and every scene of +torture and of torment which had been depicted, by narration, +to his youthful eye, was now present to his terrified +imagination, hightened by the thought that they were +about to be re-enacted on himself. In anticipation of this +horrid doom for some time he wept in bitterness and affliction; +but</p> +<table style='margin: auto' summary=''><tr><td> +<p class='cg'> +[307] “The tear down childhood’s cheek that flows,</p> +<p class='cg'> +Is like the dew drop on the rose;––</p> +<p class='cg'> +When next the summer breeze comes by</p> +<p class='cg'> +And waves the bush, the flower is dry.”––</p> +</td></tr></table> +<p>When the fire was kindled at night, the supper prepared +and offered to him, all idea of his future fate was merged +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_416' name='page_416'></a>416</span> +in their present kindness; and Henry soon sunk to sleep, +though enclosed in horrid hug, by savage arms.</p> +<p>It was different with John. He felt the reality of +their situation.––He was alive to the anguish which he +knew would agitate the bosom of his mother, and he +thought over the means of allaying it so intensely, that +sleep was banished from his eyes. Finding the others all +locked in deep repose, he disengaged himself from the embrace +of the savage at his side, and walked to the fire. To +test the soundness of their sleep, he rekindled the dying +blaze, and moved freely about it. All remained still and +motionless,––no suppressed breathing, betrayed a feigned +repose. He gently twitched the sleeping Henry, and +whispering softly in his ear, bade him get up. Henry +obeyed, and they both stood by the fire. “I think, said +John, we had better go home now.” “Oh! replied Henry, +they will follow and catch us again.” “Never fear that, +rejoined John, we’ll kill them before we go.” The idea +was for some time opposed by Henry; but when he beheld +the savages so soundly asleep, and listened to his brother’s +plan of executing his wish, he finally consented to act the +part prescribed him.</p> +<p>The only gun which the Indians had, was resting +against a tree, at the foot of which lay their tomahawks. +John placed it on a log, with the muzzle near to the head of +one of the savages; cocked it, and leaving Henry with his +finger to the trigger, ready to pull upon the signal being +given, he repaired to his own station. Holding in his +hand one of their tomahawks, he stood astride of the other +Indian, and as he raised his arm to deal death to the sleeping +savage, Henry fired, and shooting off the lower part of +the Indian’s jaw, called to his brother, “<i>lay on, for I’ve done +for this one</i>,” seized up the gun and ran off. The first blow +of the tomahawk took effect on the back of the neck, and +was not fatal. The Indian attempted to spring up; but +John repeated his strokes with such force and so quickly, +that he soon brought him again to the ground; and leaving +him dead proceeded on after his brother.</p> +<p>They presently came to a path which they recollected +to have travelled, the preceding evening, and keeping +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_417' name='page_417'></a>417</span> +along it, arrived at the station awhile before day. The inhabitants +were however, all up and in much uneasiness for +the fate of the boys; and when they came near and heard +a well known voice exclaim in accents of deep distress, +“<i>Poor little fellows, they are killed or taken prisoners</i>,” John +replied aloud,––“No mother, we are here again.”</p> +<p>When the tale of their captivity, and the means by +which their deliverance was effected, were told, they did +not obtain full credence. [308] Piqued at the doubts expressed +by some, John observed, “you had better go and +see.” “But, can you again find the spot,” said one. +“Yes, replied he, I hung my hat up at the turning out +place and can soon shew you the spot.” Accompanied by +several of the men, John returned to the theatre of his daring +exploits; and the truth of his statement received ample +confirmation. The savage who had been tomahawked +was lying dead by the fire––the other had crawled some +distance; but was tracked by his blood until found, when +it was agreed to leave him, “<i>as he must die at any rate</i>.”</p> +<p>Companies of rangers had been for several seasons +stationed on the Ohio river, for the greater security of the +persons and property of those who resided on and near the +frontier. During this year a company which had been stationed +at the mouth of Fishing creek,<a name='FNanchor_0305' id='FNanchor_0305'></a><a href='#Footnote_0305' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> and had remained +there until its term of service had expired, determined +then on a scout into the Indian country; and +crossing the river, marched on for some days before they +saw any thing which indicated their nearness to Indians. +Pursuing a path which seemed to be much used, they came +in view of an Indian camp, and observing another path, +which likewise seemed to be much frequented, Ensign +Levi Morgan was sent with a detachment of the men, to +see if it would conduct them to where were others of the +Indians, who soon returned with the information that he +had seen another of their encampments close by. Upon +the receipt of this intelligence, the Lieutenant was sent +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_418' name='page_418'></a>418</span> +forward with a party of men to attack the second encampment, +while the Captain with the residue of the company +should proceed against that which had been first discovered, +and commence an assault on it, when he should hear +the firing of the Lieutenant’s party at the camp which he +was sent to assail.</p> +<p>When the second camp was approached and the men +posted at intervals around it, awaiting the light of day to +begin the assault, the Lieutenant discovered that there was +a greater force of Indians with whom he would have to +contend than was expected, and prudently resolved to +withdraw his men without coming into collision with +them. Orders for this movement were directly given, and +the party immediately retired. There was however, one +of the detachment, who had been posted some small distance +in advance of the others with directions to fire as +soon as the Indians should be seen stirring, and who, unapprized +of the withdrawal of the others, [309] maintained +his station, until he observed a squaw issuing from a camp, +when he fired at her and rushed up, expecting to be supported +by his comrades. He fell into the hands of those +whom he had thus assailed; but his fate was far different +from what he had every reason to suppose it would be, +under those circumstances. It was the hunting camp of +Isaac Zane, and the female at whom he had shot was the +daughter of Zane; the ball had slightly wounded her in +the wrist. Her father, although he had been with the Indians +ever since his captivity when only nine years of age, +had not yet acquired the ferocious and vindictive passions +of those with whom he had associated; but practising the +forbearance and forgiveness of christian and civilized man, +generously conducted the wanton assailant so far upon his +way, that he was enabled though alone to reach the settlement +in safety. His fate was different from that of those, +who had been taken prisoners by that part of the company +which remained at the first camp with the Captain. +When the Lieutenant with the detachment, rejoined the +others, disappointment at the failure of the expedition +under him, led some of the men to fall upon the Indian +prisoners and inhumanly murder them. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_419' name='page_419'></a>419</span></p> +<p>Notwithstanding that preparations for an active campaign +against the savages was fast ripening to their perfection, +and that the troops of the general government +had penetrated as far as to the field, on which had been +fought the fatal battle of the fourth of November, 1791, +and erected there Fort Recovery,<a name='FNanchor_0306' id='FNanchor_0306'></a><a href='#Footnote_0306' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> yet did they not cease +from their accustomed inroads upon the settlements, even +after the winter of 1793.––In March 1794, a party of them +crossed the Ohio river, and as they were advancing towards +the settlements on the upper branches of the Monongahela, +met with Joseph Cox, then on his way to the mouth of +Leading creek on Little Kenhawa, for a load of furs and +skins which he had left there, at the close of his hunt the +preceding fall. Cox very unexpectedly met them in a +narrow pass, and instantly wheeled his horse to ride off. +Endeavoring to stimulate the horse to greater speed by +the application of the whip, the animal became stubborn +and refused to go at all, when Cox was forced to dismount +and seek safety on foot. His pursuers gained rapidly upon +him, and he saw that one of them would soon overtake +him. He faced the savage who was near, and raised his +gun to fire; but nothing daunted, the Indian rushed forward. +Cox’s gun [310] missed fire, and he was instantly a +prisoner. He was taken to their towns and detained in +captivity for some time; but at length made his escape, +and returned safely to the settlement.</p> +<p>On the 24th of July, six Indians visited the West +Fork river, and at the mouth of Freeman’s creek, met +with, and made prisoner, a daughter of John Runyan. +She was taken off by two of the party of savages, but did +not go more than ten or twelve miles, before she was put +to death. The four Indians who remained, proceeded +down the river and on the next day came to the house of +William Carder, near below the mouth of Hacker’s creek. +Mr. Carder discovered them approaching, in time to fasten +his door; but in the confusion of the minute, shut out two +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_420' name='page_420'></a>420</span> +of his children, who however ran off unperceived by the +savages and arrived in safety at the house of a neighbor. +He then commenced firing and hallooing, so as to alarm +those who were near and intimidate the Indians. Both +objects were accomplished. The Indians contented themselves +with shooting at the cattle, and then retreated; and +Mr. Joseph Chevront, who lived hardby, hearing the report +of the guns and the loud cries of Carder, sent his own +family to a place of safety, and with nobleness of purpose, +ran to the relief of his neighbor. He enabled Carder to remove +his family to a place of greater security, although +the enemy were yet near, and engaged in skinning one of +the cattle that they might take with them a supply of +meat. On the next day a company of men assembled, and +went in pursuit; but they could not trail the savages far, +because of the great caution with which they had retreated, +and returned without accomplishing any thing.</p> +<p>Two days afterward, when it was believed that the Indians +had left the neighborhood, they came on Hacker’s +creek near to the farm of Jacob Cozad, and finding four +of his sons bathing, took three of them prisoners, and +killed the fourth, by repeatedly stabbing him with a bayonet +attached to a staff. The boys, of whom they made +prisoners, were immediately taken to the Indian towns and +kept in captivity until the treaty of Greenville in 1795. +Two of them were then delivered up to their father, who +attended to enquire for them,––the third was not heard of +for some time after, but was at length found at Sandusky, +by his elder brother and brought home.</p> +<p>After the victory obtained by General Wayne over +the Indians, [311] Jacob Cozad, Jr. was doomed to be +burned to death, in revenge of the loss then sustained by +the savages. Every preparation for carrying into execution +this dreadful determination was quickly made. The +wood was piled, the intended victim was apprized of his +approaching fate, and before the flaming torch was applied +to the faggots, he was told to take leave of those who were +assembled to witness the awful spectacle. The crowd was +great, and the unhappy youth could with difficulty press +his way through them. Amid the jeers and taunts of those +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_421' name='page_421'></a>421</span> +whom he would address, he was proceeding to discharge +the last sad act of his life, when a female, whose countenance +beamed with benignity, beckoned him to follow her. +He did not hesitate. He approached as if to bid her farewell, +and she succeeded in taking him off unobserved by +the many eyes gazing around, and concealed him in a wigwam +among some trunks and covered loosely with a +blanket. He was presently missed, and a search immediately +made for him. Many passed near in quest of the +devoted victim, and he could hear their steps and note +their disappointment. After awhile the uproar ceased, +and he felt more confident of security. In a few minutes +more he heard approaching footsteps and felt that the +blanket was removed from him. He turned to surrender +himself to his pursuers, and meet a dreadful death.––But +no! they were two of his master’s sons who had been directed +where to find him, and they conducted him securely +to the Old Delaware town, where he remained until carried +to camp upon the conclusion of a treaty of peace.<a name='FNanchor_0307' id='FNanchor_0307'></a><a href='#Footnote_0307' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<p>In a short time after the happening of the events at +Cozad’s, a party of Indians made an irruption upon Tygart’s +Valley. For some time the inhabitants of that settlement +had enjoyed a most fortunate exemption from +savage molestation; and although they had somewhat relaxed +in vigilance, they did not however omit to pursue a +course calculated to ensure a continuance of their tranquillity +and repose. Instead of flying for security, as they +had formerly, to the neighboring forts upon the return of +spring, the increase of population and the increased capacity +of the communion to repel aggression, caused them +to neglect other acts of precaution, and only to assemble +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_422' name='page_422'></a>422</span> +at particular houses, when danger was believed to be instant +and at hand. In consequence of the reports which +reached them of the injuries lately committed by the +[312] savages upon the West Fork, several families collected +at the house of Mr. Joseph Canaan for mutual security, +and while thus assembled, were visited by a party +of Indians, when perfectly unprepared for resistance. The +savages entered the house awhile after dark, and approaching +the bed on which Mr. Canaan was lolling, one of them +addressed him with the familiarity of an old acquaintance +and saying “how d’ye do, how d’ye do,” presented his +hand. Mr. Canaan was rising to reciprocate the greeting, +when he was pierced by a ball discharged at him from +another savage, and fell dead. The report of the gun at +once told, who were the visitors, and put them upon using +immediate exertions to effect their safety by flight. A +young man who was near when Canaan was shot, aimed +at the murderer a blow with a drawing knife, which took +effect on the head of the savage and brought him to the +ground. Ralston then escaped through the door, and fled +in safety, although fired at as he fled.</p> +<p>When the Indians entered the house, there was a Mrs. +Ward sitting in the room. So soon as she observed that +the intruders were savages, she passed into another apartment +with two of the children, and going out with them +through a window, got safely away. Mr. Lewis (brother +to Mrs. Canaan) likewise escaped from a back room, in +which he had been asleep at the firing of the gun. Three +children were tomahawked and scalped,––Mrs. Canaan +made prisoner, and the savages withdrew. The severe +wound inflicted on the head of the Indian by Ralston, +made it necessary that they should delay their return to +their towns, until his recovery; and they accordingly remained +near the head of the middle fork of Buchannon, +for several weeks. Their extreme caution in travelling, +rendered any attempt to discover them unavailing; and +when their companion was restored they proceeded on, +uninterruptedly. On the close of the war, Mrs. Canaan +was redeemed from captivity by a brother from Brunswick, +in New Jersey, and restored to her surviving friends. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_423' name='page_423'></a>423</span></p> +<p>Thus far in the year 1794, the army of the United +States had not been organised for efficient operations. Gen. +Wayne had been actively employed in the discharge of +every preparatory duty devolving on him; and those +distinguishing characteristics of uncommon daring and +bravery, which had acquired for him the appellation of +“<i>Mad Anthony</i>,” and which [313] so eminently fitted him +for the command of an army warring against savages, +gave promise of success to his arms.</p> +<p>Before the troops marched from Fort Washington, it +was deemed advisable to have an abundant supply of provisions +in the different forts in advance of this, as well for +the supply of their respective garrisons, as for the subsistence +of the general army, in the event of its being +driven into them, by untoward circumstances. With this +view, three hundred pack-horses, laden with flour, were +sent on to Fort Recovery; and, as it was known that considerable +bodies of the enemy were constantly hovering +about the forts, and awaiting opportunities of cutting off +any detachments from the main army, Major McMahon, +with eighty riflemen under Capt. Hartshorn, and fifty +dragoons, under Capt. Taylor, was ordered on as an escort. +This force was too great to justify the savages in +making an attack, until they could unite the many war +parties which were near;.and before this could be effected, +Major McMahon reached his destination.</p> +<p>On the 30th of July,<a name='FNanchor_0308' id='FNanchor_0308'></a><a href='#Footnote_0308' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> as the escort was about leaving +Fort Recovery, it was attacked by an army of one thousand +Indians, in the immediate vicinity of the fort. Captain +Hartshorn had advanced only three or four hundred +yards, at the head of the riflemen, when he was unexpectedly +beset on every side. With the most consummate +bravery and good conduct, he maintained the unequal conflict, +until Major McMahon, placing himself at the head +of the cavalry, charged upon the enemy, and was repulsed +with considerable loss. Maj. McMahon, Capt. Taylor and +Cornet Terry fell upon the first onset, and many of the +privates were killed or wounded. The whole savage force +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_424' name='page_424'></a>424</span> +being now brought to press on Capt. Hartshorn, that brave +officer was forced to try and regain the Fort, but the +enemy interposed its strength, to prevent this movement. +Lieutenant Drake and Ensign Dodd, with twenty volunteers, +marched from Fort Recovery and forcing a passage +through a column of the enemy at the point of the bayonet, +joined the rifle corps, at the instant that Capt. Hartshorn +received a shot which broke his thigh. Lieut. Craig +being killed and Lieut. Marks taken prisoner, Lieut. Drake +conducted the retreat; and while endeavoring for an instant +to hold the enemy in check, so as to enable the soldiers +to bring off their wounded captain, himself received +a shot in the groin, and the retreat was resumed, leaving +Capt. Hartshorn on the field.</p> +<p>[314] When the remnant of the troops came within the +walls of the Fort, Lieut. Michael, who had been early detached +by Capt. Hartshorn to the flank of the enemy, was +found to be missing, and was given up as lost. But while +his friends were deploring his unfortunate fate, he and +Lieut. Marks, who had been early taken prisoner, were +seen rushing through the enemy, from opposite directions +towards the Fort. They gained it safely, notwithstanding +they were actively pursued, and many shots fired at them. +Lieut. Marks had got off by knocking down the Indian +who held him prisoner; and Lieut. Michael had lost all +of his party, but three men. The entire loss of the Americans +was twenty-three killed, and forty wounded.<a name='FNanchor_0309' id='FNanchor_0309'></a><a href='#Footnote_0309' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a> The +riflemen brought in ten scalps which were taken early in +the action; beyond this the enemy’s loss was never ascertained. +Many of them were no doubt killed and wounded, +as they advanced in solid columns up to the very muzzles +of the guns, and were afterwards seen carrying off many +of their warriors on pack horses.</p> +<p>At length Gen. Wayne put the army over which he had +been given the command, in motion;<a name='FNanchor_0310' id='FNanchor_0310'></a><a href='#Footnote_0310' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> and upon its arrival +at the confluence of the Au Glaize and the Miami of the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_425' name='page_425'></a>425</span> +Lakes, another effort was made for the attainment of +peace, without the effusion of blood. Commissioners were +sent forward to the Indians to effect this desirable object; +who exhorted them to listen to their propositions for terminating +the war, and no longer to be deluded by the +counsels of white emissaries, who had not the power to afford +them protection; but only sought to involve the +frontier of the United States in a war, from which much +evil, but no good could possibly result to either party. +The savages however felt confident that success would +again attend their arms, and deriving additional incentives +to war from their proximity to the British fort, recently +erected at the foot of the rapids, declined the overture for +peace, and seemed ardently to desire the battle, which +they knew must soon be fought.</p> +<p>The Indian army at this time, amounted to about two +thousand warriors, and when reconnoitered on the 19th of +August were found encamped in a thick bushy wood and +near to the British Fort. The army of Gen. Wayne was +equal in numbers to that of the enemy; and when on the +morning of the 20th, it took up the line of march, the +troops were so disposed as to avoid being surprised, and to +come into action on the [315] shortest notice, and under +the most favorable circumstances. A select battalion of +mounted volunteers, commanded by Major Price, moving +in advance of the main army, had proceeded but a few +miles, when a fire so severe was aimed at it by the savages +concealed, as usual, that it was forced to fall back. The +enemy had chosen their ground with great judgment, taking +a position behind the fallen timber,<a name='FNanchor_0311' id='FNanchor_0311'></a><a href='#Footnote_0311' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a> which had been +prostrated by a tornado, and in a woods so thick as to +render it impracticable for the cavalry to act with effect. +They were formed into three regular lines, much extended +in front, within supporting distance of each other, and +reaching about two miles; and their first effort was to turn +the left flank of the American army.</p> +<p>Gen. Wayne ordered the first line of his army to advance +with trailed arms, to rouse the enemy from their +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_426' name='page_426'></a>426</span> +covert at the point of the bayonet, and when up to deliver +a close and well directed fire, to be followed by a charge +so brisk as not to allow them time to reload or form their +lines. The second line was ordered to the support of the +first; and Capt. Campbell at the head of the cavalry, and +Gen. Scott at the head of the mounted volunteers were +sent forward to turn the left and right wings of the enemy. +All these complicated orders were promptly executed; but +such was the impetuosity of the charge made by the first +line of infantry, so completely and entirely was the enemy +broken by it, and so rapid the pursuit, that only a small +part of the second line and of the mounted volunteers +were in time to participate in the action, notwithstanding +the great exertions of their respective officers to co-operate +in the engagement; and in less than one hour, the savages +were driven more than two miles and within gunshot of +the British Fort, by less than one half their numbers.</p> +<p>Gen. Wayne remained three days on the banks of the +Miami, in front of the field of battle left to the full and +quiet possession of his army, by the flight and dispersion +of the savages. In this time, all the houses and cornfields, +both above and below the British Fort, and among the +rest, the houses and stores of Col. McKee,<a name='FNanchor_0312' id='FNanchor_0312'></a><a href='#Footnote_0312' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> an English +trader of great influence among the Indians and which +had been invariably exerted to prolong the war, were consumed +by fire or otherwise entirely destroyed. On the +27th, the American army returned to its head quarters, +laying waste the cornfields and villages on each side of the +river for about fifty miles; and [316] this too in the most +populous and best improved part of the Indian country.</p> +<p>The loss sustained by the American army, in obtaining +this brilliant victory, over a savage enemy flushed with +former successes, amounted to thirty-three killed and one +hundred wounded:<a name='FNanchor_0313' id='FNanchor_0313'></a><a href='#Footnote_0313' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a> that of the enemy was never ascertained. +In his official account of the action, Gen. Wayne +says, “The woods were strewed for a considerable distance, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_427' name='page_427'></a>427</span> +with the dead bodies of the Indians and their white auxiliaries;” +and at a council held a few days after, when +British agents endeavored to prevail on them to risk +another engagement, they expressed a determination to +“bury the bloody hatchet” saying, that they had just lost +more than two hundred of their warriors.</p> +<p>Some events occurred during this engagement, which +are deemed worthy of being recorded here, although not +of general interest. While Capt. Campbell was engaged +in turning the left-flank, of the enemy, three of them +plunged into the river, and endeavored to escape the fury +of the conflict, by swimming to the opposite shore. They +were seen by two negroes, who were on the bank to which +the Indians were aiming, and who concealed themselves +behind a log for the purpose of intercepting them. When +within shooting distance one of the negroes fired and +killed one of the Indians. The other two took hold of +him to drag him to shore, when one of them was killed, +by the fire of the other negro. The remaining Indian, being +now in shoal water, endeavored to draw both the dead +to the bank; but before he could effect this, the negro who +had first fired, had reloaded, and again discharging his gun, +killed him also, and the three floated down the river.</p> +<p>Another circumstance is related, which shows the obstinacy +with which the contest was maintained by individuals +in both armies. A soldier and an Indian came in +collision, the one having an unloaded gun,––the other a +tomahawk. After the action was over, they were both +found dead; the soldier with his bayonet in the body of +the Indian,––and the Indian with his tomahawk in the +head of the soldier.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the signal victory, obtained by General +Wayne over the Indians, yet did their hostility to the +whites lead them to acts of occasional violence, and kept +them for some time from acceding to the proposals for +peace. In [317] consequence of this, their whole country +was laid waste, and forts erected in the hearts of their settlements +at once to starve and awe them into quiet. The +desired effect was produced. Their crops being laid waste, +their villages burned, fortresses erected in various parts of +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_428' name='page_428'></a>428</span> +their country and kept well garrisoned, and a victorious +army ready to bear down upon them at any instant, there +was no alternative left them but to sue for peace. When +the Shawanees made known their wish to bury the <i>bloody +hatchet</i>, Gen. Wayne refused to treat singly with them, and +declared that all the different tribes of the North Western +Indians should be parties to any treaty which he should +make. This required some time as they had been much +dispersed after the defeat of the 20th of August, and the +great devastation committed on their crops and provisions +by the American army, had driven many to the woods, to +procure a precarious subsistence by hunting. Still however, +to such abject want and wretchedness were they +reduced, that exertions were immediately made to collect +them in general council; and as this was the work of some +time, it was not effected until midsummer of 1795.</p> +<p>In this interval of time, there was but a solitary interruption, +caused by savage aggression, to the general repose +and quiet of North Western Virginia; and that +interruption occurred in a settlement which had been +exempt from invasion since the year 1782. In the summer +of 1795, the trail of a large party of Indians was +discovered on Leading creek, and proceeding directly towards +the settlements on the head of the West Fork, +those on Buchannon river, or in Tygart’s Valley. In +consequence of the uncertainty against which of them, +the savages would direct their operations, intelligence of +the discovery which had been made, was sent by express +to all; and measures, to guard against the happening of +any unpleasant result, were taken by all, save the inhabitants +on Buchannon. They had so long been exempt +from the murderous incursions of the savages, while other +settlements not remote from them, were yearly deluged +with blood, that a false security was engendered, in the +issue, fatal to the lives and happiness of some of them, by +causing them to neglect the use of such precautionary +means, as would warn them of the near approach of danger, +and ward it when it came.</p> +<p>Pursuing their usual avocations in despite of the +warning which had been given them, on the day after the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_429' name='page_429'></a>429</span> +express had [318] sounded an alarm among them, as John +Bozarth, sen. and his sons George and John were busied +in drawing grain from the field to the barn, the agonizing +shrieks of those at the house rent the air around them; +and they hastened to ascertain, and if practicable avert +the cause. The elasticity of youth enabled George to approach +the house some few paces in advance of his father, +but the practised eye of the old gentleman, first discovered +an Indian, only a small distance from his son, and with +his gun raised to fire upon him. With parental solicitude +he exclaimed, “See George, an Indian is going to shoot +you.” George was then too near the savage, to think of +escaping by flight. He looked at him steadily, and when +he supposed the fatal aim was taken and the finger just +pressing on the trigger, he fell, and the ball whistled by +him. Not doubting but that the youth had fallen in death, +the savage passed by him and pressed in pursuit of the +father.</p> +<p>Mr. Bozarth had not attained to that age when the +sinews become too much relaxed for active exertion, but +was yet springy and agile, and was enabled to keep ahead +of his pursuer. Despairing of overtaking him, by reason +of his great speed, the savage hurled a tomahawk at his +head. It passed harmless by; and the old gentleman got +safely off.</p> +<p>When George Bozarth fell as the Indian fired, he lay +still as if dead, and supposing the scalping knife would be +next applied to his head, determined on seizing the savage +by the legs as he would stoop over him, and endeavor to +bring him to the ground; when he hoped to be able to +gain the mastery over him. Seeing him pass on in pursuit +of his father, he arose and took to flight also. On +his way he overtook a younger brother, who had become +alarmed, and was hobbling slowly away on a sore foot. +George gave him every aid in his power to facilitate his +flight, until he discovered that another of the savages was +pressing close upon them. Knowing that if he remained +with his brother, both must inevitably perish, he was reluctantly +forced to leave him to his fate. Proceeding on, +he came up with his father, who not doubting but he was +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_430' name='page_430'></a>430</span> +killed when the savage fired at him, broke forth with the +exclamation, “<i>Why George, I thought you were dead</i>,” and +manifested, even in that sorrowful moment, a joyful feeling +at his mistake.</p> +<p>The Indians who were at the house, wrought their +work of blood upon such as would have been impediments +to their [319] retreat; and killing two or three smaller +children, took Mrs. Bozarth and two boys prisoners. +With these they made their way to their towns and arrived +in time to surrender their captives to Gen. Wayne.</p> +<p>This was the last mischief done by the Indians in +North Western Virginia. For twenty years the inhabitants +of that section of the country, had suffered all the +horrors of savage warfare, and all the woes which spring +from the uncurbed indulgence of those barbarous and vindicitive +passions, which bear sway in savage breasts. The +treaty of Greenville, concluded on the 3d of August 1795, +put a period to the war, and with it, to those acts of devastation +and death which had so long spread dismay and +gloom throughout the land.</p> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em'>FINIS.</p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Memoir</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +The venerable Mark L. Spotts, an intelligent and long-time resident +of Lewisburg, West Virginia, writes, in December, 1890: “I had an old +and particular friend, Mr. Thomas Matthews, of this place, who, many +years ago, conceived the idea of preparing and publishing a revised +edition of Withers’s <i>Border Warfare</i>, and no doubt had collected many +facts looking to such a publication; but the old man’s health gave way, +he died, and his widow moved away, and what became of his notes, I +can not say––perhaps destroyed.”––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Introduction: Chapter 1</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +The author errs somewhat in his review of the voyages of the +Cabots. In 1497, John set out to reach Asia by way of the north-west, +and sighted Cape Breton, for which the generous king gave him £10 +and blessed him with “great honours.” In 1498, Sebastian’s voyage was +intended to supplement his father’s; his exploration of the coast extended +down to the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +This refers to the explorations of Jacques Cartier. But as early as +1534 Cartier sailed up the estuary of the St. Lawrence “until land could +be seen on either side;” the following year he ascended the river as +far as the La Chine rapids, and wintered upon the island mountain there +which he named Mont Real. It was in 1541 that he made his third +voyage, and built a fort at Quebec. The author’s reference, a few lines +below, to a “Spanish sailor” in the St. Lawrence, is the result of confusion +over Cartier’s first voyages; Cortereal was at Newfoundland for +the Portuguese in 1500; and Gomez for Spain in 1525.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0004' id='Footnote_0004'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0004'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +The author wrote at too early a date to have the benefit of Parkman’s +researches. La Salle had probably discovered the Ohio River +four years before the voyage of Joliet and Marquette.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0005' id='Footnote_0005'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0005'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +It is said, that Georgia, at an early period of her colonial +existence, endeavored by legislative enactment to prevent the importation +of slaves into her territory, but that the King of England invariably +negatived those laws, and ultimately Oglethorpe was dismissed from +office, for persevering in the endeavor to accomplish so desirable an object. +It is an historical fact that slaves were not permitted to be taken +into Georgia, for some time after a colony was established there. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Introduction: Chapter 2</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0006' id='Footnote_0006'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0006'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +“If a learned man of Tobolski or Pekin were to read some of our +books, be might in this way demonstrate, that the French are descended +from the Trojans. The most ancient writings, he might say, and those +in most esteem in France, are romances: these were written in a pure +language, derived from the ancient Romans, who were famous for never +advancing a falsehood. Now upwards of twenty of these authentic +books, affirm that Francis, the founder of the monarchy of the Franks, +was son to Hector. The name of Hector has ever since been preserved +by this nation; and even in the present century one of the greatest generals +was called Hector de Villars. +</p><p> +“The neighboring nations (he would continue,) are so unanimous in +acknowledging this truth, that Ariosto, one of the most learned of the +Italians, owns in his Orlando, that Charlemagne’s knights fought for +Hector’s helmet. Lastly, there is one proof which admits of no reply; +namely, that the ancient Franks to perpetuate the memory of the +Trojans, their ancestors, built a new city called Troye, in the province +of Champagne; and these modern Trojans have always retained so +strong an aversion to their enemies, the Greeks, that there is not at +present four persons in the whole province of Champagne, who will +learn their language; nay, they would never admit any Jesuits among +them; probably because they had heard it said, that some of that body +used formerly to explain Homer in their public schools.” +</p><p> +Proceeding in this manner, M. de Voltaire shows how easily this +hypothesis might be overturned; and while one might thus demonstrate +that the Parisians are descended from the Greeks, other profound +antiquarians might in like manner prove them to be of Egyptian, or +even of Arabian extraction; and although the learned world might +much puzzle themselves to decide the question, yet would it remain undecided +and in uncertainty.––<i>Preface to the Life of Peter the Great.</i> +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0007' id='Footnote_0007'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0007'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +In a small work entitled “Ancient History of the Six Nations,” +written by David Cusick, an educated Indian of the Tuscarora village, +frequent mention is made of the actual presence among them, of +Tarenyawagua, or Holder of the Heavens, who guided and directed +them when present, and left rules for their government, during his +absence. Several miracles performed by him are particularly mentioned. +It likewise speaks of the occasional visits of Angels or ‘agents +of the Superior power’ as they are called by Cusick; and tells of a visitor +who came among the Tuscaroras long anterior to the discovery of +America by Columbus. “He appeared to be a very old man, taught +them many things, and informed them that the people beyond the great +water had killed their Maker, but that he rose again. The old man died +among them and they buried him––soon after some person went to the +grave and found that he had risen; he was never heard of afterwards.” +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0008' id='Footnote_0008'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0008'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +In confirmation of this tradition among the Indians, the following +somewhat singular circumstance related by Mr. Carver, may with propriety +be adduced: +</p><p> +While at Grand Portage, from the number of those who were +there and the fact that the traders did not arrive as soon as was expected, +there was a great scarcity of provisions, and much consequent +anxiety as to the period of their arrival. One day, Mr. Carver says, +that while expressing their wishes for the event, and looking anxiously +to ascertain if they could be seen on the Lake, the chief Priest of the +Kilistines told them that he would endeavor in a conference with the +Great Spirit, to learn at what time the traders would arrive: and the +following evening was fixed upon for the spiritual conference. +</p><p> +When every preparation had been made, the king conducted Mr. +Carver to a spacious tent, the covering of which was so drawn up as to +render visible to those without, every thing which passed within. Mr. +Carver being seated beside the king within the tent, observed in the +centre a place of an oblong shape, composed of stakes stuck at intervals in +the ground, forming something like a coffin, and large enough to contain +the body of a man. The sticks were far enough from each other to admit +a distinct view by the spectators, of what ever passed within them; +while the tent was perfectly illuminated. +</p><p> +When the Priest entered, a large Elk-skin being spread on the +ground, he divested himself of all his clothing, except that around his +middle, and laying down on the skin enveloped himself (save only his +head) in it. The skin was then bound round with about forty yards +of cord, and in that situation he was placed within the ballustrade of +sticks. +</p><p> +In a few seconds he was heard to mutter, but his voice, gradually +assuming a higher tone, was at length extended to its utmost pitch, +and sometimes praying, he worked himself into such an agitation as +to produce a foaming at the mouth. To this succeeded a speechless +state of exhaustion, of short duration; when suddenly springing on +his feet, and shaking off the skin, as easily as if the bands with +which it had been lashed around him, were burned asunder, he addressed +the company in a firm and audible voice: “My Brothers, +said he, the Great Spirit has deigned to hold a talk with his servant. +He has not indeed told me when the traders will be here; but tomorrow +when the sun reaches the highest point in the heavens, a canoe +will arrive, the people in that canoe will inform us when the traders +will arrive.” +</p><p> +Mr. Carver adds that on the next day at noon a canoe was descried +on the lake at the distance of about three miles,––completely verifying +the prediction of the High Priest, in point of time. From the people +on board this canoe they learned that the traders would be at the portage +on the second day thereafter, at which time they actually did +arrive. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0009' id='Footnote_0009'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0009'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Indian traditions by Cusick. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Introduction: Chapter 3</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0010' id='Footnote_0010'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0010'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +It is said that the nerves of an Indian do not shrink as much, nor +shew the same tendency to spasm, under the knife of the surgeon, as +the nerves of a white man in a similar situation. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0011' id='Footnote_0011'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0011'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +A Narraganset, made prisoner by Maj. Talcott in 1679, begged to +be delivered to the Mohicans that he might be put to death in their +own way. The New Englanders complying with his request, preparations +were made for the tragical event. “The Mohicans, formed a +circle, and admitting within it as many of the whites as chose to witness +their proceedings, placed the prisoner in the centre. One of the Mohicans, +who had lost a son in the late engagement, with a knife cut off the +<span class='smcap'>prisoner’s ears</span>! then his <span class='smcap'>nose</span>! and then the <span class='smcap'>fingers</span> off each hand! +after the lapse of a few moments, his <span class='smcap'>eyes were dug out, and their +sockets filled with hot embers</span>!! All this time the prisoner instead +of bewailing his fate, seemed to surpass his tormentors in expressions of +joy. At length when exhausted with loss of blood and unable to stand, +his executioner closed the tragic scene by beating out his brains with a +tomahawk.”––<i>Indian Wars, by Trumbull.</i> +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0012' id='Footnote_0012'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0012'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Indians consider the running of the gauntlet, as but the ceremony +of an introduction; and say that it is “like the shake hands and howde +do, of the whites.” +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0013' id='Footnote_0013'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0013'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +While performing this tour, Tecumseh carried a <span class='smcap'>red stick</span>, the +acceptance of which was considered a joining of his party––Hence those +Indians who were hostile to the United States, were denominated <span class='smcap'>Red +Sticks</span>. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_m0014' id='Footnote_m0014'></a><a href='#FNanchor_m0014'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Pope has very finely expressed the leading articles of religion among +the Indians in the following lines.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'> +Lo, the poor Indian! whose untutor’d mind<br /> +Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind;<br /> +His soul proud science never taught to stray<br /> +Far as the Solar Walk or Milky Way;<br /> +Yet simple nature to his hope has giv’n,<br /> +Behind the cloud-topt hill an humbler heav’n;<br /> +Some safer world in depth of woods embrac’d,<br /> +Some happier island in the wat’ry waste;<br /> +Where slaves once more their native land behold,<br /> +No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.<br /> +To <span style='font-variant:small-caps'>BE</span>, contents his natural desire,<br /> +He asks no angel’s wing, no seraph’s fire:<br /> +But thinks admitted to that equal sky,<br /> +His faithful dog shall bear him company. +</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0014' id='Footnote_0014'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0014'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +The author’s summary of Indian character is for the most part excellent, +and in accord with more recent conclusions. See Chap. I. of +<i>The Colonies</i>, in “Epochs of American History” (Longmans, 1892.)––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0015' id='Footnote_0015'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0015'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +Gen. George Rogers Clark, an early and careful observer, scouted +the idea advanced by Noah Webster, in Carey’s <i>American Museum</i>, +in 1789, that these extraordinary Western military defenses were the +work of De Soto. “As for his being the author of these fortifications,” +says Clark, “it is quite out of the question; they are more numerous +than he had men, and many of them would have required fifty thousand +men for their occupancy.”––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0016' id='Footnote_0016'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0016'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Indian traditions, by Cusick. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0017' id='Footnote_0017'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0017'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +This description, written by Withers in 1831, still holds good in +the main. The mound, which proves to have been a burial tumulus, is +now surrounded by the little city of Moundsville, W. Va., and is kept +inclosed by the owner as one of the sights of the place. The writer +visited it in May, 1894.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0018' id='Footnote_0018'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0018'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +George Rogers Clark, who was repeatedly at Cahokia during the +period 1778-80, says: “We easily and evidently traced the town for +upwards of five miles in the beautiful plain below the present town of +Kahokia. There could be no deception here, because the remains of +ancient works were thick––the whole were mounds, etc.” Clark’s MS. +statement; Schoolcraft’s <i>Indian Tribes</i>, IV., p. 135.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0019' id='Footnote_0019'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0019'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +This mound was used, at least in part, for burial purposes. Nearly +fifty years ago, when the writer of this note explored this remarkable +artificial elevation of eighty feet in height, he found in the excavation +numerous beads of shell or bone, or both, ornaments of the dead buried +there.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0020' id='Footnote_0020'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0020'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +This proves nothing. A silver medal of John Quincy Adams’s administration, +evidently presented to some Indian chief was, in 1894, +found in Wisconsin, twelve feet below the surface. Iron and silver tools +and ornaments, evidently made in Paris for the Indian trade, have been +found in Ohio and Wisconsin mounds. It is now sufficiently demonstrated +that the mound-builders were the ancestors of the aborigines +found in the country by the first white settlers, and that the mounds are +of various ages, ranging perhaps from three hundred to a thousand years. +Various <i>Reports</i> of the Bureau of Ethnology go into the matter with convincing +detail.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0021' id='Footnote_0021'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0021'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +Jacob Wolf, in digging a well on Hacker’s creek, found a piece of +timber which had been evidently cut off at one end, twelve or thirteen +feet in the ground––marks of the axe were plainly distinguishable on it. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 1</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0022' id='Footnote_0022'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0022'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +King Shingiss was a famous village chief, “a terror to the frontier +settlements of Pennsylvania.” A brother, and later the successor of +King Beaver, his camp was at the mouth of Beaver Creek, which +empties into the Ohio twenty-six miles below “the forks” (site +of Pittsburg). Christopher Gist visited him November 24, 1750. In +1759, when Fort Pitt was built, Shingiss moved up Beaver Creek to +Kuskuskis on the Mahoning, and finally to the Muskingum. The land +about the mouth of Beaver Creek is called “Shingis Old Town” in the +Ft. Stanwix treaty, 1784.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0023' id='Footnote_0023'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0023'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +The numbers here set down and those given below, are as they +were ascertained by Capt. Hutchins, who visited the most of the tribes +for purpose of learning their population in 1768. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0024' id='Footnote_0024'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0024'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +A tradition among the Delawares says that formerly the Catawbas +came near one of their hunting camps and remaining in ambush at night +sent two or three of their party round the camp with Buffalo hoofs +fixed to their feet, to make artificial buffalo tracks and thus decoy the +hunters from their camp. In the morning the Delawares, discovering +the tracks and supposing them to have been made by buffaloes, followed +them some time; when suddenly the Catawbas rose from their +covert, fired at and killed several of the hunters; the others fled, collected +a party and went in pursuit of the Catawbas. These had brought +with them, rattle snake poison corked up in a piece of cane stalk; into +which they dipped small reed splinters, which they set up along their +path. The Delawares in pursuit were much injured by those poisoned +splinters, and commenced retreating to their camp. The Catawbas discovering +this, turned upon their pursuers, and killed and scalped many +of them. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0025' id='Footnote_0025'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0025'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +John Peter Salling, sometimes spoken of as Peter Adam Salling, was, +if not of German birth, of German descent. With his brother Henry, +he early settled in the forks of James River and North Branch, in the +southern part of what is now Rockbridge county, Va. The details of +his early explorations in the West are involved in doubt, but that he +had such adventures there seems no good reason to doubt. It will be +noticed that Withers omits the date; some writers have placed it at +about 1724, but the probable time was 1738-40. His descendants told +Draper (about 1850) that the family tradition was, that Salling and a +son were employed by the governor of Virginia to explore the country +to the southwest; and when near the present Salem, Roanoke county, +they were captured by Cherokees and carried to the Ohio River––one +account says by way of the Tennessee, another by the New (Great +Kanawha), their boat being made of buffalo skins. They appear by +this tradition to have escaped, and in descending the Mississippi to +have fallen into the hands of Spaniards. The son died, and the +father was sent in a vessel bound for Spain, there to be tried as a British +spy; but the Spaniard being captured by an English vessel, our hero +was landed at Charleston, whence he reached his frontier home after +an absence of over three years. This story differs in many details from +the one in Kercheval’s <i>History of the Valley of Virginia</i>, and also that in +Withers’s text, above. Salling kept a journal which was extant in +1745, for in the Wisconsin Historical Society’s library is a diary kept +by Capt. John Buchanan, who notes that in that year he spent two days +in copying a part of it. In Du Pratz’ <i>History of Louisiana</i> (London, 1774), +Salling and one John Howard are said to have made this trip in 1742, +and the authority is said to be a <i>Report of the Government of Virginia</i>. +But Salling must have returned home by 1742, for his name is in the +roll of Capt. John McDowell’s militia company, and he was probably in +the fight with the Indians (Dec. 14) that year, in which McDowell lost +his life. In 1746, we found Salling himself a militia captain in the +Rockbridge district of Augusta county. In September, 1747, he was +cited to appear at court martial for not turning out to muster––and this +is the last record we have of him. Descendants, named Sallee, now live +in Kentucky and Tennessee.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0026' id='Footnote_0026'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0026'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +John Lewis, the father of Gen. Andrew Lewis, was probably of +Welsh descent, and born in 1678 in County Donegal, Ireland. About +1716 he married Margaret Lynn, of the famous Lynns of Loch Lynn, +Scotland. In a dispute over his tenancy (1729), he killed a man of high +station,––some say, his Catholic landlord,––and fled to Portugal, whence +in 1731, after strange adventures, he emigrated to America, and was +joined there by his family. Fearing to live near a sea-port he established +himself on the frontier, in the Valley of Virginia, two miles east of the +present site of Staunton. His house was of stone, built for defense, and +in 1754 it successfully stood an Indian siege. Lewis was colonel of the +Augusta county militia as early as 1743, presiding justice in 1745, and +high sheriff in 1748. In 1751, then 73 years of age, he assisted his son +Andrew, then agent of the Loyal Company, to explore and survey the latter’s +grant on Greenbrier River. It was because the old man became entangled +in the thicket of greenbriers, that he gave this name to the +stream. He died at his old fort homestead, February 1, 1762, aged 84 +years. Some accounts state that he was a Presbyterian; he was, however, +an Episcopalian.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0027' id='Footnote_0027'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0027'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +Lewis soon afterwards obtained leave from Governor Gooch to locate +100,000 acres of land in separate parcels on the waters of the Shenandoah +and James rivers; and when he would go out in search of good +land to locate, Mackey would accompany him to hunt buffalo. The +former amassed a large estate, while the latter lived and died in comparative +poverty. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0028' id='Footnote_0028'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0028'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +As Col. John Lewis had no son Samuel, probably Thomas Lewis, the +elder brother of Andrew, though near-sighted, may have engaged in +buffalo hunting.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0029' id='Footnote_0029'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0029'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Of the origin of Benjamin Borden, Sr. (the name was mispronounced +Burden, on the frontier), little is known. He was probably from +New Jersey, and early became a fur trader on the Virginia frontier; later +he was in Lord Fairfax’s employ as a land agent. As such, he visited +Governor Gooch and obtained from him several valuable tracts––one of +them (October 3, 1734), Borden Manor, on Sprout run, Frederick county; +another, 100,000 acres at the head of the James, on condition of locating +thereon a hundred families. At the end of two years he had erected +92 cabins with as many families, and a patent was granted him November +8, 1739, for 92,100 acres. He died in 1742, before further development +of his enterprise. His son Benjamin succeeded to his vast estate, +but died of small-pox in 1753. In 1744, he married the widow of John +McDowell, mentioned on the next page, who had been killed in the +Indian fight of December 14, 1742.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0030' id='Footnote_0030'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0030'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The daughter of John Patton subsequently became the wife of +Col. W. Preston, and the mother of James Patton Preston, late a governor +of Virginia. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by L. C. D.</i>––This note of Mr. Withers, derived from Taylor’s +sketches (mentioned below), is erroneous both as to Patton and Preston. +Col. Patton’s first name was not John, but James, as both the records and +his own autograph sufficiently attest. Neither did John Preston, nor his +son Col. Wm. Preston, marry Col. Patton’s daughter, but John Preston +married his sister. Miss Elizabeth Patton, while crossing the Shannon +in a boat, met the handsome John Preston, then a young ship carpenter, +and an attachment grew out of their accidental meeting. But as Miss +Patton belonged to the upper class of society, there was a wide gulf between +their conditions, and a runaway match was the only way out of +the difficulty. Gov. James Patton Preston was named after his grand-uncle. +James Patton was born in County Londonderry, Ireland, in 1692. +For many years he was a prosperous navigator, and crossed the Atlantic +twenty-five times with “redemptioners” for Virginia; he was also an +officer in the royal navy in the wars with the Netherlands. Having obtained +a grant of 120,000 acres above the Blue Ridge, he himself settled +in Virginia in 1735. A man of wealth, enterprise and influence, he was +a justice, sheriff, Indian treaty commissioner, and finally county lieutenant +of Augusta. In 1755, he was killed by Indians while conveying +ammunition to the borderers. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0031' id='Footnote_0031'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0031'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +Capt. John McDowell was of Scotch descent, and born in Ulster, +Ireland, but in early manhood came to America, settling first in Pennsylvania, +and then the Virginia Valley (autumn of 1737). He at once +became one of Benjamin Borden’s surveyors, and for five years made +surveys on Borden’s Manor. Becoming a captain in the Augusta militia, +he was ordered to go out against a party of Northern Indians who, on +the war-path against the Catawbas, had taken in the Virginia Valley on +their way, and annoyed and plundered the white settlers. The savages +were overtaken on the North Branch of James River, some fifteen +miles from McDowell’s place, and an engagement ensued (Dec. 14, 1742), +in which McDowell and seven others lost their lives. The Indians +escaped with small losses. This was the first battle between whites and +Indians, in the Virginia Valley.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0032' id='Footnote_0032'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0032'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +This incident is well authenticated. See the deposition of Mrs. +Mary Greenlee, preserved in the famous Borden land suit, among the +court records of Augusta county, Va. Mrs. Greenlee was the sister of +Capt. John McDowell, and among the very earliest settlers of that part +of Augusta, now Rockbridge county. Mrs Greenlee’s deposition is published +in full in Peyton’s <i>History of Augusta County, Va.</i> (Staunton, Va., +1882), pp. 69-74.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0033' id='Footnote_0033'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0033'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +The late Charles A. Stuart, of Greenbrier, son of Col. John Stuart, +after the appearance of Hugh Paul Taylor’s sketches over the signature +of “Son of Cornstalk,” published in the <i>Staunton Spectator</i> of August 21, +1829, over the signature of “Son of Blue Jacket,” a brief criticism, in the +nature of some corrections regarding his own family, to this effect: That +Mrs. Jane Paul was no relative of Mrs. Margaret Lewis, wife of Col. John +Lewis; that her first husband, Mr. Paul––not John, but probably Hugh +Paul––was apparently from the north of Ireland––their son Audley Paul +was born before the migration of the family to Pennsylvania; Mr. Paul, +Sr., it is said, became the pastor of the Presbyterian congregation of Chester, +in that province; but as Chester was a Quaker settlement, it is +more likely that he located in some Presbyterian community in that region, +and there must have died. Mrs. Paul, for her second husband, +married Col. David Stuart, also from Ireland, by whom she had John +Stuart and two daughters. Mrs. Stuart’s grandchild, Charles A. Stuart, +resided many years in Augusta, representing that county in the State +senate, subsequently removed back to Greenbrier county, where he +died about 1850, at the age of about sixty-five years. He was a man of +sterling qualities.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_n0013' id='Footnote_n0013'></a><a href='#Footnote_n0013'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> + +<p>The following table exhibits a list of the several counties west of the +Blue ridge––the counties from which each was taken––when established––their +area in square miles––population in 1830, and amount of +taxation for the same year.</p> + +<table summary='counties'> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top' style='padding-right:3em;;'><i>Counties.</i></td> + <td class='counties' valign='top'><i>From what<br />taken</i></td> + <td class='counties' valign='top' align='right' style='width:4em;'><i>When<br />formed.</i></td> + <td class='counties' valign='top' align='right' style='width:4em;'><i>Area.</i></td> + <td class='counties' valign='top' align='right' style='width:4em;'><i>Popula-<br />tion.</i></td> + <td class='counties' valign='top' align='right' style='width:4em;'><i>Taxa-<br />tion.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Augusta,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Orange,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1738</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>948</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>19,925</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>6,734</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Alleghany,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Bath, Botetourt<br />and Monroe,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1822</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>521</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,816</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>526</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Bath,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Augusta, Botetourt<br />and Greenbrier,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1791</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>795</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>4,068</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>865</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>[47] Brooke,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Ohio,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1797</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>202</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>7,040</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,136</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Berkeley,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Frederick,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1772</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>308</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>10,528</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>3,356</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Botetourt,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Augusta,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1770</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1057</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>16,354</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>3,809</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Cabell,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Kanawha,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1809</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1033</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,884</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>629</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Frederick,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Orange,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1738</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>745</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>26,045</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>9,396</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Greenbrier,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Botet’t & Montg’ry,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1778</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1409</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>9,059</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,716</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Giles,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Montgomery, Monroe<br />and Tazewell,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1806</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>935</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,300</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>541</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Grayson,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Wythe,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1793</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>927</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>7,675</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>537</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Harrison,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Monongalia,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1784</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1095</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>14,713</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,669</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Hampshire,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Augusta & Fred’k,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1754</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>989</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>11,279</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,402</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Hardy,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Hampshire,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1786</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1156</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,700</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,633</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Jefferson,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Berkeley,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1801</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>225</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>12,927</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>4,721</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Kanawha,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Greenb’r & M’tg’ry,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1789</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2090</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>9,334</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,453</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Lewis,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Harrison,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1816</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1754</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>6,241</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>630</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Logan,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Giles, Kanawha,<br />Cabell & Tazewell,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1824</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2930</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>3,680</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>245</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Lee,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Russell,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1793</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>512</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>9,461</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>789</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Monongalia,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>District of W. A’g’ta,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1776</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>721</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>14,056</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,492</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Monroe,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Greenbrier,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1799</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>614</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>7,798</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,158</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Morgan,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Berkeley and<br />Hampshire,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1820</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>271</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,702</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>546</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Montgomery,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Fincastle,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1777</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1089</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>12,306</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,666</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Mason,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Kanawha,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1804</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>904</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>6,534</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>915</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Nicholas,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Kanawha, Greenbrier<br />and Randolph,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1818</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1431</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>3,338</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>373</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Ohio,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>District of W. A’g’ta,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1776</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>375</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>15,590</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,968</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Preston,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Monongalia,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1818</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>601</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,144</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>441</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Pendleton,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Augusta, Hardy and<br />Rockingham,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1788</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>999</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>6,271</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,120</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Pocahontas,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Bath, Pendleton and<br />Randolph,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1821</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>794</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,542</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>405</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Randolph,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Harrison,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1787</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2061</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,000</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>644</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Russell,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Washington,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1786</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1370</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>6,717</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>739</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Rockingham,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Augusta,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1778</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>833</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>20,663</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,056</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Rockbridge,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Augusta & Botetourt,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1778</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>680</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>14,244</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>3,276</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Scott,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Lee, Russell and<br />Washington,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1814</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>624</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,712</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>503</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Shehandoah,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Frederick,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1772</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>767</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>19,750</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>4,922</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Tyler,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Ohio,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1814</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>855</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>4,308</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>757</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Tazewell,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Russell & Wythe,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1799</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1305</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>5,573</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>727</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Washington,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Fincastle,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1777</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1754</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>15,614</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,918</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Wythe,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Montgomery,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1790</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1998</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>12,163</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>2,178</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'>Wood,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'>Harrison,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1799</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1223</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>6,418</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>1,257</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>–––––––</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>–––––––</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class='counties' valign='top'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'></td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>Total,</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>378,293</td> + <td class='counties' valign='bottom' align='right'>76,848</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0034' id='Footnote_0034'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0034'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +Little and Big Sewell mountains, dividing Fayette and Greenbrier +counties, seem to perpetuate the name and memory of this early and +adventurous pioneer. Col. John Stuart states, that Sewell’s final settlement +was forty miles west of his primitive one, and on a creek bearing +his name originating in Sewell mountain, and flowing into Gauley. +Col. Preston, in his <i>Register</i>, gives September, 1756, as the date of Stephen +Sewell’s death by the Indians, and Jackson’s River as the locality. +</p><p> +Mrs. Anne Royall, in <i>Sketches of the History, Life and Manners of the +United States</i>, (New Haven, 1826), p. 60, who visited the Greenbrier +country in 1824, gives the name of Carver as Sewell’s companion. +“These two men,” says Mrs. Royall, “lived in a cave for several years, +but at length they disagreed on the score of religion, and occupied different +camps. They took care, however, not to stay far from each other, +their camps being in sight. Sewell used to relate that he and his friend +used to sit up all night without sleep, with their guns cocked, ready to +fire at each other. ‘And what could that be for?’ ‘Why, because we +couldn’t agree.’ ‘Only two of you, and could you not agree––what did +you quarrel about?’ ‘Why, about re-la-gin.’ One of them, it seems, +was a Presbyterian, and the other an Episcopalian.”––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0035' id='Footnote_0035'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0035'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +An error as to date. King George’s proclamation was dated Oct. +7, 1763. For full text, see <i>Wisconsin Historical Collections</i>, XI., pp. 46 et +seq.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0036' id='Footnote_0036'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0036'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +Thomas King, one of the ablest of the Iroquois chiefs, related an +incident at an Indian conference held at Easton, Pa., Oct. 18, 1758, +which may explain why the Indians evinced so much hostility against +the Greenbrier settlements. “About three years ago,” said Chief King, +“eight Seneca warriors were returning from war, with seven prisoners +and scalps with them; and, at a place called Greenbrier, they met with +a party of soldiers, not less than one hundred and fifty, who kindly +invited them to come to a certain store, saying they would supply them +with provisions. Accordingly they travelled two days with them, in a +friendly manner, and when they came to the house, they took their +arms from the Senecas. The head men cried out, ‘here is death; defend +yourselves as well as you can,’ which they did, and two of them +were killed on the spot, and one, a young boy, was taken prisoner. +This gave great offense; and the more so, as it was upon the warrior’s +road, and we were in perfect peace with our brethren. It provoked us +to such a degree that we could not get over it. He wished the boy returned, +if alive; and told his name, Squissatego.” See Hazard’s <i>Penna. +Register</i>, V., p. 373; and <i>Penna. Records</i>, VIII., pp. 197-98.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0037' id='Footnote_0037'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0037'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +There were settlers on both New and Holston rivers prior to 1756––Vause, +Stalnacker and others on New River; and Stephen Holston, at +least, on the river bearing his name, which was known as such anterior +to April, 1748, when Dr. Walker, in his <i>Journal</i> of 1750, refers to it by +that designation. But William Campbell did not settle on Holston until +1767; Wm. Preston settled in 1769; Evan Shelby and family in 1771; +and, while Daniel Boone passed through that country as early, it is believed, +as 1760, he never “settled” there. +</p><p> +A further notice of Stephen Holston, or Holstein, seems fitting in +this connection. He was of an adventurous turn, and prior to 1748 had, +during a hunt, discovered the river named after him. It was after this +discovery that he settled on the Little Saluda, near Saluda Old Town, in +South Carolina, where, in the summer of 1753, a party of Cherokees returning +from a visit to Gov. Glen, at Charleston, behaved so rudely to +Mrs. Holston, in her husband’s absence, as to frighten her and her domestics +away, fleeing several miles to the nearest settlement, when the +house was robbed of utensils and corn, and two valuable horses were +also taken. Holston and some of his neighbors settled on Holston’s +River, in what subsequently became Botetourt county: soon after this, +they constructed canoes, and passed down the Holston into the Tennessee +River, through the Muscle Shoals, and down the Ohio and Mississippi +as far as Natchez. Returning from this notable adventure, his +name became fixed to the noble stream which he discovered, and upon +which he made the primitive settlement. His location on Holston was +at the head spring of the Middle Fork; his log cabin was on the hill +side some thirty rods from the spring. In 1774, one Davis occupied the +place, and related that Holston had left several years before that date. +On the breaking out of the Indian war in 1754, he seems to have retired +with his family to Culpeper county, which was then not exempt from +Indian forays; and Holston, about 1757, was captured by the Indians. +But in due time he returned to the Holston country, served in the battle +of Point Pleasant in 1774, on Christian’s campaign against the Cherokees +in 1776, and was reported in service in 1776 or 1777. As we hear +no more of him, he probably did not long survive after this period.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0038' id='Footnote_0038'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0038'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +The first name of Walden was not Thomas––Elisha Walden was +his proper name. He was a son-in-law of William Blevins, and both +Walden and Blevins lived, in 1774, at the “Round-About” on Smith’s +River, two miles east of what is now Martinsville, Henry county, Virginia. +He was then about forty years of age, nearly six feet in height, +a rough frontiersman, and a noted hunter. He and several others, in +1761, penetrated into Powell’s Valley, naming Walden’s Mountain and +Walden’s Creek, and proceeded on through Cumberland Gap to Cumberland +River, and a few miles beyond to the Laurel Mountain, where +meeting a party of Indians, they returned. In subsequent years, Walden +settled on Holston, about eighteen miles above Knoxville, where +he was residing in 1796; a few years later, he removed to Powell’s Valley, +but soon after migrated to Missouri, where he lived hunting up to +extreme old age. Save what is related from Haywood’s <i>Hist. of Tennessee</i> +about the trip of 1761, this information was communicated to the +writer in 1849, by Maj. John Redd, of Henry county, Va., who personally +knew the old hunter very well.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0039' id='Footnote_0039'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0039'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +A curious misconception, this. Some of the founders of Marietta +acquired in 1788 a large tract west and north of their own, and as a private +speculation organized the Scioto Company. Joel Barlow, the poet, +was sent to Paris to negotiate the sale of the lands. To the “Society of +the Scioto,” formed by him there, he sold three million acres, and France +was deluged with rose-colored immigration pamphlets written by Barlow. +In February, 1790, six hundred Frenchmen––chiefly professional +men and small artisans from the large towns, with not an agriculturist +among them––arrived in Alexandria, Va., <i>en route</i> for the Scioto. They +found that the Society, not having paid for its lands, had forfeited +its rights, and deeds granted to the intending settlers were void. +Five hundred finally went west, and founded Gallipolis. Poor, not +knowing how to work the soil, and simple folk with no notions of +independence, they suffered from famine, Indians, and yellow fever. +They finally repurchased their lands, and upon the cessation of the border +war gained some strength; but Gallipolis was never more than a +weakling until Americans and Germans came in and put it on its feet.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 2</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0040' id='Footnote_0040'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0040'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +This is misleading. The author has told us, in the preceding +chapter, of several attempts of English coast colonists to make transmontane +settlements, quite apart from thought of ousting the French. +Englishmen had no sooner landed in America than they attempted to +cross the Western mountain barrier. Ralph Lane made the attempt in +1586, Christopher Newport and John Smith in 1606, and Newport himself +in 1607. John Lederer, a German surgeon exploring for Governor +Berkeley, of Virginia, reached the top of Blue Ridge in 1609, but did +not descend the western slope. Two years later, Abraham Wood discovered +the Great Kanawha. It is possible that the French Jesuit Le +Moyne was on the Alleghany River as early as 1656. La Salle was +probably at the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) in 1669. But it was not +until about 1700 that French and English fur-traders met in open +rivalry on the Ohio. It was with no thought of the French that Governor +Spottswood, of Virginia, passed over the Blue Ridge in 1714. The +situation in short, was this: The English colonists early wanted the +over-mountain country watered by the Ohio, but were too weak at first +to hold for agricultural settlement lands so far from home, in the face +of a savage foe. The French wanted the valley solely for the fur trade, +but Iroquois opposition long kept them from entering; when at last +they were able to do so, the English colonists had also grown strong +enough to move in, and then ensued the long and bloody struggle +in which New France fell.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0041' id='Footnote_0041'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0041'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +In the journal (drawn up for the inspection of Gov. Dinwiddie) of +the events of his mission to the commander of the French forces on the +Ohio; this was the first of those splendid acts of a public nature, performed +by Gen. Washington. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0042' id='Footnote_0042'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0042'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Only five companies of the first Virginia regiment served on +Braddock’s campaign––hence there was no second regiment, nor any Colonel +Russell engaged in that service; there was, however, at this period, a +Colonel or Lieut.-Colonel William Russell, who emigrated from England +when a young lawyer, to Virginia, about 1710, and settled in Culpeper, +and by the readjustment of county lines he was thrown into the new +county of Orange. He was a man of much prominence, and at one +time was high sheriff of Orange; and apparently lieutenant-colonel of +militia, and as such, in the early part of the French and Indian War, +did some frontier service, though rather advanced in years at the time. +In 1753, he was sent as a commissioner to pacify the Indians in the region +where Pittsburg was subsequently located. He died October 18, +1757, aged about seventy-two years. His son of the same name served +with reputation at the battle of Point Pleasant, and during the Revolutionary +War, retiring at its close with the brevet rank of brigadier-general.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0043' id='Footnote_0043'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0043'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +It has already been stated that Col. John Lewis’s eldest son was +Thomas, not Samuel.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0044' id='Footnote_0044'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0044'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Capt. John McDowell was killed in an engagement with the Indians, +in December, 1742, and of course could not have served under +either Andrew or Charles Lewis.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0045' id='Footnote_0045'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0045'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +James Smith, afterwards Col. Smith of Bourbon county in Kentucky, +was then a prisoner at du Quesne. He says that the Indians +in council planned the attack on Braddock’s army and selected the +ground from which to make it––that the assailants did not number more +than 400 men, of whom but a small proportion were French. One of +the Indians laughed when he heard the order of march in Braddock’s +army, and said “we’ll shoot them down all as one pigeon.” Washington +beheld the event in fearful anticipation, and exerted himself in vain +with Gen. Braddock, to alter the order of march. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0046' id='Footnote_0046'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0046'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +It is evident that the author never saw the site of Braddock’s defeat, +just below the mouth of Turtle Creek, for his description is quite +inaccurate. June 30, 1755, the army, which had been following the Ohio +Company’s road from Will’s Creek, <i>via</i> East Meadows, crossed the +Youghiogheny and proceeding in a devious course struck the head of +Turtle Creek, which was followed nearly to its mouth, whence a southern +course was taken to avoid the steep hills. Reaching the Monongahela +just below the mouth of the Youghiogheny, they crossed (July 9) to +the west side, where there is a long, narrow bottom. Nearly opposite the +mouth of Turtle Creek, and about four miles below the first crossing, +hills again closely approach the west bank, and the east side becomes +the more favorable for marching. Here, only eight miles across country +from Fort Duquesne, Braddock forded the second time, and in angling +up the rather easy slope upon which is now built the busy iron-making +town of Braddock, Pa., was obliged to pass through a heavily-wooded +ravine. This was the place of the ambuscade, where his army was cut to +pieces. Indians from the Upper Lakes, under the leadership of Charles +Langlade, a Wisconsin fur-trader, were the chief participants in this affair, +on the French side.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0047' id='Footnote_0047'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0047'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +This statement about Capts. Grant and Lewis having taken part +in the battle of the Monongahela, is altogether a mistake. It must have +originated in some traditional account, and become confused in some +way with Grant’s defeat, three years later, in which Maj. James Grant and +Maj. Andrew Lewis both took a prominent part. There is no record of +any Capt. Grant in Braddock’s army. Andrew Lewis, though a major, was +still in command of his company, and at the time of Braddock’s defeat +was on detached service. Gov. Dinwiddie, writing to Maj. Lewis, July +8, 1755, says: “You were ordered to Augusta with your company to protect +the frontier of that county;” and, in a letter of the same date, to +Col. Patton, the Governor adds: “Enclosed you have a letter to Capt. +Lewis, which please forward to him: <i>I think he is at Greenbrier.</i>” Capt. +Robt. Orme, aide-de-camp to Gen. Braddock, in his Journal appended +to Sargent’s <i>History of Braddock’s Expedition</i>, states under date of April, +1755, that the Virginia troops having been clothed, were ordered to +march to Winchester, for arming and drilling, and then adds: “Capt. +Lewis was ordered with his company of Rangers to Greenbrier river, +there to build two stockade forts, in one of which he was to remain himself +and to detach to the other a subaltern and fifteen men. These forts +were to cover the western settlers of Virginia from any inroads of Indians.”––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0048' id='Footnote_0048'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0048'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The MS. Journal of Col. Charles Lewis, in possession of the Wisconsin +Historical Society, covering the period from October 10 to December +27, 1755, is an unconsciously eloquent picture of the hardships of +life on the Virginia frontier, at this time.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0049' id='Footnote_0049'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0049'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +After the capitulation of Fort Necessity, and while some of the +soldiers of each army were intermixed, an Irishman, exasperated with +an Indian near him, “cursed the copper-coloured scoundrel” and +raised his musket to shoot him. Gen. Lewis who had been twice +wounded in the engagement, and was then hobbling on a staff, raised +the Irishman’s gun, as he was in the act of firing, and thus not only +saved the life of the Indian, but probably prevented a general massacre +of the Virginia troops. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0050' id='Footnote_0050'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0050'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +Congress had given to Gen. Stephens, and some others (whose +senior Lewis had been in former services) commissions as Major Generals. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0051' id='Footnote_0051'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0051'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Thomas Bullitt was a native of Prince William county, Virginia. +He was appointed an ensign in Washington’s first Virginia regiment, +July 20, 1754, and promoted to a lieutenancy on October 30th following. +It is said that he served in Braddock’s defeat; but the records of the +Virginia officers present do not include Lieut. Bullitt’s name. He was, +perhaps, with Capt. Lewis in the Greenbrier country, or on some other +detached service. In May, 1756, he was stationed at Winchester; in +July following, in command of Fort Frederick, on Jackson’s River, and +in November of that year, in command of Fort Cumberland. He was +in active service in 1757, and early the next year we find him a captain; +as such, he distinguished himself in checking the enemy and saving +many of the fugitives at Grant’s defeat, and shared in Gen. Forbes’s +successful expedition in the capture of Fort Du Quesne. In May, 1759, +while guarding with one hundred men, fifteen wagons loaded with provisions +for the westward, he was attacked and defeated by a strong party +of French and Indians, losing thirty-five of his party killed and prisoners +and all his wagons. In 1760, he was appointed a surveyor of a district +bordering on the Ohio, and had much to do in early Kentucky exploration +and surveys, making an early location and survey at the Falls +of Ohio in 1773. In September, 1775, he was appointed adjutant-general +of all the Virginia forces; and on the 9th of December following, +he aided Colonel Woodford in defeating Capt. Fordyce and party at the +Great Bridge. In March, 1776, Congress appointed him deputy adjutant-general +of the Southern Department with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, +and advanced him in May following to the full rank of colonel. +He died while yet in service, in 1778.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0052' id='Footnote_0052'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0052'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +The French destroyed Fort Duquesne in November, 1758. During +the winter following, Fort Pitt was erected by the English troops. In +his <i>Journal of a Tour to the Ohio River</i> (1770), Washington says of it: +“The fort is built on the point between the rivers Alleghany and Monongahela, +but not so near the pitch of it as Fort Duquesne stood. It is five-sided +and regular, two of which next the land are of brick; the others +stockade. A moat encompasses it.” Fort Pitt was invested by the Indians +during Pontiac’s War (1763). It was fully garrisoned until 1772, +when a corporal and a few men were left as care-takers. In October of +that year, the property was sold, and several houses were built out of the +material. In the course of the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania +and Virginia, the latter colony took possession of the ruins, through +Lord Dunmore’s agent there, John Conolly.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0053' id='Footnote_0053'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0053'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +The author overlooks the settlement made by Christopher Gist, +the summer of 1753, in the town of Dunbar, Fayette county, Pa., two or +three miles west of the Youghiogheny and some seventy miles northwest +of Will’s Creek; the site was doubtless selected by him in his trip +of 1751-52. Washington, who visited him there in November, 1753, on +the way to Fort Le Bœuf, calls it “Gist’s new settlement,” but the owner’s +name for his place was “Monongahela.” It was the first settlement +of which there is record, upon the Ohio Company’s lands. Gist induced +eleven families to settle near him; and on his journey home, in January, +1754, Washington met them going out to the new lands. The victory of +the French over Washington, at Fort Necessity, in July, led to the expulsion +from the region of all English-speaking settlers. The French +commander, De Villiers, reports that he “burnt down all the settlements” +on the Monongahela (from Redstone down), and in the vicinity +of Gist’s.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0054' id='Footnote_0054'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0054'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +This trail was a continuation of the famous “Warrior Branch,” +which coming up from Tennessee passed through Kentucky and Southern +Ohio, and threading the valley of Fish Creek crossed over to +Dunkard’s Creek and so on to the mouth of Redstone Creek.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0055' id='Footnote_0055'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0055'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +In Col. Preston’s MS. Register of Indian Depredations, in the Wisconsin +Historical Society’s library, it is stated that Robert Foyle, wife +and five children, were killed on the Monongahela in 1754. Gov. Dinwiddie, +in his speech to the Virginia house of burgesses in February, +1754, refers to this barbarous affair, giving the same number of the +family destroyed; and the gazettes of that period state that Robert +Foyle, together with his wife and five children, the youngest about ten +years of age, were killed at the head of the Monongahela; their bodies, +scalped, were discovered February 4th, and were supposed to have been +killed about two months before.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0056' id='Footnote_0056'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0056'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +In 1750, the Ohio Company, as a base of operations and supplies, +built a fortified warehouse at Will’s Creek (now Cumberland, Md.), on +the upper waters of the Potomac. Col. Thomas Cresap, an energetic +frontiersman, and one of the principal agents of the Company, was directed +to blaze a pack-horse trail over the Laurel Hills to the Monongahela. +He employed as his guide an Indian named Nemacolin, whose +camp was at the mouth of Dunlap Creek (site of the present Brownsville, +Pa.), an affluent of the Monongahela. Nemacolin pointed out an +old Indian trace which had its origin, doubtless, in an over-mountain +buffalo trail; and this, widened a little by Cresap, was at first known as +Nemacolin’s Path. It led through Little Meadows and Great Meadows––open +marshes grown to grass, and useful for feeding traders’ and explorers’ +horses. Washington traveled this path in 1753, when he went +to warn the French at Fort Le Bœuf. Again, but widened somewhat, +it was his highway in 1754, as far north as Gist’s plantation; and at Great +Meadows he built Fort Necessity, where he was defeated. Braddock +followed it in great part, in 1755, and henceforth it became known as +“Braddock’s Road.” The present National Road from Cumberland to +Brownsville, via Uniontown, differs in direction but little from Nemacolin’s +Path. For a map of Braddock’s Road, see Lowdermilk’s <i>History of +Cumberland, Md.</i>, p. 140, with description on pages 51, 52, 140-148. Ellis’s +<i>History of Fayette Co., Pa.</i>, also has valuable data. +</p><p> +The terminus of Nemacolin’s Path was Dunlap’s Creek (Brownsville). +A mile-and-a-quarter below Dunlap’s, enters Redstone Creek, and +the name “Redstone” became affixed to the entire region hereabout, +although “Monongahela” was sometimes used to indicate the panhandle +between the Monongahela and the Youghiogheny. In 1752, the +Ohio Company built a temporary warehouse at the mouth of Dunlap’s +Creek, at the end of the over-mountain trail. In 1754, Washington’s advance +party (Capt. Trent) built a log fort, called “The Hangard,” at +the mouth of the Redstone, but this was, later in the year, destroyed by +the French officer De Villiers. In 1759, Colonel Burd, as one of the features +of Forbes’s campaign against Fort Duquesne, erected Fort Burd at +the mouth of Dunlap’s, which was a better site. This fort was +garrisoned as late as the Dunmore War (1774), but was probably abandoned +soon after the Revolutionary War. The name “Redstone Old Fort” became +attached to the place, because within the present limits of Brownsville +were found by the earliest comers, and can still be traced, extensive +earthworks of the mound-building era.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0057' id='Footnote_0057'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0057'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Cross Creek empties into the Ohio through Mingo Bottom (site of +Mingo Junction, O.). On this bottom was, for many years, a considerable +Mingo village.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0058' id='Footnote_0058'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0058'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +This statement, that Capt. Audley Paul commanded at Redstone, +and of his attempting to intercept a foraging Indian party, can not possibly +be true. There was no fort, and consequently no garrison, at Redstone +in 1758. It was not built ’till 1759, and then by Col. James Burd, of +the Pennsylvania forces. James L. Bowman, a native of Brownsville, +the locality of Redstone Old Fort, wrote a sketch of the history of that +place, which appeared in the <i>American Pioneer</i> in February, 1843, in which +he says: “We have seen it stated in a creditable work, that the fort was +built by Capt. Paul––doubtless an error, as the Journal of Col. Burd is +ample evidence to settle that matter.” Col. Burd records in his Journal: +“Ordered, in Aug. 1759, to march with two hundred of my battalion to +the mouth of Redstone Creek, to cut a road to that place, and to erect +a fort.” He adds: “When I had cut the road, and finished the fort,” etc. +</p><p> +The other part of the story, about Capt. John Gibson commanding +at Fort Pitt in “the fall of 1758,” is equally erroneous, as Gen. Forbes +did not possess himself of Fort Duquesne till Nov. 25th, 1758, within +five days of the conclusion of “fall” in that year; and Gen. Forbes commanded +there in person until he left for Philadelphia, Dec. 3d following. +There is, moreover, no evidence that Gibson was then in service. The +story of his decapitating Kis-ke-pi-la, or the Little Eagle, if there was such +a person, or of his beheading any other Indian, is not at all probable. +He was an Indian trader for many years, and was made prisoner by the +Indians in 1763, and detained a long time in captivity. +</p><p> +Gibson could not by any such decapitating exploit, have originated +the designation of “Big Knife,” or “Big Knife warrior,” for this appellation +had long before been applied to the Virginians. Gist says in his +Journal, Dec. 7th, 1750, in speaking of crossing Elk’s Eye Creek––the +Muskingum––and reaching an Indian hamlet, that the Indians were all +out hunting; that “the old Frenchman, Mark Coonce, living there, was +civil to me; but after I was gone to my camp, upon his understanding I +came from Virginia, he called me <i>Big Knife</i>.” Col. James Smith, then a +prisoner with the Indians, says the Indians assigned as a reason why +they did not oppose Gen. Forbes in 1758, that if they had been only red +coats they could have subdued them; “but they could not withstand +<i>Ash-a-le-co-a</i>, or the <i>Great Knife</i>, which was the name they gave the +Virginians.”––L. C. D. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––See note on p. 77, regarding erection of early +forts at Redstone. James Veech, in <i>Monongahela of Old</i>, says, “We know +that the late Col. James Paull served a month’s duty in a drafted militia +company in guarding Continental stores here [Fort Burd] in 1778.” The +term “Big Knives” or “Long Knives” may have had reference either +to the long knives carried by early white hunters, or the swords worn by +backwoods militia officers. See Roosevelt’s <i>Winning of the West</i>, I., p. 197. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 3</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0059' id='Footnote_0059'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0059'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Father of Dr. Archibald Alexander, sometime president of Hampden +Sydney College in Virginia, and afterwards a professor at Princeton +in New Jersey. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by L. C. D.</i>––He was the grandfather of Dr. Alexander. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0060' id='Footnote_0060'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0060'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +The attacks on the Roanoke settlement, mentioned by Withers, occurred +in June and July, 1755 (not the spring of 1757, as he states); that +on Greenbrier, in September following; and the expedition against the +Shawnees did not take place in 1757, but in February and March, 1756. +Diaries and other documents in the Wisconsin Historical Society’s library +prove this. Dr. Draper estimated that Lewis’s force was about 263 whites +and 130 Cherokees––418 in all. The several companies were officered +by Peter Hogg, John Smith, William Preston, Archibald Alexander, +Robert Breckenridge, Obadiah Woodson, John Montgomery, and one +Dunlap. Two of Dr. Thomas Walker’s companions in his Kentucky +exploration of 1750, were in the expedition––Henry Lawless and Colby +Chew. Governor Dinwiddie had stipulated in his note to Washington, +in December, 1755, that either Col. Adam Stephen or Maj. Andrew +Lewis was to command. Washington having selected the latter, dispatched +him from Winchester about the middle of January, 1756, with +orders to hurry on the expedition. To the mismanagement of the +guides is attributed much of the blame for its failure. The interesting +Journals of Capt. William Preston and Lieut. Thomas Norton are in +the possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0061' id='Footnote_0061'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0061'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +But Gallipolis was not settled until 1790, as has been previously +shown. Withers confounds the modern French town of Gallipolis, +whose residents were the sad victims of Indian outrages rather than the +abettors of them, with the old Shawnee town just below the mouth +of the Scioto (site of Alexandria, O.). This fur-trading center was a +village of log huts built by the French for the accommodation of their +Shawnee allies, and was a center of frontier disturbances.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0062' id='Footnote_0062'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0062'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Preston’s Journal does not lay much stress on Hogg’s delay. Norton’s +Journal, speaking of Hogg, says, “common soldiers were by him +scarcely treated with humanity,” and he seems to have regularly overruled +and disobeyed Lewis. There was much rancor in camp, and Norton +writes of the Cherokee allies, “The conduct and concord that was +kept up among the Indians might shame us, for they were in general +quite unanimous and brotherly.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0063' id='Footnote_0063'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0063'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +This expedition was sent out under the auspices of Gov. Dinwiddie––Fauquier +did not become governor until 1758. No countermanding +orders were sent.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0064' id='Footnote_0064'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0064'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +Audley Paul was first lieutenant in Preston’s company.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0065' id='Footnote_0065'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0065'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +Withers, deriving his information from Taylor’s sketches, was misled +as to any intention of establishing a fort at the mouth of the +Kanawha; and also as to Paul’s, or any one else’s proposition to cross +the Ohio, and invade the Shawnee towns. The only aim was, to reach +the Upper Shawnee town.––L. C. D. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––“Upper Shawnee town” was an Indian village +at the mouth of Old Town Creek, emptying into the Ohio from the +north, 39 miles above the mouth of the Great Kanawha. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0066' id='Footnote_0066'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0066'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +If such a journal ever existed, it passed into the hands of Gov. +Dinwiddie, or possibly to Gov. Fauquier; but no reference to it is found +among the <i>Dinwiddie Papers</i>, as published by the Virginia Historical Society; +nor in the <i>Calendar of State Papers</i>, published by the State of Virginia. +It is to be remarked, however, that few of the records of that +period have been preserved by that State.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0067' id='Footnote_0067'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0067'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +Shortly after, M’Nutt was appointed governor of Nova Scotia, where +he remained until the commencement of the American revolution. In +this contest he adhered to the cause of liberty, and joined his countrymen +in arms under Gen. Gates at Saratoga. He was afterwards known +as a meritorious officer in the brigade of Baron de Kalb, in the south––he +died in 1811, and was buried in the Falling Spring church yard, in +the forks of James river. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0068' id='Footnote_0068'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0068'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +Preston’s MS. Register of the persons of Augusta county, Va., +killed, wounded, captured by the Indians, and of those who escaped, from +1754 to May, 1758, is in the Wisconsin Historical Society’s library. It is +to be regretted that Col. Preston, whose opportunities were so good, did +not continue the Register till the end of the Indian wars. It is a most +valuable document as far as it goes, and supplies many dates and facts +hitherto involved in doubt and obscurity.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0069' id='Footnote_0069'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0069'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +Seybert’s Fort was situated on the South Fork, twelve miles northeast +of Franklin, in Pendleton County. At the time of this invasion, +there was a fort located on the South Branch, garrisoned by Capt. +James Dunlap and a company of rangers from Augusta county. Preston’s +Register states, that on the 27th of April, 1758, the fort at which +Capt. Dunlap was stationed, was attacked and captured, the captain +and twenty-two others killed; and, the next day, the same party, no +doubt, attacked Seybert’s Fort, killing Capt. Seybert and sixteen others, +while twenty-four others were missing. Washington, at the time, placed +the number as “about sixty persons killed and missing.” +</p><p> +A gazette account, published at Williamsburg, May 5th ensuing, +says: “The Indians lately took and burnt two forts, where were stationed +one of our ranging companies, forty of whom were killed and scalped, +and Lieut. Dunlap and nineteen missing.” +</p><p> +Kercheval’s <i>History of the Valley</i> gives some further particulars: That +Seybert’s Fort was taken by surprise; that ten of the thirty persons +occupying it, were bound, taken outside; the others were placed on a +log and tomahawked. James Dyer, a lad of fourteen, was spared, taken +first to Logstown, and then to Chillicothe, and retained a year and ten +months, when as one of an Indian party he visited Fort Pitt, and managed +to evade his associates while there, and finally reached the settlements +in Pennsylvania, and two years later returned to the South Fork. +It is added by the same historian, as another tradition, that after the +fort had been invested two days, and two of the Indians had been killed, +the garrison agreed to surrender on condition of their lives being spared, +which, was solemnly promised. That when the gate was opened, the +Indians rushed in with demoniac yells, the whites fled, but were retaken, +except one person; the massacre then took place, and ten were +carried off into captivity. +</p><p> +Still another tradition preserved by Kercheval, says the noted Delaware +chief, Killbuck, led the Indians. Seybert’s son, a lad of fifteen, +exhibited great bravery in the defense of the fort. Killbuck called out +to Capt. Seybert, in English, to surrender, and their lives should be +spared; when young Seybert at this instant, aimed his loaded gun at +the chief, and the father seized it, and took it from him, saying they +could not successfully defend the place, and to save their lives should +surrender, confiding in Killbuck’s assurances. Capt. Seybert was among +the first of those sacrificed. Young Seybert was among the prisoners, +and told the chief how near he came to killing him. “You young +rascal,” laughingly replied Killbuck, “if you had killed me, you would +have saved the fort, for had I fallen, my warriors would have immediately +fled, and given up the siege in despair.”––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0070' id='Footnote_0070'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0070'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +The name is Renick. Robert Renick, who was killed on the occasion +referred to, was a man of character and influence in his day. His +name appears on Capt. John Smith’s company roll of Augusta militia as +early as 1742; and four years later, he was lieutenant of a mounted +company of Augusta militia. Instead of 1761, the captivity of the Renick +family occurred July 25, 1757, as shown by the Preston Register, +which states that Renick and another were killed on that day––Mrs. +Renick and seven children, and a Mrs. Dennis, captured; and the same +day, at Craig’s Creek, one man was killed and two wounded. The +Renick traditions state that Mrs. Renick had only five children when +taken; and one born after reaching the Indian towns; and corrects +some other statements not properly related in Withers’s narrative of +the affair.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0071' id='Footnote_0071'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0071'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +In 1763-65, the great Shawnee village just below the mouth of the +Scioto (site of Alexandria, O.), was destroyed by floods. Some of the +tribesmen rebuilt their town on a higher bottom just above the mouth +(site of Portsmouth, O.), while others ascended the Scioto and built +successively Old and New Chillicothe.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0072' id='Footnote_0072'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0072'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +Where Ballard Smith now resides. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0073' id='Footnote_0073'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0073'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +Further particulars of this captivity are in Royall’s <i>Sketches of History, +Life, and Manners in U. S.</i> (New Haven, 1826), pp. 60-66.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0074' id='Footnote_0074'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0074'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +Carpenter’s son (since Doctor Carpenter of Nicholas) came home +about fifteen years afterwards––Brown’s youngest son, (the late Col. +Samuel Brown of Greenbrier) was brought home in 1769––the elder son +never returned. He took an Indian wife, became wealthy and lived at +Brown’s town in Michigan. He acted a conspicuous part in the late war +and died in 1815. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by L. C. D.</i>––Adam Brown, who was captured as mentioned +in the above text and note, was thought by his last surviving son, Adam +Brown, Jr., whom I visited in Kansas in 1868, to have been about six years +old when taken; and he died, he thought, about 1817, at about seventy-five +years of age. But these dates, and his probable age, do not agree; he +was either older when taken, or not so old at his death. The mother +was killed when the sons were captured, and the father and some others +of the family escaped. The late William Walker, an educated Wyandott, +and at one time territorial governor of Kansas, stated to me, that the +Wyandotts never made chiefs of white captives, but that they often attained, +by their merits, considerable consequence. It is, however, certain +that Abraham Kuhn, a white prisoner, grew up among the Wyandotts, +and, according to Heckewelder, became a war chief among them, and +signed the treaty at Big Beaver in 1785; and Adam Brown himself signed +the treaties of 1805 and 1808, and doubtless would have signed later ones +had he not sided with the British Wyandotts, and retired to Canada, +near Malden, where he died. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0075' id='Footnote_0075'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0075'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +It is highly probable that this foray took place in 1763. During +this year, as features of the Pontiac uprising, bloody forays were made +on the more advanced settlements on Jackson, Greenbrier, and Calf Pasture +rivers, and several severe contests ensued between whites and +Indians. Captains Moffett and Phillips, with sixty rangers, were ambuscaded +with the loss of fifteen men. Col. Charles Lewis pursued the +savages with 150 volunteers raised in a single night, and on October 3rd +surprised them at the head of the South Fork of the Potomac, killing +twenty-one, with no white losses. The spoils of this victory, beside the +“five horses with all their trappings,” sold for £250. This was the most +notable of the several skirmishes which took place on the Virginia frontier, +that year.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0076' id='Footnote_0076'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0076'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Perhaps this affair is that related by Capt. William Christian, in +a letter dated Roanoke, Oct. 19th, 1763, as published in the gazettes of +that day––there are, at least, some suggestive similarities: “Being +joined by Capt. Hickenbotham, with twenty-five of the Amherst militia, +we marched on Tuesday last, to Winston’s Meadows, where our scouts +informed us, that they had discovered a party of Indians about three +miles off. Night coming on, prevented our meeting them; and next +day, being rainy, made it difficult to follow their tracks. As they were +on their return, Capt. Hickenbotham marched to join Capt. Ingles down +New River. I, with nineteen men and my ensign, took a different +route in quest of them. We marched next day on their tracks until +two hours before sunset, when we heard some guns, and soon afterwards +discovered three large fires, which appeared to be on the bank of Turkey +Creek, where it empties into New river. Upon this we immediately advanced, +and found they were on an island. Being within gun-shot, we +fired on them, and loading again, forded the creek. The Indians, after +killing Jacob Kimberlain, a prisoner they had with them, made but a +slight resistence, and ran off. We found one Indian killed on the spot, +and, at a little distance, four blankets shot through, and very bloody. +We took all their bundles, four guns, eight tomahawks, and two mares. +They had several other horses, which being frightened by the firing, +ran off and were lost. The party consisted of upwards of twenty Indians. +By the tracks of blood, we imagined several of them were +wounded.” This affair occurred Oct. 12th.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 4</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0077' id='Footnote_0077'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0077'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +At Dickenson’s fort in 1755. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0078' id='Footnote_0078'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0078'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +When the Indians were most troublesome, and threatening even +the destruction of Winchester, Lord Fairfax who was commandant of +the militia of Frederick and Hampshire, ordered them out. Three days +active exertion on his part, brought only 20 in the field. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0079' id='Footnote_0079'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0079'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Rather rangers, who seem to have been enlisted to serve a year, +and were re-engaged when necessary.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0080' id='Footnote_0080'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0080'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Peter Williamson had singular adventures. When a boy he was +kidnapped at Aberdeen, and sent to America, for which he afterwards +recovered damages. It is said that he passed a considerable period +among the Cherokees. He instituted the first penny post at Edinburgh, +for which, when the government assumed it, he received a pension. +His <i>Memoirs</i>, and <i>French and Indian Cruelty Examplified</i>, were works of +interest. He died in Edinburgh in 1799.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0081' id='Footnote_0081'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0081'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Col. James Smith was born in Franklin county, Pa., in 1737; was +captured by Indians in 1755, remaining in captivity until his escape +in 1759. He served as ensign in 1763, and lieutenant under Bouquet +in 1764; he was a leader, for several years, of the Black Boys––a sort of +regulators of the traders who, the Black Boys thought, supplied the Indians +with the munitions of war. As the troubles with the mother +country began, Smith was selected for frontier service, and held civil and +military positions––captain in the Pennsylvania line; then in 1777 as +major under Washington; in 1778, he was promoted to the rank of +colonel of militia, and led an expedition against the Indian town on +French Creek. In 1788, he removed to Kentucky; served in the early +Kentucky conventions, preparatory to State organization, and also in +the legislature. He did missionary work in Kentucky and Tennessee, +and preached among the Indians. He wrote a valuable account of his +Indian captivity, republished a few years since by Robert Clarke & +Co., Cincinnati, and a treatise on Indian warfare, besides two controversial +pamphlets against the Shakers. He died in Washington county, +Ky., in 1812, aged about seventy-five years.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0082' id='Footnote_0082'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0082'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +Captain Simeon Ecuyer, like Bouquet, was a native of Switzerland; +he did good service on the frontiers, especially in the gallant defense of +Fort Pitt in 1763. He became disgusted with the bad conduct of his +soldiers, especially the grenadiers, and begged leave to resign. “For +God’s sake,” he implored Bouquet, “let me go, and raise cabbages.”––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0083' id='Footnote_0083'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0083'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +Henry Bouquet was born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, +in 1721, and at the age of seventeen he entered into the service of +the states general of Holland; subsequently engaged under the banner +of Sardinia, and distinguished himself at the battle of Cony. In 1748, he +was a lieutenant-colonel in the Swiss guards, in the service of Holland. +At length, in 1756, he entered the English army, serving in the Royal +Americans, and co-operated with Gen. Forbes on the campaign against +Fort Du Quesne, repulsing an attack of French and Indians on Loyal +Hanna. He afterwards served in Canada, and was sent for the relief of +Fort Pitt, when beleagured in 1763. While marching on this service, +he signally defeated the Indians at Bushy Run, after a two days’ engagement, +in August of that year, and relieved Fort Pitt. In 1764, he +led an expedition against the Ohio Indians, compelling them to sue for +peace. He died at Pensacola, September 2, 1765, of a prevailing fever, +in the prime of life, at the age of forty-four years. He had attained the +rank of general.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_5541' id='Footnote_5541'></a><a href='#FNanchor_5541'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> + +<p>The following song was soon after composed by Mr. George Campbell +(an Irish gentleman who had been educated in Dublin,) and was +frequently sung in the neighborhood to the tune of the <i>Black Joke</i>.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>Ye patriot souls who love to sing,<br /> +What serves your country and your king,<br /> + In wealth, peace, and royal estate;<br /> +Attention give whilst I rehearse,<br /> +A modern fact, in jingling verse,<br /> +How party interest strove what it cou’d,<br /> +To profit itself by public blood,<br /> + But justly met its merited fate.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>Let all those Indian traders claim,<br /> +Their just reward, in glorious fame,<br /> + For vile, base and treacherous ends,<br /> +To Pollins in the spring they sent<br /> +Much warlike stores, with an intent,<br /> +To carry them to our barbarous foes,<br /> +Expecting that nobody dare oppose<br /> + A present to their Indian friends.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>Astonished at the wild design<br /> +Frontier inhabitants combin’d,<br /> + With brave souls to stop their career,<br /> +Although some men apostatized<br /> +Who first the grand attempt advis’d,<br /> +The bold frontiers they bravely stood,<br /> +To act for their king, and their country’s good<br /> + In joint league, and strangers to fear.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>On March the fifth, in sixty-five,<br /> +Their Indian presents did arrive,<br /> + In long pomp and cavalcade,<br /> +Near Sidelong-hill, where in disguise,<br /> +Some patriots did their train surprise,<br /> +And quick as lightning tumbled their loads<br /> +And kindled them bonfires in the woods;<br /> + And mostly burnt their whole brigade.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>At Loudon when they heard the news,<br /> +They scarcely knew which way to choose,<br /> + For blind rage and discontent;<br /> +At length some soldiers they sent out,<br /> +With guides for to conduct the route,<br /> +And seized some men that were travelling there<br /> +And hurried them into Loudon, where<br /> + They laid them fast with one consent.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>But men of resolution thought<br /> +Too much to see their neighbors caught<br /> + For no crime but false surmise;<br /> +Forthwith they join’d a warlike band,<br /> +And march’d to Loudon out of hand,<br /> +And kept the jailors pris’ners there,<br /> +Until our friends enlarged were,<br /> + Without fraud or any disguise.</p> + +<p style='margin-left:2em;'>Let mankind censure or commend,<br /> +This rash performance in the end,<br /> + Then both sides will find their account.<br /> +’Tis true no law can justify<br /> +To burn our neighbors property,<br /> +But when this property is design’d<br /> +To serve the enemies of mankind,<br /> + Its high treason in the amount.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0084' id='Footnote_0084'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0084'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The following extract from the <i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i> of November +2d, 1769, details the circumstances of this transaction. +</p><p> +“James Smith, his brother and brother in law, were going out to +survey and improve their land, on the waters of the Youghogany.––Expecting +to be gone some time, they took with them their arms, and +horses loaded with necessaries; and as Smith’s brother in law was an +artist in surveying, he had also with him the instruments for that business. +Travelling on their way and within nine miles of Bedford, they +overtook and joined in company with one Johnson and Moorhead, who +had likewise horses packed with liquor and seed wheat––their intentions +being also to make improvements on their lands. Arrived at the +parting of the road near Bedford, they separated, one party going +through town for the purpose of having a horse shod; these were apprehended +and put under confinement.––James Smith, Johnson and +Moorhead taking the other road, met John Holmes of Bedford, to whom +Smith spoke in a friendly manner but received no answer. Smith and +his companions proceeded to where the two roads again united; and +waited there the arrival of the others. +</p><p> +“At this time a number of men came riding up, and asked Smith his +name. On his telling them who he was, they immediately presented +their pistols, and commanded him to surrender or he was a dead man. +Smith stepped back and asking if they were highwaymen, charged them +to keep off; when immediately Robert George (one of the assailants) +snapped a pistol at Smith’s head; and that (as George acknowledged +under oath) before Smith had offered to [87] shoot. Smith then presented +his gun at another of the assailants, who was holding Johnson with one +hand, while with the other he held a pistol, which he was preparing to +discharge. Two shots were fired, one by Smith’s gun, the other by the +pistol, so quick as to be just distinguishable, and Johnson fell. Smith +was then taken and carried to Bedford, where John Holmes (who had +met him on the road, and hastened to Bedford with the intelligence) +held an inquest over the dead body of Johnson. One of the assailants +being the only witness examined, it was found that “Johnson had +been murdered by Smith,” who was thereupon committed for trial. +But jealousy arising in the breasts of many, that the inquest was not so +fair as it should have been, William Deny, (the coroner of Bedford +county) thought proper to re-examine the matter; and summoning a +jury of unexceptionable men, out of three townships––men whose candour, +probity, and honesty are unquestionable, and having raised the +corpse, held a solemn inquest over it for three days. +</p><p> +“In the course of their scrutiny, they found the shirt of Johnson, +around the bullet hole, blackened by the powder of the charge with +which he had been killed. One of the assailants being examined, swore +to the respective spots of ground on which they stood at the time of +firing, which being measured, was found to be 28 feet distance from each +other. The experiment was then made of shooting at the shirt an +equal distance both with and against the wind, to ascertain if the powder +produced the stain; but it did not. Upon the whole the jury, after +the most accurate examination and mature deliberation, brought in +their verdict that one of the assailants must necessarily have done the +murder.” +</p><p> +Captain Smith was a brave and enterprising man. In 1766, he, in +company with Joshua Horton, Uriah Stone, William Baker and James +Smith, by the way of Holstein, explored the country south of Kentucky +at a time when it was entirely uninhabited; and the country between +the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, to their entrance into the Ohio. +Stone’s river, a branch of the Cumberland and emptying into it not far +above Nashville, was named by them in this expedition. +</p><p> +After his acquittal from the charge of having murdered Johnson, +he was elected and served as one of the board of commissioners, for +regulating taxes and laying the county levy, in the county of Bedford. +[88] He was for several years a delegate from the county of Westmoreland, +to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania; and in the war of the revolution +was an officer of merit and distinction. In 1781 he removed to +Kentucky and settled in Bourbon county not far from Paris; was a +member of the convention which set at Danville, to confer about a +separation from the state of Virginia, in 1788, from which time until +1799, with the exception of two years, he was either a delegate of the +convention or of the General Assembly of Kentucky. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by L. C. D.</i>––It would seem from Col. Smith’s own statement, +that his removal to, and settlement in, Bourbon county, Ky., was +in 1788. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 5</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0085' id='Footnote_0085'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0085'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Now spelled Buckhannon.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0086' id='Footnote_0086'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0086'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +Sycamores, which attain gigantic proportions, are given to rotting +in the lower portions of the trunk, and chambers eight feet in diameter +are not uncommon. In the course of a canoe voyage down the Ohio, in +the summer of 1894, I frequently saw such cavities, with the openings +stopped by pickets or rails, utilized by small bottom farmers as hog-pens, +chicken-coops, and calf stalls. +</p><p> +L. V. McWhorter, of Berlin, W. Va., who has kindly sent me several +MS. notes on Withers’s <i>Chronicles</i> (all of which will be duly credited +where used in this edition), writes: “The aged sycamore now +(1894) occupying the site, is the third generation––the grand-child––of +that which housed the Pringles. It stands on the farm of Webster Dix, +who assures me that it shall not be destroyed. A tradition held by his +descendants has it, that when John Pringle went back to the South +Branch for ammunition, Charity, the wife of Samuel, who was left behind, +started immediately for the wilderness home of her husband, and +found him by the path which John had blazed for his own return.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0087' id='Footnote_0087'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0087'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +This early and meritorious pioneer was born near Winchester, +Va., Jan. 1, 1743, figured prominently in the Indian wars of his region, +and served on Col. G. R. Clark’s Illinois campaign of 1778; he died at +his home on Hacker’s Creek, April 20, 1821, in his 82d year.––L. C. D. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0088' id='Footnote_0088'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0088'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Its Indian name signified “Muddy Water.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0089' id='Footnote_0089'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0089'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +We have already seen (p. 74, <i>note</i>), that Gist settled at Mount +Braddock, Fayette county, in 1753, and that eleven families joined him +in January, 1754. There is a tradition that settlers were in the district +even before Gist. It has been shown that the Gist settlements, and +others in the lower Monongahela, were burned by the French in July, +1754. The English borderers fled upon the outbreak of disturbances, +and did not return until about 1760-61, when confidence had been restored.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0090' id='Footnote_0090'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0090'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +Both Van Meter and Swan afterwards served under Col. G. R. +Clark––at least, on the Kaskaskia campaign; Swan commanded a company +on Clark’s Shawnee campaign of 1780, and Van Meter on that +of 1782. The latter moved to Kentucky in 1780; settled in Hardin +county, Ky., Nov. 16th, 1798, in his seventy-sixth year.––L. C. D. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––This note, written by Dr. Draper a few days +before his death (Aug. 26, 1891), was probably his last stroke of literary +work. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0091' id='Footnote_0091'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0091'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +These gentlemen were descendants of a Mr. Zane who accompanied +William Penn, to his province of Pennsylvania, and from whom, one of +the principal streets in Philadelphia, derived its name. Their father +was possessed of a bold and daring spirit of adventure, which was displayed +on many occasions, in the earlier part of his life. Having rendered +himself obnoxious to the Society of Friends (of which he was a +member,) by marrying without the pale of that society, he moved to +Virginia and settled on the South Branch, where the town of Moorfield +has been since erected. One of his sons (Isaac) was taken by the Indians, +when he was only nine years old, and carried in captivity, to +Mad river, in Ohio. Here he continued ’till habit reconciled him to his +situation, when he married a squaw, became a chief and spent the remainder +of his life with them. He was never known to wage war +against the whites; but was, on several occasions, of infinite service, +by apprising them of meditated attacks of the Indians. His descendants +still reside in Ohio. +</p><p> +The brothers, Ebenezer, Silas and Jonathan, who settled Wheeling, +[95] were also men of enterprise, tempered with prudence, and directed +by sound judgment. Ready at all times, to resist and punish the aggression +of the Indians, they were scrupulously careful not to provoke them +by acts of wanton outrage, such as were then, too frequently committed +along the frontier. Col. Ebenezer Zane had been among the first, to +explore the country from the South Branch, through the Alleghany +glades, and west of them. He was accompanied in that excursion by +Isaac Williams, two gentlemen of the name of Robinson and some +others; but setting off rather late in the season, and the weather being +very severe, they were compelled to return, without having penetrated +to the Ohio river. On their way home, such was the extremity of cold, +that one of the Robinsons died of its effects. Williams was much frost +bitten, and the whole party suffered exceedingly. To the bravery and +good conduct of those three brothers, the Wheeling settlement was +mainly indebted for its security and preservation, during the war of the +revolution. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0092' id='Footnote_0092'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0092'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Joseph Tomlinson surveyed a claim at the mouth of Grave Creek, +about 1770, but did not settle there until 1772. His cabin was the +nucleus of the present Moundsville, W. Va.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0093' id='Footnote_0093'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0093'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +John Doddridge settled in Washington county, Pa., on the Ohio +River a few miles east of the Pennsylvania-Virginia state line, in 1773; +his son, Joseph Doddridge, was the author of <i>Notes on the Settlements and +Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania</i>, 1763-83, +a valuable antiquarian work. The names of Greathouse and Baker +became execrable through their connection with the massacre of Chief +Logan’s family, in 1774. Leffler and Biggs attained prominence in border +warfare.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0094' id='Footnote_0094'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0094'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +“At an early period of our settlements, there was an inferior kind of +land title, denominated a tomahawk right. This was made by [97] deadening +a few trees near a spring, and marking on one or more of them, +the initials of the name of the person, by whom the improvement was +made. Rights, acquired in this way, were frequently bought and sold.”––<i>Doddridge’s +Notes on Western Virginia.</i> +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0095' id='Footnote_0095'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0095'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +William Lowther was the son of Robert, and came with his father +to the Hacker creek settlement in 1772. He soon became one of the +most conspicuous men in that section of country; while his private +virtues and public actions endeared him to every individual of the community. +During the war of 1774 and subsequently, he was the most +active and efficient defender of that vicinity, against the insidious attacks +of the savage foe; and there were very few if any scouting parties +proceeding from thence, by which the Indians were killed or otherwise +much annoyed, but those which were commanded by him. +</p><p> +He was the first justice of the peace in the district of West Augusta––the +first sheriff in the county of Harrison and Wood, and [98] once a delegate +to the General Assembly of the States. His military merits carried +him through the subordinate grades to the rank of Colonel. Despising +the pomp and pageantry of office, he accepted it for the good of the +community, and was truly an effective man. Esteemed, beloved by all, +he might have exerted his influence, over others, to the advancement +of his individual interest; but he sought the advancement of the general +weal, not a personal or family aggrandizement. His example might +teach others, that offices were created for the public good, not for private +emolument. If aspirants for office at the present day, were to regard +its perquisites less, and their fitness for the discharge of its duties +more, the country would enjoy a greater portion of happiness and prosperity, +and a sure foundation for the permanence of these be laid, in +the more disinterested character of her counsellors, and their consequently, +increased devotion to her interests. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0096' id='Footnote_0096'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0096'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +The Spaniards at New Orleans, from the first settlement of the +country west of the Alleghany Mountains, sought to attach it to the +province of Louisiana. Knowing the powerful efficacy of gold, in producing +such results, they dispensed it with a liberal hand, to such as +made New Orleans their market. The attachment of the first settlers, +to the free institutions of our country, baffled every attempt to detach +them from it. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––The Spanish conspiracy was, in the main, +“baffled” by the prompt action of our general government. George +Rogers Clark and several other leading Kentuckians were quite willing to +be “detached,” for a consideration. The fact is, that at first the sense +of national patriotism was weak, west of the Alleghanies; the eighteenth +century had closed before efforts at separation from the East were commonly +regarded as treason. The interests of the Western people apparently +were centered in the south-flowing Mississippi; they seemed to +have at the time little in common with the East. So long as Spain held +the mouth of the river, many Western leaders thought it not improper +that the West should ally itself with that power; when our government +finally purchased the Spanish claim, the Western men had no further +complaint. See Roosevelt’s treatment of the Spanish conspiracy, in his +<i>Winning of the West</i>, III., ch. iii.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 6</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0097' id='Footnote_0097'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0097'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Mr. Jefferson, in his Notes on Virginia, represents this as happening +at Grave creek, which empties into the Ohio from the south eastern, +or Virginia side of this river, twelve miles below Wheeling. Those who +lived near at the time and are supposed to have had the best opportunity +of ascertaining the fact, say that it happened near the mouth of +Captina, a creek sixteen miles below Wheeling, and on the Ohio side. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––What is called the “Captina affair” happened +April 27th, at Pipe Creek, emptying into the Ohio from the west, fourteen +miles below Wheeling, and six above Captina Creek. Two friendly +Shawnees were killed here by a party commanded by Michael Cresap, +of Redstone, who at the time was in the neighborhood of Wheeling, +surveying and clearing farms for new settlers. Cresap and his men, +among whom was George Rogers Clark, then a young surveyor who had +a claim at the mouth of Fish Creek, thereupon started out to destroy +Chief Logan’s camp, at Baker’s Bottom, opposite the mouth of Yellow +Creek, fifty-three miles up the Ohio, and forty miles west of Pittsburg +by land; but as Logan was a well-known friend of the whites, they became +ashamed of their project, and marched on across country to Fort +Redstone. Meanwhile, as will be seen in due course, others were preparing +to destroy Logan’s band, and on April 30th occurred that infamous +massacre which Logan wrongly believed to be Cresap’s work. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0098' id='Footnote_0098'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0098'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +Capt. Bull was a Delaware chief whose original village of Oghkwaga +was on Unadilla Kiver, an eastern branch of the Susquehanna, in what +is now Boone county, N. Y. He had been the prime mover in an attempt +to interest the Delawares in Pontiac’s conspiracy (1763). In +March, 1764, a strong party of whites and friendly Indians were sent +out to capture him, by Sir William Johnson, English Indian superintendent +in New York. After a sharp struggle, Bull and a number of +his adherents were captured and conveyed in irons to New York City, +where they were imprisoned for a time, but finally discharged. The +Delaware towns on the Unadilla having been burned, Bull and five +families of his relatives settled what the whites called Bulltown, on +the Little Kanawha. This was at a salt spring about a mile and a +quarter below the present Bulltown P. O., Braxton county, Va. Capt. +Bull and his people were inoffensive, and very friendly to their white +neighbors, as our author says.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0099' id='Footnote_0099'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0099'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Adam Stroud lived on Elk River, a few miles south of Indian Bulltown. +The massacre of his family––his wife and seven children––occurred +in June, 1772. Shawnees were the murderers, and not Bull’s +people.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0100' id='Footnote_0100'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0100'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Mr. McWhorter writes me that two others were Jesse Hughes and +John Cutright (corruption of Cartwright?), both of them settlers on +Hacker’s Creek. Hughes was a noted border scout, but a man of +fierce, unbridled passions, and so confirmed an Indian hater that +no tribesman, however peaceful his record, was safe in his presence. +Some of the most cruel acts on the frontier are by tradition attributed +to this man. The massacre of the Bulltown Indians was +accompanied by atrocities as repulsive as any reported by captives +in Indian camps; of these there had long been traditions, but details +were not fully known until revealed by Cutright upon his death-bed +in 1852, when he had reached the age of 105 years. Want of space +alone prevents me from giving Mr. McWhorter’s narrative of Hughes’s +long and bloody career. “Hughes died,” he says, “in Jackson county, +W. Va., at a date unknown to me, but in very old age. While he was +a great scout and Indian trader, he never headed an expedition of note. +This no doubt was because of his fierce temperament, and bad reputation +among his own countrymen.” In studying the annals of the border, +we must not fail to note that here and there were many savage-hearted +men among the white settlers, whose deeds were quite as atrocious +as any attributed to the red-skins. Current histories of Indian +warfare seldom recognize this fact.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0101' id='Footnote_0101'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0101'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Lord Dunmore’s War (1774) was a natural outgrowth of the +strained relations which had long existed between the savages and the +white colonists in their midst. As our author has made clear, minor +hostilities had broken out here and there ever since the Pontiac uprising, +but there had been no general campaign since Bouquet’s treaty in +1764. Affairs had come to that pass by the early spring of 1774, that +diplomacy was no longer possible, and an Indian war was inevitable. +It was merely a question of detail, as to how and when. The immediate +cause of precipitation––not the cause of the war, for that lay deeper––was +the territorial dispute over the Ft. Pitt region, between Virginia +and Pennsylvania. Dunmore, as royal governor of Virginia, had several +reasons for bringing matters to a head––he was largely interested +in land speculations under Virginia patents that would be vitiated if +Pennsylvania, now becoming aggressive, should succeed in planting her +official machinery at Ft. Pitt, which was garrisoned by Virginia; again, +his colonists were in a revolutionary frame of mind, and he favored a +distraction in the shape of a popular Indian war; finally, it seemed as +though a successful raid by Virginia militia would clinch Virginia’s hold +on the country and the treaty of peace that must follow would widen +the area of provincial lands and encourage Western settlements. April +25, 1774, he issued a proclamation in which, after reference to Pennsylvania’s +claims, it was asserted that Ft. Pitt was “in danger of some +annoyance from the Indians,” and he called on his local military commandant, +the fire-eating Dr. John Connolly, “to embody a sufficient +number of men to repel any insult.” Connolly, evidently as part of +a preconcerted plan, at once (April 26) issued a circular letter to the excited +borderers, which was well calculated to arouse them, being in effect +a declaration of war against the Indians. The very next day +occurred the Pipe Creek affair, then came the Logan tragedy at Baker’s +Bottom, three days later, and at once the war was on at full-head.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0102' id='Footnote_0102'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0102'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +Of John Findlay (so he signed his name), “the precursor and +pilot of Daniel Boone to Kentucky,” but little is known and less has +been published. Apparently he was a native of the north of Ireland. +In early life he emigrated to the neighborhood of Carlisle, Cumberland +county, Pa., a district almost wholly settled by Scotch-Irish Protestants. +In February, 1752, we find him a trader among the Shawnees; the +following year, he was robbed and driven off. It is probable that he +served in the Pennsylvania frontier militia from the opening of the +French and Indian War (1754). Boone met him on the Braddock campaign +(1755), and they became fast friends. Findlay had already (1752) +been in Kentucky as far as the Falls of the Ohio, in the course of his ramblings +as a trader, and inspired Boone with an intense desire to seek this El +Dorado of the West. It was in 1767, when settled near the head of the Yadkin +River, that Boone first tried to reach Kentucky by way of the Sandy, +but failed. In the winter of 1768-69, Findlay, now a peddler, with a horse +to carry his traps, appeared at Boone’s cabin on the Yadkin, and the +two old comrades had a happy time rehearsing their various adventures +during the thirteen years of separation. An expedition to Kentucky +was agreed upon, and the party set out from Boone’s cabin, May 1, 1769; +it was composed of Findlay, now advanced in years, Daniel Boone, the +latter’s brother-in-law, John Stuart, and three Yadkin neighbors, Joseph +Holden, James Mooney, and William Cooley. The story of their +expedition through Cumberland Gap, and their long hunt, is now familiar +to readers of Western history. Their principal camp was probably on +Red Lick Fork of Station Camp Creek. In December, Stuart and Boone +were captured by Indians, but escaped early in January (1770), and on rejoining +their comrades on Rockcastle River found that Daniel’s brother, +Squire, had arrived with fresh horses and traps from the North Carolina +home; and with him was Alexander Neely, whom Squire had found on +New (Great Kanawha) River. Findlay, Holden, Mooney, and Cooley +now elected to return home, leaving the others to spend a longer period +in Kentucky; Findlay took the left-hand road through the West Virginia +settlements, to Pennsylvania, and the others, turning to the right, +wended their way to North Carolina through Cumberland Gap. Not +long after this, Stuart was killed by Indians, while alone in the woods, +and Neely, discouraged by his fate, returned home. The story, often +copied from Withers, that Neely was killed by a wolf, is erroneous. As +for Findlay, he appears to have again become an Indian trader in Western +Pennsylvania; for late in 1771 he is reported to have been robbed +of $500 worth of goods, by a Seneca war party raiding the Youghiogheny +district. There is a tradition that not long after this he “was lost in the +wilds of the West.” Holden and Cooley spent the rest of their days on +the Upper Yadkin. Mooney was killed at the battle of Point Pleasant +(1774).––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0103' id='Footnote_0103'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0103'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +The Boones and five other families set out from their homes on the +Yadkin, Sept. 25, 1773. In Powell’s Valley they were joined by forty +people under Boone’s brother-in-law, William Bryan. While the main +party were slowly advancing through the valley, a small squad, under +Boone’s oldest son, James, went on a side expedition for flour, cattle, +and other supplies. With these they had nearly caught up to the advance, +when, not knowing they were so near, they camped on the evening of +October 9 a few miles in the rear. Early in the morning of the 10th, +a small band of Shawnees and Cherokees, who were nominally at peace +with the whites, fell upon and, after cruel tortures, slaughtered them. +In Dunmore’s speech at Fort Pitt, this tragedy in Powell’s Valley was +alluded to as one of the chief causes of the Indian war of 1774. At the +Camp Charlotte treaty (October, 1774), some of the plunder from this +massacre was delivered up by the savages. After the tragedy, the greater +part of the Kentucky caravan returned to their homes, but the Boones +spent the winter of 1773-74 at a settlement some forty miles distant, on +Clinch River. During the Dunmore War, Boone was active as an Indian +fighter.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0104' id='Footnote_0104'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0104'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +The leader of this party was Capt. Thomas Bullitt. He was born in +Fauquier county, Va., in 1730; was one of Washington’s captains at the +Great Meadows (1754), and fought gallantly with Braddock (1755) and +Forbes (1758); in 1763, was made adjutant-general of Virginia; during +the early part of the Revolution he held the same office in the Southern +Department of the United States, but resigned in 1776 because not +promoted; he died in Fauquier county, in 1778. The project of Franklin, +Walpole, and others to found the Colony of Pittsylvania, with its +seat at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, greatly stimulated Western +land speculation, and there was a rush of those holding military land +warrants to locate claims. Lord Dunmore’s agent at Fort Pitt, Dr. John +Connolly––with whom his lordship was doubtless in partnership––had +large interests of this character, and Bullitt went to the Falls of the +Ohio (1773) to survey lands for him. Bullitt had a surveyor’s commission +from Williams and Mary College, but Col. William Preston, county +surveyor for Fincastle county––in which Kentucky was then included––declined +to recognize any but his own deputies. Preston carried his +point, and the lands were re-surveyed the following year (1774) by his +deputies. Bullitt had laid off a town on this Connolly survey; but the +Revolution soon broke out, Bullitt was otherwise engaged, Dunmore was +deposed, Connolly was imprisoned, and the scheme fell through. In 1778, +George Rogers Clark camped at the Falls on his way to the Illinois, and +the garrison he established there grew into the town of Louisville. +With Bullitt’s surveying party in 1773, were James Douglas, James Harrod, +James Sodousky, Isaac Hite, Abraham Haptonstall, Ebenezer +Severns, John Fitzpatrick, John Cowan,––prominent names in later Kentucky +history,––and possibly others. George Rogers Clark was probably +with the party during a part of its canoe voyage down the Ohio, but +seems to have gone no farther than Big Bone Creek.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0105' id='Footnote_0105'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0105'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +This was done by a party of men from the Monongahela, under +the guidance of James Harrod; by whom was built the first cabin for +human habitancy ever erected in Kentucky. This was on the present +site of Harrodsburg. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0106' id='Footnote_0106'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0106'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +These are the Pipe Creek and Baker’s Bottom affairs, respectively +mentioned on pp. 134, 149, <i>notes</i>. Yellow Creek, opposite Baker’s Bottom, +empties into the Ohio 51 miles below Pittsburg; Wheeling is 91 +miles below Pittsburg, and Pipe Creek 104.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0107' id='Footnote_0107'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0107'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +There is some difficulty in fixing on the precise time when these +occurrences happened. Col. Ebenezer Zane says that they took place +in the latter part of April, and that the affair at Captina preceded the +one at Yellow creek a few days. John Sappington, who was of the party +at Baker’s, and is said to be the one who killed Logan’s brother, says, +the murders at that place occurred on the 24th of May, and that the +skirmish at Captina was on the day before (23rd May.) Col. Andrew +Swearingen, a presbyterian gentleman of much respectability, one of +the early settlers near the Ohio above Wheeling, and afterwards intimate +with those engaged at both places, says that the disturbance opposite +Yellow creek preceded the engagement [113] at Captina, and that the +latter, as was then generally understood, was caused by the conduct of +the Indians, who had been at Yellow creek and were descending the +river, exasperated at the murder of their friends at Baker’s. Mr. Benjamin +Tomlinson, who was the brother-in-law of Baker and living with +him at the time, says that this circumstance happened in May, but is +silent as to the one at Captina. These gentlemen all agree in the fact +that Logan’s people were murdered at Baker’s. Indeed Logan himself +charges it as having been done there. The statement of Sappington, +that the murders were caused by the abusive epithets of Logan’s +brother and his taking the hat and coat of Baker’s brother in law is +confirmed by Col. Swearingen and others; who also say that for some +days previous, the neighborhood generally had been engaged in preparing +to leave the country, in consequence of the menacing conduct of +the Indians. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––The date is now well established––April 30. +Withers is altogether too lenient, in his treatment of the whites engaged +in this wretched massacre. Logan, encamped at the mouth of +Yellow River, on the Ohio side, was a peaceful, inoffensive Indian, +against whom no man harbored a suspicion; he was made a victim of +race hatred, in a time of great popular excitement. Joshua Baker, who +was settled opposite him on Baker’s Bottom, in Virginia, kept a low +grog-shop tavern, and had recently been warned not to sell more liquor +to Indians. Daniel Greathouse lived in the vicinity––a cruel, bloodthirsty +fellow, who served Connolly as a local agent in fomenting hatred +of Indians. It will be remembered (p. 131, <i>note</i>) that Cresap’s party were +intending to strike the camp of Logan, but that they abandoned the +project. In the meantime, probably without knowledge of Cresap’s intent, +Greathouse had collected a party of 32 borderers to accomplish the +same end. Logan’s camp seemed too strong for them to attack openly; +so they secreted themselves in Baker’s house, and when Logan’s family, +men and women, came over to get their daily grog, and were quite +drunk, set upon them and slew and tomahawked nine or ten. The +chief, standing on the Ohio bank, heard the uproar and witnessed the +massacre; he naturally supposed that the murderers were led by Cresap. +From a friend of the whites, Logan became their implacable enemy, +and during the ensuing war his forays were the bloodiest on the border. +We shall hear of him and his famous speech, later on. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0108' id='Footnote_0108'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0108'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +It was then that Westfall’s and Casinoe’s forts were erected in +Tygart’s valley,––Pricket’s, on Pricket’s creek,––Jackson’s on Ten Mile, +and Shepherd’s on Wheeling creek, a few miles above its mouth. There +were also others established in various parts of the country and on the +Monongahela and Ohio rivers. Nutter’s fort, near to Clarksburg, +afforded protection to the inhabitants on the West Fork, from its source, +to its confluence with the Valley river; and to those who lived on +Buchannon and on Hacker’s creek, as well as to the residents of its immediate +vicinity. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0109' id='Footnote_0109'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0109'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +June 20, Col. William Preston, having charge of the defenses of +Fincastle county, authorized Capt. William Russell to employ two faithful +woodsmen to go to Kentucky and inform the several surveying parties +at work there, of their danger. June 26, Russell replied, “I have engaged +to start immediately on the occasion, two of the best hands I +could think of––Daniel Boone and Michael Stoner; who have engaged +to reach the country as low as the Falls, and to return by way of Gasper’s +Lick on Cumberland, and through Cumberland Gap; so that, by +the assiduity of these men, if it is not too late, I hope the gentlemen +will be apprized of the imminent danger they are daily in.” +</p><p> +Boone and Stoner journeyed overland to Harrodsburg, where Col. +James Harrod and thirty men were making improvements and laying +out the town. The thrifty Boone secured a good lot, hastily built a +claim cabin, and proceeded on his tour. At Fontaine Blue, three miles +below Harrodsburg, the two scouts found another party of surveyors, +whom they warned; and in going down the Kentucky River came across +Capt. John Floyd’s surveying party,––eight men, who had left Preston’s +house for Kentucky, April 9,––who agreed to meet them farther down +the river. But circumstances prevented a reunion, and Floyd’s band +penetrated through the wilderness on their own account, and had a +painful journey of sixteen days’ duration before reaching Russell’s Fort +on Clinch River. Meanwhile, Boone and Stoner descended to the mouth +of the Kentucky, and thence to the Falls of the Ohio, and found more +surveyors at Mann’s Lick, four miles southeast. Indians were making +bloody forays through the district, and the scouts had frequent thrilling +adventures. Finally, after having been absent sixty-one days and travelled +800 miles, they reached Russell’s on the Clinch, in safety. Russell +was absent on the Point Pleasant campaign, and Boone set out with a +party of recruits to reinforce him, but was ordered back to defend the +Clinch settlements. He was busy at this task until the close of the war. +He was present at the Watauga treaty, March 17, 1775; later that year, he +led another band to Kentucky, and early in April built Fort Boone, on +Kentucky River, “a little below Big Lick,” the nucleus of the Henderson +colony.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0110' id='Footnote_0110'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0110'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +The party numbered about four hundred men. The line of march +was about ninety miles in length, as estimated by the zig-zag course +pursued.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0111' id='Footnote_0111'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0111'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +They were Jonathan Zane, Thomas Nicholson and Tady Kelly. A +better woodsman than the first named of these three, perhaps never +lived. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0112' id='Footnote_0112'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0112'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +Doddridge locates Wapatomica “about sixteen miles below the +present Coshocton.” Butterfield (<i>History of the Girtys</i>) places it “just +below the present Zanesville, in Logan county, Ohio, not a great distance +from Mac-a-cheek.” For localities of Indian towns on the Muskingum, +see map in St. John de Creve Cœur’s <i>Lettres d’un Cultivateur Américain</i> +(Paris, 1787), III., p. 413.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0113' id='Footnote_0113'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0113'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +John Hargus, a private in Capt. Cresap’s company, while stationed +as a vidette below the main army, observed an Indian several times +raising his head above his blind, and looking over the river. Charging +his rifle with a second ball, he fired, and both bullets passed through +the neck of the Indian, who was found next day and scalped by +Hargus. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0114' id='Footnote_0114'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0114'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Logan was the son of Shikellemus, a celebrated chief of the Cayuga +nation, who dwelt at Shamokin, and always attached to the [118] English, +was of much service to them on many occasions. After the close of +Dunmore’s war, Logan became gloomy and melancholy, drank freely +and manifested symptoms of mental derangement. He remained some +time at Detroit, and while there, his conduct and expressions evinced a +weariness of the world. Life he said had become a burden to him, +he knew no more what pleasure was, and thought it had been better +if he had never existed. In this disponding and disconsolate condition +he left Detroit, and on his way between that place and Miami, is said +to have been murdered. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0115' id='Footnote_0115'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0115'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +See p. 149, <i>note</i>, for account of the massacre.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 7</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0116' id='Footnote_0116'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0116'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +He is said to have committed some offence, in the upper part of +South Carolina, which rendered him obnoxious to the laws of that +colony, and to evade the punishment for which, he had fled to the +wilderness and taken up his abode in it. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0117' id='Footnote_0117'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0117'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +Lewis Wetzel, the son of a German settler on Wheeling Creek, some +fourteen miles above its mouth, was born about 1764. He and his brothers +Martin, Jacob, John, and George became famous in border warfare +after the close of the Revolution; the annals of the frontier abound in +tales of their hardy achievements. Martin and Lewis were the heroes +of most remarkable escapes from Indian captivity; John was also famous +as an Indian fighter; and Jacob’s name will ever be connected with the +exploits of that other great border scout, Simon Kenton. But of all the +brothers, Lewis achieved the widest celebrity, and two biographies of +him have been published: by Cecil B. Hartley (Phila., 1860), and by +R. C. V. Meyers (Phila., 1883).––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0118' id='Footnote_0118'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0118'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Now Shenandoah. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0119' id='Footnote_0119'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0119'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +The northern wing was composed of men from Frederick, Berkeley, +and Dunmore (afterwards Shenandoah) counties, and Col. Adam +Stephen was placed in command. With this wing went Lord Dunmore +and Major John Connolly. Counting the forces already in the field under +Maj. Angus McDonald and Capt. William Crawford, this levy numbered +some twelve hundred men. Among them, as scouts, were George +Roger Clark, Simon Kenton, and Michael Cresap.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0120' id='Footnote_0120'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0120'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Lewis was colonel of the militia of Botetourt county. Camp +Union (so called because several bodies of troops met there) was on the +Big Savannah or Great Levels of Greenbrier River; the town of Lewisburg +now occupies the site. +</p><p> +In Dunmore’s letter to Andrew Lewis, dated July 12, he directed +him to raise a sufficient body of men, and proceeding to the mouth of the +Great Kanawha there erect a fort; if he deemed best he was to cross +the Ohio, proceed directly to the Indian towns, and destroy their crops +and supplies; in any event he was to keep communication open between +Fort Wheeling and Fort Dunmore (Pittsburg). It is evident that his +lordship then contemplated no separate expedition of his own, for he +talks of sending Major Angus McDonald’s party and a new levy to Lewis’s +assistance. But he changed his mind, and August 30 wrote to Lewis +directing that the latter meet him at the mouth of the Little Kanawha. +Lewis replied through Col. William Preston that it was now too late to +change his plans; he should proceed at once with the levy just summoned, +to the mouth of the Great Kanawha, and there await further +orders.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0121' id='Footnote_0121'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0121'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +This cape was called Point Pleasant, and is now occupied by the +West Virginia town of that name.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0122' id='Footnote_0122'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0122'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +This is misleading. On September 6, Col. Charles Lewis, with his +Augusta troops, numbering about six hundred, were detached to proceed +to the mouth of the Elk, and there make canoes for transporting the +supplies to the mouth of the Great Kanawha. This body had in charge +a drove of 108 beef cattle, and 400 pack-horses laden with 54,000 lbs. of +flour. Field’s company soon followed this advance.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0123' id='Footnote_0123'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0123'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Saturday, the 10th, Clay and Coward were sent out to hunt deer +for Field’s company, on the banks of the Little Meadow. Then occurred +the incident related by Withers. The Indian who escaped, hurried on +to the Shawnee towns and gave them their first notice of the approach of +the army. Alarmed at this incident, Field hurried and caught up with +the advance under Charles Lewis. The text reads as though he had +hastened back to Andrew Lewis, who had not yet left Camp Union.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0124' id='Footnote_0124'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0124'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +Col. Andrew Lewis marched out of Camp Union the 12th, with +about 450 men. These consisted of Fleming’s Botetourt troops, three +companies of Fincastle men under Capts. Evan Shelby, William Herbert, +and William Russell, the Bedford men under Thomas Buford, and +Dunmore men under Slaughter. They had with them 200 pack-horses +laden with flour, and the remainder of the beeves. Col. William +Christian, who arrived at Camp Union the day Andrew Lewis left, was +ordered, with the rest of the Fincastle men, to remain there, to guard +the residue of the provisions, and when the brigade of horses sent to +the mouth of the Elk had returned, to hurry every thing forward to +the mouth of the Great Kanawha. Five weeks were thus consumed +in transporting the troops and the supplies a distance of 160 miles +through the tangled forest, to Point Pleasant, where the main army, +upwards of 1,100 strong, had arrived, quite spent with exertions, on the +6th of October. +</p><p> +When Christian left Camp Union for the front, Anthony Bledsoe, +with a company of Fincastle men, was detailed to remain behind with +the sick, while the base of supplies at the mouth of the Elk was placed +in charge of Slaughter. As will be seen, Christian arrived too late to +engage in the battle of Point Pleasant.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0125' id='Footnote_0125'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0125'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +When Lewis arrived at Point Pleasant (October 6th), he found +awaiting him in a hollow tree dispatches from Dunmore, brought by +Simon Kenton and two companions, directing him to join his lordship +at the mouth of the Big Hockhocking, where the governor’s northern +wing, under Major Crawford, was building a stockade. But Lewis’s +men were spent, and pens had to be built for the cattle, and shelter for +the stores, so no move was made. On Saturday, the 8th, came a further +message from the governor, who was still at the Big Hockhocking. +Lewis replied that he would join him there as soon as the troops, food +supply, and powder had all reached Point Pleasant. His men were +angry at Dunmore’s interference, and argued with Lewis that it was +sixty miles by river and over half that by land, to Dunmore’s camp, +whereas it was less than either to the hostile towns which they had +started out to attack; and to turn aside from this purpose was to leave +open for the hostiles the back-door to the frontier settlements of Virginia. +The 9th was Sunday, and these sturdy Scotch-Irish Presbyterians +spent the day in religious exercises, listening to a stout sermon from +their chaplain. On the morrow, they were surprised by the Indians, as +the sequel relates.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0126' id='Footnote_0126'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0126'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +James Mooney, of Russell’s company, and Joseph Hughey, of +Shelby’s. They were surprised at the mouth of Old Town Creek, three +miles distant. Hughey was killed by a shot fired by Tavenor Ross, a +white renegade in Cornstalk’s party.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0127' id='Footnote_0127'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0127'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Few officers were ever more, or more deservedly, endeared to +those under their command than Col. Charles Lewis. In the many +skirmishes, which it was his fortune to have, with the Indians he was +uncommonly successful; and in the various scenes of life, thro’ which +he passed, his conduct was invariably marked by the distinguishing +characteristicks of a mind, of no ordinary stamp. His early fall on this +bloody field, was severely felt during the whole engagement; and to it +has been attributed the partial advantages gained by the Indian army +near the commencement of the action. When the [127] fatal ball struck +him, he fell at the root of a tree; from whence he was carried to his +tent, against his wish, by Capt. Wm. Morrow and a Mr. Bailey, of Captain +Paul’s company, and died in a few hours afterwards. In remembrance +of his great worth, the legislature named the county of Lewis +after him. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0128' id='Footnote_0128'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0128'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +An active, enterprising and meritorious officer, who had been in service +in Braddock’s war, and profited by his experience of the Indian mode +of fighting. His death checked for a time the ardor of his troops, and +spread a gloom over the countenances of those, who had accompanied +him on this campaign. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0129' id='Footnote_0129'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0129'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +A half-mile up the Big Kanawha.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0130' id='Footnote_0130'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0130'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +From MS. journals and letters in possession of the Wisconsin Historical +Society, it appears that the conduct of the battle was as follows: +Andrew Lewis, who as yet thought the enemy to be but a scouting +party, and not an army equal in size to his own, had the drums beat to +arms, for many of his men were asleep in their tents; and while still +smoking his pipe, ordered a detachment from each of the Augusta companies, +to form 150 strong under Col. Charles Lewis, with John Dickinson, +Benjamin Harrison, and John Skidmore as the captains. Another +party of like size was formed under Col. Fleming, with Captains Shelby, +Russell, Buford, and Philip Love. Lewis’s party marched to the right, +near the foot of the hills skirting the east side of Crooked Creek. Fleming’s +party marched to the left, 200 yards apart from the other. A quarter +of a mile from camp, and half a mile from the point of the cape, the +right-going party met the enemy lurking behind trees and fallen logs at +the base of the hill, and there Charles Lewis was mortally wounded. +Fleming marched to a pond three-quarters of a mile from camp, and fifty +rods inland from the Ohio––this pond being one of the sources of +Crooked Creek. The hostile line was found to extend from this pond +along Crooked Creek, half way to its mouth. The Indians, under +Cornstalk, thought by rushes to drive the whites into the two rivers, +“like so many bullocks,” as the chief later explained; and indeed both +lines had frequently to fall back, but they were skillfully reinforced each +time, and by dusk the savages placed Old Town Creek between them and +the whites. This movement was hastened, a half hour before sunset, +by a movement which Withers confounds with the main tactics. Captains +Matthews, Arbuckle, Shelby, and Stuart were sent with a detachment +up Crooked creek under cover of the bank, with a view to securing +a ridge in the rear of the enemy, from which their line could be enfiladed. +They were discovered in the act, but Cornstalk supposed that +this party was Christian’s advance, and in alarm hurried his people to +the other side of Old Town Creek. The battle was, by dark, really a +drawn game; but Cornstalk had had enough, and fled during the +night.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0131' id='Footnote_0131'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0131'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +During the day, a messenger had been dispatched to hurry on +Christian, who with 250 men was convoying cattle and powder. In the +early evening, fifteen miles from Point Pleasant, this rear party was +found, toiling painfully over the wilderness trail. Christian at once left +his property in charge of a small party, and arrived in camp by midnight.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0132' id='Footnote_0132'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0132'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +Most of the killed and wounded, on both sides, were shot in the +head or breast, which indicates good marksmanship. The Indians, +though skillful marksmen, did not exhibit sufficient mechanical knowledge +to enable them properly to clean their guns, and thus were at some +disadvantage. +</p><p> +The statistician was at work in those days, as now, for we learn from +an old diary that at Old Town Creek were found by the white victors, +78 rafts with which the Indians had crossed the Ohio to the attack, the +night of October 9-10; and on the battlefield during the 10th and 12th, +were collected 23 guns, 27 tomahawks, 80 blankets, and great numbers +of war-clubs, shot-pouches, powder-horns, match-coats, deer-skins, “and +other articles,” all of which were put up at auction by the careful commissary, +and brought nearly £100 to the army chest.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0133' id='Footnote_0133'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0133'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Such were Redhawk, a Delaware chief,––Scoppathus, a Mingo,––Ellinipsico, +a Shawanee, and son to Cornstalk,––Chiyawee, a Wyandotte, +and Logan, a Cayuga. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0134' id='Footnote_0134'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0134'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +The first recorded foray of Cornstalk was on October 10, 1759, against +the Gilmore family and others, on Carr’s Creek, in what is now Rockbridge +county, Va. “The Carr’s Creek massacre” was long remembered +on the border as one of the most daring and cruel on record. He was +again heard of during the Pontiac conspiracy, in 1763, when he led a +large war-party from the Scioto towns against the Virginia frontier. +Both at Muddy Creek, and the Clendenning farm near Lewisburg, on the +Levels of the Greenbrier, the marauders pretended to be friendly with +the settlers, and in an unguarded moment fell upon and slew them. +Other massacres, in connection with the same foray, were at Carr’s +Creek, Keeney’s Knob, and Jackson’s River. The story of the captivity +of Mrs. Clendenning and her children, who were taken to the Shawnee +towns on the Scioto, is one of the most heartrendering in Western history. +In 1764, Bouquet raided these towns, and Cornstalk was one of +the hostages sent to Fort Pitt in fulfillment of the terms of the treaty, +but later he effected his escape. Nothing more is heard of this warrior +until 1774, when he became famous as leader of the Indians at the battle +of Point Pleasant. Cornstalk’s intelligence was far above that of +the average Shawnee. He had, before the Dunmore War, strongly +counseled his people to observe the peace, as their only salvation; but +when defeated in council, he with great valor led the tribesmen to war. +After the treaty of Fort Charlotte, he renewed his peace policy, and +was almost alone in refusing to join the Shawnee uprising in 1777. Late +in September, that year, he visited his white friends at Fort Randolph +(Point Pleasant), and was retained as one of several hostages for the tribe. +Infuriated at some murders in the vicinity, the private soldiers in the +fort turned upon the Indian prisoners and basely killed them, Cornstalk +among the number. Governor Patrick Henry and General Hand––the +latter then organizing his futile expedition against the Shawnees––wished +to punish the murderers; but in the prevalent state of public +opinion on the border, it was easy for them to escape prosecution.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0135' id='Footnote_0135'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0135'><span class='label'>[20]</span></a> +<p> +The following gentlemen, with others of high reputation in private +life, were officers in the battle at Point Pleasant. Gen. Isaac Shelby, +the first governor of Kentucky, and afterwards, secretary of war;––Gen. +William Campbell and Col. John Campbell, heroes of King’s mountain +and Long Island;––Gen. Evan Shelby, one of the most favored citizens +of Tennessee, often honored with the confidence of that state;––Col. +William Fleming, an active governor of Virginia during the revolutionary +war;––Gen. Andrew Moore of Rockbridge, the only man ever elected +by Virginia, from the country west of the Blue ridge, to the senate of +the United States;––Col. John Stuart, of Greenbrier;––Gen. Tate, of +Washington county, Virginia;––Col. William McKee, of Lincoln county, +Kentucky;––Col. John Steele, since a governor of Mississippi territory;––Col. +Charles Cameron, of Bath;––Gen. Bazaleel Wells, of Ohio; and +Gen. George Matthews, a distinguished officer in the war of the revolution, +the hero of Brandywine, Germantown, and of Guilford;––a governor +of Georgia, and a senator from that state in the congress of the +United States. The salvation of the American army at Germantown, +is ascribed, in Johnston’s life of Gen. Green, to the bravery and good +conduct of two regiments, one of which was commanded by General, +then Col. Matthews. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0136' id='Footnote_0136'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0136'><span class='label'>[21]</span></a> +<p> +In order to get a clearer view of the situation, a few more details +are essential here. For several days after the battle of Point Pleasant, +Lewis was busy in burying the dead, caring for the wounded, collecting +the scattered cattle, and building a store-house and small stockade fort. +Early on the morning of October 13th, messengers who had been sent +on to Dunmore, advising him of the battle, returned with orders to Lewis +to march at once with all his available force, against the Shawnee +towns, and when within twenty-five miles of Chillicothe to write to his +lordship. The next day, the last rear guard, with the remaining beeves, +arrived from the mouth of the Elk, and while work on the defenses at +the Point was hurried, preparations were made for the march. By +evening of the 17th, Lewis, with 1,150 men in good condition, had +crossed the Ohio and gone into camp on the north side. Each man +had ten days’ supply of flour, a half pound of powder, and a pound and +a half of bullets; while to each company was assigned a pack-horse for +the tents. Point Pleasant was left in command of Col. Fleming,––who +had been severely wounded in the battle,––Captains Dickinson, Lockridge, +Herbert, and Slaughter, and 278 men, few of whom were fit for +service. On the 18th, Lewis, with Captain Arbuckle as guide, advanced +towards the Shawnee towns, eighty miles distant in a straight line, and +probably a hundred and twenty-five by the circuitous Indian trails. +The army marched about eleven miles a day, frequently seeing hostile +parties but engaging none. Reaching the salt licks near the head of +the south branch of Salt Creek (in the present Lick township, Jackson +county, O.), they descended that valley to the Scioto, and thence to a +prairie on Kinnikinnick (not Kilkenny) Creek, where was the freshly-deserted +Indian village referred to above, by Withers. This was thirteen +miles south of Chillicothe (now Westfall). Here they were met, +early on the 24th, by a messenger from his lordship, ordering them to +halt, as a treaty was nearly concluded at Camp Charlotte. But Lewis’s +army had been fired on that morning, and the place was untenable for +a camp in a hostile country, so he concluded to seek better ground. A +few hours later another messenger came, again peremptorily ordering a +halt, as the Shawnees had practically come to terms. Lewis now concluded +to join the northern division in force, at Camp Charlotte, not +liking to have the two armies separated in the face of a treacherous +enemy; but his guide mistook the trail, and took one leading directly +to the Grenadier Squaw’s Town. Lewis camped that night on the +west bank of Congo Creek, two miles above its mouth, and five and a +quarter miles from Chillicothe, with the Indian town half-way between. +The Shawnees were now greatly alarmed and angered, and Dunmore +himself, accompanied by the Delaware chief White Eyes, a trader, John +Gibson, and fifty volunteers, rode over in hot haste that evening to stop +Lewis, and reprimand him. His lordship was mollified by Lewis’s explanations, +but the latter’s men, and indeed Dunmore’s, were furious +over being stopped when within sight of their hated quarry, and tradition +has it that it was necessary to treble the guards during the night +to prevent Dunmore and White Eyes from being killed. The following +morning (the 25th), his lordship met and courteously thanked Lewis’s +officers for their valiant service; but said that now the Shawnees had +acceded to his wishes, the further presence of the southern division +might engender bad blood. Thus dismissed, Lewis led his army +back to Point Pleasant, which was reached on the 28th. He left there +a garrison of fifty men under Captain Russell, and then by companies +the volunteers marched through the wilderness to their respective +homes, where they disbanded early in November.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0137' id='Footnote_0137'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0137'><span class='label'>[22]</span></a> +<p> +This is not the view of students in our own day, coolly looking at +the affair from the distance of a hundred and twenty years. There now +seems no room to doubt that Dunmore was thoroughly in earnest, that +he prosecuted the war with vigor, and knew when to stop in order to +secure the best possible terms. Our author wrote at a time when many +heroes of Point Pleasant were still alive, and his neighbors; he reflected +their views, and the passions of the day. That it was, in view of +the events then transpiring, the best policy to turn back the southern +army, after the great battle, and not insist too closely on following up +the advantage gained, seems now incontrovertible.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0138' id='Footnote_0138'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0138'><span class='label'>[23]</span></a> +<p> +Butterfield’s <i>History of the Girtys</i> (Cincinnati, 1890) is a valuable contribution +to Western history. Simon, James, and George Girty were +notorious renegade whites, who aided the Indians against the borderers +from 1778 to 1783; Simon and George were similarly active in the Indian +war of 1790-95.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0139' id='Footnote_0139'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0139'><span class='label'>[24]</span></a> +<p> +Upon leaving Pittsburg,––where the governor held a council with +several Delaware and Mingo chiefs, to whom he recited the outrages +perpetrated by the Shawnees since Bouquet’s treaty of 1764––the northern +division divided into two wings. One, 700 strong, under Dunmore, +descended the river in boats; the other 500 went across the “pan-handle” +by land, with the cattle, and both rendezvoused, September 30th, +at Wheeling, 91 miles below Pittsburg. Next day, Crawford resumed +his march along the south bank of the Ohio, to a point opposite the +mouth of Big Hockhocking, 107 miles farther down. Here the men, +the 200 bullocks, and the 50 pack-horses swam the Ohio, and just above +the Big Hockhocking (the site of the present Hockingport) erected +a blockhouse and stockade, which they called Fort Gower, in honor of +the English earl of that name. A part of the earthwork can still (1894) +be seen in the garden of a Hockingport residence. Dunmore’s party, in +100 canoes and pirogues, arrived a few days later. While at Fort Gower, +he was joined by the Delaware chiefs, White Eyes and John Montour, +the former of whom was utilized as an agent to negotiate with the +Shawnees––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0140' id='Footnote_0140'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0140'><span class='label'>[25]</span></a> +<p> +This was William McCulloch.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0141' id='Footnote_0141'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0141'><span class='label'>[26]</span></a> +<p> +The authority for this is Stuart’s <i>Indian Wars</i>, p. 56. Abraham +Thomas, in his <i>Sketches</i>, relates that the governor, placing his ear at the +surface of the river, said he thought he heard the firing of guns; and +Thomas, then a young militiaman, was asked to do likewise, and reported +that it was the rattle of musketry. The distance across country +to Point Pleasant was but twenty-eight miles, but by the river windings +was sixty-six. These anecdotes have been related as proof that Dunmore +desired Lewis beaten. White Eyes had notified the governor that a conflict +was expected, though he had reported a much smaller Indian army +than Lewis’s; hence his lordship had no fear of the result. Had he known +that the opposing forces were equal in number, and that the whites had +been surprised, he doubtless would have sent relief. Knowing the +Shawnee warriors were away from home, fighting Lewis, whom he +had reason to suppose was very well able to handle them, he determined +to advance inland to the deserted towns on the Scioto and destroy their +houses and crops. He was upon this errand when met and stopped by +the messengers of peace.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0142' id='Footnote_0142'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0142'><span class='label'>[27]</span></a> +<p> +The two wings of the white army had about the same strength––1100 +under Dunmore, and 1150 (after leaving Point Pleasant) under +Lewis. The fighting quality was also the same, in both. It is to be remembered +that in the army under Dunmore there was very little discontent +at the issue, and at the close of the campaign the men heartily +thanked his lordship for his valuable services in behalf of the people. +They did this, too, at a time when they knew from Eastern news received +in camp, that the Revolution was near at hand, and Dunmore +must soon be fighting against them in behalf of his royal master.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0143' id='Footnote_0143'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0143'><span class='label'>[28]</span></a> +<p> +Dunmore had, through White Eyes, summoned the Shawnee chiefs +to treat with him at Fort Gower (not Gore), but they had declined to +come in. He then set out, October 11th, to waste their towns on the +Scioto, as previously noted, leaving the fort in charge of Captain Kuykendall +(not Froman), with whom remained the disabled and the +beeves. Each man on the expedition carried flour for sixteen days. +Just after the Point Pleasant battle, Lewis had dispatched a messenger +to his lordship with news of the affair; Dunmore’s messenger to Lewis, +with instructions to the latter to join him <i>en route</i>, crossed Lewis’s express +on the way. The messenger from Lewis found that his lordship +had marched up the Big Hockhocking valley for the Scioto, and hurried +after him. The governor was overtaken at the third camp out (west +of the present Nelsonville, Athens county, O.), and the good news +caused great joy among the soldiers. October 17th, Dunmore arrived +at what he styled Camp Charlotte (on the northern bank of Sippo +Creek, Pickaway county, eight miles east of Chillicothe, in view of +Pickaway Plains), and here the treaty of peace was concluded.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0144' id='Footnote_0144'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0144'><span class='label'>[29]</span></a> +<p> +Doddridge’s <i>Notes</i> says that the camp was surrounded by a breastwork +of fallen trees, and an entrenchment, and Roosevelt’s <i>Winning of +the West</i> follows him. But Dr. Draper was distinctly told (in 1846-51) by +two survivors of the campaign, Samuel Murphy and John Grim, that +Withers’s account is correct; and this is confirmed in Whittlesey’s <i>Fugitive +Essays</i>. In the center of the field, a building of poles was erected, +in which to hold the council; around this, the army encamped. A large +white oak having been peeled, Dunmore wrote upon it in red chalk, +“Camp Charlotte,” thus honoring the then English queen.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0145' id='Footnote_0145'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0145'><span class='label'>[30]</span></a> +<p> +Logan was the Mingo chief, the massacre of whose family at Baker’s +Bottom, the previous April, has already been described. He had +just returned (October 21) from a foray on the Holston border, bringing +several scalps and three prisoners, when the trader Gibson and the +scout Simon Girty were sent to him by his lordship.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0146' id='Footnote_0146'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0146'><span class='label'>[31]</span></a> +<p> +Colonel Benjamin Wilson, Sen. (then an officer in Dunmore’s +army, and whose narrative of the campaign furnished the facts which +are here detailed) says that he conversed freely with one of the interpreters +(Nicholson) in regard to the mission to Logan, and that neither +from the interpreter, nor any other one during the campaign, did he +hear of the charge preferred in Logan’s speech against Captain Cresap, +as being engaged in the affair at Yellow creek.––Captain Cresap was an +officer in the division of the army under Lord Dunmore; and it would +seem strange indeed, if Logan’s speech had been made public, at camp +Charlotte, and neither he, (who was so materially interested in it, and +could at once have proved the falsehood of the allegation which it contained,) +nor Colonel Wilson, (who was present during the whole conference +between Lord Dunmore and the Indian chiefs, and at the time +when the speeches were delivered sat immediately behind and close to +Dunmore,) should have heard nothing of it until years after. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––Withers thus shortly disposes of the famous +speech by Logan, which schoolboys have been reciting for nearly a +hundred years as one of the best specimens extant, of Indian eloquence. +The evidence in regard to the speech, which was undoubtedly recited +to Gibson, and by him written out for Lord Dunmore’s perusal, and +later “improved” by Jefferson, is clearly stated in Roosevelt’s <i>Winning +of the West</i>, I., app. iii. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0147' id='Footnote_0147'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0147'><span class='label'>[32]</span></a> +<p> +The reason for the attack was, that the Mingoes were implacable, +and Dunmore had learned that instead of coming into the treaty they +purposed retreating to the Great Lakes with their prisoners and stolen +horses. This Mingo village was Seekonk (sometimes called the Hill Town), +30 or 40 miles up the Scioto. Crawford left Camp Charlotte the night +of the 25th, and surprised the town early in the morning of the 27th. +Six were killed, several wounded, and fourteen captured; the rest +escaping into the forest. Crawford burned several Mingo towns in the +neighborhood.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0148' id='Footnote_0148'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0148'><span class='label'>[33]</span></a> +<p> +In remarking on the appearance and manner of Cornstalk while +speaking, Colonel Wilson says, “When he arose, he was in no wise confused +or daunted, but spoke in a distinct, and audible voice, without +stammering or repetition, and with peculiar emphasis. His looks while +addressing Dunmore, were truly grand and majestic; yet graceful and +attractive. I have heard the first orators in Virginia, Patrick Henry +and Richard Henry Lee, but never have I heard one whose powers of +delivery surpassed those of Cornstalk on that occasion.” +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 8</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0149' id='Footnote_0149'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0149'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Chief among the fomenters of disorder were the renegades Simon +Girty, Matthew Elliott, and Alexander McKee. The dastardly deeds of +this trio are fully set forth in Butterfield’s <i>History of the Girtys</i>, an important +work to all students of the annals of the West during the Revolutionary +War.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0150' id='Footnote_0150'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0150'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +James Harrod’s father emigrated from England to Virginia, about +1734, and was one of the first settlers on the Shenandoah, in the Valley +of Virginia. One of his sons, Samuel, accompanied Michael Stoner on +his famous Western hunting and exploring trip, in 1767; another, +William, born at the new family seat, at Big Cove, in what is now Bedford +County, Pa., served with distinction under George Rogers Clark. +James, born in 1742, was twelve years old when his father died, leaving +a large family on an exposed frontier, at the opening of the French and +Indian War. In November, 1755, a raid was made on the Big Cove settlement, +by the Delaware chief Shingiss (p. 45, <i>note</i>), but the Harrods +were among the few families who escaped unharmed to Fort Littleton. +When James was sixteen years of age he served with his brother William +on Forbes’s campaign, and very likely saw further service during +that war. In 1772, when he had attained wide celebrity on the border +as an adept in woodcraft, he helped William settle on Ten Mile +Creek, a tributary of the Monongahela; and in 1773 he and several +other explored Kentucky, returning home by way of Greenbrier River. +We have seen (p. 152, <i>note</i>) that he was surveying the site of Harrodsburg +in 1774, when warned by Boone and Stoner. Retiring with his +men to the Holston, he and they joined Col. Christian’s regiment, but +arrived at Point Pleasant a few hours after the battle of October 10. +Returning to his abandoned Kentucky settlement March 18, 1775, a +fortnight before Boonesborough was founded, he was chosen a delegate +to the Transylvania convention, and became a man of great prominence +in the Kentucky colony. In 1779 he commanded a company on Bowman’s +campaign, and the year following was a captain on Clark’s Indian +campaign; declining a majorship, he served as a private on Clark’s +campaign of 1782. He was a member of the Kentucky convention (at +Danville) of December, 1784, and at one time represented Kentucky in +the Virginia legislature. In February, 1792, having made his will, he +set out from Washington, Ky., with two men, in search of a silver +mine reported to be at the Three Forks of the Kentucky. No more was +heard of him or his companions, and it is still the belief of the family +that the latter murdered him. He was survived by his wife and a +daughter, and left a large landed estate. Harrod, although unlettered, +was a man of fine presence and many sterling qualities, and made a +strong impress on his generation. He is still remembered in Kentucky +as one of the worthiest pioneers of that state.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0151' id='Footnote_0151'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0151'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +The company––successively called The Louisa Company, Henderson +& Co., and The Transylvania Company––was composed of Col. +Richard Henderson, Col. John Williams, Thomas Hart, Col. David +Hart, Capt. Nathaniel Hart, Col. John Luttsell, James Hogg, William +Johnston, and Leonard Henley Bullock. +</p><p> +Henderson’s paternal great-grandfather was a Scottish immigrant, +and one of his grandmothers was Welsh. The family settled in Hanover +County, Va., where Richard, son of Samuel Henderson, was born +April 20, 1735. Samuel moved with his family to North Carolina, in +1745, and became sheriff of Granville County. Richard had the education +of a rural youth of good station, and became a lawyer. In 1767 he +was appointed one of the two associate justices of the superior court of +the colony, and served with great credit for six years, when the court +was abolished. During professional visits to Salisbury, Henderson heard +frequently––chiefly through the brothers Hart––of the exploits of Boone, +and the latter’s glowing reports of the beauty and fertility of Kentucky. +Relying implicitly on Boone’s statements, these four men energetically +resolved to settle the country. In the autumn of 1774, Henderson and +Nathaniel Hart visited the Cherokees to ascertain if they would sell +their claims to Kentucky, and receiving a favorable reply agreed to +meet the Indians in treaty council at the Sycamore Shoals, on Watauga +River. On their return home, they were accompanied by a wise old +Indian (Little Carpenter), and a young buck and his squaw, delegates +to see that proper goods were purchased for the proposed barter. These +goods were bought in December at Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, N. C., +and forwarded by wagons to Watauga. +</p><p> +Boone was then sent out to collect the Indians, and when the council +opened (March 14, 1775) had twelve hundred assembled at the Sycamore +Shoals––half of them warriors. The council proceeded slowly, +with much characteristic vacillating on the part of the Indians; but on +the third day (March 17) the deed of sale was signed to what came to +be known as “the great grant:” The tract from the mouth of the Kentucky +(or Louisa) River to the head spring of its most northerly fork; +thence northeasterly to the top of Powell’s Mountain; thence westerly +and then northwesterly to the head spring of the most southerly +branch of the Cumberland; thence down that stream, including all its +waters, to the Ohio, and thence up the Ohio to the mouth of the Kentucky. +The Indians were conscious that they had sold what did not +belong to them; and Dragging Canoe and other chiefs were outspoken in +their opinion that the whites would have difficulty in settling the tract. +The Indians were much dissatisfied with the division of the goods. +These “filled a house” and cost £10,000 sterling, yet when distributed +among so many greedy savages each had but a small share. One warrior, +who received but a shirt for his portion, said he “could have shot +more game in one day on the land ceded, than would pay for so slight +a garment.” +</p><p> +Governors Martin, of North Carolina, and Dunmore, of Virginia, +issued proclamations against the purchase, as contrary to the royal +proclamation of 1763. But those who were present at the treaty––among +them such prominent borderers as Daniel Boone, James Robertson, +John Sevier, Isaac Shelby, Felix Walker, the Bledsoes, Richard +Callaway, William Twitty, William Cocke, and Nathaniel Henderson––were +heedless of such proclamations, and eager to become settlers under +the company’s liberal offer made to them on the spot: for each man +who assisted in the first settlement, and went out and raised a crop of +corn that year, a grant of 500 acres for £5 sterling, clear of all charges. +</p><p> +Boone, as the company’s agent, started out at once (March 10) with +twenty men, soon reinforced to thirty; with their hatchets they blazed +a bridle path over Cumberland Gap, and across Cumberland, Laurel, +and Rockcastle rivers, to the banks of the Kentucky, where, after a +running fight with the Indians, they arrived April 1, and founded +Boonesborough. Henderson, at the head of thirty men conveying the +wagons and supplies, arrived at Boonesborough April 20; with him +were Luttsell and Nathaniel Hart. May 23, there met at Boonesborough +the Legislature of Transylvania, in which sat eighteen delegates +from the little group of four frontier forts, all established at about this +time––Harrodsburg, Boiling Springs, and St. Asaph’s (or Logan’s Station), +lying some thirty or more miles southwest of Boonesborough, the +capital of this little western colony. Withers does not mention this +first legislative assembly held in the Mississippi Valley. It is an interesting +and suggestive episode in American commonwealth-building, and +deserves careful study. Roosevelt gives it admirable treatment, in his +<i>Winning of the West</i>. The journal of the convention is given at length +in the appendix to the second edition of Butler’s <i>Kentucky</i>; Hall’s +<i>Sketches of the West</i>, i., pp. 264, 265; Louisville <i>Literary News-Letter</i>, June +6, 1840; and Hazard’s <i>U. S. Register</i>, iii., pp. 25-28. Henderson’s MS. +Journal is in the possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society, and has +never yet been published. +</p><p> +Virginia and North Carolina did not favor an independent government +in Kentucky, and annulled the title of the Henderson company––but +Virginia (1795) granted the proprietors in recompense 200,000 +acres on Powell’s and Clinch rivers. +</p><p> +We hear little more of Richard Henderson, in pioneer history. In +1779, he was one of the North Carolina commissioners to extend the +western boundary between that State and Virginia. During the winter +of 1789-90 he was at the French Lick on Cumberland, where he opened +a land office. His last public service was in 1781, when a member of +the North Carolina house of commons. He died at his country seat in +Granville County, N. C., January 30, 1785, in his fiftieth year. Two of +his sons, Archibald and Leonard, attained eminence at the bar of their +native State.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0152' id='Footnote_0152'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0152'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Among Dr. Draper’s manuscripts I find this succinct review of the +aboriginal claims to Kentucky: “There is some reason to suppose that +the Catawbas may once have dwelt upon the Kentucky River; that +stream, on some of the ancient maps published a hundred years ago, +was called the ‘Cuttawa or Cawtaba River.’ But that tribe of Indians, +so far as we know, never laid any claim to the territory. +</p><p> +“It would appear from the historical evidences extant, that the +Shawanoes were the earliest occupants of Kentucky of whom we have +any certain knowledge. Colden, the primitive historian of the Iroquois +Confederacy, informs us, that when the French commenced the first +settlement of Canada in 1603, the Five Nations, who then resided near +the present locality of Montreal, were at war with the powerful Adirondacks, +who at that time lived three hundred miles above the Three +Rivers, in Canada. The Iroquois found it difficult to withstand the +vigorous attacks of their enemies, whose superior hardihood was to be +attributed to their constant devotion to the chase, while the Iroquois +had been chiefly engaged in the more peaceful occupation of planting +corn. Compelled to give way before their haughty foes, the confederates +had recourse to the exercise of arms, in order, if possible, to retrieve +their martial character and prowess. To raise the spirits of their +people, the Iroquois leaders turned their warriors against the Satanas +or Shawanoes, ‘who then,’ says Colden, ‘lived on the banks of the +lakes,’––or, as other historians assert, in Western New York, and south +of Lake Erie,––and soon subdued and drove them out of the country. +The Shawanoes then retired to the Ohio, along which and its tributaries +they planted numerous settlements. Some of them, however, when +driven from Western New York, seem to have located somewhere on +the Delaware, for De Laet, in 1624, speaks of <i>Sawanoos</i> residing on that +river. +</p><p> +“The <i>Jesuit Relations</i> of 1661-62, allude to their residence in the +West under the name of Ontouagannha or Chaoüanons; they seem to +have been the same as were called Tongorias, Erighecks, Erieehonons, +Eries, or Cats, by the early missionaries and historians; and the same, +moreover, known in the traditions of the Senecas as Gah-kwahs, who +resided on Eighteen Mile Creek, a few miles southwest of Buffalo, in +Western New York, which the Senecas still call Gah-kwah-gig-a-ah +Creek, which means <i>the place where the Gah-kwahs lived</i>. In 1672, the +Shawanoes and their confederates in the Ohio Valley met with a disastrous +overthrow by the Five Nations at Sandy Island, just below the +Falls of Ohio, where large numbers of human bones were still to be +seen at the first settlement of the country. The surviving Shawanoes +must then have retired still farther down the Ohio, and settled probably +in the western part of Kentucky; and Marquette, in 1673, speaks of +their having twenty-three villages in one district, and fifteen in another, +all lying quite near each other: At length the Shawanoes departed +from Kentucky, and seem to have gone to the upper part of the +Carolinas, and to the coast of Florida, and ever after proved a migratory +people. They were evidently ‘subdued,’ as Colden, Evans, and Pownall +inform us, and the decisive battle was fought at Sandy Island, where +a vital blow was given to the balance of power on the Ohio, which decided +finally the fall of Kentucky with its ancient inhabitants. +</p><p> +“It was this conquest that gave to the powerful Iroquois all the +title they ever acquired to Kentucky. At the peace of Ryswick, in +1697, their right to their western conquests was fully acknowledged; +and at the treaty of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, in 1744, they ceded to +Virginia all their lands west of that colony. In 1752, the Shawanoes +and other western tribes, at Logstown on the Ohio, confirmed the Lancaster +treaty, and sold their claim to the country south of the Ohio; +and, at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, the Six Nations made a new +cession of their claim to Kentucky as low as the Cherokee or Tennessee +River. Up to this period, the Cherokees never so much as thought of +contesting with the Iroquois their claim to the Kentucky country; for +some of the visiting Cherokees, while on their route to attend the Fort +Stanwix treaty, killed game for their subsistence, and on their arrival +at Fort Stanwix, tendered the skins to the Six Nations, saying, ‘They +are yours, we killed them after passing the Big River,’ the name by +which they had always designated the Tennessee. But probably discovering +that other Indian nations were driving a good business by +disposing of their distant land rights, the Cherokees managed to hatch +up some sort of claim, which they, in part, relinquished to Virginia, at +the treaty of Lochaber in 1770; and when Col. Donelson ran the line +the following year, the boundary was fixed, at the suggestion of the +Cherokee deputies, on the Kentucky River as the south-western line, as +they delighted, they said, in natural landmarks. This considerably enlarged +the cession, for which they received an additional compensation. +</p><p> +“In 1772, the Shawanoes made no claim to Kentucky; and at the +treaty of Camp Charlotte, in October, 1774, they tacitly confirmed their +old sale of that country in 1752, by agreeing not even to hunt south of +the Ohio. Thus, then, we see that the Iroquois had twice ceded their +right to Kentucky as low as the Tennessee River, and twice received +their pay; the Shawanoes had disposed of their claim, such as it was, +and received for it a valuable consideration; and the Cherokees, finding +it profitable to lay claim to some valuable unoccupied region, sold +their newly assumed right to the country south and east of Kentucky +River. Their claim, if indeed it rises to the dignity of a claim, south +and west of the Kentucky, was fairly purchased by Henderson and +Company, and thus with the subsequent purchase by treaty, of the +Chickasaws, of the strip between the Tennessee and Mississippi, the +Indian title to the whole Kentucky country was fully and fairly extinguished.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0153' id='Footnote_0153'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0153'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +The first attack occurred the morning of March 25, when the party +were encamped near the head of Taylor’s Fork of Silver Creek. Capt. +Twitty and Felix Walker were severely wounded, and a negro servant +killed; Twitty subsequently died from his wound. The other attack +was on an outlying company, probably on Tate’s Creek; this occurred +the 27th, and “Thomas McDowell and Jeremiah McFeeters were,” +Boone wrote to Henderson, “killed and sculped.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0154' id='Footnote_0154'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0154'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +The purchase of Henderson and company, was subsequently +declared by the legislature of Virginia, to be null and void, so far as the +purchasers were concerned; but effectual as to the extinguishment of +the Indian title, to the territory thus bought of them. To indemnify +the purchasers for any advancement of money or other things which +they had made to the Indians, the assembly granted to them 200,000 +acres of land, lying at the mouth of Green river, and known generally +as Henderson’s grant. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0155' id='Footnote_0155'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0155'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +Boone set out from Boonesborough, June 13, 1775. He left the settlement +in a state approaching anarchy; there were several good men in +the district, but the majority were shiftless wanderers who would brook no +exercise of authority. The buffalo were fast moving westward, and all game +was now getting scarce––“hunt or starve” was the motto of the hour. A +diarist (Capt. Floyd) estimated that there were then a total of 300 people +in all the Kentucky settlements––not reckoning “a great many land-jobbers +from towards Pittsburg, who go about on the north side of Kentucky, +in companies, and build forty or fifty cabins a piece on lands +where no surveying has yet been done.” Among the best of the numerous +arrivals, were George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, Benjamin +Logan, and Whitley, who came to be very prominent characters in Kentucky +history. Boone, with his wife and daughters, and twenty-one +men, arrived at Boonesborough September 6 or 7. “My wife and +daughters,” writes Boone, “were the first women that ever stood on the +banks of Kentucky river.” Mrs. McGary, Mrs. Hogan, and Mrs. Denton +arrived at Harrodsburg the 8th of September, and were the first +white women in that settlement. With the arrival of these families, +and fresh fighting men, the Kentucky colony began to take on a permanent +air, and thenceforward there was better order.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0156' id='Footnote_0156'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0156'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +In the winter of 1776-77, McClelland’s Station and Logan’s Station, +(indifferently styled Fort or Station) were abandoned because of Indian +attacks, and the settlers huddled into Boonesborough and Harrodsburg––although +possibly Price’s settlement, on the Cumberland, maintained a +separate existence throughout the winter. There were at this time not to +exceed a hundred and fifty white men in the country, available for +active militia duty. As during January and February, 1777, the Indians +were quiet, confidence was restored in some degree, and during the latter +month, Logan, with his own and some half dozen other families, left Harrodsburg +and re-occupied Logan’s Station. Thus far, each settlement had +chosen its own military leader, and discipline was practically unknown. +March 5, under order and commissions from Virginia, the militia of +Kentucky county were assembled and organized at Boonesborough, +Harrodsburg, and Logan’s Station, with George Rogers Clark as major, +and Daniel Boone, James Harrod, John Todd, and Benjamin Logan as +captains.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0157' id='Footnote_0157'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0157'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +This foray took place March 6––not the 14th, as in the text––at +Shawnee Springs, four miles north-east of Harrodsburg. The whites––James +Ray, William Ray, Thomas Shores, and William Coomes––were +sugar-making, when attacked by about seventy Shawnees, under Black +Fish. William Ray was killed, and Shores taken prisoner. James Ray +outran his pursuers and gave the alarm. The unsuccessful attack on +the incomplete fort of Harrodsburg occurred early the following morning, +the 7th. Other brief attacks on Harrodsburg, were on March 18 +and 28.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0158' id='Footnote_0158'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0158'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +A small detachment from Black Fish’s party made a dash on +workers in the Boonesborough fields, the day after the Harrodsburg +fight––killing a negro, and wounding several whites.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0159' id='Footnote_0159'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0159'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +This assault on Boonesborough occurred the morning of Thursday, +April 24. The Indians numbered about one hundred. Boone was +wounded, and very nearly lost his life, in a sortie. The story of the +fight abounds with instances of heroism on the part of both women and +men.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0160' id='Footnote_0160'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0160'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +It occurred throughout Friday, May 30. The Indians are reported +to have numbered fifty-seven.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0161' id='Footnote_0161'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0161'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +Those who went out early in the morning to milk the cows, were +Mrs. Ann Logan, Mrs. Whitley, and a negro woman. They were guarded +only by William Hudson, Burr Harrison, John Kennedy, and James +Craig. The women and Craig escaped into the fort unharmed; Kennedy, +with four balls in his body, contrived also to escape; Hudson +was killed outright, and Harrison fell wounded. He was supposed by +friend and foe to have been killed. The story of his final rescue by +Logan, is related by Withers below. As told to Dr. Draper, by Capt. +Benjamin Biggs, and as recorded in Whitley’s MS. Narrative, in possession +of the Wisconsin Historical Society, the story in Withers is +substantially correct. It is said that Logan rolled a bag of wool before +him, and thus approached Harrison under cover; then making a rush +towards the latter, he picked him up in his arms and dashed successfully +into the fort. These accounts make no mention of Martin’s intervention. +Harrison died of his wounds, June 13.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0162' id='Footnote_0162'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0162'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +Benjamin Logan was by birth a Virginian; and at the age of +fourteen was left by the death of his father, to provide for his mother +and her other children, and with the other cares of a family upon his +infant hands. He discharged the duties thus devolving on him, with +the utmost fidelity; and having provided amply for the support of his +mother, and placed the other members of her household in eligible +situations, he removed to the Holstein, married, purchased land, and +commenced making improvements. From thence he went to Kentucky, +where he spent the balance of his life, in the discharge of every social +and relative duty, with credit to himself and advantage to the community. +He was a delegate to the Virginia legislature from the county +of Kentucky in 1780; was soon after commissioned county Lieutenant, +(then the highest military title in the militia of a county) and in the +various battles, as well as in the many skirmishes, which he fought with +the Indians, his conduct and bearing were such, as fully established for +him the reputation of a brave, skilful, prudent and meritorious officer. +In private life, and in his intercourse with his fellow men, his whole +course was distinguished by the most uncompromising honor, and expanded +philanthrophy. The heroic adventure, by which he saved his +wounded comrade, from the tomahawk, the scalping knife, and from +fire, was but one of many such exploits, whereby he achieved good to +others, at the most imminent hazard of his own life. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0163' id='Footnote_0163'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0163'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +This was the name given to the station of Logan. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0164' id='Footnote_0164'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0164'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +Whitley’s MS. Narrative and Cowan’s MS. Diary, in the Wisconsin +Historical Society’s library, say that Logan left alone during the night +of June 6. Logan returned to his fort on the 23d, having travelled +almost incessantly, and brought news that relief would soon come. +Soon after Logan’s expedition to the Holston, other messengers were +sent to the East, clamoring for help––McGary and Hoggin to Fort Pitt, +and Smith to the Yadkin; and twice Harrod vainly went forth to meet +expected troops. But the Continental army was hard pressed in those +days, and despite the rumor on the coast that Kentucky was in a sad +way, it was long before relief could be sent.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0165' id='Footnote_0165'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0165'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +Bowman arrived at Boonesborough the first of August, with two +companies from Virginia, under Capts. Henry Pauling and John Dunkin––the +latter being soon succeeded by Isaac Ruddell. The force numbered +100 men. August 25, while six of Bowman’s men were on +their way to Logan’s, they were attacked by Indians, two being killed +and one wounded. Before escaping, the Indians left on the body of +one of the men, several copies of a proclamation addressed to Clark and +Logan in person, by Lieut.-Gov. Henry Hamilton, at the head of the +British forces at Detroit, offering immunity to repentant rebels.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0166' id='Footnote_0166'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0166'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +See pp. 79, 80, <i>note</i>, for origin of the term “Long Knives.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0167' id='Footnote_0167'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0167'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +Edward Hand was born in Ireland. He came to America in 1774 +as a surgeon’s mate in the Eighth (Royal Irish) Regiment, and soon settled +in Pennsylvania as a physician. When the Revolution broke out +he joined a Pennsylvania regiment as lieutenant colonel, and served in +the siege of Boston. In April, 1777, he was appointed brigadier-general +in the Continental army, and the first of June assumed command of +Fort Pitt. Lieut.-Gov. Henry Hamilton, of Detroit, under orders from +London, was actively engaged in stirring up the Northwest Indians to +forays on the Virginia and Pennsylvania borders, thus harrying the +Americans in the rear. Hand, in whose charge was the frontier from +Kittanning to the Great Kanawha, determined on an aggressive policy, +and in February, 1778, undertook a campaign against the savages. An +open winter, with heavy rains, prevented the force of about 500 men––chiefly +from Westmoreland county––making satisfactory headway. Finally, +the expedition was abandoned when it had proceeded no +farther than Mahoning Creek. From the fact that this first American +movement against the savages, during the Revolution, resulted only in +the capture of non-combatants, in the almost deserted villages, it was +long known as “the squaw campaign.” Hand was a competent officer, +but was much pestered, at Fort Pitt, with the machinations of +tories, who were numerous among the borderers. Succeeded at Fort +Pitt in 1778, by Brig.-Gen. Lachlan McIntosh, Hand in turn succeeded +Stark in command at Albany. We find him, in 1779, actively engaged +on Sullivan’s campaign against the New York Indians, and in 1780 he +became adjutant general. A member of congress in 1784-85, he was in +1790 a member of the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania, and +died at Rockford, Lancaster County, Pa., September 3, 1802––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0168' id='Footnote_0168'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0168'><span class='label'>[20]</span></a> +<p> +See p. 172, <i>note</i> 2, for sketch of life and death of Cornstalk.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 9</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0169' id='Footnote_0169'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0169'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +This “year of the three sevens,” as it was called, was long known +as “the bloody year” of border history.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0170' id='Footnote_0170'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0170'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +General Hand was commandant, and George Morgan Indian agent, +at Fort Pitt. Runners from the Moravian towns on the Tuscarawas and +Muskingum rivers, in Ohio, frequently came into the fort during the +summer, with dispatches for either of these officials. The Delawares, +as a nation, were friendly throughout the year. The hostiles were +chiefly composed of Wyandots and Mingoes, but with them were a few +Shawnees and Delawares.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0171' id='Footnote_0171'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0171'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +The first fort at Wheeling was built in the summer of 1774, by +order of Lord Dunmore, under direction of Majors William Crawford +and Angus McDonald. It stood upon the Ohio bank about a quarter of +a mile above the entrance of Wheeling Creek. Standing in open ground, +it was a parallelogram of square pickets pointed at top, with bastions +and sentry boxes at the angles, and enclosed over half an acre. It +ranked in strength and importance, next to Fort Pitt. Within the fort +were log barracks, an officers’ house, a storehouse, a well, and cabins +for families. A steep hill rises not far inland; between the fort and the +base of this hill the forest had been leveled, and a few log cabins were +nestled in the open. Such was Wheeling in 1777. At first the fort had +been called Fincastle, for the Ohio Valley settlements were then in +Fincastle County, Va.; but upon the opening of the Revolution the post, +now in Ohio County, was named Fort Henry, in honor of the first state +governor of Virginia.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0172' id='Footnote_0172'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0172'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +News came to Fort Pitt, early in August, that an Indian attack in +force, on Wheeling, might be expected at any time. Says the Shane +MSS., “White Eyes came to Fort Pitt and told them the Indians were +going to take Wheeling home.” August 2d, Gen. Hand wrote to David +Shepherd, lieutenant of Ohio County, warning him of the perilous situation, +and ordering him to leave his own fort, six miles from Fort +Henry, and to rally at the latter all the militia between the Ohio and +Monongahela,––the “pan-handle.” Shepherd did this, and by the close +of the month Fort Henry was, as he said, “Indian proof.” But the +non-arrival of the foe caused a relaxation of vigilance. Nine companies +were allowed to go home, and by the last day of August only two companies +remained in the fort, those of Capts. Joseph Ogle and Samuel +Mason.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0173' id='Footnote_0173'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0173'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Shepherd to Hand, Sept. 15, 1777: “By the best judges here ... it +is thought their numbers must have been not less than between +two and three hundred.” The Shepherd, Hand, Shane, and +Doddridge MSS., in the library of the Wisconsin Historical Society, +throw much light on this episode.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0174' id='Footnote_0174'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0174'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +The Indians made their appearance on the night of August 31st––not +September 1st, as in the text. The incident here related occurred +at about sunrise of September 1st. Andrew Zane, young John Boyd, +Samuel Tomlinson, and a negro, set out to hunt for the horses of Dr. +James McMechen, because the latter wished that day to return to the +older settlements, either on the Monongahela, or east of the mountains. +Boyd was killed, but his companions escaped––Zane, by leaping from +a cliff, the height of which local tradition places at seventy feet.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0175' id='Footnote_0175'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0175'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +De Hass, in his <i>History of the Early Settlement and Indian Wars of +West Virginia</i>,––a conscientious work, which depends, however, too +closely on traditions,––says (p. 225), “out of the fourteen, but two escaped.”––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0176' id='Footnote_0176'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0176'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Among the survivors was Ogle who, like Mason, hid himself in the +bushes until nightfall enabled him to return to the fort.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0177' id='Footnote_0177'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0177'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +As a matter of fact, the Indians made no attack on the fort at this +time, being content with the success of their ambuscade. After throwing +up some rude earth-works and blinds, scalping the dead whites, killing +all the live stock within reach, and setting fire to the outlying cabins, +they retired across the Ohio in the night, and dispersed. Their loss was +one killed and nine wounded; the whites lost fifteen killed and five +wounded. The next day (September 2), the whites buried their dead, +and unavailingly scoured the country for Indians. +</p><p> +Tradition has made sad havoc with the records, in regard to this +first “siege” of Wheeling. Some of the deeds of heroism related below, +by Withers, were incidents of the second siege––September 11, 1782, +seven years later; but most of them are purely mythical, or belong +to other localities. Perhaps no events in Western history have been +so badly mutilated by tradition, as these two sieges.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0178' id='Footnote_0178'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0178'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +This statement of Withers, that Simon Girty was at the siege of +Wheeling, was long accepted as fact by Western historians. But it is +now established beyond doubt, that neither Simon nor his brothers +were present at that affair, being at the time in the employ of Indian +Agent Morgan, at Fort Pitt. For details of the evidence, consult Butterfield’s +<i>History of the Girtys</i>, <i>passim</i>.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0179' id='Footnote_0179'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0179'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +[163] The notes furnished the compiler, mention particularly a +Mrs. Glum and Betsy Wheat, as performing all the duties of soldiers +with firmness and alacrity. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––Withers derived his information from traditional +notes in the possession of Noah Zane, son of Ebenezer. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0180' id='Footnote_0180'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0180'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +After the affair at Wheeling, September 1, the Indians returned +home. But soon thereafter, Half King, head chief of the Wyandots, set +out with forty of that tribe to again harry the Wheeling country. On +the morning of the 26th, Capts. William Foreman with twenty-four +men, Ogle with ten men, and William Linn with nine, started from +Fort Henry on a scout. Linn was ranking officer, although there was +little discipline. Foreman was a new arrival from Hampshire County, +enlisted to go on Hand’s intended expedition. They intended crossing +the Ohio at Grave Creek, 12 miles below, and proceeding 8 miles farther +down to Captina. At Grave, however, they found that the Tomlinson +settlement (nucleus of the present Mound City, W. Va.) had been +abandoned, and sacked by Indians, and no canoes were to be had. +They camped for the night, and the next morning (the 27th) started to +return along the river bank, to Wheeling. Linn, apprehensive of Indians, +marched along the hill crest, but Ogle and Foreman kept to the +trail along the bottom. At a point where the bottom narrows because of +the close approach of the hills to the river––a defile then known as McMechen’s +(or McMahon’s) Narrows––they were set upon by Half King’s +party, awaiting them in ambush. Foreman and twenty others were +killed, and one captured. The story about Linn’s gallant attack on the +Indians from his vantage point on the hilltop, is without foundation. +His party helped to secrete a wounded man who escaped in the melee, +and then put off in hot haste for home. It was not until four days later, +when reinforcements had arrived from Fort Pitt, that Colonel Shepherd +ventured from the fort to bury the dead. In 1835, an inscribed stone +was set up at the Narrows, to commemorate the slain.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 10</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0181' id='Footnote_0181'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0181'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Lachlan McIntosh was born near Inverness, Scotland, March 17, +1725. With his father, and 100 others of the Clan McIntosh, he emigrated +to Georgia in 1736, in the train of Oglethorpe. The party +founded New Inverness, in McIntosh County. Lachlan entered the +Colonial army at the opening of the Revolution, and rose to be brigadier-general. +In a duel with Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration +of Independence, he killed the latter. General McIntosh was at +the siege of Savannah in 1779, was a prisoner of war in 1780, a member +congress in 1784, and in 1785 a commissioner to treat with the Southern +Indians. He died at Savannah, February 20, 1806.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0182' id='Footnote_0182'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0182'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +The distance below Pittsburg is 26 miles. See p. 45, <i>note</i>, for notice +of Shingiss Old Town, at this point.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0183' id='Footnote_0183'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0183'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +The distance, according to the shore meanderings of the U. S. +Corps of Engineers, is 263 miles; the mileage of the channel would be +somewhat greater.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0184' id='Footnote_0184'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0184'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +See p. 176, <i>note</i>, for notice of Grenadier Squaw’s Town, near Chillicothe.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0185' id='Footnote_0185'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0185'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +See p. 137, <i>note</i>, for notice of Jesse Hughes; also, Peyton’s <i>History +of Augusta County</i>, p. 353.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0186' id='Footnote_0186'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0186'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +These war parties largely emanated from the Detroit region. +Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit, +writing to his superior, General Haldimand, September 16, 1778, mentions +incidentally that he sent out small parties of Miamis and Chippewas, +August 5, and September 5 and 9; these were but three of dozens +of such forays which he incited against the Virginia and Pennsylvania +borders, during that year.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0187' id='Footnote_0187'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0187'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +This reference is to Lieut.-Governor Hamilton, whom George +Rogers Clark called “the hair-buying general.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0188' id='Footnote_0188'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0188'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Gen. George Rogers Clark was born November 19, 1752, near +Monticello, Albemarle County, Va. At the age of twenty he was practicing +his profession as a surveyor on the upper Ohio, and took up a +claim at the mouth of Fish Creek. In 1774, he participated as a captain +in Dunmore’s campaign against the Shawnees and Mingoes. Early in +1775, Clark went as a surveyor to Kentucky, where he acquired marked +popularity, and in 1776 was elected as “a delegate to the Virginia convention, +to urge upon the state authorities the claims of the colony for +government and defense.” He secured the formation of the new +county of Kentucky, and a supply of ammunition for the defense of the +border. In 1777, Clark, now a major of militia, repelled the Indian +attacks on Harrodsburg, and proceeded on foot to Virginia to lay before +the state authorities his plan for capturing the Illinois country and repressing +the Indian forays from that quarter. His scheme being approved, +he was made a lieutenant-colonel, and at once set out to raise +for the expedition a small force of hardy frontiersmen. He rendezvoused +and drilled his little army of a hundred and fifty on Corn Island +in the Ohio river, at the head of the Falls (or rapids), opposite the +present city of Louisville. June 24, 1778, he started in boats down +the Ohio, and landed near the deserted Fort Massac, which was on the +north bank, ten miles below the mouth of the Tennessee; thence +marching across country, much pressed for food, he reached Kaskaskia +in six days. The inhabitants there were surprised and coerced during +the night of July 4-5, without the firing of a gun. Cahokia and Vincennes +soon quietly succumbed to his influence. Lieut.-Governor Hamilton, +on hearing of this loss of the Illinois country and the partial +defection to the Americans of the tribes west and southwest of Lake +Michigan, at once set out to organize an army, chiefly composed of Indians, +to retake the Illinois. He proceeded via the Wabash and +Maumee, with eight hundred men, and recaptured Vincennes, December +17. +</p><p> +The intelligence of this movement of Hamilton was not long in +reaching Clark at Kaskaskia, and he at once set out for Vincennes to +recapture it. The march thither was one of the most heroic in American +military annals. Hamilton surrendered to him, February 25, and +was forwarded to Virginia as a prisoner. Early in 1780 he established +Fort Jefferson, just below the mouth of the Ohio, and later in the season +aided in repelling a body of British and Indians who had come to +regain the Illinois country and attack the Spaniards at St. Louis. Leaving +Colonel Montgomery to pursue the enemy up the Mississippi, +Clark, with what force could be spared, hastened to Kentucky, where +he quickly raised a thousand men, and invaded and laid waste the +Shawnee villages, in retaliation for Capt. Henry Bird’s invasion (see +p. 262, <i>note</i>). +</p><p> +Later, he was engaged in some minor forays, and was appointed a +brigadier-general; but his favorite scheme of an expedition to conquer +Detroit miscarried, owing to the poverty of Virginia and the activity of +the enemy under Brant, McKee, Girty, and other border leaders. In +1782 Clark led a thousand men in a successful campaign against the Indians +on the Great Miami. This was his last important service, his +subsequent expeditions proving failures. His later years were spent in +poverty and seclusion, and his social habits became none of the best. +In 1793 he imprudently accepted a commission as major-general from +Genet, the French diplomatic agent, and essayed to raise a French revolutionary +legion in the West to overcome the Spanish settlements on the +Mississippi; upon Genet’s recall, Clark’s commission was canceled. +Later, he sought to secure employment under the Spanish (see p. 130, +<i>note</i>.) He died February 18, 1818, at Locust Grove, near Louisville, and +lies buried at Cave Hill, in the Louisville suburbs. In his article on +Clark, in Appleton’s <i>Cyclop. of Amer. Biog.</i>, i., pp. 626, 627, Dr. Draper +says: “Clark was tall and commanding, brave and full of resources, +possessing the affection and confidence of his men. All that rich +domain northwest of the Ohio was secured to the republic, at the peace +of 1783, in consequence of his prowess.” Cf. William F. Poole, in +Winsor’s <i>Narr. and Crit. Hist. Amer.</i>, vi., pp. 710-742. While due credit +should be given to Clark for his daring and successful undertaking, we +must not forget that England’s jealousy of Spain, and shrewd diplomacy +on the part of America’s peace plenipotentiaries, were factors even more +potent in winning the Northwest for the United States.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 11</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0189' id='Footnote_0189'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0189'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Called by the English, Fort Sackville.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0190' id='Footnote_0190'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0190'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +From Clark’s Journal: “January 29.––M. Vigo, a Spanish subject +who had been at Post St. Vincents on his lawful business, arrived +and gave us intelligence that Governor Hamilton, with thirty regulars +and fifty volunteers and about 400 Indians, had arrived in November +and taken that post with Capt. Helms and such other Americans who +were there with arms, and disarmed the settlers and inhabitants.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0191' id='Footnote_0191'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0191'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Forty-six men, under Lieut. John Rogers, went with the artillery +and stores, in a large galley or batteau, called the “Willing.” The distance +to Vincennes by land, was a hundred and fifty miles.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_12187' id='Footnote_12187'></a><a href='#FNanchor_12187'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> + +<p>The originals of the correspondence between Clark and Hamilton +are, with much other MS. material relative to the movements of Clark, +in possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Hamilton’s letter, in +a neat, scholarly hand, ran:</p> + +<p>“Lieutenant Governor Hamilton proposes to Colonel Clark a Truce +for three days, during which time he promises, there shall not be any +defensive work carried on in the Garrison, on Condition Colo<sup>l.</sup>. Clark +shall observe on his part a like cessation from any offensive Work––</p> + +<p>“He further proposes that whatever may pass between them two +and any persons (mutually agreed upon to be) present, shall remain secret, +till matters be finally concluded––</p> + +<p>“As he wishes that whatever the result of their conference may be +the honor and credit of each party may be considered, so he wishes to +confer with Colo<sup>l.</sup> Clark as soon as may be––</p> + +<p>“As Colo<sup>l.</sup> Clark makes a difficulty of coming into the Garrison, +L<sup>t.</sup> G. Hamilton will speak with him before the Gate––</p> + +<p style='font-variant:small-caps;text-align:right;'>Henry Hamilton.</p> + +<p>“Feb<sup>y.</sup> 24<sup>th.</sup> 1779––Fort Sackville––”</p> + +<p>Clark’s gruff reply, in rugged, but not unclerical chirography, was +as follows:</p> + +<p>“Colonel Clark’s Compliments to M<sup>r.</sup> Hamilton and begs leave to +inform him that Co<sup>l.</sup> Clark will not agree to any Other Terms than that +of M<sup>r.</sup> Hamilton’s Surrendering himself and Garrison, Prisoners at +Discretion––</p> + +<p>“If M<sup>r.</sup> Hamilton is Desirous of a Conferance with Co<sup>l.</sup> Clark he +will meet him at the Church with Capt<sup>n.</sup> Helms––</p> + +<p>“Feb<sup>y.</sup> 24<sup>th.</sup>, 1779.</p> +<p style='text-align:right'><span style='font-variant:small-caps;'>G. R. Clark.</span>”––R. G. T.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0192' id='Footnote_0192'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0192'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Hamilton, in a letter of July 6, 1781, contained in the Haldimand +Papers, in the British Museum, gives what he calls “a brief account” of +his ill-starred expedition. See Roosevelt’s <i>Winning of the West, passim.</i>––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0193' id='Footnote_0193'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0193'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +On the Tuscarawas River, about ten miles north of the present +New Philadelphia, O., and a mile south of what is now Bolivar, Tuscarawas +County. At the time Withers alludes to, it was garrisoned by +150 men under Col. John Gibson.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0194' id='Footnote_0194'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0194'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +Simon Girty and seventeen Indians, mostly Mingoes. Withers +confounds this raid with the more formidable siege in February and +March. In the January assault, Girty’s band ambushed Capt. John +Clark, a sergeant, and fourteen men, returning to Fort Pitt from convoying +provisions to Fort Laurens. Two whites were killed, four +wounded, and one taken prisoner. In February, came an attacking +party of a hundred and twenty Indians (mostly Wyandots and Mingoes), +led by Capt. Henry Bird, of the Eighth (or King’s) Regiment; +with him were Simon Girty and ten soldiers. The enemy arrived February +22, but remained in hiding. The next day Gibson sent out a +guard of eighteen men, despite warnings of the enemy’s presence, to +assist the wagoner in collecting the horses of the fort. All the party +were killed and scalped, within sight of the fort, save two, who were +made prisoners. The fort was then openly invested until March 20, +when the besiegers withdrew, torn with dissensions and short of supplies. +See Butterfield’s <i>Washington-Irvine Correspondence</i> for further details.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0195' id='Footnote_0195'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0195'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Not to be confounded with George Rogers Clark, of Kentucky.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0196' id='Footnote_0196'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0196'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The bodies of these men were found to have been much devoured +by the wolves, and bearing the appearance of having been +recently torn by them. With a view of taking revenge on these animals +for devouring their companions, the fatigue party sent to bury their remains, +after digging a grave sufficiently capacious to contain all, and +having deposited them in it, they covered the pit with slender sticks, +bark and rotten wood, too weak to bear the weight of a wolf, and placed +a piece of meat on the top and near the center of this covering, as a bait. +In the morning seven wolves were found in the pit, and killed and the +grave then filled up. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0197' id='Footnote_0197'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0197'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +Boone had left Boonesborough January 8, in charge of thirty men, +to make salt at the Lower Blue Licks, on Licking River. They carried +with them, on horses, several large boiling pans, given to the settlement +by the government of Virginia. So weak was the water there, that 840 +gallons were necessary to make a bushel of salt, against ninety at the +Kanawha salines, and forty at Onondaga. While the salt-makers were +at work, two or three others of the party served as scouts and hunters; +generally, Boone was one of these. This day (Saturday, February 7) +Boone started out alone with his pack-horse for a supply of game, which +usually was plenty in the neighborhood of the salt licks; Thomas +Brooks and Flanders Callaway, his fellow scouts, were taking another +circuit. Having killed a buffalo, Boone was on his way home in the +afternoon, with the choicest of the meat packed upon his horse. Snow +was falling fast, and he was ten miles from camp, when discovered by +four Indians, outlying members of a large party of Shawnees under +Munseka and Black Fish, who had taken the war-path to avenge the murder +of Cornstalk (see p. 172, <i>note</i>. 2). Benumbed by cold, and unable +easily to untie or cut the frozen thongs which bound on the pack, Boone +could not unload and mount the horse, and after a sharp skirmish +was captured, and led to the main Indian encampment, a few miles +away. Boone induced his fellow salt-makers to surrender peaceably the +following day (February 8); the number of prisoners was, including +Boone, twenty-seven––two scouts and two salt-packers being absent. +After a ten days’ “uncomfortable journey, in very severe weather,” +says Boone, in which they “received as good treatment as prisoners +could expect from savages,” the party arrived at Little Chillicothe, on +Little Miami––so called in contradistinction to Old Chillicothe, on the +Scioto. Boone’s strong, compact build caused the Indians to call him +Big Turtle, and under that name he was adopted as the son of Black +Fish, who took a fancy to him; sixteen of his companions were also +adopted by other warriors. The ten who were not adopted were, with +Boone, taken on a trip to Detroit (starting March 10), guarded by forty +Indians under Black Fish. The ten were sold to Lieut. Governor Hamilton +and citizens of Detroit, for £20 each, the usual price for American +prisoners. Boone remained in Detroit until April 10, during which he +was treated with great courtesy by Hamilton, who offered Black Fish +£100 for him, but the latter declined and took the great pioneer home +with him; but Boone himself was given by Hamilton a horse and trappings, +with silver trinkets to give to the Indians. At Little Chillicothe, +Boone was kindly treated by Black Fish, and little by little his liberty +was extended. June 16, while the family were making salt on the +Scioto, preparatory to another expedition against Boonesborough, Boone +escaped on the horse given him by Hamilton. After many curious +adventures, in the course of which he swam the Ohio, he safely reached +Boonesborough, June 20, having traveled, he estimated, a hundred and +sixty miles in four days. Boone’s wife and family, supposing him dead, +had returned to their old home in North Carolina, but Boone himself +remained to assist in the defense of Boonesborough against the impending +attack, of which he had brought intelligence.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0198' id='Footnote_0198'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0198'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +This was William Hancock, who had, like Boone, been adopted +into an Indian family. Not so expert a woodsman as Boone, he had +consumed twelve days in the journey from Chillicothe to Boonesborough, +and suffered great hardships. He arrived at the fort July 17. In +consequence of Boone’s escape, he reported, the Indians had postponed +their intended attack for three weeks. The next day (July 18), Boone +wrote to Arthur Campbell, lieutenant of Washington County, Va. (the +Holston settlements, 200 miles away), that he expected the enemy in +twelve days, and that the fort was prepared for a siege of three or four +weeks; but relief would then be of infinite service.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0199' id='Footnote_0199'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0199'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +At the close of six weeks after Hancock’s arrival, Boone had become +weary of waiting for the enemy, hence his expedition with nineteen +men––not ten, as in the text––against the Shawnee town on Paint +Creek, during the last week of August. It was the 5th of September +when, undiscovered, he passed the Indian force encamped at Lower +Blue Licks, and the next day arrived at Boonesborough.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0200' id='Footnote_0200'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0200'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +About 10 <span class='smcap'>A. M.</span> of Monday, September 7,––Withers places it a +month, less a day, too early,––the hostiles crossed the Kentucky a mile +and a half above Boonesborough, at a point since known as Black Fish’s +Ford, and soon made their appearance marching single file, some of them +mounted, along the ridge south of the fort. They numbered about 400, +and displayed English and French flags. The strength of the force has +been variously estimated, from 330 Indians and 8 Frenchmen (Col. John +Bowman), to 444 Indians and 12 Frenchmen (Boone’s Narrative, by +Filson). The English Indian department was represented by Capt. +Isidore Chêne, who had with him several other French-Canadians; +there was also a negro named Pompey, who had long lived with the Indians, +and served them as interpreter; the principal chiefs were, Black +Fish, Moluntha, Black Hoof, and Black Beard.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0201' id='Footnote_0201'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0201'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +The garrison numbered, old and young, white and black, sixty +persons capable of bearing arms; only forty, however, were really effective. +Women and children, dressed and armed as men, frequently appeared +upon the walls, to give an appearance of greater strength.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0202' id='Footnote_0202'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0202'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +This ruse of the Indians was discovered on Friday, the 11th. The +garrison commenced its countermine immediately, and prosecuted the +work for several days. The rival parties could hear each other at work +underground. When the Indians had proceeded about forty yards, +two-thirds of the distance from the river bank, successive rainstorms +had so saturated the earth that sections of their tunnel caved in, and +this it was that frustrated their scheme.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0203' id='Footnote_0203'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0203'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +When the Indians retired from before Boonesboro, one hundred +and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets were picked up by the +garrison, besides many that stuck in the logs of the fort. A conclusive +proof that the Indians were not idle, during the continuance of +the siege. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0204' id='Footnote_0204'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0204'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +John Bowman, of Harrodsburgh, was lieutenant of Kentucky +County, and colonel of its militia. During the spring of 1779, there +was a general desire to raid the unsuspecting Shawnees, in retaliation +for their invasions of Kentucky, and Bowman decided to command in +person this “first regular enterprise to attack, in force, the Indians beyond +the Ohio, ever planned in Kentucky.” The company of volunteers +of the interior rendezvoused in May at Harrodsburgh, and under +Capts. Benjamin Logan and Silas Harlan marched to Lexington, where +they met the Boonesborough company under Capt. John Holder, and +another party under Capt. Levi Todd. At the mouth of the Licking +(site of Covington, Ky.), the general rendezvous agreed on, they found +a company from the Falls of the Ohio (site of Louisville), under Capt. +William Harrod. Also in the little army, which finally mustered 297 +men, including officers, were frontiersmen from Redstone Old Fort, and +other settlements in the valleys of the Ohio and Monongahela. The +Redstone men were on their way home, when they heard of the expedition, +and joined it at the Licking; they had been on a visit to Big +Bone Lick, and had a canoe-load of relics therefrom, which they were +transporting up river. The force crossed the Ohio, May 28, just below the +mouth of the Licking; 32 men remained behind in charge of the boats, +leaving 265 to set out for the Shawnee town of Little Chillicothe, on the +Little Miami, distant about sixty-five miles northeast. George Clark +and William Whitley were pilots, and George M. Bedinger adjutant and +quartermaster.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0205' id='Footnote_0205'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0205'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Without having seen an Indian, the expedition arrived in sight of +Little Chillicothe, at dusk of May 29––Withers places the date two +months ahead of the actual time. Capt. Logan had charge of the left +wing, Harrod of the right, and Holder of the center. The white force +now numbered 263––two men having returned to the boats, disabled; +the Indians numbered about 100 warriors and 200 squaws and children. +Black Fish was the principal village chief, and subordinate to him were +Black Hoof and Black Beard.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0206' id='Footnote_0206'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0206'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +This was the council house, which was so stoutly defended that +the white assailants were glad to take refuge in a neighboring hut, from +which they escaped with difficulty.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0207' id='Footnote_0207'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0207'><span class='label'>[20]</span></a> +<p> +The chief cause of alarm, and the consequent disorder, was a false +report started among the whites, that Simon Girty and a hundred Shawnees +from the Indian village of Piqua, twelve miles distant, were marching +to the relief of Black Fish. Order was soon restored, and when, +fourteen miles out upon the homeward trail, Indians were discovered +upon their rear, the enemy were met with vigor, and thereafter the retreat +was unhampered. The force reached the Ohio, just above the +mouth of the Little Miami, early on June 1. The “pack-horses” alluded +to by Withers, were 163 Indian ponies captured in the Chillicothe +woods; the other plunder was considerable, being chiefly silver ornaments +and clothing. After crossing the Ohio in boats––the horses swimming––there +was an auction of the booty, which was appraised at +£32,000, continental money, each man getting goods or horses to the value +of about £110. The Indian loss was five killed at the town, and many +wounded; the whites had seven men killed. Little Chillicothe had +been for the most part destroyed by fire, and its crops destroyed. The +newspapers of the day regarded the expedition as an undoubted success.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0208' id='Footnote_0208'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0208'><span class='label'>[21]</span></a> +<p> +George W. Ranck: “April 1. Robert Patterson, at the head of +twenty-five men, commenced a block house where Lexington now +stands.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 12</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0209' id='Footnote_0209'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0209'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +L. V. McWhorter, of Berlin, W. Va., writes me: “A few years +ago, the descendants of David Morgan erected a monument on the spot +where fell one of the Indians. On the day of the unveiling of the +monument, there was on exhibition at the spot, a shot-pouch and saddle +skirt made from the skins of the Indians. Greenwood S. Morgan, a +great-grandson of the Indian slayer, informs me that the shot-pouch is +now in the possession of a distant relative, living in Wetzel County, W. +Va. The knife with which the Indian was killed, is owned by Morgan’s +descendants in Marion County, W. Va.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0210' id='Footnote_0210'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0210'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +See p. 262, <i>note</i>, for account of Capt. Henry Bird’s attack on Fort +Laurens.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0211' id='Footnote_0211'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0211'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Mr. McWhorter says that this fort stood on an eminence, where is +now the residence of Minor C. Hall. Upon the fort being abandoned by +the settlers, the Indians burned it. When the whites again returned to +their clearings, a new fort was erected, locally called Beech Fort, “because +built entirely of beech logs––beech trees standing very thick in +this locality.” Beech Fort was not over 500 yards from the old West +Fort; it was “in a marshy flat, some 75 yards east of the house built by +the pioneer Henry McWhorter, and still extant as the residence of Ned +J. Jackson.” In the same field where Beech Fort was, “Alexander West +discovered an Indian one evening; he fired and wounded him in the +shoulder. The Indian made off, and fearing an ambuscade West would +not venture in pursuit. Two weeks later, he ventured to hunt for the +red man. Two miles distant, on what is now known as Life’s Run, a +branch of Hacker’s Creek, the dead savage was found in a cleft of rocks, +into which he had crawled and miserably perished. His shoulder was +badly crushed by West’s bullet.” +</p><p> +Henry McWhorter, born in Orange County, N. Y., November 13, +1760, was a soldier in the Revolution, from 1777 to the close. In 1784, +he settled about two miles from West’s Fort; three years later, he +moved nearer to the fort, and there built the house of hewn logs, mentioned +above, which “is to-day in a good state of preservation.” McWhorter +died February 4, 1848.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0212' id='Footnote_0212'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0212'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Alexander West was prominent as a frontier scout. Rev. J. M. +McWhorter, who saw him frequently, gives this description of him: “A +tall, spare-built man, very erect, strong, lithe, and active; dark-skinned, +prominent Roman nose, black hair, very keen eyes; not handsome, +rather raw-boned, but with an air and mien that commanded the attention +and respect of those with whom he associated. Never aggressive, +he lifted his arm against the Indians only in time of war.” West died in +1834. His house of hewed logs is, with its large barn, still standing +and occupied by his relatives, about a mile east of the site of West’s +Fort.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0213' id='Footnote_0213'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0213'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +L. V. McWhorter says: “The branch of Hacker’s creek on which +John Cutright was wounded, is now known as Laurel Lick, near Berlin, +W. Va.” For notice of Cutright, see p. 137, <i>note</i>.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 13</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0214' id='Footnote_0214'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0214'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Col. Reuben T. Durrett, in his <i>Centenary of Louisville</i>, p. 47, says that +Louisville at this time consisted of Clark’s original block house, with +eighteen cabins, on Corn Island, at the head of the rapids; a small fort +at the foot of Third street, erected by Col. John Floyd in 1779; “a large +fort on the east side of a ravine that entered the Ohio at Twelfth street, +and a few rude log cabins scattered through the woods near the Twelfth +street fort, all occupied by one hundred inhabitants, who had cleared +and cultivated garden-spots around their humble cabins.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0215' id='Footnote_0215'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0215'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +The expedition was sent out by Maj. A. S. De Peyster, then British +commandant at Detroit. It was headed by Capt. Bird, with whom were +Simon, James, and George Girty. The force, as rendezvoused at Detroit, +consisted of 150 whites, and 100 Indians from the Upper Lakes; +they carried two cannon. They were joined on the Miami by Capt. +McKee, deputy Indian agent, and a large party of Indians, making the +force of savages amount to 700.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0216' id='Footnote_0216'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0216'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +The original destination was Louisville, but en route the Indian +chiefs compelled Bird to first proceed against the forts on the Licking.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0217' id='Footnote_0217'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0217'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +A station was a parallelogram of cabins, united by palisades +so as to present a continued wall on the outer side, the cabin doors opening +into a common square, on the inner side. They were the strong +holds of the early settlers. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0218' id='Footnote_0218'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0218'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +There seems to be abundant evidence that Bird, a competent +officer, was humanely inclined; but he was quite in the power of his +savage allies, who would brook little control of their passions. The +number of prisoners taken at Isaac Ruddell’s was nearly 300; about fifty +more were taken at Martin’s.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0219' id='Footnote_0219'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0219'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +The Indians had, contrary to Bird’s expostulations, wantonly +slaughtered all the cattle at Ruddell’s Station, and this it was that caused +the famine. With an abundance of food to sustain both prisoners and +warriors, Bird might readily have carried out his purpose of uprooting +nearly every settlement in Kentucky. There is nothing in his official +report of the expedition, to warrant the statement that high water had +any thing to do with the matter.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0220' id='Footnote_0220'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0220'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +Col. Daniel Brodhead was in command of the Eighth Pennsylvania +Regiment. He succeeded McIntosh at Fort Pitt, in April, 1779.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0221' id='Footnote_0221'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0221'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Brodhead set out from Fort Pitt, April 7, 1781, with 150 regulars; +at Wheeling he picked up David Shepherd, lieutenant of Ohio County, +Va., with 134 militia, including officers; besides these were five friendly +Indians, eager for Delaware scalps.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0222' id='Footnote_0222'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0222'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +Salem, established by Heckewelder for his Indian converts, was +on the west bank of the Tuscarawas, a mile and a half south-west of +the present Port Washington.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0223' id='Footnote_0223'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0223'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder was born at Bedford, England, +March 12, 1743. Coming to Pennsylvania in 1754, he was at first a +cooper, but later became an assistant to Charles Frederick Post, the +Moravian missionary. In 1771, he first became an evangelist to the Indians, +on his own account, and spent fifteen years in Ohio, where he assisted +in the work of David Zeisberger. He was a man of learning, and +made important contributions to the study of American archæology and, +ethnology. The last thirteen years of his life were spent in literary +work. He died at Bethlehem, Pa., January 21, 1823.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0224' id='Footnote_0224'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0224'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +Called in some of the contemporary chronicles, Goschocking.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0225' id='Footnote_0225'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0225'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Withers here reverts to the Bird invasion in the summer of 1780, +and the escape of Hinkstone from his British captors, related <i>ante</i>, pp. +295-98. Clark’s retaliatory expedition was made during August, 1780.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0226' id='Footnote_0226'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0226'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +Butterfield, in <i>History of the Girtys</i>, p. 121, places the white loss at +seventeen killed, and “a number wounded;” and the Indian loss at six +killed and three wounded. Clark’s nephew, Joseph Rogers, was killed +on August 8, the day of the general engagement. Clark left Piqua, +the 10th.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0227' id='Footnote_0227'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0227'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +I am informed by S. R. Harrison, of Clarksburg, W. Va., that the +bodies of the victims were buried about five rods from the house, and +“the graves are yet marked by the original rude stones.” Mr. Harrison +continues, “This burial ground, and also where the house stood, had +never been disturbed until March, 1888––a hundred and seven years +after the massacre––when the ground about the site of the house was +plowed; many interesting relics were turned up, among them a compass +and sun-dial in a copper case. I myself found a number of relics +among the charred ruins of the house.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0228' id='Footnote_0228'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0228'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +As soon as the fire was opened upon the Indians, Mrs. Rony +(one of the prisoners) ran towards the whites rejoicing at the prospect +of deliverance, and exclaiming, “I am Ellick Rony’s wife, of the Valley, +I am Ellick Rony’s wife, of the Valley, and a pretty little woman too, +if I was well dressed.” The poor woman, ignorant of the fact that +her son was weltering in his own gore, and forgetting for an instant that +her husband had been so recently killed, seemed intent only on her own +deliverance from the savage captors. +</p><p> +Another of the captives, Daniel Dougherty, being tied down, and +unable to move, was discovered by the whites as they rushed towards +the camp. Fearing that he might be one of the enemy and do them +some injury if they advanced, one of the men, stopping, demanded who +he was. Benumbed with cold, and discomposed by the sudden firing +of the whites, he could not render his Irish dialect intelligible to them. +The white man raised his gun and directed it towards him, calling +aloud, that if he did not make known who he was, he should blow a +ball through him, let him be white man or Indian. Fear supplying him +with energy, Dougherty exclaimed, “Loord Jasus! and am I too be +killed by white people at last!” He was heard by Col. Lowther and his +life saved. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0229' id='Footnote_0229'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0229'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +The Moravian Indians were originally from the Susquehanna +River. They moved to the Tuscarawas River in 1772, under the missionaries +Zeisberger and Heckewelder, who built two villages on the eastern +bank of that river, on land set apart for them by the Delawares: Schönbrunn, +about three miles south-east of the present New Philadelphia, in +what is now Goshen township, Tuscarawas County, O., and Gnadenhütten, +lower down, in the outskirts of the present town of that name, +in Clay township. The principal Delaware town, at that time, was some +distance below, near the site of the present Newcomerstown; this was +later moved to what is now Coshocton, at the confluence of the Tuscarawas +and Walholding, which unite to form the Muskingum. At this +time there was a Moravian village called Friedensstadt, on Beaver +River, in what is now Lawrence County, Pa. In 1776 a new village for +the accommodation of converts was established on the east bank of the +Muskingum, two and a half miles below Coshocton, and called Lichtenau; +William Edwards was the missionary in charge. In consequence +of the disturbances on the border, Schönbrunn and Gnadenhütten were +deserted in 1777, and all the teachers returned to Pennsylvania save +Zeisberger and Edwards, who gathered the Indians together at Lichtenau; +but in the spring of 1778, Gnadenhütten was re-occupied, with +Edwards in charge. This was not for a long time, however, for in July +we find Zeisberger, Heckewelder, and Edwards in charge of the union +station at Lichtenau, the others being deserted. The spring of 1779 finds +Edwards again at the resuscitated Gnadenhütten, Zeisberger re-occupying +Schönbrunn with a small party, and Heckewelder at Lichtenau. Later +in the season Zeisberger began New Schönbrunn on the west bank of +the Tuscarawas, in what is now Goshen township, a quarter of a mile +from the present Lockport, and a mile and a quarter south of New +Philadelphia; thither he removed his flock in December. In the spring +of 1780, Heckewelder abandoned Lichtenau, and took his converts to +the west bank of the Tuscarawas, where he established Salem, in the +present Salem township, a mile and a half north-west of Port Washington. +In the autumn the Moravian villages were in general charge of +Zeisberger, who traveled from one to the other; Gottlob Senseman being +in charge of New Schönbrunn, Edwards of Gnadenhütten, and Heckewelder +of Salem. It will thus be seen that at the time of the massacre, +the Moravian villages were wholly in the valley of the Tuscarawas.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0230' id='Footnote_0230'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0230'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +Zeisberger and Heckewelder kept Brodhead continually informed, +by letters, of the movements and councils of the hostiles. The position +of the missionaries was one of exceeding delicacy, but the voluminous +correspondence between them and Brodhead proves that the +former were steadfast friends of the American colonies, and did effective +service throughout the several years of disturbance on the frontier.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0231' id='Footnote_0231'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0231'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Brodhead’s successful expedition against the Coshocton Indians, +in April, 1781, led to preparations for a retaliatory foray. Headed by +the renegade Capt. Matthew Elliott, a party of about 250 Indians,––mostly +Wyandots, with chiefs Half King, Pipe, Snip, John and Thomas +Snake, and others––assembled at Gnadenhütten, for a talk with the +Moravian teachers, preparatory to an expedition against Wheeling. +They arrived August 17, and Zeisberger at once secretly sent a message +of warning to Ft. Pitt, which threw the frontier into alarm, and caused +the garrison at Wheeling to be fully prepared when the enemy appeared. +A boy whom the Wyandots captured outside of Wheeling told +them of Zeisberger’s warning, and when the unsuccessful war party +returned to Gnadenhütten (Sept. 2), vengeance was wreaked on the +Moravians. The town was sacked that day, and the missionaries were +kept as prisoners for several days. Finally they were released (Sept.6), +on promise that they remove their converts from the line of the warpaths. +September 11, the Moravians and their teachers left Salem in a +body, with but few worldly goods, for most of their property had been +destroyed by the Wyandots. They proceeded down the Tuscarawas to +the mouth of the Walhonding, thence up the latter stream and Vernon +River, and across country to the Sandusky, where they arrived October +1, and erected a few huts on the east bank of the river, about two and +a-half miles above the present Upper Sandusky. Fourteen days later, +the missionaries were summoned to appear before the British commandant +at Detroit, Major De Peyster. Zeisberger, Heckewelder, Edwards, +and Senseman left for Detroit, October 25. De Peyster questioned +them closely, and finally released them with the statement that he +would confer with them later, relative to their final abode. They +reached the Sandusky, on their return, November 22. Meanwhile, the +winter had set in early; and in danger of starving, a party of the Moravians +had returned to the Tuscarawas to gather corn in the abandoned +fields; while there, a party of border rangers took them prisoners and +carried them to Fort Pitt. Brig.-Gen. William Irvine, then in command, +treated the poor converts kindly, and allowed them to go in +peace, many returning to their old villages on the Tuscarawas, to complete +their dismal harvesting.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 14</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0232' id='Footnote_0232'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0232'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +One hundred and eighty-six men, mounted, from the Monongahela +settlements. Early in March, 1782, they assembled under David +Williamson, colonel of one of the militia battalions of Washington +County, Pa., on the east bank of the Ohio, a few miles below Steubenville. +The water was high, the weather cold and stormy, and there +were no boats for crossing over to Mingo Bottom. Many turned back, +but about two hundred succeeded in crossing. The expedition was not +a “private” affair, but was regularly authorized by the military authority +of Washington County; its destination was not the Moravian settlements, +but the hostile force, then supposed to be on the Tuscarawas +river. It seems to have generally been understood on the border that +the Moravian towns were now deserted.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0233' id='Footnote_0233'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0233'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +Contemporary accounts speak of a council of war, held in the +evening, at which this question was decided. But a small majority +voted for the butchery; Williamson himself was in the minority. Dorsey +Pentecost, writing from Pittsburg, May 8, 1782 (see <i>Penn. Arch.</i>, ix., +p. 540), says: “I have heard it intimated that about thirty or forty only +of the party gave their consent or assisted in the catastrophe.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0234' id='Footnote_0234'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0234'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +Lineback’s Relation (<i>Penn. Arch.</i>, ix., p. 525) says: “In the morning, +the militia chose two houses, which they called the ‘slaughter +houses,’ and then brought the Indians two or three at a time, with ropes +about their necks, and dragged them into the slaughter houses where +they knocked them down.” This accords with Heckewelder’s <i>Narrative</i>, +p. 320, which says they were knocked down with a cooper’s mallet. +The victims included those converts living at Salem, who had peaceably +come in to Gnadenhütten with their captors; but those at New Schönbrunn +had taken the alarm and fled.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0235' id='Footnote_0235'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0235'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Later authorities put the total number at ninety––twenty-nine +men, twenty-seven women, and thirty-four children.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0236' id='Footnote_0236'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0236'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Salem, New Schönbrunn and Gnadenhütten were all destroyed by +fire. The whites returned home the following day, with ninety-six +scalps––ninety Moravians and six outlying Indians. It seems certain +that a few hostiles were with the Moravians at the time of the massacre.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0237' id='Footnote_0237'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0237'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +David Williamson, as previously seen, was a colonel of militia in +Washington County, Pa.; James Marshal, as county lieutenant of Washington, +was his superior officer.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0238' id='Footnote_0238'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0238'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +The place of rendezvous was Mingo Bottom (the present Mingo +Junction, O.), and the date May 20. It was the 24th before all were +present. The volunteers numbered 480, of whom two-thirds were from +Washington County; most of the others were from Fayette County, +Pa., and a few from Ohio County, Va. In the vote for commander, +William Crawford received 235, and Williamson 230. Four field majors +were elected to rank in the order named: Williamson, Thomas Gaddis, +John McClelland, and one Brinton. The standard modern authority +for the details of this expedition, is Butterfield’s <i>Crawford’s Expedition +Against Sandusky</i> (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1873).––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0239' id='Footnote_0239'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0239'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Col. David Williamson.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0240' id='Footnote_0240'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0240'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +His son John, his son-in-law Major William Harrison, and one of +his nephews,––not two,––William Crawford. They were captured by +the Indians and killed.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0241' id='Footnote_0241'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0241'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +Dr. John Knight, surgeon to the expedition. He was captured, +and sentenced to death, but after thrilling adventures finally escaped.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0242' id='Footnote_0242'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0242'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +Wingenund.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0243' id='Footnote_0243'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0243'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Colonel Crawford was then about fifty years of age, and had +been an active warrior against the savages for a great while. During +[245] the French war, he distinguished himself by his bravery and good +conduct, and was much noticed by General Washington, who obtained for +him an ensigncy. At the commencement of the revolution, he raised +a regiment by his own exertions, and at the period of this unfortunate +expedition, bore the commission of Colonel in the Continental army. +He possessed a sound judgment, was a man of singular good nature and +great humanity, and remarkable for his hospitality. His melancholy +sufferings and death spread a gloom over the countenances of all who +knew him. His son, John Crawford, and his son-in-law, Major Harrison, +were taken prisoners, carried to the Shawanee towns and murdered. +</p><p> +–––– +</p><p> +<i>Comment by R. G. T.</i>––Crawford was born in 1732, in Orange County, +Va., of Scotch-Irish parentage. He made the friendship of Washington +while the latter was surveying for Lord Fairfax, in the Shenandoah +Valley, in 1749. Washington taught him his art, but in 1755 he +abandoned it for a military life, and thenceforward was a prominent +character on the frontier, often serving under Washington. From 1767 +forward, his home was on the banks of the Youghiogheny, on Braddock’s +Road. Crawford fought in Dunmore’s War, and throughout the Revolution +did notable service on the Virginia border. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0244' id='Footnote_0244'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0244'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +John Slover, one of the guides to the expedition, was among the +best known scouts of his day, on the Upper Ohio. His published <i>Narrative</i> +is a prime source of information relative to the events of the campaign.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0245' id='Footnote_0245'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0245'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +Thomas Mills.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0246' id='Footnote_0246'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0246'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +Lewis Wetzel, a noted Indian fighter. See p. 161, <i>note</i>.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 15</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0247' id='Footnote_0247'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0247'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +L. V. McWhorter informs me that White, who was a prominent +settler, was once with others on a hunting expedition, when they surprised +a small party of Indians. They killed several, but one active +young brave ran off, with White close at his heels. The Indian leaped +from a precipice, alighting in a quagmire in which he sank to his waist. +White, with tomahawk in hand, jumped after him. In the struggle +which ensued, White buried his weapon in the red man’s skull. The +victim’s father was among those who escaped, and for a long time––McWhorter +says “several years”––he lurked about the settlements trailing +White. Finally, he succeeded in shooting his man, within sight of the +fort. Mrs. White was an eye-witness of the tragedy. McWhorter +claims that Withers is mistaken in saying that White was “tomahawked, +scalped and lacerated in the most frightful manner.” The avenging Indian +tried to get his scalp, but an attacking party from the fort were so +close upon him that he fled before accomplishing his object. McWhorter +reports another case, not mentioned in Withers. One Fink +was “killed by Indians in ambush, while letting down a pair of bars one +evening, just in front of where the Buckhannon court-house now +stands.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0248' id='Footnote_0248'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0248'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +The council was held at Wapatomica, in June. There were present +representatives of the Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandots, Delawares, +Shawnees, Munsees, and Cherokees. Simon Girty came with the Wyandots; +Captain McKee was then a trader at Wapatomica.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0249' id='Footnote_0249'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0249'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +See the alleged speech in Butterfield’s <i>History of the Girtys</i>, pp. 190, +191.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0250' id='Footnote_0250'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0250'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +The Kentucky party was under Capt. William Caldwell, who wrote, +“I crossed the Ohio with three hundred Indians and rangers.” Capts. +McKee and Elliott, and the three Girtys were with the expedition. +Caldwell crossed the river early in July, not far below the mouth, of +Limestone creek––site of the present Maysville, Ky.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0251' id='Footnote_0251'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0251'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +They arrived on the night of August 15.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0252' id='Footnote_0252'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0252'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +The above incident is mentioned in none of the contemporary +chronicles, and is probably fiction.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0253' id='Footnote_0253'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0253'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +The attack was begun early in the morning of the 16th, and continued +with more or less vigor until about 10 <span class='smcap'>A. M.</span> of the 17th. Caldwell +then withdrew his force “in a leisurely manner.” The attacking +party lost five killed and two wounded, all Indians; the garrison lost +four killed and three wounded.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0254' id='Footnote_0254'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0254'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +A hundred and eighty-two, under Col. John Todd. Pursuit was +commenced on the 18th.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0255' id='Footnote_0255'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0255'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The battle occurred at 8 <span class='smcap'>A. M.</span> of August 19, a short distance north +of the Lower Blue Licks, on the Licking river, in what is now Nicholas +County.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0256' id='Footnote_0256'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0256'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +The tendency among early Western chroniclers has been greatly +to magnify the importance of Simon Girty. He was merely an interpreter +on this, as on most other expeditions. Caldwell was in command. +The British force now consisted of 200 Indians and 30 rangers. Some +of the Indians had already left for their villages.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0257' id='Footnote_0257'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0257'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +The British rangers lost one of their number by death; of their +Indian allies, ten were killed and fourteen wounded. Of the Kentuckians, +about seventy were killed, several badly wounded, and seven made +prisoners. Caldwell continued his leisurely retreat to Upper Sandusky, +which he reached September 24, the Indians meanwhile dispersing to +their several homes.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0258' id='Footnote_0258'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0258'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Gen. George Rogers Clark gave this official report of his expedition +against the Shawnees, in a letter dated Lincoln, November 27, 1782: +“We left the Ohio the 4th instant, with 1050 men, surprised the principal +Shawanese Town in the evening of the 10th, and immediately +detached strong parties to different quarters; and in a few hours +afterwards two thirds of the towns were laid in ashes, and every +thing they were possessed of destroyed, except such as were most +useful to the troops, the enemy not having time to secrete any part +of their property. The British trading post at the head of the Miami +and Carrying Place to the waters of the Lakes, shared the same by a +party of 150 horse, commanded by Col. Logan, and property to a great +amount was also destroyed: the quantity of provisions burnt far surpassed +any idea we had of their stores. The loss of the enemy was ten +scalps, seven prisoners, and two whites retaken; ours, one killed and one +wounded. +</p><p> +“After laying part of four days in their towns, and finding all +attempts to bring them to a general action fruitless, we retired, as the +season was far advanced and the weather threatening. I could not learn +by the prisoners that they had the least idea of General Irvin’s design +of penetrating into their country. Should he have given them another +stroke at Sandusky, it will more than double the advantages already +gained. +</p><p> +“We might probably have got many more scalps and prisoners––could +we have known in time whether or not we were discovered, which +we took for granted until getting within three miles when some circumstances +occurred that gave us reason to think otherwise, though uncertain.––Col. +Floyd, with 300 men, was ordered to advance and bring on +an action or attack the town, Major Wells with a party of horse being +previously detached by a different route as a party of observation: although +Col. Floyd’s motion was so quick as to get to the town but a few +minutes later than those who discovered his approach, the inhabitants +had sufficient notice to effect their escape to the woods by the alarm +cry being given, and which was repeated by all that heard it; of course +our party only fell in with the rear of the enemy. +</p><p> +“I must beg leave to recommend the militia of Kentucky whose +behaviour on the occasion does them honour, particularly their desire +of saving prisoners.” +</p><p> +The document is here given as found in Almon’s <i>Remembrancer</i>, +xvi., pp. 93, 94; but it has of course been edited, after the fashion of +that day, for Clark’s original letters abound in misspellings.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0259' id='Footnote_0259'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0259'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +[264] This heroine had but recently returned from Philadelphia, +where she had received her education, and was totally unused to such +scenes as were daily exhibiting on the frontier. She afterwards became +the wife of Mr. McGlanlin; and he dying, she married a Mr. +Clarke, and is yet living in Ohio. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0260' id='Footnote_0260'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0260'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +See p. 224, <i>note</i> 1, for reference to confusion between the two +sieges of Wheeling, and the over-statement of early border historians.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 16</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0261' id='Footnote_0261'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0261'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +News of the preliminary articles of peace, which had been signed +at Paris, November 30, 1782, did not reach Fort Pitt until May, 1783. In +July following, De Peyster, British commandant at Detroit, gathered at +that post the chiefs of eleven tribes as far south as the Great Miami and +the Wabash, and informed them of the event.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0262' id='Footnote_0262'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0262'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +The treaty was held at Fort McIntosh, at the mouth of the Beaver, +early in January, 1785. The tribes represented were the Wyandots, +Chippewas, Delawares, and Ottawas. The commissioners were Arthur +Lee, Richard Butler, and George Rogers Clark. Col. Josiah Harmar was +in charge of the troops.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0263' id='Footnote_0263'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0263'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +L. V. McWhorter, well informed in the local traditions, writes: +“When the Indian sprang into the house, with drawn tomahawk, he +closed and for a few moments stood with his back to the door. Then, +while cutting an opening through the wall, he asked Mrs. Cunningham +how many men there were in the other house. She answered by holding +up the extended fingers of both hands, indicating 10.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0264' id='Footnote_0264'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0264'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +McWhorter: “Mrs. Cunningham related that the last she +saw of her little daughter, was one quivering little foot sticking up over +a log behind which she had been thrown.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0265' id='Footnote_0265'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0265'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +McWhorter: “The cave in which Mrs. Cunningham was +concealed is on Little Indian Run, a branch of Big Bingamon Creek, on +which stream the tragedy took place. The cave is about two miles northwest +of the site of the capture, and in Harrison County, W. Va.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0266' id='Footnote_0266'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0266'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +McWhorter: “Mrs. Cunningham stated that an Indian stood over +her with an uplifted tomahawk, to prevent her from crying out. At +times, the whites were upon the very rock above their heads.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0267' id='Footnote_0267'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0267'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +McWhorter says local tradition has it that the Indians remained in +the cave a night and a day; they departed before daylight, during the +second night. Mrs. Cunningham related that just before leaving, the +wounded brave was borne from the cave by his fellows, and she never +again saw him; her opinion was, that he was then dead, and his body +was sunk in a neighboring pool.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0268' id='Footnote_0268'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0268'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Mrs. Cunningham had been over three years with the savages, +when she was taken to a great Indian conference held at the foot of +the Maumee rapids, “at or near the site of the present Perrysburgh, +Ohio,” in the autumn of 1788. Girty brought the attention of McKee, +then a British Indian agent, to the matter, and McKee furnished the +trinkets which constituted the ransom.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0269' id='Footnote_0269'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0269'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +See McKnight’s <i>Our Western Border</i>, pp. 714, 716.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0270' id='Footnote_0270'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0270'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +Superstition was rife among the Scotch-Irish borderers. McWhorter +writes: “On the day before the capture, a little bird came into Mrs. Cunningham’s +cabin and fluttered around the room. Ever afterwards, she +grew frightened whenever a bird would enter her house. The fear that +such an occurrence would bring bad luck to a household, was an old and +widely-spread superstition.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0271' id='Footnote_0271'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0271'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +Mary Moore afterwards became the wife of Mr. Brown, a presbyterian +preacher in Augusta. Her brother James Moore, jr., still resides +in Tazewell county; and notwithstanding that he witnessed the cruel +murder of his mother and five brothers and sisters by the hands of the +savages, he is said to have formed and still retain a strong attachment to +the Indians. The anniversary of the burning of Mrs. Moore & her +daughter, is kept by many in Tazewell as a day of fasting and prayer; +and that tragical event gave rise to some affecting verses, generally +called “Moore’s Lamentation.” +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0272' id='Footnote_0272'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0272'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +At the treaty of Au Glaize, Morgan met with the Indian who +had given him this chase, and who still had his gun. After talking over +the circumstance, rather more composedly than they had acted it, they +agreed to test each other’s speed in a friendly race. The Indian being +beaten, rubbed his hams and said, “<i>stiff, stiff; too old, too old</i>.” “Well, +said Morgan, you got the gun by outrunning me then, and I should have +it now for outrunning you;” and accordingly took it. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0273' id='Footnote_0273'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0273'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +McWhorter: “Alexander West was with Col. William Lowther on +this expedition. They followed the Indians to the Little Kanawha +River.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0274' id='Footnote_0274'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0274'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +Another case of border superstition is related to me by McWhorter. +Alexander West had been doing sentry duty most of the night before, +and on being relieved early in the morning, sat with his back to a tree +and, rifle across his lap, fell to sleep. On awakening he sprang to his +feet and cried, “Boys, look out! Some of us will be killed to-day! I +saw the <i>red doe</i> in my dream; that is the sign of death; I never knew it +to fail!” When Bonnett fell, it was considered in camp to be a verification +of the “red sign.” Bonnett was carried by his comrades on a rude +stretcher, but in four days died. His body was placed in a cleft of rock +and the entrance securely chinked.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 17</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0275' id='Footnote_0275'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0275'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +The “Wilderness Road” (or “trace”) was the overland highway +through Cumberland Gap. It was sometimes called “Boone’s trace.” +From North Carolina and Southern Virginia, it was the nearest road to +Kentucky; to those living farther north, the Ohio was the favorite +highway. While the river was an easier path, it was more dangerous +on account of Indians: but travelers of the early period who had come +down the Ohio, preferred returning east by the Wilderness Road to +poling up stream. See Thomas Speed’s <i>Wilderness Road</i>, in the Filson +Club publications (Louisville, 1886.)––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0276' id='Footnote_0276'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0276'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +Col. William Christian, who served in Lord Dunmore’s War. He +was killed in April, 1786. John May, writing to Governor Henry from +Crab Orchard, Ky., April 19, says: “The Indians about the Wabash +had frequently been on Bear Grass, and Col. Christian, in order to induce +others to go in pursuit of them, has upon every occasion gone himself. +And last week he with about twenty men crossed the Ohio, and +overtook three Indians, whom they killed; but his men not obeying his +orders, which were to rush altogether on them, he with three others +only overtook the Indians, and was so unfortunate as to receive a mortal +wound himself and Capt. Isaac Kellar received another.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0277' id='Footnote_0277'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0277'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +The time for rendezvous was September 10, 1786 (letter of Col. Levi +Todd to Governor Henry, August 29).––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0278' id='Footnote_0278'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0278'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +Clark was roundly scored in contemporary accounts, for being much +of the time under the influence of liquor. His futile expedition was +against the Indians around Vincennes, while Logan’s party, which appears +practically to have revolted from Clark, had a successful campaign +against the towns on Mad River. See Green’s <i>Spanish Conspiracy</i>, +ch. v., and Roosevelt’s <i>Winning of the West</i>, iii., <i>passim</i>.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0279' id='Footnote_0279'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0279'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Col. Benjamin Logan to Governor Randolph, Dec. 17, 1786: “Sept. +14, 1786, I received orders [from Clark] to collect a sufficient number of +men in the District of Kentucky to march against the Shawnee’s Towns. +Agreeable to said orders I collected 790 men, and on the 6th of October +I attacked the above mentioned Towns, killed ten of the chiefs of +that nation, captured thirty-two prisoners, burnt upwards of two hundred +dwelling houses and supposed to have burnt fifteen thousand +bushels of corn, took some horses and cattle, killed a number of hogs, +and took near one thousand pounds value of Indian furniture, and the +quantity of furniture we burnt I can not account for.” The force was +on duty “not above twenty-seven days ... and I would venture +to say the expenses will be found to be very moderate.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0280' id='Footnote_0280'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0280'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +William Lytle, born in Carlisle, Pa., September 1, 1770. He came +to Ohio with his father, at the age of ten, and subsequently became +surveyor-general of the Northwest Territory. His father served as a +captain in the French and Indian War, and as a colonel in the Revolution, +and headed a large colony to Ohio in 1780.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0281' id='Footnote_0281'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0281'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +This name is sometimes written Magery. It is the same individual +who caused the disaster at the Blue Licks in August 1782. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0282' id='Footnote_0282'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0282'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +The treaty with the Shawnees was negotiated January 30, 1786, at +Fort Finney, near the mouth of the Great Miami, by George Rogers +Clark, Richard Butler, and Samuel H. Parsons, commissioners. The +treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Chippewas, and Ottawas was negotiated +at Fort McIntosh, January 21, 1785, by Clark, Butler, and +Arthur Lee. These treaties were of little avail, so long as British agents +like McKee, Elliott, and Simon Girty lived among the Indians and kept +them in a constant ferment against the Americans.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0283' id='Footnote_0283'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0283'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The several states which, under their colonial charters had claims +to territory beyond the Ohio River,––Virginia, New York, Connecticut, +and Massachusetts,––had (1781-84) relinquished their several claims to +the newly-formed United States, and the Ordinance of 1787 had provided +for this Northwest Territory an enlightened form of government which +was to be the model of the constitutions of the five states into which it +was ultimately to be divided. There was formed in Boston, in March, +1786, the Ohio Company of Associates, and October 17, 1787, it purchased +from Congress a million and a half acres in the new territory, about the +mouth of the Muskingum. Many of the shareholders were Revolutionary +soldiers, and great care was taken to select only good men as colonists––oftentimes +these were the best and most prosperous men of their +several localities. Gen. Rufus Putnam, a cousin of Israel, and a near +friend of Washington, was chosen as superintendent of the pioneers. +Two parties––one rendezvousing at Danvers, Mass., and the other at +Hartford, Conn.––arrived after a difficult passage through the mountains +at Simrall’s Ferry (now West Newton), on the Youghiogheny, the +middle of February, 1788. A company of boat-builders and other mechanics +had preceded them a month, yet it was still six weeks more before +the little flotilla could leave: “The Union Gally of 45 tons burden; +the Adelphia ferry boat, 3 tons; & three log canoes of different +sizes. No. of pioneers, 48.” The winter had been one of the severest +known on the Upper Ohio, and the spring was cold, wet, and backward; +so that amid many hardships it was the seventh of April before they arrived +at the Muskingum and founded Marietta, named for the unfortunate +Marie Antoinette, for the love of France was still strong in the +breasts of Revolutionary veterans.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0284' id='Footnote_0284'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0284'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +Perhaps there never was a more strange compound derivative +term than this. Being situated opposite to the mouth of Licking, +the name was made expressive of its locality, by uniting the Latin word +<i>os</i>, (the mouth) with the Greek, <i>anti</i> (opposite) and the French, <i>ville</i>, (a +town,) and prefixing to this union from such different sources, the initial +(<i>L</i>) of the river. The author of this word, must have been good at +invention, and in these days of <i>town making</i> could find ample employment +for his talent. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0285' id='Footnote_0285'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0285'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +In 1788, John Cleves Symmes––uncle of he of “Symmes’s Hole”––the +first United States judge of the Northwest Territory, purchased from +congress a million acres of land on the Ohio, lying between the two +Miami Rivers. Matthias Denman bought from him a square mile at the +eastern end of the grant, “on a most delightful high bank” opposite +the Licking, and––on a cash valuation for the land of two hundred dollars––took +in with him as partners Robert Patterson and John Filson. +Filson was a schoolmaster, had written the first history of Kentucky, +and seems to have enjoyed much local distinction. To him was entrusted +the task of inventing a name for the settlement which the partners +proposed to plant here. The outcome was “Losantiville,” a pedagogical +hash of Greek, Latin, and French: <i>L</i>, for Licking; <i>os</i>, Greek for +mouth; <i>anti</i>, Latin for opposite; <i>ville</i>, French for city––Licking-opposite-City, +or City-opposite-Licking, whichever is preferred. This was in +August; the Fates work quickly, for in October poor Filson was scalped +by the Indians in the neighborhood of the Big Miami, before a settler +had yet been enticed to Losantiville. But the survivors knew how to +“boom” a town; lots were given away by lottery to intending actual +settlers, who moved thither late in December or early in January, and +in a few months Judge Symmes was able to write that “it populates +considerably.” +</p><p> +A few weeks previous to the planting of Losantiville, a party of +men from Redstone had settled at the mouth of the Little Miami, about +where the suburb of California now is; and a few weeks later, a third +colony was started by Symmes himself at North Bend, near the Big +Miami, at the western extremity of his grant, and this the judge wished +to make the capital of the new Northwest Territory. At first it was a +race between these three colonies. A few miles below North Bend, +Fort Finney had been built in 1785-86, hence the Bend had at first the +start; but a high flood dampened its prospects, the troops were withdrawn +from this neighborhood to Louisville, and in the winter of 1789-90 +Fort Washington was built at Losantiville by General Harmar. The +neighborhood of the new fortress became in the ensuing Indian war +the center of the district. To Losantiville, with its fort, came Arthur +St. Clair, the new governor of the Northwest Territory (January, 1790), +and making his headquarters here, laid violent hands on Filson’s invention, +at once changing the name to Cincinnati, in honor of the Society +of the Cincinnati, of which the new official was a prominent member––“so +that,” Judge Symmes sorrowfully writes, “Losantiville will become +extinct.” It was a winter of suffering for the Western Cincinnati. The +troops were in danger of starvation, and three professional hunters were +contracted with to supply them with game, till corn could come in from +Columbia and other older settlements on the river.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0286' id='Footnote_0286'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0286'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Col. Josiah Harmar’s militia were from Virginia, Kentucky, and +Pennsylvania. He left Fort Washington (Cincinnati), October 3. At +this time the Miami Indians had seven villages in the neighborhood +of the junction of St. Joseph and St. Mary’s, which streams unite to +form the Maumee. The village which lay in the forks of the St. Joseph +and the Maumee, was the principal; one in the forks of the St. Mary’s +and the Maumee, which was called Kekionga, had 30 houses; at Chillicothe, +on the north bank of the Maumee, were 58 houses, and opposite +these 18 houses. The Delawares had two villages on the St. Mary’s, +45 houses in all, and a town on the St. Joseph of 36 houses.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0287' id='Footnote_0287'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0287'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +A third expedition, under Maj. J. F. Hamtramck, went against the +Wabash Indians, successfully destroyed several deserted villages, and +reached Vincennes without loss.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0288' id='Footnote_0288'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0288'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p> +In his report to the Secretary of War, October 29, 1790, Governor +St. Clair said: “I have the pleasure to inform you of the entire success +of Gen. Harmar at the Indian towns on the Miami and St. Joseph +Rivers, of which he has destroyed five in number, and a very great +quantity of corn and other vegetable provisions. It is supposed that about +two hundred of the Indians have likewise fallen in the different encounters +that have happened between them and the detachment, for +there has been no general action; but it has not been without considerable +loss on our part.... Of the Federal troops, Major Wyllys +and Lieutenant Frothingham and seventy-seven men; of the militia, +Major Fontaine, Captain McMurtry, and Captain Scott, a son of General +Scott, and seventy-three men, are among the slain.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0289' id='Footnote_0289'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0289'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p> +Thirteen miles below Marietta.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0290' id='Footnote_0290'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0290'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p> +Eighteen miles above Marietta, and one above St. Mary’s, W. Va.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0291' id='Footnote_0291'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0291'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p> +Dunkard Creek flows eastward into the Monongahela. Fish Creek +flows southwestward into the Ohio, emptying 113 miles below Pittsburg, +and 58 above Marietta. A famous Indian war-trail ran up Fish and +down Dunkard––a short-cut from Ohio to the western borders of Pennsylvania +and Virginia.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0292' id='Footnote_0292'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0292'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p> +Soon after the establishment of Marietta, a rude wagon road was +opened through the forest between that colony and Redstone (Brownsville, +Pa.) This was the road Carpenter was following.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0293' id='Footnote_0293'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0293'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p> +With Gen. Richard Butler, who was killed in the final battle, +second in command.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0294' id='Footnote_0294'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0294'><span class='label'>[20]</span></a> +<p> +Early in September, 1791. St. Clair had 2,000 men, fifty per cent +less than had been promised him by the war department.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0295' id='Footnote_0295'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0295'><span class='label'>[21]</span></a> +<p> +Fort Hamilton, a stockade with four bastions, was on the Big +Miami, 24 miles from Fort Washington (Cincinnati), on the site of the +present Hamilton, O. Fort Jefferson, built of logs laid horizontally, +was six miles south of the present Greenville, O. The army left Fort +Jefferson, October 24.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0296' id='Footnote_0296'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0296'><span class='label'>[22]</span></a> +<p> +The army then numbered 1,400 men, and was encamped at the +site of the present Fort Recovery, O., 55 miles away, as the crow flies, +from the head of the Maumee, the objective point of the expedition.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0297' id='Footnote_0297'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0297'><span class='label'>[23]</span></a> +<p> +He lay sick in his tent, when the action opened, but arose and +acted with remarkable courage throughout the fight. General Butler +was acting commandant while St. Clair was ill, and was credibly informed +by his scouts, the night before the battle, of the proximity of the +enemy. But he took no precautions against surprise, neither did he +communicate his news to his superior. Upon Butler’s head appears to +rest much of the blame for the disaster.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0298' id='Footnote_0298'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0298'><span class='label'>[24]</span></a> +<p> +The Americans lost 37 officers and 593 men, killed and missing, and +31 officers and 252 men, wounded. See <i>St. Clair Papers</i>, edited by William +Henry Smith (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1882), for official details +of the disaster. For Simon Girty’s part, consult Butterfield’s <i>History +of the Girtys, passim.</i>––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0299' id='Footnote_0299'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0299'><span class='label'>[25]</span></a> +<p> +St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington, on his return, November 8––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0300' id='Footnote_0300'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0300'><span class='label'>[26]</span></a> +<p> +This expedition under Gen. Charles Scott, one of the Kentucky +committee of safety, was made in June, 1791, against the Miami and +Wabash Indians. It was followed in August by a second expedition +under Gen. James Wilkinson. In the course of the second campaign, at +the head of 500 Kentuckians, Wilkinson laid waste the Miami village of +L’Anguille, killing and capturing 42 of the savages.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<p style='font-family: sans-serif; margin-top: 1.4em; font-size:smaller;'>Footnotes for Chapter 18</p> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0301' id='Footnote_0301'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0301'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p> +Drake, in <i>Aboriginal Races of North America</i> (15th ed.), p. 616, cites +the Waggoner massacre as “the first exploit in which we find Tecumseh +engaged.” L. V. McWhorter sends me this interesting note, giving the +local tradition regarding the affair: “John Waggoner lived on Jesse’s +Run, more than two miles above its junction with Hacker’s Creek. +While engaged in burning logs in his clearing, he was sitting upon a +log, with a handspike lying across his lap. It was thought that Tecumseh +mistook this tool for a gun, and was nervous. But three in number, +the Indians had entered the district with some trepidation. Over Sunday, +while the settlers were holding religious services in West’s Fort, +the savages lay in a neighboring ravine. The dogs of the settlement +barked furiously at them, and ran toward their hiding place, trying to +lead their masters; but the latter supposed that the animals had merely +scented wolves, hence paid no attention to them. Tecumseh was but +thirty paces from Waggoner when he fired, and it is singular that he +missed, for the latter was a large man and in fair view. Waggoner +sprang up and started for his cabin, a short distance only, but when +about fifteen yards away saw an Indian chasing one of the children +around the house. Waggoner was unarmed; his gun was in the house, +but he feared to enter, so ran for help to the cabin of Hardman, a +neighbor. But Hardman was out hunting, and there was no gun left +there. The screams of his family were now plainly heard by Waggoner, +and he was with difficulty restrained from rushing back to help +them, unarmed. Jesse Hughes carried the news into the fort, and a +rescue party at once set out. Mrs. Waggoner and her three youngest +children had been carried across the ridge to where is now Rev. Mansfield +McWhorter’s farm, on McKenley’s Run, and here they were tomahawked +and scalped. Henry McWhorter helped to carry the bodies to +the fort, but made no mention of their being ‘mangled in the most barbarous +and shocking manner.’” +</p><p> +The boy Peter, then eight years old, remained with the Indians +for twenty years. The manner of his return, as related to me by Mr. +McWhorter, was singular, and furnishes an interesting and instructive +romance of the border. One Baker, one of John Waggoner’s neighbors, +went to Ohio to “squat,” and on Paint Creek saw Peter with a band of +Indians, recognizing him by the strong family resemblance. Baker at +once wrote to the elder Waggoner, telling him of his discovery, and the +latter soon visited the Paint Creek band, with a view to inducing his +son to return home. But Peter was loth to go. He was united to a +squaw, and by her had two children. In tears, she bitterly opposed +his going. When finally he yielded to parental appeals, he promised her +he would soon be back again. When the time for his return to the +forest came, his relatives kept him under guard; when it had passed, +he was afraid to return to his Indian relatives, having broken his word. +Gradually he became reconciled in a measure to his new surroundings, +but was ever melancholy, frequently lamenting that he had left his +savage family. “Some time after his return to civilization,” continues +McWhorter, “an Indian woman, supposed to be his wife, passed +through the Hacker Creek settlements, inquiring for Peter, and going +on toward the East. She appeared to be demented, and sang snatches +of savage songs. Peter never knew of her presence, nor would any +one inform her of his whereabouts. He was reticent about his life +among the Indians, and no details of that feature of his career became +known to his white friends.” +</p><p> +Tecumseh, who is said to have been born on Hacker’s Creek, possibly +at a village near the mouth of Jesse’s Run, visited the white settlements +there, after the peace, and told the whites of his experiences +in connection with the Waggoner massacre.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0302' id='Footnote_0302'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0302'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p> +It must be acknowledged that many of these militia forays against +the Indians partook of the nature of buccaneering. The spoils were +often considerable. Clark, in his Kaskaskia campaign (1778), captured +so much booty, in property and slaves, that he declares his men were +made “almost rich.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0303' id='Footnote_0303'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0303'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p> +In the spring of 1792, Major Trueman, Colonel Hardin, and Mr. +Freeman were dispatched from Fort Washington by different routes, to +open peace negotiations, but they were murdered by the savages. Gen. +Rufus Putnam, aided by Hekewelder, the Moravian, succeeded in binding +the Wabash and Illinois Indians to keep the peace. Later, Benjamin +Lincoln, Timothy Pickering, and Beverly Randolph were ordered +by the president to go to the Maumee to conclude a general treaty which +Indians had declared their willingness to enter into. But the commissioners +were detained at Niagara by sham conferences with Gov. John +Graves Simcoe, of Canada, until the middle of July, when the Indians +sent them word that unless they would in advance “agree that the +Ohio shall remain the boundary between us,” the proposed “meeting +would be altogether unnecessary.” The commissioners declined to accept +this ultimatum, and returned home. Meanwhile, General Wayne +was prosecuting preparations for an active campaign against the hostiles.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0304' id='Footnote_0304'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0304'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p> +On a plain near the old French-Indian-English trading village, +called Logstown (just below the present Economy, Pa., on the north +side of the Ohio, 18 miles below Pittsburg), Wayne’s army lay encamped +from November, 1792, to April 30, 1793. The army was fancifully +called the “Legion of the United States,” and the camp was known +as Legionville. From here, Wayne proceeded to Cincinnati, and took +up his headquarters in Fort Washington.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0305' id='Footnote_0305'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0305'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p> +Fishing Creek enters the Ohio 128 miles below Pittsburgh. At its +mouth is now the town of New Martinsville, W. Va.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0306' id='Footnote_0306'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0306'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p> +This was an expedition made by Gen. James Wilkinson, second in +command under Wayne, in December, 1793. He marched to the field +from Fort Washington at the head of a thousand men, and left a garrison +at the new fort.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0307' id='Footnote_0307'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0307'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p> +McWhorter says that the capture of the Cozad boys took place at +the mouth of Lanson Run, near Berlin, W. Va. The boy who was +killed was but six years of age; crying for his mother, an Indian +grasped him by the heels and cracked his head against a tree,––a favorite +method of murdering white children, among Indian war parties. “Jacob +yelled once, after starting with the Indians, but was knocked down +by a gun in the hands of one of the savages. When he came to his senses, +a squaw was dragging him up hill by one foot. He remained with the +Indians for about two years, being adopted into a chief’s family. He +died in 1862, in his eighty-ninth year.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0308' id='Footnote_0308'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0308'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p> +Thirtieth of June.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0309' id='Footnote_0309'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0309'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p> +The white loss, in killed, was 22, including Major McMahon.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0310' id='Footnote_0310'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0310'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p> +The force started August 8. Besides the regulars, were about 1,100 +mounted Kentucky militia, under Gen. Charles Scott.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0311' id='Footnote_0311'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0311'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p> +Hence the popular name of the engagement, “Battle of Fallen +Timbers.”––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0312' id='Footnote_0312'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0312'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p> +Alexander McKee, the renegade, of whom mention has frequently +been made in foregoing pages.––R. G. T. +</p></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0313' id='Footnote_0313'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0313'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p> +Later authorities place the white loss at 107, killed and wounded.––R. +G. T. +</p></div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_431' name='page_431'></a>431</span></div> +<p style='text-align:center;margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;font-size:larger;'>INDEX.</p> +<div style='font-size:smaller'> +<p style='margin-left:0.5em; margin-right:0.0em; text-align:left'>Acosta, Father Joseph, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adair, James, <i>History of American Indians</i>, <a href='#page_17'>17-23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Adair, Maj., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Albermarle county, Va., <a href='#page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alexander, Archibald, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Alexander, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alexandria, O., old Shawneetown at, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alexandria, Va., <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_181'>181</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alleghany county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alleghany mountains, early Indians in, <a href='#page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>crossed by English, <a href='#page_63'>63-66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Alleghany river, early Indians on, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>discovered by Le Moyne, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French on, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Grant’s defeat, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Revolution, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Allen, –––, killed at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Almon, J., <i>Remembrancer</i>, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amherst county, Va., militia of, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Amherst, Jeffrey, orders Bouquet’s expedition, <a href='#page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Anderson, James, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Appalachas, Indian village, attacked by Narvaez, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Arbuckle, Matthew, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at murder of Cornstalk, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>commandant of Ft. Randolph, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Archæology. <i>See</i> Mound-builders.<br /> +<br /> +Archer, Betsy, daughter of Sampson, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Archer, Sampson, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Arkansas river, Salling at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Armstrong, Capt., on Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashcraft, Uriah, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_397'>397</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ashly, Lieut., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_332'>332</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Athol, Thomas, <a href='#page_93'>93</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Au Glaize river, treaty of, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wayne on, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#page_425'>425</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Augusta county, Va., formed, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlers in, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McDowell’s fight, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>ransom of Moores, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Preston’s <i>Register of Indian Depredations</i>, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>History of</i>, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bailey, –––, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bailey, Minter, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baker, –––, discovers Peter Waggoner, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baker, Henry, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baker, Joshua, murders Logan family, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148-150</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baker, William, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baker’s bottom, massacre of Indians at, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148-150</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bald Eagle, killed by whites, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barkley, Elihu, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barlow, Joel, agent of Scioto Co., <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bartlett’s run, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bath county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baxter’s run, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bean, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beard, Samuel, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bear Grass river, early settlements on, <a href='#page_274'>274</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Beaver, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beaver river, Shingiss Old Town, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Moravians on, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ft. McIntosh built, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty at Ft. McIntosh, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bedinger, George M., in Bowman’s campaign, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bedford county, Pa., <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in “Black boys” uprising, <a href='#page_112'>112-114</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bedford county, Va., <a href='#page_70'>70</a>; militia of, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bell, James, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Berkeley county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Berkeley, Sir William, fosters western exploration, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Berlin, W. Va., <a href='#page_290'>290</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray near, <a href='#page_421'>421</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Beverly, W. Va., origin of, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Big Beaver river. <i>See</i> Beaver.<br /> +<br /> +Big Bone creek, Clark at, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Big Bone lick, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Biggs, Benjamin, early settler, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_332'>332</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Big Hockhocking river. <i>See</i> Hockhocking.<br /> +<br /> +Big Kanawha river. <i>See</i> Great Kanawha.<br /> +<br /> +Big Knives. <i>See</i> Long Knives.<br /> +<br /> +Big lick, <a href='#page_162'>162</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Big Miami river. <i>See</i> Miami.<br /> +<br /> +Big Sandy river, in Shawnee campaign, <a href='#page_81'>81-86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Big Sewell mountain, origin of name, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bildercock, –––, militia officer, <a href='#page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bingamon creek, forays on, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_369'>369</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bird, Henry, attacks American borderers, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>beseiges Ft. Laurens, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>invades Kentucky, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#page_297'>297-300</a>, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Black Beard, Shawnee chief, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Black boys, border regulators, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attack Pennsylvania traders, <a href='#page_109'>109-116</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Black Fish, Shawnee chief, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#page_273'>273</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Black Hoof, Shawnee chief, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bledsoe, Anthony, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blevins, William, early settler, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blue licks, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone’s captivity, <a href='#page_265'>265-267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>battle of, <a href='#page_351'>351-354</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Blue ridge, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#page_100'>100</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early tribes of, <a href='#page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early explorations of, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden grant, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements beyond, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bluestone river, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy creek voyage, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boiling Springs, Ky., represented in Transylvania legislature, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bolivar, O., <a href='#page_261'>261</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bonnett, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boone county, N. Y., Delawares in, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boone, Daniel, on Holston, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142-144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>second trip (1773), <a href='#page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founds Boonesborough, <a href='#page_190'>190-197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captured by Indians, <a href='#page_265'>265-267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Chêne’s attack on Boonesborough, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#page_269'>269</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Paint creek expedition, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at battle of Blue licks, <a href='#page_351'>351-353</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boone, Mrs. Daniel, first white woman in Kentucky, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boone, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boone, Squire, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boonesborough, Ky., founded, <a href='#page_190'>190-197</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bowman’s arrival, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Boone’s captivity, <a href='#page_265'>265-267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Chêne’s attack on, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#page_270'>270</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#page_351'>351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth’s creek, origin of name, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Booth, James, early settler, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Borden, Benjamin, Sr., land-grant, <a href='#page_50'>50-54</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Borden, Benjamin, Jr., <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boshears, William, scouting service, <a href='#page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Botetourt county, Va., <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Holston settlement, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bouquet, Henry, campaign against Indians, <a href='#page_106'>106-109</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty with Indians, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bourbon county, Ky., <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bowman, James L., <a href='#page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bowman, John, campaign (1779), <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early defense of Kentucky, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Chillicothe expedition, <a href='#page_271'>271-274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>cited, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boyd, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_222'>222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bozarth, George, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#page_430'>430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bozarth, John, Sr., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#page_430'>430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bozarth, John, Jr., adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#page_430'>430</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bozarth, Mrs., adventures with Indians, <a href='#page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Braddock, Edward, campaign and defeat of, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Braddock, Pa., <a href='#page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Braddock’s road, history of, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brain, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brain, Benjamin, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#page_281'>281</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brain, Isaac, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#page_281'>281</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brain, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#page_281'>281</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brant, Joseph, Indian chief, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Braxton county, Va., Bulltown massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136-138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Breckenridge, Robert, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brenton, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bridger, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brinton, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brodhead, Daniel, expedition to Muskingum, <a href='#page_300'>300-305</a>, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>receives news from Moravians, <a href='#page_315'>315</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brooke county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays in, <a href='#page_380'>380</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brooks, Thomas, scout, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, –––, in New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Adam, Sr., imprisoned by Indians, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Adam, Jr., <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Coleman, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, James, chases Indians, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Brown, John, early hunter, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brown, Samuel, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brownsville, Pa. <i>See</i> Redstone.<br /> +<br /> +Bryan, William, companion of Boone, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bryant station, Ky., threatened by Bird, <a href='#page_296'>296</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>beseiged by Caldwell, <a href='#page_348'>348-351</a>, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#page_354'>354</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Buchanan, John, diary of, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buckhannon river, early settlements on, <a href='#page_117'>117-122</a>, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bulltown massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian forays on, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#page_340'>340</a>, <a href='#page_342'>342</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#page_428'>428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Buffalo creek, first settlement on, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian forays, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374-376</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Buffalo gap, Mackey’s settlement near, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buffington, Jonathan, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buffington, Mrs., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Buford, –––, captain in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulger, Maj., killed at Blue licks, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulgess, Adj., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_403'>403</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bull, Capt., killed by whites, <a href='#page_136'>136-138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bullitt, Thomas, in Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>surveys Connolly tract, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#page_72'>72</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bullock, Leonard Henley, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bulltown, Va., massacre of Delawares near, <a href='#page_136'>136-138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burd, James, at Redstone, <a href='#page_77'>77-79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burning Spring, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Burns, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bush, Adam, chases Indians, <a href='#page_397'>397</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bush, John, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_396'>396</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bush, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#page_397'>397</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bushy run, Bouquet’s fight on, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Mann, <i>Kentucky</i>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butler, Richard, treaty commissioner, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_401'>401-403</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Butler, Robert, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butterfield, Consul W., <i>Crawford’s Expedition Against Sandusky</i>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>History of the Girtys</i>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#page_404'>404</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Washington-Irvine Correspondence</i>, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cabell county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cahokia, Ill., founded by La Salle, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian mounds at, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captured by Clark, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Caldwell, William, expedition against Kentucky, <a href='#page_348'>348-354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +California, O., founded, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Calf Pasture river, in Pontiac war, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Callaway, Richard, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cameron, Charles, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cameron, Daniel, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, Arthur, militia officer, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, Capt., on Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_426'>426</a>, <a href='#page_427'>427</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, George, border poet, <a href='#page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, John, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Campbell, William, settles on Holston, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Camp Charlotte, Indian treaty at, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_176'>176-186</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Camp Union, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Canaan, Joseph, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_422'>422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Canestoga Indians, killed by Paxton boys, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Captina creek, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Revolution, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carder, William, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carlisle, Pa., trial of Smith, <a href='#page_113'>113-115</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Scotch-Irish at, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Carmichael’s, Pa., founded, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, Benjamin, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_414'>414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, Dr., captured by Indians, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, Jeremiah, <a href='#page_414'>414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, John, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, Nicholas, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carpenter, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carr’s creek, massacre on, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carver, –––, settles on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Carver, Jonathan, visits western Indians, <a href='#page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#page_24'>24</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Indian creek, <a href='#page_38'>38</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Casper’s lick, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Catawba Indians, early strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attack Delawares, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fought by McDowell, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Catawba river, early Indians on, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Patton’s settlement, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_98'>98</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Catholics (Roman), missionary efforts of, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Gallipolis, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>. <i>See</i> Jesuits.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cayahoga river, Delawares on, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cayuga Indians, strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cedar creek, early settlement on, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Champlain, Samuel de, founds Quebec, <a href='#page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charleston, S. C., <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Charlevoix, Father, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cheat river, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements on, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre of Indians on, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian forays on, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chêne, Isidore, attacks Boonesborough, <a href='#page_268'>268-270</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Indians, early strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>capture Salling, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Williamson among, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>visit Gov. Glen, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>opposition to Kentucky settlers, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>cession to Henderson, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chevrout, Joseph, relieves Carder, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chew, Colby, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chickamauga Indians, claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chickasaw Indians, early strength, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>cession to Henderson, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_403'>403-405</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Childers, William, settles on Youghiogheny, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chillicothe towns, Dyer’s captivity, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_187'>187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone’s captivity, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bowman’s expedition against, <a href='#page_271'>271-274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Piqua expedition, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#page_307'>307-309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian council at, <a href='#page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chillicothe (Old), Renick captivity, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hannah Dennis’s escape, <a href='#page_91'>91-93</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chillicothe (New), Hannah Dennis’s escape, <a href='#page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chippewa Indians, early strength, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fight Clark, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. McIntosh treaty, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Chiyawee, Wyandot chief, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Christian, William, in Cherokee campaign, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New-river foray, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cincinnati, Indian relics found in, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clark on site of, <a href='#page_306'>306</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>genesis of, <a href='#page_390'>390-393</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393-395</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#page_405'>405</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#page_423'>423</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Circleville, O., Indians mounds at, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clark, –––, on St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_402'>402</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clark, George, scout, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clark, George Rogers, on Indian mounds, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>arrival in Kentucky, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in early defense of Kentucky, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founds Louisville, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Illinois campaign, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_252'>252-255</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257-261</a>, <a href='#page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Piqua campaign, <a href='#page_305'>305-309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Shawnee campaign, <a href='#page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wabash campaign, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty commissioner, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Spanish conspiracy, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clark, John, ambushed by Indians, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clarke, Col., Pennsylvania militia officer, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#page_264'>264</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clarksburg, W. Va., <a href='#page_275'>275</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founded, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#page_342'>342</a>, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>miscellaneous forays near, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>, <a href='#page_397'>397</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clay, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clegg, –––, family captured by Indians, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Clendennin’s settlement, Hannah Dennis at, <a href='#page_93'>93</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre at, <a href='#page_93'>93-95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>family captured by Indians, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clinch river, first settlements on, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone on, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Henderson’s grant, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Coburn, Capt., chases Indians, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coburn’s creek, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cochran, Nathaniel, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#page_251'>251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cocke, William, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cohunnewago Indians, strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Colden, C., <i>Five Nations of New York</i>, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coleman, Moses, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_285'>285</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Columbia, O., founded, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Congo creek, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Connecticut, relinquishes Western land claim, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Connelly, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Connoly, Darby, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Connolly, John, agent of Dunmore, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179-181</a>, <a href='#page_188'>188</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>land claim at Louisville, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Conococheague valley, massacre in, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>a fur-trade centre, <a href='#page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#page_113'>113</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cooley, William, companion of Boone, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coomes, William, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coon, –––, daughter killed by Indians, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coonce, Mark, French trader, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cooper, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coplin, Benjamin, kills an Indian, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Corbly, John, attacked by Indiana, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Corn island, Clark at, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_294'>294</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at treaty of Camp Charlotte, <a href='#page_183'>183-186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>imprisoned at Ft. Randolph, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>murder of, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211-214</a>, <a href='#page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch of, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coshocton, O., <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coshocton, Indian village, Brodhead’s expedition against, <a href='#page_302'>302-305</a>, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_316'>316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cottrial, Andrew, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cottrial, Samuel, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#page_285'>285</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cowan, John, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Coward, –––, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cowpasture river, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cox, Joseph, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cozad, Jacob, Sr., sons killed by Indians, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cozad, Jacob, Jr., escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#page_421'>421</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Craig, Lieut., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Craig, James, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Craig’s creek, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crawford, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crawford, James, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crawford, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_331'>331</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crawford, William, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Sandusky campaign of, <a href='#page_328'>328-339</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Crawford, William (nephew of foregoing), killed by Indians, <a href='#page_331'>331</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cresap, Michael, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>accused by Logan, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cresap, Thomas, opens Braddock’s road, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crooked creek, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crooked run, Indian forays on, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cross creek, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cross, Thomas, Sr., <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crouch, James, wounded by Indians, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Crouse, Peter, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Culpeper county, Va., <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cumberland county, Pa., <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cumberland Gap, Walden’s trip, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone opens path, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cumberland, Md., Ohio Co.’s post at, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cumberland river, Walden’s trip, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explored by Smith, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone on, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Henderson’s purchase, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cundiff, –––, killed at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cunningham, Edward, fight with Indians, <a href='#page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#page_367'>367-370</a>, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cunningham, Robert, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cunningham, Thomas, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>family attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cunningham, Mrs. Thomas, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_367'>367-373</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Curl, Jeremiah, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#page_289'>289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Curner, –––, on Mad-river campaign, <a href='#page_387'>387</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cusick, David, <i>Ancient History of Six Nations</i>, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutright, Benjamin, early settler, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutright, John, Sr., early settler, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>murders Indians, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>wounded by Indians, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cutright, John, Jr., <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cutright, Peter, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#page_289'>289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Danville, Ky., origin of, <a href='#page_274'>274</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>convention at, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Davis, –––, settles on Holston, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Mrs., daughter of John Jackson, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davisson, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davisson, Daniel, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davisson, Josiah, brother of Nathaniel, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davisson, Nathaniel, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Davisson, Obadiah, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Decker, Thomas, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Decker’s creek, first settlement on, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Creve Cœurs, St. John, <i>Lettres</i>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Hass, Wills, <i>History of Indian Wars</i>, <a href='#page_222'>222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Huron, George, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Kalb, Baron, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Laet, John, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Delaware Indians, on Upper Ohio, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Catawbas, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Decker’s creek massacre, <a href='#page_77'>77-79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Seybert massacre, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96-99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bulltown massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136-138</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pontiac’s conspiracy, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ft. McIntosh treaty, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>subsequent foray, <a href='#page_371'>371</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_421'>421</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Delaware river, massacre on, <a href='#page_101'>101-104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Moraez, Emanuel, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Denman, Matthias, founds Cincinnati, <a href='#page_390'>390-392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dennis, Hannah, imprisoned by Indians, <a href='#page_89'>89-93</a>, <a href='#page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dennis, Joseph, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Denton, –––, assists Mrs. Cunningham, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Denton, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Deny, William, coroner of Bedford, <a href='#page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Peyster, Arent Schuyler, commandant at Detroit, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>.<br /> +<br /> +De Soto, Ferdinand, discovers Mississippi, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#page_8'>8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Detroit, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian villages near, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>under French domination, <a href='#page_72'>72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Logan at, <a href='#page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Connolly at, <a href='#page_181'>181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone at, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>English headquarters during Revolution, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>English machinations at, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>arrival of peace news, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +De Villiers, defeats Washington, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>destroys Redstone fort, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dickinson, John, in Dunmore’s war. <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dillon, –––, killed at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dillon, Mrs., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dinwiddie, Robert, governor of Virginia, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>authorizes Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#page_84'>84</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Papers</i>, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dix, Webster, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dodd, Ensign, on Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doddridge, John, early settler, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doddridge, Joseph, <i>Notes on the Settlements</i>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>MS. of, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Donelson, Col., runs Indian boundary, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Donnelly, Andrew, beseiged by Indians, <a href='#page_242'>242-245</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>repulses them, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dorman, Timothy, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_340'>340</a>, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>turns renegade, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#page_342'>342</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dougherty, Daniel, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dougherty, Mrs., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Doughty, Maj., builds Ft. Washington, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Douglas, James, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dragging Canoe, Cherokee chief, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dragoo, Mrs., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drake, Lieut., on Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drake, Lieut.-col., on St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_402'>402</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drake, Samuel G., <i>Aboriginal Races of North America</i>, <a href='#page_409'>409</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Draper, Lyman C., historical notes by, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50-53</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57-60</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85-88</a>, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#page_106'>106-108</a>, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>interviews Salling’s descendants, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on aboriginal claims to Kentucky, <a href='#page_193'>193-195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>cited, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Drinnon, Thomas, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#page_293'>293</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drinnon, Lawrence, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Duke, Francis, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_359'>359</a>, <a href='#page_360'>360</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunbar, Pa., settled by Gist, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunkard bottom, settled, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre on, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dunkard creek, a war trail, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>:<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settled on, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dunkards, early settlements by, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre of, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dunkin, John, militia officer, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dunlap, James, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dunlap creek, first settlement on, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dunmore, Lord, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_135'>135-190</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>opposes Henderson’s purchase, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Du Pratz, Le Page, <i>History of Louisiana</i>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Durrett, Reuben T., <i>Centenary of Louisville</i>, <a href='#page_294'>294</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dutch, introduce African slavery, <a href='#page_10'>10</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New York, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dyer, James, imprisoned by Indians, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +East Meadows, Braddock at, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eckarly family, early settlers, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Eckarly, Thomas, Dunkard pioneer, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre of his brother, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Economy, Pa., <a href='#page_413'>413</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ecuyer, Simeon, under Bouquet. <a href='#page_107'>107</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Edwards, David, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Edwards, William, Moravian missionary, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Elk creek, in Caldwell’s invasion, <a href='#page_351'>351</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Elk river, origin of name, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlement on, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Stroud massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_414'>414</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Elk’s Eye creek. <i>See</i> Muskingum.<br /> +<br /> +Ellinipsico, Cornstalk’s son, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211-213</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Elliott, Matthew, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_189'>189</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacks Wheeling, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>encourages forays, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ellis, Franklin, <i>History of Fayette Co.</i>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +English, territorial claims of, <a href='#page_1'>1-5</a>, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>emigration to Virginia, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first occupation of the Ohio, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>struggle for Forks of Ohio, <a href='#page_64'>64-74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s campaign, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_69'>69-73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bouquet’s expedition, <a href='#page_106'>106-109</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134-190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bird’s invasion, <a href='#page_294'>294-300</a>, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#page_337'>337</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Caldwell’s invasion, <a href='#page_348'>348-354</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>second seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>encourage forays on American borderers, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_207'>207-210</a>, <a href='#page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>, <a href='#page_425'>425-427</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Episcopalians, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Lord, land-grant of, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia officer, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fairfield, Va., settled, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fallen Timbers, battle of, <a href='#page_425'>425-428</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Falling Spring, Va., <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Falls of Ohio. <i>See</i> Louisville.<br /> +<br /> +Fauquier county, Va., <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fauquier, governor of Virginia, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fayette county, Pa., settled, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia from, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fayette county, W. Va., <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fayetteville, N. C., <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Field, John, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_159'>159-161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Files. <i>See</i> Foyle, Robert.<br /> +<br /> +Files creek, first settlement on, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Files family, massacre of, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Filson, John, partner of Denman, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Boone’s Narrative</i>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fincastle county, Va., <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Preston as surveyor, <a href='#page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Findlay, John, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142-144</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fink, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_340'>340</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fink, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fink, Henry, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fink’s run, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fish creek, a war trail, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clark at, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fishing creek, foray on, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>garrison on, <a href='#page_417'>417</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fitzpatrick, John, on Bullitt’s survey. <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fleming, William, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167-170</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flesher, Henry, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Floyd, John, Kentucky surveyor, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Diary of</i>, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>builds fort at Louisville, <a href='#page_294'>294</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Piqua campaign, <a href='#page_307'>307</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Florida, discovered by Spanish, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#page_8'>8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Folebaum, George, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Folke, George, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fontaine, Maj., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_395'>395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Forbes, John, campaign against Ft. Du Quesne, <a href='#page_69'>69-73</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_190'>190</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fordyce, Capt., <a href='#page_72'>72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Foreman, William, defeated by Indians, <a href='#page_228'>228-230</a>, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Bedford, in “Black boys” uprising, <a href='#page_112'>112-114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Bolling, during Revolution, <a href='#page_226'>226</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Boone, seat of Henderson colony, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Buckhannon, during Revolution, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Burd. <i>See</i> Redstone.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Bush, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Casinoe, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Coburn, during Revolution, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Crevecœur, built by La Salle, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>; Salling at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Cumberland, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Dickenson, massacre of children, <a href='#page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Dinwiddie, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New-river foray, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Du Quesne, erected, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s expedition, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_69'>69-73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>destroyed, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>.</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Pittsburg.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Fincastle. <i>See</i> Wheeling.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Finney, built, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty of, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Frederick, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Frontenac, built by La Salle, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Gower, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Greenville. <i>See</i> Greenville, O.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Hadden, during Revolution, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Hamilton, built by St. Clair, <a href='#page_401'>401</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Henry. <i>See</i> Wheeling.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Holliday, during Revolution, <a href='#page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#page_227'>227</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Jackson, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Jefferson (Ky.), built by Clark, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Jefferson (O.), built by St. Clair, <a href='#page_401'>401-403</a>, <a href='#page_405'>405</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Laurens, during Revolution, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261-265</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Le Bœuf, Washington at, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Ligonier, in Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Littleton, in French and Indian war, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Loudon, in “Black boys” uprising, <a href='#page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#page_111'>111</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort McIntosh, built, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty of, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Martin, during Revolution, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Massac, Clark at, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Miami, Indian villages near, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Necessity, Washington’s defeat at, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Nutter, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Pitt. <i>See</i> Pittsburg.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Pleasant, Eckarly at, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Powers, during Revolution, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Pricket, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#page_279'>279</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Randolph. <i>See</i> Point Pleasant.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Recovery, <a href='#page_401'>401</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>built by Wilkinson, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Richards, during Revolution, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Sackville. <i>See</i> Vincennes.<br /> +<br /> +Fort St. Joseph, Indian villages near, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Seybert, massacre at, <a href='#page_87'>87-89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Shepherd, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Stradler, during Revolution, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#page_250'>250</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Stanwix, treaty of, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Washington. <i>See</i> Cincinnati.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Wells, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort West, during Revolution, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays against, <a href='#page_287'>287-290</a>, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Westfall, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Wilson, during Revolution, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fort Young, Hannah Dennis at, <a href='#page_93'>93</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fox river, explored by French, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Foyle, Robert, settles on Files’s creek, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre of family, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin county, Pa., <a href='#page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Franklin, W. Va., <a href='#page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frederick county, Va., established, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden manor, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Freeman, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freeman, Mrs., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Freeman’s creek, forays on, <a href='#page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +French in America, territorial claims, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early explorations, <a href='#page_4'>4-6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>occupy Upper Ohio, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>ransom Salling, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>conflict with Ohio Co., <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Muskingum, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>:</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Scioto, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s campaign, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_69'>69-73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French and Indian war, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>found Gallipolis, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>make peace with England, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#page_120'>120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in attack on Boonesborough, <a href='#page_268'>268-270</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>relations with Clark, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +French creek, Smith’s expedition to, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +French lick, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Friedensstadt, Pa., Moravian village, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Friend, Joseph, chases Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frothingham, Lieut., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_395'>395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fry, Col., in Braddock’s army, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fullenwieder, Peter, defends Rice’s fort, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fur trade, tribal barter, <a href='#page_34'>34</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Winchester, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden’s trade, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>of Ohio Co., <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Scioto, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French and English rivalry, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_139'>139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Findlay’s adventures, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>of Dunkards, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Gibson’s, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>“Black-boys” trouble, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#page_109'>109-116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Simpson’s adventures, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Pringle’s fort, <a href='#page_120'>120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McKee’s, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in W. Va., <a href='#page_361'>361</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Furrenash, Charles, children killed by Indians, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gaddis, Thomas, on Sandusky campaign, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gage, Thomas, confers with Connolly, <a href='#page_181'>181</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gallatin, Albert, founds Geneva, W. Va., <a href='#page_117'>117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gallipolis, founded by French, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Game, pioneers as hunters, <a href='#page_131'>131</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Kentucky, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Valley of Virginia, <a href='#page_119'>119-122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Tygart’s valley, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in West Virginia, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Garcia, Gregorio, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gates, Horatio, at Saratoga, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gatliff, Charles, fights Indians, <a href='#page_244'>244</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gauley river. <a href='#page_57'>57</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Stroud massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Genêt, Edmund Charles, commissions Clark, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Geneva, W. Va., founded, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>.<br /> +<br /> +George, Robert, attacks James Smith, <a href='#page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +George’s creek, Pringle settlement, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>murder of Bald Eagle, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Georgia, early slavery in, <a href='#page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#page_10'>10</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Tecumseh’s conspiracy, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Germans, at Gallipolis. <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gibson, Col. John, at Fort Pitt, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>expert swordsman, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>commands Ft. Laurens, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261-265</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, John, family captured by Indians, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Giles county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gilmore, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Girty, George and James, renegades, <a href='#page_178'>178</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Girty, Simon, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#page_189'>189</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>not at Wheeling seige, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#page_231'>231</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#page_350'>350-353</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>subsequent forays, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s defeat, <a href='#page_404'>404</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gist, Christopher, visits Shingiss, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>trip down Ohio, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settles Fayette Co., Pa., <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Glass, –––, family attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_380'>380</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Glenn, –––, governor of South Carolina, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Glum, Mrs., at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gnadenhütten, Moravian village, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sacked by whites, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#page_321'>321-327</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gnatty creek, foray on, <a href='#page_382'>382</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goff, John, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goldsby, –––, killed at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gooch, Sir William, grants Borden manor, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gordon, Capt, killed at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Goschocking. <i>See</i> Coshocton.<br /> +<br /> +Graham, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grand Portage, Carver at, <a href='#page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grand river. <i>See</i> Ottawa.<br /> +<br /> +Grant, James, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defeated by Indians, <a href='#page_68'>68-73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in “Blackboys” uprising, <a href='#page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#page_111'>111</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grave creek, Indian mounds on, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlement on, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Foreman’s defeat, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grayson county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Great bridge, Va., defeat of Fordyce, <a href='#page_72'>72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greathouse, Daniel, murders Logan’s family, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Great Kanawha river, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling on, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>discovered by Wood, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandycreek voyage, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Hannah Dennis’s escape, <a href='#page_93'>93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Squire Boone on, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_159'>159-161</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164-167</a>, <a href='#page_169'>169-174</a>, <a href='#page_178'>178</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Hand’s expedition, <a href='#page_209'>209-211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_291'>291-292</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>salines of, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Great Meadows. Washington at, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Great Miami river. <i>See</i> Miami.<br /> +<br /> +Great Sandy river, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Green, George, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Green river, Henderson’s grant on, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early surveys, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlements, <a href='#page_274'>274</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Green, Thomas M., <i>Spanish Conspiracy</i>, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greenbrier county, W. Va., <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Shawnee attack (1755), <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clendennin massacre, <a href='#page_93'>93-95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia from, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>emigrants from, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays into, <a href='#page_242'>242-245</a>, <a href='#page_291'>291-293</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greenbrier river, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explored, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>origin of name, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Loyal Co.’s grant, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements on, <a href='#page_56'>56-59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Lewis on, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Pontiac’s war, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Greenlee, Mary, enters land on Borden manor, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Greenville, O., Ft. Hamilton built, <a href='#page_401'>401</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty at, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#page_430'>430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Gregg, Mrs., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grenadier Squaw, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. Randolph, <a href='#page_242'>242</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Mad-river campaign, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Grigsby; Charles, family killed by Indians, <a href='#page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grim, John, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grollon, Father, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grundy, Felix, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Grundy, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gunn, Catharine, imprisoned by Indians, <a href='#page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Gwinnett, Button, killed by McIntosh, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hacker, John, settles on Buckhannon, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>daughter wounded by Indians, <a href='#page_378'>378-380</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hacker, Mrs., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hacker, William, early hunter, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>murders Indians, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hacker’s creek, Indian relics on, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>origin of name, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlement on, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bulltown massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killing of Hughes and Lowther, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Waggoner massacre, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>miscellaneous forays on, <a href='#page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#page_287'>287-290</a>, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>, <a href='#page_382'>382</a>, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hadden, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hadden, John, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hagerstown, Md., <a href='#page_361'>361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hagle, Michael, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Haldimand, Sir Frederick, English general-in-chief, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Half King, Wyandot chief, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hall, Capt., murders Cornstalk, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hall, James, <i>Sketches of the West</i>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hall, Minor C., <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, –––, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Capt., chases Indians. <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Henry, English lieutenant-governor, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>encourages Indian forays, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#page_269'>269</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacks Clark, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captured by Clark, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#page_259'>259-261</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Miss, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hammond, Philip, scouting adventure, <a href='#page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#page_243'>243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hampden Sydney College, Va., <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hampshire county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia from, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hamtramck, J. F., on Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_401'>401</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hancock, William, escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hand, Edward, commands Ft. Pitt. <a href='#page_209'>209-211</a>, <a href='#page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>MS. of, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Handsucker, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hangard. <i>See</i> Redstone.<br /> +<br /> +Hanover county, Va., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Haptonstall, Abraham, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harbert, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_233'>233</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hardin county, Ky., origin of name, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hardin, John, early Kentucky settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hardman, –––, of Hacker’s creek, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hardy county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hargus, John, kills an Indian, <a href='#page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#page_155'>155</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harlan, Silas, in Bowman’s campaign, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harland, Maj., killed at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harmar, Josiah, at treaty of Ft. McIntosh, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>occupies Ft. Washington, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>campaign of, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#page_393'>393-395</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harpold, Nicholas, kills Indians, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, –––, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Benjamin, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>governor of Virginia, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Burr, rescued by Logan, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison county, W. Va., <a href='#page_373'>373</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first sheriff of, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays in, <a href='#page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#page_369'>369</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, S. R., cited, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_331'>331</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrison, William H., defeats Tecumseh, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrod, James, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founds Harrodsburg, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>prominence as a pioneer, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harrod, Samuel, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harrod, William, with Clark, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Bowman’s campaign, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_273'>273</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Harrodsburg, Ky., founded, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>represented in Transylvania legislature, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_200'>200-202</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clark’s defense of, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settlers’ council at, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hart, David, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hart, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191-193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hart, Thomas, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hartley, Cecil B., <i>Life of Wetzel</i>, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hartshorn, –––, ensign in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captain with Wayne, <a href='#page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Haymond, John, chases Indians, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hayward, John, <i>History of Tennessee</i>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hazard, Samuel, <i>U. S. Register</i>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heavener, Nicholas, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Heckewelder, John G., Moravian missionary, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>peace commissioner, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Narrative</i>, <a href='#page_325'>325</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hedgman river, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hellen, Thomas, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#page_157'>157</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Helms, Leonard, holds Vincennes, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#page_260'>260</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Archibald, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Nathaniel, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Richard, founds Transylvania, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_191'>191-196</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_191'>191-193</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Leonard, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hennepin, Father Louis, French explorer, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henry county, Va., <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Henry, Patrick, governor of Virginia, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Herbert, William, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hickenbotham, Capt., attacks Indians, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hickman, Adam, Jr., <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hickman, Sotha, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hill, Richard, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hinkstone, –––, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hite, Isaac, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hockhocking river, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indians raided on, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hockingport, O., founded, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hogan, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hogg, James, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hogg, Peter, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81-85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hogg, William, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hoggin, –––, of St. Asaph’s, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holden, Joseph, companion of Boone, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holder, John, in Bowman’s campaign, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holder’s station, Ky., during Caldwell’s invasion, <a href='#page_349'>349</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hollis, John, Indian spy, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holmes, John, informs against James Smith, <a href='#page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holston, Stephen, settles on Holston, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Holston river, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>; first settlements on, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Holston settlements, militia of, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Harrod at, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone at, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Logan at, <a href='#page_204'>204-206</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Mrs. Cunningham at, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hornbeck, Benjamin, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hornbeck, Mrs., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horse Shoe bottom, settled, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horton, Joshua, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Howard, John, companion of Salling, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hudson, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Charles, chases Indians, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Elias, scouting service, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fights Indians, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Jesse, early hunter, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>chases Indians, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#page_378'>378</a>, <a href='#page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>services at Ft. West, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>scouting service, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>daughter captured by Indians, <a href='#page_377'>377-380</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>character, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hughes, Thomas, early settler, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defense of borderers, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hughey, Joseph, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hull, Samuel, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Huron Indians, possible origin of, <a href='#page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Husted, Gilbert, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hutchins, Thomas, geographer, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Iberville. Lemoyne d’, finds Mississippi, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ice, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Illinois, early French in, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clark’s expedition to, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_252'>252-255</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Illinois Indians, claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>agree to keep peace, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ingles, Capt., on New-river campaign, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Indian creek, foray on, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Indian Short creek, <a href='#page_380'>380</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>, <a href='#page_415'>415</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Indians, origin of, <a href='#page_12'>12-27</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>beliefs, customs and traditions, <a href='#page_17'>17-43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forest commerce, <a href='#page_34'>34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>prehistoric remains, <a href='#page_39'>39-43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>intimacy with French, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>relations with Spanish, <a href='#page_7'>7-9</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>claims to Kentucky reviewed, <a href='#page_193'>193-195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>relations with first settlers, <a href='#page_129'>129-133</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Christian missions among, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>.</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> the several tribes.</span><br /> +<br /> +Iroquois Indians, supposed origin of, <a href='#page_44'>44</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>oppose French on Ohio, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Easton treaty, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. Stanwix treaty, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Irvine, William, releases Moravians, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian campaign of, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Isaac’s creek, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ivens, Sally, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, –––, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_289'>289</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson county, O., <a href='#page_175'>175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson county, W. Va., <a href='#page_137'>137</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Edward, early settler, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, George, early settler, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defends Buckhannon, <a href='#page_342'>342</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>chases Indians, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, John, early settler, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Ned J., <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jackson’s river, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hannah Dennis on, <a href='#page_93'>93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Pontiac war, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +James, Enoch, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>.<br /> +<br /> +James river, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling on, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlements on, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McDowell’s fight, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden’s grant, <a href='#page_50'>50-53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_89'>89-91</a>, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson county, W.Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#page_26'>26</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Indian mounds, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>“improves” Logan’s speech, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Notes on Virginia</i>, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jesuits, early missions to Indians, <a href='#page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>:<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Relations</i>, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Jew, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Jew, Sally, imprisoned by Indians, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, –––, thought to have been killed by James Smith, <a href='#page_113'>113-115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Henry and John, escape from Indians, <a href='#page_415'>415-417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Richard M., <a href='#page_348'>348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Robert, arrives in Kentucky, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, William, family massacred by Indians, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>, <a href='#page_382'>382</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Sir William, British Indian superintendent, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Johnston, William, of Transylvania, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Judah, Henry, kills Indians, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Juggins, Elizabeth, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Juggins, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Juniata river, <a href='#page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kanawha county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kaskaskia, Ill., <a href='#page_294'>294</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founded by La Salle, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling at, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clark’s capture of, <a href='#page_253'>253-255</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kate (negress), at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Keeney’s knob, massacre at, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kekionga, Miami village, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kellar, Isaac, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kelly, Tady, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kelly, Walter, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_159'>159-161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kennedy, John, wounded by Indians, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kenton, Simon, border scout, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>arrival in Kentucky, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kentucky, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian antiquities in, <a href='#page_43'>43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>exploration by Salling, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Bullitt, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Walker, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Smith, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Findlay, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Boone, <a href='#page_142'>142-145</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Stone, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian claims to, <a href='#page_193'>193-195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Connolly’s survey, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements in, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early land jobbing, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Harrodsburg founded, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian opposition to first settlers, <a href='#page_140'>140-142</a>, <a href='#page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_200'>200-208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>character of pioneers, <a href='#page_197'>197-200</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>rapid increase of population, <a href='#page_274'>274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191-196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early missions, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Spanish conspiracy, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>state convention, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kentucky river, Boone on, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Harrod on, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Catawbas on, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Henderson’s</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>purchase. <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Kercheval, Samuel, <i>History of Valley of Virginia</i>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kersey, Lieut. [Kearsey, John], builds at Columbia. <a href='#page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kettle, Richard, chases Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Killbuck, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kimberlain, Jacob, escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +King, Thomas, Iroquois chief, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kinnikinnick creek, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kiskepila. <i>See</i> Little Eagle.<br /> +<br /> +Kittanning, in Hand’s expedition, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Knight, John, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_332'>332-335</a>, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Knoxville, Tenn., <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kuhn, Abraham, Wyandot chief, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Kuydendall, Capt., in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lackey, Thomas, warns settlers, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lake Cayuga, early Indians on, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lake Erie, Catawbas on, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lake Michigan, early French on, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lancaster, Pa., massacre of Canestogas, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty of, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Land claims, Loyal Co., <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Lord Fairfax, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden manor, <a href='#page_50'>50-53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ohio Co., <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pittsylvania, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Virginia military warrants, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191-196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Connolly, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early Kentucky jobbers, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>“tomahawk rights,” <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian attitude toward, <a href='#page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>commissioners killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>post-Revolutionary military warrants, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ohio Co. of Associates, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Scioto Co., <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Miami purchase, <a href='#page_390'>390-392</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lane, Lalph, attempts western exploration, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Langlade, Charles, at Braddock’s defeat, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +L’Anguille, Miami village, <a href='#page_407'>407</a>.<br /> +<br /> +La Salle, Chevalier, explorations of, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at falls of Ohio, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lanson run, <a href='#page_421'>421</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Laurel hills, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explored by Walden, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Cresap, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Boone, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lawless, Henry, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leading creek, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#page_428'>428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lederer, John, on Blue ridge, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee. Arthur, treaty commissioner, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lee county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leet, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, <a href='#page_330'>330</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leffler, George, early settler, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defends Rice’s fort, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Leffler, Jacob, Jr., defends Rice’s fort, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Legget, George, lost in Indian foray, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Le Moyne, Father, discovers Alleghany, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, –––, escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_422'>422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Andrew, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explores Greenbrier, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_68'>68-73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81-83</a>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164-168</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174-176</a>, <a href='#page_178'>178-183</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Journal</i>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Charles, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Pontiac’s war, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#page_166'>166-168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>death, <a href='#page_168'>168-171</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Journal</i>, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lewis county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, John (<a href='#page_1'>1</a>), father of Andrew, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_62'>62</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explores Greenbrier, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settles Augusta, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, John (<a href='#page_2'>2</a>), scalped by Indians, <a href='#page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, John, Jr., with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Margaret, wife of John (<a href='#page_1'>1</a>), <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Samuel, defends Greenbrier, <a href='#page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Thomas, son of John (<a href='#page_1'>1</a>), <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, William, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lewisburgh, W. Va., founded, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_244'>244</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre near, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lexington, Ky., <a href='#page_271'>271</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founded, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_274'>274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>threatened by Bird, <a href='#page_296'>296-298</a>, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Caldwell’s invasion, <a href='#page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#page_351'>351</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Licking river, Thompson’s surveys, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlements on, <a href='#page_274'>274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone’s captivity, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bird’s invasion, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#page_298'>298</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Piqua campaign, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#page_307'>307</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Caldwell’s invasion, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>other Revolutionary happenings, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_352'>352</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lichtenau, Moravian village, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Limestone creek, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Benjamin, peace commissioner, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lineback, –––, <i>Relation</i>, <a href='#page_324'>324</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Linn, John, in defense of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#page_358'>358</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Linn, William, at Foreman’s defeat, <a href='#page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Linsey, Joseph, settles on Youghiogheny, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little Carpenter, a Cherokee, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little Eagle, Mingo chief, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little Kenawha river, Bulltown massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136-138</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>miscellaneous forays on, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Little Meadow creek, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little Meadows, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little Miami river, Shawnees on, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone on, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_273'>273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Symmes’s land-grant on, <a href='#page_390'>390-392</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_400'>400-405</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Little Saluda river, Holston on, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Little Sewell mountain, origin of name, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lochaber, treaty of, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lockard, Patrick, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lockport, O., <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lockridge, –––, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Locust Grove, Ky., <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Logan, Ann, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Logan, Benjamin, builds Logan’s station, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in seige thereof, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#page_202'>202-207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Bowman’s campaign, <a href='#page_271'>271-273</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Piqua campaign, <a href='#page_306'>306</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_351'>351-354</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Shawnee campaign, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Miami campaign, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_204'>204</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Logan county, O., <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Logan county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Logan, Mingo chief, massacre of family, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148-150</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacks whites, <a href='#page_155'>155-158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>speech of, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Logan’s station, Ky., founded, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>represented in Transylvania legislature, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#page_202'>202-208</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Logstown, old trading post, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Dyer’s captivity, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty at, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Long, –––, assists Mrs. Cunningham, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +“Long Knives,” origin of term, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#page_80'>80</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>use of, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#page_406'>406</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Looney’s creek, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pringle settlement on, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Losantiville, origin of name, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>.<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Cincinnati.</span><br /> +<br /> +Loss creek, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lost creek, foray on, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Louisa Company, settles Kentucky, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Louisiana, founded, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French in, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Spanish in, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Louisville, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Iroquois defeat Shawnees, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>La Salle at, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Findlay at, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone at, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>surveyed by Bullitt, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founded by Clark, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>threatened by Bird, <a href='#page_294'>294</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Clark’s Wabash expedition, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Literary News-Letter</i>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Love, Philip, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowdermilk, Will H., <i>History of Cumberland</i>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowther, Jonathan, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowther, Robert, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lowther, William, militia officer, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#page_128'>128</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>chases Indians, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Loyal Company, land grant on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Loyal Hanna river, in Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ludlow, Israel, partner of Denman, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Luttsell, John, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynn, Jane, marries Hugh Paul and David Stuart, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lynn, Margaret, wife of John Lewis, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lytle, William, on Mad-river campaign, <a href='#page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McBride, Capt., killed at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClannahan, Robert, killed at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClelland, John, on Sandusky campaign, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClelland’s station, Ky., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McClure, Mrs., captured by Indians, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCollum, John, in New-river foray, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCulloch, William, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCullough family, early settlers, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCullough, Maj., at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McCullough, Miss, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McDonald, Angus, Wapatomica expedition, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153-155</a>, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McDowell, Ephraim, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McDowell, James, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McDowell, John, early settler, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McDowell, Thomas, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McFeeters, Jeremiah, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McGary, Maj., of St. Asaph’s, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_352'>352</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Mad-river campaign, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McGary, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McGuire, Maj., wounds an Indian, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McIntire, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, Lachlan, commandant at Pittsburgh, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#page_300'>300</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>expedition against Sandusky, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McIver, Hugh, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mack, John, family massacred by Indians, <a href='#page_382'>382</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKee, Alexander, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_189'>189</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>ransoms Mrs. Cunningham, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>encourages forays, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>property destroyed by Wayne, <a href='#page_426'>426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McKee, Capt., commandant at Ft. Randolph, <a href='#page_241'>241-243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKee, William, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKenley’s run, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mackey, John, early settler, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mackinaw, in Tecumseh’s conspiracy, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Chippewa villages near, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McKinley, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_333'>333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McKnight, Charles, <i>Our Western Border</i>, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McLain, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMahon, Maj., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_423'>423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMahon’s creek, <a href='#page_162'>162</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMechen, James, a Wheeling settler, <a href='#page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McMurtry, Capt., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_395'>395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McNutt, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Revolution, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Journal</i>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McWhorter, Henry, early settler, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McWhorter, J. M., <a href='#page_288'>288</a>.<br /> +<br /> +McWhorter, L. V., cited, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#page_278'>278</a>, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#page_340'>340</a>, <a href='#page_368'>368-371</a>, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_409'>409-411</a>, <a href='#page_421'>421</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +McWhorter, Mansfield, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mad river, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Logan’s campaign to, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mahoning creek, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Manear, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mann’s lick, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marietta, O., the Scioto purchase, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settled by Ohio Co., <a href='#page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>cattle supply attacked, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Marion county, W. Va., <a href='#page_279'>279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marks, Lieut., on Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marquette, Father James, discovers Mississippi, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marshall, James, militia officer, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin, –––, settles on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin, –––, in seige of St. Asaph’s, <a href='#page_204'>204</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin, Gov., opposes Henderson’s purchase, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin, Jesse, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin, William, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Martin’s station, Ky., sacked by Bird, <a href='#page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#page_298'>298</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defended, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Martinsville, Va., <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maryland, emigrants from, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mason county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mason, Samuel, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_221'>221-224</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Massachusetts, relinquishes Western land claim, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Massawomee Indians, in West Virginia, <a href='#page_44'>44</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Matthew, John, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Matthews, George, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Matthews, John, with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Matthews, Maj., <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maumee Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maumee river, Mrs. Cunningham on, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_401'>401</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>peace commissioners sent to, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_424'>424-426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Maury, Thomas, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maxwell, Audley, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maxwell, William, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +May, John, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Maysville, Ky., <a href='#page_348'>348</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Meadow river, <a href='#page_242'>242</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Merrill, John, wounded by Indians, <a href='#page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#page_406'>406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Merrill, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_406'>406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Myers, R. C. V., <i>Life of Wetzel</i>, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miami Indians, early strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Renick captivity, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>operate against Clark, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393-395</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_400'>400-405</a>:</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>raided by Scott, <a href='#page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Miami river, Indians on, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Renick captivity, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Clark’s campaign, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>arrival of peace news, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>military land-claims on, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Logan’s campaign on, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaty of Ft. Finney, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Symmes’s land-grant on, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393-395</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_400'>400-405</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Michael, Lieut., on Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_424'>424</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Michillimackinac, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>.<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Mackinaw.</span><br /> +<br /> +Middle Island creek, foray on, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Delaware river), <a href='#page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Ft. Coburn), <a href='#page_249'>249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Miller, Jacob, defends Ft. Rice, <a href='#page_361'>361</a>, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mills, Thomas, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>, <a href='#page_339'>339</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Minear, John, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mingo Bottom, Indian village at, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Moravian expedition, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Crawford’s campaign, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#page_329'>329</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mingo Indians, on Upper Ohio, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Decker’s-creek massacre, <a href='#page_77'>77-79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96-99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre of Logan’s family, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148-150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Logan’s forays, <a href='#page_155'>155-158</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Dunmore’s war generally, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mingo Junction, O.<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Mingo Bottom.</span><br /> +<br /> +Missions among Kentucky and Tennessee Indians, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Catholics and Moravians.</span><br /> +<br /> +Missasago Indians, in St. Clair’s campaign, <a href='#page_404'>404</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mississippi river, <a href='#page_255'>255</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>territorial claims in basin of, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French on, <a href='#page_5'>5-7</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Spanish on, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling on, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Holston on, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Chickasaws on, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Tecumseh’s conspiracy, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Cornstalk’s knowledge of, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, John, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moffett, Capt., ambuscaded, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mohican Indians, in King Philip’s war, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moluntha, Shawnee chief, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monday, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_293'>293</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monongahela river, <a href='#page_73'>73-75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early Indians on, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French on, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s defeat, <a href='#page_67'>67-69</a>, <a href='#page_72'>72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Grant’s defeat, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Gist’s settlement, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pringle settlement, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>other early settlements, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>. <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia from, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>, <a href='#page_414'>414</a>, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Monongalia county, W.Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays in, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Monroe county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, Col., companion of Clark, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montgomery county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monteur, –––, family massacred, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Monticello, Va., <a href='#page_253'>253</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Montour, John, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mooney, James, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>companion of Boone, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Moore, –––, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, Andrew, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Moore, James, Sr., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, James, Jr., captured by Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, Jane, burned by Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, Mrs. John, burned by Indians, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, Lieut., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moore, Mary, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moorefield, W. Va., founded, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moorehead, –––, Youghiogheny settler, <a href='#page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moravians, missionaries and Indians, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>give information to Hand, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>visited by Brodhead, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>villages sacked by whites, <a href='#page_313'>313-327</a>, <a href='#page_340'>340</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>historical sketch, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Morgan county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, Daniel, <a href='#page_276'>276</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, David, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_276'>276-279</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Morgan, George, Indian agent, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, Greenwood S., <a href='#page_279'>279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, Levi, adventures with Indians, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_417'>417</a>, <a href='#page_418'>418</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, Sarah and Stephen, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_276'>276-279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morgan, William, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Morgantown, Pa., <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founded, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray near, <a href='#page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Morlin, Thomas, early peddler, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Morrow, William, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mound-building, by early Indians, <a href='#page_39'>39-43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Moundsville, W. Va., “big mound” at, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settled, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mount Braddock. Pa., settled, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Muddy creek, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settled, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clendennin massacre, <a href='#page_93'>93-95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>miscellaneous forays on, <a href='#page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_293'>293</a>, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mulhollin, Polly. <i>See</i> Mary Greenlee.<br /> +<br /> +Munsee Indians, on Susquehanna, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>raided by Brodhead, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Munseka, Shawnee chief, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murphey, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_238'>238</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Murphy, Samuel, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Muscle shoals, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Muskingum river, early Indians on, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Gist on, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bouquet’s expedition, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indian atrocities on, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#page_396'>396</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wapatomica campaign, <a href='#page_153'>153-155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Moravian villages on, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_300'>300-305</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>land cession by Indians, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ohio Co.’s grant, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Waterford founded, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nain Indians, threatened by Paxtons, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nanny’s run, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Natchez, Holston at, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Narragansett Indians, war with Puritans, <a href='#page_31'>31-33</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Narvaez, Pamphilio de, in Florida, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nashville, Tenn., <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Neal, Henry, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Neal, James, slave stolen from, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Neely, Alexander, companion of Boone, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nelson, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nelson county, Va., foray in, <a href='#page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#page_406'>406</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nelsonville, O., <a href='#page_183'>183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nemacolin, Delaware Indian, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nemacolin’s path. <i>See</i> Braddock’s road<br /> +<br /> +Nequetank Indians, threatened by Paxtons, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newcomerstown, O., <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Englanders, on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New France. <i>See</i> French.<br /> +<br /> +New Inverness, Ga., founded, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Martinsville, O., <a href='#page_417'>417</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New Orleans, founded, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Spanish at, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +New Philadelphia, O., <a href='#page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Newport, Christopher, attempts western exploration, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New river, first settlements on, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Delaware and Mingo foray, <a href='#page_96'>96-99</a>.</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Great Kanawha.</span><br /> +<br /> +New Schönbrunn, Moravian village, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#page_326'>326</a>.<br /> +<br /> +New York, Delawares in. <a href='#page_136'>136</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>relinquishes Western land claim, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nicholas county, W. Va., <a href='#page_96'>96</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Nicholson, –––, interpreter, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nicholson, Thomas, in Dunmore’s campaign, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Bend, O., founded, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Branch, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +<br /> +North Carolina, Cherokees in, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone in, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Henderson family in, <a href='#page_191'>191-193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>emigration from, <a href='#page_348'>348</a>, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +North river, early settlement on, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Northwest Territory, early tribes in, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>cession of land claims in, <a href='#page_131'>131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>ordinance of 1787, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>St. Clair’s arrival, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements in, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Norton, Thomas, <i>Journal</i> of Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Nutter, John, early settler, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +O’Brien, Adam, <a href='#page_414'>414</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ochiltree, Alexander, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oghkwaga, Delaware village, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ogle, Joseph, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_221'>221-224</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Foreman’s defeat, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oglethorpe, James, attitude toward slavery, <a href='#page_10'>10</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ohio (state), Indian mounds in, <a href='#page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements in, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ohio Company, relations with French, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>open Ohio valley to settlement, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ohio Company of Associates, settles Marietta, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ohio county. W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ohio river, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early Indians on, <a href='#page_45'>45-47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling on, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Holston on, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>as a war trail, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first English occupation, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French and English rivalry for, <a href='#page_64'>64-74</a>, <a href='#page_95'>95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Decker captivity, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_83'>83-85</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Renick captivity, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hannah Dennis’s escape, <a href='#page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#page_93'>93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>character of early settlers on, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#page_131'>131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#page_151'>151-153</a>, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#page_162'>162-165</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_167'>167-175</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Henderson’s purchase, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Shawnees on, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#page_297'>297-300</a>, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#page_360'>360</a>, <a href='#page_363'>363</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#page_415'>415</a>, <a href='#page_417'>417</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>after Revolution, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_372'>372</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#page_380'>380</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>as a race boundary, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Old Town creek, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Shawnee village at, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Oneco, chief of Mohicans, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orange county, Va., <a href='#page_55'>55</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlement of, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ordinance of 1787, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Orme, Robert, with Braddock, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Osage Indians, stature of, <a href='#page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ottawa Indians, early strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>:<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. McIntosh treaty, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ottawa river, early French on, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ouisconsin river. <i>See</i> Wisconsin river.<br /> +<br /> +Owens, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Owens, John, Sr., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Owens, John, Jr., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Owens, Owen, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ox, Susan, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pack, –––, trapper, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paint creek, Boone’s expedition to, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Shawnees on, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Waggoner on, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Parsons, James, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Parsons, Samuel H., treaty commissioner, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Patterson, Robert, founds Lexington, Ky., <a href='#page_274'>274</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>partner of Denman, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at battle of Blue Licks, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Patton, Elizabeth, marries John Preston, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Patton, James, early settler of Catawba, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Patton, John W., <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pattonsburgh, Va., <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paul, Audley, son of Hugh, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. Redstone, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in James-river foray, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New-river foray, <a href='#page_97'>97-99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Paul, Hugh, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paul, Polly, marries Gov. Matthews, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pauling, Henry, militia officer, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paull, James, at Redstone, <a href='#page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paxton boys, kill Canestoga Indians, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Paynter, Elias, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pekillon, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#page_304'>304</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pendleton county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Seybert massacre, <a href='#page_87'>87-89</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Penn, William, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pennsylvania, boundary dispute with Virginia, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Western settlements in, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123-125</a>, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fur trade of, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Paxton boys, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>“Black-boys” uprising, <a href='#page_109'>109-116</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Findlay’s adventures, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Records</i>, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Archives</i>, <a href='#page_323'>323</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pentecost, Dorsey, <a href='#page_323'>323</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peoria Indians, claim Kentucky, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perry, Thomas, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perrysburgh, O., <a href='#page_372'>372</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peter, Captain, Indian chief, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Petro, Leonard, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#page_233'>233</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Peyton, John L., <i>History of Augusta county</i>, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Philadelphia, <a href='#page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Philip, chief of Narragansetts, <a href='#page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phillips, Capt., ambuscaded, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Phoebe’s Falls, W. Va., settled, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pickaway plains, Indian treaty at, <a href='#page_183'>183-186</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pickering, Timothy, peace commissioner, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pike run, Indian foray on, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pindall, Rachel, chased by Indians, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pindall, Thomas, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Piomingo, Chickasaw chief, <a href='#page_405'>405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pipe, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_333'>333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pipe, Wyandot chief, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pipe creek, massacre of Indians at, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Piqua, Shawnee village, <a href='#page_273'>273</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clark attacks, <a href='#page_305'>305-309</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pitman, –––, trapper, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pittsburg, <a href='#page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#page_120'>120</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>French fort at, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>treaties at, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s defeat, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_69'>69-73</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#page_80'>80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Connolly at, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>; Dyer’s escape, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Bouquet’s expedition, <a href='#page_107'>107-109</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_177'>177-179</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>“Blackboys” uprising, <a href='#page_109'>109</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>asked to aid Kentucky, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#page_318'>318</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_321'>321-323</a>, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>arrival of peace news, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hand’s administration, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McIntosh’s administration, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>warned by Moravians, <a href='#page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Brodhead’s expedition, <a href='#page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pittsylvania, proposed colony of, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pleasant creek, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pocahontas county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poe, Adam, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_362'>362-364</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poe, Andrew, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#page_364'>364</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Point Pleasant, W. Va., battle of, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165-178</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_185'>185-187</a>, <a href='#page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_208'>208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ft. Randolph at, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>surrender of Cornstalk at, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211-216</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#page_241'>241-243</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pointer, Dick, fights Indians, <a href='#page_243'>243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pollens, Henry, fur trader, <a href='#page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pompey (negro), friend of Indians, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pontiac, uprising of, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poole, William F., on Clark’s campaign, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Port Washington, O., <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Portsmouth, O., old Shawnee town at, <a href='#page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Post, Charles F., Moravian missionary, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Potomac river, <a href='#page_55'>55</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fur trade on, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Seybert massacre, <a href='#page_87'>87-89</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pottawattomie Indians, early strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Richard, sons captured by Indians, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#page_281'>281</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Powell’s valley, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Walden in, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attack on Boones, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Henderson’s grant, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Power, Major, shot at, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Powers, John, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Powers, William, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Presbyterians, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Presque Isle, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Preston county, W. Va., <a href='#page_280'>280</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Preston, James Patton, governor of Virginia, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Preston, John, marries Elizabeth Patton, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Preston, William, militia officer, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settles on Holston, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_83'>83</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>surveyor, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Journal</i>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Register of Indian Depredations</i>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Price, Maj., on Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_425'>425</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Price’s settlement, Ky., <a href='#page_200'>200</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pricket, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_245'>245</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pricket, Josiah, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pricket’s creek, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prince William county, Va., <a href='#page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pringle, Charity, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pringle, John and Samuel, adventures of, <a href='#page_117'>117-122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Prior, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_292'>292</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pritchet, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_243'>243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Province, John, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Province, Mrs., buries Bald Eagle, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pryor, John, scouting adventure, <a href='#page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#page_243'>243</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Purgatory creek, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Purgatory mountain, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Putnam, Rufus, heads Marietta colonists, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>peace commissioner, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Quakers, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Quebec, founded by Champlain, <a href='#page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Raccoon creek, <a href='#page_299'>299</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Radcliff, Daniel, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Radcliff, John, early settler, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Radcliff, Stephen, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Radcliff, William, early settler, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ralston, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ranck, Geo. W., <a href='#page_274'>274</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Randolph, Beverly, peace commissioner, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Randolph county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settled, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ray, James, adventures with Indians, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ray, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Read, John, finds Davisson, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Red Hawk, Shawnee warrior, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Red river, De Soto on, <a href='#page_8'>8</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Redhawk, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Redstone (Brownsville, Pa.), first settled <a href='#page_77'>77-80</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_216'>216</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>De Villiers at, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Decker massacre, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>tory trials, <a href='#page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>:</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia from, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>emigrants from, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>road to Marietta, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Reece, –––, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_239'>239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reece, Miss, wounded by Indian, <a href='#page_239'>239</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Renick family, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_89'>89-91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reynolds, –––, at seige of Bryant’s station, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#page_354'>354</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rice, Daniel, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_361'>361</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rich mountain, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richards, Arnold and Paul, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richards, Conrad, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Richmond, Va., <a href='#page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Riffle, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roanoke county, Va., <a href='#page_61'>61</a>; Salling in, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roanoke river, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explored, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settlements raided by Shawnees, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Robertson, Dr., on origin of Indians, <a href='#page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robertson family, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_158'>158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robertson, James, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robinson, –––, explorer, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Mrs. Edward, discovers Hull’s body, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Maj., searches for Mrs. Cunningham, <a href='#page_370'>370</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Robinson, William, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_156'>156-158</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rockbridge county, Va., Salling in, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>district of Augusta, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settled, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>massacre in, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rockcastle river, Boone on, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rockford, Pa., <a href='#page_210'>210</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rockingham county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rogers, John, on Clark’s campaign, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#page_259'>259</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rogers, Joseph, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_308'>308</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roney, Alexander, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roney, Mrs. Alexander, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Roosevelt, Theodore, <i>Winning of the West</i>, <a href='#page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rooting creek, <a href='#page_217'>217</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ross, Tavenor, renegade, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rowell, Daniel, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Royall, Ann, <i>Sketches</i>, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ruddell, Isaac, arrival in Kentucky, <a href='#page_207'>207</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defeated by Bird, <a href='#page_295'>295-297</a>, <a href='#page_350'>350</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Rule, Henry, early settler, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Runner, Elijah, murders Bald Eagle, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Runyan, John, daughter killed by Indians, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rush run, foray on, <a href='#page_380'>380</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russell county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Russell, William, treaty commissioner, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ryan, John, kills Indians, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ryswick, treaty of, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Asaph’s. <i>See</i> Logan’s station.<br /> +<br /> +St. Clair, Arthur, arrives at Ft. Washington, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>names Cincinnati, <a href='#page_391'>391</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>reports on Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_395'>395</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>campaign against Miamis, <a href='#page_400'>400-405</a>, <a href='#page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>resigns command, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +St. Clairsville, O., <a href='#page_338'>338</a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Joseph river, in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#page_395'>395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Lawrence river, Champlain on, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Louis, attacked by English, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.<br /> +<br /> +St. Mary’s river, in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salem, Va., Salling at, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Salem, Moravian village, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salisbury, N. C., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salling, Henry, brother of John Peter, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salling, John Peter, explorations of, <a href='#page_47'>47-49</a>:<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settles Augusta, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Salt creek, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salt licks, in Kentucky, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#page_266'>266</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in West Virginia, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#page_361'>361</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Ohio, <a href='#page_267'>267</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Salt river, foray on, <a href='#page_405'>405</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Saluda Old Town, S. C., <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sam (negro), at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sandusky, early Indians at, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_187'>187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McIntosh’s expedition against, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Moravians at, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Crawford’s campaign, <a href='#page_327'>327-339</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Irvine’s expedition, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Cozad at, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +“Sandy-creek voyage,” against Shawnees, <a href='#page_81'>81-86</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sandy island, Iroquois defeat Shawnees at, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sandy river, foray on, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sapoonie Indians, strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sappington, John, murders Indians, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sargent, Winthrop, expedition against Ft. Du Quesne, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Savannah, Ga., <a href='#page_237'>237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, Austin, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_290'>290</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, Henry A., <i>Indian Tribes</i>, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, John, family massacred, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, Leonard, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>turns renegade, <a href='#page_377'>377-379</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, Matthias, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, Michael, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Schoolcraft, Simon, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#page_289'>289</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captured by Indians, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Schönbrunn, Moravian village, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#page_329'>329</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scioto Company, settles Gallipolis, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scioto river, Shawnees on, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#page_84'>84</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Renick captivity, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hannah Dennis on, <a href='#page_92'>92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Pontiac’s war, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clendenning captivity, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_329'>329</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>military land-claims on, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Moore captivity, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Harmar’s campaign, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scoppathus, Mingo chief, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scotch and Scotch-Irish, on the border, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Georgia, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Pensylvania, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Virginia, <a href='#page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>:</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in West Virginia, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scott, Andrew, at seige of Wheeling. <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, Capt., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_395'>395</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, Charles, campaign against Miami and Wabash Indians, <a href='#page_406'>406-408</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wayne’s campaign, <a href='#page_426'>426</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Scott county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, David, daughters killed by Indians, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, Jacob, murders Bald Eagle, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Scott, Molly, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seekonk, Mingo village, <a href='#page_185'>185</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seneca Indians, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Easton treaty, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>rob Findlay, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>See</i> Mingo Indians.</span><br /> +<br /> +Senseman, Gottlob, Moravian missionary, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Severns, Ebenezer, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sevier, John, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sewell, Stephen, settles on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Seybert, Capt., defeated by Indians, <a href='#page_87'>87-89</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shabosh, killed by whites, <a href='#page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#page_326'>326</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shakers, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shamokin, Cayuga village, <a href='#page_155'>155</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shane manuscripts, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shawnee Indians, on Upper Ohio, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Ohio, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attack Roanoke, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_82'>82-86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Seybert massacre, <a href='#page_87'>87-89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on James, <a href='#page_89'>89-91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>villages on Scioto, <a href='#page_92'>92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Stroud massacre, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Findlay among, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attack Boones, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175-186</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>murder of Cornstalk, <a href='#page_209'>209-214</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Clendenning captivity, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>; Bouquet’s expedition, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Kentucky, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>raided by Clark, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#page_265'>265-268</a>, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>raided by Logan, <a href='#page_386'>386-388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. Finney treaty, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>raided by Wayne, <a href='#page_428'>428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shawnee springs, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shelby, Evans, settles on Holston, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shelby, Isaac, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah valley, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explored, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlers in, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden grant, <a href='#page_50'>50-53</a>; Fairfax survey, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fur trade in, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#page_120'>120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Mrs. Cunningham in, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shepherd, David, early settler, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia officer, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Brodhead’s expedition, <a href='#page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_359'>359</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>manuscripts of, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shepherd, Moses, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shesheequon, Pa., Moravian village. <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shikellemus, Cayuga chief, <a href='#page_155'>155</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shingiss, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shinn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shinnston, W. Va., <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shiver, John, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#page_283'>283</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shores, Thomas, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_201'>201</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Short creek, settled on, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Silver creek, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simcoe, John G., governor of Canada, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Simpson’s creek, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settled on, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>foray on, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Simpson, John, adventures of, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sims, Bernard, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sims, John, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Six Nations. <i>See</i> Iroquois.<br /> +<br /> +Skegg’s creek, foray on, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Skidmore, John, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Skillern, George, in Hand’s expedition, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slaughter, Col., in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>commandant at Louisville, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Piqua campaign, <a href='#page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#page_307'>307</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Moravian massacre, <a href='#page_321'>321</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Slavery, first importation of negroes, <a href='#page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#page_10'>10</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sleeth, Alexander and Thomas, early settlers, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Slover, John, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_335'>335-338</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Narrative</i>, <a href='#page_335'>335</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Small pox, feared by Indians, <a href='#page_291'>291</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smally, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_282'>282</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, –––, of St. Asaph’s, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Ballard, <a href='#page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Benjamin, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, James, imprisoned by French, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captured by Indians, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>:</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>chief of “Black-boys,” <a href='#page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#page_109'>109-115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Smith, John, attempts western exploration, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia officer, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Thomas, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, Mrs. Thomas, imprisoned by Indians, <a href='#page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smith, William H., <i>St. Clair Papers</i>, <a href='#page_404'>404</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Snake, John and Thomas, Wyandot chiefs, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Snip, Wyandot chief, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Snodgrass, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Snowy creek, massacre on, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Snyder, Jacob, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sodousky, James, on Bullitt’s survey, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +South Branch (or Fork) of Potomac, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Dunkard massacre on, <a href='#page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indians defeated on, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Seybert massacre, <a href='#page_87'>87-89</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>emigrants from, <a href='#page_118'>118-120</a>, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#page_124'>124-126</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Indians massacred on, <a href='#page_135'>135</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +South Carolina, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#page_160'>160</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spanish, territorial claims of, <a href='#page_5'>5</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>colonizing efforts, <a href='#page_7'>7</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>capture Salling, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Kentucky conspiracy, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attack on St. Louis, <a href='#page_254'>254</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Speed, Thomas, <i>Wilderness Road</i>, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spottswood, Gov., crosses Blue ridge, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Springfield, W. Va., <a href='#page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sprout run, Borden Manor on, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Squissatego, Seneca brave, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stalnaker, –––, settles on New, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stalnaker, Adam, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stalnaker, Jacob, settles on Tygart, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stamford, Ky., <a href='#page_197'>197</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Station Camp creek, Boone on, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Staunton, Va., <a href='#page_91'>91</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settlement near, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Spectator</i>, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Steele, John, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stephen, Adam, in Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_164'>164</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Steeth, John, chases Indians, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Steubenville, O., <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stewart, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stites, –––, makes Miami purchase, <a href='#page_390'>390</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone Coal creek, origin of name, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone, Uriah, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stoner, Michael, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stone’s river, origin of name, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stout, Benjamin, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Strait, Jacob, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stroud, Adam, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_136'>136-138</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, Betsy, marries Woods, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, Charles A., <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, David, marries Jane Lynn, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, James, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_280'>280</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stuart, John, pioneer on Greenbrier, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#page_57'>57-59</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>companion of Boone, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_159'>159-161</a>, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at murder of Cornstalk, <a href='#page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#page_212'>212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defends Greenbrier, <a href='#page_243'>243-245</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Memoir of Indian Wars</i>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sullivan, John, campaign against New York Indians, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Susquehanna river, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Munsees on, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_101'>101-104</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Swan, John, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia officer, <a href='#page_226'>226-228</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defends Wheeling, <a href='#page_360'>360</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Swope, –––, trapper, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sycamore shoals, treaty at, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Symmes, John Cleves, secures Miami<br /> +land-grant, <a href='#page_390'>390-392</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tanner, Edward, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_342'>342</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tate, –––, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tate’s creek, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tawas. <i>See</i> Ottawas.<br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Capt., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_423'>423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Hugh Paul, <i>Sketches</i>, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tazewell county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tazewell Court House, Va., raided by Indians, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tecumseh, conspiracy of, <a href='#page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Waggoner massacre, <a href='#page_409'>409-411</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tegard, Abraham, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Telford, Hugh, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tennessee, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>stone graves in, <a href='#page_43'>43</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling in, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early missions in, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Boone in, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tennessee river, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling on, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Holston on, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>explored by Smith, <a href='#page_115'>115</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Henderson’s purchase, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ten Mile creek, first settlement on, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_238'>238-240</a>, <a href='#page_381'>381</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Terry, Cornet, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_423'>423</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Abraham, <i>Sketches</i>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thomas, John, early settler, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, –––, surveys on Licking, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Jethro, house burned by Indians, <a href='#page_383'>383</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, John, Indian go-between, <a href='#page_263'>263</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thompson, William, assists “Blackboys.” <a href='#page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#page_113'>113</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Todd, John, defends Kentucky, <a href='#page_200'>200</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Todd, Levi, in Bowman’s campaign, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Wabash campaign, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tomlinson, Benjamin, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founds Moundsville, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tomlinson, Samuel, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_222'>222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tonty, Henri de, with La Salle, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trails, Warrior branch, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_399'>399</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Nemacolin’s path, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Cumberland Gap, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wilderness road, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, <a href='#page_190'>190-196</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Treaties, Ryswick, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Paris (1763), <a href='#page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#page_139'>139</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Lancaster, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Easton, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ft. Stanwix, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Lochaber, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bouquet’s, <a href='#page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Camp Charlotte, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#page_176'>176-186</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Watauga, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#page_195'>195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Paris (1782), <a href='#page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Au Glaize, <a href='#page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ft. McIntosh, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ft. Finney, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Greenville, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#page_430'>430</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Trent, William, at Redstone, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trigg, Col., killed at Blue Licks, <a href='#page_353'>353</a>,<br /> +<br /> +Triplett, William, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Trueman, Maj., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tugg river, origin of name, <a href='#page_85'>85</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turkey creek, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turkey run, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Turtle creek, scene of Braddock’s defeat, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tuscarawas river, McIntosh’s expedition, <a href='#page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#page_261'>261</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Moravian missions on, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_313'>313-317</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tuscarora Indians, legend of, <a href='#page_18'>18</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Twightee Indians, strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Twitty, William, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tygart, David, settles in Tygart’s valley, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tygart’s valley, first settled, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pringles in, <a href='#page_117'>117-122</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>miscellaneous forays in, <a href='#page_232'>232-235</a>, <a href='#page_341'>341</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#page_428'>428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tyler county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Unadilla river, Delawares on, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Uniontown, Pa., <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Valley of Virginia, early Indians in, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling’s exploration, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McDowell’s fight, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settled, <a href='#page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Mrs. Cunningham in, <a href='#page_373'>373</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Valley river, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pringles on, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_119'>119</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays on, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Van Meter, Jacob, early settler, <a href='#page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vause, –––, settles on New, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Veech, James, <i>Monongahela of Old</i>, <a href='#page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vernon, Maj., at Ft. Laurens, <a href='#page_265'>265</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vigo, M., assists Clark, <a href='#page_258'>258</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Vincennes, Ind., in Clark’s campaign, <a href='#page_253'>253-255</a>, <a href='#page_257'>257-261</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hamtramck at, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Virginia, Indian mounds, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early tribes, <a href='#page_44'>44-47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Borden manor, <a href='#page_50'>50-53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Loyal Co., <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Fairfax grant, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#page_51'>51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>characteristics of early settlers, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling’s operations, <a href='#page_47'>47-49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early explorations, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Ohio Co., <a href='#page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s campaign, <a href='#page_65'>65-69</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_69'>69-73</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_142'>142</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pontiac’s war, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>New-river foray, <a href='#page_96'>96-99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>border settlements, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>military land warrants, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wapatomica campaign, <a href='#page_153'>153-155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Dunmore’s attitude toward, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>relinquishes western land claim, <a href='#page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Dinwiddie Papers</i>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Calendar of State Papers</i>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wabash Indians, raided by Hamtramck, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>by Scott, <a href='#page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>agree to peace, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wabash river, in Clark’s campaigns, <a href='#page_257'>257-259</a>, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>arrival of peace news, <a href='#page_365'>365</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wachatomakah, Indian village, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waggoner, John, family massacred by Indians, <a href='#page_408'>408-411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waggoner, Peter, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_409'>409-411</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walden’s creek, origin of name, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walden, Elisha, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walholling river, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walker, Felix, at Watauga treaty, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>wounded by Indians, <a href='#page_196'>196</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Walker, Thomas, explores Kentucky, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Journal</i>, <a href='#page_59'>59</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Walker, William, educated Wyandot, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wallace, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Walpole, –––, interest in Pittsylvania, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wapatomica, McDonald’s expedition against, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_153'>153-155</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 0.5em;'>Indian council at, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Ward, Mrs., escapes from Indians, <a href='#page_422'>422</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Warrior Branch, Indian trail, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wars, French and Indian, <a href='#page_65'>65-74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77-80</a>, <a href='#page_100'>100-106</a>, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#page_387'>387</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McDowell’s fight, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81-86</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Bouquet’s campaign, <a href='#page_106'>106-109</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Braddock’s campaign, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_169'>169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Forbes’s campaign, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Pontiac’s war, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#page_134'>134-190</a>, <a href='#page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#page_253'>253</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Revolution, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_187'>187-365</a>, <a href='#page_382'>382</a>, <a href='#page_387'>387</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Hand’s campaign. <a href='#page_209'>209-211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Harmar’s, <a href='#page_384'>384</a>, <a href='#page_393'>393-395</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>St. Clair’s, <a href='#page_400'>400-405</a>, <a href='#page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#page_408'>408</a>, <a href='#page_413'>413</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Wayne’s, <a href='#page_412'>412-428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Warwick, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Warwick, Jacob, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Warwick, William, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_287'>287</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washburn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washburn, Charles, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_345'>345</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washburn, Isaac, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_241'>241</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washburn, James, tortured by Indians, <a href='#page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#page_251'>251</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washburn, Stephen, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_250'>250</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington county, Ky., <a href='#page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#page_190'>190</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Washington county. Pa., settled, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Washington county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>militia of, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#page_268'>268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>threatened by Bird, <a href='#page_299'>299</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Washington, George, in French and Indian war, <a href='#page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>friendship for Andrew Lewis, <a href='#page_70'>70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>advises Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Seybert massacre, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Revolutionary war, <a href='#page_106'>106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>friend of Rufus Putman, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Tour to the Ohio</i>, <a href='#page_73'>73</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Watauga river, treaty with Indians on, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#page_192'>192</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Waterford. O., founded, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wayne, Anthony, general of army, <a href='#page_412'>412</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>campaign against Western Indians, <a href='#page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#page_412'>412-428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Webb, Jonas, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wells, Bazaleel, at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_174'>174</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wells, Maj., on Shawnee campaign, <a href='#page_355'>355</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wellsburg, W. Va., <a href='#page_380'>380</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Welsh, on the border, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West, Alexander, <a href='#page_378'>378</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>chases Indians, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_287'>287-290</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>on Lowther’s expedition, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_377'>377</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +West Augusta, district of, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>; first justice of peace, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West, Charles, chases Indians, <a href='#page_246'>246</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West, Edmund, Sr., attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_288'>288</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_377'>377-379</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +West, Edmund, Jr., family attacked by Indians, <a href='#page_378'>378</a>, <a href='#page_379'>379</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West Fork river, origin of name, <a href='#page_122'>122</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements on, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_156'>156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#page_343'>343</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>miscellaneous forays on, <a href='#page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#page_410'>410</a>,</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#page_414'>414</a>, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#page_428'>428</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +West Newton, Pa., departure of Marietta pilgrims, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>.<br /> +<br /> +West Virginia, character of early Indians in, <a href='#page_36'>36</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>mounds in, <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early tribes in, <a href='#page_44'>44-47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>census (1830), <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first settlements in (prior to 1774), <a href='#page_117'>117-133</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Westfall, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Westfall, O., <a href='#page_176'>176</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Westmoreland county, Pa., <a href='#page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Westmoreland county, Va., militia of, <a href='#page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>forays in, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wetzel county, W. Va., <a href='#page_279'>279</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wetzel, George, Indian fighter, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wetzel, Jacob, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_161'>161-163</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wetzel, John, Indian fighter, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wetzel, Lewis, Indian fighter, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_161'>161-163</a>, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>, <a href='#page_339'>339</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>sketch, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wetzel, Martin, Indian fighter, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wheat, Betsy, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wheeling, W. Va., <a href='#page_40'>40</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>founded, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#page_152'>152-154</a>, <a href='#page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first seige of, <a href='#page_219'>219-228</a>, <a href='#page_235'>235</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>second seige, <a href='#page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#page_356'>356-360</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Foreman’s defeat, <a href='#page_228'>228-230</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#page_338'>338</a>, <a href='#page_362'>362</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>McKee’s foray, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wheeling creek, in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_161'>161</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White Eyes, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_302'>302</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>.<br /> +<br /> +White, William, murders Indians, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#page_137'>137</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>captured by Indians, <a href='#page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#page_233'>233</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>killed by Indians, <a href='#page_340'>340</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whiteman, –––, early settler, <a href='#page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whitley, Paul, early settler, <a href='#page_52'>52</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>with Braddock, <a href='#page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whitley, William, arrival in Kentucky, <a href='#page_197'>197</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>scout, <a href='#page_271'>271</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>attacks Indians, <a href='#page_385'>385</a>, <a href='#page_386'>386</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Narrative</i>, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whitley, Mrs. William, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Whittlesey, Charles, <i>Fugitive Essays</i>, <a href='#page_183'>183</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilkinson, James, attacks Miamis, <a href='#page_407'>407</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>builds Ft. Recovery, <a href='#page_419'>419</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williams and Mary college, <a href='#page_145'>145</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, Isaac, explorer, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williams, John, of Transylvania Co., <a href='#page_191'>191</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williamsburg, Va., <a href='#page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#page_178'>178</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Salling at, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>John Lewis at, <a href='#page_50'>50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#page_154'>154</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williamson, David, expedition against Moravians, <a href='#page_314'>314-318</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320-327</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Crawford’s campaign, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#page_331'>331</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Williamson, Lieut., at Ft. Pitt, <a href='#page_78'>78</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Williamson, Peter, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_101'>101-104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Will’s creek, Ohio Co.’s post at, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, –––, killed at Point Pleasant, <a href='#page_171'>171</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wilson, Benjamin, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#page_311'>311</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winchester, Va., <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_121'>121</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>fur trade at, <a href='#page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#page_48'>48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>threatened by Indians, <a href='#page_101'>101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>trial of White, <a href='#page_136'>136</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_252'>252</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wingenund, Delaware chief, <a href='#page_333'>333</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Winston’s Meadows, <a href='#page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wisconsin, Indian mounds in, <a href='#page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wisconsin Historical Society, manuscripts in library of, <a href='#page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#page_87'>87</a>,<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 2.0em;'><a href='#page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#page_260'>260</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'><i>Collections</i>, <a href='#page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wisconsin river, explored by French, <a href='#page_6'>6</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wolf creek, <a href='#page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#page_392'>392</a>, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#page_396'>396</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wood, Abraham, discovers Great Kanawha, <a href='#page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wood county, W. Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#page_63'>63</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>first sheriff of, <a href='#page_127'>127</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wood, Nicholas, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_375'>375</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woodfin, John, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_249'>249</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woodford, Col., <a href='#page_72'>72</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woods, Richard, <a href='#page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woodson, Obadiah, in Sandy-creek voyage, <a href='#page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wright, –––, killed by Indians, <a href='#page_344'>344</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wyalusing, Pa., Moravian village, <a href='#page_319'>319</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wyandot Indians, early strength of, <a href='#page_46'>46</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Kansas, <a href='#page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#page_97'>97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_172'>172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Foreman’s defeat, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>during Revolution, <a href='#page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#page_347'>347</a>, <a href='#page_362'>362-364</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>at Ft. McIntosh treaty, <a href='#page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#page_388'>388</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wyllys, Maj., killed by Indians, <a href='#page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#page_394'>394</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wythe county, Va., census (1830), <a href='#page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yadkin river, Boone on, <a href='#page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#page_205'>205</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Yellow creek, Logan massacre at, <a href='#page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#page_148'>148-150</a>, <a href='#page_184'>184</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Youghiogheny river, crossed by Braddock, <a href='#page_67'>67</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>early settlements on, <a href='#page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#page_334'>334</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>Marietta pilgrims on, <a href='#page_389'>389</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Zane, Andrew, adventure with Indians, <a href='#page_222'>222</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Zane, Ebenezer, <a href='#page_148'>148</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>settles Wheeling, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defends Wheeling, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#page_356'>356-360</a>;</span><br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Brodhead’s expedition, <a href='#page_300'>300</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Zane, Elizabeth, at seige of Wheeling, <a href='#page_359'>359</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Zane, Isaac, captured by Indians, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>daughter wounded, <a href='#page_418'>418</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Zane, Jonathan, settles at Wheeling, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>in Dunmore’s war, <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Zane, Noah, <a href='#page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#page_225'>225</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Zane, Silas, settles at Wheeling, <a href='#page_124'>124</a>;<br /> +<span style='margin-left: 1.0em;'>defends Wheeling, <a href='#page_356'>356</a>, <a href='#page_357'>357</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Zanesville, O., <a href='#page_153'>153</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, <a href='#page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#page_317'>317</a>.<br /></p> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<p class='tp' style='font-size:larger;'>The First American Frontier</p> +<p class='tp' style='font-variant:small-caps;margin-bottom:1em;'>An Arno Press/New York Times Collection</p> +<div style='font-size:smaller;'> +<p>Agnew, Daniel.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>A History of the Region of Pennsylvania North of the +Allegheny River.</span> 1887.</p> +<p>Alden, George H.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>New Government West of the Alleghenies Before 1780.</span> 1897.</p> +<p>Barrett, Jay Amos.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787.</span> 1891.</p> +<p>Billon, Frederick.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Annals of St. Louis in its Early Days Under the French and Spanish Dominations.</span> 1886.</p> +<p>Billon, Frederick.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Annals of St. Louis in its Territorial Days, 1804-1821.</span> 1888.</p> +<p>Littel, William.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Political Transactions in and Concerning Kentucky.</span> 1926.</p> +<p>Bowles, William Augustus.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Authentic Memoirs of William Augustus Bowles.</span> 1916.</p> +<p>Bradley, A. G.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Fight with France for North America.</span> 1900.</p> +<p>Brannan, John, ed.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the War, 1812-1815</span>. 1823.</p> +<p>Brown, John P.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Old Frontiers. 1938.</span></p> +<p>Brown, Samuel R.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Western Gazetteer.</span> 1817.</p> +<p>Cist, Charles.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Cincinnati Miscellany of Antiquities of the West and Pioneer +History.</span> (2 volumes in one). 1845-6.</p> +<p>Claiborne, Nathaniel Herbert.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Notes on the War in the South with Biographical Sketches +of the Lives of Montgomery, Jackson, Sevier, and Others.</span> +1819.</p> +<p>Clark, Daniel.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Proofs of the Corruption of Gen. James Wilkinson.</span> 1809.</p> +<p>Clark, George Rogers.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Colonel George Rogers Clark’s Sketch of His Campaign in +the Illinois in 1778-9.</span> 1869.</p> +<p>Collins, Lewis.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Historical Sketches of Kentucky.</span> 1847.</p> +<p>Cruikshank, Ernest, ed,</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Documents Relating to Invasion of Canada and the +Surrender of Detroit.</span> 1912.</p> +<p>Cruikshank, Ernest, ed,</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Documentary History of the Campaign on the Niagara +Frontier, 1812-1814.</span> (4 volumes). 1896-1909.</p> +<p>Cutler, Jervis.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indian +Territory, and Louisiana.</span> 1812.</p> +<p>Cutler, Julia P.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler.</span> 1890.</p> +<p>Darlington, Mary C.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History of Col. Henry Bouquet and the Western Frontiers +of Pennsylvania.</span> 1920.</p> +<p>Darlington, Mary C.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Fort Pitt and Letters From the Frontier.</span> 1892.</p> +<p>De Schweinitz, Edmund.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Life and Times of David Zeisberger.</span> 1870.</p> +<p>Dillon, John B.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History of Indiana.</span> 1859.</p> +<p>Eaton, John Henry.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Life of Andrew Jackson.</span> 1824.</p> +<p>English, William Hayden.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio.</span> (2 volumes +in one). 1896.</p> +<p>Flint, Timothy.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Indian Wars of the West.</span> 1833.</p> +<p>Forbes, John.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Writings of General John Forbes Relating to His Service in +North America.</span> 1938.</p> +<p>Forman, Samuel S.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Narrative of a Journey Down the Ohio and Mississippi in +1789-90.</span> 1888.</p> +<p>Haywood, John.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee to 1796.</span> +1823.</p> +<p>Heckewelder, John.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations.</span> 1876.</p> +<p>Heckewelder, John.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren.</span> 1820.</p> +<p>Hildreth, Samuel P.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Pioneer History.</span> 1848.</p> +<p>Houck, Louis.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase:</span> A Historical Study. +1901.</p> +<p>Houck, Louis.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History of Missouri.</span> (3 volumes in one). 1908.</p> +<p>Houck, Louis.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Spanish Regime in Missouri.</span> (2 volumes in one). 1909.</p> +<p>Jacob, John J. +<span style='font-weight:bold'>A Biographical Sketch of the Life of the Late Capt. Michael +Cresap.</span> 1826.</p> +<p>Jones, David.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>A Journal of Two Visits Made to Some Nations of Indians +on the West Side of the River Ohio, in the Years 1772 and +1773.</span> 1774.</p> +<p>Kenton, Edna.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Simon Kenton.</span> 1930.</p> +<p>Loudon, Archibald.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives of +Outrages.</span> (2 volumes in one). 1808-1811.</p> +<p>Monette, J. W.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History, Discovery and Settlement of the Mississippi Valley.</span> +(2 volumes in one). 1846.</p> +<p>Morse, Jedediah.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>American Gazetteer.</span> 1797.</p> +<p>Pickett, Albert James.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History of Alabama.</span> (2 volumes in one). 1851.</p> +<p>Pope, John.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>A Tour Through the Southern and Western Territories.</span> 1792.</p> +<p>Putnam, Albigence Waldo.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History of Middle Tennessee.</span> 1859.</p> +<p>Ramsey, James G. M.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Annals of Tennessee.</span> 1853.</p> +<p>Ranck, George W.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Boonesborough.</span> 1901.</p> +<p>Robertson, James Rood, ed.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky to the Gen. +Assembly of Virginia.</span> 1914.</p> +<p>Royce, Charles.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Indian Land Cessions.</span> 1899.</p> +<p>Rupp, I. Daniel.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon and +Schuykill Counties.</span> 1845.</p> +<p>Safford, William H.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Blennerhasset Papers.</span> 1864.</p> +<p>St. Clair, Arthur.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign Against +the Indians, in the Year 1791 was Conducted.</span> 1812.</p> +<p>Sargent, Winthrop, ed.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>A History of an Expedition Against Fort DuQuesne in 1755.</span> +1855.</p> +<p>Severance, Frank H.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>An Old Frontier of France.</span> (2 volumes in one). 1917.</p> +<p>Sipe, C. Hale.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Fort Ligonier and Its Times.</span> 1932.</p> +<p>Stevens, Henry N.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Lewis Evans:</span> His Map of the Middle British Colonies in America. +1920.</p> +<p>Timberlake, Henry.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>The Memoirs of Lieut.</span> Henry Timberlake. 1927.</p> +<p>Tome, Philip.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Pioneer Life:</span> Or Thirty Years a Hunter. 1854.</p> +<p>Trent, William.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Journal of Captain William Trent From Logstown to +Pickawillany.</span> 1871.</p> +<p>Walton, Joseph S.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial +Pennsylvania.</span> 1900.</p> +<p>Withers, Alexander Scott.</p> +<p><span style='font-weight:bold'>Chronicles of Border Warfare.</span> 1895.</p> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<img src='images/illus-001.jpg' alt='' title='' width='419' height='685' /><br /> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<p>Reprint Edition 1971 by Arno Press Inc.</p> + +<p>Reprinted from a copy in<br />The State Historical Society of Wisconsin Library</p> + +<p>LC # 75-146426</p> + +<p>ISBN 0-405-02896-2</p> + +<p>The First American Frontier<br />ISBN for complete set: 0-405-02820-2</p> + +<p>See last pages of this volume for titles.</p> + +<p>Manufactured in the United States of America</p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class="trnote"> + +<p class='tp' style='font-weight: bold; margin-top:5px;'>Transcriber’s Note</p> + +<p>Corrections in text:</p> + +<table summary='corrections' style='margin: 0 auto 0 2em;'> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'><span style='text-decoration: underline'>Page</span></td> +<td><span style='text-decoration: underline'>Correction</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>vii</td> +<td>early period, indentifying very large the sources of (identifying)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>xi</td> +<td>whatever for his diligenee and labor in producing it (diligence)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>8</td> +<td>adorned with spendid magnificence, who can feel surprised (splendid)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>9</td> +<td>Yet, although the philanthopist must weep over (philanthropist)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>10</td> +<td>Nothwithstanding those two great evils which have (Notwithstanding)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>46</td> +<td>with an aggregate population ef 289,362. (population of)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>51</td> +<td>visited Great Britian in 1737 (Britain)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>101</td> +<td>Upen the earnest remonstrance and entreaty (Upon)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>110</td> +<td>of the commanding officer a party of Higland soldiers (Highland)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>112</td> +<td>they did not scruple to intercept the pussage of goods (passage)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>113</td> +<td>from the entrace into the Fort, and three centinels on the (entrance)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>120</td> +<td>hauch of the others. The low state of their little magazine (haunch)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>126</td> +<td>bleeching in the sun, after their murder by the Indians, (bleaching)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>160</td> +<td>house, had been dischaaged at them by Indian (discharged)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>182</td> +<td>it would be more conconvenient (convenient)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>203</td> +<td>draging his wounded body along (dragging)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>211</td> +<td>to the place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhaused (exhausted)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>216</td> +<td>which naturally enough prompts to deeds of revangeful cruelty (revengeful)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>309</td> +<td>was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stoke followed (stroke)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>313</td> +<td>in the bloody deeds of their red brethern, yet that (brethren)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>323</td> +<td>take upon themseves the entire responsibility (themselves)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>345</td> +<td>A most schocking scene was exhibited some time before this (shocking)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>345</td> +<td>the the purpose of washing. While thus engaged three guns (repeated word)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>361</td> +<td>miles from its enterance into the Ohio, and was known (entrance)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>375</td> +<td>Buffaloe, and as Levi Morgan was engaged in skining (skinning)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>385</td> +<td>loss was severely felt thoughout the whole country. (throughout)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>387</td> +<td>was the head chief with this three wives and children (his three)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>393</td> +<td>if posssible, to a general engagement; and if this (possible)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>417</td> +<td>a company which had been sta-stationed (printer’s error)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right' style='padding-right:20px'>421</td> +<td>assembled to witness the awful spectacle. The croud was (crowd)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Corrections in footnotes:</p> + +<table summary='corrections' style='margin: 0 auto 0 2em;'> + +<tr> +<td><span style='text-decoration: underline'>Footnote</span></td> +<td><span style='text-decoration: underline'>Correction</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Introduction: Chapter 3,<br />Footnote 3</td> +<td valign='bottom'>consider the running of the guantlet (gauntlet)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Introduction: Chapter 3,<br />Footnote 5</td> +<td valign='bottom'>Kis faithful dog shall bear him company. (His)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Chapter 1, Footnote 13</td> +<td>Shehandoah, Frederick, 1772 767 19,750 4,922 (Shenandoah)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Chapter 1, Footnote 17</td> +<td>with his family to Culpeper coanty, which was (Culpeper county)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Chapter 5, Footnote 5</td> +<td>bitten, and the whole patrty suffered exceedingly. (party)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Chapter 10, Footnote 8</td> +<td>of the tribes west and sonthwest of Lake (southwest)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style='padding-right:20px'>Chapter 18, Footnote 4</td> +<td>to Aprfl 30, 1793. The army was fancifully (April)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +</div> + +<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: ppg0623b --> +<!-- timestamp: Thu Jun 25 20:37:26 -0600 2009 --> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of Border Warfare, by +Alexander Scott Withers + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** + +***** This file should be named 29244-h.htm or 29244-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/2/4/29244/ + +Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chronicles of Border Warfare + or, a History of the Settlement by the Whites, of + North-Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres + in that section of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that + section of the State + +Author: Alexander Scott Withers + +Editor: Reuben Gold Thwaites + +Release Date: June 26, 2009 [EBook #29244] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** + + + + +Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +This is a 1971 reprint edition of the 1895 edition of "Chronicles of +Border Warfare." The modern title page and verso have been relocated +to the end of the text. + +The 1895 edition includes and expands on the original 1831 edition. +Throughout this text, the pagination of the original edition is +indicated by brackets, such as [54]. + +Capitalization standards for the time (i.e. "fort Morgan," "mrs. +Pindall," "Ohio river") have been preserved. + +Variable hyphenation has been preserved. + +Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. + +Author's punctuation style has been preserved. + +Typographical problems have been corrected as listed in the +Transcriber's Note at the end of the text. + +Passages in italics are indicated by _underscores_. + + + + +CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + + CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE + + OR, A + + History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-Western + Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres + in that section of the State + + WITH + + REFLECTIONS, ANECDOTES, &c. + + BY + + ALEXANDER SCOTT WITHERS + + A New Edition + + EDITED AND ANNOTATED BY + + REUBEN GOLD THWAITES + + Secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, editor of "Wisconsin + Historical Collections," and author of "The Colonies, 1492-1750," + "Historic Waterways," "Story of Wisconsin," etc. + + _With the addition of a Memoir of the Author, and several Illustrative + Notes._ + + BY THE LATE + + LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER + + Author of "King's Mountain and Its Heroes," "Autograph Collections + of the Signers," etc. + + CINCINNATI + THE ROBERT CLARKE COMPANY + 1895 + + + + +Copyright, 1895 + +By REUBEN GOLD THWAITES + +All rights reserved + + + + +CONTENTS. + +Portrait of the Author Frontispiece. + +PAGE + +Editor's Preface v + +Memoir of the Author, by Lyman C. Draper viii + +Original Title-page (photographic fac-simile) xiii + +Original Copyright Notice xiv + +Original Advertisement xv + +Original Table of Contents (with pagination revised) xvii + +Author's Text (with editorial notes) 1 + +Index, by the Editor 431 + + + + +EDITOR'S PREFACE. + + +It is sixty-four years since the original edition of Withers's +_Chronicles of Border Warfare_ was given to the public. The author was +a faithful recorder of local tradition. Among his neighbors were sons +and grandsons of the earlier border heroes, and not a few actual +participants in the later wars. He had access, however, to few +contemporary documents. He does not appear to have searched for them, +for there existed among the pioneer historians of the West a respect +for tradition as the prime source of information, which does not now +obtain; to-day, we desire first to see the documents of a period, and +care little for reminiscence, save when it fills a gap in or illumines +the formal record. The weakness of the traditional method is well +exemplified in Withers's work. His treatment of many of the larger +events on the border may now be regarded as little else than a thread +on which to hang annotations; but in most of the local happenings +which are here recorded he will always, doubtless, remain a leading +authority--for his informants possessed full knowledge of what +occurred within their own horizon, although having distorted notions +regarding affairs beyond it. + +The _Chronicles_ had been about seven years upon the market, when a +New York youth, inspired by the pages of Doddridge, Flint, and +Withers, with a fervid love for border history, entered upon the +task of collecting documents and traditions with which to correct +and amplify the lurid story which these authors had outlined. In the +prosecution of this undertaking, Lyman C. Draper became so absorbed +with the passion of collecting that he found little opportunity for +literary effort, and in time his early facility in this direction +became dulled. He was the most successful of collectors of materials +for Western history, and as such did a work which must earn for +him the lasting gratitude of American historical students; but +unfortunately he did little more than collect and investigate, and +the idea which to the last strongly possessed him, of writing a +series of biographies of trans-Alleghany pioneers, was never +realized. He died August 26, 1891, having accomplished wondrous deeds +for the Wisconsin Historical Society, of which he was practically the +founder, and for thirty-three years the main stay; in the broader +domain of historical scholarship, however, he had failed to reach +his goal. His great collection of manuscripts and notes, he willed +to his Society, which has had them carefully classified and +conveniently bound--a lasting treasure for historians of the West +and Southwest, for the important frontier period between about 1740 +and 1816. + +Dr. Draper had exhibited much ability as an editor, in the first ten +volumes of the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_. In 1890, the Robert +Clarke Company engaged him, as the best living authority on the +details of Western border history, to prepare and edit a new edition +of Withers. He set about the task with interest, and was engaged in +the active preparation of "copy" during his last months on earth; +indeed, his note upon page 123 of this edition is thought to have been +his final literary work. He had at that time prepared notes for about +one-fourth of the book, and had written his "Memoir of the Author." + +The matter here rested until the autumn of 1894, when the publishers +requested the present writer to take up the work where his revered +friend had left it, and see the edition through the press. He has done +this with some reluctance, conscious that he approached the task with +a less intimate knowledge of the subject than his predecessor; +nevertheless he was unwilling that Dr. Draper's notes on the early +pages should be lost, and has deemed it a labor of love to complete +the undertaking upon which the last thoughts of the latter fondly +dwelt. + +In the preparation of his own notes, the editor has had the great +advantage of free access to the Draper Manuscripts; without their +help, it would have been impossible to throw further light on many of +the episodes treated by the author. The text of Withers has been +preserved intact, save that where errors have obviously been +typographical, and not intended by the author, the editor has +corrected them--perhaps in a dozen instances only, for the original +proof-reading appears to have been rather carefully done. The +pagination of the original edition has in this been indicated by +brackets, as [54]. In the original, the publisher's "Advertisement" +and the "Table of Contents" were bound in at the end of the work,--see +collation in Field's _Indian Bibliography_,--but evidently this was a +make-shift of rustic binders in a hurry to get out the long-delayed +edition, and the editor has taken the liberty to transfer them to +their proper place; also, while preserving typographical peculiarities +therein, to change the pagination in the "Contents" to accord with the +present edition. In order clearly to indicate the authorship of notes, +those by Withers himself are unsigned; those by Dr. Draper are signed +"L. C. D."; and those by the present writer, "R. G. T." + + REUBEN GOLD THWAITES. + +Madison, Wis., + February, 1895. + + + + +MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR. + +BY LYMAN COPELAND DRAPER. + + +In 1831, an interesting volume appeared from the press of Joseph +Israel, of Clarksburg, in North Western Virginia, prepared by +Alexander Scott Withers, on the border wars of the West. It was well +received at the time of its publication, when works on that subject +were few, and read with avidity by the surviving remnant of the +participators in the times and events so graphically described, and by +their worthy descendants. + +Historians and antiquarians also received it cordially, universally +according it high praise. Mann Butler, the faithful historian of +Kentucky, declared that it was "a work to which the public was deeply +indebted," composed, as it was, with "so much care and interest." The +late Samuel G. Drake, the especial historian of the Red Man, +pronounced it "a work written with candor and judgment." The late +Thomas W. Field, the discriminating writer on _Indian Bibliography_, +says: "Of this scarce book, very few copies are complete or in good +condition. Having been issued in a remote corner of North-Western +Virginia, and designed principally for a local circulation, almost +every copy was read by a country fireside until scarcely legible. Most +of the copies lack the table of contents. The author took much pains +to be authentic, and his chronicles are considered by Western +antiquarians, to form the best collection of frontier life and Indian +warfare, that has been printed." + +Of such a work, now difficult to procure at any price, a new edition +is presented to the public. In 1845, the writer of this notice visited +the Virginia Valley, collecting materials on the same general subject, +going over much the same field of investigation, and quite naturally, +at that early period, identifying very large the sources of Mr. +Withers's information, thus making it possible to reproduce his work +with new lights and explanations, such as generally give pleasure and +interest to the intelligent reader of border history.[1] + +In 1829, a local antiquary, of Covington, a beautiful little village +nestling in a high mountain valley near the head of James River, in +Alleghany County, Virginia, gathered from the aged pioneers still +lingering on the shores of time, the story of the primitive +settlement and border wars of the Virginia Valley. Hugh Paul +Taylor, for such was his name, was the precursor, in all that +region, of the school of historic gleaners, and published in the +nearest village paper, _The Fincastle Mirror_, some twenty miles away, +a series of articles, over the signature of "Son of Cornstalk," +extending over a period of some forty stirring years, from about 1740 +to the close of the Revolutionary War. These articles formed at least +the chief authority for several of the earlier chapters of Mr. +Withers's work. Mr. Taylor had scarcely molded his materials into +shape, and put them into print, when he was called hence at an early +age, without having an opportunity to revise and publish the +results of his labors under more favorable auspices. + +Soon after Mr. Taylor's publication, Judge Edwin S. Duncan, of Peel +Tree, in then Harrison, now Barbour County, West Virginia, a gentleman +of education, and well fitted for such a work, residing in the heart +of a region rife with the story of Indian wars and hair-breadth +escapes, made a collection of materials, probably including Mr. +Taylor's sketches, with a view to a similar work; but his professional +pursuits and judicial services interposed to preclude the faithful +prosecution of the work, so he turned over to Mr. Withers his historic +gatherings, with such suggestions, especially upon the Indian race, +as by his studies and reflections he was enabled to offer. + +Other local gleaners in the field of Western history, particularly +Noah Zane, of Wheeling, John Hacker, of the Hacker's Creek settlement, +and others, freely furnished their notes and statements for the work. +Mr. Withers, under these favorable circumstances, became quite well +equipped with materials regarding especially the first settlement and +Indian wars of the region now comprising West Virginia; and, to a +considerable extent, the region of Staunton and farther southwest, +of the French and Indian War period, together with Dunmore's War, +and the several campaigns from the western borders of Virginia and +Pennsylvania into the Ohio region, during the Revolutionary War. + +Alexander Scott Withers, for his good services in the field of Western +history, well deserves to have his name and memory perpetuated as a +public benefactor. Descending, on his father's side, from English +ancestry, he was the fourth child of nine, in the family of Enoch K. +and Jennet Chinn Withers, who resided at a fine Virginia homestead, +called Green Meadows, half a dozen miles from Warrenton, Fauquier +county, Virginia, where the subject of this sketch was born on the +12th of October, 1792--on the third centennial anniversary of the +discovery of America by Columbus. His mother was the daughter of +Thomas Chinn and Jennet Scott--the latter a native of Scotland, and a +first cousin of Sir Walter Scott. + +Passing his early years in home and private schools, he became from +childhood a lover of books and knowledge. He read Virgil at the early +age of ten; and, in due time, entered Washington College, and thence +entered the law department of the venerable institution of William and +Mary, where Jefferson, Monroe, Wythe, and other Virginia notables, +received their education. + +Procuring a license to practice, he was admitted to the bar in +Warrenton, where for two or three years he practiced his profession. +His father dying in 1813, he abandoned his law practice, which he did +not like, because he could not overcome his diffidence in public +speaking; and, for quite a period, he had the management of his +mother's plantation. + +In August, 1815, he was united in marriage with Miss Melinda Fisher, a +most estimable lady, a few months his junior; and about 1827, having a +growing family, he looked to the Great West for his future home and +field of labor, and moved to West Virginia, first locating temporarily +in Bridgeport, in Harrison County, and subsequently settling near +Clarksburg in the same county, where he devoted much time in +collecting materials for and writing his _Chronicles of Border +Warfare_. + +The publisher, Joseph Israel, who took a deep interest in the work, as +his "Advertisement" of it suggests, must have realized ample +recompense for the work, as he had subscribers for the full edition +issued; yet, from some cause, he failed pecuniarily, and Mr. Withers +got nothing whatever for his diligence and labor in producing it, save +two or three copies of the work itself. He used to say, that had he +published the volume himself, he would have made it much more +complete, and better in every way; for he was hampered, limited, and +hurried--often correcting proof of the early, while writing the later +chapters. Mr. Israel, the publisher, died several years ago. + +After this worthy but unremunerative labor, Mr. Withers turned his +attention to Missouri for a suitable home for his old age. He was +disappointed in his visit to that new state, as the richer portions +of the country, where he would have located, were more or less +unhealthy. So he returned to West Virginia, and settled near +Weston, a fine, healthful region of hills and valleys, where he +engaged in agricultural pursuits, in which he always took a deep +interest. He also served several years as a magistrate, the only +public position he ever filled. + +The death of his wife in September, 1853, broke sadly into his +domestic enjoyments; his family were now scattered, and his home was +henceforward made with his eldest daughter, Mrs. Jennet S. Tavenner, +and her husband, Thomas Tavenner, who in 1861 removed to a home +adjoining Parkersburg, in West Virginia. Here our author lived a +retired, studious life, until his death, which occurred, after a few +days' illness, January 23, 1865, in the seventy-third year of his +age. + +Mr. Withers had no talent for the acquisition of wealth; but he met +with marked success in acquiring knowledge. He was an admirer of +ancient literature, and to his last days read the Greek classics in +the original. A rare scholar, a lover of books, his tastes were +eminently domestic; he was, from his nature, much secluded from the +busy world around him. Nearly six feet high, rather portly and +dignified, as is shown by his portrait, taken when he was about sixty +years of age--he was kind and obliging to all, and emphatically a true +Virginia gentleman of the old school. His sympathies during the War of +Secession, were strongly in favor of the Union cause, the happy +termination of which he did not live to witness. His son, Henry W. +Withers, served with credit during the war in the Union service in the +Twelfth Virginia Regiment. + +Mr. Withers was blessed with two sons and three daughters--one of the +sons has passed away; the other, Major Henry W. Withers, resides in +Troy, Gilmer county, West Virginia; Mrs. Tavenner still lives at +Parkersburg; Mrs. Mary T. Owen, at Galveston, Texas, and Mrs. +Elizabeth Ann Thornhill, in New Orleans. + +----- + [1] The venerable Mark L. Spotts, an intelligent and + long-time resident of Lewisburg, West Virginia, writes, in + December, 1890: "I had an old and particular friend, Mr. Thomas + Matthews, of this place, who, many years ago, conceived the + idea of preparing and publishing a revised edition of Withers's + _Border Warfare_, and no doubt had collected many facts looking + to such a publication; but the old man's health gave way, he + died, and his widow moved away, and what became of his notes, I + can not say--perhaps destroyed."--L. C. D. + + + + +CHRONICLES + +OF + +BORDER WARFARE, + +OR + +A HISTORY + +OF THE + +SETTLEMENT BY THE WHITES, + +OF NORTH-WESTERN VIRGINIA: + +AND + +OF THE INDIAN WARS AND MASSACRES, + +IN THAT SECTION OF THE STATE, + +WITH + +REFLECTIONS, ANECDOTES, &c. + +BY ALEXANDER S. WITHERS. + +CLARKSBURG, V.A. + +PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH ISRAEL, + +1831 + + + + +WESTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA, _to wit_: + +Be it remembered, That on the twenty-sixth day of January, in the +Fifty-fifth year of the Independence of the United States of America, +JOSEPH ISRAEL, of the said District, hath deposited in this Office, +the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprietor, in the +words following, To wit: + +"Chronicles of Border Warfare, or a history of the settlement, by the +whites, of North-Western Virginia: and of the Indian wars and +massacres, in that section of the State; with reflections, anecdotes, +&c.--By ALEXANDER S. WITHERS, 1831," in conformity to the act of +Congress of the United States, entitled "An act for the encouragement +of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the +Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the times therein +mentioned;" and also to an act, entitled "An act for the encouragement +of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the +Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the times therein +mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of +Designing, Engraving and Etching historical and other prints." + +JASPER YEATES DODDRIDGE, + +_Clerk of the Western District of Virginia_. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + +The "Chronicles of Border Warfare" are now completed and presented to +the public. Circumstances, over which the publisher had no control, +have operated to delay their appearance beyond the anticipated period; +and an apprehension that such might be the case, induced him, when +issuing proposals for their publication, not positively to name a time +at which the work would be completed and ready for delivery. + +This delay, although unavoidable, has been the source of regret to the +publisher, and has added considerably to the expenditure otherwise +necessarily made, in attempting to rescue from oblivion the many +interesting incidents, now, for the first time recorded. To preserve +them from falling into the gulph of forgetfulness, was the chief +motive which the publisher had in view; and should the profits of the +work be sufficient to defray the expenses, actually incurred in its +preparation and completion, he will be abundantly satisfied. That he +will be thus far remunerated, is not for an instant doubted,--the +subscription papers having attached to them, as many names as there +are copies published. + +In regard to the manner of its execution, it does not perhaps become +him to speak. He was attentive to his duties, and watched narrowly the +press; and if typographical errors are to be found, it must be +attributed to the great difficulty of preventing them, even when the +author is at hand to correct each proof sheet. They are however, +certainly few, and such as would be likely to escape observation. + +JOSEPH ISRAEL, _Publisher_. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +INTRODUCTION.--General view of the discovery of North America, by +England, France and Spain. 1 to 11. Aborigines of America--Their +origin. 12-27. Their persons and character--Indian antiquities. +28-43. + +CHAPTER 1. Of the country west of Blue ridge, difficulties attending +its first settlement; Indians in neighborhood--their tribes and +numbers. Various parties explore the Valley; their adventures. +Benjamin Burden receives a grant of land; settles 100 families, their +general character, West of Blue ridge divided into two counties; its +present population, &c. Discovery of Greenbrier, explored by Martin +and Seal; by the Lewis's, Greenbrier Company, settlement of Muddy +Creek and Big Levels, of New river and Holstein; of Gallipolis by +French. 44-62. + +CHAP. 2nd. North Western Virginia, divisions and population, +Importance of Ohio river to the French, and the English; Ohio Company; +English traders made prisoners by French, attempt to establish fort +frustrated, French erect Fort du Quesne; War; Braddock's defeat; +Andrew Lewis, character and services; Grant's defeat, capture of Fort +du Quesne and erection of Fort Pitt: Tygart and Files settle on East +Fork of Monongahela, File's family killed by Indians, Dunkards visit +the country, settle on Cheat, their fate; settlement under Decker on +the Monongahela, destroyed by Indians, pursuit by Gibson, origin of +Long knives. 63-80. + +CHAP. 3rd. Expedition to the mouth of Big Sandy, ordered back by +governor, their extreme sufferings: Dreadful catastrophe at Levit's +Fort, Shawnees visit James river settlements, their depredations and +defeat, fortunate escape of Hannah Dennis, destruction at Muddy creek +and Big Levels, Mrs. Clendennin, Indians visit Jackson and Catawba +rivers, discovered, pursued, overtaken and dispersed, Mrs. Gunn. +81-99. + +CHAP. 4th. Indians commit depredations in Pennsylvania, burn three +prisoners, excesses of Paxton Boys, Black Boys of great service to +frontier, engagement at Turtle creek, Traders attempt to supply +Indians, affair at Sidelong hill, Fort Bedford taken by Blackboys, +Capt. James Smith, his character and services. 100-116. + +CHAP. 5th. Deserters from Fort Pitt visit head of Monongahela, The +Pringles, Settlements of Buckhannon, of Hacker's creek, Monongahela +and other places, Of Wheeling by Zane's, Their Character, Character of +Wm. Lowther, Objects and character of the first settlers generally. +117-133. + +CHAP. 6th. War of 1774, Inquiry into its cause, Boone and others visit +Kentucky, Emigrants attacked by Indians, Surveyors begin operations +there, Affair at Captina, and opposite Yellow creek, Excesses of +Indians, Preparations for [ii] war, Expedition against Wappatomica, +Incursion of Logan and others, Of Indians on West Fork. 134-158. + +CHAP. 7th. Indians come on Big Kenhawa, Lewis and Jacob Whitsel taken +prisoners, Their adventurous conduct, Plan of Dunmore's campaign, +Battle at Point Pleasant, Dunmore enters Indian country and makes +peace, Reflections on the motives of Dunmore's conduct. 159-186. + +CHAP. 8th. General view of the relative situation of Great Britain and +the colonies, British emissaries and American Tories stimulate the +Savages to war, Progress of settlements in Kentucky, Character of +Harrod, Boone and Logan, Attack on Harrod's fort, on Boone's and on +Logan's, Bowman arrives to its relief, Cornstock visits Point +Pleasant, Projected campaign against the Indians abortive, Cornstock's +son visits him, Gilmore killed, Murder of Cornstock, Of Ellinipsico +and others, Character of Cornstock. 187-214. + +CHAP. 9. General alarm on the frontier, Savages commit depredations, +Intelligence of contemplated invasion, Condition of Wheeling, Indians +seen near it, Two parties under captain Mason and captain Ogal decoyed +within the Indian lines and cut to pieces, Girty demands the surrender +of Wheeling, Col. Zane's reply, Indians attacks the fort and retire, +Arrival of col. Swearingen with a reinforcement, of captain Foreman, +Ambuscade at Grave creek narrows, conspiracy of Tories discovered and +defeated, Petro and White taken prisoners, Irruption into Tygarts +Valley, Murder at Conoly's and at Stewarts. 215-235. + +CHAP. 10. Measures of defence, Fort M'Intosh erected, exposed +situation, commencement of hostilities, Attack on Harbert's +blockhouse, Murder at Morgan's on Cheat, Of Lowther and Hughes, +Indians appear before Fort at the point, Decoy Lieut. Moore into an +ambuscade, a larger army visits Fort, stratagem to draw out the +garrison, Prudence and precaution of capt. M'Kee. Fort closely +besieged, Siege raised, Heroic adventure of Prior and Hammond to save +Greenbrier, Attack on Donnelly's Fort, Dick Pointer, Affair at West's +Fort, Successful artifice of Hustead, Affair at Cobern's fort, at +Strader's, Murder of Stephen Washburn, captivity, &c. of James, +Projected invasion of Indian country, Col. Clarke takes Kaskaskias and +other towns, Fort Lawrens erected by Gen. M'Intosh and garrisoned. +236-256. + +CHAP. 11. Gov. Hamilton marches to St. Vincent--critical situation of +col. Clarke, his daring expedition against Hamilton, condition of Fort +Lawren's, Successful stratagem of Indians there, Gen. M'Intosh arrives +with an army, Fort evacuated, Transactions in Kentucky, captivity of +Boone, his escape and expedition against Paint creek town, Indian +[iii] army under Du Quesne appear before Boone's fort, politic conduct +of Boone, Fort assaulted, Assailants repulsed, Expedition against +Chilicothe towns under Bowman, Its failure, Kentucky increases rapidly +in population. 257-274. + +CHAP. 12. Hacker's creek settlement breaks up, Alarm of Indians near +Pricket's fort, Stephen and Sarah Morgan sent to farm, Dream and +anxiety of their father, His fearful encounter with two Indians, Kills +both, Heroism of Mrs. Bozarth, Murders on Snow creek, captivity of +Leonard Schoolcraft, Indians surprize Martin's fort, destruction +there, Irruptions into Tygart's valley, Indians attack the house of +Samuel Cottrail, Murder of John Schoolcraft's family, Projected +campaign of British and Indians, Indians again in Tygart's Valley, +mischief there, West's fort invested, Hazardous adventure of Jesse +Hughs to obtain assistance, Skirmish between whites and savages, +coolness and intrepidity of Jerry Curl, Austin Schoolcraft killed and +his niece taken prisoner, Murder of Owens and Judkins, of Sims, Small +Pox terrifies Indians, Transactions in Greenbrier, Murder of Baker and +others, last outrage in that country. 275-293 + +CHAP. 13. Operations of combined army of British and Indians, +Surrender of Ruddle's Station, Outrages of savages there, Col. Byrd +enabled to restrain them, Martin's station surrenders, Byrd returns to +the Indian towns, Escape of Hinkstone, Invasion of North Western +Virginia, Plan of campaign, Indians discovered near Wheeling, Take +prisoners, Alarmed for their own safety, kill their prisoners and +retire, Expedition under Col. Broadhead, against the Munsies, against +Coshocton, excesses of the whites there, Expedition under Gen. Clarke +against Chilicothe and Piqua, Battle at Piqua, Indian depredations in +Virginia, murder of capt. Thomas and family, of Schoolcraft, Manear, +and others, Destruction of Leading creek settlement, aggressors +overtaken by a party under Col. Lowther, Affair of Indian creek, +murder of Mrs. Furrenash, Williamson's first expedition against +Moravian Indians, Prisoners taken sent to Fort Pitt, Set at liberty, +Their settlements broken up by Wyandotts. 294-317. + +CHAP. 14. The murder of Monteur and his family, others taken +prisoners, Second expedition of Williamson against Moravians, its +success and the savage conduct of the whites, Expedition under +Crawford, his defeat--Is taken prisoner and burned; captivity and +escape of Doctor Knight, of Slover; Death of Mills--Signal achievement +of Lewis Whitsel. 318-339. + +CHAP. 15. Murder of White, Dorman and wife taken prisoners; +Inhabitants on Buckhannon evacuate the fort, attacked by Indians on +their way to the Valley; Whites visiting [iv] Buckhannon settlement +discovered and watched by Indians--conduct of George Jackson to obtain +aid, Stalnaker killed, Indians cross Alleghany--miss Gregg killed by +Dorman, murder of mrs. Pindall, of Charles Washburn, of Arnold and +Richards--Daring conduct of Elias Hughes--murder of Corbly's +family--Grand council of Indians at Chillicothe, Its determinations; +Indian army enters Kentucky; Affair at Bryants station; Battle of Blue +Licks--Expedition under Gen. Clarke, Attack on Wheeling, Attempt to +demolish the fort with a wooden cannon, Signal exploit of Elizabeth +Zane, Noble conduct of Francis Duke, Indians withdraw, Attack on Rives +[Rice's] Fort, Encounter of Poe with two Indians. 340-364. + +CHAP. 16. Peace with G. Britain, War continued by Indians--Operations +in N. W. Virginia--murder of Daniel Radcliff, Attack on Cunninghams upon +Bingamon, murders there; murders in Tazewell, of Davison, of Moore, +mrs. Moore and seven children taken prisoners, their fate--murder of +Ice, &c. Levi Morgan encounters two Indians, Indians steal horses on +West Fork, pursued and punished by col. Lowther--murder of the Wests +on Hacker's creek, Remarkable recovery of J. Hacker's daughter--murder +of the Johnsons on Ten-mile creek, At Macks, Artifice of John Sims. +365-383. + +CHAP. 17. Rapid increase of population of Kentucky, operations +there--Preparations of the general Government to carry on the war in +the Indian country, Settlement of Marietta, Of Cincinatti, Fort +Washington erected, Settlement of Duck creek, Big Bottom and Wolf +creeks--Harmar's campaign, murder of whites on Big Bottom, murder +of John Bush--Affair at Hansucker's on Dunkard--murder of Carpenter +and others and escape of Jesse Hughes--campaign under Gen. St. +Clair--Attack at Merrill's, Heroic conduct of mrs. Merrill, Signal +success of expedition under Gen. Scott. 384-407. + +CHAP. 18. Indians visit Hacker's creek--murder of the Waggoners and +captivity of others--murder of Neal and Triplet, major Truman and col. +Hardin killed, Greater preparations made by General Government, John +and Henry Johnson, Attack on the hunting camp of Isaac Zane, Noble +conduct of Zane--Treatment of Indian prisoners, Fort Recovery erected, +Escape of Joseph Cox--murder of miss Runyan and attack on Carder's, +Indians kill and make prisoners the Cozads, Affair at Joseph Kanaan's, +Progress of army under Gen. Wayne, Indians attack and defeat +detachment under M'Mahon, battle of Au Glaize and victory of General +Wayne, Affair at Bozarth's on Buckhannon--Treaty of Greenville. +408-430. + + + + +[3] INTRODUCTION. + +CHAPTER I. + + +It is highly probable that the continent of America was known to the +Ancient Carthaginians, and that it was the great island Atalantis, of +which mention is made by Plato, who represents it as larger than Asia +and Africa. The Carthaginians were a maritime people, and it is known +that they extended their discoveries beyond the narrow sphere which +had hitherto limited the enterprise of the mariner. And although Plato +represents Atalantis as having been swallowed by an earthquake, and +all knowledge of the new continent, if any such ever existed, was +entirely lost, still it is by no means improbable, that it had been +visited by some of the inhabitants of the old world, prior to its +discovery by Columbus in 1492. The manner of this discovery is well +known, as is also the fact that Americo Vespucci, a Florentine, under +the authority of Emmanuel king of Portugal, in sailing as far as +Brazil discovered the main land and gave name to America. + +These discoveries gave additional excitement to the adventurous spirit +which distinguished those times, and the flattering reports made of +the country which they had visited, inspired the different nations of +Europe, with the desire of reaping the rich harvest, which the +enlightened and enterprising mind of Columbus, had unfolded to their +view. Accordingly, as early as March 1496, (less than two years after +the discovery by Columbus) a commission was granted by Henry VII king +of England, to John Cabot and his three sons, empowering them to sail +under the English banner in quest of new discoveries, and in the event +of their success to take possession, in the name of the king of +England, of the countries thus discovered and not inhabited by +_Christian people_. + +The expedition contemplated in this commission was never carried into +effect. But in May 1498 Cabot with his son Sebastian, embarked on a +voyage to attain the desired object, and succeeded in his design so +far as to effect a discovery of [4] North America, and although he +sailed along the coast from Labrador to Virginia, yet it does not now +appear that he made any attempt either at settlement or conquest. + +This is said to have been the first discovery ever made of that +portion of our continent which extends from the Gulph of Mexico to the +North pole; and to this discovery the English trace their title to +that part of it, subsequently reduced into possession by them.[1] + +As many of the evils endured by the inhabitants of the western part of +Virginia, resulted from a contest between England and France, as to +the validity of their respective claims to portions of the newly +discovered country, it may not be amiss to take a general view of the +discoveries and settlements effected by each of those powers. + +After the expedition of Cabot, no attempt on the part of England, to +acquire territory in America, seems to have been made until the year +1558. In this year letters patent were issued by Queen Elizabeth, +empowering Sir Humphrey Gilbert to "discover and take possession of +such remote, heathen, and barbarous lands, as were not actually +possessed by any _christian prince or people_." Two expeditions, +conducted by this gentleman terminated unfavorably. Nothing was done +by him towards the accomplishment of the objects in view, more than +the taking possession of the island of New Foundland in the name of +the English Queen. + +In 1584 a similar patent was granted to Sir Walter Raleigh, under +whose auspices was discovered the country south of Virginia. In April +of that year he dispatched two vessels under the command of Amidas and +Barlow, for the purpose of visiting, and obtaining such a knowledge of +the country which he proposed to colonize, as would facilitate the +attainment of his object. In their voyage they approached the North +American continent towards the Gulph of Florida, and sailing +northwardly touched at an island situate on the inlet into Pamlico +sound, in the state of North Carolina. To this island they gave the +name of Wocoken, and proceeding from thence reached Roanoke near the +mouth of Albemarle sound. After having remained here some weeks, and +obtained from the natives the best information which they could impart +concerning the country, Amidas and Barlow returned to England. + +In the succeeding year Sir Walter had fitted out a squadron of seven +ships, the command of which he gave to Sir Richard [5] Grenville. On +board of this squadron were passengers, arms, ammunition and +provisions for a settlement. He touched at the islands of Wocoken and +Roanoke, which had been visited by Amidas and Barlow, and leaving a +colony of one hundred and eight persons in the island of Roanoke, he +returned to England. These colonists, after having remained about +twelve months and explored the adjacent country, became so discouraged +and exhausted by fatigue and famine, that they abandoned the country. +Sir Richard Grenville returning shortly afterwards to America, and not +being able to find them, and at a loss to conjecture their fate, left +in the island another small party of settlers and again set sail for +England. + +The flattering description which was given of the country, by those +who had visited it, so pleased Queen Elizabeth, that she gave to it +the name of Virginia, as a memorial that it had been discovered in the +reign of a Virgin Queen. + +Other inefficient attempts were afterwards made to colonize North +America during the reign of Elizabeth, but it was not 'till the year +1607, that a colony was permanently planted there. In December of the +preceding year a small vessel and two barks, under the command of +captain Newport, and having on board one hundred and five men, +destined to remain, left England. In April they were driven by a storm +into Chesapeak bay, and after a fruitless attempt to land at Cape +Henry, sailed up the Powhatan (since called James) River, and on the +13th of May 1607, debarked on the north side of the river at a place +to which they gave the name of Jamestown. From this period the country +continued in the occupancy of the whites, and remained subject to the +crown of Great Britain until the war of the revolution. + +A new charter which was issued in 1609 grants to "the treasurer and +company of the adventurers, of the city of London for the first colony +of Virginia, in absolute property the lands extending from Point +Comfort along the sea coast two hundred miles to the northward, and +from the same point, along the sea coast two hundred miles to the +southward, and up into the land throughout from sea to sea, west and +north-west; and also all islands lying within one hundred miles of the +coast of both seas of the precinct aforesaid." Conflicting charters, +granted to other corporations, afterwards narrowed her limits; that +she has been since reduced to her present comparatively small extent +of territory, is attributable exclusively [6] to the almost suicidal +liberality of Virginia herself. + +On the part of France, voyages for the discovery and colonization of +North America were nearly contemporaneous with those made by England +for like objects. As early as the year 1540, a commission was issued +by Francis 1st for the establishment of Canada.[2] In 1608, a French +fleet, under the command of Admiral Champlaine, arrived in the St. +Lawrence and founded the city of Quebec. So successful were her +attempts to colonize that province, that, notwithstanding its +proximity to the English colonies, and the fact that a Spanish sailor +had previously entered the St. Lawrence and established a port at the +mouth of Grand river--neither of those powers seriously contested the +right of France to its possession.--Yet it was frequently the theatre +of war; and as early as 1629 was subdued by England. By the treaty of +St. Germains in 1632 it was restored to France, as was also the then +province of Acadie, now known as Nova Scotia. There is no doubt but +that this latter province was, by priority of settlement, the property +of France, but its principal town having been repeatedly reduced to +possession by the English, it was ceded to them by the treaty of +Utrecht in 1713. + +To the country bordering the Mississippi river, and its tributary +streams, a claim was made by England, France and Spain. The claim of +England (based on the discovery by the Cabots of the eastern shore of +the United States,) included all the country between the parallels of +latitude within which the Atlantic shore was explored, extending +westwardly to the Pacific ocean--a zone athwart the continent between +the thirtieth and forty-eighth degrees of North latitude. + +From the facility with which the French gained the good will and +friendly alliance of the Natives in Canada, by intermarrying with, and +assimilating themselves to the habits and inclinations of, these +children of the forest, an intimacy arose which induced the Indians to +impart freely to the French their knowledge of the interior country. +Among other things information was communicated to them, of the fact +that farther on there was a river of great size and immense length, +which pursued a course opposite to that of the St. Lawrence, and +emptied itself into an unknown sea. It was conjectured that it must +necessarily flow either into the Gulph of Mexico, or the South Sea; +and in 1673 Marquette and Joliet, French missionaries, together with +five other men, commenced a journey [7] from Quebec to ascertain the +fact and examine the country bordering its shores. + +From lake Michigan they proceeded up the Fox river nearly to its +source; thence to Ouisconsin; down it to the Mississippi, in which +river they sailed as far as to about the thirty-third degree of north +latitude. From this point they returned through the Illinois country +to Canada. + +At the period of this discovery M. de La Salle, a Frenchman of +enterprise, courage and talents but without fortune, was commandant of +fort Frontignac. Pleased with the description given by Marquette and +Joliet, of the country which they had visited, he formed the +determination of examining it himself, and for this purpose left +Canada in the close of the summer of 1679, in company with father +Louis Hennepin and some others.[3] On the Illinois he erected fort +Crevecoeur, where he remained during the winter, and instructing +father Hennepin, in his absence to ascend the Mississippi to its +sources, returned to Canada. M. de La Salle subsequently visited this +country, and establishing the villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, left +them under the command of M. de Tonti, and going back to Canada, +proceeded from thence to France to procure the co-operation of the +Ministry in effecting a settlement of the valley of the Mississippi. +He succeeded in impressing on the minds of the French Ministry, the +great benefits which would result from its colonization, and was the +first to suggest the propriety of connecting the settlements on the +Mississippi with those in Canada by a cordon of forts; a measure which +was subsequently attempted to be carried into effect. + +With the aid afforded him by the government of France, he was enabled +to prepare an expedition to accomplish his object, and sailing in 1684 +for the mouth of the Mississippi, steered too far westward and landed +in the province of Texas, and on the banks of the river Guadaloupe. +Every exertion which a brave and prudent man could make to effect the +security of his little colony, and conduct them to the settlement in +Illinois, was fruitlessly made by him. In reward for all his toil and +care he was basely assassinated; the remnant of the party whom he was +conducting through the wilderness, finally reached the Arkansas, where +was a settlement of French emigrants from Canada. The colonists left +by him at the bay of St. Bernard were mostly murdered by the natives, +the remainder were carried away by the Spaniards in 1689. + +[8] Other attempts made by the French to colonize the Mississippi near +the Gulph of Mexico, were for some time unavailing. In an expedition +for that purpose, conducted by M. Ibberville, a suit of armor on which +was inscribed Ferdinand de Soto, was found in the possession of some +Indians. In the year 1717 the spot, on which New Orleans now stands, +was selected as the centre of the settlements, then first made in +Louisiana, and the country continued in the possession of France until +1763. By the treaty of Paris in that year, she ceded to Great Britain, +together with Canada her possessions east of the Mississippi, +excepting only the island of New Orleans--this and her territory on +the west bank of that river were transferred to Spain. + +The title of Spain to the valley of the Mississippi, if made to depend +on priority of discovery, would perhaps, to say the least, be as good +as that of either of the other powers. Ferdinand de Soto, governor of +Cuba, was most probably the first white man who saw that majestic +stream. + +The Spaniards had early visited and given name to Florida. In 1528 +Pamphilo de Narvaez obtained a grant of it, and fitting out an +armament, proceeded with four or five hundred men to explore and +settle the country. He marched to the Indian village of Appalachas, +when he was attacked and defeated by the natives. The most of +those who escaped death from the hands of the savages, perished in a +storm, by which they were overtaken on their voyage home. Narvaez +himself perished in the wreck, and was succeeded in his attempt at +colonization by de Soto. + +Ferdinand de Soto, then governor of Cuba, was a man of chivalrous and +enterprising spirit, and of cool, deliberate courage. In his +expedition to Florida, although attacked by the Indians, immediately +on his landing, yet, rather seeking than shunning danger, he +penetrated the interior, and crossing the Mississippi, sickened and +died on Red river. So frequent and signal had been the victories which +he had obtained over the Indians, that his name alone had become an +object of terror to them; and his followers, at once to preserve his +remains from violation, and prevent the natives from acquiring a +knowledge of his death, enclosed his body in a hollow tree, sunk it in +the Red river and returned to Florida. + +Thus, it is said, were different parts of this continent discovered; +and by virtue of the settlements thus effected, by [9] those three +great powers of Europe, the greater portion of it was claimed as +belonging to them respectively, in utter disregard of the rights of +the Aborigines. And while the historian records the colonization of +America as an event tending to meliorate the condition of Europe, and +as having extended the blessings of civil and religious liberty, +humanity must drop the tear of regret, that it has likewise forced the +natives of the new, and the inhabitants of a portion of the old world, +to drink so deeply from the cup of bitterness. + +The cruelties which have been exercised on the Aborigines of +America, the wrong and outrage heaped on them from the days of +Montezuma and Guatimozin, to the present period, while they excite +sympathy for their sufferings, should extenuate, if not justify the +bloody deeds, which revenge prompted the untutored savages to +commit. Driven as they were from the lands of which they were the +rightful proprietors--Yielding to encroachment after encroachment +'till forced to apprehend their utter annihilation--Witnessing the +destruction of their villages, the prostration of their towns and the +sacking of cities adorned with splendid magnificence, who can feel +surprised at any attempt which they might make to rid the country +of its invaders. Who, but must applaud the spirit which prompted +them, when they beheld their prince a captive, the blood of their +nobles staining the earth with its crimson dye, and the Gods of +their adoration scoffed and derided, to aim at the destruction of +their oppressors.--When Mexico, "with her tiara of proud towers," +became the theatre in which foreigners were to revel in rapine and in +murder, who can be astonished that the valley of Otumba resounded +with the cry of "Victory or Death?" And yet, resistance on their part, +served but as a pretext for a war of extermination; waged too, with a +ferocity, from the recollection of which the human mind involuntarily +revolts, and with a success which has forever blotted from the book +of national existence, once powerful and happy tribes. + +But they did not suffer alone. As if to fill the cup of oppression to +the brim, another portion of the human family were reduced to abject +bondage, and made the unwilling cultivators of those lands, of which +the Indians had been dispossessed. Soon after the settlement of North +America was commenced, the negroes of Africa became an article of +commerce, and from subsequent importations and natural [10] increase +have become so numerous as to excite the liveliest apprehensions in +the bosom of every friend to this country. Heretofore they have had +considerable influence on the affairs of our government; and recently +the diversity of interest, occasioned in Virginia, by the possession +of large numbers of them in the country east of the blue ridge of +mountains, seemed for a while to threaten the integrity of the +state.--Happily this is now passing away, but how far they may effect +the future destines of America, the most prophetic ken cannot foresee. +Yet, although the philanthropist must weep over their unfortunate +situation, and the patriot shudder in anticipation of a calamity which +it may defy human wisdom to avert; still it would be unfair to charge +the existence of slavery among us to the policy of the United States, +or to brand their present owners as the instruments of an evil which +they cannot remove. And while others boast that they are free from +this dark spot, let them remember, that but for them our national +escutcheon might have been as pure and unsullied as their own.[4] + +We are indebted to the Dutch for their introduction into Virginia, and +to the ships of other than slave holding communities, for their +subsequent unhallowed transportation to our shores. Yet those who were +mainly instrumental in forging the chains of bondage, have since +rendered the condition of the negro slave more intolerable by +fomenting discontent among them, and by "scattering fire brands and +torches," which are often not to be extinguished but in blood. + +Notwithstanding those two great evils which have resulted from the +discovery and colonization of America, yet to these the world is +indebted for the enjoyment of many and great blessings. They enlarged +the theatre of agricultural enterprise, and thus added to the +facilities of procuring the necessaries of life. They encouraged the +industry of Europeans, by a dependence on them for almost every +species of manufacture, and thus added considerably to their +population, wealth and happiness; while the extensive tracts of +fertile land, covering the face of this country and inviting to its +bosom the enterprising [11] foreigner, has removed a far off any +apprehension of the ill effects arising from a too dense population. + +In a moral and political point of view much good has likewise resulted +from the settlement of America. Religion, freed from the fetters which +enthralled her in Europe, has shed her benign influence on every +portion of our country. Divorced from an adulterous alliance with +state, she has here stalked forth in the simplicity of her founder; +and with "healing on her wings, spread the glad tidings of salvation +to all men." It is true that religious intolerance and blind bigotry, +for some time clouded our horizon, but they were soon dissipated; and +when the sun arose which ushered in the dawn of our national existence +scarce a speck could be seen to dim its lustre. Here too was reared +the standard of civil liberty, and an example set, which may teach to +the nations of the old world, that as people are really the source of +power, government should be confided to them. Already have the +beneficial effects of this example been manifested, and the present +condition of Europe clearly shows, that the lamp of liberty, which was +lighted here, has burned with a brilliancy so steady as to have +reflected its light across the Atlantic. Whether it will be there +permitted to shine, is somewhat problematical. But should a "holy +alliance of legitimates" extinguish it, it will be but for a season. +Kings, Emperors and Priests cannot succeed much longer in staying the +march of freedom. The people are sensibly alive to the oppression of +their rulers--they have groaned beneath the burden 'till it has become +too intolerable to be borne; and they are now speaking in a voice +which will make tyrants tremble on their throne. + +----- + [1] The author errs somewhat in his review of the voyages of + the Cabots. In 1497, John set out to reach Asia by way of the + north-west, and sighted Cape Breton, for which the generous + king gave him L10 and blessed him with "great honours." In + 1498, Sebastian's voyage was intended to supplement his + father's; his exploration of the coast extended down to the + vicinity of Chesapeake Bay.--R. G. T. + + [2] This refers to the explorations of Jacques Cartier. But + as early as 1534 Cartier sailed up the estuary of the St. + Lawrence "until land could be seen on either side;" the + following year he ascended the river as far as the La Chine + rapids, and wintered upon the island mountain there which he + named Mont Real. It was in 1541 that he made his third voyage, + and built a fort at Quebec. The author's reference, a few lines + below, to a "Spanish sailor" in the St. Lawrence, is the result + of confusion over Cartier's first voyages; Cortereal was at + Newfoundland for the Portuguese in 1500; and Gomez for Spain in + 1525.--R. G. T. + + [3] The author wrote at too early a date to have the benefit + of Parkman's researches. La Salle had probably discovered the + Ohio River four years before the voyage of Joliet and + Marquette.--R. G. T. + + [4] It is said, that Georgia, at an early period of her + colonial existence, endeavored by legislative enactment to + prevent the importation of slaves into her territory, but that + the King of England invariably negatived those laws, and + ultimately Oglethorpe was dismissed from office, for + persevering in the endeavor to accomplish so desirable an + object. It is an historical fact that slaves were not permitted + to be taken into Georgia, for some time after a colony was + established there. + + + + +[3] INTRODUCTION. + +CHAPTER II. + + +When America was first visited by Europeans, it was found that its +inhabitants were altogether ignorant of the country from which their +ancestors had migrated, and of the period at which they had been +transplanted to the new world. And although there were among them +traditions seeming to cast a light upon these subjects, yet when +thoroughly investigated, they tended rather to bewilder than lead to +any certain conclusion. The origin of the natives has ever since been +a matter of curious speculation with the learned; conjecture has +succeeded conjecture, hypothesis has yielded to hypothesis, as wave +recedes before wave, still it remains involved in a labyrinth of +inexplicable difficulties, from which the most ingenious mind will +perhaps never be able to free it. + +In this respect the situation of the aborigines of America does not +differ from that of the inhabitants of other portions of the globe. An +impenetrable cloud hangs over the early history of other nations, and +defies the researches of the learned in any attempt to trace them to +their origin. The attempt has nevertheless been repeatedly made; and +philosophers, arguing from a real or supposed conformity of one people +to another, have vainly imagined that they had attained to certainty +on these subjects. And while one has in this manner, undertaken to +prove China to have been an Egyptian colony, another, pursuing the +same course of reasoning, has, by way of ridicule, shewn how easily a +learned man of Tobolski or Pekin might as satisfactorily prove France +to have been a Trojan, a Greek or even an Arabian colony; thus making +manifest the utter futility of endeavoring to arrive at certainty in +this way.[1] + +[13] Nor is this to be at all wondered at, when we reflect on the +barbarous state of those nations in their infancy, the imperfection +of traditionary accounts of what had transpired centuries before, and +in many instances the entire absence of a written language, by +which, either to perpetuate events, or enable the philosopher by +analogy of language to ascertain their affinity with other nations. +Conjectural then as must be every disquisition as to the manner in +which this continent was first peopled, still however, as many men +eminent for learning and piety have devoted much labor and time to the +investigation of the subject, it may afford satisfaction to the +curious to see some of those speculations recorded. Discordant as +they are in many respects, there is nevertheless one fact as to +the truth of which they are nearly all agreed; Mr. Jefferson is +perhaps the only one, of those who have written on the subject, who +seems to discredit the assertion that America was peopled by +emigrants from the old world. How well the conjecture, that the +eastern inhabitants of Asia were descendants of the Indians of +America can be supported by any knowledge which is possessed of +the different languages spoken by the Aborigines, will be for +others to determine. "Neque confirmare argumentis, neque refellere, +in animo est; ex ingenio suo, quisque demat vel addat fidem." + +Among those who have given to the world their opinions on the origin +of the natives of America, is Father Jos. Acosta, a Jesuit who was for +some time engaged as a missionary among them. From the fact that no +ancient author has made mention of the [14] compass, he discredits the +supposition that the first inhabitants of this country found their way +here by sea. His conclusion is that they must have found a passage by +the North of Asia and Europe which he supposes to join each other; or +by those regions which lie southward of the straits of Magellan. + +Gregorio Garcia, who was likewise a missionary among the Mexicans and +Peruvians, from the traditions of those nations, and from the variety +of characters, customs, languages and religion, observable in the new +world, has formed the opinion that it was peopled by several different +nations. + +John de Laet, a Flemish writer, maintains that America received its +first inhabitants from Scythia or Tartary, and soon after the +dispersion of Noah's grand-sons. The resemblance of the northern +Indians, in feature, complexion and manner of living, to the +Scythians, Tartars, and Samojedes, being greater than to any other +nations. + +Emanuel de Moraez, in his history of Brazil, says that this +continent was wholly peopled by the Carthaginians and Israelites. In +confirmation of this opinion, he mentions the discoveries which the +Carthaginians are known to have made beyond the coast of Africa. The +progress of these discoveries being stopped by the Senate of Carthage, +those who happened to be in the newly discovered countries, cut off +from all communication with their countrymen, and being destitute of +many of the necessaries of life, easily fell into a state of +barbarism. + +George de Huron, a Dutch writer on this subject, considering the short +space of time which elapsed between the creation of the world and the +deluge, maintains that America could not have been peopled before the +flood. He likewise supposes that its first inhabitants were located in +the north; and that the primitive colonies extended themselves over +the whole extent of the continent, by means of the Isthmus of Panama. +It is his opinion that the first founders of these Indian colonies +were Scythians; that the Phoenicians and Carthaginians subsequently +got to America across the Atlantic, and the Chinese across the Pacific +ocean, and that other nations might have landed there by one of these +means, or been thrown on the coast by tempest: since through the whole +extent of the continent, both in its northern and southern parts there +are evident marks of a mixture of the northern nations with those who +have come from other places. + +[15] He also supposes that another migration of the Phoenicians took +place during a three years voyage made by the Tyrian fleet in the +service of king Solomon. He asserts, on the authority of Josephus, +that the port at which this embarkation was made, lay in the +Mediterranean. The fleet, he adds, went in quest of Elephants' teeth +and Peacocks, to the western coast of Africa, which is Tarshish, then +for gold to Ophir, which is Haite or the Island of Hispaniola. In the +latter opinion he is supported by Columbus, who, when he discovered +that Island, thought he could trace the furnaces in which the gold had +been refined. + +Monsieur Charlevoix, who travelled through North America, is of +opinion that it received its first inhabitants from Tartary and +Hyrcania. In support of this impression he says that some of the +animals which are to be found here, must have come from those +countries: a fact which would go to prove that the two hemispheres +join to the northward of Asia. And in order to strengthen this +conjecture, he relates the following story, which he says was told to +him by Father Grollon, a French Jesuit, as matter of fact. + +Father Grollon said, that after having labored some time in the +missions of New France, he passed over to China. One day as he was +travelling in Tartary he met a Huron woman whom he had known in +Canada. He asked her by what adventure she had been carried into a +country so very remote from her own; she replied that having been +taken in war, she was conducted from nation to nation, until she +reached the place where she then was. + +Monsieur Charlevoix narrates another circumstance of a similar kind. +He says that he had been assured, another Jesuit had met with a +Floridian woman in China. She also had been made captive by certain +Indians, who gave her to those of a more distant country, and by these +again she was given to those of another nation, 'till having been +successively passed from country to country, and after having +travelled through regions extremely cold, she at length found herself +in Tartary. Here she had married a Tartar, who had attended the +conquerors in China, and with whom she then was. + +Arguing from these facts and from the similarity of several kinds of +wild beasts which are found in America, with those of Hyrcania and +Tartary, he arrives at what he deems, a [16] rational conclusion, that +more than one nation in America had Scythian or Tartarian extraction. + +Charlevoix possessed a good opportunity of becoming acquainted with +the character and habits of the American Indians. His theory however +has been controverted by some, possessing equal advantages of +observation. Mr. Adair, an intelligent gentleman who resided among the +nations during the space of forty years, and who became well +acquainted with their manners, customs, religion, traditions and +language, has given to them a very different origin. But perfect +soever as may have been his knowledge of their manners, customs, +religion and traditions, yet it must be admitted that any inquiry into +these, with a view to discover their origin, would most probably prove +fallacious. A knowledge of the primitive language, alone can cast much +light on the subject. Whether this knowledge can ever be attained, is, +to say the least, very questionable--Being an unwritten language, and +subject to change for so many centuries, it can scarcely be supposed +now to bear much, if any affinity, to what it was in its purity. + +Mr. Adair says, that from the most exact observation he could make +during the long time which he traded among the Indians, he was forced +to believe them lineally descended from the Israelites, either when +they were a maritime power, or soon after the general captivity; most +probably the latter. + +He thinks that had the nine tribes and a half, which were carried off +by Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, and which settled in Media, remained +there long, they would, by intermarrying with the nations of that +country, from a natural fickleness and proneness to idolatry, and from +the force of example, have adopted and bowed before the Gods of the +Medes and Assyrians; and have carried them along with them. But he +affirms that there is not the least trace of this idolatry to be +discovered among the Indians: and hence he argues that those of the +ten tribes who were the forefathers of the natives, soon advanced +eastward from Assyria and reached their settlements in the new +continent, before the destruction of the first Temple. + +In support of the position that the American Indians are thus +descended, Mr. Adair adduces among others the following arguments: + +_1st, Their division into tribes._ + +"As each nation has its particular symbol, so each tribe has [17] the +badge from which it is denominated. The Sachem is a necessary party +in conveyances and treaties, to which he affixes the mark of his +tribe. If we go from nation to nation among them, we shall not find +one, who does not distinguish himself by his respective family. The +genealogical names which they assume, are derived either from the +names of those animals whereof the cherubim is said in revelation +to be compounded; or from such creatures as are most similar to them. +The Indians bear no religious respect to the animals from which they +derive their names; on the contrary they kill them whenever an +opportunity serves. + +"When we consider that these savages have been upwards of twenty +centuries without the aid of letters to carry down their traditions, +it can not be reasonably expected, that they should still retain the +identical names of their primogenial tribes: their main customs +corresponding with those of the Israelites, sufficiently clear the +subject. Moreover they call some of their tribes by the names of the +cherubinical figures, which were carried on the four principal +standards of Israel." + +_2nd, Their worship of Jehovah._ + +"By a strict, permanent, divine precept, the Hebrew nation was ordered +to worship at Jerusalem, Jehovah the true and living God, who by the +Indians is styled '_Yohewah_.' The seventy-two interpreters have +translated this word so as to signify, _Sir_, _Lord_, _Master_, +applying to mere earthly potentates, without the least signification +or relation to that great and awful name, which describes the divine +presence." + +_3rd, Their notions of a theocracy._ + +"Agreeably to the theocracy or divine government of Israel, the +Indians think the deity to be the immediate head of the state. All the +nations of Indians have a great deal of religious pride, and an +inexpressible contempt for the white people. In their war orations +they used to call us _the accursed people_, but flatter themselves +with the name of the _beloved people_, because their supposed +ancestors were, as they affirm, under the immediate government of the +Deity, who was present with them in a peculiar manner, and directed +them by Prophets, while the rest of the world were aliens to the +covenant.[2] When the old Archimagus, or any of their Magi, is [18] +persuading the people at their religious solemnities, to a strict +observance of the old _beloved or divine speech_, he always calls them +the _beloved or holy people_, agreeably to the Hebrew epithet, _Ammi_, +(my people) during the theocracy of Israel. It is this opinion, that +God has chosen them out of the rest of mankind, as his peculiar +people, which inspires the white Jew, and the red American, with that +steady hatred against all the world except themselves, and renders +them hated and despised by all." + +_5th, Their language and dialects._ + +"The Indian language and dialects appear to have the very idiom and +genius of the Hebrew. Their words and sentences are expressive, +concise, emphatical, sonorous and bold; and often both the letters and +signification are synonymous with the Hebrew language." Of these Mr. +Adair cites a number of examples. + +_6th, Their manner of counting time._ + +"The Indians count time after the manner of the Hebrews. They divide +the year into spring, summer, autumn and winter. They number their +year from any of these four periods, for they have no name for a year; +and they subdivide these and count the year by lunar months, like the +Israelites who counted time by moons, as their name sufficiently +testifies. + +"The number and regular periods of the religious feasts among the +Indians, is a good historical proof that they counted time by and +observed a weekly Sabbath, long after their arrival in America. They +began the year at the appearance of the first new moon of the vernal +equinox, according to the ecclesiastical year of Moses. 'Till the +seventy years captivity [19] commenced, the Israelites had only +numeral names for their months, except Abib and Ethanim; the former +signifying a _green ear of corn_, the latter _robust or valiant_; by +the first name the Indians as an explicative, term their passover, +which the trading people call _the green corn dance_." + +_7th, Their prophets or high priests._ + +"In conformity to, or after the manner of the Jews, the Indians have +their prophets, high priests, and others of a religious order. As the +Jews have a Sanctum Sanctorum, so have all the Indian nations. There +they deposit their consecrated vessels--none of the laity daring to +approach that sacred place. The Indian tradition says, that their +forefathers were possessed of an extraordinary divine spirit by which +they foretold future events; and that this was transmitted to their +offspring, provided they obeyed the sacred laws annexed to it.[3] [20] +_Ishtoallo_ is the name of all their priestly order and their +pontifical office descends by inheritance to the eldest. There are +traces of agreement, though chiefly lost, in their pontifical dress. +Before the Indian Archimagus officiates in making the supposed holy +fire for the yearly atonement of sin, the _Sagan_ clothes him with a +white ephod, which is a waistcoat without sleeves. In resemblance of +the Urim and Thummim the American Archimagus wears a breastplate made +of a white conch-shell, with two holes bored in the middle of it, +through which he puts the ends of an otter-skin strap; and fastens a +buck-horn white button to the outside of each; as if in imitation of +the precious stones of the Urim." + +In remarking upon this statement of Mr. Adair, Faber, a learned divine +of the church of England, has said, that Ishtoallo (the name according +to Adair of the Indian priests) is most probably a corruption of +_Ish-da-Eloah_, a man of God, (the term used by the Shunemitish woman +in speaking of Elisha;) and that _Sagan_ is the very name by which the +Hebrews called the deputy of the High Priest, who supplied his office +and who performed the functions of it in the absence of the high +priest, or when any accident had disabled him from officiating in +person. + +_8th, Their festivals, fasts and religious rites._ + +"The ceremonies of the Indians in their religious worship,[21] are +more after the Mosaic institution, than of Pagan imitation. This could +not be the fact if a majority of the old nations were of heathenish +descent. They are utter strangers to all the gestures practiced by +Pagans in their religious rites. They have likewise an appellative, +which with them is the mysterious, essential name of God; the +_tetragrammaton_, which they never use in common speech. They are +very particular of the time and place, when and where they mention it, +and this is always done in a very solemn manner. It is known that the +Jews had so great and sacred regard for the four lettered, divine +name, as scarcely ever to mention it, except when the High Priest went +into the sanctuary for the expiation of sins." + +Mr. Adair likewise says that the American Indians, like the Hebrews, +have an ark in which are kept various holy vessels, and which is never +suffered to rest on the bare ground. "On hilly ground, where stones +are plenty, they always place it on them, but on level land it is made +to rest on short legs. They have also a faith, in the power and +holiness of their ark, as strong as the Israelites had in theirs. It +is too sacred and dangerous to be touched by any one, except the +chieftain and his waiter. The leader virtually acts the part of a +priest of war protempore, in imitation of the Israelites fighting +under the divine military banner." + +Among their other religious rites the Indians, according to Adair, cut +out the sinewy part of the thigh; in commemoration, as he says, of the +Angel wrestling with Jacob. + +_12th, Their abstinence from unclean things._ + +"Eagles of every kind are esteemed by the Indians to be unclean food; +as also ravens, crows, bats, buzzards and every species of owl. They +believe that swallowing gnats, flies and the like, always breed +sickness. To this that divine sarcasm alludes 'swallowing a camel and +straining at a gnat.'" Their purifications for their Priests, and for +having touched a dead body or other unclean thing, according to Mr. +Adair, are quite Levitical. He acknowledges however, that they have no +traces of circumcision; but he supposes that they lost this rite in +their wanderings, as it ceased among the Hebrews, during the forty +years in the wilderness. + +_15th, Their cities of refuge._ + +"The Israelites had cities of refuge for those who killed persons +unawares. According to the same particular divine [22] law of mercy, +each of the Indian nations has a house or town of refuge, which is a +sure asylum to protect a man-slayer, or the unfortunate captive, if +they can but once enter into it. In almost every nation they have +peaceable towns, called ancient holy, or white towns. These seem to +have been towns of refuge; for it is not in the memory of man, that +ever human blood was shed in them, although they often force persons +from thence and put them to death elsewhere." + +_16th, Their purifications and ceremonies preparatory._ + +"Before the Indians go to war they have many preparatory ceremonies of +purification and fasting like what is recorded of the Israelites." + +_21st, Their raising seed to a deceased brother._ + +"The surviving brother, by the Mosaic law, was to raise seed to a +deceased brother, who left a widow childless. The Indian custom looks +the very same way; but in this as in their law of blood, the eldest +brother can redeem." + +With these and many arguments of a like kind, has Mr. Adair endeavored +to support the conjecture, that the American Indians are lineally +descended from the Israelites; and gravely asks of those who may +dissent from his opinion of their origin and descent, to inform him +how they came here, and by what means they formed the long chain of +rites and customs so similar to those of the Hebrews, and dissimilar +to the rites and customs of the pagan world. + +Major Carver, a provincial officer who sojourned some time with the +Indians and visited twelve different nations of them, instead of +observing the great similarity, mentioned by Adair as existing between +the natives and Hebrews, thought he could trace features of +resemblance between them and the Chinese and Tartars; and has +undertaken to shew how they might have got here. He says, + +"Although it is not ascertained certainly, that the continents of Asia +and America join each other, yet it is proven that the sea which is +supposed to divide them, is full of islands the distance from which to +either continent, is comparatively trifling. From these islands a +communication with the main land could be more readily effected than +from any other point." "It is very evident that the manners and +customs of the American Indians, resemble that of the Tartars; and I +have no doubt that in some future era, it will be reduced to a +certainty that in some of the wars between the Chinese and Tartars, a +part [23] of the inhabitants of the northern provinces were driven +from their country and took refuge in some of these islands, and from +thence found their way to America. At different periods each nation +might prove victorious, and the conquered by turns fly before the +conquerors; and hence might arise the similitude of the Indians to all +these people, and that animosity which exists among so many of their +tribes." + +After remarking on the similarity which exists between the Chinese and +Indians, in the singular custom of shaving or plucking out the hair +leaving only a small spot on the crown of the head; and the +resemblance in sound and signification which many of the Chinese and +Indian words bear to each other, he proceeds, "After the most critical +inquiry and mature deliberation, I am of opinion that America received +its first inhabitants from the northeast, by way of the islands +mentioned as lying between Asia and America. This might have been +effected at different times and from different parts: from Tartary, +China, Japan or Kamschatka, the inhabitants of these countries +resembling each other, in color, feature and shape." + +Other writers on this subject, coinciding in opinion with Carver, +mention a tradition which the Indians in Canada have, that foreign +merchants clothed in silk formerly visited them in great ships: these +are supposed to have been Chinese, the ruins of Chinese ships having +been found on the American coast. The names of many of the American +kings, are said to be Tartar; and Tartarax, who reigned formerly in +Quivira, means the Tartar. Manew, the founder of the Peruvian empire, +most probably came from the Manchew Tartars. Montezuma, the title of +the emperors of Mexico, is of Japanese extraction; for according to +some authors it is likewise the appellation of the Japanese Monarch. +The plant Ginseng, since found in America, where the natives termed +it Garentoguen, a word of the same import in their language, with +Ginseng in the Tartar, both meaning THE THIGHS OF A MAN. + +Dr. Robertson is decidedly of opinion, that the different tribes of +American Indians, excepting the Esquimaux, are of Asiatic extraction. +He refers to a tradition among the Mexicans of the migration of their +ancestors from a remote country, situated to the north-west of Mexico, +and says they point out their various stations as they advanced into +the interior provinces, which is precisely the route they must have +held, if they had been emigrants from Asia. + +Mr. Jefferson, in his notes on Virginia, says, that the passage from +Europe to America was always practicable, even to the imperfect [24] +navigation of the ancient times; and that, from recent discoveries, it +is proven, that if Asia and America be separated at all it is only by +a narrow streight. "Judging from the resemblance between the Indians +of America and the eastern inhabitants of Asia, we should say that the +former are descendants of the latter, or the latter of the former, +except indeed the Esquimaux, who, from the same circumstance of +resemblance, and from identity of language, must be derived from the +Greenlanders. A knowledge of their several languages would be the most +certain evidence of their derivation which could be produced. In fact +it is the best proof of the affinity of nations, which ever can be +referred to." + +After regretting that so many of the Indian tribes have been suffered +to perish, without our having collected and preserved the general +rudiments of their language, he proceeds, + +"Imperfect as is our knowledge of the tongues spoken in America, it +suffices to discover the following remarkable fact. Arranging them +under the radical ones to which they may be palpably traced, and doing +the same by those of the red men of Asia, there will be found probably +twenty in America, for one in Asia, of those radical languages; so +called because if ever they were the same, they have lost all +resemblance to one another. A separation into dialects may be the work +of a few ages only, but for two dialects to recede from one another, +'till they have lost all vestiges of their common origin, must require +an immense course of time; perhaps not less than many people give to +the age of the earth. A greater number of those radical changes of +language having taken place among the red men of America proves them +of greater antiquity than those of Asia." + +Indian traditions say, that "in ancient days the Great Island appeared +upon the big waters, the earth brought forth trees, herbs and fruits: +that there were in the world a good and a bad spirit, the good spirit +formed creeks and rivers on the great island, and created numerous +species of animals to inhabit the forests, and fishes of all kinds to +inhabit the water. He also made two beings to whom he gave living +souls and named them Ea-gwe-howe, (real people). Subsequently some of +the people became giants and committed outrages upon the others. After +many years a body of Ea-gwe-howe people encamped on the bank of a +majestic stream, which they named, Kanawaga (St. Lawrence.) After a +long time a number of foreign people sailed from a part unknown, but +unfortunately the winds drove them off and they ultimately landed on +the southern part of the great island and many of the crew perished. +Those who survived, selected a place for residence, erected +fortifications, became a numerous people and extended their +settlements."[4] + +Thus various and discordant are the conjectures respecting the manner +in which this continent was first peopled. Although some [25] of them +appear more rational and others, yet are they at best but hypothetical +disquisitions on a subject which will not now admit of certainty. All +agree that America was inhabited long anterior to its discovery by +Columbus, and by a race of human beings, who, however numerous they +once were, are fast hastening to extinction; some centuries hence and +they will be no more known. The few memorials, which the ravages of +time have suffered to remain of them, in those portions of the country +from which they have been long expelled; have destruction dealt them +by the ruthless hand of man. History may transmit to after ages, the +fact that they once were, and give their "local habitation and their +name." These will probably be received as the tales of fiction, and +posterity be at as much loss to determine, whether they ever had an +existence, as we now are to say from whence they sprang. + + "I have stood upon Achilles' tomb + And heard Troy doubted. Time will doubt of Rome." + +----- + [1] "If a learned man of Tobolski or Pekin were to read some + of our books, be might in this way demonstrate, that the French + are descended from the Trojans. The most ancient writings, he + might say, and those in most esteem in France, are romances: + these were written in a pure language, derived from the ancient + Romans, who were famous for never advancing a falsehood. Now + upwards of twenty of these authentic books, affirm that + Francis, the founder of the monarchy of the Franks, was son to + Hector. The name of Hector has ever since been preserved by + this nation; and even in the present century one of the + greatest generals was called Hector de Villars. + + "The neighboring nations (he would continue,) are so + unanimous in acknowledging this truth, that Ariosto, one of + the most learned of the Italians, owns in his Orlando, that + Charlemagne's knights fought for Hector's helmet. Lastly, + there is one proof which admits of no reply; namely, that the + ancient Franks to perpetuate the memory of the Trojans, their + ancestors, built a new city called Troye, in the province of + Champagne; and these modern Trojans have always retained so + strong an aversion to their enemies, the Greeks, that there + is not at present four persons in the whole province of + Champagne, who will learn their language; nay, they would + never admit any Jesuits among them; probably because they had + heard it said, that some of that body used formerly to + explain Homer in their public schools." + + Proceeding in this manner, M. de Voltaire shows how easily + this hypothesis might be overturned; and while one might + thus demonstrate that the Parisians are descended from the + Greeks, other profound antiquarians might in like manner prove + them to be of Egyptian, or even of Arabian extraction; and + although the learned world might much puzzle themselves to + decide the question, yet would it remain undecided and in + uncertainty.--_Preface to the Life of Peter the Great._ + + [2] In a small work entitled "Ancient History of the Six + Nations," written by David Cusick, an educated Indian of the + Tuscarora village, frequent mention is made of the actual + presence among them, of Tarenyawagua, or Holder of the Heavens, + who guided and directed them when present, and left rules for + their government, during his absence. Several miracles + performed by him are particularly mentioned. It likewise speaks + of the occasional visits of Angels or 'agents of the Superior + power' as they are called by Cusick; and tells of a visitor who + came among the Tuscaroras long anterior to the discovery of + America by Columbus. "He appeared to be a very old man, taught + them many things, and informed them that the people beyond the + great water had killed their Maker, but that he rose again. The + old man died among them and they buried him--soon after some + person went to the grave and found that he had risen; he was + never heard of afterwards." + + [3] In confirmation of this tradition among the Indians, the + following somewhat singular circumstance related by Mr. Carver, + may with propriety be adduced: + + While at Grand Portage, from the number of those who were there + and the fact that the traders did not arrive as soon as was + expected, there was a great scarcity of provisions, and much + consequent anxiety as to the period of their arrival. One day, + Mr. Carver says, that while expressing their wishes for the + event, and looking anxiously to ascertain if they could be seen + on the Lake, the chief Priest of the Kilistines told them that + he would endeavor in a conference with the Great Spirit, to + learn at what time the traders would arrive: and the following + evening was fixed upon for the spiritual conference. + + When every preparation had been made, the king conducted Mr. + Carver to a spacious tent, the covering of which was so drawn + up as to render visible to those without, every thing which + passed within. Mr. Carver being seated beside the king within + the tent, observed in the centre a place of an oblong shape, + composed of stakes stuck at intervals in the ground, forming + something like a coffin, and large enough to contain the body + of a man. The sticks were far enough from each other to admit a + distinct view by the spectators, of what ever passed within + them; while the tent was perfectly illuminated. + + When the Priest entered, a large Elk-skin being spread on the + ground, he divested himself of all his clothing, except that + around his middle, and laying down on the skin enveloped + himself (save only his head) in it. The skin was then bound + round with about forty yards of cord, and in that situation he + was placed within the ballustrade of sticks. + + In a few seconds he was heard to mutter, but his voice, + gradually assuming a higher tone, was at length extended to its + utmost pitch, and sometimes praying, he worked himself into + such an agitation as to produce a foaming at the mouth. To this + succeeded a speechless state of exhaustion, of short duration; + when suddenly springing on his feet, and shaking off the skin, + as easily as if the bands with which it had been lashed around + him, were burned asunder, he addressed the company in a firm + and audible voice: "My Brothers, said he, the Great Spirit has + deigned to hold a talk with his servant. He has not indeed told + me when the traders will be here; but tomorrow when the sun + reaches the highest point in the heavens, a canoe will arrive, + the people in that canoe will inform us when the traders will + arrive." + + Mr. Carver adds that on the next day at noon a canoe was descried + on the lake at the distance of about three miles,--completely + verifying the prediction of the High Priest, in point of time. + From the people on board this canoe they learned that the + traders would be at the portage on the second day thereafter, + at which time they actually did arrive. + + [4] Indian traditions by Cusick. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + +CHAPTER III. + + +The aborigines of America, although divided into many different +tribes, inhabiting various climates, and without a community of +language, are yet assimilated to each other in stature and complexion, +more strikingly than are the inhabitants of the different countries of +Europe. The manners and customs of one nation, are very much the +manners and customs of all; and although there be peculiarities +observable among all, yet are they fewer and less manifest than those +which mark the nations of the old world, and distinguish them so +palpably from each other. A traveller might have traversed the +country, when occupied exclusively by the natives, without remarking +among them, the diversity which exists in Europe; or being impressed +with the contrast which a visit across the Pyrennes would exhibit, +between the affability and vivacity of a Frenchman at a theatre or in +the Elysian fields, and the hauteur and reserve of a Spaniard at their +bloody circus, when "bounds with one lashing spring the mighty +brute." + +[26] Nor is there much in savage life, calculated to inspire the mind +of civilized man, with pleasurable sensations. Many of the virtues +practised by them, proceed rather from necessity or ignorance than +from any ethical principle existing among them. The calm composure +with which they meet death and their stoical indifference to bodily +pain, are perhaps more attributable to recklessness of life and +physical insensibility,[1] than to fortitude or magnanimity; +consequently they do not much heighten the zest of reflection, in +contemplating their character. The christian and the philanthropist, +with the benevolent design of improving their morals and meliorating +their condition, may profitably study every peculiarity and trait of +character observable among them; it will facilitate their object and +enable them the more readily to reclaim them from a life of heathenish +barbarity, and to extend to them the high boons of civilization and +christianity. + +It has been observed that the different tribes of natives of North +America, resemble each other very much in stature and complexion, in +manners and customs; a general description of these will therefor be +sufficient. + +The stature of an Indian, is generally that of the medial stature of +the Anglo Americans; the Osages are said to form an exception to this +rule, being somewhat taller. They are almost universally straight and +well proportioned; their limbs are clean, but less muscular than those +of the whites, and their whole appearance strongly indicative of +effeminacy. In walking, they invariable place one foot directly before +the other--the toes never verging from a right line with the heel. +When traveling in companies, their manner of marching is so peculiar +as to have given rise to the expression, "_Indian file_;" and while +proceeding in this way, each carefully places his foot in the vestige +of the foremost of the party, so as to leave the impression of the +footsteps of but one. They have likewise in their gait and carriage +something so entirely different from the gait and carriage of the +whites, as to enable a person to pronounce on one at a considerable +distance. The hair of an Indian is also strikingly different from that +of the whites. It is always black and straight, hangs loose and looks +as if it were [27] oiled. There is a considerable resemblance in +appearance, between it and the glossy black mane of a thoroughbred +horse; though its texture is finer. + +In the squaws there exist, the same delicacy of proportion, the same +effeminacy of person, the same slenderness of hand and foot, which +characterise the female of refined society; in despite too of the +fact, that every laborious duty and every species of drudgery, are +imposed on them from childhood. Their faces are broad, and between the +eyes they are exceedingly wide; their cheek bones are high and the +eyes black in both sexes--the noses of the women inclining generally +to the flat nose of the African; while those of the men are more +frequently aquiline than otherwise. + +Instances of decrepitude and deformity, are rarely known to exist +among them: this is probably owing to the manner in which they are +tended and nursed in infancy. It is not necessary that the mother +should, as has been supposed, be guilty of the unnatural crime of +murdering her decrepid or deformed offspring--the hardships they +encounter are too great to be endured by infants not possessed of +natural vigor, and they sink beneath them. + +Their countenances are for the most inflexible, stern and immovable. +The passions which agitate or distract the mind, never alter its +expression, nor do the highest ecstacies of which their nature is +susceptible, ever relax its rigidity. With the same imperturbability +of feature, they encounter death from the hand of an enemy, and +receive the greetings of a friend. + +In their intercourse with others, they seem alike insensible to +emotions of pleasure and of pain; and rarely give vent to feelings of +either. The most ludicrous scenes scarcely ever cause them to laugh, +or the most interesting recitals draw from them more than their +peculiar monosyllabic expression of admiration. + +In conversation they are modest and unassuming; indeed taciturnity is +as much a distinguishing trait of Indian character, as it ever was of +the Roman. In their councils and public meetings, they never manifest +an impatience to be heard, or a restlessness under observations, +either grating to personal feeling or opposite to their individual +ideas of propriety: on the contrary they are still, silent and +attentive; and each is heard with the respect due to his years, his +wisdom, his experience, or the fame which his exploits may have +acquired him. [28] A loud and garrulous Indian is received by the +others with contempt, and a cowardly disposition invariably attributed +to him-- + + "Bold at the council board, + But in the field he shuns the sword," + +is as much and truly an apothegm with them as with us. + +Their taciturnity and irrisibility however, are confined to their +sober hours. When indulging their insatiate thirst for spirit, they +are boisterous and rude, and by their obstreperous laughter, their +demoniacal shrieks and turbulent vociferations, produce an appalling +discord, such as might well be expected to proceed from a company of +infernal spirits at their fiendish revels; and exhibit a striking +contrast to the low, monotonous tones used by them at other times. + +There can be no doubt that the Indians are the most lazy, indolent +race of human beings. No attempt which has ever been made to convert +them into slaves, has availed much. The rigid discipline of a Spanish +master, has failed to overcome that inertness, from which an Indian is +roused only by war and the chase--Engaged in these, he exhibits as +much activity and perseverance, as could be displayed by any one; and +to gratify his fondness for them, will encounter toils and privations, +from which others would shrink. His very form indicates at once, an +aptitude for that species of exercise which war and hunting call into +action, and an unfitness for the laborious drudgery of husbandry and +many of the mechanic arts. Could they have been converted into +profitable slaves, it is more than probable we should never have been +told, that "the hand of providence was visible in the surprising +instances of mortality among the Indians, to make room for the +whites." + +In their moral character many things appear of a nature, either so +monstrous as to shock humanity, or so absurd as to excite derision; +yet they have some redeeming qualities which must elicit commendation. +And while we view with satisfaction those bright spots, shining more +brilliantly from the gloom which surrounds them, their want of +learning and the absence of every opportunity for refinement, should +plead in extenuation of their failings and their vices. Some of the +most flagrant of these, if not encouraged, have at least been +sanctioned by the whites. In the war between the New England colonies +and the Narragansetts, it was the misfortune of the brave Philip, +after having witnessed the destruction of the [29] greater part of +his nation, to be himself slain by a Mohican. After his head had been +taken off, Oneco, chief of the Mohicans, then in alliance with the +colonists, claimed that he had a right to feast himself on the body of +his fallen adversary. The whites did not object to this, but +composedly looked on Oneco, broiling and eating the flesh of +Philip--and yet cannibalism was one of their most savage traits of +character. + +This was a general, if not an universal custom among the Indians, when +America became known to the whites. Whether it has yet entirely ceased +is really to be doubted: some of those who have been long intimate +with them, affirm that it has not; though it is far from being +prevalent. + +The Indians are now said to be irritable; but when Europeans first +settled among them, they were not more irascible than their new +neighbors. In their anger however, they differ very much from the +whites. They are not talkative and boisterous as these are, but +silent, sullen and revengeful. If an injury be done them, they never +forget, they never forgive it. Nothing can be more implacable than +their resentment--no time can allay it--no change of circumstances +unfix its purpose. Revenge is to them as exhilarating, as the cool +draught from the fountain, to the parched and fevered lips of a dying +man. + +When taking vengeance of an enemy, there is no cruelty which can be +exercised, no species of torture, which their ingenuity can devise, +too severe to be inflicted. To those who have excited a spirit of +resentment in the bosom of an Indian, the tomahawk and scalping knife +are instruments of mercy. Death by the faggot--by splinters of the +most combustible wood, stuck in the flesh and fired--maiming and +disemboweling, tortures on which the soul sickens but to reflect, are +frequently practiced. To an enemy of their own color, they are perhaps +more cruel and severe, than to the whites. In requiting upon him, +every refinement of torture is put in requisition, to draw forth a +sigh or a groan, or cause him to betray some symptom of human +sensibility. This they never effect. An Indian neither shrinks from a +knife, nor winces at the stake; on the contrary he seems to exult in +his agony, and will mock his tormentors for the leniency and mildness +of their torture.[2] + +[30] Drinking and gambling are vices, to which the Indians, as well as +the whites, are much addicted. Such is their fondness for spirit of +any kind that they are rarely known to be sober, when they have it in +their power to be otherwise. Neither a sense of honor or of shame has +been able to overcome their propensity for its use; and when drunk, +the ties of race, of friendship and of kindred are too weak, to bind +their ferocious tempers. + +In gambling they manifest the same anxiety, which we see displayed at +the card table of the whites. The great difference seems to be, that +we depend too frequently on sleight and dexterity; whereas while they +are shaking their gourd neck of half whited plumbstones, they only use +certain _tricks_ of conjuration, which in their simplicity they +believe will ensure them success. To this method of attaining an +object, they have frequent recourse. Superstition is the concomitant +of ignorance. The most enlightened, are rarely altogether exempt from +its influence--with the uninformed it is a master passion, swaying and +directing the mind in all its operations. + +In their domestic economy, Indians are, in some respects, like the +rude of all countries. They manifest but little respect for the +female; imposing on her not only the duties of the hut, but also the +more laborious operations of husbandry; and observing towards them the +hauteur and distance of superior beings. + +There are few things, indeed, which mark with equal precision, the +state of civilization existing in any community, as the rank assigned +in it to females. In the rude and barbarous stages of society, they +are invariably regarded as inferior beings, [31] instruments of +sensual gratification, and unworthy the attention and respect of men. +As mankind advance to refinement, females gradually attain an +elevation of rank, and acquire an influence in society, which smoothes +the asperities of life and produces the highest polish, of which human +nature is susceptible. + +Among the Indians there is, however rude they may be in other +respects, a great respect always paid to female chastity. Instances in +which it has been violated by them, if to be found at all, are +extremely few. However much the passion of revenge may stimulate to +acts of cruelty, the propensities of nature never lead them to +infringe the virtue of women in their power. + +The general character of the Indians, was more estimable, when they +first became known to Europeans, than it is at present. This has been +ascribed to the introduction of ardent spirits among them--other +causes however, have conspired to produce the result. + +The cupidity of those who were engaged in commerce with the natives, +too frequently prompted them to take every advantage, for self +aggrandizement, which they could obtain over the Indians. In the +lucrative traffic carried on with them, the influence of honesty +was not predominant--the real value of the commodity procured, was +never allowed; while upon every article given in exchange, extortion +alone affixed the price. These examples could not fail to have a +deteriorating effect upon their untutored minds; and we find them +accordingly losing their former regard for truth, honesty and +fidelity; and becoming instead deceitful, dishonest and treacherous. +Many of their ancient virtues however, are still practised by them. + +The rights of hospitality are accorded to those who go among them, +with a liberality and sincerity which would reflect credit on +civilized man. And although it has been justly said that they rarely +forgive an enemy, yet is it equally true that they never forsake their +friends; to them they are always kind, generous and beneficent. + +After the ceremony of introduction is over,[3] a captive enemy, [32] +who is adopted by them, is also treated with the utmost humanity and +attention. An Indian cheerfully divides his last morsel with an +adopted son or brother; and will readily risk life in his defence. +Such indeed, is the kindness which captives thus situated invariably +receive, that they frequently regret the hour of their redemption, and +refuse to leave their red brethren, to return and mingle with the +whites. + +As members of a community, they are at all times willing to devote +their every faculty, for the good of the whole. The honor and welfare +of their respective tribes, are primary considerations with them. To +promote these, they cheerfully encounter every privation, endure every +hardship, and face every danger. Their patriotism is of the most pure +and disinterested character; and of those who have made us feel so +sensibly, the horrors of savage warfare, many were actuated by motives +which would reflect honor on the citizens of any country. The +unfortunate Tecumseh was a remarkable example of the most ardent and +patriotic devotion to his country. + +Possessed of an acute and discerning mind, he witnessed the extending +influence of the whites, with painful solicitude. Listening with +melancholy rapture, to the traditionary accounts of the former +greatness of his nation, and viewing in anticipation the exile or +extinction of his race, his noble soul became fired with the hope that +he might retrieve the fallen fortune of his country, and restore it to +its pristine dignity and grandeur. His attachment to his tribe +impelled him to exertion and every nerve was strained in its cause. + +Determined if possible to achieve the independence of his nation, and +to rid her of those whom he considered her oppressors, he formed the +scheme of uniting in hostility against the United States, all the +tribes dwelling east of the Mississippi river. In the prosecution of +this purpose, he travelled from Mackinaw to Georgia,[4] and with +wonderful adroitness practised on the different feelings of his red +brethren. Assuming at times the character of a prophet, he wrought +powerfully on their credulity and superstition.--Again, depending on +the force of oratory, the witchery of his eloquence drew many [33] to +his standard. But all was in vain--His plans were entirely frustrated. +He had brought none of his auxiliaries into the field; and was totally +unprepared for hostilities, when his brother, the celebrated Shawanese +prophet, by a premature attack on the army under Gen. Harrison, at an +inauspicious moment, precipitated him into a war with the United +States. + +Foiled by this means, Tecumseh joined the standard of Great Britain in +the war of 1812; and as a Brigadier General in her army, lost his +life, bravely supporting the cause which he had espoused. He deserved +a better fate; and but for prejudice which is so apt to dim the eye +and distort the object, Tecumseh would, most probably, be deemed a +martyr for his country, and associated in the mind with the heroes of +Marathon and Thermopylae. + +To contemplate the Indian character, in a religious point of view, is +less gratifying than to consider it in regard to the lesser morals. At +the period of the settlement of Western Virginia, excepting the +Moravians, and a few others who had been induced by the zeal and +exertions of Roman catholic missionaries to wear the cross, the +Indians north west of the Ohio river, were truly heathens. They +believed indeed in a First Cause, and worshiped the Good Spirit; but +they were ignorant of the great truths of Christianity, and their +devotions were but superstitious acts of blind reverence. In this +situation they remain generally at the present day, notwithstanding +the many laudable endeavors which have been made to christianize +them. + +Perhaps there was never a tribe in America, but believed in the +existence of a Deity; yet were their ideas of the nature and +attributes of God, not only obscure, but preposterous and absurd. They +believe also in the existence of many inferior deities, whom they +suppose to be employed as assistants in managing the affairs of the +world, and in inspecting the actions of men. Eagles and Owls are +thought by some to have been placed here as observers of the actions +of men; and accordingly, when an eagle is seen to soar about them by +day, or an owl to perch near them at night, they immediately offer +sacrifice, that a good report may be made of them to the Great +Spirit. + +They are likewise believers in the immortality of the soul; and have +such an idea of a future state of existence, as accords with their +character and condition here. Strangers to [34] intellectual +pleasures, they suppose that their happiness hereafter will consist of +mere sensual gratifications; and that when they die, they will be +translated to a delightful region, where the flowers never fade, nor +the leaves fall from the trees; where the forests abound in game, and +the lakes in fish, and where they expect to remain forever, enjoying +all the pleasures which delighted them here.[5] + +In consequence of this belief, when an Indian dies, and is buried, +they place in the grave with him, his bow and arrows and such weapons +as they use in war, that he may be enabled to procure game and +overcome an enemy. And it has been said, that they grieve more for the +death of an infant unable to provide for itself in the world of +spirits, than for one who had attained manhood and was capable of +taking care of himself. An interesting instance of this is given by +Major Carver, and furnishes at once, affecting evidence of their +incongruous creed and of their parental tenderness. Maj. Carver says: + +"Whilst I remained with them, a couple whose tent was near to mine, +lost a son about four years old. The parents were so inconsolable for +its loss, and so much affected by its death, that they pursued the +usual testimonies of grief with such uncommon vigor, as through the +weight of sorrow and loss of blood, to occasion the death of the +father. The mother, who had been hitherto absorbed in grief, no sooner +beheld her husband expire, than she dried up her tears, and appeared +cheerful and resigned. + +"As I knew not how to account for so extraordinary a transition, I +took an opportunity to ask her the reason of it. She replied, that as +the child was so young when it died, and unable to support itself in +the country of spirits, both she and her husband had been apprehensive +that its situation would be far from pleasant; but no sooner did she +behold its father depart for the same place, and who not only loved +the child with the tenderest affection, but was a good hunter and [35] +able to provide plentifully for its support, than she ceased to mourn. +She added that she saw no reason to continue her tears, as the child +was now happy under the protection of a fond father; and that she had +only one wish remaining to be gratified, and that was a wish to be +herself with them."[6] + +In relation to the Indian antiquities so frequently met with in +America, much doubt still exists. When and for what purpose many of +those vast mounds of earth, so common in the western country, were +heaped up, is matter of uncertainty. Mr. Jefferson has pronounced them +to be repositories of the dead; and many of them certainly were +designed for that purpose; perhaps all with which he had become +acquainted previous to the writing of his notes of Virginia. Mr. +Jefferson did not deem them worthy the name of monuments. Since the +country has been better explored, many have been discovered justly +entitled to that appellation, some of which seem to have been +constructed for purposes other than inhumation.[7] These are +frequently met with in the valley of the Mississippi, and are said to +extend into Mexico. The most celebrated works of this class, are +believed to be those at Circleville in Ohio, which have so frequently +been described, and are justly considered memorials of the labor and +perseverance of those by whom they were erected. + +There is a tradition among the Indians of the north, which if true +would furnish a very rational solution to the question, "for what +purpose were they constructed?" According to this tradition about "two +thousand two hundred years, before Columbus discovered America, the +northern nations appointed a prince, and immediately after, repaired +to the south and visited the GOLDEN CITY, the capital of a vast +empire. After a time the emperor of the south built many forts +throughout his dominions, and extending them northwardly almost +penetrated the lake Erie. This produced much excitement. The people of +the north, afraid that they would be deprived of the country on the +south side of the great lakes, determined to defend it against the +infringement of any foreign people; long and bloody wars ensued which +lasted about one hundred years. The people of the north, being more +skillful in the use of bows and arrows, and capable of enduring +hardships which proved fatal to those of the south, gained the +conquest; and all the towns and forts, which had been erected by their +enemy, were totally destroyed and left in a heap of ruins."[8] + +The most considerable of those tumuli or sepulchral mounds, which are +found in Virginia, is that on the bottoms of Grave creek, near its +entrance into the Ohio, about twelve miles below Wheeling, and is the +only large one in this section of the country. Its diameter at the +base, is said to be one hundred yards, its perpendicular height about +eighty feet, and the diameter at its summit, forty-five feet. Trees, +of all sizes and of various kinds, are growing on its sides; and +fallen [36] and decayed timber, is interspersed among them; a single +white oak rises out of a concavity in the centre of its summit.[9] + +Near to Cahokia there is a group (of about two hundred) of these +mounds, of various dimensions.[10] The largest of these is said to +have a base of eight hundred yards circumference, and an altitude of +ninety feet. These and the one mentioned as being on Grave creek and +many smaller ones in various parts of the country, were no doubt +places of inhumation.[11]--Many have been opened, and found to contain +human bones promiscuously thrown together. Mr. Jefferson supposed the +one examined by him, (the diameter of whose base was only forty feet +and height twelve) to contain the bones of perhaps a thousand human +beings, of each sex and of every age. Others have been examined, in +which were the skeletons of men of much greater stature, than that of +any of the Indians in America, at the time of its discovery, or of +those with whom we have since become acquainted. + +It is a well known fact, that since the whites became settled in the +country, the Indians were in the habit of collecting the bones of +their dead and of depositing them in one general cemetery; but the +earth and stone used by them, were taken from the adjacent land. This +was not invariably the case, with those ancient heaps of earth found +in the west. In regard to many of them, this singular circumstance is +said to be a fact, that the earth, of which they are composed, is of +an altogether different nature, from that around them; and must, in +some instances, have been carried a considerable distance. The +tellurine structures at Circleville are of this sort; and the material +of which they were constructed, is said to be distinctly different, +from the earth any where near to them. + +The immensity of the size of these and many others, would induce the +supposition that they could not have been raised by a race of people +as indolent as the Indians have been, ever since a knowledge was had +of them. Works, the construction of which would now require the +concentrated exertions of at least one thousand men, aided by the +mechanical inventions of later days, for several months, could hardly +have been erected by persons, so subject to lassitude under labor as +they are: unless indeed their population was infinitely greater than +we now conceive it to have been. Admitting however, this density of +population to have existed, other circumstances would corroborate the +belief, that the country once had other inhabitants, than the +progenitors of those who have been called, the aborigines of America: +one of these circumstances is the uncommon size of many of the +skeletons found in the smaller mounds upon the hills. + +If the fact be, as it is represented, that the larger skeletons are +invariably found on elevated situations, remote from the larger water +courses, it would tend to show that there was a diversity of habit, +and admitting their cotemporaneous existence, perhaps no alliance or +intercourse between those, whose remains they are, and the persons by +whom those large mounds and fortifications were erected, [37] these +being found only on plains in the contiguity of large streams or +inland lakes; and containing only the bones of individuals of ordinary +stature. + +Another and stronger evidence that America was occupied by others than +the ancestors of the present Indians, is to be found in those +antiquities, which demonstrate that iron was once known here, and +converted to some of the uses ordinarily made of it. + +In graduating a street in Cincinnati, there was found, twenty-five +feet below the surface of the earth, a small horse shoe, in which were +several nails. It is said to present the appearance of such erosion as +would result from the oxidation of some centuries. It was smaller than +would be required for a common mule.[12] + +Many are the instances of pieces of timber found, various depths below +the surface of the earth, with the marks of the axe palpably visible +on them.[13] A sword too, said to have been enclosed in the wood of +the roots of a tree not less than five hundred years old, is preserved +in Ohio as a curiosity. Many other instances might, if necessary, be +adduced to prove, that implements of iron were in use in this country, +prior to its occupation by the whites. Now if a people once have the +use of that metal, it is far from probable that it will ever after be +lost to them: the essential purposes to which it may be applied, would +preserve it to them. The Indians however, 'till taught by the +Europeans, had no knowledge of it. + +Many of the antiquities discovered in other parts of the country, show +that the arts once flourished to an extent beyond what they have ever +been known to do among the Indians. The body found in the saltpetre +cave of Kentucky, was wrapped in blankets made of linen and interwoven +with feathers of the wild turkey, tastefully arranged. It was much +smaller than persons of equal age at the present day, and had +yellowish hair. In Tennessee many walls of faced stone, and even +walled wells have been found in so many places, at such depths and +under such circumstances, as to preclude the idea of their having been +made by the whites since the discovery by Columbus. + +[38] In this state too, have been found burying grounds, in which the +skeletons seem all to have been those of pigmies: the graves, in which +the bodies had been deposited, were seldom three feet in length; yet +the teeth in the skulls prove that they were the bodies of persons of +mature age. + +Upon the whole there cannot be much doubt, that America was once +inhabited by a people, not otherwise allied to the Indians of the +present day, than that they were descendants of him, from whom has +sprung the whole human family. + +----- + [1] It is said that the nerves of an Indian do not shrink as + much, nor shew the same tendency to spasm, under the knife of + the surgeon, as the nerves of a white man in a similar + situation. + + [2] A Narraganset, made prisoner by Maj. Talcott in 1679, + begged to be delivered to the Mohicans that he might be put to + death in their own way. The New Englanders complying with his + request, preparations were made for the tragical event. "The + Mohicans, formed a circle, and admitting within it as many of + the whites as chose to witness their proceedings, placed the + prisoner in the centre. One of the Mohicans, who had lost a son + in the late engagement, with a knife cut off the PRISONER'S + EARS! then his NOSE! and then the FINGERS off each hand! after + the lapse of a few moments, his EYES WERE DUG OUT, AND THEIR + SOCKETS FILLED WITH HOT EMBERS!! All this time the prisoner + instead of bewailing his fate, seemed to surpass his tormentors + in expressions of joy. At length when exhausted with loss of + blood and unable to stand, his executioner closed the tragic + scene by beating out his brains with a tomahawk."--_Indian + Wars, by Trumbull._ + + [3] Indians consider the running of the gauntlet, as but the + ceremony of an introduction; and say that it is "like the shake + hands and howde do, of the whites." + + [4] While performing this tour, Tecumseh carried a RED + STICK, the acceptance of which was considered a joining of his + party--Hence those Indians who were hostile to the United + States, were denominated RED STICKS. + + [5] Pope has very finely expressed the leading articles of + religion among the Indians in the following lines. + + Lo, the poor Indian! whose untutor'd mind + Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind; + His soul proud science never taught to stray + Far as the Solar Walk or Milky Way; + Yet simple nature to his hope has giv'n, + Behind the cloud-topt hill an humbler heav'n; + Some safer world in depth of woods embrac'd, + Some happier island in the wat'ry waste; + Where slaves once more their native land behold, + No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold. + To BE, contents his natural desire, + He asks no angel's wing, no seraph's fire: + But thinks admitted to that equal sky, + His faithful dog shall bear him company. + + [6] The author's summary of Indian character is for the most + part excellent, and in accord with more recent conclusions. See + Chap. I. of _The Colonies_, in "Epochs of American History" + (Longmans, 1892.)--R. G. T. + + [7] Gen. George Rogers Clark, an early and careful observer, + scouted the idea advanced by Noah Webster, in Carey's _American + Museum_, in 1789, that these extraordinary Western military + defenses were the work of De Soto. "As for his being the author + of these fortifications," says Clark, "it is quite out of the + question; they are more numerous than he had men, and many of + them would have required fifty thousand men for their + occupancy."--L. C. D. + + [8] Indian traditions, by Cusick. + + [9] This description, written by Withers in 1831, still + holds good in the main. The mound, which proves to have been a + burial tumulus, is now surrounded by the little city of + Moundsville, W. Va., and is kept inclosed by the owner as one + of the sights of the place. The writer visited it in May, + 1894.--R. G. T. + + [10] George Rogers Clark, who was repeatedly at Cahokia + during the period 1778-80, says: "We easily and evidently + traced the town for upwards of five miles in the beautiful + plain below the present town of Kahokia. There could be no + deception here, because the remains of ancient works were + thick--the whole were mounds, etc." Clark's MS. statement; + Schoolcraft's _Indian Tribes_, IV., p. 135.--L. C. D. + + [11] This mound was used, at least in part, for burial + purposes. Nearly fifty years ago, when the writer of this note + explored this remarkable artificial elevation of eighty feet in + height, he found in the excavation numerous beads of shell or + bone, or both, ornaments of the dead buried there.--L. C. D. + + [12] This proves nothing. A silver medal of John Quincy + Adams's administration, evidently presented to some Indian + chief was, in 1894, found in Wisconsin, twelve feet below the + surface. Iron and silver tools and ornaments, evidently made in + Paris for the Indian trade, have been found in Ohio and + Wisconsin mounds. It is now sufficiently demonstrated that the + mound-builders were the ancestors of the aborigines found in + the country by the first white settlers, and that the mounds + are of various ages, ranging perhaps from three hundred to a + thousand years. Various _Reports_ of the Bureau of Ethnology go + into the matter with convincing detail.--R. G. T. + + [13] Jacob Wolf, in digging a well on Hacker's creek, found a + piece of timber which had been evidently cut off at one end, + twelve or thirteen feet in the ground--marks of the axe were + plainly distinguishable on it. + + + + +[39] CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE. + +CHAPTER I + + +At the time when Virginia became known to the whites, it was occupied +by many different tribes of Indians, attached to different nations. +That portion of the state lying north west of the Blue ridge, and +extending to the lakes was possessed by the Massawomees. These were a +powerful confederacy, rarely in amity with the tribes east of that +range of mountains; but generally harrassing them by frequent hostile +irruptions into their country. Of their subsequent history, nothing is +now known. They are supposed by some to have been the ancestors of the +Six Nations. It is however more probable, that they afterwards became +incorporated with these, as did several other tribes of Indians, who +used a language so essentially different from that spoken by the Six +Nations, as to render the intervention of interpreters necessary +between them. + +As settlements were extended from the sea shore, the Massawomees +gradually retired; and when the white population reached the Blue +ridge of mountains, the valley between it and the Alleghany, was +entirely uninhabited. This delightful region of country was then only +used as a hunting ground, and as a highway for belligerant parties of +different nations, in their military expeditions against each other. +In consequence of the almost continued hostilities between the +northern and southern Indians, these expeditions were very frequent, +and tended somewhat to retard the settlement of the valley, and render +a residence in it, for some time, insecure and unpleasant. Between +the Alleghany mountains and the Ohio river, within the present limits +of Virginia, there were some villages interspersed, inhabited by small +numbers of Indians; the most [40] of whom retired north west of that +river, as the tide of emigration rolled towards it. Some however +remained in the interior, after settlements began to be made in their +vicinity. + +North of the present boundary of Virginia, and particularly near the +junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, and in the +circumjacent country the Indians were more numerous, and their +villages larger. In 1753, when Gen. Washington visited the French +posts on the Ohio, the spot which had been selected by the Ohio +company, as the site for a fort, was occupied by Shingess, king of the +Delawares; and other parts of the proximate country, were inhabited by +Mingoes and Shawanees.[1] When the French were forced to abandon the +position, which they had taken at the forks of Ohio, the greater part +of the adjacent tribes removed farther west. So that when improvements +were begun to be made in the wilderness of North Western Virginia, it +had been almost entirely deserted by the natives; and excepting a few +straggling hunters and warriors, who occasionally traversed it in +quest of game, or of human beings on whom to wreak their vengeance, +almost its only tenants were beasts of the forest. + +In the country north west of the Ohio river, there were many +warlike tribes of Indians, strongly imbued with feelings of +rancorous hostility to the neighboring colonists. Among the more +powerful of these were the Delawares, who resided on branches of +Beaver Creek, Cayahoga, and Muskingum; and whose towns contained +about six hundred inhabitants--The Shawanees, who to the number of +300, dwelt upon the Scioto and Muskingum--The Chippewas, near +Mackinaw, of 400--Cohunnewagos, of 300, and who inhabited near +Sandusky--The Wyandots, whose villages were near fort St. Joseph, +and embraced a population of 250--The Twightees, near fort Miami, +with a like population--The Miamis, on the river Miami, near the +fort of that name, reckoning 300 persons--The Pottowatomies of 300, +and the Ottawas of 550, in their villages near to forts St. Joseph +and Detroit,[2] and of 250, in the towns near Mackinaw. Besides +these, there were in the same district of country, others of less +note, yet equally inimical to the whites; and who contributed much +to the annoyance [41] of the first settlers on the Ohio, and its +tributaries. + +There were likewise the Munsies, dwelling on the north branch of the +Susquehanna, and on the Allegheny river--The Senecas, on the waters of +the Susquehanna, Ontario and the heads of the Allegheny--The Cayugas, +on Cayuga lake, and the Sapoonies, who resided in the neighborhood of +the Munsies. In these tribes was an aggregate population of 1,380 +souls, and they likewise aided in committing depredations on our +frontiers. + +Those who ventured to explore and occupy the south western portion +of Virginia, found also in its vicinity some powerful and warlike +tribes. The Cherokees possessed what was then, the western part of +North Carolina and numbered 2,500--The Chicasaws, residing south of +the Cherokees, had a population of 750--and the Catawbas, on the +Catawba river in South Carolina with only 150 persons. These latter +were remarkably adventurous, enterprising and courageous; and +notwithstanding their remote situation, and the paucity of their +numbers, frequently traversed the valley of Virginia, and even +penetrated the country on the north branch of the Susquehanna, and +between the Ohio river and lake Erie, to wage war upon the Delawares. +Their success in many of these expeditions, is preserved in the +traditions of the Delawares, who continue to regard them as having +used in these wars, a degree of cunning and stratagem, to which +other tribes have never approached.[3] + +Such were the numbers and positions of many of the proximate Indians +about the time settlements were begun to be [42] made on the +Monongahela river and its branches. Anterior to this period, +adventurers had explored, and established themselves, in various +parts of the valley between the Blue ridge and the Alleghany mountain. +That section of it, which was included within the limits of the +Northern-Neck, was the first to become occupied by the whites. The +facilities afforded by the proprietor for obtaining land within his +grant, the greater salubrity of climate and fertility of soil near +to the Blue ridge, caused the tide of emigration to flow rapidly +towards the upper country, and roll even to the base of that +mountain. Settlements were soon after extended westwardly across +the Shenandoah, and early in the eighteenth century Winchester +became a trading post, with sparse improvements in its vicinity. + +About this time Thomas Morlin, a pedlar trading from Williamsburg to +Winchester, resolved, in conjunction with John Salling a weaver also +from Williamsburg, to prosecute an examination of the country, beyond +the limits which had hitherto bounded the exploratory excursions of +other adventurers. With this view, they travelled up the valley of the +Shenandoah, and crossing James river and some of its branches, +proceeded as far as the Roanoke, when Salling was taken captive by a +party of Cherokees. Morlin was fortunate enough to elude their +pursuit, and effect a safe retreat to Winchester. + +Upon the return of the party by whom Salling had been captivated, he +was taken to Tennessee where he remained for some years. When on a +hunting expedition to the Salt licks of Kentucky, in company with some +Cherokees to kill buffalo, they were surprised by a party of Illinois +Indians, with whom the Cherokees were then at war, and by them Salling +was again taken prisoner. He was then carried to Kaskaskia, when he +was adopted into the family of a squaw whose son had been killed in +the wars. + +While with this nation of Indians, Salling frequently accompanied +parties of them on hunting excursions, a considerable distance to the +south. On several occasions he went with them below the mouth of the +Arkansas, and once to the Gulph of Mexico. In one of those expeditions +they met with a party of Spaniards, exploring the country and who +needed an interpreter. For this purpose they purchased Salling of his +Indian mother for three strands of beads and a Calumet. Salling +attended them to the post at Crevecoeur; from which [43] place he was +conveyed to fort Frontignac: here he was redeemed by the Governor of +Canada, who sent him to the Dutch settlement in New York, whence he +made his way home after an absence of six years.[4] + +The emigration from Great Britain to Virginia was then very great, and +at the period of Salling's return to Williamsburg, there were then +many adventurers, who had but recently arrived from Scotland and the +north of England. Among these adventurers were John Lewis[5] and John +Mackey. Salling's return excited a considerable and very general +interest, and drew around him many, particularly of those who had but +lately come to America, and to whom the narrative of one, who had been +nearly six years a captive among the Indians, was highly gratifying. +Lewis and Mackey listened attentively to the description given of the +country in the valley, and pleased with its beauty and fertility as +represented by Salling, they prevailed on him to accompany them on a +visit to examine it more minutely, and if found correspondent with his +description to select in it situations for their future residence. + +Lewis made choice of, and improved, a spot a few miles below Staunton, +on a creek which bears his name--Mackey on the middle branch of the +Shenandoah near Buffalo-gap; and Salling in the forks of James river, +below the Natural Bridge, where some of his descendants still reside. +Thus was effected the first white settlement ever made on the James +river, west of the Blue ridge.[6] + +In the year 1736, Lewis, being in Williamsburg, met with Benjamin +Burden (who had then just come to the country as agent of Lord +Fairfax, proprietor of the Northern Neck,) and on whom he prevailed to +accompany him home. Burden remained at Lewis's the greater part of the +summer, and on his return to Williamsburg, took with him a buffalo +calf, which while hunting with Samuel[7] and Andrew Lewis (elder sons +of John) they had caught and afterwards tamed. He presented this calf +to Gov. Gooch, who thereupon entered on his journal, [44] an order, +authorizing Burden to locate conditionally, any quantity of land not +exceeding 500,000 acres on any of the waters of the Shenandoah, or of +James river west of the Blue ridge. The conditions of this grant were, +that he should interfere with no previous grants--that he should +settle 100 families, in ten years, within its limits; and should have +1000 acres adjoining each cabin which he should cause to be built, +with liberty to purchase any greater quantity adjoining, at the rate +of fifty pounds per thousand acres. In order to effect a compliance +with one of these conditions, Burden visited Great Britain in 1737; +and on his return to Virginia brought with him upwards of one hundred +families of adventurers, to settle on his grant.[8] Amongst these +adventurers were, John Patton, son-in-law to Benjamin Burden, who +settled on Catawba, above Pattonsburg[9]--Ephraim McDowell, who +settled at Phoebe's falls--John, the son of Ephraim,[10] who settled +at Fairfield, where Col. James McDowell now lives--Hugh Telford, who +settled at the Falling spring, in the forks of James river--Paul +Whitley, who settled on Cedar creek, where the Red Mill now +is--Archibald Alexander, who settled on the North river, opposite +Lexington--Andrew Moore, who settled adjoining Alexander--Sampson +Archer, who settled at Gilmore's spring, east of the Bridge tavern, +and Capt. John Matthews, who married Betsy Archer, (the daughter of +Sampson) settled where Major Matthews lives, below the Natural +bridge. + +Among others who came to Virginia at this time, was an Irish girl +named Polly Mulhollin. On her arrival she was hired to James Bell to +pay her passage; and with whom she remained during the period her +servitude was to continue. At its expiration she attired herself in +the habit of a man; and with hunting shirt and mocassons, went into +Burden's grant, for the purpose of making improvements and acquiring a +title to land. Here she erected thirty cabins, by virtue of which she +held one hundred acres adjoining each. When Benjamin Burden the +younger, came on to make deeds to those who held cabin rights, he was +astonished to see so many in the name of Mulhollin. Investigation led +to a discovery of the mystery, to the great mirth of the other +claimants. She resumed her christian name and feminine dress, and many +of [45] her respectable descendants still reside within the limits of +Burden's grant.[11] + +When in 1752 Robert Dinwiddie came over as governor of Virginia, he +was accompanied by many adventurers; among whom was John Stuart,[12] +an intimate friend of Dinwiddie, who had married the widow of John +Paul (son of Hugh, bishop of Nottingham.) John Paul, a partizan of the +house of Stuart, had perished in the siege of Dalrymple castle in +1745, leaving three children--John, who became a Roman catholic priest +and died on the eastern shore of Maryland--Audley, who was for ten +years an officer in the British colonial forces,--and Polly, who +married Geo. Matthews, afterwards governor of Georgia. Mrs. Paul +(formerly Jane Lynn, of the Lynns of Loch-Lynn, a sister to the wife +of John Lewis) had issue, by Stuart, John, since known as Col. Stuart +of Greenbrier, and Betsy, who became the wife of Col. Richard Woods of +Albemarle. + +The greater part of those, who thus ventured "on the untried +being" of a wilderness life, were Scottish presbyterian dissenters; +a class of religionists, of all others perhaps, the most remarkable +for rigid morality. They brought with them, their religious +principles, and sectional prepossessions; and acting upon those +principles acquired for their infant colony a moral and devotional +character rarely possessed by similar establishments. While these +sectional prepossessions, imbibed by their descendants, gave to their +religious persuasions, an ascendency in that section of country, +which it still retains. + +They were also men of industry and enterprise. Hunting, which too +frequently occupies the time, of those who make the forest their +dwelling place, and abstracts the attention from more important +pursuits, was to them a recreation--not the business of life. To +improve their condition, by converting the woods into fertile plains, +and the wilderness into productive meadows, was their chief object. In +the attainment of this, they were eminently successful. Their +individual circumstances became prosperous, and the country +flourishing. + +The habits and manners of the primeval inhabitants of any country, +generally give to it a distinctive character, which marks it through +after ages. Notwithstanding the influx of strangers, bringing with +them prejudices and prepossessions, at variance with those of the +community in which they come; [46] yet such is the influence of +example, and such the facility with which the mind imbibes the +feelings and sentiments of those with whom it associates, that former +habits are gradually lost and those which prevail in society, +imperceptibly adopted by its new members. + +In like manner, the moral and religious habits of those who +accompanied Burden to Virginia, were impressed on the country which +they settled, and entailed on it that high character for industry, +morality and piety, which it still possesses, in an eminent degree. + +At the time of the establishment of this settlement, all that part of +Virginia lying west of the Blue ridge mountains, was included in the +county of Orange. At the fall session, of the colonial legislature, in +1738, the counties of Frederick and Augusta were formed out of +Orange--The country included within the boundaries of the Potomac +river, on the north, the Blue ridge, on the east, and a line, to be +run from the head spring of Hedgman, to the head spring of Potomac, on +the south and west, to be the county of Frederick; the remainder of +the state west of the Blue ridge, to the utmost limits of Virginia to +constitute Augusta. Within its limits were included, not only a +considerable portion of Virginia as she now is, but an extent of +territory out of which has been already carved four states, possessing +great natural advantages, and the extreme fertility of whose soil, +will enable them to support perhaps a more dense population, than any +other portion of North America of equal dimensions. As the settlements +were extended, subdivisions were made, 'till what was once Augusta +county south east of the Ohio river, has been chequered on the map of +Virginia, into thirty-three counties with an aggregate population of +289,362.[13] + +[48] About the year 1749 there was in the county of Frederick, a man +subject to lunacy, and who, when laboring under the influence of this +disease, would ramble a considerable distance into the neighboring +wilderness. In one of these wanderings he came on some of the waters +of Greenbrier river. Surprised to see them flowing in a westwardly +direction, on his return to Winchester he made known the fact, and +that the country abounded very much with different kinds of Game. In +consequence of this information two men, recently from New England, +visited the country and took up their residence on the Greenbrier +river. + +Having erected a cabin and being engaged in making some other +improvements, an altercation arose, which caused Stephen Suel,[14] one +of them, to forsake the cabin and abide for some time in a hollow tree +not far from the improvement, which was still occupied by his old +companion. They were thus situated in 1751, when John Lewis, of +Augusta and his son Andrew were exploring the country; to whom Suel +made known the cause of their living apart, and the great pleasure +which he experienced now in their morning salutations, when issuing +from their respective habitations; whereas when they slept under the +same roof, none of those kindly greetings passed between them. Suel +however did not long remain in the vicinity of Martin, the other of +the two adventurers; he moved forty miles west of his first +improvement, and soon after fell a prey to Indian ferocity. Martin is +said to have returned to the settlements. + +There was no other attempt made by the whites, to improve the +Greenbrier country for several years. Lewis and his son thoroughly +examined it; and when permission was given to the Greenbrier company +(of which John Lewis was a member) to locate 100,000 acres, on the +waters of this river, they became agents to make the surveys and +locations. The war between France and England in 1754 checked their +proceedings; and when they, on the restoration of peace, would have +resumed them, they were interdicted by a royal proclamation, issued in +1761, commanding all those who had made settlements on the western +waters to remove from them; and those who were engaged in making +surveys to desist. Sound policy requiring, that a good understanding +should be maintained with the Indians (who claimed the country) to +prevent a further cooperation on their part with France.[15] + +Previous to the issuing of this proclamation, some families had moved +to Greenbrier and made two settlements--the one on Muddy creek, the +other in the Big-Levels. These, disregarding the command of his royal +majesty and rather regardless of their own safety, remained until they +were destroyed by the Indians, in 1763.[16] From this time 'till 1769 +Greenbrier was altogether uninhabited. Capt. John Stuart and a few +other young men, then began to settle and improve the country; and +although attempts were subsequently made by the Indians to exterminate +them, yet they ever after continued in possession of it. + +[49] In the year 1756 settlements were also made on New river and on +Holstein.[17] Among the daring adventurers who effected them, were +Evan Shelby, William Campbell, William Preston and Daniel Boone, all +of whom became distinguished characters in subsequent history. Thomas +Walden,[18] who was afterwards killed on Clinch river and from whom +the mountain dividing Clinch and Powel rivers derived its name, was +likewise one of them. The lands taken up by them, were held as "_corn +rights_" each acquiring a title to an hundred acres of the adjoining +land, for every acre planted in corn. + +Nearly cotemporaneous with these establishments, was that at +Galliopolis, on the north western bank of the Ohio, and below Point +Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa. This was made by a party +of French Jesuits, by whom the Indians were incited to make +incursions, and commit the most enormous barbarities on the then +frontiers.[19] This place and the mouth of Great Sandy were the chief +points of rendezvous for the Ohio Indians. From the former of these +places they would ascend the Kenhawa and Greenbrier rivers, and from +thence crossing the mountains enter into Augusta; or after having +ascended the Kenhawa, go up the New river, from which they would pass +over to the James and Roanoke. From the mouth of Great Sandy they +would ascend that river, and by the way of Bluestone fall over on the +Roanoke and New river. From those two points, expeditions were +frequently made by the Indians, which brought desolation and death +into the infant settlements of the south west, and retarded their +growth very much. In the spring of 1757 nearly the whole Roanoke +settlement was destroyed by a party of Shawanees, who had thus made +their way to it. + +That portion of the valley of Virginia in which establishments were +thus begun to be made, was at that time one continued forest; +overspreading a limestone soil of great fertility; and intersected by +rivers affording extensive bottoms of the most productive alluvial +land. Indeed few rivers of equal size, are bordered with as wide and +fertile levels of this formation of earth, as those which water that +section of country: the Roanoke particularly affords large bodies of +it, capable of producing in great abundance hemp, tobacco and the +different kinds of grain usually grown. In the country generally, +every species of vegetable, to which the climate was congenial, grew +with great luxuriancy; while the calcareous nature of the soil, +adapted it finely to the production of that kind of grain, to which +European emigrants were mostly used. + +The natural advantages of the country were highly improved by the +persevering industry of its inhabitants. Its forests, felled by +untiring labor, were quickly reduced to profitable cultivation, and +the weeds which spontaneously sprang from the earth, were soon +succeeded by the various grasses calculated to furnish the most +nutritious food, for the lowing herds with which their farmers were +early stocked; these yielded a present profit, and laid the sure +foundation [50] of future wealth. Some of the most extensive and +successful graziers of Virginia, now inhabit that country; and reap +the rich reward of their management and industry, in the improved and +more contiguous market of Richmond. + +In the infancy of these establishments, their only market was at +Williamsburg. Thither the early settlers _packed_ their butter and +poultry, and received in exchange salt, iron, and some of the luxuries +of life; their beef and other stock was taken to the same place. In +the process of time, as the country east of the Blue ridge became +more improved, other markets were opened to them; and the facilities +of communication were gradually increased. Their successors have +already derived great advantage from those improvements; and the +present generation will not only witness their farther extension, +but most probably see the country first tenanted by Lewis and his +cotemporaries, a great thoroughfare for the produce of several of the +western states--a link of communication between the Chesapeak bay and +the Gulph of Mexico. + +----- + [1] King Shingiss was a famous village chief, "a terror to + the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania." A brother, and later + the successor of King Beaver, his camp was at the mouth of + Beaver Creek, which empties into the Ohio twenty-six miles + below "the forks" (site of Pittsburg). Christopher Gist visited + him November 24, 1750. In 1759, when Fort Pitt was built, + Shingiss moved up Beaver Creek to Kuskuskis on the Mahoning, + and finally to the Muskingum. The land about the mouth of + Beaver Creek is called "Shingis Old Town" in the Ft. Stanwix + treaty, 1784.--R. G. T. + + [2] The numbers here set down and those given below, are as + they were ascertained by Capt. Hutchins, who visited the most + of the tribes for purpose of learning their population in + 1768. + + [3] A tradition among the Delawares says that formerly the + Catawbas came near one of their hunting camps and remaining in + ambush at night sent two or three of their party round the camp + with Buffalo hoofs fixed to their feet, to make artificial + buffalo tracks and thus decoy the hunters from their camp. In + the morning the Delawares, discovering the tracks and supposing + them to have been made by buffaloes, followed them some time; + when suddenly the Catawbas rose from their covert, fired at and + killed several of the hunters; the others fled, collected a + party and went in pursuit of the Catawbas. These had brought + with them, rattle snake poison corked up in a piece of cane + stalk; into which they dipped small reed splinters, which they + set up along their path. The Delawares in pursuit were much + injured by those poisoned splinters, and commenced retreating + to their camp. The Catawbas discovering this, turned upon their + pursuers, and killed and scalped many of them. + + [4] John Peter Salling, sometimes spoken of as Peter Adam + Salling, was, if not of German birth, of German descent. With + his brother Henry, he early settled in the forks of James River + and North Branch, in the southern part of what is now + Rockbridge county, Va. The details of his early explorations in + the West are involved in doubt, but that he had such adventures + there seems no good reason to doubt. It will be noticed that + Withers omits the date; some writers have placed it at about + 1724, but the probable time was 1738-40. His descendants told + Draper (about 1850) that the family tradition was, that Salling + and a son were employed by the governor of Virginia to explore + the country to the southwest; and when near the present Salem, + Roanoke county, they were captured by Cherokees and carried to + the Ohio River--one account says by way of the Tennessee, + another by the New (Great Kanawha), their boat being made of + buffalo skins. They appear by this tradition to have escaped, + and in descending the Mississippi to have fallen into the hands + of Spaniards. The son died, and the father was sent in a vessel + bound for Spain, there to be tried as a British spy; but the + Spaniard being captured by an English vessel, our hero was + landed at Charleston, whence he reached his frontier home after + an absence of over three years. This story differs in many + details from the one in Kercheval's _History of the Valley of + Virginia_, and also that in Withers's text, above. Salling kept + a journal which was extant in 1745, for in the Wisconsin + Historical Society's library is a diary kept by Capt. John + Buchanan, who notes that in that year he spent two days in + copying a part of it. In Du Pratz' _History of Louisiana_ + (London, 1774), Salling and one John Howard are said to have + made this trip in 1742, and the authority is said to be a + _Report of the Government of Virginia_. But Salling must have + returned home by 1742, for his name is in the roll of Capt. + John McDowell's militia company, and he was probably in the + fight with the Indians (Dec. 14) that year, in which McDowell + lost his life. In 1746, we found Salling himself a militia + captain in the Rockbridge district of Augusta county. In + September, 1747, he was cited to appear at court martial for + not turning out to muster--and this is the last record we have + of him. Descendants, named Sallee, now live in Kentucky and + Tennessee.--R. G. T. + + [5] John Lewis, the father of Gen. Andrew Lewis, was + probably of Welsh descent, and born in 1678 in County + Donegal, Ireland. About 1716 he married Margaret Lynn, of the + famous Lynns of Loch Lynn, Scotland. In a dispute over his + tenancy (1729), he killed a man of high station,--some say, + his Catholic landlord,--and fled to Portugal, whence in 1731, + after strange adventures, he emigrated to America, and was + joined there by his family. Fearing to live near a sea-port + he established himself on the frontier, in the Valley of + Virginia, two miles east of the present site of Staunton. + His house was of stone, built for defense, and in 1754 it + successfully stood an Indian siege. Lewis was colonel of + the Augusta county militia as early as 1743, presiding + justice in 1745, and high sheriff in 1748. In 1751, then 73 + years of age, he assisted his son Andrew, then agent of the + Loyal Company, to explore and survey the latter's grant on + Greenbrier River. It was because the old man became entangled + in the thicket of greenbriers, that he gave this name to the + stream. He died at his old fort homestead, February 1, 1762, + aged 84 years. Some accounts state that he was a Presbyterian; + he was, however, an Episcopalian.--R. G. T. + + [6] Lewis soon afterwards obtained leave from Governor Gooch + to locate 100,000 acres of land in separate parcels on the + waters of the Shenandoah and James rivers; and when he would go + out in search of good land to locate, Mackey would accompany + him to hunt buffalo. The former amassed a large estate, while + the latter lived and died in comparative poverty. + + [7] As Col. John Lewis had no son Samuel, probably Thomas + Lewis, the elder brother of Andrew, though near-sighted, may + have engaged in buffalo hunting.--L. C. D. + + [8] Of the origin of Benjamin Borden, Sr. (the name was + mispronounced Burden, on the frontier), little is known. He was + probably from New Jersey, and early became a fur trader on the + Virginia frontier; later he was in Lord Fairfax's employ as a + land agent. As such, he visited Governor Gooch and obtained + from him several valuable tracts--one of them (October 3, + 1734), Borden Manor, on Sprout run, Frederick county; another, + 100,000 acres at the head of the James, on condition of + locating thereon a hundred families. At the end of two years he + had erected 92 cabins with as many families, and a patent was + granted him November 8, 1739, for 92,100 acres. He died in + 1742, before further development of his enterprise. His son + Benjamin succeeded to his vast estate, but died of small-pox in + 1753. In 1744, he married the widow of John McDowell, mentioned + on the next page, who had been killed in the Indian fight of + December 14, 1742.--R. G. T. + + [9] The daughter of John Patton subsequently became the wife + of Col. W. Preston, and the mother of James Patton Preston, + late a governor of Virginia. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--This note of Mr. Withers, derived from + Taylor's sketches (mentioned below), is erroneous both as to + Patton and Preston. Col. Patton's first name was not John, but + James, as both the records and his own autograph sufficiently + attest. Neither did John Preston, nor his son Col. Wm. Preston, + marry Col. Patton's daughter, but John Preston married his + sister. Miss Elizabeth Patton, while crossing the Shannon in a + boat, met the handsome John Preston, then a young ship + carpenter, and an attachment grew out of their accidental + meeting. But as Miss Patton belonged to the upper class of + society, there was a wide gulf between their conditions, and a + runaway match was the only way out of the difficulty. Gov. + James Patton Preston was named after his grand-uncle. James + Patton was born in County Londonderry, Ireland, in 1692. For + many years he was a prosperous navigator, and crossed the + Atlantic twenty-five times with "redemptioners" for Virginia; + he was also an officer in the royal navy in the wars with the + Netherlands. Having obtained a grant of 120,000 acres above the + Blue Ridge, he himself settled in Virginia in 1735. A man of + wealth, enterprise and influence, he was a justice, sheriff, + Indian treaty commissioner, and finally county lieutenant of + Augusta. In 1755, he was killed by Indians while conveying + ammunition to the borderers. + + [10] Capt. John McDowell was of Scotch descent, and born in + Ulster, Ireland, but in early manhood came to America, settling + first in Pennsylvania, and then the Virginia Valley (autumn of + 1737). He at once became one of Benjamin Borden's surveyors, + and for five years made surveys on Borden's Manor. Becoming a + captain in the Augusta militia, he was ordered to go out + against a party of Northern Indians who, on the war-path + against the Catawbas, had taken in the Virginia Valley on their + way, and annoyed and plundered the white settlers. The savages + were overtaken on the North Branch of James River, some fifteen + miles from McDowell's place, and an engagement ensued (Dec. 14, + 1742), in which McDowell and seven others lost their lives. The + Indians escaped with small losses. This was the first battle + between whites and Indians, in the Virginia Valley.--R. G. T. + + [11] This incident is well authenticated. See the deposition + of Mrs. Mary Greenlee, preserved in the famous Borden land + suit, among the court records of Augusta county, Va. Mrs. + Greenlee was the sister of Capt. John McDowell, and among the + very earliest settlers of that part of Augusta, now Rockbridge + county. Mrs Greenlee's deposition is published in full in + Peyton's _History of Augusta County, Va._ (Staunton, Va., + 1882), pp. 69-74.--L. C. D. + + [12] The late Charles A. Stuart, of Greenbrier, son of Col. + John Stuart, after the appearance of Hugh Paul Taylor's + sketches over the signature of "Son of Cornstalk," published in + the _Staunton Spectator_ of August 21, 1829, over the signature + of "Son of Blue Jacket," a brief criticism, in the nature of + some corrections regarding his own family, to this effect: That + Mrs. Jane Paul was no relative of Mrs. Margaret Lewis, wife of + Col. John Lewis; that her first husband, Mr. Paul--not John, + but probably Hugh Paul--was apparently from the north of + Ireland--their son Audley Paul was born before the migration of + the family to Pennsylvania; Mr. Paul, Sr., it is said, became + the pastor of the Presbyterian congregation of Chester, in that + province; but as Chester was a Quaker settlement, it is more + likely that he located in some Presbyterian community in that + region, and there must have died. Mrs. Paul, for her second + husband, married Col. David Stuart, also from Ireland, by whom + she had John Stuart and two daughters. Mrs. Stuart's + grandchild, Charles A. Stuart, resided many years in Augusta, + representing that county in the State senate, subsequently + removed back to Greenbrier county, where he died about 1850, at + the age of about sixty-five years. He was a man of sterling + qualities.--L. C. D. + + [13] The following table exhibits a list of the several counties west + of the Blue ridge--the counties from which each was taken--when + established--their area in square miles--population in 1830, and + amount of taxation for the same year. + + Counties. From what When Area. Population. Taxation. + taken. formed. + + Augusta, Orange, 1738 948 19,925 6,734 + Alleghany, Bath, Botetourt + and Monroe, 1822 521 2,816 526 + Bath, Augusta, + Botetourt and + Greenbrier, 1791 795 4,068 865 + [47] Brooke, Ohio, 1797 202 7,040 1,136 + Berkeley, Frederick, 1772 308 10,528 3,356 + Botetourt, Augusta, 1770 1057 16,354 3,809 + Cabell, Kanawha, 1809 1033 5,884 629 + Frederick, Orange, 1738 745 26,045 9,396 + Greenbrier, Botet't & + Montg'ry, 1778 1409 9,059 1,716 + Giles, Montgomery, + Monroe and + Tazewell, 1806 935 5,300 541 + Grayson, Wythe, 1793 927 7,675 537 + Harrison, Monongalia, 1784 1095 14,713 1,669 + Hampshire, Augusta & + Fred'k, 1754 989 11,279 2,402 + Hardy, Hampshire, 1786 1156 5,700 2,633 + Jefferson, Berkeley, 1801 225 12,927 4,721 + Kanawha, Greenb'r & + M'tg'ry, 1789 2090 9,334 1,453 + Lewis, Harrison, 1816 1754 6,241 630 + Logan, Giles, Kanawha, + Cabell & + Tazewell, 1824 2930 3,680 245 + Lee, Russell, 1793 512 9,461 789 + Monongalia, District of + W. A'g'ta, 1776 721 14,056 1,492 + Monroe, Greenbrier, 1799 614 7,798 1,158 + Morgan, Berkeley and + Hampshire, 1820 271 2,702 546 + Montgomery, Fincastle, 1777 1089 12,306 1,666 + Mason, Kanawha, 1804 904 6,534 915 + Nicholas, Kanawha, + Greenbrier and + Randolph, 1818 1431 3,338 373 + Ohio, District of + W. A'g'ta, 1776 375 15,590 1,968 + Preston, Monongalia, 1818 601 5,144 441 + Pendleton, Augusta, Hardy + and Rockingham, 1788 999 6,271 1,120 + Pocahontas, Bath, Pendleton + and Randolph, 1821 794 2,542 405 + Randolph, Harrison, 1787 2061 5,000 644 + Russell, Washington, 1786 1370 6,717 739 + Rockingham, Augusta, 1778 833 20,663 5,056 + Rockbridge, Augusta & + Botetourt, 1778 680 14,244 3,276 + Scott, Lee, Russell and + Washington, 1814 624 5,712 503 + Shenandoah, Frederick, 1772 767 19,750 4,922 + Tyler, Ohio, 1814 855 4,308 757 + Tazewell, Russell & Wythe, 1799 1305 5,573 727 + Washington, Fincastle, 1777 1754 15,614 2,918 + Wythe, Montgomery, 1790 1998 12,163 2,178 + Wood, Harrison, 1799 1223 6,418 1,257 + + Total, 378,293 76,848 + + [14] Little and Big Sewell mountains, dividing Fayette and + Greenbrier counties, seem to perpetuate the name and memory of + this early and adventurous pioneer. Col. John Stuart states, + that Sewell's final settlement was forty miles west of his + primitive one, and on a creek bearing his name originating in + Sewell mountain, and flowing into Gauley. Col. Preston, in his + _Register_, gives September, 1756, as the date of Stephen + Sewell's death by the Indians, and Jackson's River as the + locality. + + Mrs. Anne Royall, in _Sketches of the History, Life and Manners + of the United States_, (New Haven, 1826), p. 60, who visited + the Greenbrier country in 1824, gives the name of Carver as + Sewell's companion. "These two men," says Mrs. Royall, "lived + in a cave for several years, but at length they disagreed on + the score of religion, and occupied different camps. They took + care, however, not to stay far from each other, their camps + being in sight. Sewell used to relate that he and his friend + used to sit up all night without sleep, with their guns cocked, + ready to fire at each other. 'And what could that be for?' + 'Why, because we couldn't agree.' 'Only two of you, and could + you not agree--what did you quarrel about?' 'Why, about + re-la-gin.' One of them, it seems, was a Presbyterian, and the + other an Episcopalian."--L. C. D. + + [15] An error as to date. King George's proclamation was + dated Oct. 7, 1763. For full text, see _Wisconsin Historical + Collections_, XI., pp. 46 et seq.--R. G. T. + + [16] Thomas King, one of the ablest of the Iroquois chiefs, + related an incident at an Indian conference held at Easton, + Pa., Oct. 18, 1758, which may explain why the Indians evinced + so much hostility against the Greenbrier settlements. "About + three years ago," said Chief King, "eight Seneca warriors were + returning from war, with seven prisoners and scalps with them; + and, at a place called Greenbrier, they met with a party of + soldiers, not less than one hundred and fifty, who kindly + invited them to come to a certain store, saying they would + supply them with provisions. Accordingly they travelled two + days with them, in a friendly manner, and when they came to the + house, they took their arms from the Senecas. The head men + cried out, 'here is death; defend yourselves as well as you + can,' which they did, and two of them were killed on the spot, + and one, a young boy, was taken prisoner. This gave great + offense; and the more so, as it was upon the warrior's road, + and we were in perfect peace with our brethren. It provoked us + to such a degree that we could not get over it. He wished the + boy returned, if alive; and told his name, Squissatego." See + Hazard's _Penna. Register_, V., p. 373; and _Penna. Records_, + VIII., pp. 197-98.--L. C. D. + + [17] There were settlers on both New and Holston rivers prior + to 1756--Vause, Stalnacker and others on New River; and Stephen + Holston, at least, on the river bearing his name, which was + known as such anterior to April, 1748, when Dr. Walker, in his + _Journal_ of 1750, refers to it by that designation. But + William Campbell did not settle on Holston until 1767; Wm. + Preston settled in 1769; Evan Shelby and family in 1771; and, + while Daniel Boone passed through that country as early, it is + believed, as 1760, he never "settled" there. + + A further notice of Stephen Holston, or Holstein, seems fitting + in this connection. He was of an adventurous turn, and prior to + 1748 had, during a hunt, discovered the river named after him. + It was after this discovery that he settled on the Little + Saluda, near Saluda Old Town, in South Carolina, where, in the + summer of 1753, a party of Cherokees returning from a visit to + Gov. Glen, at Charleston, behaved so rudely to Mrs. Holston, in + her husband's absence, as to frighten her and her domestics + away, fleeing several miles to the nearest settlement, when the + house was robbed of utensils and corn, and two valuable horses + were also taken. Holston and some of his neighbors settled on + Holston's River, in what subsequently became Botetourt county: + soon after this, they constructed canoes, and passed down the + Holston into the Tennessee River, through the Muscle Shoals, + and down the Ohio and Mississippi as far as Natchez. Returning + from this notable adventure, his name became fixed to the noble + stream which he discovered, and upon which he made the + primitive settlement. His location on Holston was at the head + spring of the Middle Fork; his log cabin was on the hill side + some thirty rods from the spring. In 1774, one Davis occupied + the place, and related that Holston had left several years + before that date. On the breaking out of the Indian war in + 1754, he seems to have retired with his family to Culpeper + county, which was then not exempt from Indian forays; and + Holston, about 1757, was captured by the Indians. But in due + time he returned to the Holston country, served in the battle + of Point Pleasant in 1774, on Christian's campaign against the + Cherokees in 1776, and was reported in service in 1776 or 1777. + As we hear no more of him, he probably did not long survive + after this period.--L. C. D. + + [18] The first name of Walden was not Thomas--Elisha + Walden was his proper name. He was a son-in-law of William + Blevins, and both Walden and Blevins lived, in 1774, at the + "Round-About" on Smith's River, two miles east of what is + now Martinsville, Henry county, Virginia. He was then about + forty years of age, nearly six feet in height, a rough + frontiersman, and a noted hunter. He and several others, in + 1761, penetrated into Powell's Valley, naming Walden's Mountain + and Walden's Creek, and proceeded on through Cumberland Gap + to Cumberland River, and a few miles beyond to the Laurel + Mountain, where meeting a party of Indians, they returned. In + subsequent years, Walden settled on Holston, about eighteen + miles above Knoxville, where he was residing in 1796; a few + years later, he removed to Powell's Valley, but soon after + migrated to Missouri, where he lived hunting up to extreme + old age. Save what is related from Haywood's _Hist. of + Tennessee_ about the trip of 1761, this information was + communicated to the writer in 1849, by Maj. John Redd, of + Henry county, Va., who personally knew the old hunter very + well.--L. C. D. + + [19] A curious misconception, this. Some of the founders of + Marietta acquired in 1788 a large tract west and north of their + own, and as a private speculation organized the Scioto Company. + Joel Barlow, the poet, was sent to Paris to negotiate the sale + of the lands. To the "Society of the Scioto," formed by him + there, he sold three million acres, and France was deluged with + rose-colored immigration pamphlets written by Barlow. In + February, 1790, six hundred Frenchmen--chiefly professional men + and small artisans from the large towns, with not an + agriculturist among them--arrived in Alexandria, Va., _en + route_ for the Scioto. They found that the Society, not having + paid for its lands, had forfeited its rights, and deeds granted + to the intending settlers were void. Five hundred finally went + west, and founded Gallipolis. Poor, not knowing how to work the + soil, and simple folk with no notions of independence, they + suffered from famine, Indians, and yellow fever. They finally + repurchased their lands, and upon the cessation of the border + war gained some strength; but Gallipolis was never more than a + weakling until Americans and Germans came in and put it on its + feet.--R. G. T. + + + + +[51] CHAPTER II. + + +The tract of country usually denominated North Western Virginia, +includes the counties of Brook, Ohio, Tyler, Wood, Lewis, Randolph, +Preston, Harrison and Monongalia, covering an area of 8,887 square +miles, and having a population, according to the census of 1830, of +78,510 souls. These counties, with a portion of Pennsylvania then +deemed to be within the limits of Virginia, constituted the district +of West Augusta; and was the last grand division of the state, to +become occupied by the whites. This was perhaps owing to natural +causes, as well as to the more immediate proximity of hostile +Indians. + +The general surface of this district of country is very broken, its +hills, though rich, are yet steep and precipitous, and the various +streams which flow along their bases, afford but few bottoms; and +these of too narrow and contracted dimensions to have attracted the +adventurer, when more invited portions of the country, were alike open +to his enterprise.--The Alleghany ridge of mountains, over which the +eastern emigrant had to pass, presented too, no inconsiderable barrier +to its earlier location; while the cold, bleak, inhospitable region, +extending from the North Branch to the Cheat and Valley rivers, seemed +to threaten an entire seclusion from the eastern settlements, and to +render it an isolated spot, not easily connected with any other +section of the state. + +The first attempt on the part of the English to occupy the country +contiguous to the Ohio river, was made in consequence of the measures +adopted by the French to possess themselves of it. France had early +become acquainted with the country, so far as to perceive the facility +with which her possessions in the north, might, by means of a free +communication down the valley of the Mississippi, be connected with +those in the south. To preserve this communication uninterrupted, to +acquire influence over the neighboring Indians and to prevent the +occupancy and settlement by England of the country west [52] of the +Alleghany mountains, the French were early induced to establish +trading posts among the Indians on the Ohio, and to obtain and +preserve possession of the country by the erection of a chain of forts +to extend from Canada to Louisiana.[1] + +To counteract those operations of the French, to possess herself of +the country, to which she deemed her title to be good, and to enjoy +the lucrative traffic which was then to be carried on with the +Indians, England gave to an association of gentlemen in Great Britain +and Virginia, (under the title of the Ohio Company,) liberty to locate +and hold in their own right, 600,000 acres of land within the country +then claimed by both England and France. In pursuance of this grant, +steps were directly taken to effect those objects, by establishing +trading houses among the Indians near the Ohio, and by engaging +persons to make such a survey of the country, as would enable the +grantees to effect a location of the quantity allowed them, out of the +most valuable lands. The company endeavored to complete their survey +with all possible secrecy, and by inducing the Indians to believe +their object to be purely commercial, to allay any apprehensions, +which might otherwise arise, of an attempt to gain possession of the +country. + +The attempt to accomplish their purpose of territorial aggrandizement, +with secrecy, was fruitless and unavailing.--The Pennsylvania traders, +fearful that they would lose the profitable commerce carried on with +the Indians, excited their jealousy by acquainting them with the real +motive of the company; while the French actually seized, and made +prisoners, of their traders, and opened and secured, by detachments of +troops stationed at convenient situations, a communication from Presq' +Isle to the Ohio river. + +The Ohio company sent a party of men to erect a stockade fort at the +confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, which had been +recommended by General Washington as a suitable position for the +erection of fortifications.[2] This party of men was accompanied by a +detachment of militia, which had been ordered out by the governor; but +before they could effect their object, they were driven off by the +French, [53] who immediately took possession of the place, and erected +thereon Fort du Quesne. These transactions were immediately succeeded +by the war, usually called Braddock's war, which put an end to the +contemplated settlement, and the events of which are, for the most +part, matter of general history. It may not however be amiss to relate +some incidents connected with this war, which though of minor +importance, may yet be interesting to some; and which have escaped the +pen of the historian. + +In Braddock's army there were two regiments of volunteer militia from +Virginia.[3] One of these was commanded by Col. Russel of Fairfax; +the other by Col. Fry, and was from Shenandoah and James rivers. In +this latter regiment there was a company from Culpepper, commanded by +Capt. Grant, (afterwards known as a considerable land holder in +Kentucky) and of which John Field (who was killed in the battle at +Point Pleasant) was a lieutenant. There was likewise in this regiment, +a company of riflemen, from Augusta, commanded by Capt. Samuel Lewis, +(the eldest son of John Lewis, who, with Mackey and Salling, had been +foremost in settling that country) who was afterwards known as Col. +Samuel Lewis of Rockingham.[4] In this company was also contained the +five brothers of Capt. Lewis. Andrew, afterwards Gen. Lewis of +Botetourt--Charles, afterwards Col. Lewis, who was likewise killed at +Point Pleasant--William, John and Thomas. Among their compatriots in +arms, were the five sons of Capt. John Matthews, (who had accompanied +Burden to Virginia) Elihu Barkley, John McDowell,[5] Paul Whitly, +James Bell, Patrick Lockard, and a number of others of the first +settlers of Augusta, Rockbridge and Rockingham. + +From the time the army crossed the Alleghany mountain, its movements +were constantly watched by Indian spies, from Fort du Quesne; and as +it approached nearer the point of destination, runners were regularly +despatched, to acquaint the garrison with its progress, and manner of +marching.--When intelligence was received that Braddock still moved in +close order, the Indians laid the plan for surprising him, and carried +it into most effectual execution with but little assistance from the +French.[6] + +[54] At the place where the English crossed the Monongahela river, +there are about two acres of bottom land, bounded by the river on the +east, and by a ledge of high cliffs on the west. Through these cliffs +there is a considerable ravine, formed by the flowing of a small +rivulet--On the summit, a wide prospect opens to the west, of a +country whose base is level, but surface uneven. On this summit lay +the French and Indians concealed by the prairie grass and timber, and +from this situation, in almost perfect security, they fired down upon +Braddock's men. The only exposure of the French and Indians, resulted +from the circumstance of their having to raise their heads to peep +over the verge of the cliff, in order to shoot with more deadly +precision. In consequence, all of them who were killed in the early +part of the action, were shot through the head.[7] + +The companies, commanded by Capt. Grant and Lewis,[8] were the first +to cross the river. As fast as they landed they formed, and proceeding +up the ravine, arrived at the plain on the head of the rivulet, +without having discovered the concealed enemy which they had just +passed. So soon as the rear of Braddock's army had crossed the river, +the enemy raised a heart rending yell, and poured down a constant and +most deadly fire. Before General Braddock received his wound, he gave +orders for the whole line to countermarch and form a phalanx on the +bottom, so as to cover their retreat across the river. When the main +column was wheeled, Grant's and Lewis' companies had proceeded so far +in advance, that a large body of the enemy rushed down from both sides +of the ravine, and intercepted them. A most deadly contest ensued. +Those who intercepted Grant and Lewis, could not pass down the defile, +as the main body of Braddock's army was there, and it would have been +rushing into the midst of it, to inevitable destruction--the sides of +the ravine were too steep and rocky to admit of a retreat up them, and +their only hope of escape lay in cutting down those two companies and +passing [55] out at the head of the ravine. A dreadful slaughter was +the consequence. Opposed in close fight, and with no prospect of +security, but by joining the main army in the bottom, the companies of +Grant and Lewis literally cut their way through to the mouth of the +ravine. Many of Lewis's men were killed and wounded, and not more than +half of Grant's lived to reach the river bank. Almost the only loss +the enemy sustained was in this conflict. + +The unfortunate result of the campaign of 1755, gave to the French a +complete ascendency over the Indians on the Ohio. In consequence of +this there was a general distress on the frontier settlements of +Virginia. The incursions of the Indians became more frequent and were +extended so far, that apprehensions existed of an irruption into the +country east of the Blue ridge.[9] This state of things continued +until the capture of Fort du Quesne in 1758, by Gen. Forbes. + +In the regiment commanded by Washington in the army of 1758, Andrew +Lewis was a Major. With this gentleman, Gen. Washington had become +acquainted during the campaign of 1754, and had formed of him, as a +military man, the highest expectations; his conduct at the defeat of +Major Grant, realized those expectations, and acquired for him a +reputation for prudence and courage which he sustained unimpaired, +during a long life of public service.[10] + +Gen. Lewis was in person upwards of six feet high, finely proportioned, +of uncommon strength and great activity. His countenance was stern and +rather forbidding--his deportment distant and reserved; this rendered +his person more awful than engaging. When he was at Fort Stanwich in +1768, as one of the commissioners from the colony of Virginia, to +treat, in conjunction with commissioners from the eastern colonies, +with the Six Nations, the Governor of New York remarked "that the earth +seemed to tremble under his tread." + +When the war of the revolution commenced, and General [56] Washington +was commissioned commander in chief, he is said to have expressed a +wish, that the appointment had been given to Gen. Lewis. Be this as it +may, it is certain that he accepted the commission of Brigadier +General at the solicitation of Washington; and when, from wounded +pride[11] and a shattered constitution, he was induced to express an +intention of resigning, Gen. Washington wrote him, entreating that he +would not do so, and assuring him that justice should be done, as +regarded his rank. Gen. Lewis, however, had become much reduced by +disease, and did not think himself able, longer to endure the +hardships of a soldier's life--he resigned his commission in 1780, and +died in the county of Bedford, on the way to his home in Botetourt on +Roanoke river. + +When Major Grant, (who had been sent with a detachment for the purpose +of reconnoitering the country about Fort du Quesne,) arrived in view +of it, he resolved on attempting its reduction. Major Lewis +remonstrated with him, on the propriety of that course, and endeavored +to dissuade him from the attempt. Grant deemed it practicable to +surprise the garrison and effect an easy conquest, and was unwilling +that the provincial troops should divide with his Highland regulars +the glory of the achievment--he therefore ordered Major Lewis two +miles into the rear, with that part of the Virginia regiment then +under his command. + +Soon after the action had commenced, Lewis discovered by the +retreating fire, that Grant was in an unpleasant situation, and +leaving Capt. Bullet with fifty men to guard the baggage, hastened to +his relief. On arriving at the battle ground, and finding Grant and +his detachment surrounded by the Indians, who had passed his rear +under covert of the banks of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, +Major Lewis commenced a brisk fire and made so vigorous an attack on +the Indians as to open a passage through which Grant and some few of +his men effected an escape. Lewis and his brave provincials became +enclosed within the Indian lines and suffered dreadfully. Out of eight +officers five were killed, a sixth wounded and a seventh taken +prisoner. Capt. Bullet, [57] who defended the baggage with great +bravery and contributed much to save the remnant of the detachment, +was the only officer who escaped unhurt.[12] Out of one hundred and +sixty-six men, sixty-two were killed on the spot and two were +wounded. + +Major Lewis was himself made prisoner; and although stripped by the +Indians of every article of his clothing, and reduced to perfect +nudity, he was protected from bodily injury by a French officer, who +took him to his tent and supplied him with clothes. Grant who had +wandered all night with five or six of his men, came in, on the +morning after the engagement, and surrendered himself a prisoner of +war. + +While Grant and Lewis were prisoners, the former addressed a letter to +Gen. Forbes giving a detailed account of the engagement and +attributing the defeat to the ill conduct of the latter. This letter, +(being inspected by the French who knew the falsehood of the charge it +contained) was handed to Maj. Lewis. Exasperated at this charge, Lewis +waited on Major Grant and in the interview between them, after having +bestowed on him some abusive epithets, challenged him to the field. +Grant declined to accept the invitation; and Lewis, after spitting in +his face in the presence of several of the French officers, left him +to reflect on his baseness. + +After this defeat a council was held by the Indians to determine on +the course proper for them to pursue. The most of them had come from +about Detroit at the instance of the French commandant there, to +fortify Fort du Quesne against an attack by Forbes--the hunting season +had arrived and many of them were anxious to return to their town. The +question which attracted their attention most seriously was, whether +Gen. Forbes would then retreat or advance. As Grant had been most +signally defeated, many supposed that the main arm would retire into +winter quarters, as Dunbar had, after the battle on the Monongahela. +The French expressed a different opinion, and endeavored to prevail on +the Indians to remain and witness the result. This however they +refused to do, and the greater part of them left du Quesne. Upon this +the commandant of the fort, in order to learn the course which Gen. +Forbes would pursue, and to impress upon the English, an idea that the +French were in return preparing to attack them, ordered the remainder +of the Indians, a number of Canadians and some French regulars to +reconnoitre the route [58] along which Gen. Forbes would be most +likely to march his army, to watch their motions and harrass them as +much as possible; determining if they could not thus force him to +abandon the idea of attacking Du Quesne during that campaign, they +would evacuate the fort and retire into Canada. + +When Major Grant with his men had been ordered on to Du Quesne, the +main army had been left at Raystown, where it continued for some time; +an advance was however posted at fort Ligonier. Between this vanguard +and the detachment from Du Quesne there was a partial engagement, +which resulted in the loss of some of the Maryland troops. Fort +Ligonier was then closely watched by the French and Indians, and +several of the sentinels were killed, before the point from which the +fires were directed, was discovered; it was at length ascertained that +parties of the enemy would creep under the bank of the Loyal Hanna +till they could obtain a position from which to do execution. Some +soldiers were then stationed to guard this point, who succeeded in +killing two Indians, and in wounding and making prisoner of one +Frenchman. From him the English obtained information that the greater +part of the Indians had left Du Quesne, and that the fort was +defenceless: the army then moved forward and taking possession of its +ruins established thereon Fort Pitt.[13] The country around began +immediately to be settled, and several other forts were erected to +protect emigrants, and to keep the Indians in awe. + +Previous to this an attempt had been made by David Tygart and a Mr. +Files to establish themselves on an upper branch of the Monongahela +river.[14] They had been for some time frontier's men, and were +familiar with the scenes usually exhibited on remote and unprotected +borders; and nothing daunted by the cruel murders and savage +enormities, which they had previously witnessed, were induced by some +cause, most probably the uninterrupted enjoyment of the forest in the +pursuit of game, to venture still farther into the wilderness. About +the year 1754 these two men with their families arrived on the east +fork of the Monongahela, and after examining the country, selected +positions for their future residence. Files chose a spot on the river, +at the mouth of a creek which still bears his name, where Beverly, the +county seat of Randolph has been since established. Tygart settled a +few miles farther up and also on the river. The valley in which they +had thus taken up their abode, has been since called Tygart's [59] +valley, and the east fork of the Monongahela, Tygart's-valley river. + +The difficulty of procuring bread stuffs for their families, their +contiguity to an Indian village, and the fact that an Indian war path +passed near their dwellings, soon determined them to retrace their +steps.[15] Before they carried this determination into effect, the +family of Files became the victims of savage cruelty. At a time when +all the family were at their cabin, except an elder son, they were +discovered by a party of Indians, supposed to be returning from the +South Branch, who inhumanly butchered them all.[16] Young Files being +not far from the house and hearing the uproar, approached until he +saw, too distinctly, the deeds of death which were doing; and feeling +the utter impossibility of affording relief to his own, resolved if he +could, to effect the safety of Tygart's family. This was done and the +country abandoned by them. + +Not long after this, Doctor Thomas Eckarly and his two brothers came +from Pennsylvania and camped at the mouth of a creek, emptying into +the Monongahela, 8 or 10 miles below Morgantown; they were Dunkards, +and from that circumstance, the watercourse on which they fixed +themselves for a while, has been called Dunkard's creek. While their +camp continued at this place, these men were engaged in exploring the +country; and ultimately settled on Cheat river, at the Dunkard bottom. +Here they erected a cabin for their dwelling, and made such +improvements as enabled them to raise the first year, a crop of corn +sufficient for their use, and some culinary vegetables: their guns +supplied them with an abundance of meat, of a flavor as delicious as +the refined palate of a modern epicure could well wish. Their clothes +were made chiefly of the skins of animals, and were easily procured: +and although calculated to give a grotesque appearance to a fine +gentleman in a city drawing room; yet were they particularly suited to +their situation, and afforded them comfort. + +Here they spent some years entirely unmolested by the Indians, +although a destructive war was then raging, and prosecuted with +cruelty, along the whole extent of our frontier. At length to obtain +an additional supply of ammunition, salt and shirting, Doctor Eckarly +left Cheat, with a pack of furs and skins, to visit a trading post on +the Shenandoah. On his return, he stopped at Fort Pleasant, on the +South Branch; and having communicated to its inhabitants the place of +his residence, and the length of time he had been living there, he was +charged with being in confederacy with the Indians, and probably at +that instant a spy, examining the condition of the fort. In vain the +Doctor protested his innocence and the fact that he had not even seen +an Indian in the country; the suffering condition [59] of the border +settlements, rendered his account, in their opinion improbable, and he +was put in confinement. + +The society, of which Doctor Eckarly was a member, was rather +obnoxious to a number of the frontier inhabitants. Their intimacy with +the Indians, although cultivated with the most laudable motives, and +for noble purposes, yet made them objects at least of distrust to +many. Laboring under these disadvantages, it was with difficulty that +Doctor Eckarly prevailed on the officer of the fort to release him; +and when this was done he was only permitted to go home under certain +conditions--he was to be escorted by a guard of armed men, who were to +carry him back if any discovery were made prejudicial to him. Upon +their arrival at Cheat, the truth of his statement was awfully +confirmed. The first spectacle which presented itself to their view, +when the party came within sight of where the cabin had been, was a +heap of ashes. On approaching the ruins, the half decayed, and +mutilated bodies of the poor Dunkards, were seen in the yard; the +hoops, on which their scalps had been dried, were there, and the +ruthless hand of desolation had waved over their little fields. Doctor +Eckarly aided in burying the remains of his unfortunate brothers, and +returned to the fort on the South Branch. + +In the fall of 1758, Thomas Decker and some others commenced a +settlement on the Monongahela river, at the mouth of what is now, +Decker's creek. In the ensuing spring it was entirely broken up by a +party of Delawares and Mingoes; and the greater part of its +inhabitants murdered. + +There was at this time at Brownsville a fort, then known as +Redstone fort, under the command of Capt. Paul.[17] One of Decker's +party escaped from the Indians who destroyed the settlement, and +making his way to Fort Redstone, gave to its commander the melancholy +intelligence. The garrison being too weak to admit of sending a +detachment in pursuit, Capt. Paul despatched a runner with the +information to Capt. John Gibson, then stationed at Fort Pitt. +Leaving the fort under the command of Lieut. Williamson, Capt. Gibson +set out with thirty men to intercept the Indians, on their return +to their towns. + +In consequence of the distance which the pursuers had to go, and the +haste with which the Indians had retreated, the expedition failed in +its object; they however accidentally came on a party of six or seven +Mingoes, on the head of Cross Creek in Ohio (near Steubenville)--these +had been prowling about the river, below Fort Pitt, seeking an +opportunity of committing depredations.[18] As Capt. Gibson passed the +point of a small knoll, just after day break, he came unexpectedly +upon them--some of them were lying down; the others were sitting round +a fire, making thongs of green hides. Kiskepila or Little Eagle, a +Mingo chief, headed the party. So soon as he discovered Capt. Gibson, +he raised the war whoop and fired [61] his rifle--the ball passed +through Gibson's hunting shirt and wounded a soldier just behind him. +Gibson sprang forward, and swinging his sword with herculean force, +severed the head of the Little Eagle from his body--two other Indians +were shot down, and the remainder escaped to their towns on +Muskingum. + +When the captives, who were restored under the treaty of 1763, came +in, those who were at the Mingo towns when the remnant of Kiskepila's +party returned, stated that the Indians represented Gibson as having +cut off the Little Eagle's head with a _long knife_. Several of the +white persons were then sacrificed to appease the manes of Kiskepila; +and a war dance ensued, accompanied with terrific shouts and bitter +denunciations of revenge on "_the Big knife warrior_." This name was +soon after applied to the Virginia militia generally; and to this day +they are known among the north western Indians as the "_Long knives_," +or "_Big knife nation_."[19] + +These are believed to have been the only attempts to effect a +settlement of North Western Virginia, prior to the close of the French +war. The capture of Fort du Quesne and the erection and garrisoning of +Fort Pitt, although they gave to the English an ascendency in that +quarter; yet they did not so far check the hostile irruptions of the +Indians, as to render a residence in this portion of Virginia, by any +means secure.--It was consequently not attempted 'till some years +after the restoration of peace in 1765. + +----- + [1] This is misleading. The author has told us, in the + preceding chapter, of several attempts of English coast + colonists to make transmontane settlements, quite apart from + thought of ousting the French. Englishmen had no sooner landed + in America than they attempted to cross the Western mountain + barrier. Ralph Lane made the attempt in 1586, Christopher + Newport and John Smith in 1606, and Newport himself in 1607. + John Lederer, a German surgeon exploring for Governor Berkeley, + of Virginia, reached the top of Blue Ridge in 1609, but did not + descend the western slope. Two years later, Abraham Wood + discovered the Great Kanawha. It is possible that the French + Jesuit Le Moyne was on the Alleghany River as early as 1656. La + Salle was probably at the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) in + 1669. But it was not until about 1700 that French and English + fur-traders met in open rivalry on the Ohio. It was with no + thought of the French that Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, + passed over the Blue Ridge in 1714. The situation in short, was + this: The English colonists early wanted the over-mountain + country watered by the Ohio, but were too weak at first to hold + for agricultural settlement lands so far from home, in the face + of a savage foe. The French wanted the valley solely for the + fur trade, but Iroquois opposition long kept them from + entering; when at last they were able to do so, the English + colonists had also grown strong enough to move in, and then + ensued the long and bloody struggle in which New France + fell.--R. G. T. + + [2] In the journal (drawn up for the inspection of Gov. + Dinwiddie) of the events of his mission to the commander of the + French forces on the Ohio; this was the first of those splendid + acts of a public nature, performed by Gen. Washington. + + [3] Only five companies of the first Virginia regiment + served on Braddock's campaign--hence there was no second + regiment, nor any Colonel Russell engaged in that service; there + was, however, at this period, a Colonel or Lieut.-Colonel + William Russell, who emigrated from England when a young lawyer, + to Virginia, about 1710, and settled in Culpeper, and by the + readjustment of county lines he was thrown into the new county + of Orange. He was a man of much prominence, and at one time was + high sheriff of Orange; and apparently lieutenant-colonel of + militia, and as such, in the early part of the French and + Indian War, did some frontier service, though rather advanced + in years at the time. In 1753, he was sent as a commissioner + to pacify the Indians in the region where Pittsburg was + subsequently located. He died October 18, 1757, aged about + seventy-two years. His son of the same name served with + reputation at the battle of Point Pleasant, and during the + Revolutionary War, retiring at its close with the brevet rank + of brigadier-general.--L. C. D. + + [4] It has already been stated that Col. John Lewis's eldest + son was Thomas, not Samuel.--L. C. D. + + [5] Capt. John McDowell was killed in an engagement with the + Indians, in December, 1742, and of course could not have served + under either Andrew or Charles Lewis.--L. C. D. + + [6] James Smith, afterwards Col. Smith of Bourbon county in + Kentucky, was then a prisoner at du Quesne. He says that the + Indians in council planned the attack on Braddock's army and + selected the ground from which to make it--that the assailants + did not number more than 400 men, of whom but a small + proportion were French. One of the Indians laughed when he + heard the order of march in Braddock's army, and said "we'll + shoot them down all as one pigeon." Washington beheld the event + in fearful anticipation, and exerted himself in vain with Gen. + Braddock, to alter the order of march. + + [7] It is evident that the author never saw the site of + Braddock's defeat, just below the mouth of Turtle Creek, for + his description is quite inaccurate. June 30, 1755, the army, + which had been following the Ohio Company's road from Will's + Creek, _via_ East Meadows, crossed the Youghiogheny and + proceeding in a devious course struck the head of Turtle Creek, + which was followed nearly to its mouth, whence a southern + course was taken to avoid the steep hills. Reaching the + Monongahela just below the mouth of the Youghiogheny, they + crossed (July 9) to the west side, where there is a long, + narrow bottom. Nearly opposite the mouth of Turtle Creek, and + about four miles below the first crossing, hills again closely + approach the west bank, and the east side becomes the more + favorable for marching. Here, only eight miles across country + from Fort Duquesne, Braddock forded the second time, and in + angling up the rather easy slope upon which is now built the + busy iron-making town of Braddock, Pa., was obliged to pass + through a heavily-wooded ravine. This was the place of the + ambuscade, where his army was cut to pieces. Indians from the + Upper Lakes, under the leadership of Charles Langlade, a + Wisconsin fur-trader, were the chief participants in this + affair, on the French side.--R. G. T. + + [8] This statement about Capts. Grant and Lewis having taken + part in the battle of the Monongahela, is altogether a mistake. + It must have originated in some traditional account, and become + confused in some way with Grant's defeat, three years later, in + which Maj. James Grant and Maj. Andrew Lewis both took a + prominent part. There is no record of any Capt. Grant in + Braddock's army. Andrew Lewis, though a major, was still in + command of his company, and at the time of Braddock's defeat + was on detached service. Gov. Dinwiddie, writing to Maj. Lewis, + July 8, 1755, says: "You were ordered to Augusta with your + company to protect the frontier of that county;" and, in a + letter of the same date, to Col. Patton, the Governor adds: + "Enclosed you have a letter to Capt. Lewis, which please + forward to him: _I think he is at Greenbrier._" Capt. Robt. + Orme, aide-de-camp to Gen. Braddock, in his Journal appended to + Sargent's _History of Braddock's Expedition_, states under date + of April, 1755, that the Virginia troops having been clothed, + were ordered to march to Winchester, for arming and drilling, + and then adds: "Capt. Lewis was ordered with his company of + Rangers to Greenbrier river, there to build two stockade forts, + in one of which he was to remain himself and to detach to the + other a subaltern and fifteen men. These forts were to cover + the western settlers of Virginia from any inroads of + Indians."--L. C. D. + + [9] The MS. Journal of Col. Charles Lewis, in possession of + the Wisconsin Historical Society, covering the period from + October 10 to December 27, 1755, is an unconsciously eloquent + picture of the hardships of life on the Virginia frontier, at + this time.--R. G. T. + + [10] After the capitulation of Fort Necessity, and while + some of the soldiers of each army were intermixed, an + Irishman, exasperated with an Indian near him, "cursed the + copper-coloured scoundrel" and raised his musket to shoot + him. Gen. Lewis who had been twice wounded in the engagement, + and was then hobbling on a staff, raised the Irishman's + gun, as he was in the act of firing, and thus not only saved + the life of the Indian, but probably prevented a general + massacre of the Virginia troops. + + [11] Congress had given to Gen. Stephens, and some others + (whose senior Lewis had been in former services) commissions as + Major Generals. + + [12] Thomas Bullitt was a native of Prince William county, + Virginia. He was appointed an ensign in Washington's first + Virginia regiment, July 20, 1754, and promoted to a lieutenancy + on October 30th following. It is said that he served in + Braddock's defeat; but the records of the Virginia officers + present do not include Lieut. Bullitt's name. He was, perhaps, + with Capt. Lewis in the Greenbrier country, or on some other + detached service. In May, 1756, he was stationed at Winchester; + in July following, in command of Fort Frederick, on Jackson's + River, and in November of that year, in command of Fort + Cumberland. He was in active service in 1757, and early the + next year we find him a captain; as such, he distinguished + himself in checking the enemy and saving many of the fugitives + at Grant's defeat, and shared in Gen. Forbes's successful + expedition in the capture of Fort Du Quesne. In May, 1759, + while guarding with one hundred men, fifteen wagons loaded with + provisions for the westward, he was attacked and defeated by a + strong party of French and Indians, losing thirty-five of his + party killed and prisoners and all his wagons. In 1760, he was + appointed a surveyor of a district bordering on the Ohio, and + had much to do in early Kentucky exploration and surveys, + making an early location and survey at the Falls of Ohio in + 1773. In September, 1775, he was appointed adjutant-general of + all the Virginia forces; and on the 9th of December following, + he aided Colonel Woodford in defeating Capt. Fordyce and party + at the Great Bridge. In March, 1776, Congress appointed him + deputy adjutant-general of the Southern Department with the + rank of lieutenant-colonel, and advanced him in May following + to the full rank of colonel. He died while yet in service, in + 1778.--L. C. D. + + [13] The French destroyed Fort Duquesne in November, 1758. + During the winter following, Fort Pitt was erected by the + English troops. In his _Journal of a Tour to the Ohio River_ + (1770), Washington says of it: "The fort is built on the point + between the rivers Alleghany and Monongahela, but not so near + the pitch of it as Fort Duquesne stood. It is five-sided and + regular, two of which next the land are of brick; the others + stockade. A moat encompasses it." Fort Pitt was invested by the + Indians during Pontiac's War (1763). It was fully garrisoned + until 1772, when a corporal and a few men were left as + care-takers. In October of that year, the property was sold, + and several houses were built out of the material. In the + course of the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and + Virginia, the latter colony took possession of the ruins, + through Lord Dunmore's agent there, John Conolly.--R. G. T. + + [14] The author overlooks the settlement made by Christopher + Gist, the summer of 1753, in the town of Dunbar, Fayette + county, Pa., two or three miles west of the Youghiogheny and + some seventy miles northwest of Will's Creek; the site was + doubtless selected by him in his trip of 1751-52. Washington, + who visited him there in November, 1753, on the way to Fort Le + Boeuf, calls it "Gist's new settlement," but the owner's name + for his place was "Monongahela." It was the first settlement of + which there is record, upon the Ohio Company's lands. Gist + induced eleven families to settle near him; and on his journey + home, in January, 1754, Washington met them going out to the + new lands. The victory of the French over Washington, at Fort + Necessity, in July, led to the expulsion from the region of all + English-speaking settlers. The French commander, De Villiers, + reports that he "burnt down all the settlements" on the + Monongahela (from Redstone down), and in the vicinity of + Gist's.--R. G. T. + + [15] This trail was a continuation of the famous "Warrior + Branch," which coming up from Tennessee passed through Kentucky + and Southern Ohio, and threading the valley of Fish Creek + crossed over to Dunkard's Creek and so on to the mouth of + Redstone Creek.--R. G. T. + + [16] In Col. Preston's MS. Register of Indian Depredations, + in the Wisconsin Historical Society's library, it is stated + that Robert Foyle, wife and five children, were killed on the + Monongahela in 1754. Gov. Dinwiddie, in his speech to the + Virginia house of burgesses in February, 1754, refers to this + barbarous affair, giving the same number of the family + destroyed; and the gazettes of that period state that Robert + Foyle, together with his wife and five children, the youngest + about ten years of age, were killed at the head of the + Monongahela; their bodies, scalped, were discovered February + 4th, and were supposed to have been killed about two months + before.--L. C. D. + + [17] In 1750, the Ohio Company, as a base of operations and + supplies, built a fortified warehouse at Will's Creek (now + Cumberland, Md.), on the upper waters of the Potomac. Col. + Thomas Cresap, an energetic frontiersman, and one of the + principal agents of the Company, was directed to blaze a + pack-horse trail over the Laurel Hills to the Monongahela. He + employed as his guide an Indian named Nemacolin, whose camp was + at the mouth of Dunlap Creek (site of the present Brownsville, + Pa.), an affluent of the Monongahela. Nemacolin pointed out an + old Indian trace which had its origin, doubtless, in an + over-mountain buffalo trail; and this, widened a little by + Cresap, was at first known as Nemacolin's Path. It led through + Little Meadows and Great Meadows--open marshes grown to grass, + and useful for feeding traders' and explorers' horses. + Washington traveled this path in 1753, when he went to warn the + French at Fort Le Boeuf. Again, but widened somewhat, it was + his highway in 1754, as far north as Gist's plantation; and at + Great Meadows he built Fort Necessity, where he was defeated. + Braddock followed it in great part, in 1755, and henceforth it + became known as "Braddock's Road." The present National Road + from Cumberland to Brownsville, via Uniontown, differs in + direction but little from Nemacolin's Path. For a map of + Braddock's Road, see Lowdermilk's _History of Cumberland, Md._, + p. 140, with description on pages 51, 52, 140-148. Ellis's + _History of Fayette Co., Pa._, also has valuable data. + + The terminus of Nemacolin's Path was Dunlap's Creek (Brownsville). + A mile-and-a-quarter below Dunlap's, enters Redstone Creek, and + the name "Redstone" became affixed to the entire region hereabout, + although "Monongahela" was sometimes used to indicate the + panhandle between the Monongahela and the Youghiogheny. In 1752, + the Ohio Company built a temporary warehouse at the mouth of + Dunlap's Creek, at the end of the over-mountain trail. In 1754, + Washington's advance party (Capt. Trent) built a log fort, called + "The Hangard," at the mouth of the Redstone, but this was, later + in the year, destroyed by the French officer De Villiers. In 1759, + Colonel Burd, as one of the features of Forbes's campaign against + Fort Duquesne, erected Fort Burd at the mouth of Dunlap's, + which was a better site. This fort was garrisoned as late as + the Dunmore War (1774), but was probably abandoned soon after the + Revolutionary War. The name "Redstone Old Fort" became attached + to the place, because within the present limits of Brownsville + were found by the earliest comers, and can still be traced, + extensive earthworks of the mound-building era.--R. G. T. + + [18] Cross Creek empties into the Ohio through Mingo Bottom + (site of Mingo Junction, O.). On this bottom was, for many + years, a considerable Mingo village.--R. G. T. + + [19] This statement, that Capt. Audley Paul commanded at + Redstone, and of his attempting to intercept a foraging Indian + party, can not possibly be true. There was no fort, and + consequently no garrison, at Redstone in 1758. It was not built + 'till 1759, and then by Col. James Burd, of the Pennsylvania + forces. James L. Bowman, a native of Brownsville, the locality + of Redstone Old Fort, wrote a sketch of the history of that + place, which appeared in the _American Pioneer_ in February, + 1843, in which he says: "We have seen it stated in a creditable + work, that the fort was built by Capt. Paul--doubtless an + error, as the Journal of Col. Burd is ample evidence to settle + that matter." Col. Burd records in his Journal: "Ordered, in + Aug. 1759, to march with two hundred of my battalion to the + mouth of Redstone Creek, to cut a road to that place, and to + erect a fort." He adds: "When I had cut the road, and finished + the fort," etc. + + The other part of the story, about Capt. John Gibson commanding + at Fort Pitt in "the fall of 1758," is equally erroneous, as + Gen. Forbes did not possess himself of Fort Duquesne till Nov. + 25th, 1758, within five days of the conclusion of "fall" in + that year; and Gen. Forbes commanded there in person until he + left for Philadelphia, Dec. 3d following. There is, moreover, + no evidence that Gibson was then in service. The story of his + decapitating Kis-ke-pi-la, or the Little Eagle, if there was + such a person, or of his beheading any other Indian, is not at + all probable. He was an Indian trader for many years, and was + made prisoner by the Indians in 1763, and detained a long time + in captivity. + + Gibson could not by any such decapitating exploit, have + originated the designation of "Big Knife," or "Big Knife + warrior," for this appellation had long before been applied + to the Virginians. Gist says in his Journal, Dec. 7th, 1750, in + speaking of crossing Elk's Eye Creek--the Muskingum--and + reaching an Indian hamlet, that the Indians were all out + hunting; that "the old Frenchman, Mark Coonce, living there, + was civil to me; but after I was gone to my camp, upon his + understanding I came from Virginia, he called me _Big + Knife_." Col. James Smith, then a prisoner with the Indians, + says the Indians assigned as a reason why they did not oppose + Gen. Forbes in 1758, that if they had been only red coats + they could have subdued them; "but they could not withstand + _Ash-a-le-co-a_, or the _Great Knife_, which was the name they + gave the Virginians."--L. C. D. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--See note on p. 77, regarding erection of + early forts at Redstone. James Veech, in _Monongahela of Old_, + says, "We know that the late Col. James Paull served a month's + duty in a drafted militia company in guarding Continental + stores here [Fort Burd] in 1778." The term "Big Knives" or + "Long Knives" may have had reference either to the long knives + carried by early white hunters, or the swords worn by backwoods + militia officers. See Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, I., p. + 197. + + + + +[62] CHAPTER III. + + +The destruction of the Roanoke settlement in the spring of 1757, by a +party of Shawanees, gave rise to the campaign, which was called by the +old settlers the "Sandy creek voyage." To avenge this outrage, +Governor Dinwiddie ordered out a company of regulars (taken chiefly +from the garrison at Fort Dinwiddie, on Jackson's river) under the +command of Capt. Audley Paul; a company of minute-men from Boutetourt, +under the command of Capt. William Preston; and two companies from +Augusta, under Captains John Alexander[1] and William Hogg. In Capt. +Alexander's company, John M'Nutt, afterwards governor of Nova Scotia, +was a subaltern. The whole were placed under the command of Andrew +Lewis.[2] + +Beside the chastisement of the Indians, the expedition had for its +object, the establishment of a military post at the mouth of the Great +Sandy. This would have enabled them, not only to maintain a constant +watch over marauding parties of Indians from that quarter; but to +check the communication between them and the post at Galliopolis; and +thus counteract the influence which the French there had obtained over +them.[3] + +The different companies detailed upon the Shawanee expedition, were +required to rendezvous on the Roanoke, near to the present town of +Salem in Bottetourt, where Col. Lewis was then posted. The company +commanded by Capt. Hogg failed to attend at the appointed time; and +Col. Lewis after delaying a week for its arrival, marched forward, +expecting to be speedily overtaken by it. + +To avoid an early discovery by the Indians, which would have been the +consequence of their taking the more public route by the Great +Kenhawa; and that they might fall upon the Indians towns in the valley +of the Scioto, without being interrupted or seen by the French at +Galliopolis, they took the route by the way of New river and Sandy. +Crossing New river below the Horse-shoe, they descended it to the +mouth of Wolf creek; and ascending this to its source, passed over to +the head of Bluestone river; where they delayed another week awaiting +the arrival of Capt. Hogg and his company.[4]--They then marched to +the head of the north fork of Sandy, and continued down it to the +great Burning Spring, where they also remained a day. Here the salt +and provisions, which had been conveyed [63] on pack horses, were +entirely exhausted. Two buffaloes, killed just above the spring, were +also eaten while the army continued here; and their hides were hung +upon a beech tree. After this their subsistence was procured +exclusively by hunting. + +The army then resumed their march; and in a few days after, it was +overtaken by a runner with the intelligence that Capt. Hogg and his +company were only a day's march in the rear. Col. Lewis again halted; +and the day after he was overtaken by Hogg, he was likewise overtaken +by an express from Francis Fauquier[5] with orders for the army to +return home; and for the disbanding of all the troops except Capt. +Paul's regulars,[6] who were to return to Fort Dinwiddie. + +This was one of the first of Gov. Fauquier's official acts; and it was +far from endearing him to the inhabitants west of the Blue ridge. They +had the utmost confidence in the courage and good conduct of Col. +Lewis, and of the officers and men under his command--they did not for +an instant doubt the success of the expedition, and looked forward +with much satisfaction, to their consequent exemption in a great +degree, from future attacks from the Indians. It was not therefore +without considerable regret, that they heard of their countermanding +orders. + +Nor were they received by Lewis and his men with very different +feelings. They had endured much during their march, from the +inclemency of the weather; more from the want of provisions--They had +borne these hardships without repining; anticipating a chastisement of +the Indians, and the deriving of an abundant supply of provisions from +their conquered towns--They had arrived within ten miles of the Ohio +river, and could not witness the blasting of their expectations, +without murmuring. A council of war was held--disappointment and +indignation were expressed in every feature. A majority of the +officers were in favor of proceeding to the Ohio river, under the +expectation that they might fall in with some of the enemy--they +marched to the river and encamped two nights on its banks. Discovering +nothing of an enemy, they then turned to retrace their steps through +pathless mountains, a distance of three hundred miles, in the midst of +winter and without provisions. + +The reasons assigned by the friends of Gov. Fauquier, for the issuing +of those orders were, that the force detailed by Gov. Dinwiddie, was +not sufficient to render secure an establishment at the contemplated +point--near the Indian towns on the Scioto--within a few days journey +of several thousand warriors on the Miami--in the vicinity of the +hostile post at Galliopolis and so remote from the settled part of +Virginia, that they could not be furnished with assistance, and +supplied with provisions and military stores, without incurring an +expenditure, both of blood and money, beyond what the colony could +spare, for the accomplishment of that object. + +Had Capt. Hogg with his company, been at the place of rendezvous at +the appointed time, the countermanding orders of the governor [64] +could not have reached the army, until it had penetrated the enemy's +country. What might have been its fate, it is impossible to say--the +bravery of the troops--their familiar acquaintance with the Indian +mode of warfare--their confidence in the officers and the experience +of many of them, seemed to give every assurance of success--While the +unfortunate result of many subsequent expeditions of a similar nature, +would induce the opinion that the governor's apprehensions were +perhaps prudent and well founded. That the army would soon have had to +encounter the enemy, there can be no doubt; for although not an Indian +had been seen, yet it seems probable from after circumstances, that it +had been discovered and watched by them previous to its return. + +On the second night of their march homeward, while encamped at the +Great falls, some of Hogg's men went out on the hills to hunt turkeys, +and fell in with a party of Indians, painted as for war. As soon as +they saw that they were discovered, they fired, and two of Hogg's men +were killed--the fire was returned and a Shawanee warrior was wounded +and taken prisoner. The remaining Indians, yelling their war whoop, +fled down the river. + +Many of the whites, thinking that so small a party of Indians would +not have pursued the army alone, were of opinion that it was only an +advanced scout of a large body of the enemy, who were following them: +the wounded Indian refused to give any information of their number or +object. A council of war was convoked; and much diversity of opinion +prevailed at the board. It was proposed by Capt. Paul to cross the +Ohio river, invade the towns on the Scioto, and burn them, or perish +in the attempt.[7] The proposition was supported by Lieut. M'Nutt, but +overruled; and the officers, deeming it right to act in conformity +with the governor's orders, determined on pursuing their way home. +Orders were then given that no more guns should be fired, and no fires +kindled in camp, as their safe return depended very much on silence +and secrecy. + +An obedience to this order, produced a very considerable degree of +suffering, as well from extreme cold as from hunger. The pack horses, +which were no longer serviceable (having no provisions to transport) +and some of which had given out for want of provender, were killed and +eaten. When the army arrived at the Burning spring, the buffalo hides, +which had been left there on their way down, were cut into tuggs, or +long thongs, and eaten by the troops, after having been exposed to the +heat produced by the flame from the spring.--Hence they called it Tugg +river--a name by which it is still known. After this the army +subsisted for a while on beachnuts; but a deep snow falling these +could no longer be obtained, and the restrictions were removed. + +About thirty men then detached themselves from the main body, to hunt +their way home. Several of them were known to have perished from cold +and hunger--others were lost and never afterwards [65] heard of; as +they had separated into small parties, the more certainly to find game +on which to live. The main body of the army was conducted home by Col. +Lewis, after much suffering--the strings of their mocasons, the belts +of their hunting shirts, and the flaps of their shot pouches, having +been all the food which they had eaten for some days.[8] + +A journal of this campaign was kept by Lieut. M'Nutt, a gentleman of +liberal education and fine mind. On his return to Williamsburg he +presented it to Governor Fauquier by whom it was deposited in the +executive archives. In this journal Col. Lewis was censured for not +having proceeded directly to the Scioto towns; and for imposing on the +army the restrictions, as to fire and shooting, which have been +mentioned.--This produced an altercation between Lewis and M'Nutt, +which was terminated by a personal encounter.[9] + +During the continuance of this war, many depredations were committed +by hostile Indians, along the whole extent of the Virginia frontier. +Individuals, leaving the forts on any occasion, scarcely ever +returned; but were, almost always, intercepted by Indians, who were +constantly prowling along the border settlements, for purposes of +rapine and murder. The particulars of occurrences of this kind, and +indeed of many of a more important character, no longer exist in the +memory of man--they died with them who were contemporaneous with the +happening of them.[10] On one occasion however, such was the extent of +savage duplicity, and such, and so full of horror, the catastrophe +resulting from misplaced confidence, that the events which marked it, +still live in the recollection of the descendants of some of those, +who suffered on the theatre of treachery and blood. + +On the south fork of the South Branch of Potomac, in, what is now, the +county of Pendleton, was the fort of Capt. Sivert.[11] In this fort, +the inhabitants of what was then called the "Upper Tract," all sought +shelter from the tempest of savage ferocity; and at the time the +Indians appeared before [66] it, there were contained within its walls +between thirty and forty persons of both sexes and of different ages. +Among them was Mr. Dyer, (the father of Col. Dyer now of Pendleton) +and his family. On the morning of the fatal day, Col. Dyer and his +sister left the fort for the accomplishment of some object, and +although no Indians had been seen there for some time, yet did they +not proceed far, before they came in view of a party of forty or fifty +Shawanees, going directly towards the fort. Alarmed for their own +safety, as well as for the safety of their friends, the brother and +sister endeavored by a hasty flight to reach the gate and gain +admittance into the garrison; but before they could effect this, they +were overtaken and made captives. + +The Indians rushed immediately to the fort and commenced a furious +assault on it. Capt. Sivert prevailed, (not without much opposition,) +on the besieged, to forbear firing 'till he should endeavor to +negotiate with, and buy off the enemy. With this view, and under the +protection of a flag he went out, and soon succeeded in making the +wished for arrangement. When he returned, the gates were thrown open, +and the enemy admitted. + +No sooner had the money and other articles, stipulated to be given, +been handed over to the Indians, than a most bloody tragedy was begun +to be acted. Arranging the inmates of the fort, in two rows, with a +space of about ten feet between them, two Indians were selected; who +taking each his station at the head of a row, with their tomahawks +most cruelly murdered almost every white person in the fort; some few, +whom caprice or some other cause, induced them to spare, were carried +into captivity,--such articles as could be well carried away were +taken off by the Indians; the remainder was consumed, with the fort, +by fire. + +The course pursued by Capt. Sivert, has been supposed to have been +dictated by timidity and an ill founded apprehension of danger from +the attack. It is certain that strong opposition was made to it by +many; and it has been said that his own son raised his rifle to shoot +him, when he ordered the gates to be thrown open; and was only +prevented from executing his purpose, by the interference of some near +to him. Capt. Sivert was also supported by many, in the plan which he +proposed to rid the fort of its assailants: it was known to be weak, +and incapable of withstanding a vigorous onset; and [67] its garrison +was illy supplied with the munitions of war. Experience might have +taught them, however, the futility of any measure of security, founded +in a reliance on Indian faith, in time of hostility; and in deep and +bitter anguish, they were made to feel its realization in the present +instance. + +In the summer of 1761, about sixty Shawanee warriors penetrated the +settlements on James river. To avoid the fort at the mouth of Looney's +creek, on this river, they passed through Bowen's gap in Purgatory +mountain, in the night; and ascending Purgatory creek, killed Thomas +Perry, Joseph Dennis and his child and made prisoner his wife, Hannah +Dennis. They then proceeded to the house of Robert Renix, where they +captured Mrs. Renix, (a daughter of Sampson Archer) and her five +children, William, Robert, Thomas, Joshua and Betsy--Mr. Renix not +being at home. They then went to the house of Thomas Smith, where +Renix was; and shot and scalped him and Smith; and took with them, +Mrs. Smith and Sally Jew, a white servant girl.[12] + +William and Audley Maxwell, and George Matthews, (afterwards governor +of Georgia,) were then going to Smith's house; and hearing the report +of the guns, supposed that there was a shooting match. But when they +rode to the front of the house and saw the dead bodies of Smith and +Renix lying in the yard, they discovered their mistake; and +contemplating for a moment the awful spectacle, wheeled to ride back. +At this instant several guns were fired at them; fortunately without +doing any execution, except the cutting off the club of Mr. Matthews' +cue. The door of the house was then suddenly opened; the Indians +rushed out and raising the war cry, several of them fired--Audley +Maxwell was slightly wounded in the arm. + +It appeared afterwards, that the Indians had seen Matthews and the +Maxwells coming; and that some of them had crowded into the house, +while the others with the prisoners went to the north side of it, and +concealed themselves behind some fallen timber. Mrs. Renix, after she +was restored to her friends in 1766, stated that she was sitting tied, +in the midst of four Indians, who laying their guns on a log, took +deliberate aim at Matthews; the others firing at the Maxwells--The +sudden wheeling of their horses no doubt saved the lives of all +three. + +The Indians then divided, and twenty of them taking the [68] +prisoners, the plunder and some horses which they had stolen, set off +by the way of Jackson's river, for the Ohio; the remainder started +towards Cedar creek, with the ostensible view of committing farther +depredations. But Matthews and the Maxwells had sounded the alarm, and +the whole settlement were soon collected at Paul's stockade fort, at +the Big spring near to Springfield. Here the women and children were +left to be defended by Audley Maxwell and five other men; while the +others, forming a party of twenty-two, with George Matthews at their +head, set out in quest of the enemy. + +The Indians were soon overtaken, and after a severe engagement, were +forced to give ground. Matthews and his party followed in pursuit, as +far as Purgatory creek; but the night being very dark in consequence +of a continued rain, the fugitives effected an escape; and overtaking +their comrades with the prisoners and plunder, on the next evening, at +the forks of the James and Cowpasture rivers, proceeded to Ohio +without further molestation. + +When Matthews and his men, on the morning succeeding the engagement, +returned to the field of battle, they found nine Indians dead; whom +they buried on the spot. Benjamin Smith, Thomas Maury and the father +of Sally Jew, were the only persons of Matthews' party, who were +killed--these, together with those who had been murdered on the +preceding day, were buried near the fork of a branch, in (what is now) +the meadow of Thomas Cross sr. + +In Boquet's treaty with the Ohio Indians, it was stipulated that the +whites detained by them in captivity were to be brought in and +redeemed. In compliance with this stipulation, Mrs. Renix was brought +to Staunton in 1767 and ransomed, together with two of her sons, +William, the late Col. Renix of Greenbrier, and Robert, also of +Greenbrier--Betsy, her daughter, had died on the Miami. Thomas +returned in 1783, but soon after removed and settled, on the Scioto, +near Chilicothe. Joshua never came back; he took an Indian wife and +became a Chief among the Miamies--he amassed a considerable fortune +and died near Detroit in 1810. + +Hannah Dennis was separated from the other captives, and allotted to +live at the Chilicothe towns.[13] She learned their language; painted +herself as they do; and in many respects conformed to their manners +and customs. She was attentive to sick persons and was highly esteemed +by the Indians, as [69] one well skilled in the art of curing +diseases. Finding them very superstitious and believers in necromancy; +she professed witchcraft, and affected to be a prophetess. In this +manner she conducted herself, 'till she became so great a favorite +with them, that they gave her full liberty and honored her as a queen. +Notwithstanding this, Mrs. Dennis was always determined to effect her +escape, when a favorable opportunity should occur; and having remained +so long with them, apparently well satisfied, they ceased to entertain +any suspicions of such a design. + +In June 1763, she left the Chilicothe towns, _ostensibly_ to procure +herbs for medicinal purposes, (as she had before frequently done,) but +_really_ to attempt an escape. As she did not return that night, her +intention became suspected; and in the morning, some warriors were +sent in pursuit of her. In order to leave as little trail as possible, +she had crossed the Scioto river three times, and was just getting +over the fourth time 40 miles below the towns, when she was discovered +by her pursuers. They fired at her across the river without effect; +but in endeavoring to make a rapid flight, she had one of her feet +severely cut by a sharp stone. + +The Indians then rushed across the river to overtake and catch her, +but she eluded them by crawling into the hollow limb, of a large +fallen sycamore. They searched around for her some time, frequently +stepping on the log which concealed her; and encamped near it that +night. On the next day they went on to the Ohio river, but finding no +trace of her, they returned home. + +Mrs. Dennis remained at that place three days, doctoring her wound, +and then set off for home. She crossed the Ohio river, at the mouth of +Great Kenhawa, on a log of driftwood, travelling only during the +night, for fear of discovery--She subsisted on roots, herbs, green +grapes, wild cherries and river muscles--and entirely exhausted by +fatigue and hunger, sat down by the side of Greenbrier river, with no +expectation of ever proceeding farther. In this situation she was +found by Thomas Athol and three others from Clendennin's settlement, +which she had passed without knowing it. She had been then upwards of +twenty days on her disconsolate journey, alone, on foot--but 'till +then, cheered with the hope of again being with her friends. + +She was taken back to Clendennin's, where they kindly [70] ministered +to her, 'till she became so far invigorated, as to travel on horseback +with an escort, to Fort Young on Jackson's river; from whence she was +carried home to her relations. + +In the course of a few days after Hannah Dennis had gone from +Clendennins, a party of about sixty warriors came to the settlement on +Muddy creek, in the county of Greenbrier. That region of country then +contained no inhabitants, but those on Muddy creek, and in the Levels; +and these are believed to have consisted of at least one hundred +souls. The Indians came apparently as friends, and the French war +having been terminated by the treaty of the preceding spring, the +whites did not for an instant doubt their sincerity. They were +entertained in small parties at different houses, and every civility +and act of kindness, which the new settlers could proffer, were +extended to them. In a moment of the most perfect confidence in the +innocense of their intentions, the Indians rose on them and tomahawked +and scalped all, save a few women and children of whom they made +prisoners. + +After the perpetration of this most barbarous and bloody outrage, the +Indians (excepting some few who took charge of the prisoners) +proceeded to the settlement in the Levels. Here, as at Muddy creek, +they disguised their horrid purpose, and wearing the mask of +friendship, were kindly received at the house of Mr. Clendennin.[14] +This gentleman had just returned from a successful hunt, and brought +home three fine elks--these and the novelty of being with _friendly +Indians_, soon drew the whole settlement to his house. Here too the +Indians were well entertained and feasted on the fruit of Clendennin's +hunt, and every other article of provision which was there, and could +minister to their gratification. An old woman, who was of the party, +having a very sore leg and having understood that Indians could +perform a cure of any ulcer, shewed it to one near her; and asked if +he could heal it--The inhuman monster raised his tomahawk and buried +it in her head. This seemed to be the signal of a general massacre and +promptly was it obeyed--nearly every man of the settlement was killed +and the women and children taken captive. + +While this tragedy was acting, a negro woman, who was [71] endeavoring +to escape, was followed by her crying child.--To save it from savage +butchery, she turned round and murdered it herself. + +Mrs. Clendennin, driven to despair by the cruel and unprovoked murder +of her husband and friends, and the spoliation and destruction of all +their property, boldly charged the Indians with perfidy and treachery; +and alleged that cowards only could act with such duplicity. The +bloody scalp of her husband was thrown in her face--the tomahawk was +raised over her head; but she did not cease to revile them. In going +over Keeny's knot on the next day, the prisoners being in the centre, +and the Indians in the front and rear, she gave her infant child to +one of the women to hold for a while.--She then stepped into the +thicket unperceived, and made her escape. The crying of the infant +soon lead to a discovery of her flight--one of the Indians observed +that he could "bring the cow to her calf," and taking the child by the +heels, beat out its brains against a tree. + +Mrs. Clendennin returned that night to her home, a distance of ten +miles; and covering the body of her husband with rails and trash, +retired into an adjoining corn field, lest she might be pursued and +again taken prisoner. While in the corn field, her mind was much +agitated by contending emotions; and the prospect of effecting an +escape to the settlements, seemed to her dreary and hopeless. In a +moment of despondency, she thought she beheld a man, with the aspect +of a murderer, standing near her; and she became overwhelmed with +fear. It was but the creature of a sickly and terrified imagination; +and when her mind regained its proper tone, she resumed her flight and +reached the settlement in safety.[15] + +These melancholy events occurring so immediately after the escape of +Hannah Dennis; and the unwillingness of the Indians that she should be +separated from them, has induced the supposition that the party +committing those dreadful outrages were in pursuit of her. If such +were the fact, dearly were others made to pay the penalty of her +deliverance. + +This and other incidents, similar in their result, satisfied the +whites that although the war had been terminated on the part of the +French; yet it was likely to be continued with all its horrors, by +their savage allies. This was then, and has since been, attributed to +the smothered hostility of the French in [72] Canada and on the Ohio +river; and to the influence which they had acquired over the Indians. +This may have had its bearing on the event; but from the known +jealousy entertained by the Indians, of the English Colonists; their +apprehensions that they would be dispossessed of the country, which +they then held (England claiming jurisdiction over it by virtue of the +treaty of Paris;) and their dissatisfaction at the terms on which +France had negotiated a peace, were in themselves sufficient to induce +hostilities on the part of the Indians. Charity would incline to the +belief that the continuance of the war was rightly attributable to +these causes--the other reason assigned for it, supposing the +existence of a depravity, so deep and damning, as almost to stagger +credulity itself. + +In October, 1764, about fifty Delaware and Mingo warriors ascended +the Great Sandy and came over on New river, where they separated; +and forming two parties, directed their steps toward different +settlements--one party going toward Roanoke and Catawba--the other in +the direction of Jackson's river. They had not long passed, when +their trail was discovered by three men, (Swope, Pack and Pitman) +who were trapping on New river. These men followed the trail till +they came to where the Indian party had divided; and judging from +the routes which, had been taken, that their object was to visit +the Roanoke and Jackson's river settlements, they determined on +apprizing the inhabitants of their danger. Swope and Pack set out +for Roanoke and Pitman for Jackson's river. But before they could +accomplish their object, the Indians had reached the settlements on +the latter river, and on Catawba. + +The Party which came to Jackson's river, travelled down Dunlap's creek +and crossed James river, above Fort Young, in the night and unnoticed; +and going down this river to William Carpenter's, where was a stockade +fort under the care of a Mr. Brown, they met Carpenter just above his +house and killed him. They immediately proceeded to the house, and +made prisoners of a son of Mr. Carpenter, two sons of Mr. Brown[16] +[73] (all small children) and one woman--the others belonging to the +house, were in the field at work. The Indians then dispoiled the house +and taking off some horses, commenced a precipitate retreat--fearing +discovery and pursuit. + +When Carpenter was shot, the report of the gun was heard by those at +work in the field; and Brown carried the alarm to Fort Young. In +consequence of the weakness of this fort, a messenger was despatched +to Fort Dinwiddie, with the intelligence. Capt. Paul (who still +commanded there,) immediately commenced a pursuit with twenty of his +men; and passing out at the head of Dunlap's creek, descended Indian +creek and New river to Piney creek; without making any discovery of +the enemy. On Indian creek they met Pitman, who had been running all +the day and night before, to apprise the garrison at Fort Young of the +approach of the Indians. Pitman joined in pursuit of the party who had +killed Carpenter; but they, apprehending that they would be followed, +had escaped to Ohio, by the way of Greenbrier and Kenhawa rivers.[17] + +As Capt. Paul and his men were returning, they accidently met with the +other party of Indians, who had been to Catawba, and committed some +depredations and murders there. They were discovered about midnight, +encamped on the north bank of New river, opposite an island at the +mouth of Indian creek. Excepting some few who were watching three +prisoners, (whom they had taken on Catawba, and who were sitting in +the midst of them,) they were lying around a small fire, wrapped in +skins and blankets. Paul's men not knowing that there were captives +among them, fired in the midst, killed three Indians, and wounded +several others, one of whom drowned himself to preserve his scalp--the +rest of the party fled hastily down the river and escaped. + +In an instant after the firing, Capt. Paul and his men rushed forward +to secure the wounded and prevent further escapes. One of the foremost +of his party seeing, as he supposed, a squaw sitting composedly +awaiting the result, raised his tomahawk and just as it was +descending, Capt. Paul threw himself between the assailant and his +victim; and receiving the blow on his arm, exclaimed, "It is a shame +to hurt a woman, even a squaw." Recognising the voice of Paul, the +woman named him. She was Mrs. Catharine Gunn, an English lady, who had +come to the country some years before; and who, previously to her +marriage, had lived in the family of Capt. Paul's father-in-law, where +she became acquainted with that gentleman--She had been taken captive +by the Indians, on the Catawba, a few days before, when her husband +and two only children were killed by them. When questioned why she had +not cried out, or otherwise made known that she was a white prisoner, +she replied, "I had as soon be killed as not--my husband is +murdered--my children are slain--my parents are dead. I have not a +relation in America--every thing dear to me here is gone--I have no +wishes--no hopes--no fears--I would not have risen to my feet to save +my life." + +[74] When Capt. Paul came on the enemy's camp, he silently posted his +men in an advantageous situation for doing execution, and made +arrangements for a simultaneous fire. To render this the more deadly +and efficient, they dropped on one knee, and were preparing to take +deliberate aim, when one of them (John M'Collum) called to his +comrades, "Pull steady and send them all to hell." This ill timed +expression of anxious caution, gave the enemy a moment's warning of +their danger; and is the reason why greater execution was not done. + +The Indians had left all their guns, blankets and plunder--these +together with the three white captives, were taken by Capt. Paul to +Fort Dinwiddie.[18] + +----- + [1] Father of Dr. Archibald Alexander, sometime president of + Hampden Sydney College in Virginia, and afterwards a professor + at Princeton in New Jersey. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--He was the grandfather of Dr. + Alexander. + + [2] The attacks on the Roanoke settlement, mentioned by + Withers, occurred in June and July, 1755 (not the spring of + 1757, as he states); that on Greenbrier, in September + following; and the expedition against the Shawnees did not take + place in 1757, but in February and March, 1756. Diaries and + other documents in the Wisconsin Historical Society's library + prove this. Dr. Draper estimated that Lewis's force was about + 263 whites and 130 Cherokees--418 in all. The several companies + were officered by Peter Hogg, John Smith, William Preston, + Archibald Alexander, Robert Breckenridge, Obadiah Woodson, John + Montgomery, and one Dunlap. Two of Dr. Thomas Walker's + companions in his Kentucky exploration of 1750, were in the + expedition--Henry Lawless and Colby Chew. Governor Dinwiddie + had stipulated in his note to Washington, in December, 1755, + that either Col. Adam Stephen or Maj. Andrew Lewis was to + command. Washington having selected the latter, dispatched him + from Winchester about the middle of January, 1756, with orders + to hurry on the expedition. To the mismanagement of the guides + is attributed much of the blame for its failure. The + interesting Journals of Capt. William Preston and Lieut. Thomas + Norton are in the possession of the Wisconsin Historical + Society.--R. G. T. + + [3] But Gallipolis was not settled until 1790, as has been + previously shown. Withers confounds the modern French town of + Gallipolis, whose residents were the sad victims of Indian + outrages rather than the abettors of them, with the old Shawnee + town just below the mouth of the Scioto (site of Alexandria, + O.). This fur-trading center was a village of log huts built by + the French for the accommodation of their Shawnee allies, and + was a center of frontier disturbances.--R. G. T. + + [4] Preston's Journal does not lay much stress on Hogg's + delay. Norton's Journal, speaking of Hogg, says, "common + soldiers were by him scarcely treated with humanity," and he + seems to have regularly overruled and disobeyed Lewis. There + was much rancor in camp, and Norton writes of the Cherokee + allies, "The conduct and concord that was kept up among the + Indians might shame us, for they were in general quite + unanimous and brotherly."--R. G. T. + + [5] This expedition was sent out under the auspices of Gov. + Dinwiddie--Fauquier did not become governor until 1758. No + countermanding orders were sent.--L. C. D. + + [6] Audley Paul was first lieutenant in Preston's + company.--L. C. D. + + [7] Withers, deriving his information from Taylor's + sketches, was misled as to any intention of establishing a + fort at the mouth of the Kanawha; and also as to Paul's, or + any one else's proposition to cross the Ohio, and invade the + Shawnee towns. The only aim was, to reach the Upper Shawnee + town.--L. C. D. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--"Upper Shawnee town" was an Indian + village at the mouth of Old Town Creek, emptying into the Ohio + from the north, 39 miles above the mouth of the Great Kanawha. + + [8] If such a journal ever existed, it passed into the hands + of Gov. Dinwiddie, or possibly to Gov. Fauquier; but no + reference to it is found among the _Dinwiddie Papers_, as + published by the Virginia Historical Society; nor in the + _Calendar of State Papers_, published by the State of Virginia. + It is to be remarked, however, that few of the records of that + period have been preserved by that State.--L. C. D. + + [9] Shortly after, M'Nutt was appointed governor of Nova + Scotia, where he remained until the commencement of the + American revolution. In this contest he adhered to the cause of + liberty, and joined his countrymen in arms under Gen. Gates at + Saratoga. He was afterwards known as a meritorious officer in + the brigade of Baron de Kalb, in the south--he died in 1811, + and was buried in the Falling Spring church yard, in the forks + of James river. + + [10] Preston's MS. Register of the persons of Augusta county, + Va., killed, wounded, captured by the Indians, and of those who + escaped, from 1754 to May, 1758, is in the Wisconsin Historical + Society's library. It is to be regretted that Col. Preston, + whose opportunities were so good, did not continue the Register + till the end of the Indian wars. It is a most valuable document + as far as it goes, and supplies many dates and facts hitherto + involved in doubt and obscurity.--L. C. D. + + [11] Seybert's Fort was situated on the South Fork, twelve + miles northeast of Franklin, in Pendleton County. At the time + of this invasion, there was a fort located on the South Branch, + garrisoned by Capt. James Dunlap and a company of rangers from + Augusta county. Preston's Register states, that on the 27th of + April, 1758, the fort at which Capt. Dunlap was stationed, was + attacked and captured, the captain and twenty-two others + killed; and, the next day, the same party, no doubt, attacked + Seybert's Fort, killing Capt. Seybert and sixteen others, while + twenty-four others were missing. Washington, at the time, + placed the number as "about sixty persons killed and missing." + + A gazette account, published at Williamsburg, May 5th ensuing, + says: "The Indians lately took and burnt two forts, where were + stationed one of our ranging companies, forty of whom were + killed and scalped, and Lieut. Dunlap and nineteen missing." + + Kercheval's _History of the Valley_ gives some further + particulars: That Seybert's Fort was taken by surprise; that + ten of the thirty persons occupying it, were bound, taken + outside; the others were placed on a log and tomahawked. James + Dyer, a lad of fourteen, was spared, taken first to Logstown, + and then to Chillicothe, and retained a year and ten months, + when as one of an Indian party he visited Fort Pitt, and + managed to evade his associates while there, and finally + reached the settlements in Pennsylvania, and two years later + returned to the South Fork. It is added by the same historian, + as another tradition, that after the fort had been invested two + days, and two of the Indians had been killed, the garrison + agreed to surrender on condition of their lives being spared, + which, was solemnly promised. That when the gate was opened, + the Indians rushed in with demoniac yells, the whites fled, but + were retaken, except one person; the massacre then took place, + and ten were carried off into captivity. + + Still another tradition preserved by Kercheval, says the noted + Delaware chief, Killbuck, led the Indians. Seybert's son, a lad + of fifteen, exhibited great bravery in the defense of the fort. + Killbuck called out to Capt. Seybert, in English, to surrender, + and their lives should be spared; when young Seybert at this + instant, aimed his loaded gun at the chief, and the father + seized it, and took it from him, saying they could not + successfully defend the place, and to save their lives should + surrender, confiding in Killbuck's assurances. Capt. Seybert + was among the first of those sacrificed. Young Seybert was + among the prisoners, and told the chief how near he came to + killing him. "You young rascal," laughingly replied Killbuck, + "if you had killed me, you would have saved the fort, for had I + fallen, my warriors would have immediately fled, and given up + the siege in despair."--L. C. D. + + [12] The name is Renick. Robert Renick, who was killed on the + occasion referred to, was a man of character and influence in + his day. His name appears on Capt. John Smith's company roll of + Augusta militia as early as 1742; and four years later, he was + lieutenant of a mounted company of Augusta militia. Instead of + 1761, the captivity of the Renick family occurred July 25, + 1757, as shown by the Preston Register, which states that + Renick and another were killed on that day--Mrs. Renick and + seven children, and a Mrs. Dennis, captured; and the same day, + at Craig's Creek, one man was killed and two wounded. The + Renick traditions state that Mrs. Renick had only five children + when taken; and one born after reaching the Indian towns; and + corrects some other statements not properly related in + Withers's narrative of the affair.--L. C. D. + + [13] In 1763-65, the great Shawnee village just below the + mouth of the Scioto (site of Alexandria, O.), was destroyed by + floods. Some of the tribesmen rebuilt their town on a higher + bottom just above the mouth (site of Portsmouth, O.), while + others ascended the Scioto and built successively Old and New + Chillicothe.--R. G. T. + + [14] Where Ballard Smith now resides. + + [15] Further particulars of this captivity are in Royall's + _Sketches of History, Life, and Manners in U. S._ (New Haven, + 1826), pp. 60-66.--R. G. T. + + [16] Carpenter's son (since Doctor Carpenter of Nicholas) + came home about fifteen years afterwards--Brown's youngest son, + (the late Col. Samuel Brown of Greenbrier) was brought home in + 1769--the elder son never returned. He took an Indian wife, + became wealthy and lived at Brown's town in Michigan. He acted + a conspicuous part in the late war and died in 1815. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--Adam Brown, who was captured as + mentioned in the above text and note, was thought by his last + surviving son, Adam Brown, Jr., whom I visited in Kansas in + 1868, to have been about six years old when taken; and he died, + he thought, about 1817, at about seventy-five years of age. But + these dates, and his probable age, do not agree; he was either + older when taken, or not so old at his death. The mother was + killed when the sons were captured, and the father and some + others of the family escaped. The late William Walker, an + educated Wyandott, and at one time territorial governor of + Kansas, stated to me, that the Wyandotts never made chiefs of + white captives, but that they often attained, by their merits, + considerable consequence. It is, however, certain that Abraham + Kuhn, a white prisoner, grew up among the Wyandotts, and, + according to Heckewelder, became a war chief among them, and + signed the treaty at Big Beaver in 1785; and Adam Brown himself + signed the treaties of 1805 and 1808, and doubtless would have + signed later ones had he not sided with the British Wyandotts, + and retired to Canada, near Malden, where he died. + + [17] It is highly probable that this foray took place in + 1763. During this year, as features of the Pontiac uprising, + bloody forays were made on the more advanced settlements on + Jackson, Greenbrier, and Calf Pasture rivers, and several + severe contests ensued between whites and Indians. Captains + Moffett and Phillips, with sixty rangers, were ambuscaded with + the loss of fifteen men. Col. Charles Lewis pursued the savages + with 150 volunteers raised in a single night, and on October + 3rd surprised them at the head of the South Fork of the + Potomac, killing twenty-one, with no white losses. The spoils + of this victory, beside the "five horses with all their + trappings," sold for L250. This was the most notable of the + several skirmishes which took place on the Virginia frontier, + that year.--R. G. T. + + [18] Perhaps this affair is that related by Capt. William + Christian, in a letter dated Roanoke, Oct. 19th, 1763, as + published in the gazettes of that day--there are, at least, + some suggestive similarities: "Being joined by Capt. + Hickenbotham, with twenty-five of the Amherst militia, we + marched on Tuesday last, to Winston's Meadows, where our + scouts informed us, that they had discovered a party of + Indians about three miles off. Night coming on, prevented our + meeting them; and next day, being rainy, made it difficult to + follow their tracks. As they were on their return, Capt. + Hickenbotham marched to join Capt. Ingles down New River. I, + with nineteen men and my ensign, took a different route in + quest of them. We marched next day on their tracks until + two hours before sunset, when we heard some guns, and soon + afterwards discovered three large fires, which appeared to + be on the bank of Turkey Creek, where it empties into New + river. Upon this we immediately advanced, and found they + were on an island. Being within gun-shot, we fired on them, + and loading again, forded the creek. The Indians, after + killing Jacob Kimberlain, a prisoner they had with them, made + but a slight resistence, and ran off. We found one Indian + killed on the spot, and, at a little distance, four blankets + shot through, and very bloody. We took all their bundles, + four guns, eight tomahawks, and two mares. They had several + other horses, which being frightened by the firing, ran off + and were lost. The party consisted of upwards of twenty + Indians. By the tracks of blood, we imagined several of them + were wounded." This affair occurred Oct. 12th.--L. C. D. + + + + +[75] CHAPTER IV. + + +During the continuance of the French war, and of that with the Indians +which immediately succeeded it, the entire frontier from New York to +Georgia was exposed to the merciless fury of the savages. In no +instance were the measures of defence adopted by the different +colonies, adequate to their object.--From some unaccountable fatuity +in those who had the direction of this matter, a defensive war, which +alone could have checked aggression and prevented the effusion of +blood, was delayed 'till the whole population, of the country west of +the Blue ridge, had retired east of those mountains; or were cooped up +in forts. + +The chief means of defence employed, were the militia of the adjoining +counties, and the establishment of a line of forts and block-houses, +dispersed along a considerable extent of country, and occupied by +detachments of British colonial troops, or by militiamen. All these +were utterly incompetent to effect security; partly from the +circumstances of the case, and somewhat from the entire want of +discipline, and the absence of that subordination which is absolutely +necessary to render an army effective. + +So great and apparent were the insubordination and remissness of duty, +on the part of the various garrisons, that Gen. Washington, declared +them "utterly inefficient and useless;" and the inhabitants +themselves, could place no reliance whatever on them, for protection. +In a particular instance, such were the inattention and carelessness +of the garrison that several children playing under the walls of the +fort, were run down and caught by the Indians, who were not discovered +'till they arrived at the very gate.[1] + +In Virginia the error of confiding on the militia, soon became +apparent.[2] Upon the earnest remonstrance and entreaty of General +Washington, the colonial legislature substituted a force of +regulars,[3] [76] which at once effected the partial security of her +frontier, and gave confidence to the inhabitants. + +In Pennsylvania, from the pacific disposition of her rulers and their +abhorrence of war of any kind, her border settlements suffered most +severely. The whole extent of her frontier was desolated by the +Indians, and irruptions were frequently made by them into the +interior. The establishments, which had been made in the Conococheague +valley, were altogether broken up and scenes of the greatest +barbarity, on one side, and of the utmost suffering on the other, were +constantly exhibiting. A few instances of this suffering and of that +barbarity, may not be improperly adduced here. They will serve to +illustrate the condition of those who were within reach of the savage +enemy; and perhaps, to palliate the enormities practiced on the +christian Indians. + +In the fall of 1754 about forty or fifty Indians entered that +province, and dividing themselves into two parties, sought the +unprotected settlements, for purposes of murder and devastation: the +smaller party went about the forks of Delaware--the other directing +their steps along the Susquehanna. On the 2nd of October, twelve of +the former appeared before the house of Peter Williamson, (a +Scotchman, with no family but his wife,) who had made considerable +improvement near the Delaware river. Mrs. Williamson being from home, +he sat up later than usual, and about 11 o'clock was astounded at the +savage war whoop, resounding from various directions, near to the +house. Going to the window, he perceived several Indians standing in +the yard, one of whom, in broken English, promised that if he would +come out and surrender he should not be killed; threatening at the +same time that if he did not, they would burn him up in his house. +Unable to offer an effectual resistance, and preferring the chance of +safety by surrendering, to the certainty of a horrid death if he +attempted an opposition, he yielded himself up a prisoner. + +So soon as he was in their power they plundered the house of such +articles as they could conveniently take with them, and set fire to +it, and to the barn, in which was a quantity of wheat, some horses and +other cattle. After inflicting some severe tortures on Williamson, and +forcing him to carry a heavy weight of the plunder, which they had +taken from him, they went to a neighboring house, occupied by Jacob +Snyder, his wife, five children and a servant. The piercing cries, and +[77] agonizing shrieks of these poor creatures, made no impression on +the savages. The father, mother, and children were tomahawked and +scalped, and their bodies consumed by fire together with the house. +The servant was spared that he might aid in carrying their plunder; +but manifesting deep distress at his situation as prisoner, he was +tomahawked before they proceeded far. + +Before they could accomplish farther mischief a fall of snow, making +them apprehensive that they would be pursued by the united force of +the settlement, induced them to return to Alamingo--taking Williamson +with them. + +On their way back, they met with the party of Indians, which had +separated from them, as they approached the settlements. These had +been lower down on the Susquehanna, and had succeeded in making +greater havoc, and committing more depredations, than it had fallen to +the lot of those who had taken Williamson, to commit. They had with +them three prisoners and twenty scalps. According to the account of +their transactions as detailed by the prisoners, they had on one day +killed and scalped John Lewis, his wife and three children, and in a +few days after had murdered, with almost every circumstance of +cruelty, Jacob Miller, his wife and six children, and George Folke, +his wife and nine children, cutting up the bodies of the latter +family and giving them piece-meal to the hogs in the pen. Wherever +they had been, destruction marked their course. In every instance the +houses, barns and grain stacks were consumed by fire; and the stock +killed. + +The three prisoners who had been brought in by the last party, +endeavored soon after to effect an escape; but their ignorance of the +country, and the persevering activity and vigilance of the Indians, +prevented the accomplishment of their attempt. They were overtaken, +and brought back; and then commenced a series of cruelties, tortures +and death, sufficient to shock the sensibilities of the most obdurate +heart, if unaccustomed to the perpetration of such enormities. + +Two of them were tied to trees, around which large fires were kindled, +and they suffered to remain for some time, in the gradual but horrible +state of being scorched to death. After the Indians had enjoyed awhile +the writhings of agony and the tears of anguish, which were drawn from +these suffering victims, one, stepping within the circle, ripped open +their bodies and threw their bowels into the flames. Others, to +emulate [78] this most shocking deed, approached, and with knives, +burning sticks, and heated irons, continued to lacerate, pierce and +tear the flesh from their breasts, arms and legs, 'till death closed +the scene of horrors and rendered its victims insensible to its +pains. + +The third was reserved a few hours, that he might be sacrificed under +circumstances of peculiar enormity. A hole being dug in the ground of +a depth sufficient to enable him to stand upright, with his head only +exposed, his arms were pinioned to his body, he placed in it, and the +loose earth thrown in and rammed closely around him. He was then +scalped and permitted to remain in that situation for several hours. A +fire was next kindled near his head. In vain did the poor suffering +victim of hellish barbarity exclaim, that his brains were boiling in +his head; and entreat the mercy of instant death. Deaf to his cries, +and inexorable to his entreaties, they continued the fire 'till his +eye balls burst and gushed from their sockets, and death put a period +to his sufferings. + +Of all these horrid spectacles, Williamson was an unwilling spectator; +and supposing that he was reserved for some still more cruel and +barbarous fate, determined on escaping. This he was soon enabled to +do; and returned to the settlements.[4] + +The frequent infliction of such enormities as these upon the +helpless and unoffending women and children, as well as upon those +who were more able to resist and better qualified to endure them; +together with the desolation of herds, the devastation of crops, and +the conflagration of houses which invariably characterized those +incursions, engendered a general feeling of resentment, that sought +in some instances, to wreak itself on those who were guiltless of any +participation in those bloody deeds. That vindictive spirit led to +the perpetration of offences against humanity, not less atrocious +than those which they were intended to requite; and which obliterated +every discriminative feature between the perpetrators of them, and +their savage enemies. + +The Canestoga Indians, to the number of forty, lived in a village, in +the vicinity of Lancaster; they were in amity with the whites, and had +been in peace and quiet for a considerable length of time. An +association of men, denominated the "Paxton boys," broke into their +little town and murdered all who were found at home--fourteen men, +women and children fell a prey to the savage brutality of those sons +of civilization [79]. The safety of the others was sought to be +effected, by confining them in the jail at Lancaster. It was in vain. +The walls of a prison could afford no protection, from the relentless +fury of these exasperated men. The jail doors were broken open, and +its wretched inmates cruelly murdered.--And, as if their deaths could +not satiate their infuriate murderers, their bodies were brutally +mangled, the hands and feet lopped off, and scalps torn from the +bleeding heads of innocent infants. + +A similar fate impended the christian Indians of Nequetank and Nain; +and was only averted, by the timely interposition of the government of +Pennsylvania. They were removed to Philadelphia, where they remained +from November 1763 'till after the close of the war in December 1764; +during which time the Paxton boys twice assembled in the neighborhood +of the city, for the purpose of assaulting the barracks and murdering +the Indians, but were deterred by the military preparations made to +oppose them; and ultimately, but reluctantly, desisted. + +Had the feelings excited in the minds of these misguided men, by the +cruelties of the Indians, been properly directed, it would have +produced a quite different result. If, instead of avenging the +outrages of others, upon those who were no otherwise guilty than in +the complexion of their skin, they had directed their exertions to the +repressing of invasion, and the punishment of its authors, much good +might have been achieved; and they, instead of being stigmatized as +murderers of the innocent, would have been hailed as benefactors of +the border settlements. Associations of this kind were formed in that +province, and contributed no little to lessen the frequency of Indian +massacres, and to prevent the effusion of blood, and the destruction +of property. At the time the Paxton boys were meditating and +endeavoring to effect the destruction of the peaceable christian +Indians, another company, formed by voluntary league, was actively +engaged in checking the intrusions, of those who were enemies, and in +punishing their aggressions. A company of riflemen, called the Black +boys (from the fact of their painting themselves red and black, after +the Indian fashion,) under the command of Capt. James Smith, +contributed to preserve the Conococheague valley, during the years +1763 and 1764, from the devastation [80] which had overspread it early +after the commencement of Braddock's war. + +Capt. Smith had been captured by the Indians in the spring of 1755, +and remained with them until the spring of 1759, when he left them at +Montreal, and after some time arrived at home in Pennsylvania. He was +in Fort du Quesne, when the Indians and French went out to surprise +Gen. Braddock; and witnessed the burnings and other dreadful tortures +inflicted upon those who were so unfortunate as to have been made +prisoners; and the orgies and demoniacal revels with which the victory +was celebrated. He was subsequently adopted into a family, by which he +was kindly treated; and became well acquainted with their manner of +warfare, and the various arts practised by them, to ensure success in +their predatory incursions, and afterwards to elude pursuit. He became +satisfied from observation, that to combat Indians successfully, they +must be encountered in their own way; and he accordingly instructed +his men in the Indian mode of warfare, dressed them after the Indian +fashion, and fought after the Indian manner.[5] + +An instance of the good effect resulting from practicing the arts +and stratagems of the Indians, occurred during this war; and to +its success the garrison of Fort Pitt were indebted for their +preservation. + +After the ratification of the treaty of peace which had been concluded +between England and France, war continued to be waged by the Indians +on the whole western frontier. A large body of them had collected and +marched to Fort Pitt, with a view to its reduction by famine. It had +been invested for some time and the garrison being too weak to sally +out and give battle to the besiegers, Capt. Ecuyer dispatched +messengers with the intelligence of his situation and a request for +aid and provisions: these were either compelled to return or be +killed, as the country for some distance east of Fort Pitt was in the +possession of the savages.[6] + +At length a quantity of provisions were ordered by Gov. Amherst for +the relief of the fort, and forwarded under a strong guard commanded +by Colonel Boquet. The Indians were soon apprized of this and +determined on intercepting the provisions, and if practicable, to +prevent their reaching the place of their destination. With this +object in view, a considerable force was detached, to watch the +motions of Col. Boquet and [81] upon a favorable opportunity to give +him battle. In a narrow defile on Turtle creek an attack was made by +the Indians, and a severe engagement ensued. Both armies fought with +the most obstinate bravery, from one o'clock 'till night, and in the +morning it was resumed, and continued with unabated fury for several +hours. At length Col. Boquet, having placed four companies of infantry +and grenadiers in ambush, ordered a retreat. So soon as this was +commenced, the Indians, confident of victory, pressed forward with +considerable impetuosity, and fell into the ambuscade. This decided +the contest--the Indians were repulsed with great slaughter and +dispersed. + +The loss of the British, in killed and wounded, exceeded one hundred. +That they were not entirely cut off, was attributable to the stratagem +of the retreat (a favorite one of the Indians;) the success of which +not only saved the detachment under Col. Boquet, but likewise +preserved Fort Pitt, from falling into the hands of the savage foe. + +The loss sustained by the enemy, must have equaled that of the +British; several of their most distinguished chiefs and warriors, were +of the number of the slain: and so decisive was the victory obtained +over them, that in the succeeding campaign against the Indians on the +Muskingum, Boquet found not much difficulty in bringing them to terms. +A cessation of hostilities was agreed to, upon condition that they +would give up all the whites then detained by them in captivity. +Upwards of three hundred prisoners were then redeemed; but the season +being far advanced and the others scattered in different parts of the +country, it was stipulated, that they should be brought into Fort Pitt +early in the ensuing spring; and as a security that they would comply +with this condition of the armistice, six of their chiefs were +delivered up as hostages--these however succeeded in making their +escape before the army arrived at Fort Pitt.[7] + +The ill success which had attended the combined operations of the +Indians, during this war, the difficulty of procuring ammunition to +support it, and the fact that it had begun to be carried into their +own country, disposed them to make peace. A treaty was accordingly +concluded with them by Sir William Johnson in 1765. Previous to this +however, some few depredations were committed by the Indians, in +contravention of the agreement made with them by Col. Boquet; and +which induced a belief that the want of clothes and ammunition,[82] +was the real cause of their partial forbearance. It was therefore of +great consequence, to prevent their obtaining a supply of these +necessaries, until there could be some stronger assurance, than had +been given, of their pacific disposition. + +Notwithstanding the prevalence of this impression, and the fact, that +a royal proclamation had been issued, forbidding any person trading +with the Indians, yet in March 1765 a number of wagons, laden with +goods and warlike stores for the Indians, was sent from Philadelphia +to Henry Pollens of Conococheague, to be thence transported on pack +horses to Fort Pitt. This very much alarmed the country; and many +individuals remonstrated against the propriety of supplying the +Indians at that particular juncture; alleging the well known fact, +that they were then destitute of ammunition and clothing, and that to +furnish them with those articles, would be to aid in bringing on +another frontier war, and to lend themselves to the commission of +those horrid murders, by which those wars were always distinguished. +Remonstrance was fruitless. The gainful traffick which could be then +carried on with the Indians, banished every other consideration; and +seventy horses, packed with goods, were directed on to Fort Pitt. + +In this situation of things, Capt. James Smith, (who had been with +Boquet during the campaign of 1764, and was well convinced that a +supply at that time of clothing and ammunition, would be the signal +for the recommencement of hostilities) collected ten of his "Black +boys," painted and dressed as Indians; and waylaid the caravan, near a +place called the "Side long Hill." He disposed his men in pairs, +behind trees along the road, at intervals of about 60 yards, with +orders for the second not to fire 'till the first had reloaded, so +that a regular, slow fire might be maintained at once, from front to +rear. + +As soon as the cavalcade approached, the firing commenced, and the +pack horses beginning to fall by the side of their conductors, excited +the fear of the latter, and induced them to cry out "Gentlemen what +would you have us to do." Captain Smith replied, "collect all your +loads to the front, deposit them in one place; take your private +property and retire." These things were accordingly done; and the +goods left (consisting of blankets, shirts, beads, vermillion, powder, +lead, tomahawks, scalping knives, &c.) were immediately burned or +otherwise destroyed. + +[83] The traders then went to Fort Loudon, and obtaining of the +commanding officer a party of Highland soldiers, proceeded in quest of +the _Robbers_ (as they termed them;) some of whom were taken and +carried into the Fort. Capt. Smith then raised about 300 riflemen, and +marching to Fort Loudon, occupied a position on an eminence near it. +He had not been long there before he had more than twice as many of +the garrison, prisoners in his camp, as there were of his men in the +guard house. Under a flag of truce proceeding from the Fort, a +convention for the exchange of prisoners was entered into between +Capt. Grant, the commander of the garrison, and Capt. Smith, and the +latter with his men, immediately returned to their homes. [8] + +Occurrences such as this, were afterwards of too frequent [84] +recurrence. The people had been taught by experience, that the fort +afforded very little, if any protection to those who were not confined +within its walls--they were jealous of the easy, and yet secure life +led by the garrison, and apprehensive of the worst consequences from +the intercourse of traders with the Indians. Under those feelings, +they did not scruple to intercept the passage of goods to the trading +posts, and commit similar outrages to those above described, if there +were any interference on the part of the neighboring forts. On one +occasion, Capt. Grant was himself taken prisoner, and [85] detained +'till restitution was made the inhabitants of some guns, which had +been taken from them, by soldiers from the garrison; and in 1769, a +quantity of powder, lead and other articles was taken from some +traders passing through Bedford county, and destroyed. Several +persons, supposed to have been of the party who committed this +outrage, were apprehended, and laid in irons in the guard house at +Fort Bedford. + +Capt. Smith, although in no wise engaged in this transaction, nor yet +approving it, was nevertheless so indignant that an offence against +the civil authorities, should be attempted to be punished by a +military tribunal, that he resolved on effecting their release. To +accomplish this, he collected eighteen of his "Black boys," in whom he +knew he could confide; and marched along the main road in the +direction of Fort Bedford. On his way to that place, he did not +attempt to conceal his object, but freely told to every one who +enquired, that he was going to take Fort Bedford. On the evening of +the second day of their march, they arrived at the crossings of +Juniata, (14 miles from Bedford) and erected tents as if they intended +encamping there all night. + +Previous to this, Capt. Smith had communicated his intention to Mr. +William Thompson (who lived in Bedford and on whom he could rely,) and +prevailed on him to obtain what information he could as to the effect +produced in the garrison by the preparations which he was making for +its attack; and acquaint him with it. That he might be enabled to do +this with greater certainty, a place and hour were appointed at which +Capt. Smith would meet him. + +About 11 o'clock at night the march was resumed, and moving +briskly they arrived near to Bedford, where they met Thompson; who +communicated to them the fact, that the garrison had been apprized +of their object that in consequence of having heard from them on +the preceding evening, at the Crossings of Juniata, it was not +expected they would arrive before mid-day, that their number was +known, and the enterprise ridiculed. Thompson then returned to +Bedford, and the party moved silently under covert of the banks of the +river, 'till they approached near to the Fort, where they lay +concealed, awaiting the opening of the gate. About day light +Thompson apprised them that the guard had thrown open the gate, and +were taking their morning's dram; that the arms were stacked not far +from the entrance into the Fort, and three centinels on the wall. + +Upon hearing these things, Capt. Smith with his men rushed rapidly to +the Fort, and the morning being misty, were not discovered 'till they +had reached the gate. At that instant the centinels fired their guns +and gave the alarm; but Capt. Smith and his men took possession of the +arms, and raised a loud shout, before the soldiers of the garrison +could learn the cause of the alarm, or get to the scene of action. + +[86] Having thus obtained possession of the Fort, Capt. Smith had the +prisoners released from the guardhouse, and compelling a blacksmith to +knock off their irons, left the Fort with them and returned to +Conococheaque. "This, Capt. Smith says, was the first British fort in +America, taken by what they called American rebels." + +Some time after this, an attempt was made to apprehend Capt. Smith, as +he was proceeding to survey and locate land on the Youghogany river. +In the encounter which succeeded, a man (by the name of Johnson) was +killed; and the murder being charged on Smith, he was confined for a +time in Bedford jail; but fearing a release, the civil authority sent +him privately through the wilderness to Carlisle, to await a trial for +the alledged offence. On hearing this, upwards of three hundred +persons (among whom were his old "Black boys,") proceeded to Carlisle +to effect a rescue; and were only prevented the accomplishment of +their object, by the solicitation of Smith himself. He knew his +innocence, and preferred awaiting a trial; and how willing soever he +might have been to oppose any encroachments of the military, he held +in just abhorrence, an opposition to the civil authority of his +country. He was put on his trial and acquitted.[9] + +[87] Events such as those which have been narrated, serve to shew the +state of things which existed at that day; and to point out the evils +necessarily resulting, from an absence of municipal regulations. Man, +in every station and condition of life, requires the controlling hand +of civil power, to confine him in his proper sphere, and to check +every advance of invasion, on the rights of others. Unrestrained +liberty speedily degenerates into licentiousness. Without the +necessary curbs and restraints of law, men would relapse into a state +of nature; [88] and although the obligations of justice (the basis of +society) be natural obligations; yet such are the depravity and +corruption of human nature, that without some superintending and +coercive power, they would be wholly disregarded; and human society, +would become the field of oppression and outrage--instead of a theatre +for the interchange of good offices. Civil institutions and judicial +establishments; the comminations of punishment and the denunciations +of law, are barely sufficient to repress the evil propensities of man. +Left to themselves, they spurn all natural restrictions, and riot in +the unrestrained indulgence of every passion. + +----- + [1] At Dickenson's fort in 1755. + + [2] When the Indians were most troublesome, and threatening + even the destruction of Winchester, Lord Fairfax who was + commandant of the militia of Frederick and Hampshire, ordered + them out. Three days active exertion on his part, brought only + 20 in the field. + + [3] Rather rangers, who seem to have been enlisted to serve + a year, and were re-engaged when necessary.--L. C. D. + + [4] Peter Williamson had singular adventures. When a boy he + was kidnapped at Aberdeen, and sent to America, for which he + afterwards recovered damages. It is said that he passed a + considerable period among the Cherokees. He instituted the + first penny post at Edinburgh, for which, when the government + assumed it, he received a pension. His _Memoirs_, and _French + and Indian Cruelty Examplified_, were works of interest. He + died in Edinburgh in 1799.--L. C. D. + + [5] Col. James Smith was born in Franklin county, Pa., in + 1737; was captured by Indians in 1755, remaining in captivity + until his escape in 1759. He served as ensign in 1763, and + lieutenant under Bouquet in 1764; he was a leader, for several + years, of the Black Boys--a sort of regulators of the traders + who, the Black Boys thought, supplied the Indians with the + munitions of war. As the troubles with the mother country + began, Smith was selected for frontier service, and held civil + and military positions--captain in the Pennsylvania line; then + in 1777 as major under Washington; in 1778, he was promoted to + the rank of colonel of militia, and led an expedition against + the Indian town on French Creek. In 1788, he removed to + Kentucky; served in the early Kentucky conventions, preparatory + to State organization, and also in the legislature. He did + missionary work in Kentucky and Tennessee, and preached among + the Indians. He wrote a valuable account of his Indian + captivity, republished a few years since by Robert Clarke & + Co., Cincinnati, and a treatise on Indian warfare, besides two + controversial pamphlets against the Shakers. He died in + Washington county, Ky., in 1812, aged about seventy-five + years.--L. C. D. + + [6] Captain Simeon Ecuyer, like Bouquet, was a native of + Switzerland; he did good service on the frontiers, especially + in the gallant defense of Fort Pitt in 1763. He became + disgusted with the bad conduct of his soldiers, especially the + grenadiers, and begged leave to resign. "For God's sake," he + implored Bouquet, "let me go, and raise cabbages."--L. C. D. + + [7] Henry Bouquet was born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne, + Switzerland, in 1721, and at the age of seventeen he entered + into the service of the states general of Holland; subsequently + engaged under the banner of Sardinia, and distinguished himself + at the battle of Cony. In 1748, he was a lieutenant-colonel in + the Swiss guards, in the service of Holland. At length, in + 1756, he entered the English army, serving in the Royal + Americans, and co-operated with Gen. Forbes on the campaign + against Fort Du Quesne, repulsing an attack of French and + Indians on Loyal Hanna. He afterwards served in Canada, and was + sent for the relief of Fort Pitt, when beleagured in 1763. + While marching on this service, he signally defeated the + Indians at Bushy Run, after a two days' engagement, in August + of that year, and relieved Fort Pitt. In 1764, he led an + expedition against the Ohio Indians, compelling them to sue for + peace. He died at Pensacola, September 2, 1765, of a prevailing + fever, in the prime of life, at the age of forty-four years. He + had attained the rank of general.--L. C. D. + + [8] The following song was soon after composed by Mr. George Campbell + (an Irish gentleman who had been educated in Dublin,) and was + frequently sung in the neighborhood to the tune of the _Black Joke_. + + Ye patriot souls who love to sing, + What serves your country and your king, + In wealth, peace, and royal estate; + Attention give whilst I rehearse, + A modern fact, in jingling verse, + How party interest strove what it cou'd, + To profit itself by public blood, + But justly met its merited fate. + + Let all those Indian traders claim, + Their just reward, in glorious fame, + For vile, base and treacherous ends, + To Pollins in the spring they sent + Much warlike stores, with an intent, + To carry them to our barbarous foes, + Expecting that nobody dare oppose + A present to their Indian friends. + + Astonished at the wild design + Frontier inhabitants combin'd, + With brave souls to stop their career, + Although some men apostatized + Who first the grand attempt advis'd, + The bold frontiers they bravely stood, + To act for their king, and their country's good + In joint league, and strangers to fear. + + On March the fifth, in sixty-five, + Their Indian presents did arrive, + In long pomp and cavalcade, + Near Sidelong-hill, where in disguise, + Some patriots did their train surprise, + And quick as lightning tumbled their loads + And kindled them bonfires in the woods; + And mostly burnt their whole brigade. + + At Loudon when they heard the news, + They scarcely knew which way to choose, + For blind rage and discontent; + At length some soldiers they sent out, + With guides for to conduct the route, + And seized some men that were travelling there + And hurried them into Loudon, where + They laid them fast with one consent. + + But men of resolution thought + Too much to see their neighbors caught + For no crime but false surmise; + Forthwith they join'd a warlike band, + And march'd to Loudon out of hand, + And kept the jailors pris'ners there, + Until our friends enlarged were, + Without fraud or any disguise. + + Let mankind censure or commend, + This rash performance in the end, + Then both sides will find their account. + 'Tis true no law can justify + To burn our neighbors property, + But when this property is design'd + To serve the enemies of mankind, + Its high treason in the amount. + + [9] The following extract from the _Pennsylvania Gazette_ of + November 2d, 1769, details the circumstances of this + transaction. + + "James Smith, his brother and brother in law, were going out + to survey and improve their land, on the waters of the + Youghogany.--Expecting to be gone some time, they took with + them their arms, and horses loaded with necessaries; and as + Smith's brother in law was an artist in surveying, he had also + with him the instruments for that business. Travelling on + their way and within nine miles of Bedford, they overtook + and joined in company with one Johnson and Moorhead, who had + likewise horses packed with liquor and seed wheat--their + intentions being also to make improvements on their lands. + Arrived at the parting of the road near Bedford, they + separated, one party going through town for the purpose of + having a horse shod; these were apprehended and put under + confinement.--James Smith, Johnson and Moorhead taking the + other road, met John Holmes of Bedford, to whom Smith spoke + in a friendly manner but received no answer. Smith and his + companions proceeded to where the two roads again united; + and waited there the arrival of the others. + + "At this time a number of men came riding up, and asked Smith + his name. On his telling them who he was, they immediately + presented their pistols, and commanded him to surrender or he + was a dead man. Smith stepped back and asking if they were + highwaymen, charged them to keep off; when immediately Robert + George (one of the assailants) snapped a pistol at Smith's + head; and that (as George acknowledged under oath) before Smith + had offered to [87] shoot. Smith then presented his gun at + another of the assailants, who was holding Johnson with one + hand, while with the other he held a pistol, which he was + preparing to discharge. Two shots were fired, one by Smith's + gun, the other by the pistol, so quick as to be just + distinguishable, and Johnson fell. Smith was then taken and + carried to Bedford, where John Holmes (who had met him on the + road, and hastened to Bedford with the intelligence) held an + inquest over the dead body of Johnson. One of the assailants + being the only witness examined, it was found that "Johnson had + been murdered by Smith," who was thereupon committed for trial. + But jealousy arising in the breasts of many, that the inquest + was not so fair as it should have been, William Deny, (the + coroner of Bedford county) thought proper to re-examine the + matter; and summoning a jury of unexceptionable men, out of + three townships--men whose candour, probity, and honesty are + unquestionable, and having raised the corpse, held a solemn + inquest over it for three days. + + "In the course of their scrutiny, they found the shirt of + Johnson, around the bullet hole, blackened by the powder of the + charge with which he had been killed. One of the assailants + being examined, swore to the respective spots of ground on + which they stood at the time of firing, which being measured, + was found to be 28 feet distance from each other. The + experiment was then made of shooting at the shirt an equal + distance both with and against the wind, to ascertain if the + powder produced the stain; but it did not. Upon the whole the + jury, after the most accurate examination and mature + deliberation, brought in their verdict that one of the + assailants must necessarily have done the murder." + + Captain Smith was a brave and enterprising man. In 1766, he, in + company with Joshua Horton, Uriah Stone, William Baker and + James Smith, by the way of Holstein, explored the country south + of Kentucky at a time when it was entirely uninhabited; and the + country between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, to their + entrance into the Ohio. Stone's river, a branch of the + Cumberland and emptying into it not far above Nashville, was + named by them in this expedition. + + After his acquittal from the charge of having murdered + Johnson, he was elected and served as one of the board of + commissioners, for regulating taxes and laying the county + levy, in the county of Bedford. [88] He was for several years + a delegate from the county of Westmoreland, to the General + Assembly of Pennsylvania; and in the war of the revolution was + an officer of merit and distinction. In 1781 he removed to + Kentucky and settled in Bourbon county not far from Paris; + was a member of the convention which set at Danville, to + confer about a separation from the state of Virginia, in 1788, + from which time until 1799, with the exception of two years, he + was either a delegate of the convention or of the General + Assembly of Kentucky. + + ------ + + _Comment by L. C. D._--It would seem from Col. Smith's own + statement, that his removal to, and settlement in, Bourbon + county, Ky., was in 1788. + + + + +[89] CHAPTER V. + + +The comparative security and quiet, which succeeded the treaty of +1765, contributed to advance the prosperity of the Virginia frontiers. +The necessity of congregating in forts and blockhouses, no longer +existing, each family enjoyed the felicities of its own fireside, +undisturbed by fearful apprehensions of danger from the prowling +savage, and free from the bustle and confusion consequent on being +crowded together. No longer forced to cultivate their little fields in +common, and by the united exertions of a whole neighborhood, with +tomahawks suspended from their belts and rifles attached to their plow +beams, their original spirit of enterprise was revived: and while a +certainty of reaping in unmolested safety, the harvest for which they +had toiled, gave to industry, a stimulus which increased their +prosperity, it also excited others to come and reside among them--a +considerable addition to their population, and a rapid extension of +settlements, were the necessary consequence. + +It was during the continuation of this exemption from Indian aggression, +that several establishments were made on the Monongahela and its +branches, and on the Ohio river. These were nearly cotemporaneous; the +first however, in order of time, was that made on the Buchannon--a fork +of the Tygart's valley river, and was induced by a flattering account +of the country as given by two brothers; who had spent some years in +various parts of it, under rather unpleasant circumstances. + +Among the soldiers who garrisoned Fort Pitt, were William Childers, +John and Samuel Pringle and Joseph Linsey. In 1761, these four men +deserted from the fort, and ascended the Monongahela as far as to the +mouth of George's creek (the site afterwards selected by Albert +Gallatin, for the town of Geneva.) Here they remained awhile; but not +liking the [90] situation crossed over to the head of the Youghogany; +and encamping in the glades, continued there about twelve months. + +In one of their hunting rambles, Samuel Pringle came on a path, which +he supposed would lead to the inhabited part of Virginia. On his +return he mentioned the discovery and his supposition, to his +comrades, and they resolved on tracing it. This they accordingly did, +and it conducted them to Loony's creek, then the most remote western +settlement. While among the inhabitants on Loony's creek, they were +recognized and some of the party apprehended as deserters. John and +Samuel Pringle succeeded in making an escape to their camp in the +glades, where they remained 'till some time in the year 1764. + +During this year, and while in the employ of John Simpson (a trapper, +who had come there in quest of furs,) they determined on removing +farther west. Simpson was induced to this, by the prospect of enjoying +the woods free from the intrusion of other hunters (the glades having +begun to be a common hunting ground for the inhabitants of the South +Branch;) while a regard for their personal safety, caused the Pringles +to avoid a situation, in which they might be exposed to the +observation of other men. + +In journeying through the wilderness, and after having crossed Cheat +river at the Horse shoe, a quarrel arose between Simpson and one of +the Pringles; and notwithstanding that peace and harmony were so +necessary to their mutual safety and comfort; yet each so far indulged +the angry passions which had been excited, as at length to produce a +separation. + +Simpson crossed over the Valley river, near the mouth of Pleasant +creek, and passing on to the head of another water course, gave to it +the name of Simpson's creek. Thence he went westwardly, and fell over +on a stream which he called Elk: at the mouth of this he erected a +camp, and continued to reside for more than twelve months. During this +time he neither saw the Pringles nor any other human being; and at the +expiration of it went to the South Branch, where he disposed of his +furs and skins and then returned to, and continued at, his encampment +at the mouth of Elk, until permanent settlements were made in its +vicinity. + +The Pringles kept up the Valley river 'till they observed a large +right hand fork, (now Buchannon),[1] which they ascended [91] some +miles; and at the mouth of a small branch (afterward called Turkey +run) they took up their abode in the cavity of a large Sycamore +tree.[2] The stump of this is still to be seen, and is an object of no +little veneration with the immediate descendants of the first +settlers. + +The situation of these men, during a residence here of several years, +although rendered somewhat necessary by their previous conduct, could +not have been very enviable. Deserters from the army, a constant fear +of discovery filled their minds with inquietude.--In the vicinity of a +savage foe, the tomahawk and scalping knife were ever present to their +imaginations.--Remote from civilized man, their solitude was hourly +interrupted by the frightful shrieks of the panther, or the hideous +howlings of the wolf.--And though the herds of Buffalo, Elk and Deer, +which gamboled sportively around, enabled them easily to supply their +larder; yet the want of salt, of bread, and of every species of +kitchen vegetable, must have abated their relish for the, otherwise, +delicious loin of the one, and haunch of the others. The low state of +their little magazine too, while it limited their hunting, to the bare +procuration of articles of subsistence, caused them, from a fear of +discovery, to shrink at the idea of being driven to the settlements, +for a supply of ammunition. And not until they were actually reduced +to two loads of powder, could they be induced to venture again into +the vicinity of their fellow men. In the latter part of the year 1767, +John left his brother, and intending to make for a trading post on the +Shenandoah, appointed the period of his return. + +Samuel Pringle, in the absence of John, suffered a good deal. The +stock of provisions left him became entirely exhausted--one of his +loads of powder, was expended in a fruitless attempt to shoot a +buck--his brother had already delayed his return several days longer +than was intended, and he was apprehensive that he had been +recognized, taken to Port Pitt and would probably never get back. With +his remaining load of powder, however he was fortunate enough to kill +a fine buffalo; and John soon after returned with the news of peace, +both with the Indians and French. The two brothers agreed to leave +their retirement. + +Their wilderness habitation was not left without some regret. Every +object around, had become more or less endeared to them. The tree, in +whose hollow they had been so [92] frequently sheltered from storm and +tempest, was regarded by them with so great reverence, that they +resolved, so soon as they could prevail on a few others to accompany +them, again to return to this asylum of their exile. + +In a population such as then composed the chief part of the South +Branch settlement, this was no difficult matter. All of them were used +to the frontier manner of living; the most of them had gone thither to +acquire land; many had failed entirely in this object, while others +were obliged to occupy poor and broken situations off the river; the +fertile bottoms having been previously located. Add to this the +passion for hunting (which was a ruling one with many,) and the +comparative scarcity of game in their neighborhood, and it need not +excite surprise that the proposition of the Pringles to form a +settlement, in such a country as they represented that on Buchannon to +be, was eagerly embraced by many. + +In the fall of the ensuing year (1768) Samuel Pringle, and several +others who wished first to examine for themselves, visited the country +which had been so long occupied by the Pringles alone. Being pleased +with it, they, in the following spring, with a few others, repaired +thither, with the view of cultivating as much corn, as would serve +their families the first year after their emigration. And having +examined the country, for the purpose of selecting the most desirable +situations; some of them proceeded to improve the spots of their +choice. John Jackson (who was accompanied by his sons, George and +Edward) settled at the mouth of Turkey run, where his daughter, Mrs. +Davis, now lives--John Hacker[3] higher up on the Buchannon river, +where Bush's fort was afterwards established, and Nicholas Heavener +now lives--Alexander and Thomas Sleeth, near to Jackson's, on what is +now known as the Forenash plantation. The others of the party (William +Hacker, Thomas and Jesse Hughes, John and William Radcliff and John +Brown) appear to have employed their time exclusively in hunting; +neither of them making any improvement of land for his own benefit. +Yet were they of very considerable service to the new settlement. +Those who had commenced clearing land, were supplied by them with +abundance of meat, while in their hunting excursions through the +country, a better knowledge of it was obtained, than could have been +acquired, had they been engaged in making improvements. + +[93] In one of these expeditions they discovered, and gave name to +Stone coal creek; which flowing westwardly, induced the supposition +that it discharged itself directly into the Ohio. Descending this +creek, to ascertain the fact, they came to its confluence with a +river, which they then called, and has since been known as, the West +Fork. After having gone some distance down the river, they returned by +a different route to the settlement, better pleased with the land on +it and some of its tributaries, than with that on Buchannon. + +Soon after this, other emigrants arrived under the guidance of Samuel +Pringle. Among them were, John and Benjamin Cutright, who settled on +Buchannon, where John Cutright the younger, now lives; and Henry Rule +who improved just above the mouth of Fink's run. Before the arrival of +Samuel Pringle, John Hacker had begun to improve the spot which +Pringle had chosen for himself. To prevent any unpleasant result, +Hacker agreed that if Pringle would clear as much land, on a creek +which had been recently discovered by the hunters, as he had on +Buchannon, they could then exchange places. Complying with this +condition Pringle took possession of the farm on Buchannon, and Hacker +of the land improved by Pringle on the creek, which was hence called +Hacker's creek.[4] John and William Radcliff, then likewise settled on +this stream--the former on the farm, where the Rev. John Mitchel now +lives; the latter at the place now owned by William Powers Esq.--These +comprise all the improvements which were made on the upper branches of +the Monongahela in the years 1769 and 1770. + +At the close of the working season of 1769 some of these adventurers, +went to their families on the South Branch; and when they returned to +gather their crops in the fall, found them entirely destroyed. In +their absence the buffaloes, no longer awed by the presence of man, +had trespassed on their enclosures, and eaten their corn to the +ground--this delayed the removal of their families 'till the winter of +1770. + +Soon after the happening of this event, other settlements were made on +the upper branches of the Monongahela river. Capt. James Booth and +John Thomas established themselves on what has been since called +Booth's creek--The former at the place now owned by Jesse Martin; and +the latter where William Martin at present resides, and which is +perhaps the [94] most valuable landed estate in North Western +Virginia, off the Ohio river. + +Previous however to the actual settlement of the country above the +forks of the Monongahela, some few families (in 1767) had established +themselves in the vicinity of Fort Redstone, now Brownsville, in +Pennsylvania.[5] At the head of these were Abraham Tegard, James +Crawford, John Province, and John Harden. The latter of these +gentlemen afterwards removed to Kentucky and became distinguished in +the early history of that state, as well for the many excellencies of +his private and public life, as for the untimely and perfidious manner +of his death. + +In the succeeding year Jacob Vanmeter, John Swan, Thomas Hughes and +some others settled on the west side of the Monongahela, near the +mouth of Muddy creek, where Carmichaelstown now stands.[6] + +In this year too, the place which had been occupied for a while by +Thomas Decker and his unfortunate associates, and where Morgantown is +now situated, was settled by a party of emigrants; one of which was +David Morgan, who became so conspicuous for personal prowess, and for +the daring, yet deliberate courage displayed by him, during the +subsequent hostilities with the Indians. + +In 1769, Col. Ebenezer Zane, his brothers Silas and Jonathan, with +some others from the south Branch, visited the Ohio river for the +purpose of commencing improvements;[7] [95] and severally proceeded to +select positions for their future residence. Col. Zane chose for his, +an eminence above the mouth of Wheeling creek, near to the Ohio, and +opposite a beautiful and considerable island in that river. The spot +thus selected by him, is now occupied by his son Noah Zane, Esq. and +is nearly the centre of the present flourishing town of Wheeling. +Silas Zane commenced improving on Wheeling creek where Col. Moses +Shepherd now lives, and Jonathan resided with his brother Ebenezer. +Several of those who accompanied the adventurers, likewise remained +with Colonel Zane, in the capacity of laborers. + +After having made those preparations which were immediately +requisite for the reception of their respective families, they +returned to their former homes. In the ensuing year they finally left +the South Branch, and accompanied by Col. David Shepherd, (the father +of Col. Moses Shepherd,) John Wetzel (the father of Lewis) and the +McCulloughs--men whose names are identified with the early history +of that country--repaired again to the wilderness, and took up their +permanent abode in it. + +Soon after this, other settlements were made at different points, both +above and below Wheeling; and the country on Buffalo, Short, and Grave +creeks,[8] and on the Ohio river, became the abode of civilized man. +Among those who were first to occupy above Wheeling, were George +Lefler, John Doddridge, Benjamin Biggs, Daniel Greathouse, Joshua +Baker and Andrew Swearingen.[9] + +[96] The settlement thus made constituting a kind of advance _guard_, +through which an Indian enemy would have to penetrate, before they +could reach the interior, others were less reluctant to occupy the +country between them and the Alleghany mountains. Accordingly various +establishments were soon made in it by adventurers from different +parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; and those places in +which settlements had been previously effected, received considerable +accessions to their population. + +In 1772, that comparatively beautiful region of country, lying on the +east fork of the Monongahela river, between the Alleghany mountains, +on its south eastern, and the Laurel Hill, or as it is there called +the Rich mountain, on its north western side, and which had received +the denomination of Tygart's valley, again attracted the attention of +emigrants.--In the course of that year, the greater part of this +valley was located, by persons said to have been enticed thither by +the description given of it, by some hunters from Greenbrier who had +previously explored it. Game, though a principal, was not however +their sole object. They possessed themselves at once of nearly all the +level land lying between those mountains--a plain of 25 or 30 miles in +length and varying from three fourths to two miles in width, and of +fine soil. Among those who were first to occupy that section of +country, we find the names of Hadden, Connelly, Whiteman, Warwick, +Nelson, Stalnaker, Riffle and Westfall: the latter of these found and +interred the bones of Files' family, which had lain, bleaching in the +sun, after their murder by the Indians, in 1754. + +Cheat river too, on which no attempt at settlement had been made, but +by the unfortunate Eckarly's, became an object of attention, The Horse +Shoe bottom was located by Capt. James Parsons, of the South Branch; +and in his neighborhood settled Robert Cunningham, Henry Fink, John +Goff and John Minear. Robert Butler, William Morgan and some others +settled on the Dunkard bottom. + +In this year too, settlements were made on Simpson's creek, the West +Fork river and on Elk creek. Those who made the former, were John +Powers, who purchased Simpson's right (a tomahawk improvement)[10] to +the land on which Benjamin [97] Stout now resides; and James Anderson +and Jonas Webb who located themselves farther up the creek. + +On Elk, and in the vicinity of Clarksburg there settled Thomas Nutter, +near to the Forge-mills--Samuel Cottrial, on the east side of the +creek and nearly opposite to Clarksburg--Sotha Hickman, on the west +side of the same creek, and above Cottrial--Samuel Beard at the mouth +of Nanny's run--Andrew Cottrial above Beard, and at the farm now owned +by John W. Patton--Daniel Davisson, where Clarksburg is now situated, +and Obadiah Davisson and John Nutter on the West Fork; the former near +to the old Salt works, and the latter at the place now owned by Adam +Hickman, jr. + +There was likewise, at this time, a considerable accession to the +settlements on Buchannon and Hacker's creek. So great was the increase +of population in this latter neighborhood, that the crops of the +preceding season did not afford more than one third of the breadstuff, +which would be ordinarily consumed in the same time, by an equal +number of persons. Such indeed was the state of suffering among the +inhabitants, consequent on this scarcity, that the year 1773 is called +in the traditionary legends of that day, the _starving year_; and such +were the exertions of William Lowther to mitigate that suffering, and +so great the success with which they were crowned, that his name has +been transmitted to their descendants, hallowed by the blessings of +those, whose wants he contributed so largely to relieve.[11] + +[98] These were the principal settlements begun in North Western +Virginia, prior to the year 1774. Few and scattered as they were, no +sooner was it known that they were commenced, than hundreds flocked to +them from different parts; and sought there the gratifications of +their respective predilections. That spirit of adventurous emigration, +which has since peopled, with such unprecedented rapidity, the south +western and western states, and which was then beginning to develope +itself, overcame the fond attachments of youth, and impelled its +possessors, to the dreary wilderness. Former homes, encircled by the +comforts of civilization, endeared by the grateful recollections of +by-gone days, and not unfrequently, consecrated as the spots where +their tenants had first inhaled the vital fluid, were readily +exchanged for "the variety of untried being, the new scenes and +changes," which were to be passed, before the trees of the forest +could be supplanted, by the fruits of the field, or society be reared +in the solitude of the desert. With a capability to sustain fatigue, +not to be subdued by toil; and with a cheerfulness, not easily to be +depressed; a patience which could mock at suffering and a daring which +nothing could daunt, every difficulty which intervened, every obstacle +which was interposed between them and the accomplishment of the +objects of their pursuit, was surmounted or removed; and in a +comparatively brief space of time, they rose to the enjoyment of many +of those gratifications, which are experienced in earlier and more +populous settlements. That their morals should, for a while, have +suffered deterioration, and their manners and habits, instead of [99] +approximating those of refined society, should have become perhaps, +more barbarous and uncouth, was the inevitable consequence of their +situation, and the certain result of circumstances, which they could +not control. When that situation was changed, and these circumstances +ceased to exist, a rapid progress was made in the advancement of many +sections of the country, to the refinements of civilized society. + +The infantile state of all countries exhibits, in a greater or less +degree, a prevalence of barbarism. The planting of colonies, or +the formation of establishments in new countries, is ever attended +with circumstances unpropitious to refinement. The force with which +these circumstances act, will be increased or diminished in proportion +to the remoteness or proximity of those new establishments, to +older societies, in which the arts and sciences are cultivated; and to +the facility of communication between them. Man is, at all times, +the creature of circumstances. Cut off from an intercourse with his +fellow men, and divested of the conveniences of life, he will readily +relapse into a state of nature.--Placed in contiguity with the +barbarous and the vicious; his manners will become rude, his +morals perverted.--Brought into collision with the sanguinary and +revengeful; and his own conduct will eventually be distinguished, +by bloody and vindictive deeds. + +Such was really the situation of those who made the first establishments +in North Western Virginia. And when it is considered, that they were, +mostly, men from the humble walks of life; comparatively illiterate and +unrefined; without civil or religious institutions, and with a love of +liberty, bordering on its extreme; their more enlightened descendants can +not but feel surprise, that their dereliction from propriety had not been +greater; their virtue less. + +The objects, for the attainment of which they voluntarily placed +themselves in this situation, and tempted the dangers inseparable +from a residence in the contiguity of Indians, jealous of territorial +encroachment, were almost as various as their individual character. +Generally speaking, they were men in indigent circumstances, unable +to purchase land in the neigborhoods from which they came, and +unwilling longer to remain the tenants of others. These were induced +to [100] emigrate, with the laudable ambition of acquiring homes, +from which they would not be liable to expulsion, at the whim and +caprice of some haughty lordling. Upon the attainment of this object, +they were generally content; and made but feeble exertions to +acquire more land, than that to which they obtained title, by virtue +of their settlements. Some few, however, availed themselves of the +right of pre-emption, and becoming possessed of the more desirable +portions of the country, added considerably to their individual +wealth. + +Those who settled on the Ohio, were of a more enterprising and +ambitious spirit, and looked more to the advancement of their +condition in a pecuniary point of view. The fertile bottoms of +that river, and the facility with which, by means of it, their +surplus produce might be transported to a ready market,[12] were +considerations which influenced many. Others, again, looking +forward to the time when the Indians would be divested of the +country north west of the Ohio river, and it be open to location +in the same manner its south eastern shores were, selected this as +a situation, from which they might more readily obtain possession +of the fertile land, with which its ample plains were known to +abound. In anticipation of this period, there were some who +embraced every opportunity, afforded by intervals of peace with +the Indians, to explore that country and select in it what they +deemed, its most valuable parts. Around these they would generally +mark trees, or otherwise define boundaries, by which they could be +afterwards identified. The cession by Virginia to the United States, +of the North Western Territory, and the manner in which its lands +were subsequently brought into market, prevented the realization +of those flattering, and apparently, well founded expectations. + +There were also, in every settlement, individuals, who had been drawn +to them solely by their love of hunting, and an attachment to the +wild, unshackled scenes of a wilderness life. These were perhaps, +totally regardless of all the inconveniencies, [101] resulting from +their new situation; except that of being occasionally pent up in +forts; and thus debarred the enjoyment of their favorite pastimes. + +Although hunting was not the object of most of the old settlers, yet +it was for a good part of the year, the chief employment of their +time. And of all those, who thus made their abode in the dense forest, +and tempted aggression from the neighboring Indians, none were so well +qualified to resist this aggression, and to retaliate upon its +authors, as those who were mostly engaged in this pursuit. Of all +their avocations, this "mimickry of war" best fitted them to thwart +the savages in their purpose, and to mitigate the horrors of their +peculiar mode of warfare. Those arts which enabled them, unperceived +to approach the watchful deer in his lair, enabled them likewise to +circumvent the Indian in his ambush; and if not always punish, yet +frequently defeat him in his object. Add to this the perfect knowledge +which they acquired of the woods, and the ease and certainty with +which they consequently, when occasion required, could make their way +to any point of the settlements and apprize the inhabitants of +approaching danger; and it will be readily admitted that the more +expert and successful the huntsman, the more skillful and effective +the warrior. + +But various soever, as may have been their objects in emigrating, no +sooner had they come together, than there existed in each settlement, +a perfect unison of feeling. Similitude of situation and community of +danger, operating as a magic charm, stifled in their birth those +little bickerings, which are so apt to disturb the quiet of society. +Ambition of preferment and the pride of place, too often lets and +hindrances to social intercourse, were unknown among them. Equality of +condition rendered them strangers alike, to the baneful distinctions +created by wealth and other adventitious circumstances; and to envy, +which gives additional virus to their venom. A sense of mutual +dependence for their common security linked them in amity; and +conducting their several purposes in harmonious concert, together they +toiled and together suffered. + +Not all the "pomp and pride and pageantry" of life, could vie with the +Arcadian scenes which encircled the rude cottages of those men. Their +humble dwellings were the abode of virtues, rarely found in the "cloud +capt towers and [102] gorgeous palaces" of splendid ambition. And when +peace reigned around them, neither the gaudy trappings of wealth, nor +the insignia of office, nor the slaked thirst for distinction, could +have added to the happiness which they enjoyed. + +In their intercourse with others they were kind, beneficent and +disinterested; extending to all, the most generous hospitality which +their circumstances could afford. That selfishness, which prompts to +liberality for the sake of remuneration, and proffers the civilities +of life with an eye to individual interest, was unknown to them. They +were kind for kindness sake; and sought no other recompense, than the +never failing concomitant of good deeds--the reward of an approving +conscience. + +It is usual for men in the decline of life, to contrast the scenes +which are then being exhibited, with those through which they passed +in the days of youth; and not unfrequently, to moralize on the decay +of those virtues, which enhance the enjoyment of life and give to +pleasure its highest relish. The mind is then apt to revert to +earlier times, and to dwell with satisfaction on the manners and +customs which prevailed in the hey-day of youth. Every change which +may have been wrought in them is deemed a deteriorating innovation, +and the sentence of their condemnation unhesitatingly pronounced. This +is not always, the result of impartial and discriminating judgment. It +is perhaps, more frequently founded in prepossession; and based on the +prejudices of education and habit. + +On the other hand those who are just entering on the vestibule of +life, are prone to give preference to the habits of the present +generation; viewing, too often, with contemptuous derision, those of +the past. Mankind certainly advance in intelligence and refinement; +but virtue and happiness do not at all times keep pace with this +progress. "To inform the understanding," is not always "to correct and +enlarge the heart;" nor do the blandishments of life invariably add to +the sum of moral excellence; they are often "as dead sea fruit that +tempts the eye, but turns to ashes on the lips."--While a rough +exterior as frequently covers a temper of the utmost benignity, happy +in itself and giving happiness to all around. + +Such were the pioneers of this country; and the greater part of +mankind might now derive advantage from the [103] contemplation of +"their humble virtues, hospitable homes and spirits patient, noble, +proud and free--their self respect, grafted on innocent thoughts; +their days of health and nights of sleep--their toils, by danger +dignified, yet guiltless--their hopes of cheerful old age and a quiet +grave, with cross and garland over its green turf, and their grand +children's love for epitaph." + +----- + [1] Now spelled Buckhannon.--R. G. T. + + [2] Sycamores, which attain gigantic proportions, are given + to rotting in the lower portions of the trunk, and chambers + eight feet in diameter are not uncommon. In the course of a + canoe voyage down the Ohio, in the summer of 1894, I frequently + saw such cavities, with the openings stopped by pickets or + rails, utilized by small bottom farmers as hog-pens, + chicken-coops, and calf stalls. + + L. V. McWhorter, of Berlin, W. Va., who has kindly sent me + several MS. notes on Withers's _Chronicles_ (all of which will + be duly credited where used in this edition), writes: "The aged + sycamore now (1894) occupying the site, is the third + generation--the grand-child--of that which housed the Pringles. + It stands on the farm of Webster Dix, who assures me that it + shall not be destroyed. A tradition held by his descendants has + it, that when John Pringle went back to the South Branch for + ammunition, Charity, the wife of Samuel, who was left behind, + started immediately for the wilderness home of her husband, and + found him by the path which John had blazed for his own + return."--R. G. T. + + [3] This early and meritorious pioneer was born near + Winchester, Va., Jan. 1, 1743, figured prominently in the + Indian wars of his region, and served on Col. G. R. Clark's + Illinois campaign of 1778; he died at his home on Hacker's + Creek, April 20, 1821, in his 82d year.--L. C. D. + + [4] Its Indian name signified "Muddy Water."--R. G. T. + + [5] We have already seen (p. 74, _note_), that Gist settled + at Mount Braddock, Fayette county, in 1753, and that eleven + families joined him in January, 1754. There is a tradition that + settlers were in the district even before Gist. It has been + shown that the Gist settlements, and others in the lower + Monongahela, were burned by the French in July, 1754. The + English borderers fled upon the outbreak of disturbances, and + did not return until about 1760-61, when confidence had been + restored.--R. G. T. + + [6] Both Van Meter and Swan afterwards served under Col. G. + R. Clark--at least, on the Kaskaskia campaign; Swan commanded a + company on Clark's Shawnee campaign of 1780, and Van Meter on + that of 1782. The latter moved to Kentucky in 1780; settled in + Hardin county, Ky., Nov. 16th, 1798, in his seventy-sixth + year.--L. C. D. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--This note, written by Dr. Draper a few + days before his death (Aug. 26, 1891), was probably his last + stroke of literary work. + + [7] These gentlemen were descendants of a Mr. Zane who + accompanied William Penn, to his province of Pennsylvania, and + from whom, one of the principal streets in Philadelphia, + derived its name. Their father was possessed of a bold and + daring spirit of adventure, which was displayed on many + occasions, in the earlier part of his life. Having rendered + himself obnoxious to the Society of Friends (of which he was a + member,) by marrying without the pale of that society, he moved + to Virginia and settled on the South Branch, where the town of + Moorfield has been since erected. One of his sons (Isaac) was + taken by the Indians, when he was only nine years old, and + carried in captivity, to Mad river, in Ohio. Here he continued + 'till habit reconciled him to his situation, when he married a + squaw, became a chief and spent the remainder of his life with + them. He was never known to wage war against the whites; but + was, on several occasions, of infinite service, by apprising + them of meditated attacks of the Indians. His descendants still + reside in Ohio. + + The brothers, Ebenezer, Silas and Jonathan, who settled + Wheeling, [95] were also men of enterprise, tempered with + prudence, and directed by sound judgment. Ready at all times, + to resist and punish the aggression of the Indians, they were + scrupulously careful not to provoke them by acts of wanton + outrage, such as were then, too frequently committed along the + frontier. Col. Ebenezer Zane had been among the first, to + explore the country from the South Branch, through the + Alleghany glades, and west of them. He was accompanied in that + excursion by Isaac Williams, two gentlemen of the name of + Robinson and some others; but setting off rather late in the + season, and the weather being very severe, they were compelled + to return, without having penetrated to the Ohio river. On + their way home, such was the extremity of cold, that one of the + Robinsons died of its effects. Williams was much frost bitten, + and the whole party suffered exceedingly. To the bravery and + good conduct of those three brothers, the Wheeling settlement + was mainly indebted for its security and preservation, during + the war of the revolution. + + [8] Joseph Tomlinson surveyed a claim at the mouth of Grave + Creek, about 1770, but did not settle there until 1772. His + cabin was the nucleus of the present Moundsville, W. + Va.--R. G. T. + + [9] John Doddridge settled in Washington county, Pa., on the + Ohio River a few miles east of the Pennsylvania-Virginia state + line, in 1773; his son, Joseph Doddridge, was the author of + _Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the Western Parts + of Virginia and Pennsylvania_, 1763-83, a valuable antiquarian + work. The names of Greathouse and Baker became execrable + through their connection with the massacre of Chief Logan's + family, in 1774. Leffler and Biggs attained prominence in + border warfare.--R. G. T. + + [10] "At an early period of our settlements, there was an + inferior kind of land title, denominated a tomahawk right. This + was made by [97] deadening a few trees near a spring, and + marking on one or more of them, the initials of the name of the + person, by whom the improvement was made. Rights, acquired in + this way, were frequently bought and sold."--_Doddridge's Notes + on Western Virginia._ + + [11] William Lowther was the son of Robert, and came with his + father to the Hacker creek settlement in 1772. He soon became + one of the most conspicuous men in that section of country; + while his private virtues and public actions endeared him to + every individual of the community. During the war of 1774 and + subsequently, he was the most active and efficient defender of + that vicinity, against the insidious attacks of the savage foe; + and there were very few if any scouting parties proceeding from + thence, by which the Indians were killed or otherwise much + annoyed, but those which were commanded by him. + + He was the first justice of the peace in the district of West + Augusta--the first sheriff in the county of Harrison and Wood, + and [98] once a delegate to the General Assembly of the States. + His military merits carried him through the subordinate grades + to the rank of Colonel. Despising the pomp and pageantry of + office, he accepted it for the good of the community, and was + truly an effective man. Esteemed, beloved by all, he might have + exerted his influence, over others, to the advancement of his + individual interest; but he sought the advancement of the + general weal, not a personal or family aggrandizement. His + example might teach others, that offices were created for the + public good, not for private emolument. If aspirants for office + at the present day, were to regard its perquisites less, and + their fitness for the discharge of its duties more, the country + would enjoy a greater portion of happiness and prosperity, and + a sure foundation for the permanence of these be laid, in the + more disinterested character of her counsellors, and their + consequently, increased devotion to her interests. + + [12] The Spaniards at New Orleans, from the first settlement + of the country west of the Alleghany Mountains, sought to + attach it to the province of Louisiana. Knowing the powerful + efficacy of gold, in producing such results, they dispensed it + with a liberal hand, to such as made New Orleans their market. + The attachment of the first settlers, to the free institutions + of our country, baffled every attempt to detach them from it. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--The Spanish conspiracy was, in the main, + "baffled" by the prompt action of our general government. + George Rogers Clark and several other leading Kentuckians were + quite willing to be "detached," for a consideration. The fact + is, that at first the sense of national patriotism was weak, + west of the Alleghanies; the eighteenth century had closed + before efforts at separation from the East were commonly + regarded as treason. The interests of the Western people + apparently were centered in the south-flowing Mississippi; they + seemed to have at the time little in common with the East. So + long as Spain held the mouth of the river, many Western leaders + thought it not improper that the West should ally itself with + that power; when our government finally purchased the Spanish + claim, the Western men had no further complaint. See + Roosevelt's treatment of the Spanish conspiracy, in his + _Winning of the West_, III., ch. iii.--R. G. T. + + + + +[104] CHAPTER VI. + + +In the year 1774, the peace, which had subsisted with but little +violation since the treaty of 1765, received an interruption, which +checked for a while the emigration to the North Western frontier; and +involved its infant settlements in a war with the Indians. This result +has been attributed to various causes. Some have asserted that it had +its origin in the murder of some Indians on the Ohio river both above +and below Wheeling, in the spring of that year. Others suppose it to +have been produced by the instigation of British emissaries, and the +influence of Canadian traders. + +That it was not caused by the murders at Captina, and opposite the +mouth of Yellow creek,[1] is fairly inferrible from the fact, that +several Indians had been previously murdered by the whites in a period +of the most profound tranquillity, without having led to a similar +issue; or even given rise to any act of retaliation, on the part of +the friends or countrymen of those, who had been thus murdered. + +At different periods of time, between the peace of 1765, and the +renewal of hostilities in 1774, three Indians were unprovokedly +killed by John Ryan, on the Ohio, Monongahela and Cheat rivers. The +first who suffered from the unrestrained licentiousness of this +man, was an Indian of distinction in his tribe, and known by the name +of Capt. Peter; the other two were private warriors. And but that +Governor Dunmore, from the representations made to him, was induced +[105] to offer a reward for his apprehension, which caused him to +leave the country, Ryan would probably have continued to murder +every Indian, with whom he should chance to meet, wandering +through the settlements. + +Several Indians were likewise killed on the South Branch, while on a +friendly visit to that country, in the interval of peace. This deed is +said to have been done by Henry Judah, Nicholas Harpold and their +associates; and when Judah was arrested for the offence, so great was +the excitement among those who had suffered from savage enmity, that +he was rescued from confinement by upwards of two hundred men, +collected for that especial purpose. + +The Bald Eagle was an Indian of notoriety, not only among his own +nation, but also with the inhabitants of the North Western frontier; +with whom he was in the habit of associating and hunting. In one of +his visits among them, he was discovered alone, by Jacob Scott, +William Hacker and Elijah Runner, who, reckless of the consequences, +murdered him, solely to gratify a most wanton thirst for Indian blood. +After the commission of this most outrageous enormity, they seated him +in the stern of a canoe, and with a piece of journey-cake thrust into +his mouth, set him afloat in the Monongahela. In this situation he was +seen descending the river, by several, who supposed him to be as +usual, returning from a friendly hunt with the whites in the upper +settlements, and who expressed some astonishment that he did not stop +to see them. The canoe floating near to the shore, below the mouth of +George's creek, was observed by a Mrs. Province, who had it brought to +the bank, and the friendly, but unfortunate old Indian decently +buried. + +Not long after the murder of the Bald Eagle, another outrage of a +similar nature was committed on a peaceable Indian, by William White; +and for which he was apprehended and taken to Winchester for trial. +But the fury of the populace did not suffer him to remain there +awaiting that event.--The prison doors were forced, the irons knocked +off him and he again set at liberty. + +But a still more atrocious act is said to have been soon after +perpetrated. Until then the murders committed, were only on such as +were found within the limits of white settlements, and on men & +warriors. In 1772, there is every reason to believe, that women and +children likewise became victims to the exasperated feelings of our +[106] own citizens; and this too, while quietly enjoying the comforts +of their own huts, in their own village. + +There was at that time an Indian town on the Little Kenhawa, (called +Bulltown) inhabited by five families, who were in habits of social and +friendly intercourse with the whites on Buchannon and on Hacker's +creek; frequently visiting and hunting with them.[2] There was +likewise residing on Gauley river, the family of a German by the name +of Stroud.[3] In the summer of that year, Mr. Stroud being from home, +his family were all murdered, his house plundered, and his cattle +driven off. The trail made by these leading in the direction of +Bulltown, induced the supposition that the Indians of that village had +been the authors of the outrage, and caused several to resolve on +avenging it upon them. + +A party of five men, (two of whom were William White and William +Hacker,[4] who had been concerned in previous murders) expressed a +determination to proceed immediately to Bulltown. The remonstrance of +the settlement generally, could not operate to effect a change in +that determination. They went; and on their return, circumstances +justified the belief that the pre-apprehension of those who knew +the temper and feelings of White and Hacker, had been well founded; +and that there had been some fighting between them and the Indians. +And notwithstanding that they denied ever having seen an Indian in +their absence, yet it was the prevailing opinion, that they had +destroyed all the men, women and children at Bulltown, and threw their +bodies into the river. Indeed, one of the party is said to have, +inadvertently, used expressions, confirmatory of this opinion; and to +have then justified the deed, by saying that the clothes and other +things known to have belonged to Stroud's family, were found in the +possession of the Indians. The village was soon after visited, and +found to be entirely desolated, and nothing being ever after heard +of its former inhabitants, there can remain no doubt but that the +murder of Stroud's family, was requited on them. + +Here then was a fit time for the Indians to commence a system of +retaliation and war, if they were disposed to engage in hostilities, +for offences of this kind alone. Yet no such event was the consequence +of the killing of the Bulltown Indians, or of those other murders +which preceded that outrage; and it may be hence rationally concluded, +that the murders on the Ohio river did not lead to such an event. If +however, a doubt should still remain, that doubt is surely removed by +the declaration of Logan himself. It was his family that was killed +opposite Yellow creek, about the last of April; and in the following +July (after the expedition against the Wappatomica towns, under Col. +McDonald) he says, "the Indiens are not angry on account of those +murders, but only myself." The fact is, that hostilities had commenced +before the happening of the affair at Captina, or that near Yellow +creek; and these, instead of having produced that event, were the +consequence of the previous hostile movements of the Indians. + +[107] Those who lived more immediately in the neighborhood of the +scene of action at that time, were generally of opinion, that the +Indians were urged to war by the instigation of emissaries from +Great Britain, and of the Canadian traders; and, independently of +any knowledge which they may have had of the conduct of these, +circumstances of a general nature would seem to justify that opinion. + +The relative situation of the American colonies and the mother +country, is matter of general history, and too well known to require +being repeated here. It is equally well known too, that from the first +establishment of a colony in Canada, the Canadians obtained an +influence over the Natives, greater than the Anglo-Americans were ever +able to acquire; and that this influence was frequently exercised by +them, to the great annoyance, and manifest injury of the latter. +France and England have been long considered as natural enemies; and +the inhabitants of their respective plantations in America, +entertained strong feelings of jealousy towards each other. When by +the treaty of Paris, the French possessions in North America (which +had not been ceded to Spain,) were transferred to Great Britain, those +feelings were not subdued. The Canadians still regarded themselves as +a different people. Their national prejudices were too great to be +extinguished by an union under the same prince. Under the influence of +these prejudices, and the apprehension, that the lucrative commerce of +the natives might, by the competition of the English traders, be +diverted from its accustomed channels, they may have exerted +themselves to excite the Indians to war; but that alone would hardly +have produced this result. There is in man an inherent partiality for +self, which leads him to search for the causes of any evil, elsewhere +than in his own conduct; and under the operation of this propensity to +assign the burden of wrong to be borne by others, the Jesuits from +Canada and Louisiana were censured for the continuation of the war on +the part of the Indians, after it had been terminated with their +allies by the treaty of 1763. Yet that event was, no doubt, justly +attributable to the erection of forts, and the location of land, in +the district of country claimed by the natives, in the province of +Pennsylvania. And in like manner, the origin of the war of 1774 may +fairly be charged to the encroachments which were then being made on +the Indian territory. To be convinced of this, it is necessary to +advert to the promptitude of resistance on the part of the Natives, by +which those encroachments were invariably met; and to recur to events +happening in other sections of the country.--Events, perhaps no +otherwise connected with the history of North Western Virginia, than +as they are believed to have been the proximate causes of an +hostility, eventuating in the effusion of much of its blood; and +pregnant with other circumstances, having an important bearing on its +prosperity and advancement. + +In the whole history of America, from the time when it first [108] +became apparent that the occupancy of the country was the object of +the whites, up to the present period, is there perhaps to be found a +solitary instance, in which an attempt, made by the English to effect +a settlement in a wilderness claimed by the Natives, was not succeeded +by immediate acts of hostility on the part of the latter. Every +advance of the kind was regarded by them, as tending to effect their +expulsion from a country, which they had long considered as their own, +and as leading, most probably, to their entire extinction as a people. +This excited in them feelings of the most dire resentment; stimulating +to deeds of cruelty and murder, at once to repel the encroachment and +to punish its authors. Experience of the utter futility of those means +to accomplish these purposes, has never availed to repress their use, +or to produce an acquiesence in the wrong. Even attempts to extend +jurisdiction over a country, the right of soil in which was never +denied them, have ever given rise to the most lively apprehensions of +their fatal consequences, and prompted to the employment of means to +thwart that aim. An Indian sees no difference between the right of +empire and the right of domain; and just as little can he discriminate +between the right of property, acquired by the actual cultivation of +the earth, and that which arises from its appropriation to other +uses. + +Among themselves they have lines of demarkation, which distinguish +the territory of one nation from that of another; and these are of such +binding authority, that a transgression of them by neighboring Indians, +leads invariably to war. In treaties of purchase, and other +conventional arrangements, made with them by the whites, the validity +of their rights to land, have been repeatedly recognized; and an +infraction of those rights by the Anglo-Americans, encounters +opposition at its threshold. The history of every attempt to settle a +wilderness, to which the Indian title was not previously extinguished, +has consequently been a history of plunder, conflagration and massacre. + +That the extension of white settlements into the Indian country, was +the cause of the war of 1774, will be abundantly manifested by a +recurrence to the early history of Kentucky; and a brief review of the +circumstances connected with the first attempts to explore and make +establishments in it. For several reasons, these circumstances merit a +passing notice in this place. Redstone and Fort Pitt (now Brownsville +and Pittsburgh) were for some time, the principal points of +embarkation for emigrants to that country; many of whom were from the +establishments which had been then not long made, on the Monongahela. +The Indians, regarding the settlements in North Western Virginia as +the line from which swarmed the adventurers to Kentucky, directed +their operations to prevent the success of these adventurers, as well +against the inhabitants of the upper country, as against them. While +at the same time, in the efforts which were made to compel the Indians +to desist from farther opposition, the North Western Virginians +frequently combined [109] their forces, and acted in conjunction, the +more certainly to accomplish that object. In truth the war, which was +then commenced, and carried on with but little intermission up to the +treaty of Fort Greenville in 1795 was a war in which they were equally +interested, having for its aim the indiscriminate destruction of the +inhabitants of both those sections of country, as the means of +preventing the farther extension of settlements by the whites.[5] + +When Kentucky was first begun to be explored, it is said not to have +been claimed in individual property by any nation of Indians. Its +extensive forests, grassy plains and thick cane brakes, abounding with +every variety of game common to such latitudes, were used as common +hunting grounds, and considered by them, as open for all who chose to +resort to them. The Cherokees, the Chickasaws, the Cataubas, and the +Chicamaugas, from the south east; and the Illinois, the Peorias, the +Delawares, the Mingoes and Shawanees from the west, claimed and +exercised equal rights and privileges within its limits. When the +tribes of those different nations would however meet there, frequent +collisions would arise between them; and so deadly were the conflicts +ensuing upon these, that, in conjunction with the gloom of its dense +forests, they acquired for it the impressive appellation of "the dark +and bloody ground." But frequent and deadly as may have been those +conflicts, they sprang from some other cause, than a claim to +exclusive property in it. + +In the summer of 1769, Daniel Boone, in company with John Finley (who +had previously hunted through the country) and a few other men, +entered Kentucky, and travelled over much of its surface, without +meeting with an Indian, until the December following.[6] At this time +Boone and John Steward (one of his companions,) while on a hunting +excursion, were discovered by a party of Indians, who succeeded in +making them prisoners. After a detention of but few days, these men +effected their escape; & returning to their old camp, found that it +had been plundered, and their associates, either killed or taken into +captivity. They were shortly after joined by a brother of Daniel Boone +and another man, from North Carolina, who were so fortunate in +wandering through the wilderness, as to discover the only, though +temporary residence of civilized man within several hundred miles. But +the Indians had become alarmed for the possession of that country; and +fearing that if Boone and Steward should be suffered to escape to the +settlements, they might induce others to attempt its permanent +occupancy, they sought with vigilance to discover and murder them. +They succeeded in killing Steward; but Daniel Boone and his brother, +then the only persons left (the man who came out with the younger +Boone having been killed by a wolf,) escaped from them, and soon after +returned to North Carolina. + +The Indians were not disappointed in their expectations. The +description given of the country by the Boones, soon led others to +attempt its settlement; and in 1773, six families and about forty men, +all under the guidance of Daniel Boone, commenced their journey [110] +to Kentucky with a view of remaining there. Before they proceeded far, +they were attacked in the rear by a party of Indians, who had been +observing their movements; and who in the first fire killed six of the +emigrants and dispersed their cattle. Nothwithstanding that, in the +engagement which ensued upon this attack, the assailants were +repulsed, yet the adventurers were so afflicted at the loss of their +friends, and dispirited by such serious and early opposition, that +they abandoned their purpose for a time, and returned to the inhabited +parts of Tennessee.[7] + +The Indians elated with their success in defeating this first attempt +at the settlement of Kentucky, and supposing that the route pursued by +the party which they had driven back, would be the pass for future +adventurers, determined on guarding it closely, and checking, if +possible, every similar enterprise. But while their attention was +directed to this point, others found their way into the country by a +different route and from a different direction. + +The Virginia troops, who had served in the Canadian war, had been +promised a bounty in Western lands. Many of them being anxious to +ascertain their value, and deeming this a favorable period for the +making of surveys, collected at Fort Pitt in the fall of 1773; and +descending the Ohio river to its falls, at Louisville, proceeded from +thence to explore the country preparatory to a perfection of their +grants.[8] + +About the same time too, General Thompson of Pennsylvania, commenced +an extensive course of surveys, of the rich land on the North Fork of +Licking; and other individuals following his example, in the ensuing +winter the country swarmed with land adventurers and surveyors. So +sensible were they all, that these attempts to appropriate those lands +to their own use, would produce acts of hostility, that they went +prepared to resist those acts; and the first party who took up their +abode in Kentucky, no sooner selected a situation for their residence, +than they proceeded to erect a fort for their security.[9] The conduct +of the Indians soon convinced them that their apprehensions were not +ill founded; and many of them, in consequence of the hostile movements +which were being made, and the robberies which were committed, +ascended the Ohio river to Wheeling. + +It is not known that any murders were done previously to this, and +subsequently to the attack and repulse of the emigrants who were led +on by Boone in 1773. This event happened on the tenth day of October; +and it was in April the ensuing year, that the land adventurers +retired to Wheeling. In this interval of time, nothing could, perhaps, +be done by the Indians, but make preparation [111] for hostilities in +the spring. Indeed it very rarely happens, that the Indians engage in +active war during the winter; and there is, moreover, a strong +presumption, that they were for some time ignorant of the fact that +there were adventurers in the country; and consequently, they knew of +no object there, on which their hostile intentions could operate.--Be +this as it may, it is certain that, from the movements of the Indians +at the close of the winter, the belief was general, that they were +assuming a warlike attitude, and meditating a continuance of +hostilities. War was certainly begun on their part, when Boone and his +associates, were attacked and driven back to the settlement; and if it +abated for a season, that abatement was attributable to other causes, +than a disposition to remain quiet and peaceable, while the country +was being occupied by the whites. + +If other evidence were wanting, to prove the fact that the war of 1774 +had its origin in a determination of the Indians to repress the +extension of white settlements, it could be found in the circumstance, +that although it was terminated by the treaty with Lord Dunmore, yet +it revived as soon as attempts were again made to occupy Kentucky, and +was continued with increased ardour, 'till the victory obtained over +them by General Wayne. For, notwithstanding that in the struggle for +American liberty, those Indians became the allies of Great Britain, +yet when independence was acknowledged, and the English forces +withdrawn from the colonies, hostilities were still carried on by +them; and, as was then well understood, because of the continued +operation of those causes, which produced the war of 1774. That the +Canadian traders and British emissaries, prompted the Indians to +aggression, and extended to them every aid which they could, to render +that aggression more effectually oppressive and overwhelming, is +readily admitted. Yet this would not have led to a war, but for the +encroachments which have been mentioned. French influence, united to +the known jealousy of the Natives, would have been unavailingly +exerted to array the Indians against Virginia, at the commencement of +Braddock's war, but for the proceedings of the Ohio company, and the +fact that the Pennsylvania traders represented the object of that +association to be purely territorial. And equally fruitless would +have been their endeavor to involve them in a contest [112] with +Virginians at a later period, but for a like manifestation of an +intention to encroach on their domain. + +In the latter end of April 1774, a party of land adventurers, who had +fled from the dangers which threatened them below, came in collision +with some Indians, near the mouth of Captina, sixteen miles below +Wheeling. A slight skirmish ensued, which terminated in the +discomfiture of the whites, notwithstanding they had only one man +wounded, and one or two of the enemy were killed. About the same time, +happened the affair opposite the mouth of Yellow creek; a stream +emptying into the Ohio river from the northwest, nearly midway between +Pittsburg and Wheeling.[10] + +In consequence of advices received of the menacing conduct of the +Indians, Joshua Baker (who lived at this place) was preparing, +together with his neighbors, to retire for safety, into some of the +nearer forts, or to go to the older and more populous settlements, +remote from danger. There was at that time a large party of Indians, +encamped on both sides of Yellow creek, at its entrance into the +river; and although in their intercourse at Baker's, they had not +manifested an intention of speedily commencing depredations, yet he +deemed his situation in the immediate contiguity of them, as being far +from secure, and was on the eve of abandoning it, when a party of +whites, who had just collected at his house, fired upon and killed +some Indians, who were likewise there.--Among them were the brother +and daughter of the celebrated chief, Logan.[11] + +In justification of this conduct it has been said, that on the +preceding evening a squaw came over from the encampment and informed +Mrs. Baker that the Indians meditated the murder of her family on the +next day; and that before the firing [113] at Baker's, two canoes, +containing Indians painted and armed for war, were seen to leave the +opposite shore. Under these circumstances, an apparently slight +provocation, and one, which would not perhaps have been, otherwise +heeded, produced the fatal result. As the canoes approached the shore, +the party from Baker's commenced firing on them, and notwithstanding +the opposition made by the Indians, forced them to retire. + +An interval of quiet succeeded the happening of these events; but it +was as the solemn stillness which precedes the eruption of an +earthquake, when a volcanic explosion has given notice of its +approach;--rendered more awful by the uncertainty where its desolating +influence would be felt. It was however, a stillness of but short +duration. The gathering storm soon burst over the devoted heads of +those, who had neglected to seek a shelter from its wrath. The traders +in the Indian country were the first victims sacrificed on the altar +of savage ferocity; and a general massacre of all the whites found +among them, quickly followed. A young man, discovered near the falls +of Muskingum and within sight of White Eyes town, was murdered, +scalped; literally cut to pieces, and the mangled members of his body, +hung up on trees. White Eyes, a chief of the friendly Delawares, +hearing the scalp halloo, went out with a party of his men; and seeing +what had been done, collected the scattered limbs of the young man, +and buried them. On the next day, they were torn from the ground, +severed into smaller pieces, and thrown dispersedly at greater +distances from each other. + +[114] Apprized of impending danger, many of the inhabitants on the +frontiers of North Western Virginia, retired into the interior, before +any depredations were committed, in the upper country; some took +refuge in forts which had been previously built; while others, +collecting together at particular houses, converted them into +temporary fortresses, answering well the purposes of protection, to +those who sought shelter in them. Fort Redstone, which had been +erected after the successful expedition of General Forbes; and Fort +Pitt, at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, +afforded an asylum to many. Several private forts were likewise +established in various parts of the country;[12] and every thing which +individual exertion could effect, to ensure protection to the border +inhabitants, was done. + +Nor did the colonial government of Virginia neglect the security of +her frontier citizens. When intelligence of the hostile disposition of +the Natives, reached Williamsburg, the house of Burgesses was in +session; and measures were immediately adopted, to prevent massacres, +and to restore tranquillity. That these objects might be the more +certainly accomplished, it was proposed by General Andrew Lewis (then +a delegate from Bottetourt,) to organize a force, sufficient to +overcome all intermediate opposition, and to carry the war into the +enemy's country. In accordance to this proposition, orders were issued +by Governor Dunmore for raising the requisite number of troops, and +for making other necessary preparations for the contemplated campaign; +the plan of which was concerted by the Governor, Gen. Lewis and +Colonel Charles Lewis (then a delegate from Augusta.) But as some time +must necessarily have elapsed before the consummation of the +preparations which were being made; and as much individual suffering +might result from the delays unavoidably incident to the raising, +equipping and [115] organizing a large body of troops, it was deemed +advisable to take some previous and immediate step to prevent the +invasion of exposed and defenceless portions of the country.--The best +plan for the accomplishment of this object was believed to be, the +sending of an advance army into the Indian country, of sufficient +strength to act offensively, before a confederacy could be formed of +the different tribes, and their combined forces be brought into the +field. A sense of the exposed situation of their towns in the +presence of an hostile army, requiring the entire strength of every +village for its defence, would, it was supposed, call home those +straggling parties of warriors, by which destruction is so certainly +dealt to the helpless and unprotected. In conformity with this part of +the plan of operations, four hundred men, to be detailed from the +militia west of the mountains, were ordered to assemble at Wheeling as +soon as practicable. And in the mean time, lest the surveyors and land +adventurers, who were then in Kentucky, might be discovered and fall a +prey to the savages, Daniel Boone was sent by the Governor to the +falls of Ohio, to conduct them home from thence, through the +wilderness; the only practicable road to safety, the Ohio river being +so effectually guarded as to preclude the hope of escaping up it.[13] + +Early in June, the troops destined to make an incursion into the +Indian country, assembled at Wheeling, and being placed under the +command of Colonel Angus McDonald, descended the Ohio to the mouth of +Captina. Debarking, at this place, from their boats and canoes, they +took up their march to Wappatomica, an Indian town on the Muskingum. +The country through which the army had to pass, was one unbroken +forest, presenting many obstacles to its speedy advance, not the least +of which was the difficulty of proceeding directly to the point +proposed.[14] To obviate this, however, they were accompanied by three +persons in the capacity of guides;[15] whose knowledge of the woods, +and familiarity with those natural indices, which so unerringly mark +the direction of the principal points, enabled them to pursue the +direct course.--When they had approached within six miles of the town, +the [116] army encountered an opposition from a party of fifty or +sixty Indians lying in ambush; and before these could be dislodged, +two whites were killed, and eight or ten wounded;--one Indian was +killed, and several wounded. They then proceeded to Wappatomica +without further molestation.[16] + +When the army arrived at the town, it was found to be entirely +deserted. Supposing that it would cross the river, the Indians had +retreated to the opposite bank, and concealing themselves behind trees +and fallen timber, were awaiting that movement in joyful anticipation +of a successful surprise.--Their own anxiety and the prudence of the +commanding officer, however, frustrated that expectation. Several were +discovered peeping from their covert, watching the motion of the army; +and Colonel McDonald, suspecting their object, and apprehensive that +they would recross the river and attack him in the rear, stationed +videttes above and below, to detect any such purpose, and to apprise +him of the first movement towards effecting it. Foiled by these +prudent and precautionary measures and seeing their town in possession +of the enemy, with no prospect of wresting it from them, 'till +destruction would have done its work, the Indians sued for peace; and +the commander of the expedition consenting to negotiate with them, if +he could be assured of their sincerity, five chiefs were sent over as +hostages, and the army then crossed the river, with these in front. + +When a negotiation was begun, the Indians asked, that one of the +hostages might be permitted to go and convoke the other chiefs, +whose presence, it was alleged, would be necessary to the ratification +of a peace. One was accordingly released; and not returning at the +time specified, another was then sent, who in like manner failed +to return. Colonel McDonald, suspecting some treachery, marched +forward to the next town, above Wappatomica, where another slight +engagement took place, in which one Indian was killed and one white +man wounded. It was then ascertained, that the time which should +have been spent in collecting the other chiefs, preparatory to +negotiation, had been employed in removing their old men, their women +and children, together with what property could be readily taken +off, and for making preparations for a combined attack on the +Virginia troops. To punish this duplicity and to render peace +really desirable, Col. McDonald burned their towns and destroyed +their crops; [117] and being then in want of provisions, retraced his +steps to Wheeling, taking with him the three remaining hostages, who +were then sent on to Williamsburg.[17] + +The inconvenience of supplying provisions to an army in the +wilderness, was a serious obstacle to the success of expeditions +undertaken against the Indians. The want of roads, at that early +period, which would admit of transportation in wagons, rendered it +necessary to resort to pack horses; and such was at times the +difficulty of procuring these, that, not unfrequently, each soldier +had to be the bearer of his entire stock of subsistence for the whole +campaign. When this was exhausted, a degree of suffering ensued, often +attended with consequences fatal to individuals, and destructive to +the objects of the expedition. In the present case, the army being +without provisions before they left the Indian towns, their only +sustenance consisted of weeds, an ear of corn each day, and +occasionally, a small quantity of venison: it being impracticable to +hunt game in small parties, because of the vigilance and success of +the Indians, in watching and cutting off detachments of this kind, +before they could accomplish their purpose and regain the main army. + +No sooner had the troops retired from the Indian country, than the +savages, in small parties, invaded the settlements in different +directions, seeking opportunities of gratifying their insatiable +thirst for blood. And although the precautions which had been taken, +lessened the frequency of their success, yet they did not always +prevent it. Persons leaving the forts on any occasion, were almost +always either murdered or carried into captivity,--a lot sometimes +worse than death itself. + +Perhaps the first of these incursions into North Western Virginia, +after the destruction of the towns on the Muskingum, was that made by +a party of eight Indians, at the head of which was the Cayuga chief +Logan.[18] This very celebrated [118] Indian is represented as having +hitherto, observed towards the whites, a course of conduct by no means +in accordance with the malignity and steadfast implacability which +influenced his red brethren generally; but was, on the contrary, +distinguished by a sense of humanity, and a just abhorrence of those +cruelties so frequently inflicted on the innocent and unoffending, as +well as upon those who were really obnoxious to savage enmity. Such +indeed were the acts of beneficence which characterized him, and so +great his partiality for the English, that the finger of his brethren +would point to his cabin as the residence of Logan, "the friend of +white men." "In the course of the French war, he remained at home, +idle and inactive;" opposed to the interference of his nation, "an +advocate for peace." When his family fell before the fury of +exasperated men, he felt himself impelled to avenge their deaths; and +exchanging the pipe of peace, for the tomahawk of war, became active +in seeking opportunities to glut his vengeance.[19] With this object +in view, at the head of the party which has been mentioned, he +traversed the county from the Ohio to the West Fork, before an +opportunity was presented him of achieving any mischief. Their +distance from what was supposed would be the theatre of war, had +rendered the inhabitants of that section of country, comparatively +inattentive to their safety. Relying on the expectation that the first +blow would be struck on the Ohio, and that they would have sufficient +notice of this to prepare for their own security, before danger could +reach them, many had continued to perform the ordinary business of +their farms. + +On the 12th day of July, as William Robinson, Thomas Hellen and +Coleman Brown were pulling flax in a field opposite the mouth of +Simpson's creek, Logan and his party approached unperceived and fired +at them. Brown fell instantly; his body perforated by several balls; +and Hellen and Robinson [119] unscathed, sought safety in flight. +Hellen being then an old man, was soon overtaken and made captive; but +Robinson, with the elasticity of youth, ran a considerable distance +before he was taken; and but for an untoward accident might have +effected an escape. Believing that he was outstripping his pursuers, +and anxious to ascertain the fact, he looked over his shoulder, but +before he discovered the Indian giving chase, he ran with such +violence against a tree, that he fell, stunned by the shock and lay +powerless and insensible. In this situation he was secured with a +cord; and when he revived, was taken back to the place where the +Indians had Hellen in confinement, and where lay the lifeless body of +Brown. They then set off to their towns, taking with them a horse +which belonged to Hellen. + +When they had approached near enough to be distinctly heard, Logan (as +is usual with them after a successful scout,) gave the scalp halloo, +and several warriors came out to meet them, and conducted the +prisoners into the village. Here they passed through the accustomed +ceremony of running the gauntlet; but with far different fortunes. +Robinson, having been previously instructed by Logan (who from the +time he made him his prisoner, manifested a kindly feeling towards +him,) made his way, with but little interruption, to the council +house; but poor Hellen, from the decrepitude of age, and his ignorance +of the fact that it was a place of refuge, was sadly beaten before he +arrived at it; and when he at length came near enough, he was knocked +down with a war club, before he could enter. After he had fallen, they +continued to beat and strike him with such unmerciful severity, that +he would assuredly have fallen a victim to their barbarous usage, but +that Robinson (at some peril for the interference) reached forth his +hand and drew him within the sanctuary. When he had however, recovered +from the effects of the violent beating which he had received, he was +relieved from the apprehension of farther suffering, by being adopted +into an Indian family. + +A council was next convoked to resolve on the fate of Robinson; and +then arose in his breast, feelings of the most anxious inquietude. +Logan assured him, that he should not be killed; but the council +appeared determined that he should die, and he was tied to the stake. +Logan then addressed them, and with much vehemence, insisted that +Robinson too should be spared; and had the eloquence displayed on that +occasion been less than Logan is believed to have possessed, [120] it +is by no means wonderful that he appeared to Robinson (as he +afterwards said) the most powerful orator he ever heard. But +commanding as his eloquence might have been, it seems not to have +prevailed with the council; for Logan had to interpose otherwise than +by argument or entreaty, to succeed in the attainment of his object. +Enraged at the pertinacity with which the life of Robinson was sought +to be taken, and reckless of the consequences, he drew the tomahawk +from his belt, and severing the cords which bound the devoted victim +to the stake, led him in triumph, to the cabin of an old squaw, by +whom he was immediately adopted. + +After this, so long as Logan remained in the town where Robinson was, +he was kind and attentive to him; and when preparing to go again to +war, got him to write the letter which was afterwards found on +Holstein at the house of a Mr. Robertson, whose family were all +murdered by the Indians. Robinson remained with his adopted mother, +until he was redeemed under the treaty concluded at the close of the +Dunmore campaign. + +----- + [1] Mr. Jefferson, in his Notes on Virginia, represents this + as happening at Grave creek, which empties into the Ohio from + the south eastern, or Virginia side of this river, twelve miles + below Wheeling. Those who lived near at the time and are + supposed to have had the best opportunity of ascertaining the + fact, say that it happened near the mouth of Captina, a creek + sixteen miles below Wheeling, and on the Ohio side. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--What is called the "Captina affair" + happened April 27th, at Pipe Creek, emptying into the Ohio from + the west, fourteen miles below Wheeling, and six above Captina + Creek. Two friendly Shawnees were killed here by a party + commanded by Michael Cresap, of Redstone, who at the time was + in the neighborhood of Wheeling, surveying and clearing farms + for new settlers. Cresap and his men, among whom was George + Rogers Clark, then a young surveyor who had a claim at the + mouth of Fish Creek, thereupon started out to destroy Chief + Logan's camp, at Baker's Bottom, opposite the mouth of Yellow + Creek, fifty-three miles up the Ohio, and forty miles west of + Pittsburg by land; but as Logan was a well-known friend of the + whites, they became ashamed of their project, and marched on + across country to Fort Redstone. Meanwhile, as will be seen in + due course, others were preparing to destroy Logan's band, and + on April 30th occurred that infamous massacre which Logan + wrongly believed to be Cresap's work. + + [2] Capt. Bull was a Delaware chief whose original village + of Oghkwaga was on Unadilla Kiver, an eastern branch of the + Susquehanna, in what is now Boone county, N. Y. He had been the + prime mover in an attempt to interest the Delawares in + Pontiac's conspiracy (1763). In March, 1764, a strong party of + whites and friendly Indians were sent out to capture him, by + Sir William Johnson, English Indian superintendent in New York. + After a sharp struggle, Bull and a number of his adherents were + captured and conveyed in irons to New York City, where they + were imprisoned for a time, but finally discharged. The + Delaware towns on the Unadilla having been burned, Bull and + five families of his relatives settled what the whites called + Bulltown, on the Little Kanawha. This was at a salt spring + about a mile and a quarter below the present Bulltown P. O., + Braxton county, Va. Capt. Bull and his people were inoffensive, + and very friendly to their white neighbors, as our author + says.--R. G. T. + + [3] Adam Stroud lived on Elk River, a few miles south of + Indian Bulltown. The massacre of his family--his wife and seven + children--occurred in June, 1772. Shawnees were the murderers, + and not Bull's people.--R. G. T. + + [4] Mr. McWhorter writes me that two others were Jesse + Hughes and John Cutright (corruption of Cartwright?), both of + them settlers on Hacker's Creek. Hughes was a noted border + scout, but a man of fierce, unbridled passions, and so + confirmed an Indian hater that no tribesman, however peaceful + his record, was safe in his presence. Some of the most cruel + acts on the frontier are by tradition attributed to this man. + The massacre of the Bulltown Indians was accompanied by + atrocities as repulsive as any reported by captives in Indian + camps; of these there had long been traditions, but details + were not fully known until revealed by Cutright upon his + death-bed in 1852, when he had reached the age of 105 years. + Want of space alone prevents me from giving Mr. McWhorter's + narrative of Hughes's long and bloody career. "Hughes died," he + says, "in Jackson county, W. Va., at a date unknown to me, but + in very old age. While he was a great scout and Indian trader, + he never headed an expedition of note. This no doubt was + because of his fierce temperament, and bad reputation among his + own countrymen." In studying the annals of the border, we must + not fail to note that here and there were many savage-hearted + men among the white settlers, whose deeds were quite as + atrocious as any attributed to the red-skins. Current histories + of Indian warfare seldom recognize this fact.--R. G. T. + + [5] Lord Dunmore's War (1774) was a natural outgrowth of the + strained relations which had long existed between the savages + and the white colonists in their midst. As our author has made + clear, minor hostilities had broken out here and there ever + since the Pontiac uprising, but there had been no general + campaign since Bouquet's treaty in 1764. Affairs had come to + that pass by the early spring of 1774, that diplomacy was no + longer possible, and an Indian war was inevitable. It was + merely a question of detail, as to how and when. The immediate + cause of precipitation--not the cause of the war, for that lay + deeper--was the territorial dispute over the Ft. Pitt region, + between Virginia and Pennsylvania. Dunmore, as royal governor + of Virginia, had several reasons for bringing matters to a + head--he was largely interested in land speculations under + Virginia patents that would be vitiated if Pennsylvania, now + becoming aggressive, should succeed in planting her official + machinery at Ft. Pitt, which was garrisoned by Virginia; again, + his colonists were in a revolutionary frame of mind, and he + favored a distraction in the shape of a popular Indian war; + finally, it seemed as though a successful raid by Virginia + militia would clinch Virginia's hold on the country and the + treaty of peace that must follow would widen the area of + provincial lands and encourage Western settlements. April 25, + 1774, he issued a proclamation in which, after reference to + Pennsylvania's claims, it was asserted that Ft. Pitt was "in + danger of some annoyance from the Indians," and he called on + his local military commandant, the fire-eating Dr. John + Connolly, "to embody a sufficient number of men to repel any + insult." Connolly, evidently as part of a preconcerted plan, at + once (April 26) issued a circular letter to the excited + borderers, which was well calculated to arouse them, being in + effect a declaration of war against the Indians. The very next + day occurred the Pipe Creek affair, then came the Logan tragedy + at Baker's Bottom, three days later, and at once the war was on + at full-head.--R. G. T. + + [6] Of John Findlay (so he signed his name), "the + precursor and pilot of Daniel Boone to Kentucky," but little is + known and less has been published. Apparently he was a native + of the north of Ireland. In early life he emigrated to the + neighborhood of Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pa., a district + almost wholly settled by Scotch-Irish Protestants. In + February, 1752, we find him a trader among the Shawnees; the + following year, he was robbed and driven off. It is probable + that he served in the Pennsylvania frontier militia from the + opening of the French and Indian War (1754). Boone met him on + the Braddock campaign (1755), and they became fast friends. + Findlay had already (1752) been in Kentucky as far as the + Falls of the Ohio, in the course of his ramblings as a + trader, and inspired Boone with an intense desire to seek this + El Dorado of the West. It was in 1767, when settled near the + head of the Yadkin River, that Boone first tried to reach + Kentucky by way of the Sandy, but failed. In the winter of + 1768-69, Findlay, now a peddler, with a horse to carry his + traps, appeared at Boone's cabin on the Yadkin, and the two + old comrades had a happy time rehearsing their various + adventures during the thirteen years of separation. An + expedition to Kentucky was agreed upon, and the party set + out from Boone's cabin, May 1, 1769; it was composed of + Findlay, now advanced in years, Daniel Boone, the latter's + brother-in-law, John Stuart, and three Yadkin neighbors, + Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cooley. The story of + their expedition through Cumberland Gap, and their long hunt, + is now familiar to readers of Western history. Their + principal camp was probably on Red Lick Fork of Station Camp + Creek. In December, Stuart and Boone were captured by + Indians, but escaped early in January (1770), and on + rejoining their comrades on Rockcastle River found that + Daniel's brother, Squire, had arrived with fresh horses and + traps from the North Carolina home; and with him was + Alexander Neely, whom Squire had found on New (Great + Kanawha) River. Findlay, Holden, Mooney, and Cooley now + elected to return home, leaving the others to spend a longer + period in Kentucky; Findlay took the left-hand road through the + West Virginia settlements, to Pennsylvania, and the others, + turning to the right, wended their way to North Carolina + through Cumberland Gap. Not long after this, Stuart was + killed by Indians, while alone in the woods, and Neely, + discouraged by his fate, returned home. The story, often + copied from Withers, that Neely was killed by a wolf, is + erroneous. As for Findlay, he appears to have again become an + Indian trader in Western Pennsylvania; for late in 1771 he is + reported to have been robbed of $500 worth of goods, by a + Seneca war party raiding the Youghiogheny district. There is a + tradition that not long after this he "was lost in the wilds + of the West." Holden and Cooley spent the rest of their + days on the Upper Yadkin. Mooney was killed at the battle of + Point Pleasant (1774).--R. G. T. + + [7] The Boones and five other families set out from their + homes on the Yadkin, Sept. 25, 1773. In Powell's Valley they + were joined by forty people under Boone's brother-in-law, + William Bryan. While the main party were slowly advancing + through the valley, a small squad, under Boone's oldest son, + James, went on a side expedition for flour, cattle, and other + supplies. With these they had nearly caught up to the advance, + when, not knowing they were so near, they camped on the evening + of October 9 a few miles in the rear. Early in the morning of + the 10th, a small band of Shawnees and Cherokees, who were + nominally at peace with the whites, fell upon and, after cruel + tortures, slaughtered them. In Dunmore's speech at Fort Pitt, + this tragedy in Powell's Valley was alluded to as one of the + chief causes of the Indian war of 1774. At the Camp Charlotte + treaty (October, 1774), some of the plunder from this massacre + was delivered up by the savages. After the tragedy, the greater + part of the Kentucky caravan returned to their homes, but the + Boones spent the winter of 1773-74 at a settlement some forty + miles distant, on Clinch River. During the Dunmore War, Boone + was active as an Indian fighter.--R. G. T. + + [8] The leader of this party was Capt. Thomas Bullitt. He + was born in Fauquier county, Va., in 1730; was one of + Washington's captains at the Great Meadows (1754), and fought + gallantly with Braddock (1755) and Forbes (1758); in 1763, was + made adjutant-general of Virginia; during the early part of the + Revolution he held the same office in the Southern Department + of the United States, but resigned in 1776 because not + promoted; he died in Fauquier county, in 1778. The project of + Franklin, Walpole, and others to found the Colony of + Pittsylvania, with its seat at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, + greatly stimulated Western land speculation, and there was a + rush of those holding military land warrants to locate claims. + Lord Dunmore's agent at Fort Pitt, Dr. John Connolly--with whom + his lordship was doubtless in partnership--had large interests + of this character, and Bullitt went to the Falls of the Ohio + (1773) to survey lands for him. Bullitt had a surveyor's + commission from Williams and Mary College, but Col. William + Preston, county surveyor for Fincastle county--in which + Kentucky was then included--declined to recognize any but his + own deputies. Preston carried his point, and the lands were + re-surveyed the following year (1774) by his deputies. Bullitt + had laid off a town on this Connolly survey; but the Revolution + soon broke out, Bullitt was otherwise engaged, Dunmore was + deposed, Connolly was imprisoned, and the scheme fell through. + In 1778, George Rogers Clark camped at the Falls on his way to + the Illinois, and the garrison he established there grew into + the town of Louisville. With Bullitt's surveying party in 1773, + were James Douglas, James Harrod, James Sodousky, Isaac Hite, + Abraham Haptonstall, Ebenezer Severns, John Fitzpatrick, John + Cowan,--prominent names in later Kentucky history,--and + possibly others. George Rogers Clark was probably with the + party during a part of its canoe voyage down the Ohio, but + seems to have gone no farther than Big Bone Creek.--R. G. T. + + [9] This was done by a party of men from the Monongahela, + under the guidance of James Harrod; by whom was built the first + cabin for human habitancy ever erected in Kentucky. This was on + the present site of Harrodsburg. + + [10] These are the Pipe Creek and Baker's Bottom affairs, + respectively mentioned on pp. 134, 149, _notes_. Yellow Creek, + opposite Baker's Bottom, empties into the Ohio 51 miles below + Pittsburg; Wheeling is 91 miles below Pittsburg, and Pipe Creek + 104.--R. G. T. + + [11] There is some difficulty in fixing on the precise time + when these occurrences happened. Col. Ebenezer Zane says that + they took place in the latter part of April, and that the + affair at Captina preceded the one at Yellow creek a few days. + John Sappington, who was of the party at Baker's, and is said + to be the one who killed Logan's brother, says, the murders at + that place occurred on the 24th of May, and that the skirmish + at Captina was on the day before (23rd May.) Col. Andrew + Swearingen, a presbyterian gentleman of much respectability, + one of the early settlers near the Ohio above Wheeling, and + afterwards intimate with those engaged at both places, says + that the disturbance opposite Yellow creek preceded the + engagement [113] at Captina, and that the latter, as was then + generally understood, was caused by the conduct of the Indians, + who had been at Yellow creek and were descending the river, + exasperated at the murder of their friends at Baker's. Mr. + Benjamin Tomlinson, who was the brother-in-law of Baker and + living with him at the time, says that this circumstance + happened in May, but is silent as to the one at Captina. These + gentlemen all agree in the fact that Logan's people were + murdered at Baker's. Indeed Logan himself charges it as having + been done there. The statement of Sappington, that the murders + were caused by the abusive epithets of Logan's brother and his + taking the hat and coat of Baker's brother in law is confirmed + by Col. Swearingen and others; who also say that for some days + previous, the neighborhood generally had been engaged in + preparing to leave the country, in consequence of the menacing + conduct of the Indians. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--The date is now well established--April + 30. Withers is altogether too lenient, in his treatment of the + whites engaged in this wretched massacre. Logan, encamped at + the mouth of Yellow River, on the Ohio side, was a peaceful, + inoffensive Indian, against whom no man harbored a suspicion; + he was made a victim of race hatred, in a time of great popular + excitement. Joshua Baker, who was settled opposite him on + Baker's Bottom, in Virginia, kept a low grog-shop tavern, and + had recently been warned not to sell more liquor to Indians. + Daniel Greathouse lived in the vicinity--a cruel, bloodthirsty + fellow, who served Connolly as a local agent in fomenting + hatred of Indians. It will be remembered (p. 131, _note_) that + Cresap's party were intending to strike the camp of Logan, but + that they abandoned the project. In the meantime, probably + without knowledge of Cresap's intent, Greathouse had collected + a party of 32 borderers to accomplish the same end. Logan's + camp seemed too strong for them to attack openly; so they + secreted themselves in Baker's house, and when Logan's family, + men and women, came over to get their daily grog, and were + quite drunk, set upon them and slew and tomahawked nine or ten. + The chief, standing on the Ohio bank, heard the uproar and + witnessed the massacre; he naturally supposed that the + murderers were led by Cresap. From a friend of the whites, + Logan became their implacable enemy, and during the ensuing war + his forays were the bloodiest on the border. We shall hear of + him and his famous speech, later on. + + [12] It was then that Westfall's and Casinoe's forts were + erected in Tygart's valley,--Pricket's, on Pricket's + creek,--Jackson's on Ten Mile, and Shepherd's on Wheeling + creek, a few miles above its mouth. There were also others + established in various parts of the country and on the + Monongahela and Ohio rivers. Nutter's fort, near to Clarksburg, + afforded protection to the inhabitants on the West Fork, from + its source, to its confluence with the Valley river; and to + those who lived on Buchannon and on Hacker's creek, as well as + to the residents of its immediate vicinity. + + [13] June 20, Col. William Preston, having charge of the + defenses of Fincastle county, authorized Capt. William Russell + to employ two faithful woodsmen to go to Kentucky and inform + the several surveying parties at work there, of their danger. + June 26, Russell replied, "I have engaged to start immediately + on the occasion, two of the best hands I could think of--Daniel + Boone and Michael Stoner; who have engaged to reach the country + as low as the Falls, and to return by way of Gasper's Lick on + Cumberland, and through Cumberland Gap; so that, by the + assiduity of these men, if it is not too late, I hope the + gentlemen will be apprized of the imminent danger they are + daily in." + + Boone and Stoner journeyed overland to Harrodsburg, where + Col. James Harrod and thirty men were making improvements + and laying out the town. The thrifty Boone secured a good + lot, hastily built a claim cabin, and proceeded on his + tour. At Fontaine Blue, three miles below Harrodsburg, the + two scouts found another party of surveyors, whom they warned; + and in going down the Kentucky River came across Capt. John + Floyd's surveying party,--eight men, who had left Preston's + house for Kentucky, April 9,--who agreed to meet them farther + down the river. But circumstances prevented a reunion, and + Floyd's band penetrated through the wilderness on their own + account, and had a painful journey of sixteen days' duration + before reaching Russell's Fort on Clinch River. Meanwhile, + Boone and Stoner descended to the mouth of the Kentucky, and + thence to the Falls of the Ohio, and found more surveyors at + Mann's Lick, four miles southeast. Indians were making bloody + forays through the district, and the scouts had frequent + thrilling adventures. Finally, after having been absent + sixty-one days and travelled 800 miles, they reached Russell's + on the Clinch, in safety. Russell was absent on the Point + Pleasant campaign, and Boone set out with a party of recruits + to reinforce him, but was ordered back to defend the Clinch + settlements. He was busy at this task until the close of + the war. He was present at the Watauga treaty, March 17, 1775; + later that year, he led another band to Kentucky, and early + in April built Fort Boone, on Kentucky River, "a little below + Big Lick," the nucleus of the Henderson colony.--R. G. T. + + [14] The party numbered about four hundred men. The line of + march was about ninety miles in length, as estimated by the + zig-zag course pursued.--R. G. T. + + [15] They were Jonathan Zane, Thomas Nicholson and Tady + Kelly. A better woodsman than the first named of these three, + perhaps never lived. + + [16] Doddridge locates Wapatomica "about sixteen miles below + the present Coshocton." Butterfield (_History of the Girtys_) + places it "just below the present Zanesville, in Logan county, + Ohio, not a great distance from Mac-a-cheek." For localities of + Indian towns on the Muskingum, see map in St. John de Creve + Coeur's _Lettres d'un Cultivateur Americain_ (Paris, 1787), + III., p. 413.--R. G. T. + + [17] John Hargus, a private in Capt. Cresap's company, while + stationed as a vidette below the main army, observed an Indian + several times raising his head above his blind, and looking + over the river. Charging his rifle with a second ball, he + fired, and both bullets passed through the neck of the Indian, + who was found next day and scalped by Hargus. + + [18] Logan was the son of Shikellemus, a celebrated chief of + the Cayuga nation, who dwelt at Shamokin, and always attached + to the [118] English, was of much service to them on many + occasions. After the close of Dunmore's war, Logan became + gloomy and melancholy, drank freely and manifested symptoms of + mental derangement. He remained some time at Detroit, and while + there, his conduct and expressions evinced a weariness of the + world. Life he said had become a burden to him, he knew no more + what pleasure was, and thought it had been better if he had + never existed. In this disponding and disconsolate condition he + left Detroit, and on his way between that place and Miami, is + said to have been murdered. + + [19] See p. 149, _note_, for account of the massacre.--R. G. T. + + + + +[121] CHAPTER VII. + + +When information of the hostile deportment of the Indians was carried +to Williamsburg, Col. Charles Lewis sent a messenger with the +intelligence to Capt. John Stuart, and requesting of him, to apprize +the inhabitants on the Greenbrier river that an immediate war was +anticipated, and to send out scouts to watch the warrior's paths +beyond the settlements. The vigilance and activity of Capt. Stuart, +were exerted with some success, to prevent the re-exhibition of those +scenes which had been previously witnessed on Muddy creek and in the +Big Levels: but they could not avail to repress them altogether. + +In the course of the preceding spring, some few individuals had begun +to make improvements on the Kenhawa river below the Great Falls; and +some land adventurers, to examine and survey portions of the adjoining +country. To these men Capt. Stuart despatched an express, to inform +them that apprehensions were entertained of immediate irruptions being +made upon the frontiers by the Indians, and advising them to remove +from the position which they then occupied; as from its exposed +situation, without great vigilance and alertness, they must +necessarily fall a prey to the savages. + +When the express arrived at the cabin of Walter Kelly, twelve miles +below the falls, Capt. John Field of Culpepper (who had been in active +service during the French war, and was then engaged in making +surveys,) was there with a young Scotchman and a negro woman. Kelly +with great prudence, directly sent his family to Greenbrier, under the +care of a younger brother. But Capt. Field, considering the +apprehension as groundless, determined on remaining with Kelly, who +from prudential motives did not wish to subject himself to observation +by mingling with others.[1] Left with no persons but the Scotchman +and negro, they were not long permitted to doubt the reality of those +dangers, of which they had been forewarned by Capt Stuart. + +[122] Very soon after Kelly's family had left the cabin, and while yet +within hearing of it, a party of Indians approached, unperceived, near +to Kelly and Field, who were engaged in drawing leather from a tan +trough in the yard. The first intimation which Field had of their +approach was the discharge of several guns and the fall of Kelly. He +then ran briskly towards the house to get possession of a gun, but +recollecting that it was unloaded, he changed his course, and sprang +into a cornfield which screened him from the observation of the +Indians; who, supposing that he had taken shelter in the cabin, rushed +immediately into it. Here they found the Scotchman and the negro +woman, the latter of whom they killed; and making prisoner of the +young man, returned and scalped Kelly. + +When Kelly's family reached the Greenbrier settlement, they mentioned +their fears for the fate of those whom they had left on the Kenhawa, +not doubting but that the guns which they heard soon after leaving the +house, had been discharged at them by Indians. Capt. Stuart, with a +promptitude which must ever command admiration, exerted himself +effectually to raise a volunteer corps, and proceed to the scene of +action, with the view of ascertaining whether the Indians had been +there; and if they had, and he could meet with them, to endeavor to +punish them for the outrage, and thus prevent the repetition of +similar deeds of violence. + +They had not however gone far, before they were met by Capt. Field, +whose appearance of itself fully told the tale of woe. He had ran +upwards of eighty miles, naked except his shirt, and without food; his +body nearly exhausted by fatigue, anxiety and hunger, and his limbs +greviously lacerated with briers and brush. Captain Stuart, fearing +lest the success of the Indians might induce them to push immediately +for the settlements, thought proper to return and prepare for that +event. + +In a few weeks after this another party of Indians came to the +settlement on Muddy creek, and as if a certain fatality attended the +Kelly's, they alone fell victims to the incursion. As the daughter of +Walter Kelly was walking with her uncle (who had conducted the family +from the Kenhawa) some distance from the house, which had been +converted into a temporary fort, and in which they lived, they were +discovered and fired upon; the latter was killed and scalped, and the +former being overtaken in her flight, was carried into captivity. + +After the murder of Brown, and the taking of Hellen and Robinson, the +inhabitants on the Monongahela and its upper branches, alarmed for +their safety, retired into forts. But in the ensuing September, as +Josiah Pricket and Mrs. Susan Ox, who had left Pricket's fort for the +purpose of driving up their cows, were returning in the evening they +were way laid by a party of Indians, who had been drawn to the path by +the tinkling of the cowbell. Pricket was killed and scalped, and Mrs. +Ox taken prisoner. + +[123] It was in the course of this season, that Lewis Wetsel[2] first +gave promise of that daring and discretion, which were so fully +developed in his maturer years, and which rendered him among the most +fortunate and successful of Indian combatants. When about fourteen +years old, he and his brother Jacob, (still younger) were discovered +some distance from the house, by a party of Indians, who had been +prowling through the settlements on the Ohio river, with the +expectation of fortunately meeting with some opportunity of taking +scalps or making prisoners. As the boys were at some distance from +them, and in a situation too open to admit of their being approached +without perceiving those who should advance towards them, the Indians +determined on shooting the larger one, lest his greater activity might +enable him to escape. A shot was accordingly discharged at him, which, +partially taking effect and removing a portion of his breast bone, so +far deprived him of his wonted powers, that he was easily overtaken; +and both he and his brother were made prisoners. The Indians +immediately directed their steps towards their towns, and having +travelled about twenty miles beyond the Ohio river, encamped at the +Big Lick, on the waters of McMahon's creek, on the second night after +they had set off. When they had finished eating, the Indians laid +down, without confining the boys as on the preceding night, and soon +fell to sleep. After making some little movements to test the +soundness of their repose, Lewis whispered to his brother that he must +get up and go home with him; and after some hesitation on the part of +Jacob, they arose and set off. Upon getting about 100 yards from the +camp, Lewis stopped, and telling his brother to await there, returned +to the camp and brought from thence a pair of mocasons for each of +them. He then observed, that he would again go back and get his +father's gun; this he soon effected, and they then commenced their +journey home. The moon shining brightly, they were easily able to +distinguish the trail which they had made in going out; but had not +however pursued it far, before they heard the Indians coming in +pursuit of them. So soon as Lewis perceived by the sound of their +voices that they were approaching tolerably near to them, he led his +brother aside from the path, and squatting down, concealed themselves +'till their pursuers had passed them; when they again commenced +travelling and in the rear of the Indians. Not overtaking the boys as +soon as was expected, those who had been sent after them, began to +retrace their steps. Expecting this, the boys were watchful of every +noise or object before them, and when they heard the Indians +returning, again secreted themselves in the bushes, and escaped +observation. They were then followed by two, of the party who had made +them prisoners, on horseback; but by practising the same stratagem, +they eluded them also; and on the next day reached the Ohio river +opposite to Wheeling. Apprehensive that it would be dangerous to +apprize those on the opposite side of the river of their situation, by +hallooing, Lewis set himself to work as silently, and yet as +expeditiously [124] as possible, and with the aid of his little +brother, soon completed a raft on which they safely crossed the Ohio; +and made their way home. + +That persons, should, by going out from the forts, when the Indians +were so generally watching around them, expose themselves to captivity +or death, may at first appear strange and astonishing. But when the +mind reflects on the tedious and irksome confinement, which they were +compelled to undergo; the absence of the comforts, and frequently, of +the necessaries of life, coupled with an overweening attachment to the +enjoyment of forest scenes and forest pastimes, it will perhaps be +matter of greater astonishment that they did not more frequently +forego the security of a fortress, for the uncertain enjoyment of +those comforts and necessaries, and the doubtful gratification of this +attachment. Accustomed as they had been "free to come and free to go," +they could not brook the restraint under which they were placed; and +rather than chafe and pine in unwilling confinement, would put +themselves at hazard, that they might revel at large and wanton in the +wilderness. Deriving their sustenance chiefly from the woods, the +strong arm of necessity led many to tempt the perils which environed +them; while to the more chivalric and adventurous "the danger's self +were lure alone." The quiet and stillness which reigned around, even +when the enemy were lurking nearest and in greater numbers, inspired +many too, with the delusive hope of exemption from risk, not +unfrequently the harbinger of fatal consequences. It seemed indeed, +impracticable at first to realize the existence of a danger, which +could not be perceived. And not until taught by reiterated suffering +did they properly appreciate the perilous situation of those, who +ventured beyond the walls of their forts. But this state of things was +of short duration. The preparations, which were necessary to be made +for the projected campaign into the Indian country, were completed; +and to resist this threatened invasion, required the concentrated +exertions of all their warriors. + +The army destined for this expedition, was composed of volunteers and +militia, chiefly from the counties west of the Blue ridge, and +consisted of two divisions. The northern division, comprehending the +troops, collected in Frederick, Dunmore,[3] and the adjacent counties, +was to be commanded by Lord Dunmore, in person;[4] and the southern, +comprising the different companies raised in Botetourt, Augusta and +the adjoining counties east of the Blue ridge, was to be led on by +Gen. Andrew Lewis. These two divisions, proceeding by different +routes, were to form a junction at the mouth of the Big Kenhawa, and +from thence penetrate the country north west of the Ohio river, as far +as the season would admit of their going; and destroy all the Indian +towns and villages which they could reach. + +About the first of September, the troops placed under the command +[125] of Gen. Lewis rendezvoused at Camp Union (now Lewisburg) and +consisted of two regiments, commanded by Col. William Fleming of +Botetourt and Col. Charles Lewis of Augusta, and containing about four +hundred men each. At Camp Union they were joined by an independent +volunteer company under Col. John Field of Culpepper; a company from +Bedford under Capt. Buford and two from the Holstein settlement (now +Washington county) under Capts. Evan Shelby and Harbert. These three +latter companies were part of the forces to be led on by Col. +Christian, who was likewise to join the two main divisions of the army +at Point Pleasant, so soon as the other companies of his regiment +could be assembled. The force under Gen. Lewis, having been thus +augmented to eleven hundred men, commenced its march for the mouth of +Kenhawa on the 11th of September 1774.[5] + +From Camp Union to the point proposed for the junction of the northern +and southern divisions of the army, a distance of one hundred and +sixty miles, the intermediate country was a trackless forest, so +rugged and mountainous as to render the progress of the army, at once, +tedious and laborious. Under the guidance of Capt. Matthew Arbuckle, +they however, succeeded in reaching the Ohio river after a march of +nineteen days; and fixed their encampment on the point of land +immediately between that river and the Big Kenhawa.[6] The provisions +and ammunition, transported on packhorses, and the beeves in droves, +arrived soon after. + +When the army was preparing to leave Camp Union, there was for a while +some reluctance manifested on the part of Col. Field to submit to the +command of Gen. Lewis. This proceeded from the fact, that in a former +military service, he had been the senior of Gen. Lewis; and from the +circumstance that the company led on by him were Independent +Volunteers, not raised in pursuance of the orders of Governor Dunmore, +but brought into the field by his own exertions, after his escape from +the Indians at Kelly's. These circumstances induced him to separate +his men from the main body of the army on its march, and to take a +different way from the one pursued by it,--depending on his own +knowledge of the country to lead them a practicable route to the +river.[7] + +While thus detached from the forces under Gen. Lewis, two of his men +(Clay and Coward) who were out hunting and at some little distance +from each other, came near to where two Indians were concealed. Seeing +Clay only, and supposing him to be alone, one of them fired at him; +and running up to scalp him as he fell, was himself shot by Coward, +who was then about 100 yards off. The other Indian ran off unarmed, +and made his escape. A bundle of ropes found where Clay was killed, +induced the belief that it was the object of these Indians to steal +horses;--it is not however improbable, that they had been observing +the progress of the army, and endeavoring to ascertain its numbers. +Col. Field, fearing that he might [126] encounter a party of the enemy +in ambush, redoubled his vigilance 'till he again joined General +Lewis; and the utmost concert and harmony then prevailed in the whole +army.[8] + +When the Southern division arrived at Point Pleasant, Governor Dunmore +with the forces under his command, had not reached there; and unable +to account for his failure to form the preconcerted junction at that +place, it was deemed advisable to await that event; as by so doing, a +better opportunity would be afforded to Col. Christian of coming up, +with that portion of the army, which was then with him.[9] Meanwhile +General Lewis, to learn the cause of the delay of the Northern +division, despatched runners by land, in the direction of Port Pitt, +to obtain tidings of Lord Dunmore, and to communicate them to him +immediately. In their absence, however, advices were received from his +Lordship, that he had determined on proceeding across the country, +directly to the Shawanee towns; and ordering General Lewis to cross +the river, march forward and form a junction with him, near to them. +These advices were received on the 9th of October, and preparations +were immediately begun to be made for the transportation of the troops +over the Ohio river.[10] + +Early on the morning of Monday the tenth of that month, two +soldiers[11] left the camp, and proceeded up the Ohio river, in quest +of deer. When they had progressed about two miles, they unexpectedly +came in sight of a large number of Indians, rising from their +encampment, and who discovering the two hunters fired upon them and +killed one;--the other escaped unhurt, and running briskly to the +camp, communicated the intelligence, "that he had seen a body of the +enemy, covering four acres of ground as closely as they could stand by +the side of each other." The main part of the army was immediately +ordered out under Colonels Charles Lewis,[12] and William Fleming; and +having formed into two lines, [127] they proceeded about four hundred +yards, when they met the Indians, and the action commenced. + +At the first onset, Colonel Charles Lewis having fallen, and Colonel +Fleming being wounded, both lines gave way and were retreating briskly +towards the camp, when they were met by a reinforcement under Colonel +Field,[13] and rallied. The engagement then became general, and was +sustained with the most obstinate fury on both sides. The Indians +perceiving that the "tug of war" had come, and determined on affording +the Colonial army no chance of escape, if victory should declare for +them, formed a line extending across the point, from the Ohio to the +Kenhawa, and protected in front, by logs and fallen timber. In this +situation they maintained the contest with unabated vigor, from +sunrise 'till towards the close of evening; bravely and successfully +resisting every charge which was made on them; and withstanding the +impetuosity of every onset, with the most invincible firmness, until a +fortunate movement on the part of the Virginia troops, decided the +day. + +Some short distance above the entrance of the Kenhawa river into Ohio, +there is a stream, called Crooked creek, emptying into the former +of these, from the North east,[14] whose banks are tolerably high, +and were then covered with a thick and luxuriant growth of weeds. +Seeing the impracticability of dislodging the Indians, by the most +vigorous attack, and sensible of the great danger, which must +arise to his army, if the contest were not decided before night, +General Lewis detached the three companies which were commanded by +Captains Isaac Shelby, George Matthews, and John Stuart, with orders +to proceed up the Kenhawa river, and Crooked creek under cover of +the banks and weeds, 'till they should [128] pass some distance +beyond the enemy; when they were to emerge from their covert, +march downward towards the point and attack the Indians in their +rear.[15] The manoeuvre thus planned, was promptly executed, and gave +a decided victory to the Colonial army. The Indians finding themselves +suddenly and unexpectedly encompassed between two armies, & not +doubting but that in their rear, was the looked for reinforcement +under Colonel Christian, soon gave way, and about sun down, +commenced a precipitate retreat across the Ohio, to their towns on +the Scioto. + +Some short time after the battle had ended, Colonel Christian arrived +with the troops which he had collected in the settlements on the +Holstein, and relieved the anxiety of many who were disposed to +believe the retreat of the Indians to be only a feint;[16] and that +an attack would be again speedily made by them, strengthened and +reinforced by those of the enemy who had been observed during the +engagement, on the opposite side of the Ohio and Kenhawa rivers. But +these had been most probably stationed there, in anticipation of +victory, to prevent the Virginia troops from effecting a retreat +across those rivers, (the only possible chance of escape, had they +been overpowered by the enemy in their front;) and the loss sustained +by the Indians was too great, and the prospect of a better fortune, +too gloomy and unpromising, for them to enter again into an +engagement. Dispirited by the bloody repulse with which they had met, +they hastened to their towns, better disposed to purchase security +from farther hostilities by negotiation, than risk another battle with +an army whose strength and prowess, they had already tested; and found +superior to their own. The victory indeed, was decisive, and many +advantages were obtained by it; but they were not cheaply bought. The +Virginia army sustained, in this engagement, a loss of seventy-five +killed, and one hundred and forty wounded.--About one fifth of the +entire number of the troops. + +Among the slain were Colonels Lewis and Field; Captains Buford, +Morrow, Wood, Cundiff, Wilson, and Robert McClannahan; and Lieutenants +Allen, Goldsby and Dillon, with some other subalterns. The loss of the +enemy could not be ascertained. On the morning after the action, +Colonel Christian marched his men over the battle ground and found +twenty-one of the Indians lying dead; and twelve others [129] were +afterwards discovered, where they had been attempted to be concealed +under some old logs and brush.[17] + +From the great facility with which the Indians either carry off or +conceal their dead, it is always difficult to ascertain the number of +their slain; and hence arises, in some measure, the disparity between +their known loss and that sustained by their opponents in battle. +Other reasons for this disparity, are to be found in their peculiar +mode of warfare, and in the fact, that they rarely continue a contest, +when it has to be maintained with the loss of their warriors. It would +not be easy otherwise to account for the circumstance, that even when +signally vanquished, the list of their slain does not, frequently, +appear more than half as great, as that of the victors. In this +particular instance, many of the dead were certainly thrown into the +river. + +Nor could the number of the enemy engaged, be ever ascertained. Their +army is known to have been composed of warriors from the different +nations, north of the Ohio; and to have comprised the flower of the +Shawanee, Delaware, Mingo, Wyandotte and Cayuga tribes; led on by men, +whose names were not unknown to fame,[18] and at the head of whom was +Cornstalk, Sachem of the Shawanees, and King of the Northern +Confederacy.[19] + +This distinguished chief and consummate warrior, proved himself on +that day, to be justly entitled to the prominent station which he +occupied. His plan of alternate retreat & attack, was well conceived, +and occasioned the principal loss sustained by the writes. If at any +time his warriors were believed to waver, his voice could be heard +above the din of arms, exclaiming in his native tongue, "Be strong! Be +strong;" and when one near him, by trepidation and reluctance to +proceed to the charge, evinced a dastardly disposition, fearing the +example might have a pernicious influence, with one blow of the +tomahawk he severed his skull. It was perhaps a solitary instance in +which terror predominated. Never did men exhibit a more conclusive +evidence of bravery, in making a charge, and fortitude in withstanding +an onset, than did these undisciplined soldiers of the forest, in the +[130] field at Point Pleasant. Such too was the good conduct of those +who composed the army of Virginia, on that occasion; and such the +noble bravery of many, that high expectations were entertained of +their future distinction. Nor were those expectations disappointed. In +the various scenes through which they subsequently passed, the pledge +of after eminence then given, was fully redeemed; and the names of +Shelby, Campbell, Matthews, Fleming, Moore, and others, their +compatriots in arms on the memorable tenth of October, 1774, have been +inscribed in brilliant characters on the roll of fame.[20] + +Having buried the dead, and made every arrangement of which their +situation admitted, for the comfort of the wounded, entrenchments were +thrown up, and the army commenced its march to form a junction with +the northern division, under Lord Dunmore. Proceeding by the way of +the Salt Licks, General Lewis pressed forward with astonishing +rapidity (considering that the march was through a trackless desert); +but before he had gone far, an express arrived from Dunmore, with +orders to return immediately to the mouth of the Big Kenhawa. +Suspecting the integrity of his Lordship's motives, and urged by the +advice of his officers generally, General [131] Lewis refused to obey +these orders; and continued to advance 'till he was met, (at Kilkenny +creek, and in sight of an Indian village, which its inhabitants had +just fired and deserted,) by the Governor, (accompanied by White +Eyes,) who informed him, that he was negotiating a treaty of peace +which would supersede the necessity of the further movement of the +Southern division, and repeating the order for its retreat. + +The army under General Lewis had endured many privations and suffered +many hardships. They had encountered a savage enemy in great force, +and purchased a victory with the blood of their friends. When arrived +near to the goal of their anxious wishes, and with nothing to prevent +the accomplishment of the object of the campaign; they received those +orders with evident chagrin; and did not obey them without murmuring. +Having, at his own request, been introduced severally to the officers +of that division; complimenting them for their gallantry and good +conduct in the late engagement, and assuring them of his high esteem, +Lord Dunmore returned to his camp; and General Lewis commenced his +retreat.[21] + +If before the opening of this campaign, the belief was prevalent, that +to the conduct of emissaries from Great Britain, because of the +contest then waging between her and her American colonies, the Indian +depredations of that year, were mainly attributable; that belief had +become more general, and had received strong confirmation, from the +more portentous aspect which that contest had assumed, prior to the +battle at Point Pleasant. The destruction of the tea at Boston had +taken place in the March preceding. The _Boston Port Bill_, the signal +for actual conflict between the colonies and mother country, had been +received early in May. The house of Burgesses in Virginia, being in +session at the time, recommended that the first of June, the day on +which that bill was to go into operation, be observed throughout the +colony "as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, imploring the +divine interposition to avert the heavy calamity which threatened +destruction to their civil rights, and the evils of a civil war." In +consequence of this recommendation and its accompanying resolutions, +the Governor had dissolved the Assembly. The Legislature of +Massachusetts had likewise passed declaratory resolutions, expressive +of their sense of the state of public affairs and the designs of +Parliament; and which led [132] to their dissolution also. The +committee of correspondence at Boston, had framed and promulgated an +agreement, which induced Governor Gage, to issue a proclamation, +denouncing it as "an unlawful, hostile and traitorous combination, +contrary to the allegiance due to the King, destructive of the legal +authority of Parliament, and of the peace, good order, and safety of +the community;" and requiring of the magistrates, to apprehend and +bring to trial, all such as should be in any wise guilty of them. A +congress, composed of delegates from the different colonies, and +convened for the purpose "of uniting and guiding the councils, and +directing the efforts of North America," had opened its session on the +4th of September. In fine, the various elements of that tempest, which +soon after overspread the thirteen united colonies, had been already +developed, and were rapidly concentrating, before the orders for the +retreat of the Southern division of the army, were issued by Lord +Dunmore. How far these were dictated by a spirit of hostility to the +cause of the colonies, and of subservience to the interests of Great +Britain, in the approaching contest, may be inferred from his conduct +during the whole campaign; and the course pursued by him, on his +return to the seat of government. If indeed there existed (as has been +supposed,) between the Indians and the Governor from the time of his +arrival with the Northern Division of the army at Fort Pitt, a secret +and friendly understanding, looking to the almost certain result of +the commotions which were agitating America, then was the battle at +Point Pleasant, virtually the first in the series of those brilliant +achievements which burst the bonds of British tyranny; and the blood +of Virginia, there nobly shed, was the first blood spilled in the +sacred cause of American liberty.[22] + +It has been already seen that Lord Dunmore failed to form a junction +with General Lewis, at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa, agreeably to +the plan for the campaign, as concerted at Williamsburg by the +commanding officer of each division. No reason for changing the +direction of his march, appears to have been assigned by him; and +others were left to infer his motives, altogether from circumstances. + +While at Fort Pitt Lord Dunmore was joined by the notorious Simon +Girty,[23] who accompanied him from thence 'till the close of the +expedition. The subsequent conduct of this man, his attachment to the +side of Great Britain, in her [133] attempts to fasten the yoke of +slavery upon the necks of the American people,--his withdrawal from +the garrison at Fort Pitt while commissioners were there for the +purpose of concluding a treaty with the Indians, as was stipulated in +the agreement made with them by Dunmore,--the exerting of his +influence over them, to prevent the chiefs from attending there, and +to win them to the cause of England,--his ultimate joining the savages +in the war which (very much from his instigation,) they waged against +the border settlements, soon after,--the horrid cruelties, and +fiendish tortures inflicted on unfortunate white captives by his +orders and connivance;--all combined to form an exact counterpart to +the subsequent conduct of Lord Dunmore when exciting the negroes to +join the British standard;--plundering the property of those who were +attached to the cause of liberty,--and applying the brand of +conflagration to the most flourishing town in Virginia. + +At Wheeling, as they were descending the river, the army delayed some +days; and while proceeding from thence to form a junction with the +division under general Lewis, was joined, near the mouth of the Little +Kenhawa, by the noted John Connoly, of great fame as a tory. + +Of this man, Lord Dunmore thence forward became an intimate associate; +and while encamped at the mouth of Hock Hocking--seemed to make him +his confidential adviser. It was here too, only seventy miles distant +from the head quarters of General Lewis, that it was determined to +leave the boats and canoes and proceed by land to the Chilicothe +towns.[24] + +The messengers, despatched by Lord Dunmore to apprize the lower +army of this change of determination, were Indian traders; one of whom +being asked, if he supposed the Indians would venture to give battle +to the superior force of the whites, replied that they certainly +would, and that Lewis' division would soon see his prediction +verified.[25] This was on the day previous to the engagement. On the +return of these men, on the evening of the same day, they must have +seen the Indian army which made the attack on the next morning; +and the belief was general on the day of battle, that they had +communicated to the Indians, the present strength and expected +reinforcement of the southern division. It has also been said that +on the evening of the 10th of October, while [134] Dunmore, +Connoly and one or two others were walking together, his Lordship +remarked "by this time General Lewis has warm work."[26] + +The acquaintance formed by the Governor with Connoly, in the ensuing +summer was further continued, and at length ripened into one of the +most iniquitous conspiracies, that ever disgraced civilized man. + +In July, 1775, Connoly presented himself to Lord Dunmore with +proposals, well calculated to gain the favor of the exasperated +Governor, and between them a plan was soon formed, which seemed to +promise the most certain success. Assurances of ample rewards from +Lord Dunmore, were transmitted to such officers of the militia on the +frontiers of Virginia, as were believed to be friendly to the royal +cause, on putting themselves under the command of Connoly; whose +influence with the Indians, was to ensure their co-operation against +the friends of America. To perfect this scheme, it was necessary to +communicate with General Gage; and about the middle of September, +Connoly, with despatches from Dunmore, set off for Boston, and in the +course of a few weeks returned, with instructions from the Governor of +Massachusetts, which developed their whole plan. Connoly was invested +with the rank of Colonel of a regiment, (to be raised among those on +the frontiers, who favored the cause of Great Britain,) with which he +was to proceed forthwith to Detroit, where he was to receive a +considerable reinforcement, and be supplied with cannon, muskets and +ammunition. He was then to visit the different Indian nations, enlist +them in the projected enterprise, and rendezvous his whole force at +Fort Pitt. From thence he was to cross the Alleghany mountain, and +marching through Virginia join Lord Dunmore, on the 20th of the +ensuing April, at Alexandria. + +This scheme, (the execution of which, would at once, have laid waste a +considerable portion of Virginia, and ultimately perhaps, nearly the +whole state,) was frustrated by the taking of Connoly, and all the +particulars of it, made known. This development, served to shew the +villainous connexion existing between Dunmore and Connoly, and to +corroborate the suspicion of General Lewis and many of his officers, +that the conduct of the former, during the campaign of 1774, was [135] +dictated by any thing else than the interest and well being of the +colony of Virginia. + +This suspicion was farther strengthened by the readiness with +which Lord Dunmore embraced the overtures of peace, and the terms on +which a treaty was concluded with them; while the encamping of his +army, without entrenchments, in the heart of the Indian country, and +in the immediate adjacency of the combined forces of the Indian +nations of Ohio, would indicate, that there must have been a +friendly understanding between him and them. To have relied solely +on the bravery and good conduct of his troops, would have been the +height of imprudence. His army was less than that, which had been +scarcely delivered from the fury of a body of savages inferior in +number, to the one with which he would have had to contend; and it +would have been folly in him to suppose, that he could achieve with +a smaller force, what required the utmost exertions of General +Lewis and his brave officers, to effect with a greater one.[27] + +When the Northern division of the army resumed its march for +Chilicothe, it left the greater part of its provisions in a block +house which had been erected during its stay at the mouth of the +Hockhocking, under the care of Captain Froman with a small party +of troops to garrison it. On the third day after it left Fort Gore +(the block house at the mouth of Hockhocking) a white man by the name +of Elliott came to Governor Dunmore, with a request from the +Indians that he would withdraw the army from their country, and +appoint commissioners to meet their chiefs at Pittsburg to confer +about the terms of a treaty. To this request a reply was given, that +the Governor was well inclined to make peace, and was willing that +hostilities should cease; but as he was then so near their towns, +and all the chiefs of the different nations were at that time with the +army, it would be more convenient to negotiate then, than at a +future period. He then named a place at which he would encamp, and +listen to their proposals; and immediately despatched a courier to +General Lewis with orders for his return.[28] + +The Indian spies reporting that General Lewis had disregarded these +orders, and was still marching rapidly towards their towns, the +Indians became apprehensive of the result; and one of their chiefs +(the White Eyes) waited on Lord Dunmore in person, and complained that +the "Long Knives" [136] were coming upon them and would destroy all +their towns. Dunmore then, in company with White Eyes, visited the +camp of General Lewis, and prevailed with him, as we have seen, to +return across the Ohio. + +In a few days after this, the Northern division of the army approached +within eight miles of Chilicothe, and encamped on the plain, at the +place appointed for the chiefs to meet without entrenchments or breast +works, or any protection, save the vigilance of the sentinels and the +bravery of the troops.[29] On the third day from the halting of the +army eight chiefs, with Cornstalk at their head, came into camp; and +when the interpreters made known who Cornstalk was, Lord Dunmore +addressed them, and from a written memorandum, recited the various +infractions, on the part of the Indians, of former treaties, and +different murders, unprovokedly committed by them. To all this +Cornstalk replied, mixing a good deal of recrimination with the +defence of his red brethren; and when he had concluded, a time was +specified when the chiefs of the different nations should come in, and +proceed to the negotiation of a treaty. + +Before the arrival of that period, Cornstalk came alone to the camp, +and acquainted the Governor that none of the Mingoes would attend; and +that he was apprehensive there could not a full council be convened. +Dunmore then requested that he would convoke as many chiefs of the +other nations as he could, and bring them to the council fire without +delay, as he was anxious to close the war at once; and that if this +could not be effected peaceably, he should be forced to resume +hostilities. Meantime two interpreters were despatched to Logan,[30] +by Lord Dunmore, requesting his attendance;--but Logan replied, that +"he was a warrior, not a councillor, and would not come."[31] + +On the night after the return of the interpreters to camp [137] +Charlotte (the name of Dunmore's encampment,) Major William Crawford, +with three hundred men, left the main army about midnight, on an +excursion against a small Mingo village, not far off. Arriving there +before day, the detachment surrounded the town; and on the first +coming out of the Indians from their huts, there was some little +firing on the part of the whites, by which one squaw and a man were +killed--the others about 20 in number were all made prisoners and +taken to the camp; where they remained until the conclusion of a +treaty. Every thing about the village, indicated an intention of their +speedily deserting it.[32] + +Shortly after Cornstalk and two other chiefs, made their appearance at +camp Charlotte, and entered into a negotiation which soon terminated +in an agreement to forbear all farther hostilities against each +other,--to give up the prisoners then held by them, and to attend at +Pittsburgh, with as many of the Indian chiefs as could be prevailed on +to meet the commissioners from Virginia, in the ensuing summer, where +a treaty was to be concluded and ratified--Dunmore requiring hostages, +to guarantee the performance of those stipulations, on the part of the +Indians. + +If in the battle at Point Pleasant, Cornstalk manifested the bravery +and generalship of a mighty captain; in the negotiations at camp +Charlotte, he displayed the skill of a statesman, joined to powers +of oratory, rarely, if ever surpassed. With the most patriotic +devotion to his country, and in a strain of most commanding eloquence, +he recapitulated the accumulated wrongs, which had oppressed their +fathers, and which were oppressing them. Sketching in lively +colours, the once happy and powerful condition of the Indians, he +placed in striking contrast, their present fallen fortunes and +unhappy destiny. Exclaiming against the perfidiousness of the +whites, and the dishonesty of the traders, he proposed as the basis +of a treaty, that no persons should be permitted to carry on a +commerce with the Natives, for individual profit; but that [138] +their white brother should send them such articles as they needed, +by the hands of honest men, who were to exchange them at a fair price, +for their skins and furs; and that no spirit of any kind should be +sent among them, as from the "fire water" of the whites, proceeded +evil to the Indians.[33] + +This truly great man, is said to have been opposed to the war from its +commencement; and to have proposed on the eve of the battle at Point +Pleasant, to send in a flag, and make overtures for peace; but this +proposal was overruled by the general voice of the chiefs. When a +council was first held after the defeat of the Indians, Cornstalk, +reminding them of their late ill success, and that the Long Knives +were still pressing on them, asked what should be then done. But no +one answered. Rising again, he proposed that the women and children +should be all killed; and that the warriors should go out and fight, +until they too were slain. Still no one answered. Then, said he, +striking his tomahawk into the council post, "I will go and make +peace." This was done, and the war of 1774 concluded. + +----- + [1] He is said to have committed some offence, in the upper + part of South Carolina, which rendered him obnoxious to the + laws of that colony, and to evade the punishment for which, he + had fled to the wilderness and taken up his abode in it. + + [2] Lewis Wetzel, the son of a German settler on Wheeling + Creek, some fourteen miles above its mouth, was born about + 1764. He and his brothers Martin, Jacob, John, and George + became famous in border warfare after the close of the + Revolution; the annals of the frontier abound in tales of their + hardy achievements. Martin and Lewis were the heroes of most + remarkable escapes from Indian captivity; John was also famous + as an Indian fighter; and Jacob's name will ever be connected + with the exploits of that other great border scout, Simon + Kenton. But of all the brothers, Lewis achieved the widest + celebrity, and two biographies of him have been published: by + Cecil B. Hartley (Phila., 1860), and by R. C. V. Meyers + (Phila., 1883).--R. G. T. + + [3] Now Shenandoah. + + [4] The northern wing was composed of men from Frederick, + Berkeley, and Dunmore (afterwards Shenandoah) counties, and + Col. Adam Stephen was placed in command. With this wing went + Lord Dunmore and Major John Connolly. Counting the forces + already in the field under Maj. Angus McDonald and Capt. + William Crawford, this levy numbered some twelve hundred men. + Among them, as scouts, were George Roger Clark, Simon Kenton, + and Michael Cresap.--R. G. T. + + [5] Lewis was colonel of the militia of Botetourt county. + Camp Union (so called because several bodies of troops met + there) was on the Big Savannah or Great Levels of Greenbrier + River; the town of Lewisburg now occupies the site. + + In Dunmore's letter to Andrew Lewis, dated July 12, he directed + him to raise a sufficient body of men, and proceeding to the + mouth of the Great Kanawha there erect a fort; if he deemed + best he was to cross the Ohio, proceed directly to the Indian + towns, and destroy their crops and supplies; in any event he + was to keep communication open between Fort Wheeling and Fort + Dunmore (Pittsburg). It is evident that his lordship then + contemplated no separate expedition of his own, for he talks of + sending Major Angus McDonald's party and a new levy to Lewis's + assistance. But he changed his mind, and August 30 wrote to + Lewis directing that the latter meet him at the mouth of the + Little Kanawha. Lewis replied through Col. William Preston that + it was now too late to change his plans; he should proceed at + once with the levy just summoned, to the mouth of the Great + Kanawha, and there await further orders.--R. G. T. + + [6] This cape was called Point Pleasant, and is now occupied + by the West Virginia town of that name.--R. G. T. + + [7] This is misleading. On September 6, Col. Charles Lewis, + with his Augusta troops, numbering about six hundred, were + detached to proceed to the mouth of the Elk, and there make + canoes for transporting the supplies to the mouth of the Great + Kanawha. This body had in charge a drove of 108 beef cattle, + and 400 pack-horses laden with 54,000 lbs. of flour. Field's + company soon followed this advance.--R. G. T. + + [8] Saturday, the 10th, Clay and Coward were sent out to + hunt deer for Field's company, on the banks of the Little + Meadow. Then occurred the incident related by Withers. The + Indian who escaped, hurried on to the Shawnee towns and gave + them their first notice of the approach of the army. Alarmed at + this incident, Field hurried and caught up with the advance + under Charles Lewis. The text reads as though he had hastened + back to Andrew Lewis, who had not yet left Camp Union.--R. G. + T. + + [9] Col. Andrew Lewis marched out of Camp Union the 12th, + with about 450 men. These consisted of Fleming's Botetourt + troops, three companies of Fincastle men under Capts. Evan + Shelby, William Herbert, and William Russell, the Bedford men + under Thomas Buford, and Dunmore men under Slaughter. They had + with them 200 pack-horses laden with flour, and the remainder + of the beeves. Col. William Christian, who arrived at Camp + Union the day Andrew Lewis left, was ordered, with the rest of + the Fincastle men, to remain there, to guard the residue of the + provisions, and when the brigade of horses sent to the mouth of + the Elk had returned, to hurry every thing forward to the mouth + of the Great Kanawha. Five weeks were thus consumed in + transporting the troops and the supplies a distance of 160 + miles through the tangled forest, to Point Pleasant, where the + main army, upwards of 1,100 strong, had arrived, quite spent + with exertions, on the 6th of October. + + When Christian left Camp Union for the front, Anthony Bledsoe, + with a company of Fincastle men, was detailed to remain behind + with the sick, while the base of supplies at the mouth of the + Elk was placed in charge of Slaughter. As will be seen, + Christian arrived too late to engage in the battle of Point + Pleasant.--R. G. T. + + [10] When Lewis arrived at Point Pleasant (October 6th), he + found awaiting him in a hollow tree dispatches from Dunmore, + brought by Simon Kenton and two companions, directing him to + join his lordship at the mouth of the Big Hockhocking, where + the governor's northern wing, under Major Crawford, was + building a stockade. But Lewis's men were spent, and pens had + to be built for the cattle, and shelter for the stores, so no + move was made. On Saturday, the 8th, came a further message + from the governor, who was still at the Big Hockhocking. Lewis + replied that he would join him there as soon as the troops, + food supply, and powder had all reached Point Pleasant. His men + were angry at Dunmore's interference, and argued with Lewis + that it was sixty miles by river and over half that by land, to + Dunmore's camp, whereas it was less than either to the hostile + towns which they had started out to attack; and to turn aside + from this purpose was to leave open for the hostiles the + back-door to the frontier settlements of Virginia. The 9th was + Sunday, and these sturdy Scotch-Irish Presbyterians spent the + day in religious exercises, listening to a stout sermon from + their chaplain. On the morrow, they were surprised by the + Indians, as the sequel relates.--R. G. T. + + [11] James Mooney, of Russell's company, and Joseph + Hughey, of Shelby's. They were surprised at the mouth of Old + Town Creek, three miles distant. Hughey was killed by a shot + fired by Tavenor Ross, a white renegade in Cornstalk's + party.--R. G. T. + + [12] Few officers were ever more, or more deservedly, + endeared to those under their command than Col. Charles Lewis. + In the many skirmishes, which it was his fortune to have, with + the Indians he was uncommonly successful; and in the various + scenes of life, thro' which he passed, his conduct was + invariably marked by the distinguishing characteristicks of a + mind, of no ordinary stamp. His early fall on this bloody + field, was severely felt during the whole engagement; and to it + has been attributed the partial advantages gained by the Indian + army near the commencement of the action. When the [127] fatal + ball struck him, he fell at the root of a tree; from whence he + was carried to his tent, against his wish, by Capt. Wm. Morrow + and a Mr. Bailey, of Captain Paul's company, and died in a few + hours afterwards. In remembrance of his great worth, the + legislature named the county of Lewis after him. + + [13] An active, enterprising and meritorious officer, who had + been in service in Braddock's war, and profited by his + experience of the Indian mode of fighting. His death checked + for a time the ardor of his troops, and spread a gloom over the + countenances of those, who had accompanied him on this + campaign. + + [14] A half-mile up the Big Kanawha.--R. G. T. + + [15] From MS. journals and letters in possession of the + Wisconsin Historical Society, it appears that the conduct of + the battle was as follows: Andrew Lewis, who as yet thought the + enemy to be but a scouting party, and not an army equal in size + to his own, had the drums beat to arms, for many of his men + were asleep in their tents; and while still smoking his pipe, + ordered a detachment from each of the Augusta companies, to + form 150 strong under Col. Charles Lewis, with John Dickinson, + Benjamin Harrison, and John Skidmore as the captains. Another + party of like size was formed under Col. Fleming, with Captains + Shelby, Russell, Buford, and Philip Love. Lewis's party marched + to the right, near the foot of the hills skirting the east side + of Crooked Creek. Fleming's party marched to the left, 200 + yards apart from the other. A quarter of a mile from camp, and + half a mile from the point of the cape, the right-going party + met the enemy lurking behind trees and fallen logs at the base + of the hill, and there Charles Lewis was mortally wounded. + Fleming marched to a pond three-quarters of a mile from camp, + and fifty rods inland from the Ohio--this pond being one of the + sources of Crooked Creek. The hostile line was found to extend + from this pond along Crooked Creek, half way to its mouth. The + Indians, under Cornstalk, thought by rushes to drive the whites + into the two rivers, "like so many bullocks," as the chief + later explained; and indeed both lines had frequently to fall + back, but they were skillfully reinforced each time, and by + dusk the savages placed Old Town Creek between them and the + whites. This movement was hastened, a half hour before sunset, + by a movement which Withers confounds with the main tactics. + Captains Matthews, Arbuckle, Shelby, and Stuart were sent with + a detachment up Crooked creek under cover of the bank, with a + view to securing a ridge in the rear of the enemy, from which + their line could be enfiladed. They were discovered in the act, + but Cornstalk supposed that this party was Christian's advance, + and in alarm hurried his people to the other side of Old Town + Creek. The battle was, by dark, really a drawn game; but + Cornstalk had had enough, and fled during the night.--R. G. T. + + [16] During the day, a messenger had been dispatched to hurry + on Christian, who with 250 men was convoying cattle and powder. + In the early evening, fifteen miles from Point Pleasant, this + rear party was found, toiling painfully over the wilderness + trail. Christian at once left his property in charge of a small + party, and arrived in camp by midnight.--R. G. T. + + [17] Most of the killed and wounded, on both sides, were shot + in the head or breast, which indicates good marksmanship. The + Indians, though skillful marksmen, did not exhibit sufficient + mechanical knowledge to enable them properly to clean their + guns, and thus were at some disadvantage. + + The statistician was at work in those days, as now, for we + learn from an old diary that at Old Town Creek were found by + the white victors, 78 rafts with which the Indians had crossed + the Ohio to the attack, the night of October 9-10; and on the + battlefield during the 10th and 12th, were collected 23 guns, + 27 tomahawks, 80 blankets, and great numbers of war-clubs, + shot-pouches, powder-horns, match-coats, deer-skins, "and + other articles," all of which were put up at auction by the + careful commissary, and brought nearly L100 to the army + chest.--R. G. T. + + [18] Such were Redhawk, a Delaware chief,--Scoppathus, a + Mingo,--Ellinipsico, a Shawanee, and son to Cornstalk,--Chiyawee, a + Wyandotte, and Logan, a Cayuga. + + [19] The first recorded foray of Cornstalk was on October + 10, 1759, against the Gilmore family and others, on Carr's + Creek, in what is now Rockbridge county, Va. "The Carr's + Creek massacre" was long remembered on the border as one of + the most daring and cruel on record. He was again heard of + during the Pontiac conspiracy, in 1763, when he led a large + war-party from the Scioto towns against the Virginia + frontier. Both at Muddy Creek, and the Clendenning farm + near Lewisburg, on the Levels of the Greenbrier, the + marauders pretended to be friendly with the settlers, and + in an unguarded moment fell upon and slew them. Other + massacres, in connection with the same foray, were at Carr's + Creek, Keeney's Knob, and Jackson's River. The story of the + captivity of Mrs. Clendenning and her children, who were + taken to the Shawnee towns on the Scioto, is one of the + most heartrendering in Western history. In 1764, Bouquet + raided these towns, and Cornstalk was one of the hostages + sent to Fort Pitt in fulfillment of the terms of the treaty, + but later he effected his escape. Nothing more is heard of + this warrior until 1774, when he became famous as leader of the + Indians at the battle of Point Pleasant. Cornstalk's + intelligence was far above that of the average Shawnee. He + had, before the Dunmore War, strongly counseled his people + to observe the peace, as their only salvation; but when + defeated in council, he with great valor led the tribesmen to + war. After the treaty of Fort Charlotte, he renewed his peace + policy, and was almost alone in refusing to join the + Shawnee uprising in 1777. Late in September, that year, he + visited his white friends at Fort Randolph (Point Pleasant), + and was retained as one of several hostages for the tribe. + Infuriated at some murders in the vicinity, the private + soldiers in the fort turned upon the Indian prisoners and + basely killed them, Cornstalk among the number. Governor + Patrick Henry and General Hand--the latter then organizing his + futile expedition against the Shawnees--wished to punish + the murderers; but in the prevalent state of public opinion on + the border, it was easy for them to escape prosecution.--R. + G. T. + + [20] The following gentlemen, with others of high reputation + in private life, were officers in the battle at Point Pleasant. + Gen. Isaac Shelby, the first governor of Kentucky, and + afterwards, secretary of war;--Gen. William Campbell and Col. + John Campbell, heroes of King's mountain and Long Island;--Gen. + Evan Shelby, one of the most favored citizens of Tennessee, + often honored with the confidence of that state;--Col. William + Fleming, an active governor of Virginia during the revolutionary + war;--Gen. Andrew Moore of Rockbridge, the only man ever + elected by Virginia, from the country west of the Blue ridge, to + the senate of the United States;--Col. John Stuart, of + Greenbrier;--Gen. Tate, of Washington county, Virginia;--Col. + William McKee, of Lincoln county, Kentucky;--Col. John Steele, + since a governor of Mississippi territory;--Col. Charles + Cameron, of Bath;--Gen. Bazaleel Wells, of Ohio; and Gen. + George Matthews, a distinguished officer in the war of the + revolution, the hero of Brandywine, Germantown, and of + Guilford;--a governor of Georgia, and a senator from that + state in the congress of the United States. The salvation of + the American army at Germantown, is ascribed, in Johnston's + life of Gen. Green, to the bravery and good conduct of two + regiments, one of which was commanded by General, then Col. + Matthews. + + [21] In order to get a clearer view of the situation, a + few more details are essential here. For several days after the + battle of Point Pleasant, Lewis was busy in burying the dead, + caring for the wounded, collecting the scattered cattle, and + building a store-house and small stockade fort. Early on + the morning of October 13th, messengers who had been sent on to + Dunmore, advising him of the battle, returned with orders to + Lewis to march at once with all his available force, + against the Shawnee towns, and when within twenty-five + miles of Chillicothe to write to his lordship. The next day, + the last rear guard, with the remaining beeves, arrived + from the mouth of the Elk, and while work on the defenses at + the Point was hurried, preparations were made for the march. + By evening of the 17th, Lewis, with 1,150 men in good + condition, had crossed the Ohio and gone into camp on the north + side. Each man had ten days' supply of flour, a half pound of + powder, and a pound and a half of bullets; while to each + company was assigned a pack-horse for the tents. Point + Pleasant was left in command of Col. Fleming,--who had been + severely wounded in the battle,--Captains Dickinson, + Lockridge, Herbert, and Slaughter, and 278 men, few of whom + were fit for service. On the 18th, Lewis, with Captain + Arbuckle as guide, advanced towards the Shawnee towns, eighty + miles distant in a straight line, and probably a hundred and + twenty-five by the circuitous Indian trails. The army marched + about eleven miles a day, frequently seeing hostile parties + but engaging none. Reaching the salt licks near the head of + the south branch of Salt Creek (in the present Lick township, + Jackson county, O.), they descended that valley to the + Scioto, and thence to a prairie on Kinnikinnick (not Kilkenny) + Creek, where was the freshly-deserted Indian village + referred to above, by Withers. This was thirteen miles south of + Chillicothe (now Westfall). Here they were met, early on the + 24th, by a messenger from his lordship, ordering them to + halt, as a treaty was nearly concluded at Camp Charlotte. But + Lewis's army had been fired on that morning, and the place was + untenable for a camp in a hostile country, so he concluded to + seek better ground. A few hours later another messenger came, + again peremptorily ordering a halt, as the Shawnees had + practically come to terms. Lewis now concluded to join the + northern division in force, at Camp Charlotte, not liking to + have the two armies separated in the face of a treacherous + enemy; but his guide mistook the trail, and took one leading + directly to the Grenadier Squaw's Town. Lewis camped that + night on the west bank of Congo Creek, two miles above its + mouth, and five and a quarter miles from Chillicothe, with + the Indian town half-way between. The Shawnees were now + greatly alarmed and angered, and Dunmore himself, accompanied + by the Delaware chief White Eyes, a trader, John Gibson, and + fifty volunteers, rode over in hot haste that evening to stop + Lewis, and reprimand him. His lordship was mollified by Lewis's + explanations, but the latter's men, and indeed Dunmore's, were + furious over being stopped when within sight of their hated + quarry, and tradition has it that it was necessary to + treble the guards during the night to prevent Dunmore and White + Eyes from being killed. The following morning (the 25th), his + lordship met and courteously thanked Lewis's officers for + their valiant service; but said that now the Shawnees had + acceded to his wishes, the further presence of the southern + division might engender bad blood. Thus dismissed, Lewis led + his army back to Point Pleasant, which was reached on the + 28th. He left there a garrison of fifty men under Captain + Russell, and then by companies the volunteers marched + through the wilderness to their respective homes, where they + disbanded early in November.--R. G. T. + + [22] This is not the view of students in our own day, coolly + looking at the affair from the distance of a hundred and twenty + years. There now seems no room to doubt that Dunmore was + thoroughly in earnest, that he prosecuted the war with vigor, + and knew when to stop in order to secure the best possible + terms. Our author wrote at a time when many heroes of Point + Pleasant were still alive, and his neighbors; he reflected + their views, and the passions of the day. That it was, in view + of the events then transpiring, the best policy to turn back + the southern army, after the great battle, and not insist too + closely on following up the advantage gained, seems now + incontrovertible.--R. G. T. + + [23] Butterfield's _History of the Girtys_ (Cincinnati, + 1890) is a valuable contribution to Western history. Simon, + James, and George Girty were notorious renegade whites, who + aided the Indians against the borderers from 1778 to 1783; + Simon and George were similarly active in the Indian war of + 1790-95.--R. G. T. + + [24] Upon leaving Pittsburg,--where the governor held a + council with several Delaware and Mingo chiefs, to whom he + recited the outrages perpetrated by the Shawnees since + Bouquet's treaty of 1764--the northern division divided into + two wings. One, 700 strong, under Dunmore, descended the river + in boats; the other 500 went across the "pan-handle" by land, + with the cattle, and both rendezvoused, September 30th, at + Wheeling, 91 miles below Pittsburg. Next day, Crawford resumed + his march along the south bank of the Ohio, to a point opposite + the mouth of Big Hockhocking, 107 miles farther down. Here the + men, the 200 bullocks, and the 50 pack-horses swam the Ohio, + and just above the Big Hockhocking (the site of the present + Hockingport) erected a blockhouse and stockade, which they + called Fort Gower, in honor of the English earl of that name. A + part of the earthwork can still (1894) be seen in the garden of + a Hockingport residence. Dunmore's party, in 100 canoes and + pirogues, arrived a few days later. While at Fort Gower, he was + joined by the Delaware chiefs, White Eyes and John Montour, the + former of whom was utilized as an agent to negotiate with the + Shawnees--R. G. T. + + [25] This was William McCulloch.--R. G. T. + + [26] The authority for this is Stuart's _Indian Wars_, p. + 56. Abraham Thomas, in his _Sketches_, relates that the + governor, placing his ear at the surface of the river, said + he thought he heard the firing of guns; and Thomas, then a + young militiaman, was asked to do likewise, and reported that + it was the rattle of musketry. The distance across country + to Point Pleasant was but twenty-eight miles, but by the river + windings was sixty-six. These anecdotes have been related as + proof that Dunmore desired Lewis beaten. White Eyes had + notified the governor that a conflict was expected, though + he had reported a much smaller Indian army than Lewis's; + hence his lordship had no fear of the result. Had he known + that the opposing forces were equal in number, and that the + whites had been surprised, he doubtless would have sent + relief. Knowing the Shawnee warriors were away from home, + fighting Lewis, whom he had reason to suppose was very well + able to handle them, he determined to advance inland to the + deserted towns on the Scioto and destroy their houses and + crops. He was upon this errand when met and stopped by the + messengers of peace.--R. G. T. + + [27] The two wings of the white army had about the same + strength--1100 under Dunmore, and 1150 (after leaving Point + Pleasant) under Lewis. The fighting quality was also the same, + in both. It is to be remembered that in the army under Dunmore + there was very little discontent at the issue, and at the close + of the campaign the men heartily thanked his lordship for his + valuable services in behalf of the people. They did this, too, + at a time when they knew from Eastern news received in camp, + that the Revolution was near at hand, and Dunmore must soon be + fighting against them in behalf of his royal master.--R. G. T. + + [28] Dunmore had, through White Eyes, summoned the Shawnee + chiefs to treat with him at Fort Gower (not Gore), but they had + declined to come in. He then set out, October 11th, to waste + their towns on the Scioto, as previously noted, leaving the + fort in charge of Captain Kuykendall (not Froman), with whom + remained the disabled and the beeves. Each man on the + expedition carried flour for sixteen days. Just after the Point + Pleasant battle, Lewis had dispatched a messenger to his + lordship with news of the affair; Dunmore's messenger to Lewis, + with instructions to the latter to join him _en route_, crossed + Lewis's express on the way. The messenger from Lewis found that + his lordship had marched up the Big Hockhocking valley for the + Scioto, and hurried after him. The governor was overtaken at + the third camp out (west of the present Nelsonville, Athens + county, O.), and the good news caused great joy among the + soldiers. October 17th, Dunmore arrived at what he styled Camp + Charlotte (on the northern bank of Sippo Creek, Pickaway + county, eight miles east of Chillicothe, in view of Pickaway + Plains), and here the treaty of peace was concluded.--R. G. T. + + [29] Doddridge's _Notes_ says that the camp was surrounded by + a breastwork of fallen trees, and an entrenchment, and + Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_ follows him. But Dr. Draper + was distinctly told (in 1846-51) by two survivors of the + campaign, Samuel Murphy and John Grim, that Withers's account + is correct; and this is confirmed in Whittlesey's _Fugitive + Essays_. In the center of the field, a building of poles was + erected, in which to hold the council; around this, the army + encamped. A large white oak having been peeled, Dunmore wrote + upon it in red chalk, "Camp Charlotte," thus honoring the then + English queen.--R. G. T. + + [30] Logan was the Mingo chief, the massacre of whose family + at Baker's Bottom, the previous April, has already been + described. He had just returned (October 21) from a foray on + the Holston border, bringing several scalps and three + prisoners, when the trader Gibson and the scout Simon Girty + were sent to him by his lordship.--R. G. T. + + [31] Colonel Benjamin Wilson, Sen. (then an officer in + Dunmore's army, and whose narrative of the campaign furnished + the facts which are here detailed) says that he conversed + freely with one of the interpreters (Nicholson) in regard to + the mission to Logan, and that neither from the interpreter, + nor any other one during the campaign, did he hear of the + charge preferred in Logan's speech against Captain Cresap, as + being engaged in the affair at Yellow creek.--Captain Cresap + was an officer in the division of the army under Lord Dunmore; + and it would seem strange indeed, if Logan's speech had been + made public, at camp Charlotte, and neither he, (who was so + materially interested in it, and could at once have proved the + falsehood of the allegation which it contained,) nor Colonel + Wilson, (who was present during the whole conference between + Lord Dunmore and the Indian chiefs, and at the time when the + speeches were delivered sat immediately behind and close to + Dunmore,) should have heard nothing of it until years after. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--Withers thus shortly disposes of the + famous speech by Logan, which schoolboys have been reciting for + nearly a hundred years as one of the best specimens extant, of + Indian eloquence. The evidence in regard to the speech, which + was undoubtedly recited to Gibson, and by him written out for + Lord Dunmore's perusal, and later "improved" by Jefferson, is + clearly stated in Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, I., app. + iii. + + [32] The reason for the attack was, that the Mingoes were + implacable, and Dunmore had learned that instead of coming into + the treaty they purposed retreating to the Great Lakes with + their prisoners and stolen horses. This Mingo village was + Seekonk (sometimes called the Hill Town), 30 or 40 miles up the + Scioto. Crawford left Camp Charlotte the night of the 25th, and + surprised the town early in the morning of the 27th. Six were + killed, several wounded, and fourteen captured; the rest + escaping into the forest. Crawford burned several Mingo towns + in the neighborhood.--R. G. T. + + [33] In remarking on the appearance and manner of Cornstalk + while speaking, Colonel Wilson says, "When he arose, he was in + no wise confused or daunted, but spoke in a distinct, and + audible voice, without stammering or repetition, and with + peculiar emphasis. His looks while addressing Dunmore, were + truly grand and majestic; yet graceful and attractive. I have + heard the first orators in Virginia, Patrick Henry and Richard + Henry Lee, but never have I heard one whose powers of delivery + surpassed those of Cornstalk on that occasion." + + + + +[139] CHAPTER VIII. + + +Upon the close of the campaign of 1774, there succeeded a short period +of perfect quiet, and of undisturbed repose from savage invasion, +along the borders of North Western Virginia. The decisive battle of +the 10th of October, repressed incursion for a time, and taught those +implacable enemies of her citizens, their utter inability, alone and +unaided, to maintain a contest of arms, against the superior power of +Virginia. They saw that in any future conflict with this colony, her +belligerent operations would no longer be confined to the mere +purposes of defence; but that war would be waged in their own country, +and their own towns become the theatre of its action. Had the leading +objects of the Dunmore campaign been fully accomplished,--had the +contemplated junction of the different divisions of the army taken +place;--had its combined forces extended their march into the Indian +territory, and effected the proposed reduction of the Chilicothe, and +other towns on the Scioto and Sandusky, it would have been long +indeed, before the frontier settlements, became exposed to savage +inroad. A failure to effect these things however, left the Indians +comparatively at liberty, and prepared to renew invasion, and revive +their cruel and bloody deeds, whenever a savage thirst for vengeance +should incite them to action, and the prospect of achieving them with +impunity, be open before them. In the then situation of our country, +this prospect was soon presented to them. + +The contest between Great Britain and her American colonies, which had +been for some time carried on with increasing warmth, was ripening +rapidly into war. The events of every day, more and more confirmed the +belief, that the "_unconditional submission_" of the colonies, was the +object of the parent state; and that to accomplish this, she was [140] +prepared to desolate the country by a civil war, and imbrue her hands +in the blood of its citizens. This state of things the Indians knew, +would favor the consummation of their hopes. Virginia, having to apply +her physical strength to the repulsion of other enemies, could not be +expected to extend her protecting aegis over the remote and isolated +settlements on her borders. These would have to depend on themselves +alone, for resistance to ruthless irruption, and exemption from total +annihilation. The Indians well knew the weakness of those settlements, +and their consequent incapacity to vie in open conflict with the +overwhelming force of their savage foes; and their heriditary +resentment to the whites prompted them to take advantage of that +weakness, to wreak this resentment, and involve them once more in +hostilities. + +Other circumstances too, combined in their operation, to produce this +result. The plan of Lord Dunmore and others, to induce the Indians to +co-operate with the English in reducing Virginia to subjection, and +defeated by the detection and apprehension of Connoly, was soon after +resumed on a more extensive scale. British agents were busily engaged +from Canada to the Gulph of Mexico, in endeavoring by immediate +presents and the promise of future reward, to excite the savages to a +war upon the western frontiers. To accomplish this object, no means +which were likely to be of any avail, were neglected to be used. +Gratified resentment and the certainty of plunder, were held up to +view as present consequences of this measure; and the expulsion of the +whites, and the repossession, by the Natives, of the country from +which their fathers had been ejected, as its ultimate result.--Less +cogent motives might have enlisted them on the side of Great Britain. +These were too strong to be resisted by them, and too powerful to be +counteracted by any course of conduct, which the colonies could +observe towards them; and they became ensnared by the delusive bait, +and the insidious promises which accompanied it. + +There were in the colonies too, many persons, who from principle or +fear, were still attached to the cause of Great Britain; and who not +only, did not sanction the opposition of their country to the +supremacy of Parliament, but were willing in any wise to lend their +aid to the royal cause. Some of those disaffected Americans, (as they +were at first denominated) who resided on the frontiers, foreseeing +the [141] attachment of the Indians to the side of Britain, and +apprehensive that in their inroads, the friends as well as the enemies +of that country, might, from the difficulty of discriminating, be +exposed to savage fury; and at the same time, sensible that they had +become obnoxious to a majority of their neighbors, who were perhaps, +too much inclined to practice summary modes of punishment, sought a +refuge among the Indians, from those impending evils. In some +instances, these persons were under the influence of the most +rancorous and vindictive passions, and when once with the savages, +strove to infuse those passions into their breasts, and stimulate them +to the repetition of those enormities, which had previously, so +terribly annoyed the inhabitants of the different frontiers.[1] Thus +wrought upon, their inculcated enmity to the Anglo-Americans +generally, roused them to action, and the dissonant notes of the war +song, resounded in their villages. For a while indeed, they refrained +from hostilities against North Western Virginia. It was however, but +to observe the progress of passing events, that they might act against +the mountain borders, simultaneously with the British on the Atlantic +coast; as a premature movement on their part, might, while Virginia +was yet at liberty to bear down upon them with concentrated forces, +bring upon their towns the destruction which had so appallingly +threatened them after the battle at Point Pleasant. + +But though the inhabitants on the Virginia frontiers, enjoyed a +momentary respite from savage warfare; yet were the Indians not wholly +unemployed in deeds of aggression. The first attempt to occupy +Kentucky, had been the signal of hostilities in 1774; and the renewed +endeavors to form establishments in it, in 1775, induced their +continuance, and brought on those who were engaged in effecting them, +all the horrors of savage warfare. + +Upon the close of the campaign under Lord Dunmore, Kentucky became +more generally known. James Harrod, with those who had associated +themselves with him in making a settlement in that country and aided +in the erection of the fort at Harrodsburg, joined the army of General +Lewis at Point Pleasant; and when, after the treaty of Camp Charlotte, +the army was disbanded, many of the soldiers and some of the officers, +enticed by the description given of it by Harrod, returned to south +Western Virginia, through that country.[2] The result of their +examination of it, induced many to migrate thither immediately; and in +1775, families began to take up their residence in it. + +At that time, the only white persons residing in Kentucky, were those +at Harrod's fort; and for a while, emigrants to that country [142] +established themselves in its immediate vicinity, that they might +derive protection from its walls, from the marauding irruptions of +Indians. Two other establishments were, however, soon made, and +became, as well as Harrod's, rallying points for land adventurers, and +for many of those, whose enterprising spirits led them, to make their +home in that wilderness. The first of these was that at Boonesborough, +and which was made, under the superintendence of Daniel Boone. + +The prospect of amassing great wealth, by the purchase of a large body +of land from the Indians, for a comparatively trifling consideration, +induced some gentlemen in North Carolina, to form a company, and +endeavor by negotiation to effect such purpose. This association was +known under the title of Henderson and company; and its object was, +the acquisition of a considerable portion of Kentucky.[3] The first +step, necessary towards the accomplishment of this object, was, to +convene a council of the Indians; and as the territory sought to be +acquired, did not belong, in individual property to any one nation of +them, it was deemed advisable to convoke the chiefs of the different +nations south of the Ohio river. A time was then appointed at which +these were to assemble; and it became necessary to engage an agent, +possessing the requisite qualifications, to attend the council, on +behalf of Henderson and company, and to transact the business for +them. The fame of Daniel Boone which had reached them, recommended +him, as one eminently qualified to discharge the duties devolving on +an agent; and he was employed in that capacity. At the appointed +period, the council was held, and a negotiation commenced, which +resulted in the transfer, to Henderson and company, of the title of +the southern Indians to the land lying south of the Kentucky river, +and north of the Tennessee.[4] + +Boone was then placed at the head of a party of enterprising men, sent +to open a road from the Holstein settlement, through the wilderness, +to the Kentucky river, and to take possession of the company's +purchase. When within fifteen miles of the termination of their +journey, they were attacked by a body of northern Indians, who killed +two of Boone's comrades, and wounded two others. + +Two days after, they were again attacked by them, and had two more of +their party killed and three wounded.[5] From this time they +experienced no farther molestation until they had arrived within the +limits of the purchase, and erected a fort, at a lick near the +southern bank of the Kentucky river--the site of the present town of +Boonesborough. Enfeebled by the loss sustained in the attacks made on +them by the Indians; and worn down by the continued labor of opening a +road through an almost impervious wilderness, it was some time before +they could so far complete the fort, so as to render it secure against +anticipated assaults of the savages, and justify a detachment being +sent from the garrison, to escort the family of Boone to his new +situation. When it was thus far completed, an office [143] was opened +for the sale of the company's land;[6] and Boone and some others +returned to Holstein, and from thence, guarded the family of Boone, +through the wilderness, to the newly erected fort. Mrs. Boone and her +daughter, are believed to be the first white females who ever stood on +the banks of the Kentucky river.[7] + +[143] In 1775 Benjamin Logan, who had been with Lord Dunmore at Camp +Charlotte, visited Kentucky and selected a spot for his future +residence, near to the present village of Stamford, erected thereon a +fort; and in the following year moved his family thither. + +These were the only settlements then begun to be made within the +limits of the now state of Kentucky. As the tide of emigration flowed +into the country, those three forts afforded an asylum, from the +Indian hostility to which the whites were incessantly subjected; and +never perhaps lived three men better qualified by nature and habit, to +resist that hostility, and preserve the settlers from captivity and +death, than James Harrod, Daniel Boone, and Benjamin Logan. Reared in +the lap of danger, and early inured to the hardships and sufferings of +a wilderness life, they were habitually acquainted with those arts +which were necessary to detect and defeat the one, and to lessen and +alleviate the others. Intrepid and fearless, yet cautious and prudent, +there was united in each of them, the sly, circumventive powers of the +Indian, with the bold defiance, and open daring of the whites. Quick, +almost to intuition, in the perception of impending dangers, instant +in determining, and prompt in action; to see, to resolve, and to +execute, were with them the work of the same moment. Rife in +expedients, the most perplexing difficulties rarely found them at a +loss. Possessed of these qualities, they were placed at the head of +the little colonies planted around them; not by ambition, but by the +universal voice of the people; from a deep and thorough conviction, +that they only were adequate to the exigencies of their situation. +The conviction was not ill founded. Their intellectual and physical +resources were powerfully and constantly exerted for the preservation +and security of the settlements; and frequently, with astonishing +success, under the most inauspicious circumstances. Had they indeed, +by nature, been supine and passive, their isolated situation, and the +constantly repeated attempts of the Indians, at their extermination, +would have aroused them, as it did others, to activity and energy, and +brought their every [144] nerve into action. For them, there were no +"weak, piping times of peace,"--no respite from danger. The +indefatigable vigilance and persevering hostility of an unrelenting +foe, required countervailing exertions on their part; and kept alive +the life, which they delighted to live. + +From the instant those establishments were made, and emigrants placed +themselves in their vicinity, the Savages commenced their usual mode +of warfare; and marauding parties were ever in readiness, to seize +upon, those, whose misfortune it was to become exposed to their +vigilance. In the prosecution of these hostilities, incidents of the +most lively and harrowing interest, though limited in their +consequences, were constantly recurring; before a systematic course of +operations, was undertaken for the destruction of the settlers. + +The Indians, seeing that they had to contend with persons, as well +skilled in their peculiar mode of warfare, as themselves, and as likely +to detect them, while lying in wait for an opportunity to strike the +deadly blow, as they were to strike it with impunity, they entirely +changed their plans of annoyance. Instead of longer endeavoring to cut +off the whites in detail, they brought into the country a force, +sufficiently numerous and powerful to act simultaneously against all +the settlements. The consequence of this was, much individual +suffering and several horrid massacres. Husbandmen, toiling to secure +the product of the summer's labor, for their sustenance another +season, were frequently attacked, and murdered.--Hunters, engaged in +procuring meat for immediate and pressing use, were obliged to +practise the utmost wariness to evade the ambushed Indian, and make +sure their return to the fort. Springs and other watering places, and +the paths leading to them, were constantly guarded by the savages; who +would lie near them day and night, until forced to leave their covert, +in quest of food to satisfy their extreme hunger; and who, when this +end was attained, would return to their hiding places, with renovated +strength, and increased watchfulness. The cattle belonging to the +garrisons were either driven off, or killed, so that no supplies +could be derived from them. This state of things continued, without +intermission, 'till the severity of winter forced the Indians to +depart for their towns; and then succeeded, of necessity, a truce, +which had become extremely desirable to the different settlements. + +When we reflect on the dangers, the difficulties, the complicated +distresses, to which the inhabitants were then exposed, it is really +matter of astonishment that they did not abandon the country, and seek +elsewhere an exemption from those evils. How women, with all the +feminine weakness of the sex, could be prevailed upon to remain during +the winter, and encounter with the returning spring, the returning +horrors of savage warfare, is truly surprising. The frequent +recurrence of danger, does indeed, produce a comparative insensibility +and indifference to it; but it is difficult to conceive, [145] that +familiarity with the tragic scenes which were daily exhibited there, +could reconcile persons to a life of constant exposure to them. Yet +such was the fact; and not only did the few, who were first to venture +on them, continue in the country, but others, equally adventurous, +moved to it; encountering many hardships and braving every danger, to +aid in maintaining possession of the modern Canaan, and to obtain a +home in that land of milk and honey. If for a while, they flattered +themselves with the hope, that the ravages which had been checked by +winter, would not be repeated on the return of spring, they were sadly +disappointed. Hostilities were resumed, as soon as the abatement of +cold, suffered the Indians to take the field; and were carried on +with renovated ardor, and on an enlarged scale.[8] + +Feeling the hopelessness of extirpating the settlements, so long as +the forts remained to afford a safe retreat to the inhabitants; and +having learned, by the experience of the preceding season, that the +whites were but little, if at all, inferior to them in their own arts, +and were competent to combat them, in their own mode of warfare, the +Indians resolved on bringing into the country a larger force, and to +direct their united energies to the demolition of the different forts. +To prevent any aid being afforded by the other garrisons, while +operations were leveled against one, they resolved on detaching from +their main body, such a number of men as was deemed sufficient to keep +watch around the other forts, and awe their inmates from attempting to +leave them, on any occasion. This was a course of excellent policy. It +was calculated not only to prevent the marching of any auxiliary +forces from one to the other of the fortresses, but at the same time +by preventing hunting parties from ranging the woods, cut off the +principal source, from which their supplies were derived; and thus +tended to render their fall, the more certain and easy. + +Accordingly in March 1777, they entered Kentucky with a force of +upwards of two hundred warriors; and sending some of their most expert +and active men to watch around Boone's and Logan's forts, marched +with the chief part of their army to attack Harrodsburg. On the 14th +of March three persons (who were engaged in clearing some land) not +far from Harrod's fort, discovered the Indians proceeding through the +woods, and sought to escape observation and convey the intelligence to +the garrison. But they too, were discovered and pursued; and one of +them was killed, another taken prisoner, and the third (James, +afterwards Gen. Ray, then a mere youth) reached Harrodsburg alone in +safety.[9] Aware that the place had become alarmed, and that they had +then no chance of operating on it, by surprise, they encamped near to +it on that evening; and early on the morning of the 15th commenced a +furious and animated attack. + +Apprized of the near approach of the enemy, the garrison had made +every preparation for defense, of which their situation admitted; and +when the assailants rushed to the assault, not intimidated by their +horrible and unnatural yells, nor yet dispirited by the [146] presence +of a force so far superior to their own, they received them with a +fire so steady and well directed, as forced them to recoil; leaving +one of their slain on the field of attack. This alone, argued a great +discomfiture of the Indians; as it is well known to be their +invariable custom, to remove, if practicable, those of their warriors +who fall in battle. Their subsequent movements, satisfied the inmates +of the fort, that there had been indeed a discomfiture; and that they +had but little to apprehend from a renewed assault on their little +fortress. After reconnoitering for a while, at a prudent distance from +the garrison, the Indians kindled their fires for the night; and in +the following day, leaving a small party for the purpose of annoyance, +decamped with the main body of their army, and marched towards +Boonesborough.[10] In consequence however, of a severe spell of March +weather, they were forced to remain inactive for a time; and did not +make their appearance there, until the middle of April. + +In the assault on Boone's fort, the Indians soon, became satisfied +that it was impregnable against them; and although their repulse was +not as signal here, as it had been at Harrodsburg, yet they soon +withdrew from the contest, and marched towards Logan's fort,--having +killed one and wounded four, of the whites.[11] + +Several causes combined to render an attack on the fort at Logan's +station, an event of most fearful consequence.[12] Its inmates had +been but a short time in the country, and were not provided with an +ample supply either of provisions or ammunition. They were few in +number; and though of determined spirit and undaunted fortitude, yet +such was the disparity between thirteen and two hundred--the force of +the garrison and the force of the assailants, joined to their +otherwise destitute situation, that hope itself, could scarcely live +in so perilous a situation. Had this been the first point, against +which the enemy levelled their operations when they arrived in the +country, it must have fallen before them. But by deferring the attack +on it, 'till they had been repulsed at the two other forts, the +garrison was allowed time; and availing themselves of it, to fortify +their position more strongly, the issue was truly, most fortunate, +though unexpected. + +On the night preceding the commencement of the attack on the fort, the +Indians had approached near to it unperceived, and secreted themselves +in a cane brake, which had been suffered to remain around the cabins. + +Early in the morning the women, went out to milk, guarded by most of +the garrison; and before they were aware of impending danger, the +concealed Indians opened a general fire, which killed three of the +men, and drove the others, hastily within the fort.[13] A most +affecting spectacle was then presented to view, well calculated to +excite the sympathies of human nature, and arouse to action a man +possessed of the generous sensibility and noble daring, which animated +the bosom of Logan. + +One of the men who had fallen on the first fire of the Indians and +had been supposed by his comrades to be dead, was in truth though +[147] badly wounded, yet still alive; and was observed feebly +struggling to crawl towards the fort. The fear of laceration and +mangling from the horrid scalping knife, and of tortures from more +barbarous instruments, seemed to abate his exertions in dragging +his wounded body along, lest he should be discovered and borne off by +some infuriated and unfeeling savage. It was doubtful too, whether +his strength would endure long enough to enable him to reach the +gate, even if unmolested by any apprehension of danger. The +magnanimous and intrepid Logan resolved on making an effort to +save him. He endeavored to raise volunteers, to accompany him without +the fort, and bring in their poor wounded companion. It seemed as if +courting the quick embrace of death, and even his adventurous +associates for an instant, shrunk from the danger. At length a man +by the name of Martin, who plumed himself on rash and daring deeds, +consented to aid in the enterprise; and the two proceeded towards +the gate. Here the spirit of Martin forsook him, and he recoiled from +the hazardous adventure. Logan was then alone. He beheld the feeble, +but wary exertions of his unfortunate comrade, entirely subside; +and he could not hesitate. He rushed quickly through the gate, caught +the unhappy victim in his arms, and bore him triumphantly into the +fort, amid a shower of bullets aimed at him; and some of which buried +themselves in the pallisades close by his head. A most noble and +disinterested achievement, and worthy of all commendation.[14] + +[148] The siege being maintained by the Indians, the animation of the +garrison was nearly exhausted, in repelling the frequent assaults made +on the fort; and it was apparent, that the enemy did not intend +speedily to withdraw their forces. Parties of Indians were frequently +detached from the main body, as well to obtain a supply of provisions +by hunting, as to intercept and cut off any [147] aid, which might be +sent to St. Asaph's[15] from the other forts. In this posture of +affairs, it was impossible that the garrison could long hold out, +unless its military stores could be replenished; and to effect this, +under existing circumstances, appeared to be almost impossible. +Harrodsburg and Boonesborough were not themselves amply provided with +stores; and had it been otherwise, so closely was the intermediate +country between them and St. Asaph's, guarded by the savages, that no +communication could be carried from one to the other of them. The +settlement on the Holstein was the nearest point, from which it could +be practicable to derive a supply of ammunition, and the distance to +that neighborhood, was considerable. + +Logan knew the danger which must result to the garrison, from being +weakened as much as it must be, by sending a portion of it on this +hazardous enterprise; but he also knew, that the fort could not be +preserved from falling, unless its magazine was soon replenished. +Prefering the doubtful prospect of succeeding in its relief, by +adopting the plan of sending to Holstein, he proposed the measure to +his companions, and they eagerly embraced it. It remained then to +select the party, which was to venture on this high enterprise. +Important as the presence of Logan, was known to be, in the fort, yet +as the lives of all within, depended on the success of the expedition +and as to effect this, required the exercise of qualities rarely +possessed in so great degree by any other individual, he was +unanimously chosen to conduct the enterprise. + +Accompanied by four of the garrison, Logan, as slyly as possible, +slipped from the fort, and commenced his tedious journey.[16] To +lessen the chance of coming in contact [148] with straggling bands of +Indians, he avoided the pack road which had been opened by Boone; and +pursuing an untrodden route, reached the settlement in safety. The +requisite supplies were soon engaged; and while they were being +prepared for transportation, Logan was actively engaged in endeavoring +to prevail on the inhabitants, to form a company as expeditiously as +possible and march to their relief. With a faint promise of +assistance, and with the assurance that their situation should be +immediately made known to the executive authority of the state, he set +off on his return. Confiding the ammunition which he had obtained, to +the care of his companions, and prudently advising and instructing +them in the course best to be pursued, he left them, and hastened to +make his way alone, back to St. Asaph. In ten days after his departure +from the fort, he returned to it again; and his [149] presence +contributed much to revive and encourage the garrison; 'till then in +almost utter despair of obtaining relief. In a few days after, the +party arrived with the ammunition, and succeeded in entering the fort +unperceived; though it was still surrounded by the Indians. With so +much secrecy and caution had the enterprise been conducted, that the +enemy never knew it had been undertaken, until it was happily +accomplished. + +For some time after this the garrison continued in high expectation of +seeing the besiegers depart, despairing of making any impression on +the fort. But they were mistaken in this expectation. Each returning +day shewed the continued investiture of the fort, and exhibited the +Indians as pertinaciously intent on its reduction by assault or +famine, as they were on the day of their arrival before it. Weeks +elapsed, and there was no appearance of the succours which had been +promised to Logan, when in the settlement on Holstein. And although +the besieged were still successful in repelling every assault on the +garrison, yet their stock of provisions was almost entirely exhausted; +and there was no chance of obtaining a farther supply, but from the +woods around them. To depend on the success of hunting parties, to +relieve their necessities and prevent their actual starvation or +surrender, seemed indeed, but a slender reed on which to rely; and +the gloom of despondency overshadowed their hitherto sanguine +countenances. But as they were resigning themselves to despair, and +yielding up the last hope of being able to escape from savage fury and +savage vengeance, Colonel Bowman arrived to their relief, and forced +the Indians to raise the siege. It was not however, without some loss +on his part. A detachment of his men, which had preceded the advance +of the main army, was unfortunately unable to reach the fort, +undiscovered by the besiegers; who attacked and killed them before +they could enter the garrison. On the body of one of these men, was +left a proclamation, issued by the Governor of Detroit promising +protection and reward to those who would renounce the cause of the +American colonies, and espouse that of Great Britain; and denouncing +those who would not. When this proclamation was carried to Logan, he +carefully kept secret its contents, lest it might produce an +unfavorable effect on the minds of some of his men; worn down, +exhausted, and discouraged as they then were.[17] + +[150] After the arrival of Colonel Bowman in the country, there was +for a time, a good deal of skirmishing between his forces, aided by +individuals from the different forts, and those Indians. In all of +them, the superiority of the whites in the use of the rifle, became +apparent to the savages; and as the feat of Captain Gibson with the +sword, had previously acquired for the Virginians, the appellation of +the Long Knives,[18] the fatal certainty, with which Bowman's men and +the inhabitants of the various settlements in Kentucky, then aimed +their shots, might have added to that title, the forcible epithet of +sharp-shooters. They were as skilful and successful, too, in the +practice of those arts, by which one is enabled to steal unaware upon +his enemy, as the Natives themselves; and were equally as sure to +execute the purposes, for which those arts were put in requisition, as +these were. The consequence was, that the Indians were not only more +shy in approaching the garrison, than they had been; but they likewise +became, more cautious and circumspect, in their woods operations, than +formerly. + +The frequent success of Colonel Bowman's men, in scouring the +surrounding country, gave to the inhabitants of all the settlements, +an opportunity of cultivating their little fields, and of laying in +such a stock of provisions and military stores, as would suffice in +the hour of need; when that force should be withdrawn from the +country, and the Indians consequently be again enabled to overrun it. +All that the inhabitants, by reason of the paucity of their numbers, +could yet do, was to shut themselves in forts, and preserve these from +falling into the hands of the enemy. When the term of those, who had +so opportunely came to their relief, expired, and they returned to +their homes, there were at Boonesborough only twenty-two, at +Harrodsburg sixty-five, and at St. Asaph's fifteen men. Emigrants +however, flocked to the country during the ensuing season, in great +numbers; and their united strength enabled them the better to resist +aggression, and conduct the various operations of husbandry and +hunting--then the only occupations of the men. + +While these things were transacting in Kentucky, North Western +Virginia enjoyed a repose undisturbed, save by the conviction of the +moral certainty, that it would be again involved in all the horrors of +savage warfare; and that too, at no distant period: The machinations +of British agents, to [151] produce this result, were well known to be +gaining advocates daily, among the savages; and the hereditary +resentments of these, were known to be too deeply seated, for the +victory of Point Pleasant to have produced their eradication, and to +have created in their stead, a void, to become the future receptacle +of kindlier feelings, towards their Virginia neighbors. A coalition +of the many tribes north west of the Ohio river, had been some time +forming, and the assent of the Shawanees, alone, was wanting to its +perfection. The distinguished Sachem at the head of that nation, was +opposed to an alliance with the British, and anxious to preserve a +friendly intercourse with the colonists. All his influence, with all +his energy, was exerted, to prevent his brethren from again involving +themselves, in a war with the whites. But it was likely to be in vain. +Many of his warriors had fallen at the mouth of the Kenhawa, and his +people had suffered severely during the continuance of that war; they +were therefore, too intent on retaliation, to listen to the sage +counsel of their chief. In this posture of affairs, Cornstalk, in the +spring of 1777, visited the fort, which had been erected at Point +Pleasant after the campaign of 1774, in company with the Red Hawk, and +another Indian. Captain Matthew Arbuckle was then commandant of the +garrison; and when Cornstalk communicated to him the hostile +preparations of the Indians,--that the Shawanees alone were wanting to +render a confederacy complete,--that, as the "current set so strongly +against the colonies, even they would float with the stream in despite +of his endeavors to stem it," and that hostilities would commence +immediately, he deemed it prudent to detain him and his companions as +hostages, for the peace and neutrality of the different tribes of +Indians in Ohio. He at the same time acquainted the newly organized +government of Virginia, with the information which he had received +from Cornstalk, and the course which he had taken with that chief, and +the others who accompanied him to the garrison. + +Upon the receipt of this intelligence, it was resolved, if volunteers +could be had for this purpose, to march an army into the Indian +country and effectually accomplish the objects, which had been +proposed to be achieved in the campaign of Lord Dunmore in 1774. The +volunteers in Augusta and Bottetourt, were to rendezvous as early as +possible, at the mouth of the Big Kenhawa, where they would be joined +by [152] other troops under General Hand,[19] who would then assume +the command of the whole expedition. + +In pursuance of this resolve, three or four companies only, were +raised in the counties of Bottetourt and Augusta; and these +immediately commenced their march, to the place of general rendezvous, +under the command of Colonel George Skillern. In the Greenbrier +country, great exertions were made by the militia officers there, to +obtain volunteers, but with little effect. One company only was +formed, consisting of thirty men, and the officers, laying aside all +distinctions of rank, placed themselves in the line as common +soldiers, and proceeded to Point Pleasant with the troops led on by +Colonel Skillern. Upon their arrival at that place, nothing had been +heard of General Hand, or of the forces which it was expected would +accompany him from Fort Pitt; and the volunteers halted, to await some +intelligence from him. + +The provisions, for the support of the army in its projected invasion +of the Indian country, were expected to be brought down the river, +from Fort Pitt; and the troops under Colonel Skillern had only taken +with them, what was deemed sufficient for their subsistence on their +march to the place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhausted, and +the garrison was too illy supplied, to admit of their drawing on its +stores.--While thus situated, and anxiously awaiting the arrival of +General Hand with his army and provisions, the officers held frequent +conversations with Cornstalk, who seemed to take pleasure in +acquainting them with the geography of the country west of the Ohio +river generally, and more particularly with that section of it lying +between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. One afternoon while he +was engaged in delineating on the floor a map of that territory, with +the various water courses emptying into those two mighty streams, and +describing the face of the country, its soil and climate, a voice was +heard hallooing from the opposite shore of the Ohio, which he +immediately recognised to be that of his son Ellinipsico, and who +coming over at the instance of Cornstalk, embraced him most +affectionately. Uneasy at the long absence of his father, and fearing +that some unforseen evil might have befallen him, he had come to learn +some tidings of him here; knowing that it was the place, to go to +which he had left the nation. His visit was prompted by feelings [153] +which do honor to human nature--anxious solicitude for a father,--but +it was closed by a most terrible catastrophe. + +On the day after the arrival of Ellinipsico, and while he was yet in +the garrison, two men, from Captain Hall's company of Rockbridge +volunteers, crossed the Kenhawa river on a hunting excursion. As they +were returning to the canoe for the purpose of recrossing to the Fort, +after the termination of the hunt, Gilmore was espied by two Indians, +concealed near the bank, who fired at, killed and scalped him. At that +instant, Captains Arbuckle and Stuart (the latter having accompanied +the Greenbrier volunteers as a private soldier) were standing on the +point opposite to where lay the canoe in which Hamilton and Gilmore +had crossed the river; and expressed some astonishment that the men +should be so indiscreet as to be shooting near to the encampment, +contrary to commands. They had scarcely time to express their +disapprobation at the supposed violation of orders, when Hamilton was +seen running down the bank of the river, and heard to exclaim, that +Gilmore was killed. A party of Captain Hall's men immediately sprang +into a canoe and went over to relieve Hamilton from danger, and to +bring the body of Gilmore to the encampment. Before they relanded with +the bloody corpse of Gilmore, a cry arose, "let us go and kill the +Indians in the fort;" and pale with rage they ascended the bank, with +captain Hall at their head, to execute their horrid purpose. It was +vain to remonstrate. To the interference of Captains Arbuckle and +Stuart to prevent the fulfilling of this determination, they +responded, by cocking their guns, and threatening instant death to any +one who should dare to oppose them. + +The interpreter's wife, (who had lately returned from Indian +captivity, and seemed to entertain a feeling of affection for +Cornstalk and his companions) seeing their danger, ran to their cabin +to apprise them of it, and told them that Ellinipsico was charged with +having brought with him the Indians who had killed Gilmore. This +however he positively denied, averring that he came alone, and with +the sole object of learning something of his father. In this time +Captain Hall and his men had arrived within hearing, and Ellinipsico +appeared much agitated. Cornstalk however, encouraged him to meet his +fate composedly, saying, "my son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that +we should die together, and has sent you here to that [154] end. It is +his will and let us submit;--it is all for the best;" and turning to +meet his murderers at the door, received seven bullets in his body and +fell without a groan. + +Thus perished the mighty Cornstalk, Sachem of the Shawanees, and king +of the northern confederacy in 1774: A chief remarkable for many great +and good qualities. He was disposed to be at all times the friend of +white men; as he ever was, the advocate of honorable peace. But when +his country's wrongs "called aloud to battle," he became the +thunderbolt of war; and made her oppressors feel the weight of his +uplifted arm. He sought not to pluck the scalp from the head of the +innocent, nor to war against the unprotected and defenceless; choosing +rather to encounter his enemies, girded for battle, and in open +conflict. His noble bearing,--his generous and disinterested +attachment to the colonies, when the thunder of British cannon was +reverberating through the land--his anxiety to preserve the frontier +of Virginia from desolation and death, (the object of his visit to +Point Pleasant)--all conspired to win for him the esteem and respect +of others; while the untimely, and perfidious manner of his death, +caused a deep and lasting regret to pervade the bosoms, even of those +who were enemies to his nation; and excited the just indignation of +all, towards his inhuman and barbarous murderers. + +When the father fell, Ellinipsico continued still and passive; not +even raising himself from the seat, which he had occupied before they +received notice, that some infuriated whites were loudly demanding +their immolation. He met death in that position, with the utmost +composure and calmness. The trepidation which first seized upon him, +was of but momentary duration, and was succeeded by a most dignified +sedateness and stoical apathy. It was not so with the young Red Hawk. +He endeavored to conceal himself up the chimney of the cabin, in which +they were; but without success. He was soon discovered and killed. The +remaining Indian was murdered by piece-meal; and with almost all those +circumstances of cruelty and horror, which characterize the savage, in +wreaking vengeance upon an enemy. + +Cornstalk is said to have had a presentiment of his approaching +fate. On the day preceding his death, a council of officers was +convoked, in consequence of the continued absence of General Hand, +and their entire ignorance of his [155] force or movements, to +consult and determine on what would be the course for them to pursue +under existing circumstances. Cornstalk was admitted to the council; +and in the course of some remarks, with which he addressed it, said, +"When I was young and went to war, I often thought, each might be my +last adventure, and I should return no more. I still lived. Now I +am in the midst of you, and if you choose, may kill me. I can die +but once. It is alike to me, whether now or hereafter." Little did +those who were listening with delight to the eloquence of his +address, and deriving knowledge from his instruction, think to see +him so quickly and inhumanly, driven from the theatre of life. It +was a fearful deed; and dearly was it expiated by others. The +Shawanees were a warlike people, and became henceforward the most +deadly foe, to the inhabitants on the frontiers. + +In a few days after the perpetration of this diabolical outrage upon +all propriety, General Hand arrived from Pittsburg without an army, +and without provisions for those who had been awaiting his coming. It +was then determined to abandon the expedition; and the volunteers +returned to their homes.[20] + +----- + [1] Chief among the fomenters of disorder were the + renegades Simon Girty, Matthew Elliott, and Alexander + McKee. The dastardly deeds of this trio are fully set forth + in Butterfield's _History of the Girtys_, an important work + to all students of the annals of the West during the + Revolutionary War.--R. G. T. + + [2] James Harrod's father emigrated from England to + Virginia, about 1734, and was one of the first settlers on the + Shenandoah, in the Valley of Virginia. One of his sons, Samuel, + accompanied Michael Stoner on his famous Western hunting and + exploring trip, in 1767; another, William, born at the new + family seat, at Big Cove, in what is now Bedford County, Pa., + served with distinction under George Rogers Clark. James, born + in 1742, was twelve years old when his father died, leaving a + large family on an exposed frontier, at the opening of the + French and Indian War. In November, 1755, a raid was made on + the Big Cove settlement, by the Delaware chief Shingiss (p. 45, + _note_), but the Harrods were among the few families who + escaped unharmed to Fort Littleton. When James was sixteen + years of age he served with his brother William on Forbes's + campaign, and very likely saw further service during that war. + In 1772, when he had attained wide celebrity on the border as + an adept in woodcraft, he helped William settle on Ten Mile + Creek, a tributary of the Monongahela; and in 1773 he and + several other explored Kentucky, returning home by way of + Greenbrier River. We have seen (p. 152, _note_) that he was + surveying the site of Harrodsburg in 1774, when warned by Boone + and Stoner. Retiring with his men to the Holston, he and they + joined Col. Christian's regiment, but arrived at Point Pleasant + a few hours after the battle of October 10. Returning to his + abandoned Kentucky settlement March 18, 1775, a fortnight + before Boonesborough was founded, he was chosen a delegate to + the Transylvania convention, and became a man of great + prominence in the Kentucky colony. In 1779 he commanded a + company on Bowman's campaign, and the year following was a + captain on Clark's Indian campaign; declining a majorship, he + served as a private on Clark's campaign of 1782. He was a + member of the Kentucky convention (at Danville) of December, + 1784, and at one time represented Kentucky in the Virginia + legislature. In February, 1792, having made his will, he set + out from Washington, Ky., with two men, in search of a silver + mine reported to be at the Three Forks of the Kentucky. No more + was heard of him or his companions, and it is still the belief + of the family that the latter murdered him. He was survived by + his wife and a daughter, and left a large landed estate. + Harrod, although unlettered, was a man of fine presence and + many sterling qualities, and made a strong impress on his + generation. He is still remembered in Kentucky as one of the + worthiest pioneers of that state.--R. G. T. + + [3] The company--successively called The Louisa Company, + Henderson & Co., and The Transylvania Company--was composed of + Col. Richard Henderson, Col. John Williams, Thomas Hart, Col. + David Hart, Capt. Nathaniel Hart, Col. John Luttsell, James + Hogg, William Johnston, and Leonard Henley Bullock. + + Henderson's paternal great-grandfather was a Scottish + immigrant, and one of his grandmothers was Welsh. The family + settled in Hanover County, Va., where Richard, son of Samuel + Henderson, was born April 20, 1735. Samuel moved with his + family to North Carolina, in 1745, and became sheriff of + Granville County. Richard had the education of a rural youth of + good station, and became a lawyer. In 1767 he was appointed one + of the two associate justices of the superior court of the + colony, and served with great credit for six years, when the + court was abolished. During professional visits to Salisbury, + Henderson heard frequently--chiefly through the brothers + Hart--of the exploits of Boone, and the latter's glowing + reports of the beauty and fertility of Kentucky. Relying + implicitly on Boone's statements, these four men energetically + resolved to settle the country. In the autumn of 1774, + Henderson and Nathaniel Hart visited the Cherokees to ascertain + if they would sell their claims to Kentucky, and receiving a + favorable reply agreed to meet the Indians in treaty council at + the Sycamore Shoals, on Watauga River. On their return home, + they were accompanied by a wise old Indian (Little Carpenter), + and a young buck and his squaw, delegates to see that proper + goods were purchased for the proposed barter. These goods were + bought in December at Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, N. C., and + forwarded by wagons to Watauga. + + Boone was then sent out to collect the Indians, and when the + council opened (March 14, 1775) had twelve hundred assembled at + the Sycamore Shoals--half of them warriors. The council + proceeded slowly, with much characteristic vacillating on the + part of the Indians; but on the third day (March 17) the deed + of sale was signed to what came to be known as "the great + grant:" The tract from the mouth of the Kentucky (or Louisa) + River to the head spring of its most northerly fork; thence + northeasterly to the top of Powell's Mountain; thence westerly + and then northwesterly to the head spring of the most southerly + branch of the Cumberland; thence down that stream, including + all its waters, to the Ohio, and thence up the Ohio to the + mouth of the Kentucky. The Indians were conscious that they had + sold what did not belong to them; and Dragging Canoe and other + chiefs were outspoken in their opinion that the whites would + have difficulty in settling the tract. The Indians were much + dissatisfied with the division of the goods. These "filled a + house" and cost L10,000 sterling, yet when distributed among so + many greedy savages each had but a small share. One warrior, + who received but a shirt for his portion, said he "could have + shot more game in one day on the land ceded, than would pay for + so slight a garment." + + Governors Martin, of North Carolina, and Dunmore, of Virginia, + issued proclamations against the purchase, as contrary to the + royal proclamation of 1763. But those who were present at the + treaty--among them such prominent borderers as Daniel Boone, + James Robertson, John Sevier, Isaac Shelby, Felix Walker, the + Bledsoes, Richard Callaway, William Twitty, William Cocke, and + Nathaniel Henderson--were heedless of such proclamations, and + eager to become settlers under the company's liberal offer made + to them on the spot: for each man who assisted in the first + settlement, and went out and raised a crop of corn that year, a + grant of 500 acres for L5 sterling, clear of all charges. + + Boone, as the company's agent, started out at once (March 10) + with twenty men, soon reinforced to thirty; with their hatchets + they blazed a bridle path over Cumberland Gap, and across + Cumberland, Laurel, and Rockcastle rivers, to the banks of the + Kentucky, where, after a running fight with the Indians, they + arrived April 1, and founded Boonesborough. Henderson, at the + head of thirty men conveying the wagons and supplies, arrived + at Boonesborough April 20; with him were Luttsell and Nathaniel + Hart. May 23, there met at Boonesborough the Legislature of + Transylvania, in which sat eighteen delegates from the little + group of four frontier forts, all established at about this + time--Harrodsburg, Boiling Springs, and St. Asaph's (or Logan's + Station), lying some thirty or more miles southwest of + Boonesborough, the capital of this little western colony. + Withers does not mention this first legislative assembly held + in the Mississippi Valley. It is an interesting and suggestive + episode in American commonwealth-building, and deserves careful + study. Roosevelt gives it admirable treatment, in his _Winning + of the West_. The journal of the convention is given at length + in the appendix to the second edition of Butler's _Kentucky_; + Hall's _Sketches of the West_, i., pp. 264, 265; Louisville + _Literary News-Letter_, June 6, 1840; and Hazard's _U. S. + Register_, iii., pp. 25-28. Henderson's MS. Journal is in the + possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society, and has never + yet been published. + + Virginia and North Carolina did not favor an independent + government in Kentucky, and annulled the title of the Henderson + company--but Virginia (1795) granted the proprietors in + recompense 200,000 acres on Powell's and Clinch rivers. + + We hear little more of Richard Henderson, in pioneer history. + In 1779, he was one of the North Carolina commissioners to + extend the western boundary between that State and Virginia. + During the winter of 1789-90 he was at the French Lick on + Cumberland, where he opened a land office. His last public + service was in 1781, when a member of the North Carolina house + of commons. He died at his country seat in Granville County, N. + C., January 30, 1785, in his fiftieth year. Two of his sons, + Archibald and Leonard, attained eminence at the bar of their + native State.--R. G. T. + + [4] Among Dr. Draper's manuscripts I find this succinct + review of the aboriginal claims to Kentucky: "There is some + reason to suppose that the Catawbas may once have dwelt upon + the Kentucky River; that stream, on some of the ancient maps + published a hundred years ago, was called the 'Cuttawa or + Cawtaba River.' But that tribe of Indians, so far as we know, + never laid any claim to the territory. + + "It would appear from the historical evidences extant, that the + Shawanoes were the earliest occupants of Kentucky of whom we + have any certain knowledge. Colden, the primitive historian of + the Iroquois Confederacy, informs us, that when the French + commenced the first settlement of Canada in 1603, the Five + Nations, who then resided near the present locality of + Montreal, were at war with the powerful Adirondacks, who at + that time lived three hundred miles above the Three Rivers, in + Canada. The Iroquois found it difficult to withstand the + vigorous attacks of their enemies, whose superior hardihood was + to be attributed to their constant devotion to the chase, while + the Iroquois had been chiefly engaged in the more peaceful + occupation of planting corn. Compelled to give way before their + haughty foes, the confederates had recourse to the exercise of + arms, in order, if possible, to retrieve their martial + character and prowess. To raise the spirits of their people, + the Iroquois leaders turned their warriors against the Satanas + or Shawanoes, 'who then,' says Colden, 'lived on the banks of + the lakes,'--or, as other historians assert, in Western New + York, and south of Lake Erie,--and soon subdued and drove them + out of the country. The Shawanoes then retired to the Ohio, + along which and its tributaries they planted numerous + settlements. Some of them, however, when driven from Western + New York, seem to have located somewhere on the Delaware, for + De Laet, in 1624, speaks of _Sawanoos_ residing on that river. + + "The _Jesuit Relations_ of 1661-62, allude to their residence + in the West under the name of Ontouagannha or Chaoueanons; they + seem to have been the same as were called Tongorias, Erighecks, + Erieehonons, Eries, or Cats, by the early missionaries and + historians; and the same, moreover, known in the traditions of + the Senecas as Gah-kwahs, who resided on Eighteen Mile Creek, a + few miles southwest of Buffalo, in Western New York, which the + Senecas still call Gah-kwah-gig-a-ah Creek, which means _the + place where the Gah-kwahs lived_. In 1672, the Shawanoes and + their confederates in the Ohio Valley met with a disastrous + overthrow by the Five Nations at Sandy Island, just below the + Falls of Ohio, where large numbers of human bones were still to + be seen at the first settlement of the country. The surviving + Shawanoes must then have retired still farther down the Ohio, + and settled probably in the western part of Kentucky; and + Marquette, in 1673, speaks of their having twenty-three + villages in one district, and fifteen in another, all lying + quite near each other: At length the Shawanoes departed from + Kentucky, and seem to have gone to the upper part of the + Carolinas, and to the coast of Florida, and ever after proved a + migratory people. They were evidently 'subdued,' as Colden, + Evans, and Pownall inform us, and the decisive battle was + fought at Sandy Island, where a vital blow was given to the + balance of power on the Ohio, which decided finally the fall of + Kentucky with its ancient inhabitants. + + "It was this conquest that gave to the powerful Iroquois all + the title they ever acquired to Kentucky. At the peace of + Ryswick, in 1697, their right to their western conquests was + fully acknowledged; and at the treaty of Lancaster, in + Pennsylvania, in 1744, they ceded to Virginia all their lands + west of that colony. In 1752, the Shawanoes and other western + tribes, at Logstown on the Ohio, confirmed the Lancaster + treaty, and sold their claim to the country south of the Ohio; + and, at the treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, the Six Nations + made a new cession of their claim to Kentucky as low as the + Cherokee or Tennessee River. Up to this period, the Cherokees + never so much as thought of contesting with the Iroquois their + claim to the Kentucky country; for some of the visiting + Cherokees, while on their route to attend the Fort Stanwix + treaty, killed game for their subsistence, and on their arrival + at Fort Stanwix, tendered the skins to the Six Nations, saying, + 'They are yours, we killed them after passing the Big River,' + the name by which they had always designated the Tennessee. But + probably discovering that other Indian nations were driving a + good business by disposing of their distant land rights, the + Cherokees managed to hatch up some sort of claim, which they, + in part, relinquished to Virginia, at the treaty of Lochaber in + 1770; and when Col. Donelson ran the line the following year, + the boundary was fixed, at the suggestion of the Cherokee + deputies, on the Kentucky River as the south-western line, as + they delighted, they said, in natural landmarks. This + considerably enlarged the cession, for which they received an + additional compensation. + + "In 1772, the Shawanoes made no claim to Kentucky; and at the + treaty of Camp Charlotte, in October, 1774, they tacitly + confirmed their old sale of that country in 1752, by agreeing + not even to hunt south of the Ohio. Thus, then, we see that the + Iroquois had twice ceded their right to Kentucky as low as the + Tennessee River, and twice received their pay; the Shawanoes + had disposed of their claim, such as it was, and received + for it a valuable consideration; and the Cherokees, finding + it profitable to lay claim to some valuable unoccupied + region, sold their newly assumed right to the country south + and east of Kentucky River. Their claim, if indeed it rises to + the dignity of a claim, south and west of the Kentucky, was + fairly purchased by Henderson and Company, and thus with the + subsequent purchase by treaty, of the Chickasaws, of the + strip between the Tennessee and Mississippi, the Indian + title to the whole Kentucky country was fully and fairly + extinguished."--R. G. T. + + [5] The first attack occurred the morning of March 25, when + the party were encamped near the head of Taylor's Fork of + Silver Creek. Capt. Twitty and Felix Walker were severely + wounded, and a negro servant killed; Twitty subsequently died + from his wound. The other attack was on an outlying company, + probably on Tate's Creek; this occurred the 27th, and "Thomas + McDowell and Jeremiah McFeeters were," Boone wrote to + Henderson, "killed and sculped."--R. G. T. + + [6] The purchase of Henderson and company, was subsequently + declared by the legislature of Virginia, to be null and void, + so far as the purchasers were concerned; but effectual as to + the extinguishment of the Indian title, to the territory thus + bought of them. To indemnify the purchasers for any advancement + of money or other things which they had made to the Indians, + the assembly granted to them 200,000 acres of land, lying at + the mouth of Green river, and known generally as Henderson's + grant. + + [7] Boone set out from Boonesborough, June 13, 1775. He left + the settlement in a state approaching anarchy; there were + several good men in the district, but the majority were + shiftless wanderers who would brook no exercise of authority. + The buffalo were fast moving westward, and all game was now + getting scarce--"hunt or starve" was the motto of the hour. A + diarist (Capt. Floyd) estimated that there were then a total of + 300 people in all the Kentucky settlements--not reckoning "a + great many land-jobbers from towards Pittsburg, who go about on + the north side of Kentucky, in companies, and build forty or + fifty cabins a piece on lands where no surveying has yet been + done." Among the best of the numerous arrivals, were George + Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, Benjamin Logan, and Whitley, who + came to be very prominent characters in Kentucky history. + Boone, with his wife and daughters, and twenty-one men, arrived + at Boonesborough September 6 or 7. "My wife and daughters," + writes Boone, "were the first women that ever stood on the + banks of Kentucky river." Mrs. McGary, Mrs. Hogan, and Mrs. + Denton arrived at Harrodsburg the 8th of September, and were + the first white women in that settlement. With the arrival of + these families, and fresh fighting men, the Kentucky colony + began to take on a permanent air, and thenceforward there was + better order.--R. G. T. + + [8] In the winter of 1776-77, McClelland's Station and + Logan's Station, (indifferently styled Fort or Station) were + abandoned because of Indian attacks, and the settlers huddled + into Boonesborough and Harrodsburg--although possibly Price's + settlement, on the Cumberland, maintained a separate existence + throughout the winter. There were at this time not to exceed a + hundred and fifty white men in the country, available for + active militia duty. As during January and February, 1777, the + Indians were quiet, confidence was restored in some degree, and + during the latter month, Logan, with his own and some half + dozen other families, left Harrodsburg and re-occupied Logan's + Station. Thus far, each settlement had chosen its own military + leader, and discipline was practically unknown. March 5, under + order and commissions from Virginia, the militia of Kentucky + county were assembled and organized at Boonesborough, + Harrodsburg, and Logan's Station, with George Rogers Clark as + major, and Daniel Boone, James Harrod, John Todd, and Benjamin + Logan as captains.--R. G. T. + + [9] This foray took place March 6--not the 14th, as in the + text--at Shawnee Springs, four miles north-east of Harrodsburg. + The whites--James Ray, William Ray, Thomas Shores, and William + Coomes--were sugar-making, when attacked by about seventy + Shawnees, under Black Fish. William Ray was killed, and Shores + taken prisoner. James Ray outran his pursuers and gave the + alarm. The unsuccessful attack on the incomplete fort of + Harrodsburg occurred early the following morning, the 7th. + Other brief attacks on Harrodsburg, were on March 18 and + 28.--R. G. T. + + [10] A small detachment from Black Fish's party made a dash + on workers in the Boonesborough fields, the day after the + Harrodsburg fight--killing a negro, and wounding several + whites.--R. G. T. + + [11] This assault on Boonesborough occurred the morning of + Thursday, April 24. The Indians numbered about one hundred. + Boone was wounded, and very nearly lost his life, in a sortie. + The story of the fight abounds with instances of heroism on the + part of both women and men.--R. G. T. + + [12] It occurred throughout Friday, May 30. The Indians are + reported to have numbered fifty-seven.--R. G. T. + + [13] Those who went out early in the morning to milk the + cows, were Mrs. Ann Logan, Mrs. Whitley, and a negro woman. + They were guarded only by William Hudson, Burr Harrison, John + Kennedy, and James Craig. The women and Craig escaped into the + fort unharmed; Kennedy, with four balls in his body, contrived + also to escape; Hudson was killed outright, and Harrison fell + wounded. He was supposed by friend and foe to have been killed. + The story of his final rescue by Logan, is related by Withers + below. As told to Dr. Draper, by Capt. Benjamin Biggs, and as + recorded in Whitley's MS. Narrative, in possession of the + Wisconsin Historical Society, the story in Withers is + substantially correct. It is said that Logan rolled a bag of + wool before him, and thus approached Harrison under cover; then + making a rush towards the latter, he picked him up in his arms + and dashed successfully into the fort. These accounts make no + mention of Martin's intervention. Harrison died of his wounds, + June 13.--R. G. T. + + [14] Benjamin Logan was by birth a Virginian; and at the age + of fourteen was left by the death of his father, to provide for + his mother and her other children, and with the other cares of + a family upon his infant hands. He discharged the duties thus + devolving on him, with the utmost fidelity; and having provided + amply for the support of his mother, and placed the other + members of her household in eligible situations, he removed to + the Holstein, married, purchased land, and commenced making + improvements. From thence he went to Kentucky, where he spent + the balance of his life, in the discharge of every social and + relative duty, with credit to himself and advantage to the + community. He was a delegate to the Virginia legislature from + the county of Kentucky in 1780; was soon after commissioned + county Lieutenant, (then the highest military title in the + militia of a county) and in the various battles, as well as in + the many skirmishes, which he fought with the Indians, his + conduct and bearing were such, as fully established for him the + reputation of a brave, skilful, prudent and meritorious + officer. In private life, and in his intercourse with his + fellow men, his whole course was distinguished by the most + uncompromising honor, and expanded philanthrophy. The heroic + adventure, by which he saved his wounded comrade, from the + tomahawk, the scalping knife, and from fire, was but one of + many such exploits, whereby he achieved good to others, at the + most imminent hazard of his own life. + + [15] This was the name given to the station of Logan. + + [16] Whitley's MS. Narrative and Cowan's MS. Diary, in the + Wisconsin Historical Society's library, say that Logan left + alone during the night of June 6. Logan returned to his fort on + the 23d, having travelled almost incessantly, and brought news + that relief would soon come. Soon after Logan's expedition to + the Holston, other messengers were sent to the East, clamoring + for help--McGary and Hoggin to Fort Pitt, and Smith to the + Yadkin; and twice Harrod vainly went forth to meet expected + troops. But the Continental army was hard pressed in those + days, and despite the rumor on the coast that Kentucky was in a + sad way, it was long before relief could be sent.--R. G. T. + + [17] Bowman arrived at Boonesborough the first of August, + with two companies from Virginia, under Capts. Henry Pauling + and John Dunkin--the latter being soon succeeded by Isaac + Ruddell. The force numbered 100 men. August 25, while six of + Bowman's men were on their way to Logan's, they were attacked + by Indians, two being killed and one wounded. Before escaping, + the Indians left on the body of one of the men, several copies + of a proclamation addressed to Clark and Logan in person, by + Lieut.-Gov. Henry Hamilton, at the head of the British forces + at Detroit, offering immunity to repentant rebels.--R. G. T. + + [18] See pp. 79, 80, _note_, for origin of the term "Long + Knives."--R. G. T. + + [19] Edward Hand was born in Ireland. He came to America in + 1774 as a surgeon's mate in the Eighth (Royal Irish) Regiment, + and soon settled in Pennsylvania as a physician. When the + Revolution broke out he joined a Pennsylvania regiment as + lieutenant colonel, and served in the siege of Boston. In + April, 1777, he was appointed brigadier-general in the + Continental army, and the first of June assumed command of Fort + Pitt. Lieut.-Gov. Henry Hamilton, of Detroit, under orders from + London, was actively engaged in stirring up the Northwest + Indians to forays on the Virginia and Pennsylvania borders, + thus harrying the Americans in the rear. Hand, in whose charge + was the frontier from Kittanning to the Great Kanawha, + determined on an aggressive policy, and in February, 1778, + undertook a campaign against the savages. An open winter, with + heavy rains, prevented the force of about 500 men--chiefly from + Westmoreland county--making satisfactory headway. Finally, the + expedition was abandoned when it had proceeded no farther than + Mahoning Creek. From the fact that this first American movement + against the savages, during the Revolution, resulted only in + the capture of non-combatants, in the almost deserted villages, + it was long known as "the squaw campaign." Hand was a competent + officer, but was much pestered, at Fort Pitt, with the + machinations of tories, who were numerous among the borderers. + Succeeded at Fort Pitt in 1778, by Brig.-Gen. Lachlan McIntosh, + Hand in turn succeeded Stark in command at Albany. We find him, + in 1779, actively engaged on Sullivan's campaign against the + New York Indians, and in 1780 he became adjutant general. A + member of congress in 1784-85, he was in 1790 a member of the + constitutional convention of Pennsylvania, and died at + Rockford, Lancaster County, Pa., September 3, 1802--R. G. T. + + [20] See p. 172, _note_ 2, for sketch of life and death of + Cornstalk.--R. G. T. + + + + +[156] CHAPTER IX. + + +While Cornstalk was detained at Point Pleasant, as surety for the +peace and neutrality of the Shawanees, Indians, of the tribes already +attached to the side of Great Britain, were invading the more +defenceless and unprotected settlements. Emerging, as Virginia then +was, from a state of vassalage and subjection, to independence and +self-government--contending in fearful inferiority of strength and the +munitions of war with a mighty and warlike nation--limited in +resources, and wanting in means, essential for supporting the unequal +conflict, she could not be expected to afford protection and security +from savage inroad, to a frontier so extensive as hers; and still less +was she able to spare from the contest which she was waging with that +colossal power, a force sufficient to maintain a war in the Indian +country and awe the savages into quiet. It had not entered into the +policy of this state to enlist the tomahawk and scalping knife in her +behalf; or to make allies of savages, in a war with Christians and +civilized men. She sought by the force of reason and the conviction of +propriety, to prevail on them to observe neutrality--not to become her +auxiliaries. "To send forth the merciless cannibal, thirsting for +blood, against protestant brethren," was a refinement in war to which +she had not attained. That the enemy, with whom she was struggling for +liberty and life as a nation, with all the lights of religion and +philosophy to illumine her course, should have made of them allies, +and "let loose those horrible hell-hounds of war against their +countrymen in America, endeared to them by every tie which should +sanctify human nature," was a most lamentable circumstance--in its +consequences, blighting and desolating the fairest portions of the +country, and covering the face of [157] its border settlements, with +the gloomy mantle of sorrow and woe. + +There is in the Indian bosom an hereditary sense of injury, which +naturally enough prompts to deeds of revengeful cruelty towards the +whites, without the aid of adventitious stimulants. When these are +superadded, they become indeed, the most ruthless and infuriated +enemy--"thirsting for blood," and causing it literally to flow, alike +from the hearts of helpless infancy and hoary age--from the timorous +breast of weak woman, and the undaunted bosom of the stout warrior. +Leagued with Great Britain, the Indians were enabled more fully and +effectually, to glut their vengeance on our citizens, and gratify +their entailed resentment towards them. + +In the commencement of Indian depredations on North Western Virginia, +during this war, the only places of refuge for the inhabitants, +besides private forts and block-houses, were at Pittsburg, Redstone, +Wheeling and Point Pleasant. Garrisons had been maintained at Fort +Pitt and Redstone, ever after their establishment; and fortresses were +erected at the two latter places in 1774. They all seemed to afford an +asylum to many, when the Indians were known to be in the country; but +none of them had garrisons, strong enough to admit of detachments +being sent, to act offensively against the invaders. All that they +could effect, was the repulsion of assaults made on them, and the +expulsion from their immediate neighborhoods, of small marauding +parties of the savage enemy. When Captain Arbuckle communicated to the +Governor the information derived from Cornstalk, that extensive +preparations were making by the Indians, for war, and the probability +of its early commencement, such measures were immediately adopted, to +prevent its success, as the then situation of the country would +justify. A proclamation was issued, advising the inhabitants of the +frontier, to retire into the interior as soon as practicable; and that +they might be enabled the better to protect themselves from savage +fury, some ammunition was forwarded to settlements on the Ohio river, +remote from the state forts, and more immediately exposed to danger +from incursion. General Hand too, then stationed at Fort Pitt, sent an +express to the different settlements, recommending that they should +be immediately abandoned, and the individuals composing them, should +forthwith seek shelter in some contiguous fortress, or retire east of +the [158] mountain. All were apprized of the impending danger, and +that it was impracticable in the pressing condition of affairs, for +the newly organized government to extend to them any effective +protection. + +Thus situated, the greater part of those who had taken up their abode +on the western waters, continued to reside in the country. Others, +deeming the means of defence inadequate to security, and unwilling to +encounter the horrors of an Indian war, no better provided than they +were, pursued the advice of government, and withdrew from the presence +of danger. Those who remained, sensible of dependence on their +individual resources, commenced making preparations for the +approaching crisis. The positions which had been selected as places of +security and defence in the war of 1774, were fortified anew, and +other block-houses and forts were erected by their unaided exertion, +into which they would retire on the approach of danger. Nor was it +long before this state of things was brought about. + +In June 1777,[1] a party of Indians came to the house of Charles +Grigsby on Rooting creek, a branch of the West Fork, and in the county +of Harrison. Mr. Grigsby being from home, the Indians plundered the +house of every thing considered valuable by them, and which they could +readily carry with them; and destroying many other articles, departed, +taking with them Mrs. Grigsby and her two children as prisoners. +Returning home soon after, seeing the desolation which had been done +in his short absence, and unable to find his wife and children, Mr. +Grigsby collected some of his neighbors and set out in pursuit of +those, by whom the mischief had been effected,--hoping that he might +overtake and reclaim from them the partner of his bosom, and the +pledges of her affection. His hopes were of but momentary existence. + +Following in the trail of the fugitive, when they had arrived near to +Loss creek, a distance of but six miles, they found the body of Mrs. +Grigsby and of her younger child, where they had recently been killed +and scalped. The situation of this unfortunate woman (being near the +hour of confinement,) and the entire helplessness of the child, were +hindrances to a rapid retreat; and fearing pursuit, the Indians thus +inhumanly rid themselves of those incumbrances to their flight and +left them to accidental discovery, or to become food for the beasts of +the forest. + +[159] Stimulated to more ardent exertions by the distressing scene +just witnessed, the pursuers pushed forward, with increased +expectation of speedily overtaking and punishing, the authors of this +bloody deed; leaving two of their party to perform the sepulture of +the unfortunate mother, and her murdered infant. But before the whites +were aware of their nearness to the Indians, these had become apprized +of their approach, and separated, so as to leave no trail by which +they could be farther traced. They had of course to give over the +pursuit; and returned home, to provide more effectually against the +perpetration of similar acts of atrocity and darkness. + +A short time after this, two Indians came on the West Fork, and +concealed themselves near to Coon's fort, awaiting an opportunity of +effecting some mischief. While thus lying in ambush, a daughter of Mr. +Coon came out for the purpose of lifting some hemp in a field near to +the fort, and by the side of the road. Being engaged in performing +this business, Thomas Cunningham and Enoch James passing along, and +seeing her, entered into conversation with her, and after a while +proceeded on their road. But before they had gone far, alarmed by the +report of a gun, they looked back and saw an Indian run up to the +girl, tomahawk and scalp her. The people of the fort were quickly +apprised of what had been done, and immediately turned out in pursuit; +but could not trace the course taken by the savages. It afterwards +appeared that the Indians had been for some time waiting for the girl +to come near enough for them to catch and make her prisoner, before +she could alarm the fort, or get within reach of its guns; but when +one of them crossed the fence for this purpose, she espied him and ran +directly towards the fort.--Fearing that he would not be able to +overtake her, without approaching the fort so as to involve himself in +some danger, he shot her as she ran; and going up to her he tomahawked +and scalped her. In endeavoring then to secure himself by flight, he +was shot at by James, but at so great distance as to prevent the doing +of execution. + +In the neighborhood of Wheeling, some mischief of this kind was +done about the same time, and by Indians who acted so warily, as to +avoid being discovered and punished. A man by the name of Thomas Ryan +was killed in a field some distance from the house, and a negro +fellow at work with him, [160] taken prisoner and carried off. No +invasion however, of that country, had been as yet, of sufficient +importance to induce the people to forsake their homes and go into +the forts.--Scouting parties were constantly traversing the woods +in every direction, and so successfully did they, observe every +avenue to the settlements, that the approach of Indians was generally +discovered and made known, before any evil resulted from it. But in +August the whole country bordering on the Ohio, from Fort Pitt to +Wheeling, became justly alarmed for its fate; and the most serious +apprehensions for the safety of its inhabitants, were excited in the +bosoms of all. Intelligence was conveyed to General Hand at Fort +Pitt,[2] by some friendly Indians from the Moravian towns, that a +large army of the north western confederacy, had come as far as those +villages, and might soon be expected to strike an awful blow on some +part of the Ohio settlements. The Indian force was represented as +being so great, as to preclude all idea of purchasing safety, by open +conflict; and the inhabitants along the river, generally retired into +forts, as soon as they received information of their danger, and made +every preparation to repel an assault on them. They did not +however, remain long in suspense, as to the point against which the +enemy would direct its operations. + +Wheeling Fort, although it had been erected by the proper authorities +of the government, and was supplied with arms and ammunition from the +public arsenal, was not at this time garrisoned, as were the other +state forts on the Ohio, by a regular soldiery; but was left to be +defended solely by the heroism and bravery of those, who might seek +shelter within its walls.[3] The settlement around it was flourishing, +and had grown with a rapidity truly astonishing, when its situation, +and the circumstances of the border country generally, are taken into +consideration. A little village, of twenty-five or thirty houses, had +sprung up, where but a few years before, the foot of civilized man had +never trod; and where the beasts of the forest had lately ranged +undisturbedly, were to be seen lowing herds and bleating flocks, at +once, the means of sustenance, and the promise of future wealth to +their owners.--In the enjoyment of this, comparatively, prosperous +condition of things, the inhabitants little dreamed, how quickly those +smiling prospects were to be blighted, their future hopes blasted, and +they deprived of almost every necessary of life. They [161] were not +insensible to the danger which in time of war was ever impending over +them; but relying on the vigilance of their scouts, to ascertain and +apprize them of its approach, and on the proximity of a fort into +which they could retire upon a minute's warning, they did not shut +themselves up within its walls, until advised of the immediate +necessity of doing so, from the actual presence of the enemy. + +On the night of the first of September, Captain Ogal, who with a party +of twelve men, had been for some days engaged in watching the paths to +the settlement and endeavoring to ascertain the approach of danger,[4] +came into Wheeling with the assurance that the enemy were not at hand. +In the course of that night, however, the Indian army, consisting of +three hundred and eighty-nine warriors,[5] came near to the village, +and believing from the lights in the fort, that the inhabitants were +on their guard, and that more might be effected by an ambuscade in the +morning, than by an immediate and direct attack, posted themselves +advantageously for that purpose. Two lines were formed, at some +distance from each, extending from the river across the point to the +creek, with a cornfield to afford them concealment. In the centre +between these lines, near a road leading through the field to the +fort, and in a situation easily exposing them to observation, six +Indians were stationed, for the purpose of decoying within the lines, +any force which might discover, and come out to molest them. + +Early in the morning of the second, two men, going to a field for +horses, passed the first line, and came near to the Indians in the +centre, before they were aware of danger.[6]--Perceiving the six +savages near them, they endeavored to escape by flight. A single shot +brought one of them to the ground: the other was permitted to escape +that he might give the alarm. Captain Mason (who, with Captain Ogal +and his party, and a few other men had occupied the fort the +preceding night) hearing that there were but six of the enemy, +marched with fourteen men, to the place where they had been seen. He +had not proceeded far from the fort, before he came in view of them; +and leading his men briskly towards where they were, soon found +themselves enclosed by a body of Indians, who 'till then had +remained concealed.--Seeing the impossibility of maintaining a +conflict with them, he endeavored to retreat with his men, to the +fort; but in [162] vain. They were intercepted by the Indians, and +nearly all literally, cut to pieces.[7] Captain Mason however, and his +sergeant succeeded in passing the front line, but being observed by +some of the enemy, were pursued, and fired at, as they began to +rise the hill. The sergeant was so wounded by the ball aimed at him, +that he fell, unable again to get up; but seeing his Captain pass near +without a gun and so crippled that he moved but slowly in advance of +his pursuers, he handed him his, and calmly surrendered himself to +his fate. + +Captain Mason had been twice wounded, and was then so enfeebled by the +loss of blood, and faint from fatigue that he almost despaired of ever +reaching the fort; yet he pressed forward with all his powers. He was +sensible that the Indian was near him, and expecting every instant, +that the tomahawk would sever his skull, he for a while forgot that +his gun was yet charged. The recollection of this, inspiring him with +fresh hopes, he wheeled to fire at his pursuer, but found him so close +that he could not bring his gun to bear on him. Having greatly the +advantage of ground, he thrust him back with his hand. The uplifted +tomahawk descended to the earth with force; and before the Indian +could so far regain his footing as to hurl the fatal weapon from his +grasp, or rush forward to close in deadly struggle with his +antagonist, the ball from Captain Mason's gun had done its errand, and +the savage fell lifeless to the earth. Captain Mason was able to +proceed only a few paces farther; but concealing himself by the side +of a large fallen tree, he remained unobserved while the Indians +continued about the fort. + +The shrieks of Captain Mason's men, and the discharge of the guns, +induced Capt. Ogal to advance with his twelve scouts, to their relief. +Being some distance in the rear of his men, the Indians, in closing +round them, fortunately left him without the circle, and he concealed +himself amid some briers in the corner of the fence; where he lay +until the next day. The same fate awaited his men, which had befallen +Capt. Mason's. Of the twenty six who were led out by these two +officers, only three escaped death, and two of these were badly +wounded: a striking evidence of the fact, that the ambuscade was +judiciously planned, and the expectations of its success, well +founded.[8] + +While these things were doing, the inhabitants of the village were +busily employed in removing to the fort and preparing for its +defense. A single glance at the situation of the parties led on by +Mason and Ogal, convinced them of the overwhelming force of the [163] +Indians, and the impossibility of maintaining an open contest with +them. And so quick had been the happening of the events which have +been narrated, that the gates of the fort were scarcely closed, before +the Indian army appeared under its walls, with a view to its reduction +by storm.[9] But before the assault was begun to be made, the +attention of the garrison was directed to a summons for its surrender, +made by that infamous renegado, Simon Girty.[10] + +This worse than savage wretch, appeared at the end window of a house +not far from the fort, and told them, that he had come with a large +army to escort to Detroit, such of the Inhabitants along the frontier, +as were willing to accept the terms offered by Governor Hamilton, to +those who would renounce the cause of the colonies and attach +themselves to the interest of Great Britain; calling upon them to +remember their fealty to their sovereign; assuring them of protection, +if they would join his standard, and denouncing upon them, all the +woes which spring from the uncurbed indulgence of savage vengeance, if +they dared to resist, or fire one gun to the annoyance of his men. He +then read to them, Gov. Hamilton's proclamation; and told them, he +could allow only fifteen minutes to consider of his proposition. It +was enough. In love with liberty, attached to their country, and +without faith in his proffered protection, they required but little +time to "deliberate, which of the two to choose, slavery or death." +Col. Zane replied to him, "that they had consulted their wives and +children, and that all were resolved to perish, sooner than place +themselves under the protection of a savage army with him at its head, +or abjure the cause of liberty and of the colonies." Girty then +represented to them the great force of the Indians,--the impossibility +that the fort could withstand the assault,--the certainty of +protection if they acceded to his propositions, and the difficulty of +restraining the assailants, if enraged and roused to vengeance by +opposition and resistance. A shot discharged at him from the fort, +caused him to withdraw from the window and the Indians commenced the +assault. + +There were then in the fort but thirty-three men, to defend it against +the attack of upwards of three hundred and eighty Indians; and bravely +did they maintain their situation against the superior force of the +enemy, and all that art and fury could effect to accomplish their +destruction. For twenty-three hours, all was life, and energy, and +activity within the walls. Every individual had particular duties to +perform; and promptly and faithfully were they discharged. The more +expert of the women, took stations by the side of the men; and +handling their guns with soldier like readiness, aided in the repulse, +with fearless intrepidity.[11] Some were engaged in moulding bullets; +others in loading and supplying the [164] men with guns already +charged; while the less robust were employed in cooking, and in +furnishing to the combatants, provisions and water, during the +continuance of the attack. It seemed indeed, as if each individual +were sensible, that the safety of all depended on his lone exertions; +and that the slightest relaxation of these, would involve them all in +one common ruin. + +Finding that they could make no impression on the fort, and fearing to +remain longer before it, lest their retreat might be cut off, by +reinforcements from the surrounding country, the assailants fired all +the houses without the walls; killed all the stock, which could be +found; and destroying every thing on which they could lay their hands, +retired about day light, and left the garrison in possession of the +fortress, but deprived of almost every thing else. The alarm of the +presence of Indians having been given after day light, and the attack +on the fort commencing before sun rise, but little time was afforded +them, for securing their moveable property. The greater part had taken +with them nothing but their clothes, while some had left their homes +with their night apparel only. Few were left the enjoyment of a bed, +or the humble gratification of the coarse repast of bread and milk. +Their distress was consequently great; and their situation for some +time, not much more enviable, than when pent within the fort, and +straining every nerve to repel its savage assailants. + +Before this, the Governor had sent to Col. Andrew Swearingen, a +quantity of ammunition for the defence of those who remained in +the country above Wheeling. By his exertions, and under his +superintendence, Bolling's and Holliday's old forts were repaired, +and the latter made strong enough to serve as a magazine. In it was +collected, all the inhabitants from its neighborhood; and it was +generally regarded, as a strong position, and able, occasionally, +to detach part of its garrison, for the aid of other portions of +the country. Soon after the attack was begun to be made on Wheeling, +the alarm reached Shepherd's fort, and a runner was despatched +from thence to Holliday's fort with the intelligence, and the +apprehension that if speedy relief were not afforded, the garrison +at Wheeling must fall. No expectation, of being able to collect a +force sufficient to cope with the assailants, was entertained. All +that was expected was, to throw succours into the fort, and thus +enable the garrison the more successfully to repel assaults, and +preserve it from the violence of the Indian onsets. For this +purpose, Col. Swearingen left Holliday's with fourteen men, who +nobly volunteered to accompany him in this hazardous enterprise, +to the regret of those who remained, from an apprehension that thus +weakened, if Holliday's fort were attacked it must fall easily into +the hands of the enemy. These men got into a large _continental +canoe_, and plied their paddles industriously, to arrive in time +to be of service to the besieged. But the night being dark, and a +dense fog hanging over the river, they toiled to great disadvantage, +frequently coming in contact with the banks; until [165] at length it +was thought advisable to cease rowing and float with the current, +lest they might, unknowingly, pass Wheeling, and at the appearance +of day be obliged to contend with the force of the stream, to regain +that point. Floating slowly, they at length descried the light which +proceeded from the burning of the houses at Wheeling, and with all +their exertion could not then attain their destination before the +return of day. Could they have realized their expectation of +arriving before day, they might from, the river bank, in the +darkness of the night, have gained admission into the fort; but +being frustrated in this, they landed some of the men near above +Wheeling, to reconnoiter and ascertain the situation of things: it +being doubtful to them, from the smoke and fog, whether the fort +and all, were not a heap of ruins. Col. Swearingen, Cap. Bilderbock +and William Boshears, volunteered for this service, and proceeding +cautiously soon reached the fort. + +When arrived there, it was still questionable whether the Indians had +abandoned the attack, or were only lying concealed in the cornfield, +in order to fall on any, who might come out from the fort, under the +impression that danger was removed from them. Fearing that the latter +was the case, it was thought prudent, not to give the preconcerted +signal for the remainder of Col. Swearingen's party to come on, lest +it might excite the Indians to greater vigilance and they intercept +the men on their way to the fort. To obviate the difficulty arising +from this apprehension, Col. Swearingen, Capt. Bilderbock and William +Boshears, taking a circuitous route to avoid passing near the +cornfield, returned to their companions, and escorted them to +Wheeling. It then remained to ascertain whether the Indians had really +withdrawn, or were only lying in ambush. A council, consisting of Col. +Zane, Col. Shepherd, Doctor McMahon and Col. Swearingen, being +requested to devise some expedient by which to be assured of the fact, +recommended that two of their most active and vigilant men, should go +out openly from the fort, and carelessly, but surely, examine the +cornfield near to the palisade. Upon their return, twenty others, +under the guidance of Col. Zane, marched round at some distance from +the field, and approaching it more nearly on their return, became +assured that the Indians had indeed despaired of success, and were +withdrawn from the field. About this time Major M'Cullough arrived +with forty-five men, and they all proceeded to view the battle +ground. + +Here was indeed a pitiable sight. Twenty-three of the men who had +accompanied Capts. Mason and Ogal in the preceding morning, were lying +dead; few of them had been shot, but the greater part, most inhumanly +and barbarously butchered with the tomahawk and scalping knife. +Upwards of three hundred head of cattle, horses, and hogs, wantonly +killed by the savages, were seen lying about the field, and all the +houses, with every thing which they contained, and which could not be +conveniently taken off by the enemy, were but heaps of ashes. It was +long indeed, before the [166] inhabitants of that neighborhood +regained the comforts, of which that night's desolation had deprived +them. + +Soon after the happening of these events a company of militia under +the command of Capt. Foreman, arrived from east of the Alleghany, to +afford protection to the settlements around Wheeling, and occupy the +fort at this place. While stationed in it, it was known that parties +of Indians were still lurking about, seeking opportunities of doing +mischief, and to prevent which, detachments were frequently sent on +scouting expeditions. On the 26th of September, Capt. Foreman with +forty five men, went about twelve miles below Wheeling and encamped +for the night. He was ignorant of the practices of the Indians, and +seemed rather indisposed to take council of those, who were conversant +with them. After building fires for the night, he remained with his +men close around them, contrary to the advice of one of the settlers, +by the name of Lynn, who had accompanied him as a spy. Lynn however, +would not consent to remain there himself, but taking with him those +of the frontiers men who were in company, retired some distance from +the fires, and spent the night. Before it was yet light, Lynn, being +awake, thought he heard such a noise, as would be probably produced by +the launching of rafts on the river, above the position occupied by +Capt. Foreman. In the morning he communicated his suspicion that an +Indian force was near them, and advised the Captain to return to +Wheeling along the hill sides and avoid the bottoms. His advice was +rejected; but Lynn, with the caution of one used to such a condition +of things, prudently kept on the hill side with four others, while +they, who belonged to the command of Capt. Foreman, continued along +the level at the base of the hill. + +In marching along the Grave creek narrows, one of the soldiers saw a +parcel of Indian ornaments lying in the path; and picking them up, +soon drew around him the greater part of the company. While thus +crowded together inspecting the trinkets, a galling fire was opened on +them by a party of Indians who lay in ambush, and which threw them +into great confusion. The fire was continued with deadly effect, for +some minutes; and must eventually have caused the loss of the whole +party, but that Lynn, with his few comrades rushed from the hill +discharging their guns, and shouting so boisterously, as induced the +Indians to believe that a reinforcement was at hand, and they +precipitately retreated. + +In this fatal ambuscade there were twenty-one of Captain Foreman's +party killed, and several much wounded; among the slain were the +Captain and his two sons. + +It appeared that the Indians had dropped their ornaments, purposely to +attract the attention of the whites; while they themselves were lying +concealed in two parties; the one to the right of the path, in a +sink-hole on the bottom, and the other to the left, under covert of +the river bank. From these advantageous positions, they [167] fired +securely on our men; while they were altogether exempt from danger +'till the party in the sink hole was descried by Lynn. His firing was +not known to have taken effect; but to his good conduct is justly +attributable the saving of the remnant of the detachment. The Indian +force was never ascertained. It was supposed to have been small; not +exceeding twenty warriors. + +On the ensuing day, the inhabitants of the neighborhood of Wheeling +under the direction and guidance of Colonel Zane, proceeded to Grave +Creek and buried those who had fallen.[12] + +At the time of the happening of those occurrences the belief was +general, that the army which had been led to Wheeling by Girty, had +been ordered on, for the purpose of conducting the tories from the +settlements to Detroit; and that detachments from that army continued +to hover about the frontiers for some time, to effect that object. +There was then, unfortunately for the repose and tranquility of many +neighborhoods, a considerable number of those misguided and deluded +wretches, who, disaffected to the cause of the colonies, were willing +to advance the interest of Britain, by the sacrifice of every social +relation, and the abandonment of every consideration, save that of +loyalty to the king. So far did their opposition, to those who +espoused the cause of American liberty, blunt every finer and more +noble feeling, that many of them were willing to imbrue their hands in +the blood of their neighbors, in the most sly and secret manner, and +in the hour of midnight darkness, for no offence but attachment to the +independence of the colonies. A conspiracy for the murder of the whigs +and for accepting the terms, offered by the Governor of Canada to +those who would renounce their allegiance to the United States and +repair to Detroit, by the relenting of one individual, was prevented +being carried into effect; and many were consequently saved from +horrors, equalling, if not transcending in enormity, the outrages of +the savages themselves. Scenes of licentiousness and fury, followed +upon the discovery of the plot.--Exasperated at its heinousness, and +under the influence of resentful feelings, the whigs retaliated upon +the tories, some of the evils which these had conspired to inflict +upon them. In the then infuriated state of their minds, and the little +restraint at that time imposed on the passions by the operation of the +laws, it is really matter of admiration that they did not proceed +farther, and requite upon those deluded wretches, the full measure of +their premeditated wrongs. The head only of this fiendish league, lost +his life; but many depredations were committed, on the property of its +members. + +A court, for the trial of the conspirants, was held at Redstone Fort; +and many of them were arraigned at its bar. But as their object had +been defeated by its discovery, and as no farther danger was +apprehended from them, they were released, after having been required +to take the oath of allegiance to the United States and to bear with +the injuries which had [168] been done their property. Those who were +suspected for the murder of the chief conspirator, were likewise +arraigned for that offence, but were acquitted. + +Hitherto the inhabitants of Tygart's Valley had escaped the ill +effects of savage enmity; Indian hostility not having prompted an +incursion into that country, since its permanent settlement was +effected previous to the war of 1774. This however had not the effect +to lull them into confident security. Ascribing their fortunate +exemption from irruptions of the enemy, to other causes than a +willingness on the part of the Indians, to leave them in quiet and +repose, they exercised the utmost vigilance to discover their +approach, and used every precaution to ensure them safety, if the +enemy should appear among them. Spies were regularly employed in +watching the warriors paths beyond the settlements, to detect their +advance and to apprize the inhabitants of it. + +In September of this year (1777) Leonard Petro and Wm. White, being +engaged in watching the path leading up the Little Kenhawa, killed an +Elk late in the evening; and taking part of it with them, withdrew a +short distance for the purpose of eating their suppers and spending +the night. About midnight, White, awaking from sleep, discovered by +the light of the moon, that there were several Indians near, who had +been drawn in quest of them by the report of the gun in the evening. +He saw at a glance, the impossibility of escaping by flight; and +preferring captivity to death, he whispered to Petro to lie still, +lest any movement of his, might lead to this result. In a few minutes +the Indians sprang on them; and White raising himself as one lay hold +on him, aimed a furious blow, with his tomahawk, hoping to wound the +Indian by whom he was beset, and then make his escape. Missing his aim +he affected to have been ignorant of the fact that he was encountered +by Indians, professed great joy at meeting with them, and declared +that he was then on his way to their towns. They were not deceived by +the artifice; for although he assumed an air of pleasantness and +gaity, calculated to win upon their confidence, yet the woful +countenance and rueful expression of poor Petro, convinced them that +White's conduct was feigned, that he might lull them into inattention, +and they be enabled to effect an escape. They were both tied for the +night; and in the morning White being painted red, and Petro black, +they were forced to proceed to the Indian towns. When approaching a +[169] village, the whoop of success brought several to meet them; and +on their arrival at it, they found that every preparation was made for +their running the gauntlet; in going through which ceremony both were +much bruised. White did not however remain long in captivity. Eluding +their vigilance, he took one of their guns and began his flight +homeward.--Before he had travelled far, he met an Indian on horseback, +whom he succeeded in shooting; and mounting the horse from which he +fell, his return to the Valley was much facilitated. Petro was never +heard of afterwards. The painting of him black, had indicated their +intention of killing him; and the escape of White probably hastened +his doom. + +During this time, and after the return of White among them, the +inhabitants of Tygart's Valley practiced their accustomed watchfulness +'till about the twentieth of November; when there was a considerable +fall of snow. This circumstance induced them to believe, that the +savages would not attempt an irruption among them until the return of +spring; and they became consequently, inattentive to their safety. + +Generally, the settlements enjoyed perfect quiet from the first +appearance of winter, until the return of spring. In this interval of +time, the Indians are usually deterred from penetrating into them, as +well because of their great exposure to discovery and observation in +consequence of the nakedness of the woods and the increased facility +of pursuing their trail in the snows which then usually covered the +earth, as of the suffering produced by their lying in wait and +travelling, in their partially unclothed condition, in this season of +intense cold. Instances of their being troublesome during the winter +were rare indeed; and never occurred, but under very peculiar +circumstances: the inhabitants, were therefore, not culpably remiss, +when they relaxed in their vigilance, and became exposed to savage +inroad. + +A party of twenty Indians, designing to commit some depredations +during the fall, had nearly reached the upper end of Tygart's Valley, +when the snow, which had inspired the inhabitants with confidence in +their security, commenced falling. Fearful of laying themselves open +to detection, if they ventured to proceed farther at that time, and +anxious to effect some mischief before they returned home, they +remained concealed about ten miles from the settlements, until the +snow disappeared. On the 15th of December, they came to the [170] +house of Darby Connoly, at the upper extremity of the Valley, and +killed him, his wife and several of the children, and took three +others prisoners. Proceeding to the next house, killed John Stewart, +his wife and child, and took Miss Hamilton (sister-in-law to Stewart) +into captivity. They then immediately changed their direction, and +with great dispatch, entered upon their journey home; with the +captives and plunder, taken at those two places. + +In the course of the evening after these outrages were committed, John +Hadden passing by the House of Connoly saw a tame elk belonging there, +lying dead in the yard. This, and the death-like silence which reigned +around, excited his fears that all was not right; and entering into +the house, he saw the awful desolation which had been committed. +Seeing that the work of blood had been but recently done, he hastened +to alarm the neighborhood, and sent an express to Capt. Benjamin +Wilson, living about twenty miles lower in the Valley, with the +melancholy intelligence. With great promptitude, Capt. Wilson went +through the settlement, exerting himself to procure as many +volunteers, as would justify going in pursuit of the aggressors; and +so indefatigable was he in accomplishing his purpose, that, on the day +after the murders were perpetrated, he appeared on the theatre of +their exhibition with thirty men, prepared to take the trail and push +forward in pursuit of the savages. For five days they followed through +cold and wet, without perceiving that they had gained upon them. At +this time many of the men expressed a determination to return. They +had suffered much, travelled far, and yet saw no prospect of +overtaking the enemy. It is not wonderful that they became dispirited. +In order to expedite their progress, the numerous water courses which +lay across their path, swollen to an unusual height and width, were +passed without any preparation to avoid getting wet; the consequence +was that after wading one of them, they would have to travel with +icicles hanging from their clothes the greater part of a day, before +an opportunity could be allowed of drying them. They suffered much too +for the want of provisions. The short time afforded for preparation, +had not admitted of their taking with them as much as they expected +would be required, as they had already been on the chase longer than +was anticipated. Under these circumstances it was with great +difficulty, Captain Wilson could prevail [171] on them to continue the +pursuit one day longer; hoping the Indians would have to halt, in +order to hunt for food. Not yet being sensible that they gained upon +them, the men positively refused going farther; and they returned to +their several homes. + +This was the last outrage committed by the savages on North Western +Virginia, in this year. And although there was not as much mischief +effected by them in this season, as had been in others, yet the year +1777, has become memorable in the annals of Border Warfare. The murder +of Cornstalk and his companions,--the attack on Wheeling Fort,--the +loss of lives and destruction of property which then took place, +together with the fatal ambuscade at Grave Creek Narrows, all +conspired to render it a period of much interest, and to impress its +incidents deeply on the minds of those who were actors in these +scenes. + +----- + [1] This "year of the three sevens," as it was called, was + long known as "the bloody year" of border history.--R. G. T. + + [2] General Hand was commandant, and George Morgan Indian + agent, at Fort Pitt. Runners from the Moravian towns on the + Tuscarawas and Muskingum rivers, in Ohio, frequently came into + the fort during the summer, with dispatches for either of + these officials. The Delawares, as a nation, were friendly + throughout the year. The hostiles were chiefly composed of + Wyandots and Mingoes, but with them were a few Shawnees and + Delawares.--R. G. T. + + [3] The first fort at Wheeling was built in the summer of + 1774, by order of Lord Dunmore, under direction of Majors + William Crawford and Angus McDonald. It stood upon the Ohio + bank about a quarter of a mile above the entrance of Wheeling + Creek. Standing in open ground, it was a parallelogram of + square pickets pointed at top, with bastions and sentry boxes + at the angles, and enclosed over half an acre. It ranked in + strength and importance, next to Fort Pitt. Within the fort + were log barracks, an officers' house, a storehouse, a well, + and cabins for families. A steep hill rises not far inland; + between the fort and the base of this hill the forest had been + leveled, and a few log cabins were nestled in the open. Such + was Wheeling in 1777. At first the fort had been called + Fincastle, for the Ohio Valley settlements were then in + Fincastle County, Va.; but upon the opening of the Revolution + the post, now in Ohio County, was named Fort Henry, in honor of + the first state governor of Virginia.--R. G. T. + + [4] News came to Fort Pitt, early in August, that an Indian + attack in force, on Wheeling, might be expected at any time. + Says the Shane MSS., "White Eyes came to Fort Pitt and told + them the Indians were going to take Wheeling home." August + 2d, Gen. Hand wrote to David Shepherd, lieutenant of Ohio + County, warning him of the perilous situation, and ordering + him to leave his own fort, six miles from Fort Henry, and + to rally at the latter all the militia between the Ohio and + Monongahela,--the "pan-handle." Shepherd did this, and by + the close of the month Fort Henry was, as he said, "Indian + proof." But the non-arrival of the foe caused a relaxation of + vigilance. Nine companies were allowed to go home, and by + the last day of August only two companies remained in the + fort, those of Capts. Joseph Ogle and Samuel Mason.--R. G. T. + + [5] Shepherd to Hand, Sept. 15, 1777: "By the best judges + here ... it is thought their numbers must have been not less + than between two and three hundred." The Shepherd, Hand, Shane, + and Doddridge MSS., in the library of the Wisconsin Historical + Society, throw much light on this episode.--R. G. T. + + [6] The Indians made their appearance on the night of August + 31st--not September 1st, as in the text. The incident here + related occurred at about sunrise of September 1st. Andrew + Zane, young John Boyd, Samuel Tomlinson, and a negro, set out + to hunt for the horses of Dr. James McMechen, because the + latter wished that day to return to the older settlements, + either on the Monongahela, or east of the mountains. Boyd was + killed, but his companions escaped--Zane, by leaping from a + cliff, the height of which local tradition places at seventy + feet.--R. G. T. + + [7] De Hass, in his _History of the Early Settlement and + Indian Wars of West Virginia_,--a conscientious work, which + depends, however, too closely on traditions,--says (p. 225), + "out of the fourteen, but two escaped."--R. G. T. + + [8] Among the survivors was Ogle who, like Mason, hid + himself in the bushes until nightfall enabled him to return to + the fort.--R. G. T. + + [9] As a matter of fact, the Indians made no attack on the + fort at this time, being content with the success of their + ambuscade. After throwing up some rude earth-works and blinds, + scalping the dead whites, killing all the live stock within + reach, and setting fire to the outlying cabins, they retired + across the Ohio in the night, and dispersed. Their loss was one + killed and nine wounded; the whites lost fifteen killed and + five wounded. The next day (September 2), the whites buried + their dead, and unavailingly scoured the country for Indians. + + Tradition has made sad havoc with the records, in regard to + this first "siege" of Wheeling. Some of the deeds of heroism + related below, by Withers, were incidents of the second + siege--September 11, 1782, seven years later; but most of them + are purely mythical, or belong to other localities. Perhaps no + events in Western history have been so badly mutilated by + tradition, as these two sieges.--R. G. T. + + [10] This statement of Withers, that Simon Girty was at the + siege of Wheeling, was long accepted as fact by Western + historians. But it is now established beyond doubt, that + neither Simon nor his brothers were present at that affair, + being at the time in the employ of Indian Agent Morgan, at Fort + Pitt. For details of the evidence, consult Butterfield's + _History of the Girtys_, _passim_.--R. G. T. + + [11] [163] The notes furnished the compiler, mention + particularly a Mrs. Glum and Betsy Wheat, as performing all the + duties of soldiers with firmness and alacrity. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--Withers derived his information from + traditional notes in the possession of Noah Zane, son of + Ebenezer. + + [12] After the affair at Wheeling, September 1, the Indians + returned home. But soon thereafter, Half King, head chief of + the Wyandots, set out with forty of that tribe to again harry + the Wheeling country. On the morning of the 26th, Capts. + William Foreman with twenty-four men, Ogle with ten men, and + William Linn with nine, started from Fort Henry on a scout. + Linn was ranking officer, although there was little discipline. + Foreman was a new arrival from Hampshire County, enlisted to go + on Hand's intended expedition. They intended crossing the Ohio + at Grave Creek, 12 miles below, and proceeding 8 miles farther + down to Captina. At Grave, however, they found that the + Tomlinson settlement (nucleus of the present Mound City, W. + Va.) had been abandoned, and sacked by Indians, and no canoes + were to be had. They camped for the night, and the next morning + (the 27th) started to return along the river bank, to Wheeling. + Linn, apprehensive of Indians, marched along the hill crest, + but Ogle and Foreman kept to the trail along the bottom. At a + point where the bottom narrows because of the close approach of + the hills to the river--a defile then known as McMechen's (or + McMahon's) Narrows--they were set upon by Half King's party, + awaiting them in ambush. Foreman and twenty others were killed, + and one captured. The story about Linn's gallant attack on the + Indians from his vantage point on the hilltop, is without + foundation. His party helped to secrete a wounded man who + escaped in the melee, and then put off in hot haste for home. + It was not until four days later, when reinforcements had + arrived from Fort Pitt, that Colonel Shepherd ventured from the + fort to bury the dead. In 1835, an inscribed stone was set up + at the Narrows, to commemorate the slain.--R. G. T. + + + + +[172] CHAPTER X. + + +After the winter became so severe as to prevent the Indians from +penetrating the country and committing farther aggression, the +inhabitants became assured of safety, and devoted much of their time +to the erection of new forts, the strengthening of those which had +been formerly established, and the making of other preparations, +deemed necessary to prevent the repetition of those distressing +occurrences, which had spread gloom and sorrow over almost every part +of North Western Virginia. That the savages would early renew their +exertions to destroy the frontier settlements, and harrass their +citizens, could not for an instant be doubted.--Revenge for the murder +of Cornstalk, and the other chiefs killed in the fort by the whites, +had operated to unite the warlike nation of the Shawanees in a league +with the other Indians, against them; and every circumstance seemed to +promise increased exertions on their part, to accomplish their +purposes of blood and devastation. + +Notwithstanding all which had been suffered during the preceding +season; and all, which it was confidently anticipated, would have to +be undergone after the return of spring, yet did the whole frontier +increase in population, and in capacity to defend itself against the +encroachments of a savage enemy, aided by British emissaries, and led +on by American tories. The accession to its strength, caused by the +number of emigrants, who came into the different settlements, was +indeed considerable; yet it was insufficient, to enable the +inhabitants to purchase by offensive operations, exemption from [173] +invasion, or security from the tomahawk and scalping knife. Assured of +this, Virginia extended to them farther assistance; and a small body +of regular troops, under the command of General McIntosh, was +appropriated to their defence. + +In the spring of 1778, General McIntosh,[1] with the regulars and some +militiamen, attached to his command, descended the Ohio river from +Fort Pitt, to the mouth of Big Beaver--a creek discharging itself into +that river from the north-west.[2] This was a favorable position, at +which to station his troops to effect the partial security of the +frontier, by intercepting parties of Indians on their way to the +settlements on the opposite side of the river, and by pursuing and +punishing them while engaged, either in committing havoc, or in +retreating to their towns, after the consummation of their horrid +purposes. Fort McIntosh was accordingly erected here, and garrisoned; +a six pounder mounted for its defence. + +From Wheeling to Point Pleasant, a distance of one hundred and +eighty-six miles,[3] there was then no obstacle whatever, presented +to the advance of Indian war parties, into the settlements on the +East and West Forks of the Monongahela, and their branches. The +consequences of this exposure had been always severely felt; and +never more so than after the establishment of Fort McIntosh. Every +impediment to their invasion of one part of the country, caused more +frequent irruptions into others, where no difficulties were +interposed to check their progress, and brought heavier woes on +them.--This had been already experienced, in the settlements on the +upper branches of the Monongahela, and as they were the last to feel +the effects of savage enmity in 1777, so were they first to become +sacrificed to its fury in 1778. + +Anticipating the commencement of hostilities at an earlier period of +the season, than usual, several families retired into Harbert's +block-house, on Ten Mile (a branch of the West Fork,) in the month of +February. And notwithstanding the prudent caution manifested by them +in the step thus taken; yet, the state of the weather lulling them +into false security, they did not afterwards exercise the vigilance +and provident care, which were necessary to ensure their future +safety. On the third of March, some children, playing with a crippled +crow, at a short distance from the yard, espied a number of Indians +proceeding towards them; and running briskly to the house, told "that +a number of _red men_ were close by."--[174] John Murphey stepped to +the door to see if danger had really approached, when one of the +Indians, turning the corner of the house, fired at him. The ball took +effect, and Murphey fell back into the house. The Indian springing +directly in, was grappled by Harbert, and thrown on the floor. A shot +from without, wounded Harbert, yet he continued to maintain his +advantage over the prostrate savage, striking him as effectually as he +could with his tomahawk, when another gun was fired at him from +without the house. The ball passed through his head, and he fell +lifeless. His antagonist then slipped out at the door, sorely wounded +in the encounter. + +Just after the first Indian had entered, an active young warrior, +holding in his hand a tomahawk with a long spike at the end, also came +in. Edward Cunningham instantly drew up his gun to shoot him; but it +flashed, and they closed in doubtful strife. Both were active and +athletic; and sensible of the high prize for which they were +contending, each put forth his utmost strength, and strained his every +nerve, to gain the ascendency. For a while, the issue seemed doubtful. +At length, by great exertion, Cunningham wrenched the tomahawk from +the hand of the Indian, and buried the spike end to the handle, in his +back. Mrs. Cunningham closed the contest. Seeing her husband +struggling closely with the savage, she struck at him with an axe. +The edge wounding his face severely, he loosened his hold, and made +his way out of the house. + +The third Indian, which had entered before the door was closed, +presented an appearance almost as frightful as the object which he had +in view. He wore a cap made of the unshorn front of a buffalo, with +the ears and horns still attached to it, and which hanging loosely +about his head, gave to him a most hideous aspect. On entering the +room, this infernal monster, aimed a blow with his tomahawk at a Miss +Reece, which alighting on her head, wounded her severely. The mother +of this girl, seeing the uplifted arm about to descend on her +daughter, seized the monster by the horns; but his false head coming +readily off, she did not succeed in changing the direction of the +weapon. The father then caught hold of him; but far inferior in +strength and agility, he was soon thrown on the floor, and must have +been killed, but for the timely interference of Cunningham. Having +[175] succeeded in ridding the room of one Indian, he wheeled, and +sunk a tomahawk into the head of the other. + +During all this time the door was kept by the women, tho' not without +great exertion. The Indians from without endeavored several times to +force it open and gain admittance; and would at one time have +succeeded, but that, as it was yielding to their effort to open it, +the Indian, who had been wounded by Cunningham and his wife, squeezing +out at the aperture which had been made, caused a momentary relaxation +of the exertions of those without, and enabled the women again to +close it, and prevent the entrance of others.--These were not however, +unemployed. They were engaged in securing such of the children in the +yard, as were capable of being carried away as prisoners, and in +killing and scalping the others; and when they had effected this, +despairing of being able to do farther mischief, they retreated to +their towns. + +Of the whites in the house, one only was killed and four were wounded; +and seven or eight children in the yard, were killed or taken +prisoners. One Indian was killed, and two badly wounded. Had Reece +engaged sooner in the conflict, the other two who had entered the +house, would no doubt have been likewise killed; but being a quaker, +he looked on, without participating in the conflict, until his +daughter was wounded. Having then to contend singly, with superior +prowess, he was indebted for the preservation of his life, to the +assistance of those whom he refused to aid in pressing need. + +On the eleventh of April, some Indians visited the house of Wm. +Morgan, at the Dunkard bottom of Cheat river. They there killed a +young man by the name of Brain, Mrs. Morgan, (the mother of +William) and her grand daughter, and Mrs. Dillon and her two +children; and took Mrs. Morgan (the wife) and her child prisoners. +When, on their way home, they came near to Pricket's fort, they bound +Mrs. Morgan to a bush, and went in quest of a horse for her to +ride, leaving her child with her. She succeeded in untying with +her teeth, the bands which confined her, and wandered the balance of +that day and part of the next before she came in sight of the fort. +Here she was kindly treated and in a few days sent home. Some men +going out from Pricket's fort some short time after, found at the +spot where Mrs. Morgan had [176] been left by the Indians, a fine +mare stabbed to the heart.--Exasperated at the escape of Mrs. +Morgan, they had no doubt vented their rage on the animal which they +had destined to bear her weight. + +In the last of April, a party of about twenty Indians came to the +neighborhoods of Hacker's creek and the West Fork. At this time the +inhabitants of those neighborhoods had removed to West's fort, on the +creek, and to Richards' fort on the river; and leaving the women and +children in them during the day, under the protection of a few men, +the others were in the habit of performing the usual labors of their +farms in companies, so as to preserve them from attacks of the +Indians. A company of men, being thus engaged, the first week of May, +in a field, now owned by Minter Bailey, on Hacker's creek, and being a +good deal dispersed in various occupations, some fencing, others +clearing, and a few ploughing, they were unexpectedly fired upon by +the Indians, and Thomas Hughes and Jonathan Lowther shot down: the +others being incautiously without arms fled for safety. Two of the +company, having the Indians rather between them and West's fort, ran +directly to Richards', as well for their own security as to give the +alarm there. But they had been already apprized that the enemy was at +hand. Isaac Washburn, who had been to mill on Hacker's creek the day +before, on his return to Richards' fort and near to where Clement's +mill now stands, was shot from his horse, tomahawked and scalped. The +finding of his body, thus cruelly mangled, had given them the alarm, +and they were already on their guard, before the two men from Hacker's +creek arrived with the intelligence of what had been done there. The +Indians then left the neighborhood without effecting more havoc; and +the whites were too weak to go in pursuit, and molest them. + +The determination of the Shawanees to revenge the death of their +Sachem, had hitherto been productive of no very serious consequences. +A while after his murder, a small band of them made their appearance +near the fort at Point Pleasant; and Lieutenant Moore was dispatched +from the garrison, with some men, to drive them off. Upon his advance, +they commenced retreating; and the officer commanding the detachment, +fearing they would escape, ordered a quick pursuit. He did not proceed +far before he fell into an ambuscade. He and three of his men were +killed at the first [177] fire;--the rest of the party saved +themselves by a precipitate flight to the fort. + +In the May following this transaction, a few Indians again came in +sight of the fort. But as the garrison had been very much reduced by +the removal of Captain Arbuckle's company, and the experience of the +last season had taught them prudence, Captain McKee forbore to detach +any of his men in pursuit of them. Disappointed, in their expectations +of enticing others to destruction, as they had Lieutenant Moore in the +winter, the Indians suddenly rose from their covert, and presented an +unbroken line, extending from the Ohio to the Kanawha river in front +of the fort. A demand for the surrender of the garrison, was then +made; and Captain McKee asked 'till the next morning to consider of +it. In the course of the night, the men were busily employed in +bringing water from the river, expecting that the Indians would +continue before the fort for some time. + +In the morning, Captain McKee sent his answer by the grenadier squaw, +(sister to Cornstalk, and who, notwithstanding the murder of her +brother and nephew, was still attached to the whites, and was +remaining at the fort in the capacity of interpreter)[4] that he could +not comply with their demand.--The Indians immediately began the +attack, and for one week kept the garrison closely besieged. Finding +however, that they made no impression on the fort, they collected the +cattle about it and instead of returning towards their own country +with the plunder, proceeded up the Kanawha river towards the +Greenbrier settlement. + +Believing their object to be the destruction of that settlement, and +knowing from their great force that they would certainly accomplish +it, if the inhabitants were unadvised of their approach, Captain McKee +despatched two men to Col. Andrew Donnelly's, (then the frontier +house,) with the intelligence. These men soon came in view of the +Indians; but finding that they were advancing in detached groups, and +dispersed in hunting parties, through the woods, they despaired of +being able to pass them, and returned to the fort. Captain McKee then +made an appeal to the chivalry of the garrison, and asked, "who would +risk his life to save the people of Greenbrier." John Pryor and Philip +Hammond, at once stepped forward, and replied "WE WILL." They were +then habited after the Indian manner, and painted in Indian style by +the Grenadier Squaw, and departed on their hazardous, but noble and +generous undertaking. Travelling, night and day, with great rapidity, +they [178] passed the Indians at Meadow river, and arrived, about +sunset of that day at Donnelly's fort, twenty miles farther on. + +As soon as the intelligence of the approach of the Indians, was +communicated by these men, Col. Donnelly had the neighbors all advised +of it; and in the course of the night, they collected at his house. He +also dispatched a messenger to Capt. John Stuart, to acquaint him with +the fact; and made every preparation to resist attack and ensure their +safety, of which his situation admitted. Pryor and Hammond told them +how, by the precaution of Captain McKee, the garrison at Point +Pleasant had been saved from suffering by the want of water; and +advised them to lay in a plentiful supply, of that necessary article. +A hogshead was accordingly filled and rolled behind the door of the +kitchen, which adjoined the dwelling house. + +Early next morning, John Pritchet (a servant to Col. Donnelly) went +out for some firewood, and while thus engaged, was fired at and +killed. The Indians then ran into the yard, and endeavored to force +open the kitchen door; but Hammond and Dick Pointer (a negro belonging +to Col. Donnelly) who were the only persons within, aided by the +hogshead of water, prevented their accomplishing this object. They +next proceeded to cut it in pieces, with their tomahawks. Hammond +seeing that they would soon succeed in this way, with the assistance +of Dick, rolled the hogshead to one side, and letting the door +suddenly fly open, killed the Indian at the threshold, and the others +who were near gave way. Dick then fired among them, with a musket +heavily charged with swan shot, and no doubt with effect, as the yard +was crowded with the enemy; a war club with a swan shot in it, was +afterwards picked up near the door. + +The men in the house, who were asleep at the commencement of the +attack, being awakened at the firing of Hammond and Dick, now opened a +galling fire upon the Indians. Being chiefly up stairs they were +enabled to do greater execution, and fired with such effect that, +about one o'clock, the enemy retired a small distance from the house. +Before they retired however, some of them succeeded in getting under +the floor, when they were aided by the whites below in raising some of +the puncheons of which it was made. It was to their advantage to do +this; and well did they profit by it. Several of the Indians were +killed in this attempt to gain admittance, while only one of the +whites received a wound, which but slightly injured his hand. + +When intelligence was conveyed to Capt. Stuart of the approach of so +large a body of savages, Col. Samuel Lewis was with him; and they both +exerted themselves to save the settlement from destruction, by +collecting the inhabitants at a fort where Lewisburg now stands. +Having succeeded in this, they sent two men to Donnelly's to learn +whether the Indians had advanced that far. As they approached, the +firing became distinctly audible, and they returned [179] with the +tidings. Capt. Stuart and Col. Lewis proposed marching to the relief +of Donnelly's fort, with as many men as were willing to accompany +them; and in a brief space of time, commenced their march at the head +of sixty-six men. Pursuing the most direct route without regarding the +road, they approached the house on the back side; and thus escaped an +ambuscade of Indians placed near the road to intercept and cut off any +assistance which might be sent from the upper settlements. + +Adjoining the yard, there was a field of well grown rye, into which +the relief from Lewisburg, entered about two o'clock; but as the +Indians had withdrawn to a distance from the house, there was no +firing heard. They soon however, discovered the savages in the field, +looking intently towards Donnoly's; and it was resolved to pass them. +Capt. Stuart and Charles Gatliff fired at them, and the whole party +rushed forward into the yard, amid a heavy discharge of balls from the +savage forces. The people in the fort hearing the firing in the rear +of the house, soon presented themselves at the port holes, to resist, +what they supposed, was a fresh attack on them; but quickly +discovering the real cause, they opened the gates, and all the party +led on by Stuart and Lewis, safely entered. + +The Indians then resumed the attack, and maintained a constant fire at +the house, until near dark, when one of them approached, and in broken +English called out, "we want peace." He was told to come in and he +should have it; but he declined the invitation to enter, and they all +retreated, dragging off those of their slain, who lay not too near +the fort. + +Of the whites, four only were killed by the enemy. Pritchet, before +the attack commenced,--James Burns and Alexander Ochiltree, as they +were coming to the house early in the morning,--and James Graham while +in the fort. It was impossible to ascertain the entire loss of the +Indians. Seventeen lay dead in the yard; and they were known to carry +off others of their slain. Perhaps the disparity of the killed, +equalled, if it did not exceed the disparity of the number engaged. +There were twenty-one men at Donnoly's fort, before the arrival of the +reinforcement under Stuart and Lewis; and the brunt of the battle was +over before they came. The Indian force exceeded two hundred men. + +It was believed, that the invasion of the Greenbrier country had been +projected, some time before it actually was made. During the preceding +season, an Indian calling himself John Hollis, had been very much +through the settlement; and was known to take particular notice of the +different forts, which he entered under the garb of friendship. He was +with the Indians in the attack on Donnoly's fort; and was recognized +as one of those who were left dead in the yard. + +On the morning after the Indians departed, Capt. Hamilton went in +pursuit of them with seventy men; but following two days, without +[180] perceiving that he gained on them, he abandoned the chase and +returned. + +About the middle of June, three women went out from West's fort, to +gather greens in a field adjoining; and while thus engaged were +attacked by four Indians, lying in wait. One gun only was fired, and +the ball from it, passed through the bonnet of Mrs. Hackor, who +screamed aloud and ran with the others towards the fort. An Indian, +having in his hand a long staff, with a spear in one end, pursuing +closely after them, thrust it at Mrs. Freeman with such violence that, +entering her back just below the shoulder, it came out at her left +breast. With his tomahawk, he cleft the upper part of her head, and +carried it off to save the scalp. + +The screams of the women alarmed the men in the fort; and seizing +their guns, they ran out, just as Mrs. Freeman fell. Several guns were +fired at the Indian while he was getting her scalp, but with no +effect. They served however, to warn the men who went out, that danger +was at hand; and they quickly came in. + +Jesse Hughs[5] and John Schoolcraft (who were out) in making their way +to the fort, came very near two Indians standing by the fence looking +towards the men at West's, so intently, that they did not perceive any +one near them. They however, were observed by Hughs and Schoolcraft, +who, avoiding them, made their way in, safely, Hughs immediately took +up his gun, and learning the fate of Mrs. Freeman, went with some +others to bring in the corpse. While there, he proposed to go and shew +them, how near he had approached the Indians after the alarm had been +given, before he saw them. Charles and Alexander West, Chas. Hughs, +James Brown and John Steeth, went with him. Before they had arrived at +the place, one of the Indians was heard to howl like a wolf; and the +men with Hughs moved on in the direction from which the sound +proceeded. Supposing that they were then near the spot, Jesse Hughs +howled in like manner, and being instantly answered, they ran to a +point of the hill and looking over it, saw two Indians coming towards +them. Hughs fired and one of them fell. The other took to flight. +Being pursued by the whites, he sought shelter in a thicket of brush; +and while they were proceeding to intercept him at his coming out, he +returned by the way he had entered, and made his escape. The wounded +Indian likewise got off. When the whites were in pursuit of the one +who took to flight, they passed near to him who had fallen, and one of +the men was for stopping and finishing him; but Hughs called to him, +"he is safe--let us have the other," and they all pressed forward. On +their return, however, he was gone; and although his free bleeding +enabled them to pursue his track readily for a while, yet a heavy +shower of rain soon falling, all trace of him was quickly lost and +could not be afterwards regained. + +On the 16th of June as Capt. James Booth and Nathaniel Cochran, were +at work in a field on Booth's creek, they were fired at by [181] the +Indians. Booth fell, but Cochran, being very slightly wounded, took to +flight. He was however, overtaken, and carried into captivity to their +towns. From thence he was taken to Detroit, where he remained some +time; and endeavoring to escape from that place, unfortunately took a +path which led him immediately to the Maumee old towns. Here he was +detained a while, & then sent back to Detroit, where he was exchanged, +and from whence he made his way home, after having had to endure much +suffering and many hardships. The loss of Booth was severely felt by +the inhabitants in that settlement. He was not only an active and +enterprising man, but was endowed with superior talents, and a better +education than most of those who had settled in the country; and on +these accounts was very much missed. + +In a few days after this transaction, Benjamin Shinn, Wm. Grundy, and +Benjamin Washburn, returning from a lick on the head of Booth's creek, +were fired on by the Indians, when near to Baxter's run. Washburn and +Shinn escaped unhurt, but Grundy was killed: he was brother to Felix +Grundy of Tennessee, whose father was then residing at Simpson's +creek, at a farm afterwards owned by Colonel Benjamin Wilson, senior. + +This party of Indians continued for some days, to prowl about the +neighborhood, seeking opportunities of committing murder on the +inhabitants; fortunately however, with but little success. James +Owens, a youth of sixteen years of age, was the only one whom they +succeeded in killing after the murder of Grundy. Going from Powers' +fort on Simpson's creek, to Booth's creek, his saddle girth gave way, +and while he was down mending it, a ball was discharged at him, which +killed both him and the horse. + +Seeing that the whites, in that neighborhood, had all retired to the +fort; and being too weak, openly to attack it, they crossed over to +Bartlett's run, and came to the house of Gilbert Hustead, who was then +alone, and engaged in fixing his gun lock. Hearing a noise in the +yard, for which he was unable to account, he slipped to the door, to +ascertain from whence it proceeded. The Indians were immediately round +it, and there was no chance for his escape. Walking out with an air of +the utmost pleasantry, he held forth his hand to the one nearest him, +and asked them all to walk in. While in the house he affected great +cheerfulness, and by his tale [182] won their confidence and +friendship. He told them that he was a King's man and unwilling to +live among the rebels; for which reason, when others retired into the +fort, he preferred staying at his own house, anxiously hoping for the +arrival of some of the British Indians, to afford him an opportunity +of getting among English friends. Learning upon enquiry, that they +would be glad to have something to eat, he asked one of them to shoot +a fat hog which was in the yard, that they might regale on it that +night, and have some on which to subsist while travelling to their +towns. In the morning, still farther to maintain the deception he was +practising, he broke his furniture to pieces, saying "the rebels shall +never have the good of you." He then accompanied them to their towns, +acting in the same, apparently, contented and cheerful manner, 'till +his sincerity was believed by all, and he obtained leave to return for +his family. He succeeded in making his way home, where he remained, +sore at the destruction of his property, but exulting in the success +of his artifice. + +While this party of Indians were thus engaged, on Booth's creek and in +the circumjacent country, a more numerous body had invaded the +settlements lower down, and were employed in the work of destruction +there. They penetrated to Coburn's creek unperceived, and were making +their way (as was generally supposed) to a fort not far from +Morgantown, when they fell in with a party of whites, returning from +the labors of the cornfield, and then about a mile from Coburn's fort. +The Indians had placed themselves on each side of the road leading to +the fort, and from their covert fired on the whites, before they were +aware of danger. John Woodfin being on horseback, had his thigh broken +by a ball; which killed his horse and enabled them to catch him +easily.--Jacob Miller was shot through the abdomen, and soon +overtaken, tomahawked and scalped.--The others escaped to the fort. + +Woodfin was afterwards found on a considerable eminence overlooking the +fort, tomahawked and scalped. The Indians had, most probably, taken him +there, that he might point out to them the least impregnable part of +the fortress, and in other respects give them such information, as +would tend to ensure success to their meditated attack on it; but when +they heard its strength and the force with which it was garrisoned, +despairing of being able to reduce it, in a fit of disappointed +fury, they murdered him on the spot. + +[183] They next made their appearance on Dunkard creek, and near to +Stradler's fort. Here, as on Coburn's creek, they lay in ambush on the +road side, awaiting the return of the men who were engaged at work, in +some of the neighboring fields. Towards evening the men came on, +carrying with them some hogs which they had killed for the use of the +fort people, and on approaching where the Indians lay concealed, were +fired on and several fell. Those who escaped injury from the first +fire, returned the shot, and a severe action ensued. But so many of +the whites had been killed before the savages exposed themselves to +view, that the remainder were unable long to sustain the unequal +contest. Overpowered by numbers, the few, who were still unhurt, fled +precipitately to the fort, leaving eighteen of their companions dead +in the road. These were scalped and mangled by the Indians in a most +shocking manner, and lay some time, before the men in the fort, +assured of the departure of the enemy, went out and buried them. + +Weakened by the severe loss sustained in this bloody skirmish, had the +Indians pushed forward to attack the fort, in all human probability, +it would have fallen before them. There were at that day very few +settlements which could have maintained possession of a garrison for +any length of time, after having suffered so great a diminution of +the number of their inhabitants, against the onsets of one hundred +savages, exercising their wonted energy: and still less would they be +able to leave their strong holds, and cope with such superior force, +in open battle. Nor were the settlements, as yet, sufficiently +contiguous to each other, to admit of their acting in concert, and +combining their strength, to operate effectively against their +invaders. When alarmed by the approach of the foe, all that they could +generally do, was, retire to a fort, and endeavor to defend it from +assault. If the savages, coming in numbers, succeeded in committing +any outrage, it usually went unpunished. Sensible of their want of +strength, the inhabitants rarely ventured in pursuit, to harrass or +molest the retiring foe. When, however, they would hazard to hang on +their retreat, the many precautions which they were compelled to +exercise, to prevent falling into ambuscades and to escape the +entangling artifices of their wily enemies, frequently rendered their +enterprises abortive, and their exertions inefficient. + +[184] The frequent visits paid by the Indians to the country on the +West Fork, and the mischief which they would effect at these times, +led several of the inhabitants to resolve on leaving a place so full +of dangers, as soon as they could make the necessary preparations. A +family of Washburns particularly, having several times very narrowly +escaped destruction, commenced making arrangements and fitting up for +their departure. But while two of them were engaged in procuring pine +knots, from which to make wax for shoemaking, they were discovered, +and shot at by the Indians. Stephen fell dead, and James was taken +prisoner and carried to their towns.--He was there forced to undergo +repeated and intense suffering before death closed the scene of his +miseries. + +According to the account given by Nathaniel Cochran on his return from +captivity, Washburn was most severely beaten, on the first evening of +his arrival at their village, while running the gauntlet; and although +he succeeded in getting into the council house, where Cochran was, yet +he was so disfigured and mutilated, that he could not be recognised by +his old acquaintance; and so stunned and stupified, that he remained +nearly all night in a state of insensibility. Being somewhat revived +in the morning, he walked to where Cochran sat by the fire, and being +asked if he were not James Washburn, replied with a smile--as if a +period had been put to his sufferings by the sympathetic tone in which +the question was proposed--that he was. The gleam of hope which +flashed over his countenance, was transient and momentary. In a few +minutes he was again led forth, that the barbarities which had been +suspended by the interposition of night, might be revived; and he made +to endure a repetition of their cruelties. He was now feeble and too +much exhausted to save himself from the clubs and sticks, even of the +aged of both sexes. The old men and the old women, who followed him, +had strength and activity enough to keep pace with his fleetest +progress, and inflict on him their severest blows. Frequently he was +beaten to the ground, and as frequently, as if invigorated by the +extremity of anguish, he rose to his feet. Hobbling before his +tormentors, with no hope but in death, an old savage passed a knife +across his ham, which cutting the tendons, disabled him from +proceeding farther. Still they repeated their unmerciful blows with +all their energy. He was next scalped, though alive, and struggling to +regain his feet. [185] Even this did not operate to suppress their +cruelty. They continued to beat him, until in the height of suffering +he again exhibited symptoms of life and exerted himself to move. His +head was then severed from his shoulders, attached to a pole, and +placed in the most public situation in the village. + +After the attack on the Washburns, there were but two other outrages +committed in the upper country during that season. The cessation on +the part of the savages, of hostile incursions, induced an abandonment +of the forts, and the people returned to their several homes, and +respective occupations. But aggression was only suspended for a time. +In October, two Indians appeared near the house of Conrad Richards, +and finding in the yard a little girl at play, with an infant in her +arms, they scalped her and rushed to the door. For some time they +endeavored to force it open; but it was so securely fastened within, +that Richards was at liberty to use his gun for its defence. A +fortunate aim wounded one of the assailants severely, and the other +retreated, helping off his companion. The girl who had been scalped in +the yard, as soon as she observed the Indians going away, ran, with +the infant still in her arms and uninjured, and entered the house--a +spectacle of most heart-rending wretchedness. + +Soon after, David Edwards, returning from Winchester with salt, was +shot near the Valley river, tomahawked and scalped; in which situation +he lay for some time before he was discovered. He was the last person +who fell a victim to savage vengeance, in North Western Virginia in +the year 1778. + +The repeated irruptions of the Indians during the summer of the +year;[6] and the frequent murders and great devastation committed by +them, induced Government to undertake two expeditions into the Indian +country. One thousand men were placed under the command of General +McIntosh, some time in the fall, and he received orders to proceed +forthwith against the Sandusky towns. Between two and three hundred +soldiers were likewise placed under Colonel Clarke, to operate against +the Canadian settlements in Illinois. It was well known that the +Governor of those settlements was an indefatigable agent of British +cruelty, stimulating the savages to aggression, and paying them well +for scalps, torn alike from the heads of the aged matron and the +helpless infant.[7] [186] The settlements in Kentucky, were constantly +the theatre of outrage and murder; and to preserve these from entire +destruction, it was necessary that a blow should be aimed, at the +hives from which the savages swarmed, and if possible, that those +holds, into which they would retire to reap the rewards of their +cruelties and receive the price of blood, should be utterly broken up. +The success of those two expeditions could not fail to check savage +encroachments, and give quiet and security to the frontier; and +although the armies destined to achieve it, were not altogether +adequate to the service required, yet the known activity and +enterprise of the commanding officers, joined to their prudence and +good conduct, and the bravery and indefatigable perseverance and +hardiness of the troops, gave promise of a happy result. + +The success of the expedition under Colonel Clarke,[8] fully realized +the most sanguine expectations of those, who were acquainted with the +adventurous and enterprising spirit of its commander; and was +productive of essential benefit to the state, as well as of +comparative security to the border settlements. Descending the Ohio +river, from Fort Pitt to the Falls, he there landed his troops, and +concealing his boats, marched directly towards Kaskaskias. Their +provisions, which were carried on their backs, were soon exhausted; +and for two days, the army subsisted entirely on roots. This was the +only circumstance, which occurred during their march, calculated to +damp the ardor of the troops. No band of savage warriors, had +interposed to check their progress,--no straggling Indian, had +discovered their approach. These fortunate omens inspired them with +flattering hopes; and they pushed forward, with augmented energy. +Arriving before Kaskaskias in the night, they entered it, unseen and +unheard, and took possession of the town and fort, without opposition. +Relying on the thick and wide extended forests which interposed +between them and the American settlements, the inhabitants had been +lulled to repose by fancied security, and were unconscious of danger +until it had become too late to be avoided. Not a single individual +escaped, to spread the alarm in the adjacent settlements. + +But there still remained other towns, higher up the Mississippi, +which, if unconquered, would still afford shelter to the savages and +furnish them the means of annoyance and of ravage. Against these, +Colonel Clarke immediately directed [187] operations. Mounting a +detachment of men, on horses found at Kaskaskias, and sending them +forward, three other towns were reduced with equal success. The +obnoxious governor at Kaskaskias was sent directly to Virginia, with +the written instructions which he had received from Quebec, Detroit +and Michillimacinac, for exciting the Indians to war, and remunerating +them for the blood which they might shed. + +Although the country within which Colonel Clarke had so successfully +carried on operations, was considered to be within the limits of +Virginia; yet as it was occupied by savages and those who were but +little, if any, less hostile than they; and being so remote from her +settlements, Virginia had as yet exercised no act of jurisdiction over +it. But as it now belonged to her, by conquest as well as charter, the +General Assembly created it into a distinct county, to be called +Illinois; a temporary government was likewise established in it, and a +regiment of infantry and a troop of cavalry, ordered to be enlisted +for its defence, and placed under the command of its intrepid and +enterprising conqueror. + +The expedition directed under General McIntosh, was not equally +successful. The difficulty of raising, equipping, and organizing, so +large a force as was placed under his command, at so great a distance +from the populous district of the state, caused the consumption of so +much time, that the season for carrying on effective operations had +well nigh passed before he was prepared to commence his march. Anxious +however, to achieve as much as could then be effected for the security +of the frontier, he penetrated the enemy's country, as far as +Tuscarawa, when it was resolved to build and garrison a fort, and +delay farther operations 'till the ensuing spring. Fort Laurens was +accordingly erected on the banks of the Tuscarawa, a garrison of one +hundred and fifty men, under the command of Colonel John Gibson, left +for its preservation, and the main army returned to Fort Pitt. + +----- + [1] Lachlan McIntosh was born near Inverness, Scotland, + March 17, 1725. With his father, and 100 others of the Clan + McIntosh, he emigrated to Georgia in 1736, in the train of + Oglethorpe. The party founded New Inverness, in McIntosh + County. Lachlan entered the Colonial army at the opening of + the Revolution, and rose to be brigadier-general. In a duel + with Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration of + Independence, he killed the latter. General McIntosh was at the + siege of Savannah in 1779, was a prisoner of war in 1780, a + member congress in 1784, and in 1785 a commissioner to treat + with the Southern Indians. He died at Savannah, February 20, + 1806.--R. G. T. + + [2] The distance below Pittsburg is 26 miles. See p. + 45, _note_, for notice of Shingiss Old Town, at this + point.--R. G. T. + + [3] The distance, according to the shore meanderings of the + U. S. Corps of Engineers, is 263 miles; the mileage of the + channel would be somewhat greater.--R. G. T. + + [4] See p. 176, _note_, for notice of Grenadier Squaw's + Town, near Chillicothe.--R. G. T. + + [5] See p. 137, _note_, for notice of Jesse Hughes; also, + Peyton's _History of Augusta County_, p. 353.--R. G. T. + + [6] These war parties largely emanated from the Detroit + region. Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, the British commander at + Detroit, writing to his superior, General Haldimand, September + 16, 1778, mentions incidentally that he sent out small parties + of Miamis and Chippewas, August 5, and September 5 and 9; these + were but three of dozens of such forays which he incited + against the Virginia and Pennsylvania borders, during that + year.--R. G. T. + + [7] This reference is to Lieut.-Governor Hamilton, whom + George Rogers Clark called "the hair-buying general."--R. G. T. + + [8] Gen. George Rogers Clark was born November 19, 1752, + near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va. At the age of twenty he + was practicing his profession as a surveyor on the upper Ohio, + and took up a claim at the mouth of Fish Creek. In 1774, he + participated as a captain in Dunmore's campaign against the + Shawnees and Mingoes. Early in 1775, Clark went as a surveyor + to Kentucky, where he acquired marked popularity, and in 1776 + was elected as "a delegate to the Virginia convention, to urge + upon the state authorities the claims of the colony for + government and defense." He secured the formation of the new + county of Kentucky, and a supply of ammunition for the defense + of the border. In 1777, Clark, now a major of militia, repelled + the Indian attacks on Harrodsburg, and proceeded on foot to + Virginia to lay before the state authorities his plan for + capturing the Illinois country and repressing the Indian forays + from that quarter. His scheme being approved, he was made a + lieutenant-colonel, and at once set out to raise for the + expedition a small force of hardy frontiersmen. He rendezvoused + and drilled his little army of a hundred and fifty on Corn + Island in the Ohio river, at the head of the Falls (or rapids), + opposite the present city of Louisville. June 24, 1778, he + started in boats down the Ohio, and landed near the deserted + Fort Massac, which was on the north bank, ten miles below the + mouth of the Tennessee; thence marching across country, much + pressed for food, he reached Kaskaskia in six days. The + inhabitants there were surprised and coerced during the night + of July 4-5, without the firing of a gun. Cahokia and Vincennes + soon quietly succumbed to his influence. Lieut.-Governor + Hamilton, on hearing of this loss of the Illinois country and + the partial defection to the Americans of the tribes west and + southwest of Lake Michigan, at once set out to organize an + army, chiefly composed of Indians, to retake the Illinois. He + proceeded via the Wabash and Maumee, with eight hundred men, + and recaptured Vincennes, December 17. + + The intelligence of this movement of Hamilton was not long in + reaching Clark at Kaskaskia, and he at once set out for + Vincennes to recapture it. The march thither was one of the + most heroic in American military annals. Hamilton surrendered + to him, February 25, and was forwarded to Virginia as a + prisoner. Early in 1780 he established Fort Jefferson, just + below the mouth of the Ohio, and later in the season aided in + repelling a body of British and Indians who had come to regain + the Illinois country and attack the Spaniards at St. Louis. + Leaving Colonel Montgomery to pursue the enemy up the + Mississippi, Clark, with what force could be spared, hastened + to Kentucky, where he quickly raised a thousand men, and + invaded and laid waste the Shawnee villages, in retaliation for + Capt. Henry Bird's invasion (see p. 262, _note_). + + Later, he was engaged in some minor forays, and was appointed a + brigadier-general; but his favorite scheme of an expedition to + conquer Detroit miscarried, owing to the poverty of Virginia + and the activity of the enemy under Brant, McKee, Girty, and + other border leaders. In 1782 Clark led a thousand men in a + successful campaign against the Indians on the Great Miami. + This was his last important service, his subsequent expeditions + proving failures. His later years were spent in poverty and + seclusion, and his social habits became none of the best. In + 1793 he imprudently accepted a commission as major-general from + Genet, the French diplomatic agent, and essayed to raise a + French revolutionary legion in the West to overcome the Spanish + settlements on the Mississippi; upon Genet's recall, Clark's + commission was canceled. Later, he sought to secure employment + under the Spanish (see p. 130, _note_.) He died February 18, + 1818, at Locust Grove, near Louisville, and lies buried at Cave + Hill, in the Louisville suburbs. In his article on Clark, in + Appleton's _Cyclop. of Amer. Biog._, i., pp. 626, 627, Dr. + Draper says: "Clark was tall and commanding, brave and full of + resources, possessing the affection and confidence of his men. + All that rich domain northwest of the Ohio was secured to the + republic, at the peace of 1783, in consequence of his prowess." + Cf. William F. Poole, in Winsor's _Narr. and Crit. Hist. + Amer._, vi., pp. 710-742. While due credit should be given to + Clark for his daring and successful undertaking, we must not + forget that England's jealousy of Spain, and shrewd diplomacy + on the part of America's peace plenipotentiaries, were factors + even more potent in winning the Northwest for the United + States.--R. G. T. + + + + +[188] CHAPTER XI. + + +No sooner had the adventurous advance of Col. Clarke, and the success +with which it was crowned, become known at Detroit, than preparations +were made to expel him from Kaskaskias, or capture his little army, +and thus rid the country of this obstacle to the unmolested passage of +the savages, to the frontier of Virginia. An army of six hundred men, +principally Indians, led on by Hamilton, the governor of Detroit--a +man at once bold and active, yet blood-thirsty and cruel, and well +known as a chief instigator of the savages to war, and as a stay and +prop of tories--left Detroit and proceeded towards the theatre of +Clarke's renown. With this force, he calculated on being able to +effect his purpose as regarded Col. Clarke and his little band of bold +and daring adventurers, and to spread devastation and death along the +frontier, from Kentucky to Pennsylvania. Arriving at Fort St. +Vincent,[1] on the Wabash, about the middle of December, and deeming +it too late to advance towards Kaskaskias, he repaired its battlements +and converting it into a repository for warlike implements of every +description, he detached the greater part of his force in marauding +parties to operate against the settlements on the Ohio river, +reserving for the security of his head quarters only one company of +men. + +While these alarming preparations were being made, Col. Clarke was +actively engaged in acquiring an ascendency over the neighboring +tribes of Indians; and in endeavors to attach them to the cause of the +United States, from principle or fear. The aid which had been voted +him, fell far short of [189] the contemplated assistance, and had not +yet arrived; but his genius and activity amply compensated for the +deficiency. In the heart of an Indian country,--remote from every +succour,--and in the vicinity of powerful and hostile tribes, he yet +not only maintained his conquest and averted injury, but carried +terror and dismay into the very strongholds of the savages. +Intelligence of the movement of Hamilton at length reached him, and +hostile parties of Indians soon hovered around Kaskaskias. Undismayed +by the tempest which was gathering over him, he concentrated his +forces, withdrawing garrisons from the other towns to strengthen this, +and made every preparation to enable him to endure a siege, and +withstand the assault of a powerful army. The idea of abandoning the +country never occurred to him. He did not despair of being able to +maintain his position, and he and his gallant band resolved that they +would do it, or perish in the attempt. In this fearful juncture, all +was activity and industry, when the arrival of a Spanish merchant who +had been at St. Vincents brought information of the reduced state of +Hamilton's army.[2] Convinced that a crisis had now arrived, Clarke +resolved by one bold stroke to change the aspect of affairs, and +instead of farther preparing to resist attack, himself to become the +assailant. For this purpose, a galley, mounting two four pounders and +four swivels, and having on board a company of men, was despatched, +with orders to the commanding officer, to ascend the Wabash and +station himself a few miles below St. Vincents, allowing no one to +pass him until the arrival of the main army. Garrisoning Kaskaskias, +with militia, and embodying the inhabitants for the protection of the +other towns, Colonel Clarke set forward on his march across the +country, on the 7th of February, 1779, at the head of one hundred and +thirty brave and intrepid men.[3] + +Such was the inclemency of the weather, and so many and great the +obstacles which interposed, that in despite of the ardor, perseverance +and energy of the troops, they could yet advance very slowly towards +the point of destination. They were five days in crossing the drowned +lands of the Wabash, and for five miles had to wade through water and +ice, frequently up to their breasts. They overcame every difficulty +and arrived before St. Vincents on the evening of the twenty-third of +February and almost simultaneously with the galley. + +Thus far fortune seemed to favor the expedition. The army had not been +discovered on its march, and the garrison was totally ignorant of its +approach. Much however yet remained to be done. They had arrived +within view of the enemy, but the battle was yet to be fought. + +Sensible of the advantage to be derived from commencing the attack, +while the enemy was ignorant of his approach, at seven o'clock he +marched to the assault. The inhabitants instead of offering +opposition, received the troops with gladness, and surrendering [190] +the town, engaged with alacrity in the siege of the fort. For eighteen +hours the garrison resisted the repeated onsets of the assailants; but +during the night succeeding the commencement of the attack, Colonel +Clarke had an entrenchment thrown up within rifle shot of the enemy's +strongest battery, and in the morning, from this position, poured upon +it such a well-directed shower of balls, that in fifteen minutes he +silenced two pieces of cannon without sustaining any loss whatever. +The advantages thus gained, induced Hamilton to demand a parley, +intimating an intention of surrendering. The terms were soon arranged. +The governor and garrison became prisoners of war, and a considerable +quantity of military stores fell into the hands of the conqueror. [4] + +During the continuance of the siege, Colonel Clarke received +information that a party of Indians which had been detached by +Hamilton to harrass the frontiers, was returning and then near to St. +Vincents with two prisoners. He immediately ordered a detachment of +his men to march out and give them battle--nine Indians were taken and +the two prisoners released. + +History records but few enterprises, which display as strikingly the +prominent features of military greatness, and evince so much of the +genius and daring which are necessary to their successful termination, +as this; while the motives which led to its delineation, were such, as +must excite universal admiration. Bold and daring, yet generous and +disinterested, Colonel Clarke sought not his individual advancement in +the projection or execution of this campaign. It was not to gratify +the longings of ambition, or an inordinate love of fame, that prompted +him to penetrate the Indian country to the Kaskaskias, nor that +tempted him forth from thence, to war with the garrison at St. +Vincent. He was not one of + + "Those worshippers of glory, + Who bathe the earth in blood, + And launch proud names for an after age, + Upon the crimson flood." + +The distress and sufferings of the frontier of Virginia required that +a period should speedily be put to them, to preserve the country from +ravage and its inhabitants from butchery. Clarke had seen and +participated in that distress and those sufferings, and put in +requisition every faculty of his mind and all the energies of his +body, to alleviate and prevent them. Providence smiled on his +undertaking, and his exertions were crowned with complete success. The +plan which had been concerted for the ensuing campaign against the +frontier of Virginia, threatening to involve the whole country west of +the Alleghany mountains in destruction and death, was thus happily +frustrated; and he, who had been mainly instrumental in impelling the +savages to war, and in permitting, if not instigating them to the +commission of the most atrocious barbarities, was a prisoner in the +hands of the enemy. So justly obnoxious had he [191] rendered himself +by his conduct, that a more than ordinary rigor was practised upon +him; and by the orders of the governor of Virginia, the governor of +Detroit was manacled with irons, and confined in jail.[5] + +Far different was the termination of the enterprise entrusted to the +conduct of General McIntosh. It has been already seen that the +approach of winter forced the main army to retire to the settlements +into winter quarters, before they were able to accomplish any thing, +but the erection of Fort Laurens.[6] Colonel Gibson, the commandant of +the garrison, though a brave and enterprising officer, was so +situated, that the preservation of the fort, was all which he could +accomplish; and this was no little hazard of failure, from the very +superior force of the enemy, and the scarcity of provisions for the +subsistance of the garrison. So soon as the Indians became acquainted +with the existence of a fort so far in their country, they put in +practice those arts which enable them, so successfully to annoy their +enemies. + +Early in January, a considerable body of savages approached Fort +Laurens unperceived and before the garrison was apprised that an +Indian knew of its erection.[7] In the course of the night they +succeeded in catching the horses outside of the fort; and taking off +their bells, carried them into the woods, some distance off. They then +concealed themselves in the prairie grass, along a path leading from +the fort, and in the morning commenced rattling the bells, at the +farther extremity of the line of ambushment, so as to induce the +belief that the horses was there to be found. The stratagem succeeded. +Sixteen men were sent out to bring in the horses. Allured by the sound +of the bells, they kept the path, along which the Indians lay +concealed, until they found themselves unexpectedly in the presence of +an enemy, who opened upon them a destructive fire from front and rear. +Fourteen were killed on the spot, and the remaining two were taken +prisoners. + +On the evening of the day on which this unfortunate surprise took +place, the Indian army, consisting of eight hundred and forty-seven +warriors, painted and equipped for war, marched in single file through +a prairie near the fort and in full view of the garrison, and encamped +on an adjacent elevation on the opposite side of the river. From this +situation, frequent conversations were held by them with the whites, +in which they deprecated the longer continuance of hostilities, but +yet protested against the encroachment made upon their territory by +the whites, the erection of a fort and the garrisoning soldiers within +their country, not only unpermitted by them, but for some time before +they knew any thing of it. For these infringements on their rights, +they were determined on prosecuting the war, and continued the +investure of the fort, for six weeks. In this time they became +straitened for provisions, and aware that without a fresh supply of +them, they would be forced to abandon the siege, they sent word to the +commander of the garrison, by a Delaware [192] Indian, calling himself +John Thompson, (who, though with the whites in the fort, was permitted +by both parties to go in and out, as he choose) that they were +desirous of peace, and were willing to enter into a negotiation, if he +would send them a barrel of flour and some tobacco. Scarce as these +articles had actually become in the garrison, yet Col. Gibson complied +with their request, hoping that they might be induced to make peace, +or withdraw from the fort, and hopeless of timely succours from the +settlements. Upon the receipt of those presents, the Indians raised +the siege and marched their army off, much to the relief of the +garrison, although they did not fulfil their promise of entering into +a treaty. + +During the time the Indians remained about the fort, there was much +sickness in the garrison; and when they were believed to have retired, +the commandant detached Col. Clarke, of the Pennsylvania line,[8] with +a party of fifteen men, to escort the invalids to Fort McIntosh. They +proceeded but a small distance from the gate, where they were +attacked by some Indians, who had been left concealed near the fort, +for the purpose of effecting farther mischief. A skirmish ensued; but +overpowered by numbers and much galled by the first fire, Col. Clarke +could not maintain the conflict. With much difficulty, he and three +others reached the fort in safety: the rest of the party were all +killed. + +Col. Gibson immediately marched out at the head of the greater part of +the garrison, but the Indians had retreated as soon as they succeeded +in cutting off the detachment under Col. Clarke, and prudence forbade +to proceed in pursuit of them, as the main army was believed to be yet +in the neighborhood. The dead were however brought in, and buried with +the honors of war, in front of the fort gate. + +In a few days after this, Gen. McIntosh arrived with a considerable +body of troops and a supply of provisions for the garrison. While the +savages were continuing the siege, a friendly Indian, had been +despatched by Col. Gibson to acquaint Gen. McIntosh with the +situation at Fort Laurens, and that without the speedy arrival of a +reinforcement of men and an accession to their stock of provisions, +the garrison would have to surrender; or seek a doubtful safety, +by evacuating the fort and endeavoring to regain the Ohio river, +in the presence of an overwhelming body of the enemy. With great +promptitude the settlers flocked to the standard of Gen. McIntosh, +and loading pack horses, with abundance of provisions for the +supply of the garrison at Fort Laurens, commenced a rapid march to +their relief. Before their arrival, they had been relieved from the +most pressing danger, by the withdrawal of the Indian army; and were +only suffering from the want of flour and meat. A manifestation of +the great joy felt upon the arrival of Gen. McIntosh, had well +nigh deprived them of the benefit to be derived from the provisions +brought for them. When the relief army approached the fort, a +salute was fired by the garrison, which, alarming the pack horses, +caused them [193] to break loose and scatter the greater part of +the flour in every direction through the woods, so that it was +impossible to be again collected. + +The remains of those, who had unfortunately fallen into the ambuscade +in January, and which had lain out until then, were gathered together +and buried;[9] and a fresh detachment, under Major Vernon, being left +to garrison the fort, in the room of that which had been stationed +there during winter, Gen. McIntosh, withdrew from the country and +returned to Fort McIntosh. In the ensuing fall, Fort Laurens was +entirely evacuated; the garrison having been almost reduced to +starvation, and it being found very difficult to supply them with +provisions at so great a distance from the settlements and in the +heart of the Indian country. + +During the year 1778, Kentucky was the theatre of many outrages. In +January, a party of thirty men, among whom was Daniel Boone, repaired +to the "Lower Blue Licks" for the purpose of making salt; and on the +7th of February, while Boone was alone in the woods, on a hunt to +supply the salt makers with meat, he was encountered by a party of one +hundred and two Indians and two Canadians, and made prisoner. The +savages advanced to the Licks, and made prisoners of twenty-seven of +those engaged in making salt.[10] Their object in this incursion, was +[193] the destruction of Boonesborough; and had they continued their +march thither, there is no doubt but that place, weakened as it was by +the loss of so many of its men and not expecting an attack at that +inclement season, would have fallen into their hands; but elated with +their success, the Indians marched directly back with their prisoners +to Chillicothe. The extreme suffering of the prisoners, during this +march, inspired the savages with pity, and induced them to exercise an +unusual lenity towards their captives. In March, Boone was carried to +Detroit, where the Indians refused to liberate him, though an hundred +pounds were offered for his ransom, and from which place he +accompanied them back to Chillicothe in the latter part of April. In +the first of June, he went with them to the Scioto salt springs, and +on his return found one hundred and fifty choice warriors of the +Shawanee nation, painting, arming, and otherwise equipping themselves +to proceed again to the attack of Boonesborough. + +[194] Hitherto Boone had enjoyed as much satisfaction, as was +consistent with his situation, and more than would have been +experienced by the most of men, in captivity to the Indians; but when +he found such great preparations making for an attack on the place +which contained all that he held most dear, his love of family, his +attachment to the village reared under his superintending hand, and to +its inhabitants protected by his fostering care, determined him to +attempt an immediate escape. Early on the morning of the 16th of June, +he went forth as usual to hunt. He had secreted as much food as would +serve him for one meal, and with this scanty supply, he resolved on +finding his way home. On the 20th, having travelled a distance of one +hundred and sixty miles, crossed the Ohio and other rivers, and with +no sustenance, save what he had taken with him from Chillicothe, he +arrived at Boonesborough. The fort was quickly repaired, and every +preparation made to enable it to withstand a siege. + +In a few days after, another, of those who had been taken prisoners at +the Blue Licks, escaped, and brought intelligence that in consequence +of the flight of Boone, the Indians had agreed to postpone their +meditated irruption, for three weeks.[11] This intelligence determined +Boone to invade the Indian country, and at the head of only ten men +he went forth on an expedition against Paint creek town. Near to this +place, he met with a party of Indians going to join the main army, +then on its march to Boonesborough, whom he attacked and dispersed +without sustaining any loss on his part. The enemy had one killed and +two severely wounded in this skirmish; and lost their horses and +baggage. On their return, they passed the Indian army on the 6th of +August, and on the next day entered Boonesborough.[12] + +On the 8th of August, the Indian army, consisting of four hundred and +fifty men, and commanded by Capt. Du Quesne, eleven other Frenchmen, +and their own chiefs, appeared before the Fort and demanded its +surrender.[13] In order to gain time, Boone requested two days' +consideration, and at the expiration of that period, returned for +answer, that the garrison had resolved on defending it, while one +individual remained alive within its walls. + +Capt. Du Quesne then made known, that he was charged by Gov. +Hamilton, to make prisoners of the garrison, but not to treat them +harshly; and that if nine of their principal men would come out, +and negotiate a treaty, based on a renunciation of allegiance to +the United States, and on a renewal of their fealty to the king, the +Indian army should be instantly withdrawn. Boone did not confide in +the sincerity of the Frenchman, but he determined to gain the +advantage of farther preparation for resistance, by delaying the +attack. He consented to negotiate on the terms proposed; but +suspecting treachery, insisted that the conference should be held +near the fort walls. The garrison were on the alert, while the +negotiation continued, and did not fail to remark that many of the +Indians, not [195] concerned in making the treaty, were stalking +about, under very suspicious circumstances. The terms on which the +savage army was to retire were at length agreed upon, and the +articles signed, when the whites were told that it was an Indian +custom, in ratification of compacts, that two of their chiefs should +shake hands with one white man. Boone and his associates, consenting +to conform to this custom, not without suspicion of a sinister +design, were endeavored to be dragged off as prisoners by the +savages; but strong and active, they bounded from their grasp, and +entered the gate, amid a heavy shower of balls--one only of the +nine, was slightly wounded. The Indians then commenced a furious +assault on the fort, but were repulsed with some loss on their part; +and every renewed attempt to carry it by storm, was in like manner, +frustrated by the intrepidity and gallantry of its inmates.[14] + +Disappointed in their expectation of succeeding in this way, the +savages next attempted to undermine the fort, commencing at the water +mark of the Kentucky river, only sixty yards from the walls. This +course was no doubt dictated to them by their French commanders, +as they are ignorant of the practice of war, farther than depends +on the use of the gun, and tomahawk, and the exercise of stratagem +and cunning. The vigilance of the besieged however, soon led to a +discovery of the attempt--the water below, was colored by the clay +thrown out from the excavation, while above it retained its usual +transparency; and here again they were foiled by the active +exertion of the garrison. A countermine was begun by them, the earth +from which being thrown over the wall, manifested the nature of their +operations, and led the enemy to raise the siege, and retire from the +country.[15] + +In the various assaults made on the fort by this savage army, two +only, of the garrison, were killed, and four wounded. The loss of the +enemy, as usual, could not be properly ascertained: thirty-seven were +left dead on the field, and many, were no doubt wounded.[16] + +So signally was the savage army repulsed, in their repeated attacks on +Boonesborough, that they never afterwards made any great effort to +effect its reduction. The heroism and intrepidity of Boone and his +assistants rendered it impregnable to their combined exertions to +demolish it; while the vigilance and caution of the inhabitants, +convinced them, that it would be fruitless and unavailing to devise +plans for gaining admission into the fort, by stratagem or wile. Still +however, they kept up a war of ravage and murder, against such as were +unfortunately found defenceless and unprotected; and levelled combined +operations against other and weaker positions. + +[196] The success of the expedition under Col. Clarke, though +productive of many and great advantages to the [195] frontier +inhabitants, did not achieve for them, an unmolested security. Their +property was still liable to plunder, and families newly arrived among +them, to be murdered or taken prisoners. Combined efforts were +required, to put a period to savage aggression; and a meeting of the +settlers was held at Harrodsburg, to concert measures to effect that +object. Their consultation resulted in a determination, to carry the +war into the enemy's country; and as the Shawanees had been most +efficient in waging hostilities, it was resolved to commence +operations, against their most considerable town. Two hundred +volunteers were accordingly raised, and when rendezvoused at +Harrodsburg, were placed under the command of Col. Bowman, and +proceeded against Chillicothe.[17] + +The expedition thus fitted out, arrived, by forced marches, near to +Chillicothe in the evening towards the latter end of July, 1779; and +on deliberation, it was agreed to defer the attack 'till next morning. +Before dawn the army was drawn up and arranged in order of battle. The +right wing led on by Col. Bowman, was to assume a position on one +side of the town, and the left, under Capt. Logan, was to occupy the +ground on the opposite side; and at a given signal, both were to +develope to the right and left, so as to encircle and attack it in +concert.[18] The party, led on by Logan, repaired to the point +assigned, and was waiting in anxious, but vain expectation for the +signal of attack to be given, when the attention of the Indians was +directed towards him by the barking of their dogs. At this instant a +gun was discharged by one of Bowman's men, and the whole village +alarmed. The squaws and children were hurried into the woods, along a +path not yet occupied by the assailants, and the warriors collected in +a strong cabin.[19] Logan, being near enough to perceive every +movement of the enemy, ordered his men quietly to occupy the deserted +huts, as a momentary shelter from the Indian fires, until Col. Bowman +should march forward. It was now light; and the savages began a +regular discharge of shot at his men, as they advanced to the deserted +cabins. This determined him to move directly to the attack of the +cabin, in which the warriors were assembled; and ordering his men to +tear off the doors and hold them in front, as a shield, while +advancing to the assault, he was already marching on the foe, when he +was overtaken by an order from Col. Bowman, to retreat. + +Confounded by this command, Capt. Logan was for a time reluctant to +obey it; a retreat was however, directed; and each individual, +sensible of his great exposure while retiring from the towns, sought +to escape from danger, in the manner directed by his own judgment; and +fled to the woods at his utmost speed. There they rallied, and +resumed more of order, though still too much terrified to stand a +contest, when the Indians sallied out to give battle. Intimidated by +the apprehension of danger, which they had not seen, [197] but +supposed to be great from the retreating order of Col. Bowman, they +continued to fly before the savages, led on by their chief, the Black +Fish. At length they were brought to a halt, and opened a brisk, +though inefficient fire, upon their pursuers. Protected by bushes, the +Indians maintained their ground, 'till Capts. Logan and Harrod, with +some of the men under their immediate command, mounted on pack horses, +charged them with great spirit, and dislodged them from their covert. +Exposed in turn to the fire of the whites, and seeing their chief +fall, the savages took to flight, and Col. Bowman continued his +retreat homeward, free from farther interruption.[20] + +In this illy conducted expedition, Col. Bowman had nine of his men +killed and one wounded. The Indian loss was no doubt less: only two or +three were known to be killed. Had the commanding officer, instead of +ordering a retreat when Logan's men were rushing bravely to the +conflict, marched with the right wing of the army to their aid, far +different would have been the result. The enemy, only thirty strong, +could not long have held out, against the bravery and impetuosity of +two hundred backwoodsmen, stimulated to exertion by repeated +suffering, and nerved by the reflection, that they were requiting it +upon its principal authors. Col. Bowman doubtless believed that he was +pursuing a proper course. The gallantry and intrepidity, displayed by +him on many occasions, forbid the supposition that he was under the +influence of any unmilitary feeling, and prompted to that course by a +disposition to shrink from ordinary dangers. His motives were +certainly pure, and his subsequent exertions to rally his men and +bring them to face the foe, were as great as could have been made by +any one; but disheartened by the fear of unreal danger, and in the +trepidation of a flight, deemed to be absolutely necessary for their +safety, they could not be readily brought to bear the brunt of battle. +The efforts of a few cool and collected individuals, drove back the +pursuers, and thus prevented an harrassed retreat. + +Notwithstanding the frequent irruptions of the Indians, and the +constant exposure of the settlers to suffering and danger, Kentucky +increased rapidly in population. From the influx of emigrants during +the fall and winter months, the number of its inhabitants were +annually doubled for some years; and new establishments were made in +various parts of the country. In April 1779, a block house was erected +on the present site of Lexington,[21] and several stations were +selected in its vicinity, and in the neighborhood of the present town +of Danville. Settlements were also made, in that year, on the waters +of Bear Grass, Green and Licking rivers, and parts of the country +began to be distinguished by their interior and frontier situation. + +----- + [1] Called by the English, Fort Sackville.--R. G. T. + + [2] From Clark's Journal: "January 29.--M. Vigo, a Spanish + subject who had been at Post St. Vincents on his lawful + business, arrived and gave us intelligence that Governor + Hamilton, with thirty regulars and fifty volunteers and about + 400 Indians, had arrived in November and taken that post with + Capt. Helms and such other Americans who were there with arms, + and disarmed the settlers and inhabitants."--R. G. T. + + [3] Forty-six men, under Lieut. John Rogers, went with the + artillery and stores, in a large galley or batteau, called the + "Willing." The distance to Vincennes by land, was a hundred and + fifty miles.--R. G. T. + + [4] The originals of the correspondence between Clark and Hamilton + are, with much other MS. material relative to the movements of + Clark, in possession of the Wisconsin Historical Society. + Hamilton's letter, in a neat, scholarly hand, ran: + + "Lieutenant Governor Hamilton proposes to Colonel Clark a Truce + for three days, during which time he promises, there shall not + be any defensive work carried on in the Garrison, on Condition + Colo^l. Clark shall observe on his part a like cessation from any + offensive Work-- + + "He further proposes that whatever may pass between them two and + any persons (mutually agreed upon to be) present, shall remain + secret, till matters be finally concluded-- + + "As he wishes that whatever the result of their conference may be + the honor and credit of each party may be considered, so he wishes + to confer with Colo^l. Clark as soon as may be-- + + "As Colo^l. Clark makes a difficulty of coming into the Garrison, + L^t. G. Hamilton will speak with him before the Gate-- + + Henry Hamilton. + "Feb^y. 24^th. 1779--Fort Sackville--" + + Clark's gruff reply, in rugged, but not unclerical chirography, was + as follows: + + "Colonel Clark's Compliments to M^r. Hamilton and begs leave to + inform him that Co^l. Clark will not agree to any Other Terms than + that of M^r. Hamilton's Surrendering himself and Garrison, Prisoners + at Discretion-- + + "If M^r. Hamilton is Desirous of a Conferance with Co^l. Clark he + will meet him at the Church with Capt^n. Helms-- + + + "Feb^y. 24^th., 1779. G. R. CLARK."--R. G. T. + + [5] Hamilton, in a letter of July 6, 1781, contained in the + Haldimand Papers, in the British Museum, gives what he calls "a + brief account" of his ill-starred expedition. See Roosevelt's + _Winning of the West, passim._--R. G. T. + + [6] On the Tuscarawas River, about ten miles north of the + present New Philadelphia, O., and a mile south of what is now + Bolivar, Tuscarawas County. At the time Withers alludes to, it + was garrisoned by 150 men under Col. John Gibson.--R. G. T. + + [7] Simon Girty and seventeen Indians, mostly Mingoes. + Withers confounds this raid with the more formidable siege in + February and March. In the January assault, Girty's band + ambushed Capt. John Clark, a sergeant, and fourteen men, + returning to Fort Pitt from convoying provisions to Fort + Laurens. Two whites were killed, four wounded, and one taken + prisoner. In February, came an attacking party of a hundred + and twenty Indians (mostly Wyandots and Mingoes), led by + Capt. Henry Bird, of the Eighth (or King's) Regiment; with + him were Simon Girty and ten soldiers. The enemy arrived + February 22, but remained in hiding. The next day Gibson sent + out a guard of eighteen men, despite warnings of the enemy's + presence, to assist the wagoner in collecting the horses of + the fort. All the party were killed and scalped, within + sight of the fort, save two, who were made prisoners. The fort + was then openly invested until March 20, when the besiegers + withdrew, torn with dissensions and short of supplies. See + Butterfield's _Washington-Irvine Correspondence_ for further + details.--R. G. T. + + [8] Not to be confounded with George Rogers Clark, of + Kentucky.--R. G. T. + + [9] The bodies of these men were found to have been much + devoured by the wolves, and bearing the appearance of having + been recently torn by them. With a view of taking revenge on + these animals for devouring their companions, the fatigue party + sent to bury their remains, after digging a grave sufficiently + capacious to contain all, and having deposited them in it, they + covered the pit with slender sticks, bark and rotten wood, too + weak to bear the weight of a wolf, and placed a piece of meat + on the top and near the center of this covering, as a bait. In + the morning seven wolves were found in the pit, and killed and + the grave then filled up. + + [10] Boone had left Boonesborough January 8, in charge of + thirty men, to make salt at the Lower Blue Licks, on + Licking River. They carried with them, on horses, several + large boiling pans, given to the settlement by the government + of Virginia. So weak was the water there, that 840 gallons + were necessary to make a bushel of salt, against ninety at the + Kanawha salines, and forty at Onondaga. While the salt-makers + were at work, two or three others of the party served as + scouts and hunters; generally, Boone was one of these. This + day (Saturday, February 7) Boone started out alone with his + pack-horse for a supply of game, which usually was plenty in + the neighborhood of the salt licks; Thomas Brooks and + Flanders Callaway, his fellow scouts, were taking another + circuit. Having killed a buffalo, Boone was on his way home + in the afternoon, with the choicest of the meat packed upon + his horse. Snow was falling fast, and he was ten miles from + camp, when discovered by four Indians, outlying members of a + large party of Shawnees under Munseka and Black Fish, who + had taken the war-path to avenge the murder of Cornstalk + (see p. 172, _note_. 2). Benumbed by cold, and unable easily + to untie or cut the frozen thongs which bound on the pack, + Boone could not unload and mount the horse, and after a sharp + skirmish was captured, and led to the main Indian encampment, a + few miles away. Boone induced his fellow salt-makers to + surrender peaceably the following day (February 8); the number + of prisoners was, including Boone, twenty-seven--two scouts + and two salt-packers being absent. After a ten days' + "uncomfortable journey, in very severe weather," says Boone, + in which they "received as good treatment as prisoners could + expect from savages," the party arrived at Little Chillicothe, + on Little Miami--so called in contradistinction to Old + Chillicothe, on the Scioto. Boone's strong, compact build + caused the Indians to call him Big Turtle, and under that name + he was adopted as the son of Black Fish, who took a fancy + to him; sixteen of his companions were also adopted by other + warriors. The ten who were not adopted were, with Boone, taken + on a trip to Detroit (starting March 10), guarded by forty + Indians under Black Fish. The ten were sold to Lieut. + Governor Hamilton and citizens of Detroit, for L20 each, + the usual price for American prisoners. Boone remained in + Detroit until April 10, during which he was treated with + great courtesy by Hamilton, who offered Black Fish L100 for + him, but the latter declined and took the great pioneer home + with him; but Boone himself was given by Hamilton a horse and + trappings, with silver trinkets to give to the Indians. At + Little Chillicothe, Boone was kindly treated by Black Fish, + and little by little his liberty was extended. June 16, + while the family were making salt on the Scioto, preparatory + to another expedition against Boonesborough, Boone escaped + on the horse given him by Hamilton. After many curious + adventures, in the course of which he swam the Ohio, he + safely reached Boonesborough, June 20, having traveled, he + estimated, a hundred and sixty miles in four days. Boone's + wife and family, supposing him dead, had returned to their + old home in North Carolina, but Boone himself remained to + assist in the defense of Boonesborough against the impending + attack, of which he had brought intelligence.--R. G. T. + + [11] This was William Hancock, who had, like Boone, been + adopted into an Indian family. Not so expert a woodsman as + Boone, he had consumed twelve days in the journey from + Chillicothe to Boonesborough, and suffered great hardships. He + arrived at the fort July 17. In consequence of Boone's escape, + he reported, the Indians had postponed their intended attack + for three weeks. The next day (July 18), Boone wrote to Arthur + Campbell, lieutenant of Washington County, Va. (the Holston + settlements, 200 miles away), that he expected the enemy in + twelve days, and that the fort was prepared for a siege of + three or four weeks; but relief would then be of infinite + service.--R. G. T. + + [12] At the close of six weeks after Hancock's arrival, Boone + had become weary of waiting for the enemy, hence his expedition + with nineteen men--not ten, as in the text--against the Shawnee + town on Paint Creek, during the last week of August. It was the + 5th of September when, undiscovered, he passed the Indian force + encamped at Lower Blue Licks, and the next day arrived at + Boonesborough.--R. G. T. + + [13] About 10 A. M. of Monday, September 7,--Withers places + it a month, less a day, too early,--the hostiles crossed the + Kentucky a mile and a half above Boonesborough, at a point + since known as Black Fish's Ford, and soon made their + appearance marching single file, some of them mounted, along + the ridge south of the fort. They numbered about 400, and + displayed English and French flags. The strength of the force + has been variously estimated, from 330 Indians and 8 Frenchmen + (Col. John Bowman), to 444 Indians and 12 Frenchmen (Boone's + Narrative, by Filson). The English Indian department was + represented by Capt. Isidore Chene, who had with him several + other French-Canadians; there was also a negro named Pompey, + who had long lived with the Indians, and served them as + interpreter; the principal chiefs were, Black Fish, Moluntha, + Black Hoof, and Black Beard.--R. G. T. + + [14] The garrison numbered, old and young, white and black, + sixty persons capable of bearing arms; only forty, however, + were really effective. Women and children, dressed and armed as + men, frequently appeared upon the walls, to give an appearance + of greater strength.--R. G. T. + + [15] This ruse of the Indians was discovered on Friday, the + 11th. The garrison commenced its countermine immediately, and + prosecuted the work for several days. The rival parties could + hear each other at work underground. When the Indians had + proceeded about forty yards, two-thirds of the distance from + the river bank, successive rainstorms had so saturated the + earth that sections of their tunnel caved in, and this it was + that frustrated their scheme.--R. G. T. + + [16] When the Indians retired from before Boonesboro, one + hundred and twenty-five pounds weight of bullets were picked up + by the garrison, besides many that stuck in the logs of the + fort. A conclusive proof that the Indians were not idle, during + the continuance of the siege. + + [17] John Bowman, of Harrodsburgh, was lieutenant of + Kentucky County, and colonel of its militia. During the + spring of 1779, there was a general desire to raid the + unsuspecting Shawnees, in retaliation for their invasions of + Kentucky, and Bowman decided to command in person this "first + regular enterprise to attack, in force, the Indians beyond the + Ohio, ever planned in Kentucky." The company of volunteers of + the interior rendezvoused in May at Harrodsburgh, and under + Capts. Benjamin Logan and Silas Harlan marched to Lexington, + where they met the Boonesborough company under Capt. John + Holder, and another party under Capt. Levi Todd. At the mouth + of the Licking (site of Covington, Ky.), the general + rendezvous agreed on, they found a company from the Falls + of the Ohio (site of Louisville), under Capt. William + Harrod. Also in the little army, which finally mustered 297 + men, including officers, were frontiersmen from Redstone Old + Fort, and other settlements in the valleys of the Ohio and + Monongahela. The Redstone men were on their way home, when + they heard of the expedition, and joined it at the Licking; + they had been on a visit to Big Bone Lick, and had a + canoe-load of relics therefrom, which they were transporting + up river. The force crossed the Ohio, May 28, just below the + mouth of the Licking; 32 men remained behind in charge of the + boats, leaving 265 to set out for the Shawnee town of Little + Chillicothe, on the Little Miami, distant about sixty-five + miles northeast. George Clark and William Whitley were pilots, + and George M. Bedinger adjutant and quartermaster.--R. G. T. + + [18] Without having seen an Indian, the expedition arrived in + sight of Little Chillicothe, at dusk of May 29--Withers places + the date two months ahead of the actual time. Capt. Logan had + charge of the left wing, Harrod of the right, and Holder of the + center. The white force now numbered 263--two men having + returned to the boats, disabled; the Indians numbered about 100 + warriors and 200 squaws and children. Black Fish was the + principal village chief, and subordinate to him were Black Hoof + and Black Beard.--R. G. T. + + [19] This was the council house, which was so stoutly + defended that the white assailants were glad to take + refuge in a neighboring hut, from which they escaped with + difficulty.--R. G. T. + + [20] The chief cause of alarm, and the consequent disorder, + was a false report started among the whites, that Simon Girty + and a hundred Shawnees from the Indian village of Piqua, twelve + miles distant, were marching to the relief of Black Fish. Order + was soon restored, and when, fourteen miles out upon the + homeward trail, Indians were discovered upon their rear, the + enemy were met with vigor, and thereafter the retreat was + unhampered. The force reached the Ohio, just above the mouth of + the Little Miami, early on June 1. The "pack-horses" alluded to + by Withers, were 163 Indian ponies captured in the Chillicothe + woods; the other plunder was considerable, being chiefly silver + ornaments and clothing. After crossing the Ohio in boats--the + horses swimming--there was an auction of the booty, which was + appraised at L32,000, continental money, each man getting goods + or horses to the value of about L110. The Indian loss was five + killed at the town, and many wounded; the whites had seven men + killed. Little Chillicothe had been for the most part destroyed + by fire, and its crops destroyed. The newspapers of the day + regarded the expedition as an undoubted success.--R. G. T. + + [21] George W. Ranck: "April 1. Robert Patterson, at the head + of twenty-five men, commenced a block house where Lexington now + stands."--R. G. T. + + + + +[198] CHAPTER XII. + + +In North Western Virginia, the frequent inroads of small parties of +savages in 1778, led to greater preparations for security, from +renewed hostilities after the winter should have passed away; and many +settlements received a considerable accession to their strength, from +the number of persons emigrating to them. In some neighborhoods, the +sufferings of the preceding season and the inability of the +inhabitants, from the paucity of their numbers, to protect themselves +from invasion, led to a total abandonment of their homes. The +settlement on Hacker's creek was entirely broken up in the spring of +1779,--some of its inhabitants forsaking the country and retiring east +of the mountains; while the others went to the fort on Buchannon, and +to Nutter's fort, near Clarksburg, to aid in resisting the foe and in +maintaining possession of the country. When the campaign of that year +opened, the whole frontier was better prepared to protect itself from +invasion and to shield its occupants from the wrath of the savage +enemy, than it had ever been, since it became the abode of white men. +There were forts in every settlement, into which the people could +retire when danger threatened, and which were capable of withstanding +the assaults of savages, however furious they might be, if having to +depend for success, on the use of small arms only. It was fortunate +for the country, that this was their dependence. A few well directed +shots even from small cannon, would have demolished [199] their +strongest fortress, and left them no hope from death, but captivity. + +In the neighborhood of Pricket's fort, the inhabitants were early +alarmed, by circumstances which induced a belief that the Indians were +near, and they accordingly entered that garrison. It was soon +evident that their fears were groundless, but as the season was +fast approaching, when the savages might be expected to commence +depredations, they determined on remaining in the fort, of a +night, and yet prosecute the business of their farms as usual during +the day. Among those who were at this time in the fort, was David +Morgan, (a relation of General Daniel Morgan,) then upwards of sixty +years of age. Early in April, being himself unwell, he sent his +two children--Stephen, a youth of sixteen, and Sarah, a girl of +fourteen--to feed the cattle at his farm, about a mile off. The +children, thinking to remain all day and spend the time in preparing +ground for water melons, unknown to their father took with them +some bread and meat. Having fed the stock, Stephen set himself to +work, and while he was engaged in grubbing, his sister would remove +the brush, and otherwise aid him in the labor of clearing the +ground; occasionally going to the house to wet some linen which +she had spread out to bleach. Morgan, after the children had been +gone some time, betook himself to bed, and soon falling asleep, +dreamed that he saw Stephen and Sarah walking about the fort yard, +scalped. Aroused from slumber by the harrowing spectacle presented +to his sleeping view, he enquired if the children had returned, +and upon learning they had not, he set out to see what detained +them, taking with him his gun. As he approached the house, still +impressed with the horrible fear that he should find his dream +realized, he ascended an eminence, from which he could distinctly see +over his plantation, and descrying from thence the objects of his +anxious solicitude, he proceeded directly to them, and seated +himself on an old log, near at hand. He had been here but a few +minutes, before he saw two Indians come out from the house and make +toward the children. Fearing to alarm them too much, and thus +deprive them of the power of exerting themselves ably to make an +escape, he apprized them in a careless manner, of their danger, +and told them to run towards the fort--himself still maintaining +his seat on the log. The Indians then raised a hideous yell and +ran in pursuit; but the old [200] gentleman shewing himself at +that instant, caused them to forbear the chase, and shelter themselves +behind trees. He then endeavored to effect an escape, by flight, and +the Indians followed after him. Age and consequent infirmity, +rendered him unable long to continue out of their reach; and aware +that they were gaining considerably on him, he wheeled to shoot. +Both instantly sprang behind trees, and Morgan seeking shelter in +the same manner, got behind a sugar, which was so small as to leave +part of his body exposed. Looking round, he saw a large oak about +twenty yards farther, and he made to it. Just as he reached it, the +foremost Indian sought security behind the sugar sapling, which he +had found insufficient for his protection. The Indian, sensible that +it would not shelter him, threw himself down by the side of a log +which lay at the root of the sapling. But this did not afford him +sufficient cover, and Morgan, seeing him exposed to a shot, fired +at him. The ball took effect, and the savage, rolling over on his +back, stabbed himself twice in the breast. + +Having thus succeeded in killing one of his pursuers, Morgan again +took to flight, and the remaining Indian after him. It was now that +trees could afford him no security--His gun was unloaded, and his +pursuer could approach him safely.--The unequal race was continued +about sixty yards, when looking over his shoulder, he saw the savage +within a few paces of him, and with his gun raised. Morgan sprang to +one side, and the ball whizzed harmlessly by him. The odds was now not +great, and both advanced to closer combat, sensible of the prize for +which they had to contend, and each determined, to deal death to his +adversary. Morgan aimed a blow with his gun; but the Indian hurled a +tomahawk at him, which cutting the little finger of his left hand +entirely off, and injuring the one next it very much, knocked the gun +out of his grasp, and they closed. Being a good wrestler, Morgan +succeeded in throwing the Indian; but soon found himself overturned, +and the savage upon him, feeling for his knife and sending forth a +most horrifick yell, as is their custom when they consider victory as +secure. A woman's apron, which he had taken from the house and +fastened round him above his knife, so hindered him in getting at it +quickly, that Morgan, getting one of his fingers in his mouth, +deprived him of the use of that hand, and disconcerted him very much +by continuing to grind it between his teeth. At length the [201] +Indian got hold of his knife, but so far towards the blade, that +Morgan too got a small hold on the extremity of the handle; and as the +Indian drew it from the scabbard, Morgan, biting his finger with all +his might, and thus causing him somewhat to relax his grasp, drew it +through his hand, gashing it most severely. + +By this time both had gained their feet, and the Indian, sensible of +the great advantage gained over him, endeavored to disengage himself; +but Morgan held fast to the finger, until he succeeded in giving him a +fatal stab, and felt the almost lifeless body sinking in his arms. He +then loosened his hold and departed for the fort. + +On his way he met with his daughter, who not being able to keep pace +with her brother, had followed his footsteps to the river bank where +he had plunged in, and was then making her way to the canoe. Assured +thus far of the safety of his children, he accompanied his daughter to +the fort, and then, in company with a party of the men, returned to +his farm, to see if there were any appearance of other Indians being +about there. On arriving at the spot where the desperate struggle had +been, the wounded Indian was not to be seen; but trailing him by the +blood which flowed profusely from his side, they found him concealed +in the branches of a fallen tree.--He had taken the knife from his +body, bound up the wound with the apron, and on their approaching him, +accosted them familiarly, with the salutation "How do do broder, how +do broder." Alas! poor fellow! their brotherhood extended no farther +than to the gratification of a vengeful feeling. He was tomahawked and +scalped; and, as if this would not fill the measure of their +vindictive passions, both he and his companion were flayed, their +skins tanned and converted into saddle seats, shot pouches and +belts--A striking instance of the barbarities, which a revengeful +spirit will lead its possessors to perpetrate.[1] + +The alarm which had caused the people in the neighborhood of Pricket's +fort, to move into it for safety, induced two or three families on +Dunkard creek to collect at the house of Mr. Bozarth, thinking they +would be more exempt from danger when together, than if remaining at +their several homes. About the first of April, when only Mr. Bozarth +and two men were in the house, the children, who had been out at play, +came running into the yard, exclaiming that there were [202] "_ugly +red men coming._" Upon hearing this, one of the two men in the house, +going to the door to see if Indians really were approaching, received +a glancing shot on his breast, which caused him to fall back. The +Indian who had shot him, sprang in immediately after, and grappling +with the other white man, was quickly thrown on the bed. His +antagonist having no weapon with which to do him any injury called to +Mrs. Bozarth for a knife. Not finding one at hand, she siezed an axe, +and at one blow, let out the brains of the prostrate savage. At that +instant a second Indian entering the door, shot dead the man engaged +with his companion on the bed. Mrs. Bozarth turned on him, and with a +well directed blow, let out his entrails and caused him to bawl out +for help. Upon this, others of his party, who had been engaged with +the children in the yard, came to his relief. The first who thrust his +head in at the door, had it cleft by the axe of Mrs. Bozarth and fell +lifeless on the ground. Another, catching hold of his wounded, bawling +companion, drew him out of the house, when Mrs. Bozarth, with the aid +of the white man who had been first shot and was then somewhat +recovered, succeeded in closing and making fast the door. The children +in the yard were all killed, but the heroism and exertions of Mrs. +Bozarth and the wounded white man, enabled them to resist the +repeated attempts of the Indians, to force open the door, and to +maintain possession of the house, until they were relieved by a party +from the neighboring settlement.--The time occupied in this bloody +affair, from the first alarm by the children to the shutting of the +door, did not exceed three minutes. And in this brief space, Mrs. +Bozarth, with infinite self possession, coolness and intrepidity, +succeeded in killing three Indians. + +On the eleventh of the same month, five Indians came to a house on +Snowy creek, (in the, now, county of Preston,) in which lived James +Brain and Richard Powell, and remained in ambush during the night, +close around it. In the morning early, the appearance of some ten or +twelve men, issuing from the house with guns, for the purpose of +amusing themselves in shooting at a mark, deterred the Indians from +making their meditated attack. The men seen by them, were travellers, +who had associated for mutual security, and who, after partaking of a +morning's repast, resumed their journey, unknown to the savages; when +Mr. Brain and the sons of Mr. Powell [203] went to their day's work. +Being engaged in carrying clap-boards for covering a cabin, at some +distance from the house, they were soon heard by the Indians, who, +despairing of succeeding in an attack on the house, changed their +position, & concealed themselves by the side of the path, along which +those engaged at work had to go. Mr. Brain and one of his sons being +at a little distance in front of them, they fired and Brain fell. He +was then tomahawked and scalped, while another of the party followed +and caught the son as he was attempting to escape by flight. + +Three other boys were then some distance behind and out of sight, and +hearing the report of the gun which killed Brain, for an instant +supposed that it proceeded from the rifle of some hunter in quest of +deer. They were soon satisfied that this supposition was unfounded. +Three Indians came running towards them, bearing their guns in one +hand, and tomahawks in the other. One of the boys stupefied by +terror,--and unable to stir from the spot, was immediately made +prisoner. Another, the son of Powell, was also soon caught; but the +third, finding himself out of sight of his pursuer, ran to one side +and concealed himself in a bunch of alders, where he remained until +the Indian passed the spot where he lay, when he arose, and taking a +different direction, ran with all his speed, and effected an escape. +The little prisoners were then brought together; and one of Mr. +Powell's sons, being discovered to have but one eye, was stripped +naked, had a tomahawk sunk into his head, a spear ran through his +body, and the scalp then removed from his bleeding head. + +The little Powell who had escaped from the savages, being forced to go +a direction opposite to the house, proceeded to a station about eight +miles off, & communicated intelligence of what had been done at +Brain's. A party of men equipped themselves and went immediately to +the scene of action; but the Indians had hastened homeward, as soon as +they perpetrated their horrid cruelties. One of their little captives, +(Benjamin Brain) being asked by them, "how many men were at the +house," replied "twelve." To the question, "how far from thence was +the nearest fort," he answered "two miles." Yet he well knew that +there was no fort, nearer than eight miles, and that there was not a +man at the house,--Mr. Powell being from home, and the twelve +travellers having departed, before his father and he had gone out to +[204] work. His object was to save his mother and the other women and +children, from captivity or death, by inducing them to believe that it +would be extremely dangerous to venture near the house. He succeeded +in the attainment of his object. Deterred by the prospect of being +discovered, and perhaps defeated by the superior force of the white +men, represented to be at Mr. Brain's, they departed in the greatest +hurry, taking with them their two little prisoners, Benjamin and Isaac +Brain. + +So stilly had the whole affair been conducted (the report of a gun +being too commonly heard to excite any suspicion of what was doing,) +and so expeditiously had the little boy who escaped, and the men who +accompanied him back, moved in their course, that the first intimation +given Mrs. Brain of the fate of her husband, was given by the men who +came in pursuit. + +Soon after the happening of this affair, a party of Indians came into +the Buchannon settlement, and made prisoner Leonard Schoolcraft, a +youth of about sixteen, who had been sent from the fort on some +business.--When arrived at their towns and arrangements being made for +his running the gauntlet, he was told that he might defend himself +against the blows of the young Indians who were to pursue him to the +council house. Being active and athletic, he availed himself of this +privilege, so as to save himself from the beating which he would +otherwise have received, and laying about him with well timed blows, +frequently knocked down those who came near to him--much to the +amusement of the warriors, according to the account given by others, +who were then prisoners and present. This was the last certain +information which was ever had concerning him. He was believed +however, to have been afterwards in his old neighborhood in the +capacity of guide to the Indians, and aiding them, by his knowledge of +the country, in making successful incursions into it. + +In the month of June, at Martin's fort on Crooked Run, another +murderous scene was exhibited by the savages. The greater part of the +men having gone forth early to their farms, and those who remained, +being unapprehensive of immediate danger, and consequently supine and +careless, the fort was necessarily, easily accessible, and the +vigilance of the savages who were lying hid around it, discovering its +exposed and [205] weakened situation, seized the favorable moment to +attack those who were without. The women were engaged in milking the +cows outside the gate, and the men who had been left behind were +loitering around. The Indians rushed forward, and killed and made +prisoners of ten of them. James Stuart, James Smally and Peter Crouse, +were the only persons who fell, and John Shiver and his wife, two sons +of Stuart, two sons of Smally and a son of Crouse, were carried into +captivity. According to their statement upon their return, there were +thirteen Indians in the party which surprised them, and emboldened by +success, instead of retreating with their prisoners, remained at a +little distance from the fort 'till night, when they put the captives +in a waste house near, under custody of two of the savages, while the +remaining eleven, went to see if they could not succeed in forcing an +entrance at the gate. But the disaster of the morning had taught the +inhabitants the necessity of greater watchfulness. The dogs were shut +out at night, and the approach of the Indians exciting them to bark +freely, gave notice of impending danger, in time for them to avert it. +The attempt to take the fort being thus frustrated, the savages +returned to the house in which the prisoners were confined, and moved +off with them to their towns. + +In August, two daughters of Captain David Scott living at the mouth of +Pike run, going to the meadow with dinner for the mowers, were taken +by some Indians who were watching the path. The younger was killed on +the spot; but the latter being taken some distance farther, and every +search for her proving unavailing, her father fondly hoped that she +had been carried into captivity, and that be might redeem her. For +this purpose he visited Pittsburg and engaged the service of a +friendly Indian to ascertain where she was and endeavour to prevail on +them to ransom her. Before his return from Fort Pitt, some of his +neighbors directed to the spot by the buzzards hovering over it, found +her half eaten and mutilated body. + +In September, Nathaniel Davisson and his brother, being on a hunting +expedition up Ten Mile, left their camp early on the morning of the +day on which they intended to return home; and naming an hour at which +they would be back, proceeded through the woods in different +directions. At the appointed time, Josiah went to the camp, and after +waiting there in vain for the arrival of his brother, and becoming +uneasy lest [206] some unlucky accident had befallen him, he set out +in search of him. Unable to see or hear anything of him he returned +home, and prevailed on several of his neighbors to aid in endeavouring +to ascertain his fate. Their search was likewise unavailing; but in +the following March, he was found by John Read, while hunting in that +neighborhood. He had been shot and scalped; and notwithstanding he +had lain out nearly six months, yet he was but little torn by wild +beasts, and was easily recognized. + +During this year too, Tygarts Valley, which had escaped being visited +by the Indians in 1778 again heard their harrowing yells; and although +but little mischief was done by them while there, yet its inhabitants +were awhile, kept in fearful apprehension that greater ills would +betide them. In October of this year, a party of them lying in ambush +near the road, fired several shots at Lieut. John White, riding by, +but with no other effect than by wounding the horse to cause him to +throw his rider. This was fatal to White. Being left on foot and on +open ground, he was soon shot, tomahawked and scalped. + +As soon as this event was made known, Capt. Benjamin Wilson, with his +wonted promptitude and energy, raised a company of volunteers, and +proceeding by forced marches to the Indian crossing at the mouth of +the Sandy fork of Little Kenhawa, he remained there nearly three days +with a view to intercept the retreat of the savages. They however, +returned by another way and his scheme, of cutting them off while +crossing the river, consequently failed. + +Some time after this several families in the Buchannon settlement, +left the fort and returned to their homes, under the belief that +the season had advanced too far, for the Indians again to come among +them. But they were sorely disappointed. The men being all assembled +at the fort for the purpose of electing a Captain, some Indians +fell upon the family of John Schoolcraft, and killed the women and +eight children,--two little boys only were taken prisoners. A +small girl, who had been scalped and tomahawked 'till a portion of +her brains was forced from her head, was found the next day yet +alive, and continued to live for several days, the brains still oozing +from the fracture of her skull. + +The last mischief that was done this fall, was perpetrated at the house +of Samuel Cottrail near to the present town of Clarksburg.--During the +night considerable fear was excited, both at Cottrial's and at Sotha +Hickman's on the opposite side of Elk creek, by the continued barking +of the dogs, that Indians were lurking near, and in consequence of this +apprehension Cottrial, on going to bed, secured well the doors and +directed that no one should stir out in the morning until it was +ascertained that there was no danger threatening. A while before +day, Cottrial being fast asleep, Moses Coleman, who lived with him, +got up, shelled some corn, and giving a few ears to Cottrial's +nephew with directions to feed the pigs around [207] the yard, went to +the hand mill in an out house, and commenced grinding. The little boy, +being squatted down shelling the corn to the pigs, found himself +suddenly drawn on his back and an Indian standing over him, ordering +him to lie there. The savage then turned toward the house in which +Coleman was, fired, and as Coleman fell ran up to scalp him. +Thinking this a favorable time for him to reach the dwelling house, +the little boy sprang to his feet, and running to the door, it was +opened and he admitted. Scarcely was it closed after him, when one +of the Indians with his tomahawk endeavored to break it open. +Cottrail fired through the door at him, and he went off. In order to +see if others were about, and to have a better opportunity of shooting +with effect, Cottrail ascended the loft, and looking through a crevice +saw them hastening away through the field and at too great distance +for him to shoot with the expectation of injuring them. Yet he +continued to fire and halloo; to give notice of danger to those who +lived near him. + +The severity of the following winter put a momentary stop to savage +inroad, and gave to the inhabitants on the frontier an interval of +quiet and repose extremely desirable to them, after the dangers and +confinement of the preceding season. Hostilities were however, resumed +upon the first appearance of spring, and acts of murder and +devastation, which had, of necessity, been suspended for a time, were +begun to be committed, with a firm determination on the part of the +savages, utterly to exterminate the inhabitants of the western +country. To effect this object, an expedition was concerted between +the British commandant at Detroit and the Indian Chiefs north west of +the Ohio to be carried on by their united forces against Kentucky, +while an Indian army alone, was to penetrate North Western Virginia, +and spread desolation over its surface. No means which could avail to +ensure success and which lay within their reach, were left unemployed. +The army destined to operate against Kentucky, was to consist of six +hundred Indians and Canadians, to be commanded by Col. Byrd (a British +officer) and furnished with every implement of destruction, from the +war club of the savages, to the cannon of their allies.[2] Happily for +North Western Virginia, its situation exempted its inhabitants from +having to contend against these instruments of war; the want of roads +prevented the transportation of cannon through the intermediate +forests, and the difficulty and labor of propelling them up the Ohio +river, forbade the attempt in that way. + +While the troops were collecting for these expeditions, and other +preparations were making for carrying them on, the settlements of +North Western Virginia were not free from invasion. Small parties of +Indians would enter them at unguarded moments, and kill and plunder, +whenever opportunities occurred of their being done with impunity, and +then retreat to their villages. Early in March (1780) Thomas Lackey +discovered some mocason tracks near the upper extremity of Tygarts +Valley, and thought he heard a voice saying in [208] an under tone, +"_let him alone, he will go and bring more_." Alarmed by these +circumstances, he proceeded to Hadden's fort and told there what he +had seen, and what he believed, he had heard. Being so early in the +season and the weather yet far from mild, none heeded his tale, and +but few believed it. On the next day however, as Jacob Warwick, +William Warwick and some others from Greenbrier were about leaving the +fort on their return home, it was agreed that a company of men should +accompany them some distance on the road. Unapprehensive of danger, in +spite of the warning of Lackey, they were proceeding carelessly on +their way, when they were suddenly attacked by some Indians lying in +ambush, near to the place, where the mocason tracks had been seen on +the preceding day. The men on horse back, all got safely off; but +those on foot were less fortunate. The Indians having occupied the +pass both above and below, the footmen had no chance of escape but in +crossing the river and ascending a steep bluff, on its opposite side. +In attempting this several lost their lives. John McLain was killed +about thirty yards from the brow of the hill.--James Ralston, when a +little farther up it, and James Crouch was wounded after having nearly +reached its summit, yet he got safely off and returned to the fort on +the next day. John Nelson, after crossing over, endeavored to escape +down the river; but being there met by a stout warrior, he too was +killed, after a severe struggle. His shattered gun breech, the uptorn +earth, and the locks of Indian hair in his yet clenched hands, showed +that the victory over him had not been easily won. + +Soon after this, the family of John Gibson were surprised at their +sugar camp, on a branch of the Valley river, and made prisoners. Mrs. +Gibson, being incapable of supporting the fatigue of walking so far +and fast, was tomahawked and scalped in the presence of her children. + +West's fort on Hacker's creek, was also visited by the savages, early +in this year.[3] The frequent incursions of the Indians into this +settlement, in the year 1778, had caused the inhabitants to desert +their homes the next year, and shelter themselves in places of greater +security; but being unwilling to give up the improvements which they +had already made and commence anew in the woods, some few families +returned to it during the winter, & on the approach of spring, moved +into the fort. They had not been long here, before the savages made +their appearance, and continued to invest the fort for some time. Too +weak to sally out and give them battle, and not knowing when to expect +relief, the inhabitants were almost reduced to despair, when Jesse +Hughs resolved at his own hazard, to try to obtain assistance to drive +off the enemy. Leaving the fort at night, he broke by their sentinels +and ran with speed to the Buchannon fort. Here he prevailed on a party +of the men to accompany him to West's, and relieve those who had been +so long confined there. They arrived before day, and it was thought +advisable to abandon the place once more, and remove to Buchannon. On +their way, the [209] Indians used every artifice to separate the +party, so as to gain an advantageous opportunity of attacking them; +but in vain. They exercised so much caution, and kept so well +together, that every stratagem was frustrated, and they all reached +the fort in safety. + +Two days after this, as Jeremiah Curl, Henry Fink and Edmund West, who +were old men, and Alexander West,[4] Peter Cutright, and Simon +Schoolcraft, were returning to the fort with some of their neighbor's +property, they were fired at by the Indians who were lying concealed +along a run bank. Curl was slightly wounded under the chin, but +disdaining to fly without making a stand he called to his companions, +"_stand your ground, for we are able to whip them._" At this instant a +lusty warrior drew a tomahawk from his belt and rushed towards him. +Nothing daunted by the danger which seemed to threaten him, Curl +raised his gun; but the powder being damped by the blood from his +wound, it did not fire. He instantly picked up West's gun (which he +had been carrying to relieve West of part of his burden) and +discharging it at his assailant, brought him to the ground. + +The whites being by this time rid of their encumbrances, the Indians +retreated in two parties and pursued different routes, not however +without being pursued. Alexander West being swift of foot, soon came +near enough to fire, and brought down a second, but having only +wounded him, and seeing the Indians spring behind trees, he could not +advance to finish him; nor could he again shoot at him, the flint +having fallen out when he first fired. Jackson (who was hunting sheep +not far off) hearing the report of the guns, ran towards the spot, and +being in sight of the Indian when West shot, saw him fall and +afterwards recover and hobble off. Simon Schoolcraft, following after +West, came to him just after Jackson, with his gun cocked; and asking +where the Indians were, was advised by Jackson to get behind a tree, +or they would soon let him know where they were. Instantly the report +of a gun was heard, and Schoolcraft let fall his arm. The ball had +passed through it, and striking a steel tobacco box in his waistcoat +pocket, did him no farther injury. Cutright, when West fired at one of +the Indians, saw another of them drop behind a log, and changing his +position, espied him, where the log was a little raised from the +earth. With steady nerves, he drew upon him. The moaning cry of the +savage, as he sprang from the ground and moved haltingly away, +convinced them that the shot had taken effect. The rest of the Indians +continued behind trees, until they observed a reinforcement coming up +to the aid of the whites, and they fled with the utmost precipitancy. +Night soon coming on, those who followed them, had to give over the +pursuit. + +A company of fifteen men went early next morning to the battle ground, +and taking the trail of the Indians and pursuing it some distance, +came to where they had some horses (which they had stolen after the +skirmish) hobbled out on a fork of Hacker's creek. They [210] then +found the plunder which the savages had taken from neighboring houses, +and supposing that their wounded warriors were near, the whites +commenced looking for them, when a gun was fired at them by an Indian +concealed in a laurel thicket, which wounded John Cutright.[5] The +whites then caught the stolen horses and returned with them and the +plunder to the fort. + +For some time after this, there was nothing occurring to indicate the +presence of Indians in the Buchannon settlement, and some of those who +were in the fort, hoping that they should not be again visited by them +this season, determined on returning to their homes. Austin +Schoolcraft was one of these, and being engaged in removing some of +his property from the fort, as he and his niece were passing through a +swamp in their way to his house, they were shot at by some Indians. +Mr. Schoolcraft was killed and his niece taken prisoner. + +In June, John Owens, John Juggins and Owen Owens, were attacked by +some Indians, as they were going to their cornfield on Booth's creek; +and the two former were killed and scalped. Owen Owens being some +distance behind them, made his escape to the fort. John Owens the +younger, who had been to the pasture field for the plough horses, +heard the guns, but not suspecting any danger to be near, rode forward +towards the cornfield. As he was proceeding along the path by a fence +side, riding one and leading another horse, he was fired at by several +Indians, some of whom afterwards rushed forward and caught at the +bridle reins; yet he escaped unhurt from them all. + +The savages likewise visited Cheat river, during the spring, and +coming to the house of John Sims, were discovered by a negro woman, +who ran immediately to the door and alarmed the family.--Bernard Sims +(just recovering from the small pox) taking down his gun, and going to +the door, was shot. The Indians, perceiving that he was affected with +a disease, of all others the most terrifying to them, not only did not +perform the accustomed operation of scalping, but retreated with as +much rapidity, as if they had been pursued by an overwhelming force of +armed men,--exclaiming as they ran "_small pox, small pox._" + +After the attack on Donnelly's fort in May 1778, the Indians made no +attempt to effect farther mischiefs in the Greenbrier country, until +this year. The fort at Point Pleasant guarded the principal pass to +the settlements on the Kenhawa, in the Levels, and on Greenbrier +river, and the reception with which they had met at Col. Donnelly's, +convinced them that not much was to be gained by incursions into that +section of the frontiers. But as they were now making great +preparations for effectual operations against the whole border +country, a party of them was despatched to this portion of it, at once +for the purpose of rapine and murder, and to ascertain the state of +the country and its capacity to resist invasion. + +The party then sent into Greenbrier consisted of twenty-two [211] +warriors, and committed their first act of atrocity near the house of +Lawrence Drinnan, a few miles above the Little Levels. Henry Baker and +Richard Hill, who were then staying there, going early in the morning +to the river to wash, were shot at by them: Baker was killed, but Hill +escaped back to the house. When the Indians fired at Baker, he was +near a fence between the river and Drinnan's and within gunshot of the +latter place. Fearing to cross the fence for the purpose of scalping +him, they prized it up, and with a pole fastening a noose around his +neck, drew him down the river bank & scalped and left him there. + +Apprehensive of an attack on the house, Mr. Drinnan made such +preparations as were in his power to repel them, and despatched a +servant to the Little Levels, with the intelligence and to procure +assistance. He presently returned with twenty men, who remained there +during the night, but in the morning, seeing nothing to contradict the +belief that the Indians had departed, they buried Baker, and set out +on their return to the Levels, taking with them all who were at +Drinnan's and the most of his property. Arrived at the fork of the +road, a question arose whether they should take the main route, +leading through a gap which was deemed a favorable situation for an +ambuscade, or continue on the farther but more open and secure way. A +majority preferred the latter; but two young men, by the name of +Bridger, separated from the others, and travelling on the nearer path, +were both killed at the place, where it was feared danger might be +lurking. + +The Indians next proceeded to the house of Hugh McIver, where they +succeeded in killing its owner, and in making prisoner his wife; and +in going from thence, met with John Prior, who with his wife and +infant were on their way to the country on the south side of the Big +Kenawha. Prior was shot through the breast, but anxious for the fate +of his wife and child, stood still, 'till one of the Indians came up +and laid hold on him. Notwithstanding the severe wound which he had +received, Prior proved too strong for his opponent, and the other +Indians not interfering, forced him at length to disengage himself +from the struggle. Prior, then seeing that no violence was offered to +Mrs. Prior or the infant, walked off without any attempt being made to +stop, or otherwise molest him: the Indians no doubt suffering him to +depart under the expectation that he would obtain assistance and +endeavor to regain his wife and child, and that an opportunity of +waylaying any party coming with this view, would be [212] then +afforded them. Prior returned to the settlement, related the above +incidents and died that night. His wife and child were never after +heard of, and it is highly probable they were murdered on their way, +as being unable to travel as expeditiously as the Indians wished. + +They next went to a house, occupied by Thomas Drinnon and a Mr. Smith +with their families, where they made prisoners of Mrs. Smith, Mrs. +Drinnon and a child; and going then towards their towns, killed, on +their way, an old gentleman by the name of Monday and his wife. This +was the last outrage committed by the Indians in the Greenbrier +settlements. And although the war was carried on by them against the +frontier settlements, with energy for years after, yet did they not +again attempt an incursion into it. Its earlier days had been days of +tribulation and wo, and those who were foremost in occupying and +forming settlements in it, had to endure all that savage fury could +inflict. Their term of probation, was indeed of comparatively short +duration, but their sufferings for a time, were many and great. The +scenes of murder and blood, exhibited on Muddy creek and the Big +Levels in 1776, will not soon be effaced from the memory; and the +lively interest excited in the bosoms of many, for the fate of those +who there treacherously perished, unabated by time, still gleams in +the countenance, when tradition recounts the tale of their unhappy +lot. + +----- + [1] L. V. McWhorter, of Berlin, W. Va., writes me: "A few + years ago, the descendants of David Morgan erected a monument + on the spot where fell one of the Indians. On the day of the + unveiling of the monument, there was on exhibition at the spot, + a shot-pouch and saddle skirt made from the skins of the + Indians. Greenwood S. Morgan, a great-grandson of the Indian + slayer, informs me that the shot-pouch is now in the possession + of a distant relative, living in Wetzel County, W. Va. The + knife with which the Indian was killed, is owned by Morgan's + descendants in Marion County, W. Va."--R. G. T. + + [2] See p. 262, _note_, for account of Capt. Henry Bird's + attack on Fort Laurens.--R. G. T. + + [3] Mr. McWhorter says that this fort stood on an eminence, + where is now the residence of Minor C. Hall. Upon the fort + being abandoned by the settlers, the Indians burned it. When + the whites again returned to their clearings, a new fort was + erected, locally called Beech Fort, "because built entirely of + beech logs--beech trees standing very thick in this locality." + Beech Fort was not over 500 yards from the old West Fort; it + was "in a marshy flat, some 75 yards east of the house built by + the pioneer Henry McWhorter, and still extant as the residence + of Ned J. Jackson." In the same field where Beech Fort was, + "Alexander West discovered an Indian one evening; he fired and + wounded him in the shoulder. The Indian made off, and fearing + an ambuscade West would not venture in pursuit. Two weeks + later, he ventured to hunt for the red man. Two miles distant, + on what is now known as Life's Run, a branch of Hacker's Creek, + the dead savage was found in a cleft of rocks, into which he + had crawled and miserably perished. His shoulder was badly + crushed by West's bullet." + + Henry McWhorter, born in Orange County, N. Y., November 13, + 1760, was a soldier in the Revolution, from 1777 to the + close. In 1784, he settled about two miles from West's Fort; + three years later, he moved nearer to the fort, and there + built the house of hewn logs, mentioned above, which "is + to-day in a good state of preservation." McWhorter died + February 4, 1848.--R. G. T. + + [4] Alexander West was prominent as a frontier scout. Rev. + J. M. McWhorter, who saw him frequently, gives this description + of him: "A tall, spare-built man, very erect, strong, lithe, + and active; dark-skinned, prominent Roman nose, black hair, + very keen eyes; not handsome, rather raw-boned, but with an air + and mien that commanded the attention and respect of those with + whom he associated. Never aggressive, he lifted his arm against + the Indians only in time of war." West died in 1834. His house + of hewed logs is, with its large barn, still standing and + occupied by his relatives, about a mile east of the site of + West's Fort.--R. G. T. + + [5] L. V. McWhorter says: "The branch of Hacker's creek on + which John Cutright was wounded, is now known as Laurel Lick, + near Berlin, W. Va." For notice of Cutright, see p. 137, + _note_.--R. G. T. + + + + +[213] CHAPTER XIII. + + +Early in June 1780, every necessary preparation having been previously +made, the Indian and Canadian forces destined to invade Kentucky, +moved from their place of rendezvous, to fulfil the objects of the +expedition. In their general plan of the campaign, Louisville was the +point against which operations were first to be directed. The hero of +Kaskaskias and St. Vincent had been for some time stationed there, +with a small body of troops, to intercept the passage of war parties +into the interior, and the force thus placed under his command, having +been considerably augmented by the arrival of one hundred and fifty +Virginia soldiers under Colonel Slaughter, that place had assumed the +appearance of a regular fortification, capable of withstanding a +severe shock;[1] while detachments from it gave promise of security to +the settlements remote from the river, as well by detecting and +checking every attempt at invasion, as by acting offensively against +the main Indian towns, from which hostile parties would sally, +spreading desolation along their path. The reduction of this +establishment, would at once give wider scope to savage hostilities +and gratify the wounded pride of the Canadians. Stung by the boldness +and success of Colonel Clarke's adventure, and fearing the effect +which it might have on their Indian allies, they seemed determined to +achieve a victory over him, and strike a retributive blow against the +position which he then held. + +[214] It is highly probable however, that the reputation which, the +gallant exploits of Colonel Clarke had acquired for him, induced some +doubts, in the minds of the commanding officers, of the ultimate +success of a movement against that post.[2] They changed their +destination; and when their army arrived in their boats at the Ohio, +instead of floating with its rapid current to the point proposed, they +chose to stem the stream; and availing themselves of an uncommon swell +of the waters, ascended the river Licking to its forks, where they +landed their men and munitions of war.[3] + +Not far from the place of debarkation, there was a station,[4] reared +under the superintendence of Captain Ruddle, and occupied by several +families and many adventurers. Thither Colonel Byrd, with his combined +army of Canadians and Indians then amounting to one thousand men, +directed his march; and arriving before it on the 22d of June, gave +the first notice, which the inhabitants had of the presence of an +enemy, by a discharge of his cannon. He then sent in a flag, demanding +the immediate surrender of the place. Knowing that it was impossible +to defend the station against artillery, Captain Ruddle consented to +surrender it, provided the inhabitants should be considered prisoners +to the British, and not to the Indians. To this proposition Colonel +Byrd assented, and the gates were thrown open. The savages instantly +rushed in, each laying his hands on the first person with whom he +chanced to meet. Parents and children, husbands and wives, were thus +torn from each other; and the [214] air was rent with sighs of +wailing, and shrieks of agony. In vain did Captain Ruddle exclaim, +against the enormities which were perpetrated in contravention to the +terms of capitulation. To his remonstrances, Colonel Byrd replied that +he was unable to control them, and affirmed, that he too was in their +power. + +That Colonel Byrd was really unable to check the enormities of the +savages, will be readily admitted, when the great disparity of the +Canadian and Indian troops, and the lawless and uncontrolable temper +of the latter, are taken into consideration. That he had the +inclination to stop them, cannot be [215] doubted--his subsequent +conduct furnished the most convincing evidence, that the power to +effect it, was alone wanting in him.[5] + +After Ruddle's station had been completely sacked, and the prisoners +disposed of, the Indians clamoured to be led against Martin's station, +then only five miles distant. Affected with the barbarities which he +had just witnessed, Colonel Byrd peremptorily refused, unless the +chiefs would guaranty that the prisoners, which might be there taken, +should be entirely at his disposal. For awhile the Indians refused to +accede to these terms, but finding Colonel Byrd, inflexible in his +determination, they at length consented, that the prisoners should be +his, provided the plunder were allowed to them.--Upon this agreement, +they marched forward. Martin's station, like Ruddle's, was incapable +of offering any available opposition. It was surrendered on the first +summons, and the prisoners and plunder divided, in conformity with the +compact between Colonel Byrd and the savages. + +The facility, with which these conquests were made, excited the thirst +of the Indians for more. Not satisfied with the plundering of Ruddle's +and Martin's stations, their rapacity prompted them to insist on going +against Bryant's and Lexington. Prudence forbade it. The waters were +rapidly subsiding, and the fall of the Licking river, would have +rendered it impracticable to convey their artillery to the Ohio. Their +success too, was somewhat doubtful; and it was even then difficult to +procure provisions, for the subsistence of the prisoners already +taken.[6] Under the influence of these considerations, Colonel Byrd +determined to return to the boats, and embarking on these his +artillery and the Canadian troops, descended the river; while the +Indians, with their plunder, and the prisoners taken at Ruddle's, +moved across the country. + +Among those who were taken captive at Ruddle's station, was a man of +the name of Hinkstone, remarkable for activity and daring, and for +uncommon tact and skill as a woodsman. On the second night of their +march, the Indians encamped on the bank of the river, and in +consequence of a sudden shower of rain, postponed kindling their fires +until dark, when part of the savages engaged in this business, while +the remainder guarded the prisoners. Hinkstone thought the darkness +favorable to escape, and inviting its attempt. He resolved on trying +it, and springing suddenly from them, ran a small [216] distance and +concealed himself behind a large log, under the shade of a wide +spreading tree. The alarm was quickly given, and the Indians, +pursuing, searched for him in every direction. It was fruitless and +unavailing. Hid in thick obscurity, no eye could distinguish his +prostrate body. Perceiving at length, by the subsiding of the noise +without the camp, that the Indians had abandoned the search, he +resumed his flight, with the stillness of death. The heavens afforded +him no sign, by which he could direct his steps. Not a star twinkled +through the dark clouds which enveloped the earth, to point out his +course. Still he moved on, as he supposed, in the direction of +Lexington. He had mistaken the way, and a short space of time, served +to convince him that he was in error. After wandering about for two +hours, he came in sight of the Indian fires again. Perplexed by his +devious ramble, he was more at fault than ever. The sky was still all +darkness, and he had recourse to the trees in vain, to learn the +points of the compass by the feeling of the moss. He remembered that +at nightfall, the wind blew a gentle breeze from the west; but it had +now, become so stilled, that it no longer made any impression on him. +The hunter's expedient, to ascertain the direction of the air, +occurred to him.--He dipped his finger in water, and, knowing that +evaporation and coolness would be first felt on the side from which +the wind came, he raised it high in the air. It was enough.--Guided by +this unerring indication, and acting on the supposition that the +current of air still flowed from the point from which it had proceeded +at night, he again resumed his flight. After groping in the wilderness +for some time, faint and enfeebled, he sat down to rest his wearied +limbs, and sought their invigoration in refreshing sleep. When he +awoke, fresh dangers encircled him, but he was better prepared to +elude, or encounter them. + +At the first dawn of day, his ears were assailed by the tremulous +bleating of the fawn, the hoarse gobbling of the turkey, and the +peculiar sounds of other wild animals. Familiar with the deceptive +artifices, practised to allure game to the hunter, he was quickly +alive to the fact, that they were the imitative cries of savages in +quest of provisions. Sensible of his situation, he became vigilant to +discover the approach of danger, and active in avoiding it. Several +times however, with all his wariness, he found himself within a few +paces of [217] some one of the Indians; but fortunately escaping their +observation, made good his escape, and reached Lexington in safety, +gave there the harrowing intelligence of what had befallen the +inhabitants of Ruddle's and Martin's stations. + +The Indians after the escape of Hinkstone, crossed the Ohio river at +the mouth of Licking, and, separating into small parties, proceeded to +their several villages. The Canadian troops descended Licking to the +Ohio, and this river to the mouth of the Great Miami, up which they +ascended as far as it was navigable for their boats, and made their +way thence by land to Detroit. + +The Indian army destined to operate against North Western Virginia, +was to enter the country in two divisions of one hundred and fifty +warriors each; the one crossing the Ohio near below Wheeling, the +other, at the mouth of Racoon creek, about sixty miles farther up. +Both were, avoiding the stronger forts, to proceed directly to +Washington, then known as Catfishtown, between which place and the +Ohio, the whole country was to be laid waste. + +The division crossing below Wheeling, was soon discovered by scouts, +who giving the alarm, caused most of the inhabitants of the more +proximate settlements, to fly immediately to that place, supposing +that an attack was meditated on it. The Indians however, proceeded +on the way to Washington making prisoners of many, who, although +apprized that an enemy was in the country, yet feeling secure in +their distance from what was expected to be the theatre of operations, +neglected to use the precaution necessary to guard them against +becoming captives to the savages. From all the prisoners, they +learned the same thing,--that the inhabitants had gone to Wheeling +with a view of concentrating the force of the settlements to effect +their repulsion. This intelligence alarmed them. The chiefs held a +council, in which it was determined, instead of proceeding to +Washington, to retrace their steps across the Ohio, lest their +retreat, if delayed 'till the whites had an opportunity of organizing +themselves for battle, should be entirely cut off. Infuriate at the +blasting of their hopes of blood and spoil, they resolved to murder +all their male prisoners--exhausting on their devoted heads, the +fury of disappointed expectation. Preparations to carry this +resolution into effect, were immediately begun to be made. + +The unfortunate victims to their savage wrath, were led [218] forth +from among their friends and their families,--their hands were +pinioned behind them,--a rope was fastened about the neck of each and +that bound around a tree, so as to prevent any motion of the head. +The tomahawk and scalping knife were next drawn from their belts, and +the horrid purpose of these preparations, fully consummated. + +"Imagination's utmost stretch" can hardly fancy a more heart-rending +scene than was there exhibited. Parents, in the bloom of life and glow +of health, mercilessly mangled to death, in the presence of children, +whose sobbing cries served but to heighten the torments of the +dying.--Husbands, cruelly lacerated, and by piece-meal deprived of +life, in view of the tender partners of their bosoms, whose agonizing +shrieks, increasing the anguish of torture, sharpened the sting of +death. It is indeed + + ----"A fearful thing, + To see the human soul, take wing, + In any shape,--in any mood;" + +but that wives and children should be forced to behold the last ebb of +life, and to witness the struggle of the departing spirit of husbands +and fathers, under such horrific circumstances, is shocking to +humanity, and appalling, even in contemplation. + +Barbarities such as these, had considerable influence on the temper +and disposition of the inhabitants of the country. They gave birth to +a vindictive feeling in many, which led to the perpetration of similar +enormities and sunk civilized man, to the degraded level of the +barbarian. They served too, to arouse them to greater exertion, to +subdue the savage foe in justifiable warfare, and thus prevent their +unpleasant recurrence. + +So soon as the Indian forces effected a precipitate retreat across the +Ohio, preparations were begun to be made for acting offensively +against them. An expedition was concerted, to be carried on +against the towns at the forks of the Muskingum; and through the +instrumentality of Col's Zane and Shepard, Col. Broadhead, commander +of the forces at Fort Pitt, was prevailed upon to co-operate in it.[7] +Before however, it could be carried into effect, it was deemed +advisable to proceed against the Munsie towns, up the north branch of +the Alleghany river; the inhabitants of which, had been long engaged +in active [219] hostilities, and committed frequent depredations on +the frontiers of Pennsylvania. In the campaign against them, as many +of those, who resided in the settlements around Wheeling, as could +be spared from the immediate defence of their own neighborhoods, +were consociated with the Pennsylvania troops, and the regulars under +Col. Broadhead. It eventuated in the entire destruction of all their +corn, (upwards of 200 acres,) and in the cutting off a party of +forty warriors, on their way to the settlements in Westmoreland +county. + +Very soon after the return of the army, from the Alleghany, the +troops, with which it was intended to operate against the Indian +villages up the Muskingum and amounting to eight hundred, rendezvoused +at Wheeling. From thence, they proceeded directly for the place of +destination, under the command of Col. Broadhead.[8] + +When the army arrived near to Salem (a Moravian town,)[9] many of the +militia expressed a determination to go forward and destroy it, +but as the Indians residing there, had ever been in amity with the +whites, and were not known to have ever participated in the +murderous deeds of their more savage red brethren, the officers +exerted themselves effectually, to repress that determination. Col. +Broadhead sent forward an express to the Rev'd Mr. Heckewelder (the +missionary of that place,)[10] acquainting him with the object of the +expedition, & requesting a small supply of provisions, and that he +would accompany the messenger to camp. When Mr. Heckewelder came, +the commander enquired of him, if any christian Indians were +engaged in hunting or other business, in the direction of their +march,--stating, that if they were, they might be exposed to +danger, as it would be impracticable to distinguish between them and +other Indians, and that he should greatly regret the happening to +them, of any unpleasant occurrence, through ignorance or mistake. On +hearing there were not, the army was ordered to resume its march, +and proceeded towards the forks of the river. + +At White Eyes plain, near to the place of destination, an Indian was +discovered and made prisoner. Two others were seen near there, and +fired at; and notwithstanding one of them was wounded, yet both +succeeded in effecting their escape. Apprehensive that they would +hasten to the Indian towns, and communicate the fact that an army of +whites was near at hand, Col. Broadhead moved rapidly forward with the +[220] troops, notwithstanding a heavy fall of rain, to reach +Coshocton, (the nearest village,)[11] and take it by surprise. His +expectations were not disappointed. Approaching the town, the right +wing of the army was directed to occupy a position above it, on the +river; the left to assume a stand below, while the centre marched +directly upon it. The Indian villages, ignorant of the fact that an +enemy was in their country, were all made prisoners without the firing +of a single gun. So rapid, and yet so secret, had been the advance of +the army, that every part of the town was occupied by the troops, +before the Indians knew of its approach. + +Successful as they thus far were, yet the expedition accomplished but +a portion of what had been contemplated. The other towns were situated +on the opposite side of the river, and this was so swollen by the +excessive rains which had fallen and continued yet to deluge the +earth, that it was impracticable to cross over to them; and Col. +Broadhead, seeing the impossibility of achieving any thing farther, +commenced laying waste the crops about Coshocton. This measure was not +dictated by a spirit of revenge, naturally enkindled by the +exterminating warfare, waged against the whites by the savages, but +was a politic expedient, to prevent the accomplishment of their horrid +purposes and to lessen the frequency of their incursions. When they +fail to derive sustenance from their crops of corn and other edible +vegetables, the Indians are forced to have recourse to hunting, to +obtain provisions, and consequently, to suspend their hostile +operations for a season. To produce this desirable result, was the +object sought to be obtained by the destruction which was made of +every article of subsistence, found here and at the Munsie towns, and +subsequently at other places. + +It remained then to dispose of the prisoners. Sixteen warriors, +particularly obnoxious for their diabolical deeds, were pointed out by +Pekillon (a friendly Delaware chief who accompanied the army of Col. +Broadhead) as fit subjects of retributive justice; and taken into +close custody. A council of war was then held, to determine on their +fate, and which doomed them to death. They were taken some distance +from town, despatched with tomahawks and spears, and then scalped. The +other captives were committed to the care of the militia, to be +conducted to Fort Pitt. + +On the morning after the taking of Coshocton, an Indian, [221] making +his appearance on the opposite bank of the river, called out for the +"Big Captain." Col. Broadhead demanded what he wished. I want peace +replied the savage. Then send over some of your chiefs, said the +Colonel. May be you kill, responded the Indian. No, said Broadhead, +they shall not be killed. One of their chiefs, a fine looking fellow, +then come over; and while he and Col. Broadhead were engaged in +conversation, a militiaman came up, and with a tomahawk which he had +concealed in the bosom of his hunting shirt, struck him a severe blow +on the hinder part of his head. The poor Indian fell, and immediately +expired. + +This savage like deed was the precursor of other, and perhaps equally +attrocious enormities. The army on its return, had not proceeded more +than half a mile from Coshocton, when the militia guarding the +prisoners, commenced murdering them. In a short space of time, a few +women and children alone remained alive. These were taken to Fort +Pitt, and after a while exchanged for an equal number of white +captives. + +The putting to death the sixteen prisoners designated by Pekillon, can +be considered in no other light, than as a punishment inflicted for +their great offences; and was certainly right and proper. Not so with +the deliberate murder of the chief, engaged in negotiation with Col. +Broadhead. He had come over under the implied assurance of the +security, due to a messenger for peace, and after a positive promise +of protection had been given him by the commander of the army.--His +death can, consequently, only be considered as an unwarrantable +murder; provoked indeed, by the barbarous and bloody conduct of the +savages. These, though they do not justify, should certainly extenuate +the offence. + +The fact, that the enemy, with whom they were contending, did not +observe the rules of war, and was occasionally, guilty of the crime, +of putting their prisoners to death, would certainly authorize the +practice of greater rigor, than should be exercised towards those who +do not commit such excesses. This extraordinary severity, of itself, +tends to beget a greater regard for what is allowable among civilized +men, and to produce conformity with those usages of war, which were +suggested by humanity, and are sanctioned by all. But the attainment +of this object, if it were the motive which prompted to the deed, can +not justify the murder of the prisoners, placed [222] under the safe +keeping of the militia. It evinced a total disregard of the authority +of their superior officer. He had assured them they should only be +detained as prisoners, and remain free from farther molestation; and +nothing, but the commission of some fresh offence, could sanction the +enormity. But, however sober reflection may condemn those acts as +outrages of propriety, yet so many and so great, were the barbarous +excesses committed by the savages upon the whites in their power, that +the minds of those who were actors in those scenes, were deprived of +the faculty of discriminating between what was right or wrong to be +practised towards them. And if acts, savouring of sheer revenge, were +done by them, they should be regarded as but the ebullitions of men, +under the excitement of great and damning wrongs, and which, in their +dispassionate moments, they would condemn, even in themselves. + +When, upon the arrival of Hinkston at Lexington, the people became +acquainted with the mischief which had been wrought by the Canadian +and Indian army,[12] every bosom burned with a desire to avenge +those outrages, and to retort them on their authors. Runners were +despatched in every direction, with the intelligence, and the cry +for retribution, arose in all the settlements. In this state of +feeling, every eye was involuntarily turned towards Gen. Clarke as +the one who should lead them forth to battle; and every ear was +opened, to receive his counsel. He advised a levy of four-fifths of +the male inhabitants, capable of bearing arms, and that they +should speedily assemble at the mouth of Licking, and proceed from +thence to Chilicothe. He ordered the building of a number of +transport boats, and directed such other preparations to be made, as +would facilitate the expedition, and ensure success to its object. +When all was ready, the boats with the provisions and stores on board, +were ordered up the Ohio, under the command of Col. Slaughter. + +In ascending the river, such was the rapidity of the current, that the +boats were compelled to keep near to the banks, and were worked up, in +two divisions--one near each shore. While thus forcing their way +slowly up the stream, one of the boats, being some distance in +advance of the others and close under the north western bank, was +fired into by a party of Indians. The fire was promptly returned; but +before the other boats could draw nigh to her aid, a number of those +on [223] board of her, was killed and wounded. As soon however, as +they approached and opened a fire upon the assailants, the savages +withdrew, and the boats proceeded to the place of rendezvous, without +farther interruption. + +On the second of August, General Clarke took up the line of march from +the place where Cincinnati now stands, at the head of nine hundred and +seventy men. They proceeded without any delay, to the point of +destination, where they arrived on the sixth of the month. The town +was abandoned, and many of the houses were yet burning, having been +fired on the preceding day. There were however, several hundred acres +of luxuriant corn growing about it, every stalk of which was cut down +and destroyed. + +The army then moved in the direction of the Piqua Towns, twelve miles +farther, and with a view to lay waste every thing around it, and with +the hope of meeting there an enemy, with whom to engage in battle; but +before they had got far, a heavy shower of rain, accompanied with loud +thunder and high winds, forced them to encamp. Every care which could +be taken to keep the guns dry, was found to be of no avail, and +General Clarke, with prudent precaution, had them all fired and +re-loaded--continuing to pursue this plan, to preserve them fit for +use, whenever occasion required, and keeping the troops on the alert +and prepared to repel any attack which might be made on them--during +the night. + +In the afternoon of the next day, they arrived in sight of Piqua, and +as they advanced upon the town, were attacked by the Indians concealed +in the high weeds which grew around. Colonel Logan, with four hundred +men, was ordered to file off,--march up the river to the east, and +occupy a position from which to intercept the savages, should they +attempt to fly in that direction. Another division of the army was in +like manner posted on the opposite side of the river, while General +Clarke with the troops under Colonel Slaughter and those attached to +the artillery, was to advance directly upon the town. The Indians +seemed to comprehend every motion of the army, and evinced the skill +of tacticians in endeavoring to thwart its purpose. To prevent being +surrounded by the advance of the detachment from the west, they made a +powerful effort to turn the left wing. Colonel Floyd extended his line +some distance west of the town, and the engagement became general. +Both armies fought with determined [224] resolution, and the contest +was warm and animated for some time. The Indians, finding that their +enemy was gaining on them retired unperceived, through the prairie, a +few only remaining in the town. The piece of cannon was then bro't to +bear upon the houses, into which some of the savages had retired to +annoy the army as it marched upon the village.--They were soon +dislodged and fled. + +On reaching the houses, a Frenchman was discovered concealed in one of +them. From him it was learned, that the Indians had been apprized of +the intention of Gen. Clarke to march against Chilicothe and other +towns in its vicinity, by one of Col. Logan's men, who had deserted +from the army while at the mouth of Licking, and was supposed to have +fled to Carolina, as he took with him the horse furnished him for the +expedition. Instead of this however, he went over to the enemy, and +his treason, + + ----"Like a deadly blight, + Came o'er the councils of the brave, + And damped them in their hour of might." + +Thus forwarned of the danger which threatened them, they were enabled +in a considerable degree to avoid it, and watching all the movements +of the army, were on the eve of attacking it silently, with tomahawks +and knives, on the night of its encamping between Chilicothe and +Piqua. The shooting of the guns, convincing them that they had not +been rendered useless by the rain, alone deterred them from executing +this determination. + +Notwithstanding that the victory obtained by Gen. Clarke, was +complete and decided, yet the army under his command sustained a +loss in killed and wounded, as great as was occasioned to the +enemy. This circumstance was attributable to the sudden and +unexpected attack made on it, by the Indians, while entirely +concealed, and partially sheltered. No men could have evinced more +dauntless intrepidity and determined fortitude than was displayed +by them, when fired upon by a hidden foe, and their comrades were +falling around them. When the "combat thickened," such was their +noble daring, that Girty, (who had been made chief among the +Mingoes,) remarking the desperation with which they exposed +themselves to the hottest of the fire, drew off his three hundred +warriors; observing, that it was useless to fight with fools and +madmen. The loss in killed under the peculiar [225] circumstances, +attending the commencement of the action, was less than would perhaps +be expected to befall an army similarly situated;--amounting in all +to only twenty men. + +Here, as at Chilicothe, the crops of corn and every article of +subsistence on which the troops could lay their hands, were entirely +laid waste. At the two places, it was estimated that not less than +five hundred acres of that indispensable article, were entirely +destroyed.[13] + +An unfortunate circumstance, occurring towards the close of the +engagement, damped considerably the joy which would otherwise have +pervaded the army. A nephew of Gen. Clarke, who had been taken, and +for some time detained, a prisoner by the savages, was at Piqua during +the action. While the battle continued, he was too closely guarded to +escape to the whites; but upon the dispersion of the savages which +ensued upon the cannonading of the houses into which some of them had +retreated, he was left more at liberty. Availing himself of this +change of situation, he sought to join his friends. He was quickly +discovered by some of them, and mistaken for an Indian. The mistake +was fatal. He received a shot discharged at him, and died in a few +hours. + +Notwithstanding the success of the expeditions commanded by Col. +Broadhead and Gen. Clarke, and the destruction which took place on the +Alleghany, at Coshocton, Chilicothe and Piqua, yet the savages +continued to commit depredations on the frontiers of Virginia. The +winter, as usual, checked them for awhile, but the return of spring, +brought with it, the horrors which mark the progress of an Indian +enemy. In Kentucky and in North Western Virginia, it is true that the +inhabitants did not suffer much by their hostilities in 1781, as in +the preceding years; yet were they not exempt from aggression. + +Early in March a party of Indians invaded the settlements on the upper +branches of Monongahela river; and on the night of the 5th of that +month, came to the house of Capt. John Thomas, near Booth's creek. +Unapprehensive of danger, with his wife and seven children around him, +and with thoughts devotedly turned upon the realities of another +world, this gentleman was engaging in his accustomed devotions when +the savages approached his door; and as he was repeating the first +lines of the hymn, "Go worship at Emanuel's feet," a gun was fired at +him, and he fell. The Indians [226] immediately forced open the door, +and, entering the house, commenced the dreadful work of death. Mrs. +Thomas raised her hands and implored their mercy for herself and her +dear children. It was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stroke +followed stroke in quick succession, till the mother and six children +lay weltering in blood, by the side of her husband and their father--a +soul-chilling spectacle to any but heartless savages. When all were +down, they proceeded to scalp the fallen, and plundering the house of +what they could readily remove, threw the other things into the fire +and departed--taking with them one little boy a prisoner. + +Elizabeth Juggins, (the daughter of John Juggins who had been murdered +in that neighborhood, the preceding year) was at the house of Capt. +Thomas, when the Indians came to it; but as soon as she heard the +report of the gun and saw Capt. Thomas fall, she threw herself under +the bed, and escaped the observation of the savages. After they had +completed the work of blood and left the house, fearing that they +might be lingering near, she remained in that situation until she +observed the house to be in flames. When she crawled forth from her +asylum, Mrs. Thomas was still alive, though unable to move; and +casting a pitying glance towards her murdered infant, asked that it +might be handed to her. Upon seeing Miss Juggins about to leave the +house, she exclaimed, "Oh Betsy! do not leave us." Still anxious for +her own safety, the girl rushed out, and taking refuge for the night +between two logs, in the morning early spread the alarm. + +When the scene of those enormities was visited, Mrs. Thomas was found +in the yard, much mangled by the tomahawk and considerably torn by +hogs--she had, perhaps in the struggle of death, thrown herself out at +the door. The house, together with Capt. Thomas and the children, was +a heap of ashes.[14] + +In April, Matthias, Simon and Michael Schoolcraft left Buchannon fort, +and went to the head of Stone coal creek for the purpose of catching +pigeons. On their return, they were fired upon by Indians, and +Matthias killed--the other two were taken captive. These were the last +of the Schoolcraft family,--fifteen of them were killed or taken +prisoners in the space of a few years. Of those who were carried into +captivity, none ever returned. They were believed to have consociated +with the savages, and from the report of others [227] who were +prisoners to the Indians, three of them used to accompany war parties, +in their incursions into the settlements. + +In the same month, as some men were returning to Cheat river from +Clarksburg, (where they had been to obtain certificates of +settlement-rights to their lands, from the commissioners appointed to +adjust land claims in the counties of Ohio, Youghiogany and +Monongalia) they, after having crossed the Valley river, were +encountered by a large party of Indians, and John Manear, Daniel +Cameron and a Mr. Cooper were killed,--the others effected their +escape with difficulty. + +The savages then moved on towards Cheat, but meeting with James Brown +and Stephen Radcliff, and not being able to kill or take them, they +changed their course, and passing over Leading creek, (in Tygarts +Valley) nearly destroyed the whole settlement. They there killed +Alexander Roney, Mrs. Dougherty, Mrs. Hornbeck and her children, Mrs. +Buffington and her children, and many others; and made prisoners, Mrs. +Roney and her son, and Daniel Dougherty. Jonathan Buffington and +Benjamin Hornbeck succeeded in making their escape and carried the +doleful tidings to Friend's and Wilson's forts. Col. Wilson +immediately raised a company of men and proceeding to Leading creek, +found the settlement without inhabitants, and the houses nearly all +burned. He then pursued after the savages, but not coming up with them +as soon as was expected, the men became fearful of the consequences +which might result to their own families, by reason of this +abstraction of their defence, provided other Indians were to attack +them, and insisted on their returning. On the second day of the +pursuit, it was agreed that a majority of the company should decide +whether they were to proceeded farther or not. Joseph Friend, Richard +Kettle, Alexander West and Col. Wilson, were the only persons in favor +of going on, and they consequently had to return. + +But though the pursuit was thus abandoned, yet did not the savages get +off with their wonted impunity. When the land claimants, who had been +the first to encounter this party of Indians escaped from them, they +fled back to Clarksburg, and gave the alarm. This was quickly +communicated to the other settlements, and spies were sent out, to +watch for the enemy. By some of these, the savages were discovered on +the West Fork, near the mouth of Isaac's Creek, and intelligence of +it immediately carried to the forts. Col. Lowther [228] collected a +company of men, and going in pursuit, came in view of their +encampment, awhile before night, on a branch of Hughes' river, ever +since known as _Indian creek_. Jesse and Elias Hughs--active, intrepid +and vigilant men--were left to watch the movements of the savages, +while the remainder retired a small distance to refresh themselves, +and prepare to attack them in the morning. + +Before day Col. Lowther arranged his men in order of attack, and when +it became light, on the preconcerted signal being given, a general +fire was poured in upon them. Five of the savages fell dead and the +others fled leaving at their fires, all their shot bags and plunder, +and all their guns, except one. Upon going to their camp, it was found +that one of the prisoners (a son of Alexander Rony who had been killed +in the Leading creek massacre) was among the slain. Every care had +been taken to guard against such an occurrence, and he was the only +one of the captives who sustained any injury from the fire of the +whites.[15] + +In consequence of information received from the prisoners who were +retaken (that a larger party of Indians was expected hourly to come +up,) Col. Lowther [228] deemed it prudent not to go in pursuit of +those who had fled, and collecting the plunder which the savages had +left, catching the horses which [229] they had stolen, and having +buried young Rony, the party set out on its return and marched +home--highly gratified at the success which had crowned their +exertions to punish their untiring foe. + +Some short time after this, John Jackson and his son George, returning +to Buchannon fort, were fired at by some Indians, but fortunately +missed. George Jackson having his gun in his hand, discharged it at a +savage peeping from behind a tree, without effect; and they then rode +off with the utmost speed. + +At the usual period of leaving the forts and returning to their farms, +the inhabitants withdrew from Buchannon and went to their respective +homes. Soon after, a party of savages came to the house of Charles +Furrenash, and made prisoners of Mrs. Furrenash and her four children, +and despoiled their dwelling. Mrs. Furrenash, being a delicate and +weakly woman, and unable to endure the fatigue of travelling far on +foot, was murdered on Hughes' river. Three of the children were +afterwards redeemed and came back,--the fourth was never more heard +of. In a few days after, the husband and father returned from +Winchester (where he had been for salt) and instead of the welcome +greeting of an affectionate wife, and the pleasing prattle of his +innocent children, was saluted with the melancholy intelligence of +their fate. It was enough to make him curse the authors of the +outrage, and swear eternal enmity to the savage race. + +The early period in spring at which irruptions were frequently made by +the savages upon the frontier, had induced a belief, that if the +Moravian Indians did not participate in the bloody deeds of their red +bretren, yet that they afforded to them shelter and protection from +the inclemency of winter, and thus enabled them, by their greater +proximity to the white settlements, to commence depredations earlier +than they otherwise could. The consequence of this belief was, the +engendering in the minds of many, a spirit of hostility towards those +Indians; occasionally threatening a serious result to them. Reports +too, were in circulation, proceeding from restored captives, at war +with the general pacific profession of the Moravians, and which, +whether true or false, served to heighten the acrimony of feeling +towards them, until the militia of a portion of the frontier came to +the determination of breaking up the villages on the Muskingum.[16] To +[230] carry this determination into effect, a body of troops, +commanded by Col. David Williamson, set out for those towns, in the +latter part of the year 1781. Not deeming it necessary to use the fire +and sword, to accomplish the desired object, Col. Williamson resolved +on endeavoring to prevail on them to move farther off; and if he +failed in this, to make prisoners of them all, and take them to Fort +Pitt. Upon his arrival at their towns, they were found to be nearly +deserted, a few Indians only, remaining in them. These were made +prisoners and taken to Fort Pitt; but were soon liberated. + +It is a remarkable fact, that at the time the whites were planning the +destruction of the Moravian villages, because of their supposed +co-operation with the hostile savages, the inhabitants of those +villages were suffering severely from the ill treatment of those very +savages, because of their supposed attachment to the whites. By the +one party, they were charged with affording to Indian war parties, a +resting place and shelter, and furnishing them with provisions. By the +other, they were accused of apprizing the whites of meditated +incursions into the country, and thus defeating their purpose, or +lessening the chance of success; and of being instrumental in +preventing the Delawares from entering in the war which they were +waging. Both charges were probably, well founded, and the Moravian +Indians yet culpable in neither.[17] + +Their villages were situated nearly midway between the frontier +establishments of the whites, and the towns of the belligerent +Indians, and were consequently, convenient resting places for warriors +proceeding to and from the settlements. That they should have +permitted war parties after ravages to refresh themselves there, or +even have supplied them with provisions, does not argue a disposition +to aid or encourage their hostile operations. It was at any time in +the power of those warring savages, to exact by force whatever was +required of the Moravian Indians, and the inclination was not wanting, +to do this or other acts of still greater enormity. That the warriors +were the better enabled to make incursions into the settlements, and +effect their dreadful objects by reason of those accommodations, can +not be questioned; the fault however, lay not in any inimical feeling +of the christian Indians towards the whites, but in their physical +inability to withhold whatever might be demanded of them. + +And although they exerted themselves to prevail on other [231] tribes +to forbear from hostilities against the whites, and apprised the +latter of enterprizes projected against them, yet did not these things +proceed from an unfriendly disposition towards their red brethren. +They were considerate and reflecting, and saw that the savages must +ultimately suffer, by engaging in a war against the settlements; while +their pacific and christian principles, influenced them to forewarn +the whites of impending danger, that it might be avoided, and the +effusion of blood be prevented. But pure and commendable as were, no +doubt, the motives which governed them, in their intercourse with +either party, yet they were so unfortunate as to excite the enmity and +incur the resentment of both, and eventually were made to suffer, +though in different degrees, by both. + +In the fall of 1781, the settlements of the Moravians were almost +entirely broken up by upwards of three hundred warriors, and the +missionaries, residing among them, after having been robbed of almost +every thing, were taken prisoners and carried to Detroit. Here they +were detained until the governor became satisfied that they were +guiltless of any offence meriting a longer confinement; when they were +released & permitted to return to their beloved people. The Indians +were left to shift for themselves in the Sandusky plains where most of +their horses and cattle perished from famine.[18] + +----- + [1] Col. Reuben T. Durrett, in his _Centenary of Louisville_, + p. 47, says that Louisville at this time consisted of Clark's + original block house, with eighteen cabins, on Corn Island, at + the head of the rapids; a small fort at the foot of Third + street, erected by Col. John Floyd in 1779; "a large fort on + the east side of a ravine that entered the Ohio at Twelfth + street, and a few rude log cabins scattered through the woods + near the Twelfth street fort, all occupied by one hundred + inhabitants, who had cleared and cultivated garden-spots around + their humble cabins."--R. G. T. + + [2] The expedition was sent out by Maj. A. S. De Peyster, + then British commandant at Detroit. It was headed by Capt. + Bird, with whom were Simon, James, and George Girty. The force, + as rendezvoused at Detroit, consisted of 150 whites, and 100 + Indians from the Upper Lakes; they carried two cannon. They + were joined on the Miami by Capt. McKee, deputy Indian agent, + and a large party of Indians, making the force of savages + amount to 700.--R. G. T. + + [3] The original destination was Louisville, but en route + the Indian chiefs compelled Bird to first proceed against the + forts on the Licking.--R. G. T. + + [4] A station was a parallelogram of cabins, united by + palisades so as to present a continued wall on the outer side, + the cabin doors opening into a common square, on the inner + side. They were the strong holds of the early settlers. + + [5] There seems to be abundant evidence that Bird, a + competent officer, was humanely inclined; but he was quite in + the power of his savage allies, who would brook little control + of their passions. The number of prisoners taken at Isaac + Ruddell's was nearly 300; about fifty more were taken at + Martin's.--R. G. T. + + [6] The Indians had, contrary to Bird's expostulations, + wantonly slaughtered all the cattle at Ruddell's Station, and + this it was that caused the famine. With an abundance of food + to sustain both prisoners and warriors, Bird might readily have + carried out his purpose of uprooting nearly every settlement in + Kentucky. There is nothing in his official report of the + expedition, to warrant the statement that high water had any + thing to do with the matter.--R. G. T. + + [7] Col. Daniel Brodhead was in command of the Eighth + Pennsylvania Regiment. He succeeded McIntosh at Fort Pitt, in + April, 1779.--R. G. T. + + [8] Brodhead set out from Fort Pitt, April 7, 1781, with 150 + regulars; at Wheeling he picked up David Shepherd, lieutenant + of Ohio County, Va., with 134 militia, including officers; + besides these were five friendly Indians, eager for Delaware + scalps.--R. G. T. + + [9] Salem, established by Heckewelder for his Indian + converts, was on the west bank of the Tuscarawas, a mile and a + half south-west of the present Port Washington.--R. G. T. + + [10] John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder was born at Bedford, + England, March 12, 1743. Coming to Pennsylvania in 1754, he was + at first a cooper, but later became an assistant to Charles + Frederick Post, the Moravian missionary. In 1771, he first + became an evangelist to the Indians, on his own account, and + spent fifteen years in Ohio, where he assisted in the work of + David Zeisberger. He was a man of learning, and made important + contributions to the study of American archaeology and, + ethnology. The last thirteen years of his life were spent in + literary work. He died at Bethlehem, Pa., January 21, + 1823.--R. G. T. + + [11] Called in some of the contemporary chronicles, + Goschocking.--R. G. T. + + [12] Withers here reverts to the Bird invasion in the summer + of 1780, and the escape of Hinkstone from his British captors, + related _ante_, pp. 295-98. Clark's retaliatory expedition was + made during August, 1780.--R. G. T. + + [13] Butterfield, in _History of the Girtys_, p. 121, places + the white loss at seventeen killed, and "a number wounded;" and + the Indian loss at six killed and three wounded. Clark's + nephew, Joseph Rogers, was killed on August 8, the day of the + general engagement. Clark left Piqua, the 10th.--R. G. T. + + [14] I am informed by S. R. Harrison, of Clarksburg, W. Va., + that the bodies of the victims were buried about five rods from + the house, and "the graves are yet marked by the original rude + stones." Mr. Harrison continues, "This burial ground, and also + where the house stood, had never been disturbed until March, + 1888--a hundred and seven years after the massacre--when the + ground about the site of the house was plowed; many interesting + relics were turned up, among them a compass and sun-dial in a + copper case. I myself found a number of relics among the + charred ruins of the house."--R. G. T. + + [15] As soon as the fire was opened upon the Indians, Mrs. + Rony (one of the prisoners) ran towards the whites rejoicing at + the prospect of deliverance, and exclaiming, "I am Ellick + Rony's wife, of the Valley, I am Ellick Rony's wife, of the + Valley, and a pretty little woman too, if I was well dressed." + The poor woman, ignorant of the fact that her son was weltering + in his own gore, and forgetting for an instant that her husband + had been so recently killed, seemed intent only on her own + deliverance from the savage captors. + + Another of the captives, Daniel Dougherty, being tied down, and + unable to move, was discovered by the whites as they rushed + towards the camp. Fearing that he might be one of the enemy and + do them some injury if they advanced, one of the men, stopping, + demanded who he was. Benumbed with cold, and discomposed by the + sudden firing of the whites, he could not render his Irish + dialect intelligible to them. The white man raised his gun and + directed it towards him, calling aloud, that if he did not make + known who he was, he should blow a ball through him, let him be + white man or Indian. Fear supplying him with energy, Dougherty + exclaimed, "Loord Jasus! and am I too be killed by white people + at last!" He was heard by Col. Lowther and his life saved. + + [16] The Moravian Indians were originally from the + Susquehanna River. They moved to the Tuscarawas River in + 1772, under the missionaries Zeisberger and Heckewelder, + who built two villages on the eastern bank of that river, on + land set apart for them by the Delawares: Schoenbrunn, about + three miles south-east of the present New Philadelphia, in + what is now Goshen township, Tuscarawas County, O., and + Gnadenhuetten, lower down, in the outskirts of the present + town of that name, in Clay township. The principal Delaware + town, at that time, was some distance below, near the site of + the present Newcomerstown; this was later moved to what is now + Coshocton, at the confluence of the Tuscarawas and Walholding, + which unite to form the Muskingum. At this time there was a + Moravian village called Friedensstadt, on Beaver River, in what + is now Lawrence County, Pa. In 1776 a new village for the + accommodation of converts was established on the east bank of + the Muskingum, two and a half miles below Coshocton, and called + Lichtenau; William Edwards was the missionary in charge. In + consequence of the disturbances on the border, Schoenbrunn and + Gnadenhuetten were deserted in 1777, and all the teachers + returned to Pennsylvania save Zeisberger and Edwards, who + gathered the Indians together at Lichtenau; but in the spring + of 1778, Gnadenhuetten was re-occupied, with Edwards in + charge. This was not for a long time, however, for in July we + find Zeisberger, Heckewelder, and Edwards in charge of the + union station at Lichtenau, the others being deserted. The + spring of 1779 finds Edwards again at the resuscitated + Gnadenhuetten, Zeisberger re-occupying Schoenbrunn with a + small party, and Heckewelder at Lichtenau. Later in the + season Zeisberger began New Schoenbrunn on the west bank of + the Tuscarawas, in what is now Goshen township, a quarter of a + mile from the present Lockport, and a mile and a quarter + south of New Philadelphia; thither he removed his flock in + December. In the spring of 1780, Heckewelder abandoned + Lichtenau, and took his converts to the west bank of the + Tuscarawas, where he established Salem, in the present Salem + township, a mile and a half north-west of Port Washington. In + the autumn the Moravian villages were in general charge of + Zeisberger, who traveled from one to the other; Gottlob + Senseman being in charge of New Schoenbrunn, Edwards of + Gnadenhuetten, and Heckewelder of Salem. It will thus be seen + that at the time of the massacre, the Moravian villages were + wholly in the valley of the Tuscarawas.--R. G. T. + + [17] Zeisberger and Heckewelder kept Brodhead continually + informed, by letters, of the movements and councils of the + hostiles. The position of the missionaries was one of exceeding + delicacy, but the voluminous correspondence between them and + Brodhead proves that the former were steadfast friends of the + American colonies, and did effective service throughout the + several years of disturbance on the frontier.--R. G. T. + + [18] Brodhead's successful expedition against the Coshocton + Indians, in April, 1781, led to preparations for a retaliatory + foray. Headed by the renegade Capt. Matthew Elliott, a party of + about 250 Indians,--mostly Wyandots, with chiefs Half King, + Pipe, Snip, John and Thomas Snake, and others--assembled at + Gnadenhuetten, for a talk with the Moravian teachers, + preparatory to an expedition against Wheeling. They arrived + August 17, and Zeisberger at once secretly sent a message of + warning to Ft. Pitt, which threw the frontier into alarm, and + caused the garrison at Wheeling to be fully prepared when the + enemy appeared. A boy whom the Wyandots captured outside of + Wheeling told them of Zeisberger's warning, and when the + unsuccessful war party returned to Gnadenhuetten (Sept. 2), + vengeance was wreaked on the Moravians. The town was sacked + that day, and the missionaries were kept as prisoners for + several days. Finally they were released (Sept.6), on promise + that they remove their converts from the line of the warpaths. + September 11, the Moravians and their teachers left Salem in a + body, with but few worldly goods, for most of their property + had been destroyed by the Wyandots. They proceeded down the + Tuscarawas to the mouth of the Walhonding, thence up the latter + stream and Vernon River, and across country to the Sandusky, + where they arrived October 1, and erected a few huts on the + east bank of the river, about two and a-half miles above the + present Upper Sandusky. Fourteen days later, the missionaries + were summoned to appear before the British commandant at + Detroit, Major De Peyster. Zeisberger, Heckewelder, Edwards, + and Senseman left for Detroit, October 25. De Peyster + questioned them closely, and finally released them with the + statement that he would confer with them later, relative to + their final abode. They reached the Sandusky, on their return, + November 22. Meanwhile, the winter had set in early; and in + danger of starving, a party of the Moravians had returned to + the Tuscarawas to gather corn in the abandoned fields; while + there, a party of border rangers took them prisoners and + carried them to Fort Pitt. Brig.-Gen. William Irvine, then in + command, treated the poor converts kindly, and allowed them to + go in peace, many returning to their old villages on the + Tuscarawas, to complete their dismal harvesting.--R. G. T. + + + + +[232] CHAPTER XIV. + + +The revengeful feelings which had been engendered, by inevitable +circumstances, towards the Moravian Indians, and which had given rise +to the expedition of 1781, under Col. Williamson, were yet more deeply +radicated by subsequent events. On the night after their liberation +from Fort Pitt, the family of a Mr. Monteur were all killed or taken +captive; and the outrage, occurring so immediately after they were set +at liberty and in the vicinity of where they were, was very generally +attributed to them. An irruption was made too, in the fall of 1781, +into the settlement on Buffalo creek, and some murders committed and +prisoners taken. One of these, escaping from captivity and returning +soon after, declared that the party committing the aggression, was +headed by a Moravian warrior. + +These circumstances operated to confirm many in the belief, that those +Indians were secretly inimical to the whites, and not only furnished +the savages with provisions and a temporary home, but likewise engaged +personally in the war of extermination, which they were waging against +the frontier. Events occurring towards the close of winter, dispelled +all doubt, from the minds of those who had fondly cherished every +suggestion which militated against the professed, and generally +accredited, neutrality and pacific disposition of the Moravians. + +On the 8th of February 1782, while Henry Fink and his son John, were +engaged in sledding rails, on their farm in the Buchannon settlement, +several guns were simultaneously discharged at them; and before John +had time to reply to his father's inquiry, whether he were hurt, +another gun was fired and he fell lifeless. Having unlinked the chain +which fastened the horse to the sled, the old man [233] galloped +briskly away. He reached his home in safety, and immediately moved his +family to the fort. On the next day the lifeless body of John, was +brought into the fort.--The first shot had wounded his arm; the ball +from the second passed through his heart, & he was afterwards +scalped. + +Near the latter part of the same month, some Indians invaded the +country above Wheeling, and succeeded in killing a Mr. Wallace, and +his family, consisting of his wife and five children, & in taking John +Carpenter a prisoner. The early period of the year at which those +enormities were perpetrated, the inclemency of the winter of 1781--2, +and the distance of the towns of hostile Indians from the theatre of +these outrages, caused many to exclaim, "_the Moravians have certainly +done this deed_." The destruction of their villages was immediately +resolved, and preparations were made to carry this determination into +effect. + +There were then in the North Western wilderness, between three and +four hundred of the christian Indians, and who, until removed by the +Wyandots and whites in 1781, as before mentioned, had resided on the +Muskingum in the villages of the Gnadenhutten, Salem and Shoenbrun. +The society of which they were members, had been established in the +province of Pennsylvania about the year 1752, and in a short time +became distinguished for the good order and deportment of its members, +both as men and as christians. During the continuance of the French +war, they nobly withstood every allurement which was practised to draw +them within its vortex, and expressed their strong disapprobation of +war in general; saying, "that it must be displeasing to that Great +Being, who made men, not to destroy men, but to love and assist each +other." In 1769 emigrants from their villages of Friedenshutten, +Wyalusing and Shesheequon in Pennsylvania, began to make an +establishment in the North Western wilderness, and in a few years, +attained a considerable degree of prosperity, their towns increased +rapidly in population, and themselves, under the teaching of pious and +beneficent missionaries, in civilization and christianity. In the war +of 1774, their tranquil and happy hours were interrupted, by reports +of the ill intention of the whites along the frontier, towards them, +and by frequent acts of annoyance, committed by war parties of the +savages. + +This state of things continued with but little, if any, intermission, +occasionally assuming a more gloomy and portentious aspect, until the +final destruction of their villages. In the spring of 1781, the +principal war chief of the Delawares apprised the missionaries and +them, of the danger which threatened them, as well from the whites as +the savages, and advised them to remove to some situation, where they +would be exempt from molestation by either. Conscious of the rectitude +of their conduct as regarded both, and unwilling to forsake the +comforts which their industry had procured for them, and the fields +rendered productive by their labor, they disregarded the [234] +friendly monition, and continued in their villages, progressing in the +knowledge and love of the Redeemer of men, and practising the virtues +inculcated by his word. + +This was their situation, at the time they were removed to Sandusky, +early in the fall of 1781. When their missionaries and principal men +were liberated by the governor of Detroit, they obtained leave of the +Wyandot chiefs to return to the Muskingum to get the corn which had +been left there, to prevent the actual starvation of their families. +About one hundred and fifty of them, principally women and children +went thither for this purpose, and were thus engaged when the second +expedition under Col. Williamson proceeded against them. + +In March 1782, between eighty and ninety men assembled themselves for +the purpose of effecting the destruction of the Moravian towns.[1] If +they then had in contemplation the achieving of any other injury to +those people, it was not promulgated in the settlements. They avowed +their object to be the destruction of the houses and the laying waste +the crops, in order to deprive the hostile savages of the advantage of +obtaining shelter and provisions, so near to the frontier; and the +removal of the Moravians to Fort Pitt, to preserve them from the +personal injury which, it was feared, would be inflicted on them by +the warriors. Being merely a private expedition, each of the men took +with him, his own arms, ammunition and provisions; and many of them, +their horses. They took up the line of march from the Mingo Bottom, +and on the second night thereafter, encamped within one mile of the +village of Gnadenhutten; and in the morning proceeded towards it, in +the order of attack prescribed by a council of the officers. + +The village being built upon both sides of the river, and the scouts +having discovered and reported that it was occupied on both sides, +one-half the men were ordered to cross over and bear down upon the +town on the western bank, while the other half would possess +themselves of that part of it which lay on the eastern shore. Upon the +arrival of the first division at the river, no boat or other small +craft was seen in which they could be transported across; and they +were for a time, in some difficulty how they should proceed. What +appeared to be a canoe was at length discovered on the opposite bank, +and a young man by the name of Slaughter, plunging in swam to it. It +proved to be a trough for containing sugar water, and capable of +bearing only two persons at a time. To obviate the delay which must +have resulted from this tedious method of conveying themselves over, +many of the men unclothed themselves, and placing their garments, arms +and ammunition in the trough, swam by its sides, notwithstanding that +ice was floating in the current and the water, consequently, cold and +chilling. + +When nearly half this division had thus reached the western bank, two +sentinels, who on the first landing had been stationed a short +distance in advance, discovered and fired at, one of the Indians. +[235] The shot of one broke his arm,--the other killed him. Directions +were then sent to the division which was to operate on the eastern +side of the river, to move directly to the attack, lest the firing +should alarm the inhabitants and they defeat the object which seemed +now to be had in view. The few who had crossed without awaiting for +the others, marched immediately into the town on the western shore. + +Arrived among the Indians, they offered no violence, but on the +contrary, professing peace and good will, assured them, they had come +for the purpose of escorting them safely to Fort Pitt, that they might +no longer be exposed to molestation from the militia of the whites, or +the warriors of the savages. Sick of the sufferings which they had so +recently endured, and rejoicing at the prospect of being delivered +from farther annoyance they gave up their arms, and with alacrity +commenced making preparations for the journey, providing food as well +for the whites, as for themselves. A party of whites and Indians was +next despatched to Salem, to bring in those who were there. They then +shut up the Moravians left at Gnadenhutten, in two houses some +distance apart, and had them well guarded, When the others arrived +from Salem, they were treated in like manner, and shut up in the same +houses with their brethren of Gnadenhutten. + +The division which was to move into the town on the eastern side of +the river, coming unexpectedly upon one of the Indian women, she +endeavored to conceal herself in a bunch of bushes at the water edge, +but being discovered, by some of the men, was quickly killed. She was +the wife of Shabosh, who had been shot by the sentinels of the other +division. Others, alarmed at the appearance of a party of armed men, +and ignorant that a like force was on the opposite side of the river, +attempted to escape thither.--They did not live to effect their +object. Three were killed in the attempt; and the men then crossed +over, with such as they had made prisoners, to join their comrades, in +the western and main part of the town. + +A council of war was then held to determine on the fate of the +prisoners. Col. Williamson having been much censured for the lenity of +his conduct towards those Indians in the expedition of the preceding +year, the officers were unwilling to take upon themseves the entire +responsibility of deciding upon their fate now, and agreed that it +should be left to the men. The line was soon formed, and they were +told it remained with them to say, whether the Moravian prisoners +should be taken to Fort Pitt or murdered; and Col. Williamson +requested that those who were inclined to mercy, should advance and +form a second link, that it might be seen on which side was the +majority. Alas! it required no scrutiny to determine. Only sixteen, or +at most eighteen men, stepped forward to save the lives of this +unfortunate people, and their doom became sealed.[2] + +From the moment those ill fated beings were immured in houses they +seemed to anticipate the horrid destiny which awaited them; [236] and +spent their time in holy and heartfelt devotion, to prepare them for +the awful realities of another world. They sang, they prayed, they +exhorted each other to a firm reliance on the Saviour of men, and +soothed those in affliction with the comfortable assurance, that +although men might kill the body, they had no power over the soul, and +that they might again meet in a better and happier world, "where the +wicked cease from troubling and the weary find rest." When told that +they were doomed to die, they all affectionately embraced, and +bedewing their bosoms with mutual tears, reciprocally sought, and +obtained forgiveness for any offences which they might have given each +other through life. Thus at peace with God, and reconciled with one +another, they replied to those, who impatient for the slaughter had +asked if they were not yet prepared, "Yes! We have commended our souls +to God, and are ready to die." + +What must have been the obduracy of those, who could remain inflexible +in their doom of death, amid such scenes as these? How ruthless & +unrelenting their hearts, who unmoved by the awful spectacle of so +many fellow creatures, preparing for the sudden and violent +destruction of life and asking of their God, mercy for themselves and +forgiveness for their enemies--could yet thirst for blood, and +manifest impatience that its shedding was delayed for an instant? Did +not the possibility of that innocence, which has been ever since so +universally accorded to their victims, once occur to them; or were +their minds so under the influence of exasperation and resentment, +that they ceased to think of any thing, but the gratification of those +feelings? Had they been about to avenge the murder of friends on its +_known authors_, somewhat might have been pardoned to retaliation and +to vengeance; but involving all in one common ruin, for _the supposed +offences_ of a few, there can be no apology for their conduct,--no +excuse for their crime. + +It were well, if all memory of the tragedy at Gnadenhutten, were +effaced from the mind; but it yet lives in the recollection of many +and stands recorded on the polluted page of history.--Impartial truth +requires, that it should be here set down. + +A few of the prisoners, supposed to have been actively engaged in war, +were the first to experience their doom. They were tied and taken some +distance from the houses in which [237] they had been confined; +despatched with spears and tomahawks, and scalped. The remainder of +both sexes, from the hoary head of decrepitude, incapable of wrong, to +helpless infancy, pillowed on its mother's breast, were cruelly & +shockingly murdered; and the different apartments of those houses of +blood, exhibited their bleeding bodies, mangled by the tomahawk, +scalping knife and spear, and disfigured by the war-club and the +mallet.[3] + +Thus perished ninety-six of the Moravian Indians. Of these, sixty-two +were grown persons, one-third of whom were women; the remaining +thirty-four were children.[4] Two youth alone, made their escape. One +of them had been knocked down and scalped, but was not killed. He had +the presence of mind to lie still among the dead, until nightfall, +when he crept silently forth and escaped. The other, in the confusion +of the shocking scene, slipped through a trap door into the cellar, +and passing out at a small window, got off unnoticed and uninjured. + +In the whole of this transaction the Moravians were passive and +unresisting. They confided in the assurances of protection given them +by the whites, and until pent up in the houses, continued cheerful and +happy. If when convinced of the murderous intent of their visitors, +they had been disposed to violence and opposition, it would have +availed them nothing. They had surrendered their arms (being requested +to do so, as a guarantee for the security of the whites,) and were no +longer capable of offering any effectual or available resistance, and +while the dreadful work of death was doing, "they were as lambs led to +the slaughter; & as sheep before the shearers are dumb, so opened they +not their mouths." There was but a solitary exception to this +passiveness, and it was well nigh terminating in the escape of its +author, and in the death of some of the whites. + +As two of the men were leading forth one of the supposed warriors to +death, a dispute arose between them, who should have the scalp of this +victim to their barbarity. He was progressing after them with a silent +dancing motion, and singing his death song. Seeing them occupied so +closely with each other, he became emboldened to try an escape. +Drawing a knife from its scabbard, he cut the cord which bound him; +and springing forward, aimed a thrust at one of his conductors. The +cutting of the rope had, however, drawn it so [238] tightly that he +who held it became sensible that it was wrought upon in some way; and +turning quickly round to ascertain the cause, scarcely avoided the +stab. The Indian then bounded from them, and as he fled towards the +woods, dexterously removed the cord from his wrists. Several shots +were discharged at him without effect, when the firing was stopped, +lest in the hurry and confusion of the pursuit, some of their own +party might suffer from it. A young man, mounting his horse, was soon +by the side of the Indian, and springing off, his life had well nigh +been sacrificed by his rashness. He was quickly thrown to the ground, +and the uplifted tomahawk about to descend on his head, when a timely +shot, directed with fatal precision, took effect on the Indian and +saved him. + +Had the Moravians been disposed for war, they could easily have +ensured their own safety, and dealt destruction to the whites. If, +when their town was entered by a party of only sixteen, their thirty +men, aided by the youths of the village, armed and equipped as all +were, had gone forth in battle array, they could have soon cut off +those few; and by stationing some gunners on the bank of the river, +have prevented the landing of the others of the expedition. But their +faith in the sincerity of the whites--their love of peace and +abhorrence of war, forbade it; and the confidence of those who first +rushed into the town, in these feelings and dispositions of the +Indians, no doubt prompted them to that act of temerity, while an +unfordable stream was flowing between them and their only support. + +During the massacre at Gnadenhutten, a detachment of the whites was +ordered to Shoenbrun to secure the Moravians who were there. +Fortunately however, two of the inhabitants of this village had +discovered the dead body of Shabosh in time to warn their brethren of +danger, and they all moved rapidly off. When the detachment arrived, +nothing was left for them _but plunder_.--_This was secured_, and they +returned to their comrades. Gnadenhutten was then _pillaged_ of every +article of value which could be easily removed; its houses--even those +which contained the dead bodies of the Moravians--were burned to +ashes, and the men set out on their return to the settlements.[5] + +The expedition against the Moravian towns on the Muskingum, was +projected and carried on by inhabitants of the [239] western counties +of Pennsylvania,--a district of country which had long been the +theatre of Indian hostilities. Its result (strange as it may now +appear) was highly gratifying to many; and the ease with which so much +_Indian_ blood had been made to flow, coupled with an ardent desire to +avenge the injuries which had been done them by the savages, led to +immediate preparations for another, to be conducted on a more +extensive scale, and requiring the co-operation of more men. And +although the completion of the work of destruction, which had been so +successfully begun, of the Moravian Indians, was the principal +inducement of some, yet many attached themselves to the expedition, +from more noble and commendable motives. + +The residence of the Moravians ever since they were removed to the +plains of Sandusky, was in the immediate vicinity of the Wyandot +villages, and the warriors from these had been particularly active +and untiring in their hostility to the frontier settlements of +Pennsylvania. The contemplated campaign against the Moravians, was +viewed by many as affording a fit opportunity to punish those savages +for their many aggressions, as it would require that they should +proceed but a short distance beyond the point proposed, in order +to arrive at their towns; and they accordingly engaged in it for that +purpose. + +Other causes too, conspired to fill the ranks and form an army for the +accomplishment of the contemplated objects.--The commandants of the +militia of Washington and Westmoreland counties (Cols. Williamson +and Marshall)[6] encouraged the inhabitants to volunteer on this +expedition, and made known, that every militia man who accompanied +it, finding his own horse and gun, and provisions for a month, +should be exempt from two tours of militia duty; and that all +horses unavoidably lost in the service, should be replaced from those +taken in the Indian country. From the operation of these different +causes, an army of nearly five hundred men was soon raised, who being +supplied with ammunition by the Lieutenant Colonel of Washington +county, proceeded to the Old Mingo towns, the place of general +rendezvous--where an election was held to fill the office of commander +of the expedition.[7] The candidates were Colonel Williamson and +Colonel Crawford; and the latter gentleman being chosen immediately +organized the troops, and prepared to march. + +[240] On the 25th of May, the army left the Mingo towns, and pursuing +"Williamson's trail," arrived at the upper Moravian town on the +Muskingum (Shoenbrun,) where (finding plenty of corn of the preceding +year's crop, yet on the stalk) they halted to refresh their horses. +While here, Captains Brenton and Bean, discovered and fired upon two +Indians; and the report of the guns being heard in camp, the men, in +despite of the exertions of their officers, rushed towards the source +of alarm, in the most tumultuous and disorderly manner.--Colonel +Crawford, used to the discipline of continental soldiers, saw in the +impetuosity and insubordination of the troops under his command, +enough to excite the liveliest apprehensions for the event of the +expedition. He had volunteered to go on the campaign, only in +compliance with the general wish of the troops that he should head +them, and when chosen commander in chief of the forces assembled at +the Mingo towns, he is said to have accepted the office with +reluctance, not only sensible of the impracticability of controlling +men unused to restraint, but opposed to some of the objects of the +expedition, and the frequently expressed determination of the troops, +to spare no Indian whom accident or the fortune of war should place in +their power. + +From Shoenbrun the army proceeded as expeditiously as was practicable +to the site of the Moravian village, near the Upper Sandusky; but +instead of meeting with this oppressed and persecuted tribe, or having +gained an opportunity of plundering their property, they saw nothing +which manifested that it had been the residence of man, save a few +desolate and deserted huts,--the people, whom it was their intention +to destroy, had some time before, most fortunately for themselves, +moved to the Scioto. + +Discontent and dissatisfaction ensued upon the disappointment. The +guides were ignorant of there being any Indian towns nearer than those +on Lower Sandusky, and the men became impatient to return home. In +this posture of affairs, a council of war, consisting of the field +officers and captains, was held, and it was resolved to move forward, +and if no enemy appeared that day, to retrace their steps. Just after +this determination was made known, an express arrived, from a +detachment of mounted men, which had been sent forward to reconnoitre, +with information that about three miles in advance a large body of +Indians had been discovered hastening [241] rapidly to meet them. The +fact was, that Indian spies had watched and reported the progress of +the expedition, ever after it left the Mingo towns; and when satisfied +of its destination, every arrangement which they could make to defeat +its object, and involve the troops in the destruction to which it was +their purpose to consign others, was begun by the savages. Having +perfected these, they were marching on to give battle to the whites. + +Immediately upon the reception of this intelligence, the army moved +forward, and meeting the reconnoitreing party coming in, had proceeded +but a short distance farther, when they came in view of the Indians +hastening to occupy a small body of woods, in the midst of an +extensive plain. The battle was then begun by a heavy fire from both +sides, and the savages prevented gaining possession of the woods. A +party of them having however, taken post in them before the whites +came up, continued much to annoy the troops, until some of them, +alighting from their horses, bravely rushed forward and dislodged +them. The Indians then attempted to gain a small skirt of wood on +Colonel Crawford's right; but the vigilance of the commanding officer +of the right wing, (Major Leet) detected the movement, and the bravery +of his men defeated it. The action now became general and severe and +was warmly contested until dark, when it ceased for a time without +having been productive of much advantage to either side. During the +night, both armies lay on their arms; adopting the wise policy of +kindling large fires along the line of battle, and retreating some +distance behind them, to prevent being surprised by a night attack. + +Early in the morning a few shots were fired, but at too great distance +for execution. The Indians were hourly receiving reinforcements, and +seemed busily engaged in active preparations for a decisive +conflict. The whites became uneasy at their increasing strength; +and a council of the officers deemed it expedient to retreat. As it +would be difficult to effect this in open day, in the presence of +an enemy of superior force, it was resolved to postpone it until +night, making in the mean time every arrangement to ensure its +success.--The killed were buried, and fires burned over the graves +to prevent discovery,--litters were made for bearing the wounded, and +the army was formed into three lines with them in the centre. + +[242] The day passed, without an attack being made by the Indians. +They were still seen to traverse the plains in every direction, and in +large bodies; and not until the troops were about forming the line of +retreat, did they seem to have any idea that such a movement was +intended. They then commenced firing a few shots, and in a little +while it became apparent that they had occupied every pass, leaving +open only that which led to Sandusky. Along this way, the guides +conducted the main army, until they had passed the Indian lines about +a mile; when wheeling to the left, they marched round and gained the +trail of their outward march. Continuing in this they proceeded to the +settlements without any interruption.--The savage warriors thinking it +better to follow detached parties than the main army. + +The few shots which were fired by the Indians as the whites were +forming the line of retreat, were viewed by many as evidence that +their purpose had been discovered, and that these were signal guns +preceding a general attack. Under these impressions, the men in +front hurried off and others following the example, at least one +third of the army were to be seen flying in detached parties, and +in different directions from that taken by the main body, supposing +that the attention of the Indians would be wholly turned to this +point. They were not permitted to proceed far under this delusive +supposition. Instead of following the main army, the Indians pursued +those small parties with such activity, that not many of those +composing them were able to escape;--one company of forty men under +a Captain Williamson,[8] was the only party detached from the +principal body of the troops, fortunate enough to get with the +main army on its retreat. Late in the night, they broke through the +Indian lines under a heavy fire and with some loss, and on the +morning of the second day of the retreat, again joined their comrades +in the expedition, who had marched off in a body; in compliance +with the orders of the commander-in-chief. + +Colonel Crawford himself proceeded at the head of the army for some +short distance, when missing his son, his son-in-law (Major Harrison) +and two nephews,[9] he stopped to enquire for them. Receiving no +satisfactory information respecting either of them, he was induced +through anxiety for their fate to continue still, until all had +passed on, when he resumed his flight, in company with doctor +Knight[10] and two [243] others. For their greater security, they +travelled some distance apart, but from the jaded and exhausted +condition of their horses could proceed but slowly. One of the two men +in company with the Colonel and doctor Knight, would frequently fall +some distance behind the others, and as frequently call aloud for them +to wait for him. Near the Sandusky creek he hallooed to them to halt, +but the yell of a savage being heard near him, they went on and never +again was _he heard of_. About day, Colonel Crawford's horse gave out +and he was forced to proceed on foot, as was also the other of the two +who had left the field with him and Knight. They continued however to +travel together, and soon overtook Captain Biggs, endeavoring to +secure the safety of himself and Lieutenant Ashly, who had been so +badly wounded that he was unable to ride alone. A heavy fall of rain +induced them to halt, and stripping the bark from some trees, they +formed a tolerable shelter from the storm, and remained there all +night. In the morning they were joined by another of the troops, when +their company consisted of six--Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, +who kept about an hundred yards in front--Captain Biggs and Lieutenant +Ashly, in the center; and the other two men in the rear. They +proceeded in this way about two miles, when a party of Delawares +suddenly sprang from their hiding places into the road, and making +prisoners of Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, carried them to the +Indian camp near to where they then were. On the next day the scalps +of Captain Biggs and Lieutenant Ashly, were brought in by another +party of Indians who had been likewise watching the road. From the +encampment, they were led, in company with nine other prisoners, to +the old Wyandot town, from which place they were told they would be +taken to the new town, not far off. Before setting out from this +place, Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight were painted black by +Captain Pipe, a Delaware chief, who told the former, that he intended +to have him shaved when he arrived among his friends, and the latter +that he was to be carried to the Shawnee town, to see some of his old +acquaintance. The nine prisoners were then marched off in front of +Colonel Crawford and Doctor Knight, who were brought on by Pipe and +Wingenim,[11] another of the Delaware chiefs. As they went on, they +passed the bodies of four of the captives, who had been tomahawked and +scalped on the way, and came [244] to where the remaining five were, +in time to see them suffer the same fate from the hands of squaws and +boys. The head of one of them (John McKinley, formerly an officer in +one of the Virginia regiments) was cut off, and for some time kicked +about on the ground. A while afterwards they met Simon Girty and +several Indians on horseback; when Col. Crawford was stripped naked, +severely beaten with clubs and sticks, and made to sit down near a +post which had been planted for the purpose, and around which a fire +of poles was burning briskly. His hands were then pinioned behind him, +and a rope attached to the band around his wrist and fastened to the +foot of a post about fifteen feet high, allowing him liberty only to +sit down, or walk once or twice round it, and return the same way. +Apprehensive that he was doomed to be burned to death, he asked Girty +if it were possible that he had been spared from the milder +instruments of the tomahawk and scalping knife, only to suffer the +more cruel death by fire. "_Yes, said Girty, composedly, you must be +burned Colonel._" "It is dreadful, replied Crawford, but I will +endeavor to bear it patiently." Captain Pipe then addressed the +savages in an animated speech, at the close of which, they rent the +air with hideous yells, and immediately discharged a number of loads +of powder at the naked body of their victim. His ears were then cut +off, and while the men would apply the burning ends of the poles to +his flesh, the squaws threw coals and hot embers upon him, so that in +a little time he had too, to walk on fire. In the midst of these +sufferings, he begged of the infamous Girty to shoot him. That worse +than savage monster, tauntingly replied, "how can I? you see I have no +gun," and laughed heartily at the scene. + +For three hours Colonel Crawford endured the most excruciating agonies +with the utmost fortitude, when faint and almost exhausted, he +commended his soul to God, and laid down on his face. He was then +scalped, and burning coals being laid on his head and back, by one of +the squaws, he again arose and attempted to walk; but strength failed +him and he sank into the welcome arms of death. His body was then +thrown into the fire and consumed to ashes.[12] + +Of the whole of this shocking scene, Doctor Knight was [245] an +unwilling spectator; and in the midst of it was told by Girty, that it +should be his fate too, when he arrived at the Shawanee towns. These +were about forty miles distant; and he was committed to the care of a +young warrior to be taken there. On the first day they travelled about +twenty-five miles, and when they stopped for the night, the Doctor was +securely fastened. In vain did he anxiously watch for an opportunity +to endeavor to [244] release himself from the cords which bound him. +The Indian was vigilant and slept none. About day light they arose, +and while the Indian was kindling a fire, the gnats were so +troublesome that he untied his prisoner, and set him likewise to +making a fire to relieve them from the annoyance. The doctor took a +burning coal between two sticks, and going behind the Indian towards +the spot at which he was directed to excite a smoke, turned suddenly +around, and struck the savage with all his force. The Indian fell +forward, but quickly recovering and seeing his gun in the hands of his +assailant, ran off, howling hideously.--The anxiety of Doctor Knight, +saved the life of the savage.--When he seized the gun, he drew back +the cock in such haste and with so much violence as to break the main +spring and render it useless to him; but as the Indian was ignorant of +this circumstance, he continued his flight and the doctor was then +enabled to escape. After a toilsome travel of twenty-one days, during +which time he subsisted altogether on wild gooseberries, young +nettles, a raw terrapin and two young birds, he arrived safely at Fort +McIntosh--meagre, emaciated and almost famished. + +Another instance of great good-fortune occurred in the person of John +Slover,[13] who was also made prisoner after having travelled more +than half the distance from the fatal scene of [246] action to Fort +Pitt. When only eight years of age he had been taken by some Indians +on New river, and detained in captivity for twelve years. In this time +he became well acquainted with their manners and customs, and attached +to their mode of living so strongly, that when ransomed by his +friends, he left his Indian companions with regret. He had become too, +while with them, familiar with the country north west of the Ohio, and +an excellent woodsman; and in consequence of these attainments was +selected a principal guide to the army on its outward march. When a +retreat was prematurely began to be made by detached parties, he was +some distance from camp, and having to equip himself for flight, was +left a good way in the rear. It was not long however, before he came +up with a party, whose horses were unable to extricate themselves from +a deep morass, over which they had attempted to pass. Slover's was +soon placed in the same unpleasant situation, and they all, alighting +from them, proceeded on foot. In this manner they traveled on until +they had nearly reached the Tuscarawa, when a party of savages from +the way side, fired upon them. One of the men was killed, Slover and +two others made prisoners, & the fifth escaped to Wheeling. + +Those taken captive were carried first to Wachatomakah (a small town +of the Mingoes and Shawanees,) from whence after having been severely +beaten, they were conducted to a larger town two miles farther. On +their arrival here, they had all to pass through the usual ceremonies +of running the gauntlet; and one of them who had been stripped of his +clothes and painted black, was most severely beaten, mangled, and +killed, and his body cut in pieces and placed on poles outside the +town. Here too, Slover saw the dead bodies of Col. McClelland, Major +Harrison and John Crawford; and learned that they had all been put to +death but a little while before his arrival there; and although he was +spared for some time, yet every thing which he saw acted towards other +prisoners, led him to fear that he was reserved for a more cruel fate, +whenever the whim of the instant should suggest its consummation. At +length an express arrived from Detroit with a speech for the warriors, +which decided his doom. Being decyphered from the belt of wampum which +contained it, the speech began by enquiring why they continued to take +prisoners, and said, "Provisions are scarce and when you send in [247] +prisoners, we have them to feed, and still some of them are getting +off, and carrying tidings of our affairs. When any of your people are +taken by the rebels, they shew no mercy. Why then should you? My +children take no more prisoners of any sort, men, women, or children." +Two days after the arrival of the express with this speech, a council +of the different tribes of Indians near, was held, and it was +determined to act in conformity with the advice of the Governor of +Detroit. Slover was then the only white prisoner at this town; and on +the morning after the council was dissolved, about forty warriors came +to the house where he was, and tying a rope around his neck, led him +off to another village, five miles distant. Here again he was severely +beaten with clubs & the pipe end of the tomahawk, & then tied to a +post, around which were piles of wood. These were soon kindled, but a +violent rain falling unexpectedly, extinguished the flames, before +they had effected him. It was then agreed to postpone his execution, +until the next day, and being again beaten and much wounded by their +blows, he was taken to a block house, his hands tied, the rope about +his neck fastened to a beam of the building, and three warriors left +to guard him for the night. + +If the feelings of Slover would have permitted him to enjoy sleep, the +conduct of the guard would have prevented it. They delighted in +keeping alive in his mind the shocking idea of the suffering which he +would have to endure, & frequently asking him "how he would like to +eat fire," tormented him nearly all night. Awhile before day however, +they fell asleep, and Slover commenced untying himself. Without much +difficulty he loosened the cord from his arms, but the ligature around +his neck, of undressed buffalo-hide, seemed to defy his exertions to +remove it; and while he was endeavoring to gnaw it in vain, one of the +sleeping Indians, rose up and going near to him, sat and smoked his +pipe for some time. Slover lay perfectly still, apprehensive that all +chance of escape was now lost to him. But no--the Indian again +composed himself to sleep, and the first effort afterwards made, to +loose the band from his neck by slipping it over his head, resulted in +leaving Slover entirely unbound. He then crept softly from the house +and leaping a fence, gained the cornfield. Passing on, as he +approached a tree, he espied a squaw with several children lying at +its root; and fearing that some of them might discover him and give +the alarm of his [248] escape, he changed his course. He soon after +reached a glade, in which were several horses, one of which he +caught; and also found a piece of an old rug, which afforded him his +only covering until he reached Wheeling. This he was enabled to do in +a few days, being perfectly acquainted with the country. + +The town, from which Slover escaped, was the one to which Dr. +Knight was to have been taken. The Indian who had him in charge, +came in while Slover was there, and reported his escape--magnifying +the Doctor's stature to gigantic size and attributing to him +herculean strength. When Slover acquainted the warriors with the +fact, that Doctor Knight was diminutive and effeminate, they laughed +heartily at this Indian, and mocked at him for suffering the escape. +He however bore a mark which showed that, weak and enfeebled as he +was, the Doctor had not played booty when he aimed the blow at his +conductor.--It had penetrated to the skull and made a gash of full +four inches length. + +These are but few of the many incidents which no doubt occurred, to +individuals who endeavored to effect an escape by detaching themselves +from the main army. The number of those, thus separated from the +troops, who had the good fortune to reach the settlements, was small +indeed; and of the many of them who fell into the hands of the +savages, Knight and Slover are believed to be the only persons, who +were so fortunate as to make an escape. The precise loss sustained in +the expedition, was never ascertained, and is variously represented +from ninety to one hundred and twenty. + +Among those of the troops who went out under Col. Crawford, that came +into Wheeling, was a man by the name of Mills.[14] Having rode very +fast, and kept his horse almost continually travelling, he was forced +to leave him, near to the present town of St. Clairsville in Ohio. Not +liking the idea of loosing him altogether, upon his arrival at +Wheeling he prevailed on Lewis Wetsel[15] to go with him to the place +where his horse gave out, to see if they could not find him. +Apprehensive that the savages would pursue the fugitives to the +border of the settlements, Wetsel advised Mills that their path would +not be free from dangers, and counselled him to "prepare for +fighting." + +When they came near to the place where the horse had been left, they +met a party of about forty Indians going towards [249] the Ohio river +and who discovered Mills and Wetsel as soon as these saw them. Upon +the first fire from the Indians Mills was wounded in the heel, and +soon overtaken and killed. Wetzel singled out his mark, shot, and +seeing an Indian fall, wheeled and ran. He was immediately followed by +four of the savages, who laid aside their guns that they might the +more certainly overtake him. Having by practice, acquired the art of +loading his gun as he ran, Wetsel was indifferent how near the savages +approached him, if he were out of reach of the rifles of the others. +Accordingly, keeping some distance ahead of his pursuers whilst +re-loading his gun, he relaxed his speed until the foremost Indian had +got within ten or twelve steps of him. He then wheeled, shot him dead, +and again took to flight. He had now to exert his speed to keep in +advance of the savages 'till he should again load, & when this was +accomplished and he turned to fire, the second Indian was near enough +to catch hold of the gun, when as Wetsel expressed it, "_they had a +severe wring_." At length he succeed in raising the muzzle to the +breast of his antagonist, and killed him also. + +In this time both the pursuers and pursued had become much jaded, and +although Wetsel had consequently a better opportunity of loading +quickly, yet taught wariness by the fate of their companions, the two +remaining savages would spring behind trees whenever he made a +movement like turning towards them. Taking advantage of a more open +piece of ground, he was enabled to fire on one of them who had sought +protection behind a sapling too small to screen his body. The ball +fractured his thigh, and produced death. The other, instead of +pressing upon Wetsel, uttered a shrill yell, and exclaiming, "no catch +_him_, gun always loaded," returned to his party. + +----- + [1] One hundred and eighty-six men, mounted, from the + Monongahela settlements. Early in March, 1782, they assembled + under David Williamson, colonel of one of the militia + battalions of Washington County, Pa., on the east bank of the + Ohio, a few miles below Steubenville. The water was high, the + weather cold and stormy, and there were no boats for crossing + over to Mingo Bottom. Many turned back, but about two + hundred succeeded in crossing. The expedition was not a + "private" affair, but was regularly authorized by the military + authority of Washington County; its destination was not the + Moravian settlements, but the hostile force, then supposed + to be on the Tuscarawas river. It seems to have generally + been understood on the border that the Moravian towns were + now deserted.--R. G. T. + + [2] Contemporary accounts speak of a council of war, held in + the evening, at which this question was decided. But a small + majority voted for the butchery; Williamson himself was in the + minority. Dorsey Pentecost, writing from Pittsburg, May 8, 1782 + (see _Penn. Arch._, ix., p. 540), says: "I have heard it + intimated that about thirty or forty only of the party gave + their consent or assisted in the catastrophe."--R. G. T. + + [3] Lineback's Relation (_Penn. Arch._, ix., p. 525) says: + "In the morning, the militia chose two houses, which they + called the 'slaughter houses,' and then brought the Indians two + or three at a time, with ropes about their necks, and dragged + them into the slaughter houses where they knocked them down." + This accords with Heckewelder's _Narrative_, p. 320, which says + they were knocked down with a cooper's mallet. The victims + included those converts living at Salem, who had peaceably come + in to Gnadenhuetten with their captors; but those at New + Schoenbrunn had taken the alarm and fled.--R. G. T. + + [4] Later authorities put the total number at + ninety--twenty-nine men, twenty-seven women, and thirty-four + children.--R. G. T. + + [5] Salem, New Schoenbrunn and Gnadenhuetten were all + destroyed by fire. The whites returned home the following day, + with ninety-six scalps--ninety Moravians and six outlying + Indians. It seems certain that a few hostiles were with the + Moravians at the time of the massacre.--R. G. T. + + [6] David Williamson, as previously seen, was a colonel of + militia in Washington County, Pa.; James Marshal, as county + lieutenant of Washington, was his superior officer.--R. G. T. + + [7] The place of rendezvous was Mingo Bottom (the present + Mingo Junction, O.), and the date May 20. It was the 24th + before all were present. The volunteers numbered 480, of + whom two-thirds were from Washington County; most of the + others were from Fayette County, Pa., and a few from Ohio + County, Va. In the vote for commander, William Crawford + received 235, and Williamson 230. Four field majors were + elected to rank in the order named: Williamson, Thomas + Gaddis, John McClelland, and one Brinton. The standard + modern authority for the details of this expedition, is + Butterfield's _Crawford's Expedition Against Sandusky_ + (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1873).--R. G. T. + + [8] Col. David Williamson.--R. G. T. + + [9] His son John, his son-in-law Major William Harrison, and + one of his nephews,--not two,--William Crawford. They were + captured by the Indians and killed.--R. G. T. + + [10] Dr. John Knight, surgeon to the expedition. He was + captured, and sentenced to death, but after thrilling + adventures finally escaped.--R. G. T. + + [11] Wingenund.--R. G. T. + + [12] Colonel Crawford was then about fifty years of age, and + had been an active warrior against the savages for a great + while. During [245] the French war, he distinguished himself by + his bravery and good conduct, and was much noticed by General + Washington, who obtained for him an ensigncy. At the + commencement of the revolution, he raised a regiment by his own + exertions, and at the period of this unfortunate expedition, + bore the commission of Colonel in the Continental army. He + possessed a sound judgment, was a man of singular good nature + and great humanity, and remarkable for his hospitality. His + melancholy sufferings and death spread a gloom over the + countenances of all who knew him. His son, John Crawford, and + his son-in-law, Major Harrison, were taken prisoners, carried + to the Shawanee towns and murdered. + + ------ + + _Comment by R. G. T._--Crawford was born in 1732, in Orange + County, Va., of Scotch-Irish parentage. He made the friendship + of Washington while the latter was surveying for Lord Fairfax, + in the Shenandoah Valley, in 1749. Washington taught him his + art, but in 1755 he abandoned it for a military life, and + thenceforward was a prominent character on the frontier, often + serving under Washington. From 1767 forward, his home was on + the banks of the Youghiogheny, on Braddock's Road. Crawford + fought in Dunmore's War, and throughout the Revolution did + notable service on the Virginia border. + + [13] John Slover, one of the guides to the expedition, was + among the best known scouts of his day, on the Upper Ohio. His + published _Narrative_ is a prime source of information relative + to the events of the campaign.--R. G. T. + + [14] Thomas Mills.--R. G. T. + + [15] Lewis Wetzel, a noted Indian fighter. See p. 161, + _note_.--R. G. T. + + + + +[250] CHAPTER XV. + + +While expeditions were carrying on by the whites, against the Moravian +and other Indians, the savages were prosecuting their accustomed +predatory and exterminating war, against several of the settlements. +Parties of Indians, leaving the towns to be defended by the united +exertions of contiguous tribes, would still penetrate to the abode of +the whites, and with various success, strive to avenge on them their +real and fancied wrongs. + +On the 8th of March as William White, Timothy Dorman and his wife, +were going to, and in site of Buchannon fort, some guns were +discharged at them, and White being shot through the hip soon fell +from his horse, and was tomahawked, scalped and lacerated in the most +frightful manner.[1]--Dorman and his wife were taken prisoners. The +people in the fort heard the firing and flew to arms; but the river +being between, the savages cleared themselves, while the whites were +crossing over. + +After the killing of White (one of their most active and vigilant +warriors and spies) and the capture of Dorman, it was resolved to +abandon the fort, and seek elsewhere, security from the greater ills +which it was found would befall them if they remained. This +apprehension arose from the fact, that Dorman was then with the +savages, and that to gratify his enmity to particular individuals in +the settlement, he would unite with the Indians, and _from his +knowledge of the_ [251] _country, be enabled_ to conduct them the more +securely to blood and plunder. He was a man of sanguinary and +revengeful disposition, prone to quarrelling, and had been known to +say, that if he caught particular individuals with whom he was at +variance, in the woods alone, he would murder them and attribute it to +the savages. He had led, when in England, a most abandoned life, and +after he was transported to this country, was so reckless of +reputation and devoid of shame for his villainies, that he would often +recount tales of theft and robbery in which he had been a conspicuous +actor. The fearful apprehensions of increased and aggravated injuries +after the taking of him prisoner, were well-founded; and subsequent +events fully proved, that, but for the evacuation of the fort, and the +removal of the inhabitants, all would have fallen before the fury of +savage warriors, with this abandoned miscreant at their head. + +While some of the inhabitants of that settlement were engaged in +moving their property to a fort in Tygart's Valley (the others +removing to Nutter's fort and Clarksburg,) they were fired upon by a +party of savages, and two of them, Michael Hagle and Elias Paynter, +fell. The horse on which John Bush was riding, was shot through; yet +Bush succeeded in extricating himself from the falling animal, and +escaped though closely pursued by one of the savages. Several times +the Indian following him, would cry out to him, "_Stop, and you shall +not be hurt--If you do not, I will shoot you_," and once Bush, nearly +exhausted, and in despair of getting off, actually relaxed his pace +for the purpose of yielding himself a prisoner, when turning round he +saw the savage stop also, and commence loading his gun. This inspired +Bush with fear for the consequences, and renewing his flight he made +his escape. Edward Tanner, a mere youth, was soon taken prisoner, and +as he was being carried to their towns, met between twenty and thirty +savages, headed by Timothy Dorman, proceeding to attack Buchannon +fort. Learning from him that the inhabitants were moving from it, and +that it would be abandoned in a few days, the Indians pursued their +journey with so much haste, that Dorman had well nigh failed from +fatigue. They arrived however, too late, for the accomplishment of +their bloody purpose; the settlement was deserted, and the inhabitants +safe within the walls of other fortresses. + +[252] A few days after the evacuation of the fort, some of its former +inmates went from Clarksburg to Buchannon for grain which had been +left there. When they came in sight, they beheld a heap of ashes where +the fort had been; and proceeding on, became convinced that the +savages were yet lurking about. They however, continued to go from +farm to farm collecting the grain, but with the utmost vigilance and +caution, and at night went to an out house, near where the fort had +stood. Here they found a paper, with the name of Timothy Dorman +attached to it, dated at the Indian towns, and containing information +of those who had been taken captive in that district of country. + +In the morning early, as some of the men went from the house to the +mill, they saw the savages crossing the river, Dorman being with +them. Thinking it best to impress them with a belief that they were +able to encounter them in open conflict, the men advanced towards +them,--calling to their companions in the house, to come on. The +Indians fled hastily to the woods, and the whites, not so rash as to +pursue them, returned to the house, and secured themselves in it, as +well as they could. At night, Captain George Jackson went privately +forth from the house, and at great hazzard of being discovered by +the waylaying savages, proceeded to Clarksburg, where he obtained such +a reinforcement as enabled him to return openly and escort his +former companions in danger, from the place of its existence. + +Disappointed in their hopes of involving the inhabitants of the +Buchannon settlements in destruction, the savages went on to the +Valley. Here, between Westfall's and Wilson's forts, they came upon +John Bush and his wife, Jacob Stalnaker and his son Adam. The two +latter being on horse back and riding behind Bush and his wife, were +fired at, and Adam fell. The old gentleman, rode briskly on, but some +of the savages were before him and endeavored to catch the reins of +his bridle, and thus stop his flight. He however, escaped them all. +The horse from which Adam Stalnaker had fallen, was caught by Bush, +and both he and Mrs. Bush got safely away on him. + +The Indians then crossed the Alleghany mountains, and coming to the +house of Mrs. Gregg, (Dorman's former master) made an attack on it. A +daughter of that gentleman, alone fell a victim to their thirst for +blood. When taken prisoner, [253] she refused to go with them, and +Dorman sunk his tomahawk into her head and then scalped her. She +however, lived several days and related the circumstances above +detailed. + +After the murder of John Thomas and his family in 1781, the settlement +on Booth's creek was forsaken, and its inhabitants went to Simpson's +creek, for greater security. In the Spring John Owens procured the +assistance of some young men about Simpson's creek, and proceeded to +Booth's creek for the purpose of threshing some wheat at his farm +there.--While on a stack throwing down sheaves, several guns were +fired at him by a party of twelve Indians, concealed not far off. +Owens leapt from the stack, and the men caught up their guns. They +could not, however, discover any one of the savages in their covert +and thought it best to retreat to Simpson's creek and strengthen their +force before they ventured in pursuit of their enemy. They accordingly +did so, and when they came again to Booth's creek, the Indians had +decamped, taking with them the horses left at Owens'. The men however +found their trail and followed it until night.--Early next morning, +crossing the West Fork at Shinnston, they went on in pursuit and came +within sight of the Indian camp, and seeing some of the savages lying +near their fires, fired at them, but, as was believed without effect. +The Indians again took to flight; and as they were hastening on, one +of them suddenly wheeled and fired upon his pursuers. The ball passed +through the hunting-shirt of one of the men, & Benjamin Coplin (then +an active, enterprising young man) returning the shot, an Indian was +seen suddenly to spring into a laurel thicket. Not supposing that +Coplin's ball had taken effect, they followed the other savages some +distance farther, and as they returned got the horses and plunder left +at the camp. Some time afterwards a gun was found in the thicket, into +which the Indian sprang, and it was then believed that Coplin's shot +had done execution. + +In the same spring the Indians made their appearance on Crooked run, +in Monongalia county. Mr. Thomas Pindall, having been one day at +Harrison's fort, at a time when a greater part of the neighbourhood +had gone thither for safety, prevailed on three young men, (Harrison, +Crawford and Wright, to return and spend the night with him.) Some +time after they had been abed, the females waked Mr. Pindall, and +telling him that they had heard several times a noise very much [254] +resembling the whistling on a charger, insisted on going directly to +the fort. The men heard nothing, and being inclined to believe that +the fears of the females had given to the blowing of the wind, that +peculiar sound, insisted that there was no danger and that it would be +unpleasant to turn out then, as the night was very dark. Hearing +nothing after this, for which they could not readily account, the men +rose in the morning unapprehensive of interruption; and the females, +relieved of their fears of being molested by savages during the night, +continued in bed. Mr. Pindall walked forth to the woods to catch a +horse, and the young men went to the spring hard by, for the purpose +of washing. While thus engaged three guns were fired at them, and +Crawford and Wright were killed. Harrison fled and got safely to the +fort. + +The females alarmed at the report of the guns, sprang out of bed and +hastened towards the fort, pursued by the Indians. Mrs. Pindall was +overtaken and killed, but Rachael Pindall, her sister-in-law, escaped +safely to the fort. + +In June some Indians came into the neighborhood of Clarksburg, and not +meeting with an opportunity of killing or making prisoners any of the +inhabitants without the town, one of them, more venturous than the +rest, came so near as to shoot Charles Washburn as he was chopping a +log of wood in the lot, and then running up, with the axe, severed his +skull, scalped him, and fled safely away. Three of Washburn's brothers +had been previously murdered by the savages. + +In August as Arnold and Paul Richards were returning to Richard's +fort, they were shot at by some Indians, lying hid in a cornfield +adjoining the fort, and both fell from their horses. The Indians +leaped over the fence immediately and tomahawked and scalped them. + +These two men were murdered in full view of the fort, and the firing +drew its inmates to the gate to ascertain its cause. When they saw +that the two Richards' were down, they rightly judged that Indians had +done the deed; and Elias Hughes, ever bold and daring, taking down his +gun, went out alone at the back gate, and entered the cornfield, into +which the savages had again retired, to see if he could not avenge on +one of them the murder of his friends. Creeping softly along, he came +in view of them standing near the fence, reloading their guns, and +looking intently at the people at the fort gate. Taking [255] a +deliberate aim at one of them, he touched the trigger. His gun +flashed, and the Indians alarmed ran speedily away. + +A most shocking scene was exhibited some time before this, on Muddy +creek in Pennsylvania. On the 10th of May as the Reverend John Corbly, +his wife and five children were going to meeting, (Mr. Corbly being a +short distance behind) they were attacked by a party of savages +waylaying the road. The shrieks of Mrs. Corbly and the children, drew +the husband and father to the fatal spot. As he was approaching, his +wife called to him, "to fly," He knew that it was impossible for him +to contend successfully against the fearful odds opposed to him, and +supposing that his family would be carried away as prisoners, and that +he would be enabled either to recover them by raising a company and +pursuing the savages, or to ransom them, if conducted to the Indian +towns, he complied with her wish, and got safely off, though pursued +by one of the savages. But it was not their intention to carry them +into captivity. They delighted too much, to look upon the lifeblood +flowing from the heart; and accordingly shed it most profusely. The +infant in its mother's arms was the first on whom their savage fury +fell,--it was tomahawked and scalped. The mother then received several +severe blows, but not falling, was shot through the body, by the +savage who chased her husband; and then scalped. Into the brains of a +little son, six years old, their hatchets were sunk to the heft. Two +little girls, of two and four years of age, were tomahawked and +scalped. The eldest child, also a daughter, had attempted to escape by +concealing herself in a hollow log, a few rods from the scene of +action. From her hiding place, she beheld all that was done, and when +the bleeding scalp was torn from the head of her last little sister, & +she beheld the savages retiring from the desolation which they had +wrought, she crawled forth from concealment. It was too soon. One of +the savages yet lingered near, to feast to satiety on the horrid +spectacle. His eyes caught a glimpse of her as she crept from the log, +and his tomahawk and scalping knife became red with her blood. + +When Mr. Corbly returned, all his hopes vanished. Which ever way he +turned, the mangled body of some one of his family was presented to +his view. His soul sickened at the contemplation of the scene, and he +fainted and fell. When he had revived, he was cheered with the hope +that some of [256] them might yet survive. Two of his daughters had +manifested symptoms of returning life, and with care and attention +were restored to him. + +Thus far in the year 1782, the settlements only suffered from the +accustomed desultory warfare of the savages. No numerous collection of +Indians had crossed their border,--no powerful army of warriors, +threatening destruction to the forts, those asylums of their safety, +had appeared among them.--But the scene was soon to change. + +In August, there was a grand council convened at Chilicothe, in which +the Wyandots, the Shawanees, the Mingoes, the Tawas, Pottowatomies, and +various other tribes were represented.[2] Girty and McKee--disgraces +to human nature--aided in their deliberations. The surrender of +Cornwallis, which had been studiously kept secret from the Indians, +was now known to them, and the war between Great Britain and the +United States, seemed to them to be verging to a close.--Should a +peace ensue, they feared that the concentrated strength of Virginia, +would bear down upon them and crush them at once. In anticipation of +this state of things, they had met to deliberate, what course it best +became them to pursue. Girty addressed the council. He reminded them +of the gradual encroachments of the whites;--of the beauty of Kentucky +and its value to them as a hunting ground.--He pointed out to them the +necessity of greater efforts to regain possession of that country, and +warned them that if they did not combine their strength to change the +present state of things, the whites would soon leave them no hunting +grounds; and they would consequently, have no means of procuring rum +to cheer their hearts, or blankets to warm their bodies. His advice +was well received and they determined to continue the war.[3] + +When the council was adjourned, the warriors proceeded to execute its +determinations. Two armies, the one of six hundred, and the other +three hundred and fifty men, prepared to march, each to it assigned +station--The larger was destined to operate against Kentucky, while +the smaller, was to press upon North Western Virginia; and each was +abundantly supplied with the munitions of war.[4] Towards the last of +August the warriors who were to act in Kentucky, appeared before +Bryant's station, south of Licking river, and placed themselves under +covert during night,[5] and in advantageous [257] situations for +firing upon the station, so soon as its doors should be thrown open. + +There were at that time but few inhabitants occupying that station. +William Bryant, its founder, and one in whose judgment, skill and +courage, many confidently reposed for security from savage enormity, +had been unfortunately discovered by some Indians near the mouth of +Cane run, and killed.--His death caused most of those who had come to +that place from North Carolina, to forsake the station, and return to +their own country. Emigrants from Virginia, arriving some short time +before, and among whom was Robert Johnson, (the father of Richard M. +Johnson) to a certain extent supplied this desertion; yet it was in +respect to numbers so far inferior to the savage forces, that the most +resolute shuddered in apprehension of the result. + +The station too, was at that time, careless and inattentive to its own +defence; not anticipating the appearance of a savage army before its +gates. Indeed had the Indians delayed their attack a few hours, it +would have been in almost an entirely defenceless condition; as the +men were on that morning to have left it, for the purpose of aiding in +the defence of another station, which was then understood to be +assailed by an army of Indians. Fortunately however, for the +inhabitants, as soon as the doors of some of the cabins were opened in +the morning, the savages commenced the fire, and thus admonished them +of danger, while it was not yet too late to provide against it. + +The Indians in the attack on Bryant's station practised their +usual stratagem, to ensure their success. It was begun on the +south-east angle of the station, by one hundred warriors, while the +remaining five hundred were concealed in the woods on the opposite +side, ready to take advantage of its unprotected situation when, as +they anticipated, the garrison would concentrate its strength, to +resist the assault on the south-east. But their purpose was fully +comprehended by the garrison, and instead of returning the fire of the +one hundred, they secretly sent an express to Lexington for +assistance, and commenced repairing the pallisades, and putting +themselves in the best possible condition to withstand the fury of +the assailants. Aware that the Indians were posted near the +spring, and believing that they would not fire unless some of the +men should be seen going thither, the women [258] were sent to bring +in water for the use of the garrison. The event justified their +expectations--The concealed Indians, still farther to strengthen the +belief, that their whole force were engaged in the attack on the +south-east, forbore to fire, or otherwise contradict the impression +which they had studiously sought to make on the minds of its inmates. + +When a sufficiency of water had been provided, and the station placed +in a condition of defence, thirteen men were sent out in the direction +from which the assault was made. They were fired upon by the assailing +party of one hundred, but without receiving any injury; and retired +again within the pallisades. Instantly the savages rushed to the +assault of, what they deemed, the unprotected side of the station, +little doubting their success. A steady, well directed fire, put them +quickly to flight. Some of the more desperate and daring however, +approached near enough to fire the houses, some of which were +consumed; but a favorable wind drove the flames from the mass of the +buildings and the station escaped conflagration. + +Disappointed of the expected success of their first stratagem, the +assailants withdrew a short distance, and concealed themselves under +the bank of the creek, to await the arrival of the assistance, which +was generally sent to a besieged fort or station, arranging themselves +in ambushment to intercept its approach. + +When the express from Bryant's station reached Lexington, the male +inhabitants had left there to aid in the defence of Holder's +station, which was reported to be attacked. Following on their +route, they overtook them at Boonesborough, and sixteen mounted, and +thirty footmen were immediately detached to aid the inhabitants of +Bryant's station. When this reinforcement came near, the firing had +entirely ceased, no enemy was visible, and they approached in the +confidence that all was well. A sudden discharge of shot from the +savages in ambush, dispelled that hope. The horsemen however, passed +safely by. The cloud of dust produced by the galloping of their +horses, obscured the view and hindered the otherwise deadly aim of +the Indians. The footmen were less fortunate. Two of them were killed, +and four wounded; and but for the luxuriant growth of corn in the +field through which they passed, nearly all must have fallen, before +the overwhelming force of the enemy. + +[259] Thus reinforced, the garrison did not for an instant doubt of +safety; while the savages became hopeless of success by force of +arms, and resorted to another expedient to gain possession of the +station. In the twilight of evening, Simon Girty covertly drew near, +and mounting on a stump from which he could be distinctly heard, +demanded the surrender of the place. He told the garrison, that a +reinforcement, with cannon, would arrive that night, and that this +demand was suggested by _his humanity_, as the station must +ultimately fall, and he could assure them of protection if they +surrendered, but could not if the Indians succeeded by storm; and then +demanded, if "they knew who was addressing them." A young man by the +name of Reynolds, (fearing the effect which the threat of cannon might +have upon the garrison, as the fate of Ruddle's and Martin's +stations was yet fresh in their recollections,) replied, that he +"knew him well, and held him in such contempt, that he had named a +worthless dog which he had SIMON GIRTY; that his reinforcements and +threats, were not heeded by the garrison, who expected to receive +before morning such an auxiliary force as would enable them to give +a good account of the cowardly wretches that followed him, whom he +held in such contempt that he had prepared a number of switches with +which to drive them out of the country if they remained there 'till +day."[6] + +Affecting to deplore their obstinacy, Girty retired, and during the +night, the main body of the Indian army marched off, leaving a few +warriors to keep up an occasional firing and the semblance of a +siege.[7] + +Shortly after the retreat of the savages, one hundred and sixty men, +from Lexington, Harrodsburg and Boonesborough, assembled at Bryant's +station, and determined to pursue them.[8] Prudence should have +prevailed with them to await the arrival of Colonel Logan, who was +known to be collecting additional forces from the other station; but +brave and fearless, well equipped, and burning with ardent desire to +chastise their savage invaders, they rather indiscreetly chose to +march on, unaided, sooner than risk suffering the enemy to retire, by +delaying for other troops. But the Indians had no wish to retire, to +avoid the whites. The trail left by them, to the experienced eye of +Daniel Boone, furnished convincing evidence, that they were only +solicitous to conceal their numbers, in reality to tempt pursuit. + +[260] When the troops arrived at the Lower Blue Licks, they saw the +only Indians, which had met their eye on the route. These were slowly +ascending the ridge on the opposite side of the river. The party was +halted, and Boone consulted as to what course it would be best to +pursue. He was of opinion that the savage force was much greater, than +most had been led to believe by the appearance of the trail, and +anticipating pursuit, were then in ambush in the ravines; and he +advised that the force be divided into two equal parts, the one, +marching up the river, to cross it at the mouth of Elk creek, above +the upper ravine, while the other party should take a position below +for the purpose of co-operating whenever occasion might require; but +that neither party should by any means cross the river, until spies +were sent out to learn the position and strength of the enemy.[9] The +officers generally were inclined to follow the counsel of Boone, but +Major McGary, remarkable for impetuosity, exclaiming, "Let all who are +not cowards, follow me," spurred his horse into the river. The whole +party caught the contagious rashness,--all rushed across the river. +There was no order,--no arrangement--no unity or concert. None "paused +in their march of terror," lest "we should hover o'er the path," but +each, following his own counsel, moved madly towards the sheltered +ravines and wooded ground, where Boone had predicted the savages lay +hid. The event justified the prediction, and showed the wisdom of his +counsel. + +At the head of a chosen band of warriors, Girty[10] advanced with +fierceness upon the whites, from the advantageous position which he +covertly occupied, and "madness, despair and death succeed, the +conflict's gathering wrath." The Indians had greatly the advantage in +numbers, as well as position, and the disorderly front of the +whites, gave them still greater superiority. The bravery of the troops +for a while withstood the onset, and the contest was fierce and +sanguinary 'till their right wing being turned, a retreat became +inevitable. All pressed towards the ford, but a division of the +savage army, foreseeing this, had been placed so as to interpose +between them and it; and they were driven to a point on the river, +where it could only be crossed by swimming. Here was indeed a +scene of blood and carnage. Many were killed on the bank; others +in swimming over, and some were tomahawked in the edge of the +water. Some of those who had been foremost in getting across the +river, wheeled and opened a steady fire upon the pursuers. Others, +animated by the example, as soon as they reached the bank discharged +their guns upon the savages, and checking them for a while enabled +many to escape death. But for this stand, the footmen would have +been much harrassed, and very many of them entirely cut off. As it +was, the loss in slain was great. Of one hundred and seventy-six (the +number of whites,) sixty-one were killed, and eight taken prisoners. +Cols. Todd and Trigg,--Majors Harland and Bulger,--Capts. Gordon, +McBride, and a son of Daniel Boone, were among those who fell. The +loss of the savages was never known;--they [261] were left in +possession of the battle ground, and at leisure to conceal or carry +off their dead, and when it was next visited by the whites, none +were found.[11] + +A most noble and generous act, performed by one of the whites, +deserves to be forever remembered. While they were flying before the +closely pursuing savages, Reynolds (who at Bryant's station had so +cavalierly replied to Girty's demand of its surrender) seeing Col. +Robert Patterson, unhorsed and considerably disabled by his wounds, +painfully struggling to reach the river, sprang from his saddle, and +assisting him to occupy the relinquished seat, enabled that veteran +officer to escape, and fell himself into the hands of the savages. He +was not long however, detained a prisoner by them. He was taken by a +party of only three Indians; and two whites passing hurriedly on +towards the river, just after, two of his captors hastened in pursuit +of them, and he was left guarded by only one. Reynolds was cool and +collected, and only awaited the semblance of an opportunity, to +attempt an escape. Presently the savage in whose custody he was, +stooped to tie his moccason. Suddenly he sprang to one side, and being +fleet of foot, got safely off. + +The battle of the Blue Licks was fought on the 19th of August. On the +next day Col. Logan, with three hundred men, met the remnant of the +troops retreating to Bryant's station; and learning the fatal result +of the contest, hurried on to the scene of action to bury the dead, +and avenge their fall--if the enemy should be found yet hovering near. +On his arrival not a savage was to be seen. Flushed with victory, and +exulting in their revenge, they had retired to their towns, to feast +the eyes of their brethren, with the scalps of the slain. The field of +battle presented a miserable spectacle. All was stillness, where so +lately had arisen the shout of the impetuous, but intrepid whites, and +the whoop and yell of the savages, as they closed in deadly conflict; +not a sound was to be heard but the hoarse cry of the vulture, +flapping her wings and mounting into the air, alarmed at the intrusion +of man. Those countenances, which had so lately beamed with daring and +defiance, were unmeaning and inexpressive; and what with the effect +produced on the dead bodies, by the excessive heat and the mangling +and disfiguration of the tomahawk and scalping knife, scarcely one +could be distinguished from another. Friends tortured themselves in +vain, to find friends, in the huge mass of slain,--fathers to +recognize their sons. The mournful gratification of bending over the +lifeless bodies of dear relations and gazing with intense anxiety on +their pallid features, was denied them. Undistinguished, though not +unmarked, all were alike consigned to the silent grave, amid sighs of +sorrow and denunciations of revenge. + +An expedition against the Indian towns was immediately resolved upon, +and in September, Gen. Clarke marched towards them, at the head of +nearly one thousand men. Being discovered on their route and the +intelligence soon spreading that an army from [262] Kentucky was +penetrating the country, the savages deserted their villages and fled; +and the expedition was thus hindered of its purpose of chastising +them. The towns however were burned, and in a skirmish with a party of +Indians, five of them were killed, and seven made prisoners, with the +loss of only one man.[12] + +The Indian forces which were to operate against North Western +Virginia, for some time delayed their purpose, and did not set out on +their march, until awhile before the return of those who had been +sent into Kentucky. On their way, a question arose among them--against +what part of the country they should direct their movements--and their +division on this subject, rising by degrees 'till it assumed a serious +aspect, led many of the chiefs to determine on abandoning the +expedition; but a runner arriving with intelligence of the great +success which had crowned the exertion of the army in Kentucky, they +changed that determination, and proceeded hastily towards Wheeling. + +In the first of September, John Lynn (a celebrated spy and the same +who had been with Capt. Foreman at the time of the fatal ambuscade at +Grave creek) being engaged in watching the warriors paths, northwest +of the Ohio, discovered the Indians marching with great expedition for +Wheeling, and hastening to warn the inhabitants of the danger which +was threatening them, swam the river, and reached the village, but a +little while before the savage army made its appearance. The fort was +at this time without any regular garrison, and depended for defence +exclusively, on the exertions of those who sought security within its +walls. The brief space of time which elapsed between the alarm by +Lynn, and the arrival of the Indians, permitted only those who were +immediately present to retire into it, and when the attack was begun +to be made, there were not within its pallisades, twenty effective men +to oppose the assault. The dwelling house of Col. Ebenezer Zane, +standing about forty yards from the fort, contained the military +stores which had been furnished by the government of Virginia; and as +it was admirably situated as an out post from which to annoy the +savages in their onsets, he resolved on maintaining possession of it, +as well to aid in the defence of the fort, as for the preservation of +the ammunition. Andrew Scott, George Green, Mrs. Zane, Molly Scott and +Miss McCullough, were all who remained with him. The kitchen +(adjoining) was occupied by Sam (a negro belonging to Col, Zane) and +Kate, his wife.--Col. Silas Zane commanded in the fort. + +When the savage army approached, the British colors were waving over +them; and before a shot was discharged at the fort, they demanded the +surrender of the garrison. No answer was deigned to this demand, but +the firing of several shot (by order of Silas Zane) at the standard +which they bore; and the savages rushed to the assault. A well +directed and brisk fire opened upon them from Col. Zane's house and +the fort, soon drove them back. Again they rushed forward; and again +were they repulsed. The number of [263] arms in the house and fort, +and the great exertions of the women in moulding bullets, loading guns +and handing them to the men, enabled them to fire so briskly, yet so +effectively, as to cause the savages to recoil from every charge. The +darkness of night soon suspended their attacks, and afforded a +temporary repose to the besieged. Yet were the assailants not wholly +inactive. Having suffered severely by the galling fire poured upon +them from the house, they determined on reducing it to ashes. For this +purpose, when all was quietness and silence, a savage, with a +firebrand in his hand crawled to the kitchen, and raising himself from +the ground, waving the torch to and fro to rekindle its flame, and +about to apply it to the building, received a shot which forced him to +let fall the engine of destruction and hobble howling away. The +vigilance of Sam had detected him, in time to thwart his purpose. + +On the return of light, the savages were seen yet environing the fort, +and although for some time they delayed to renew their suspended +assault, yet it was evident they had not given over its contemplated +reduction. They were engaged in making such preparations, as they were +confident would ensure success to their exertions. + +Soon after the firing of the preceding day had subsided, a small boat, +proceeding from Fort Pitt to the Falls of Ohio with cannon balls for +the use of the troops there, put to shore at Wheeling; and the man who +had charge of her, although discovered and slightly wounded by the +savages, reached the postern and was admitted to the fort. The boat of +course fell into the hands of the enemy, and they resolved on using +the balls aboard, for the demolition of the fortress. To this end they +procured a log, with a cavity as nearly corresponding with the size +of the ball, as they could; and binding it closely with some chains +taken from a shop hard by, charged it heavily, and pointing it towards +the fort, in imagination beheld its walls tumbling into ruin, and the +garrison bleeding under the strokes and gashes of their tomahawks and +scalping knives. All things being ready, the match was applied.--A +dreadful explosion ensued. Their cannon burst;--its slivers flew in +every direction; and instead of being the cause of ruin to the fort, +was the source of injury only to themselves. Several were killed, many +wounded, and all, dismayed by the event. Recovering from the shock, +they presently returned with redoubled animation to the charge. +Furious from disappointment, exasperated with the unforseen yet fatal +result, they pressed to the assault with the blindness of phrensy. +Still they were received with a fire so constant and deadly, that they +were again forced to retire; and most opportunely for the garrison. + +When Lynn gave the alarm that an Indian army was approaching, the fort +having been for some time unoccupied by a garrison, and Col. Zane's +house being used as a magazine, those who retired into the fortress +had to take with them a supply of ammunition for its defence. The +supply of powder, deemed ample at the time, by reason of the long +continuance of the savages, and the repeated [264] endeavors made by +them, to storm the fort was now almost entirely exhausted, a few loads +only, remaining. In this emergency, it became necessary to replenish +their stock, from the abundance of that article in Col. Zane's house. +During the continuance of the last assault, apprized of its security, +and aware of the danger which would inevitably ensue, should the +savages after being again driven back, return to the assault before a +fresh supply could be obtained, it was proposed that one of their +fleetest men should endeavor to reach the house, obtain a keg and +return with it to the fort. It was an enterprise full of danger; but +many of the chivalric spirits, then pent up within the fortress, were +willing to encounter them all. + +Among those who volunteered to go on this emprise, was Elizabeth, +the younger sister of Colonel Zane. She was then young active and +athletic;--with precipitancy to dare danger, and fortitude to +sustain her in the midst of it. Disdaining to weigh the hazard of her +own life, against the risk of that of others, when told that a man +would encounter less danger by reason of his greater fleetness, she +replied--"and should he fall, his loss will be more severely felt. +You have not one man to spare;--a woman will not be missed in the +defence of the fort." Her services were accepted. Divesting herself +of some of her garments, as tending to impede her progress, she +stood prepared for the hazzardous adventure; and when the gate was +opened, she bounded forth with the buoyancy of hope, and in the +confidence of success. Wrapt in amazement, the Indians beheld her +spring forward; and only exclaiming, "a squaw, a squaw," no attempt +was made to interrupt her progress. Arrived at the door, she +proclaimed her embassy. Col. Zane fastened a table cloth around her +waist, and emptying into it a keg of powder, again she ventured +forth. The Indians were no longer passive. Ball after ball passed +whizzing and innocuous by. She reached the gate and entered the fort +in safety.[13] + +Another instance of heroic daring, deserves to be recorded [265] here. +When intelligence of the investiture of Wheeling by the savages, +reached Shepherd's fort, a party was immediately detached from it, to +try and gain admission into the besieged fortress, and aid in its +defence. Upon arriving in view, it was found that the attempt would be +hopeless and unavailing, and the detachment consequently prepared to +return. Francis Duke, (son-in-law to Colonel Shepherd) was unwilling +to turn his back on a people, straitened as he knew the besieged must +be, and declared his intention of endeavoring to reach the fort, that +he might contribute to its defence. It was useless to disuade him from +the attempt;--he knew its danger, but he also knew their weakness, +and putting spurs to his horse, rode briskly forward, calling aloud, +"open the gate,--open the gate." He was seen from the fort, and the +gate was loosed for his admission; but he did not live to reach +it.--Pierced by the bullets of the savages, he fell, to the regret of +all. Such noble daring, deserved a better fate. + +During that night and the next day, the Indians still maintained the +seige, and made frequent attempts to take the fort by storm; but they +were invareiably repulsed by the deadly fire of the garrison and the +few brave men in Colonel Zane's house. On the third night, despairing +of success, they resolved on raising the siege; and leaving one +hundred chosen warriors to scour and lay waste the country, the +remainder of their army retreated across the Ohio, and encamped at the +Indian Spring,--five miles from the river. Their loss in the various +assaults upon the fort, could not be ascertained; but was doubtless +very considerable. Of the garrison, none were killed and only two +wounded,--the heroic Francis Duke was the only white who fell during +the siege. The gallantry displayed by all, both men and women, in the +defence of the fort, can not be too highly commended; but to the +caution and good conduct of those few brave individuals who occupied +Colonel Zane's house, its preservation has been mainly attributed. + +In the evening preceding the departure of the savages from before +Wheeling, two white men, who had been among them for several years, +and then held commands in the army, deserted from them, and on the +next morning early were taken prisoners by Colonel Swearingen, who, +with ninety-five men, was on his way to aid in the defence of Wheeling +fort, and the chastisement of its assailants. Learning from them [266] +the determination of the savages to withdraw from Wheeling, and detach +a portion of their force to operate in the country, he despatched +runners in every direction to alarm the country and apprize the +inhabitants of danger.[14] The intelligence was received by Jacob +Miller when some distance from home, but apprehensive that the +meditated blow would be aimed at the fort where he resided, he +hastened thither, and arrived in time to aid in preparing for its +defence. + +The place against which the savages directed their operations, was +situated on Buffaloe creek, twelve or fifteen miles from its entrance +into the Ohio, and was known as Rice's fort. Until Miller's return +there were in it only five men; the others having gone to Hagerstown +to exchange their peltries, for salt, iron and ammunition. They +immediately set about making preparations to withstand an assault; and +in a little while, seeing the savages approaching from every +direction, forsook the cabins and repaired to the blockhouse. The +Indians perceived that they were discovered, and thinking to take the +station by storm, shouted forth the war whoop and rushed to the +assault. They were answered by the fire of the six brave and skilful +riflemen in the house, and forced to take refuge behind trees and +fallen timber. Still they continued the firing; occasionally calling +on the whites to "_give up, give up. Indian too many. Indian too big. +Give up. Indian no kill._" The men had more faith in the efficacy of +their guns to purchase their safety, than in the preferred mercy of +the savages; and instead of complying with their demand, called on +them, "as cowards skulking behind logs to leave their coverts, and +shew but their yellow hides, and they would make holes in them." + +The firing was kept up by the savages from their protected situation, +until night, and whenever even a remote prospect of galling them was +presented to the whites, they did not fail to avail themselves of it. +The Indian shots in the evening, were directed principally against the +stock as it came up as usual to the station, and the field was strewed +with its dead carcases. About ten o'clock of the night they fired a +large barn (thirty or forty yards from the blockhouse) filled with +grain and hay, and the flames from which seemed for awhile to endanger +the fort; but being situated on higher ground, and the current of air +flowing in a contrary direction, it escaped conflagration. Collecting +on the side of the fort opposite [267] to the fire, the Indians took +advantage of the light it afforded them to renew the attack; and kept +it up until about two o'clock, when they departed. Their ascertained +loss was four warriors,--three of whom were killed by the first firing +of the whites,--the other about sundown. George Folebaum was the only +white who suffered. Early in the attack, he was shot in the forehead, +through a port-hole, and instantly expired; leaving Jacob Miller, +George Leffler, Peter Fullenwieder, Daniel Rice and Jacob Leffler, +junior, sole defenders of the fort; and bravely and effectually did +they preserve it, from the furious assaults of one hundred chosen +savage warriors. + +Soon after the Indians left Rice's fort, they moved across the hills +in different directions and in detached parties. One of these +observing four men proceeding towards the fort which they had lately +left, waylaid the path and killed two of them on the first fire. The +remaining two fled hastily; and one of them swift of foot, soon made +his escape. The other, closely pursued by one of the savages, and in +danger of being overtaken, wheeled to fire. His gun snapped, and he +again took to flight. Yet more closely pressed by his pursuer, he once +more attempted to shoot. Again his gun snapped, and the savage being +now near enough, hurled a tomahawk at his head. It missed its object +and both strained every nerve for the chase. The Indian gained rapidly +upon him; and reaching forth his arm, caught hold of the end of his +belt. It had been tied in a bow-knot, and came loose.--Sensible that +the race must soon terminate to his disadvantage unless he could kill +his pursuer, the white man once more tried his gun. It fired; and the +savage fell dead at his feet. + +Some time in the summer of this year, a party of Wyandots, consisting +of seven warriors, (five of whom were, one of the most distinguished +chiefs of that nation and his four brothers) came into one of the +intermediate settlements between Fort Pitt and Wheeling, killed an old +man whom they found alone, robbed his cabin, and commenced retreating +with the plunder. They were soon discovered by spies; and eight men, +two of whom were Adam and Andrew Poe, (brothers, remarkable for +uncommon size, great activity, and undaunted bravery) went in pursuit +of them. Coming on their trail not far from the Ohio, Adam Poe, +fearing an ambuscade, left his companions [268] to follow it, while he +moved across to the river under cover of the high weeds and bushes, +with the view to attack them in the rear should he find them situated +as he expected.--Presently he espied an Indian raft at the water's +edge, but seeing nothing of the savages, moved cautiously down the +bank; and when near the foot, discovered the large Wyandot chief and a +small Indian standing near and looking intently towards the party of +whites, then some distance lower down the bottom. Poe raised his gun, +and aiming surely at the chief, pulled trigger. It missed fire, and +the snap betrayed his presence. Too near to retreat, he sprang +forward; and seizing the large Indian by the breast, and at the same +instant encircling his arms around the neck of the smaller one, threw +them both to the ground. Extricating himself from the grasp of Poe, +the small savage raised his tomahawk; but as he aimed the blow, a +vigorous and well directed kick, staggered him back, and he let fall +the hatchet. Recovering quickly, he aimed several blows in defiance +and exultation,--the vigilance of Poe distinguished the real from the +feigned stroke, and suddenly throwing up his arm, averted it from his +head, but received a wound in his wrist. By a violent effort, he freed +himself from the grip of the chief, and snatching up a gun, shot his +companion through the breast, as he advanced the third time with the +tomahawk. + +In this time the large chief had regained his feet; and seizing Poe by +the shoulder and leg threw him to the ground.--Poe however, soon got +up, and engaged with the savage in a close struggle, which terminated +in the fall of both into the water. Now it became the object of each +to drown his antagonist, and the efforts to accomplish this were +continued for some time with alternate success;--first one and then +the other, being under water. At length, catching hold of the long +tuft of hair which had been suffered to grow on the head of the chief, +Poe held him under water, until he supposed him dead; but relaxing +his hold too soon, the gigantic savage was again on his feet and ready +for another grapple. In this both were carried beyond their depth, and +had to swim for safety. Both sought the shore, and each, with all his +might, strained every nerve to reach it first that he might end the +conflict with one of the guns lying on the beach. The Indian was the +more expert swimmer, and Poe, outstripped by him, turned and swam +farther into the river, in the hope of avoiding being [269] shot by +diving. Fortunately his antagonist laid hold on the gun which had been +discharged at the little Indian, and he was enabled to get some +distance into the river. + +At this juncture, two others of the whites came up; and one of them +mistaking Poe for a wounded savage attempting to escape, shot and +wounded him in the shoulder. He then turned to make for shore, and +seeing his brother Andrew on the bank, called to him to "shoot the big +Indian." Having done this, Andrew plunged into the river to assist +Adam in getting out; and the wounded savage, to preserve his scalp, +rolled himself into the water, and struggling onward, sunk and could +not be found. + +During the continuance of this contest, the whites had overtaken the +other five Indians, and after a desperate conflict, succeeded in +killing all but one; with the loss of three of their companions.--A +great loss, when the number engaged is taken into consideration. + +----- + [1] L. V. McWhorter informs me that White, who was a + prominent settler, was once with others on a hunting + expedition, when they surprised a small party of Indians. They + killed several, but one active young brave ran off, with White + close at his heels. The Indian leaped from a precipice, + alighting in a quagmire in which he sank to his waist. White, + with tomahawk in hand, jumped after him. In the struggle which + ensued, White buried his weapon in the red man's skull. The + victim's father was among those who escaped, and for a long + time--McWhorter says "several years"--he lurked about the + settlements trailing White. Finally, he succeeded in shooting + his man, within sight of the fort. Mrs. White was an + eye-witness of the tragedy. McWhorter claims that Withers is + mistaken in saying that White was "tomahawked, scalped and + lacerated in the most frightful manner." The avenging Indian + tried to get his scalp, but an attacking party from the fort + were so close upon him that he fled before accomplishing his + object. McWhorter reports another case, not mentioned in + Withers. One Fink was "killed by Indians in ambush, while + letting down a pair of bars one evening, just in front of where + the Buckhannon court-house now stands."--R. G. T. + + [2] The council was held at Wapatomica, in June. There were + present representatives of the Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandots, + Delawares, Shawnees, Munsees, and Cherokees. Simon Girty came + with the Wyandots; Captain McKee was then a trader at + Wapatomica.--R. G. T. + + [3] See the alleged speech in Butterfield's _History of the + Girtys_, pp. 190, 191.--R. G. T. + + [4] The Kentucky party was under Capt. William Caldwell, who + wrote, "I crossed the Ohio with three hundred Indians and + rangers." Capts. McKee and Elliott, and the three Girtys were + with the expedition. Caldwell crossed the river early in July, + not far below the mouth, of Limestone creek--site of the + present Maysville, Ky.--R. G. T. + + [5] They arrived on the night of August 15.--R. G. T. + + [6] The above incident is mentioned in none of the + contemporary chronicles, and is probably fiction.--R. G. T. + + [7] The attack was begun early in the morning of the 16th, + and continued with more or less vigor until about 10 A. M. of + the 17th. Caldwell then withdrew his force "in a leisurely + manner." The attacking party lost five killed and two wounded, + all Indians; the garrison lost four killed and three + wounded.--R. G. T. + + [8] A hundred and eighty-two, under Col. John Todd. Pursuit + was commenced on the 18th.--R. G. T. + + [9] The battle occurred at 8 A. M. of August 19, a short + distance north of the Lower Blue Licks, on the Licking river, + in what is now Nicholas County.--R. G. T. + + [10] The tendency among early Western chroniclers has been + greatly to magnify the importance of Simon Girty. He was merely + an interpreter on this, as on most other expeditions. Caldwell + was in command. The British force now consisted of 200 Indians + and 30 rangers. Some of the Indians had already left for their + villages.--R. G. T. + + [11] The British rangers lost one of their number by death; + of their Indian allies, ten were killed and fourteen wounded. + Of the Kentuckians, about seventy were killed, several badly + wounded, and seven made prisoners. Caldwell continued his + leisurely retreat to Upper Sandusky, which he reached September + 24, the Indians meanwhile dispersing to their several + homes.--R. G. T. + + [12] Gen. George Rogers Clark gave this official report of + his expedition against the Shawnees, in a letter dated Lincoln, + November 27, 1782: "We left the Ohio the 4th instant, with 1050 + men, surprised the principal Shawanese Town in the evening of + the 10th, and immediately detached strong parties to different + quarters; and in a few hours afterwards two thirds of the towns + were laid in ashes, and every thing they were possessed of + destroyed, except such as were most useful to the troops, the + enemy not having time to secrete any part of their property. + The British trading post at the head of the Miami and Carrying + Place to the waters of the Lakes, shared the same by a party of + 150 horse, commanded by Col. Logan, and property to a great + amount was also destroyed: the quantity of provisions burnt far + surpassed any idea we had of their stores. The loss of the + enemy was ten scalps, seven prisoners, and two whites retaken; + ours, one killed and one wounded. + + "After laying part of four days in their towns, and finding all + attempts to bring them to a general action fruitless, we + retired, as the season was far advanced and the weather + threatening. I could not learn by the prisoners that they had + the least idea of General Irvin's design of penetrating into + their country. Should he have given them another stroke at + Sandusky, it will more than double the advantages already + gained. + + "We might probably have got many more scalps and prisoners--could + we have known in time whether or not we were discovered, which we + took for granted until getting within three miles when some + circumstances occurred that gave us reason to think otherwise, + though uncertain.--Col. Floyd, with 300 men, was ordered to + advance and bring on an action or attack the town, Major Wells + with a party of horse being previously detached by a + different route as a party of observation: although Col. + Floyd's motion was so quick as to get to the town but a few + minutes later than those who discovered his approach, the + inhabitants had sufficient notice to effect their escape to + the woods by the alarm cry being given, and which was repeated by + all that heard it; of course our party only fell in with the + rear of the enemy. + + "I must beg leave to recommend the militia of Kentucky whose + behaviour on the occasion does them honour, particularly their + desire of saving prisoners." + + The document is here given as found in Almon's _Remembrancer_, + xvi., pp. 93, 94; but it has of course been edited, after the + fashion of that day, for Clark's original letters abound in + misspellings.--R. G. T. + + [13] [264] This heroine had but recently returned from + Philadelphia, where she had received her education, and was + totally unused to such scenes as were daily exhibiting on the + frontier. She afterwards became the wife of Mr. McGlanlin; and + he dying, she married a Mr. Clarke, and is yet living in Ohio. + + [14] See p. 224, _note_ 1, for reference to confusion between + the two sieges of Wheeling, and the over-statement of early + border historians.--R. G. T. + + + + +[270] CHAPTER XVI. + + +The treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, which +terminated so gloriously the war of the revolution, did not put a +period to Indian hostilities.[1] The aid which had been extended to +the savages, and which enabled them so successfully to gratify their +implacable resentment against the border country, being withdrawn, +they were less able to cope with the whites than they had been, and +were less a hindrance to the population and improvement of those +sections of country which had been the theatre of their many outrages. +In North Western Virginia, indeed, although the war continued to be +waged against its inhabitants, yet it assumed a different aspect. It +became a war rather of plunder, than of blood; and although in the +predatory incursions of the Indians, individuals some times fell a +sacrifice to savage passion; yet this was of such rare occurrence, +that the chronicles of those days are divested of much of the +interest, which attaches to a detail of Indian hostilities. For +several years, scarce an incident occurred worthy of being rescued +from oblivion. + +In Kentucky it was far otherwise. The war continued to be prosecuted +there, with the wonted vigor of the savages.--The General Assembly +of Virginia having, at the close of the revolution, passed an act +for surveying the land set apart for her officers and soldiers, south +of Green river, the surveyors descended to the Ohio, to explore the +country and perform the duties assigned them. On their arrival they +found it occupied by the savages, and acts of hostilities immediately +[271] ensued. In December, 1783, the Legislature likewise passed an +act, appropriating the country between the Scioto and Miami rivers, +for the purpose of satisfying the claims of the officers and +soldiers, if the land previously allotted, in Kentucky, should prove +insufficient for that object. This led to a confederacy of the many +tribes of Indians, interested in those sections of country, and +produced such feelings and gave rise to such acts of hostility on +their part, as induced Benjamin Harrison the Governor of Virginia, in +November, 1784, to recommend the postponement of the surveys; and +in January, 1785, a proclamation was issued, by Patrick Henry, +(successor of Gov. Harrison) commanding the surveyors to desist and +leave the country. A treaty was soon after concluded, by which the +country on the Scioto, Miami, and Muskingum, was ceded to the +United States.[2] In this interval of time, North Western Virginia +enjoyed almost uninterrupted repose. There was indeed an alarm of +Indians, on Simpson's creek in 1783, but it soon subsided; and the +circumstance which gave rise to it (the discharge of a gun at Major +Power) was generally attributed to a white man. + +In 1784, the settlement towards the head of West Fork, suffered +somewhat from savage invasion. A party of Indians came to the house of +Henry Flesher, (where the town of Weston now is) and fired at the old +gentleman, as he was returning from the labors of the field. The gun +discharged at him, had been loaded with two balls, and both taking +effect, crippled his arm a good deal. Two savages immediately ran +towards him; and he, towards the door; and just as he was in the act +of entering it, one of them had approached so closely as to strike at +him with the butt end of his gun. The breech came first in contact +with the facing of the door, and descending on his head, seemed to +throw him forward into the house, and his wife closing the door, no +attempt was made by the savages to force it open. Still, however, they +did not feel secure; and as soon as they became assured that the +savages were withdrawn, they left the house and sought security +elsewhere. Most of the family lay in the woods during the night,--one +young woman succeeded in finding the way to Hacker's creek, from +whence Thomas Hughes immediately departed to find the others. This was +effected early next morning, and all were safely escorted to that +settlement. + +[272] The foregoing event happened in September, and in a few days +after, as Daniel Radcliff was proceeding to the Brushy Fork of Elk +creek on a hunting expedition, he was shot (probably by the Indians +who had been at Flesher's,) tomahawked and scalped in a shocking +manner. + +In 1785, six Indians came to Bingamon creek, (a branch of the West +Fork) and made their appearance upon a farm occupied by Thomas and +Edward Cunningham. At this time the two brothers were dwelling with +their families in separate houses, but nearly adjoining, though not in +a direct line with each other. Thomas was then on a trading visit east +of the mountain, and his wife and four children were collected in +their room for the purpose of eating dinner, as was Edward with his +family, in their house. Suddenly a lusty savage entered where were +Mrs. Thomas Cunningham and her children, but seeing that he would be +exposed to a fire from the other house, and apprehending no danger +from the woman and children, he closed the door and seemed for a time +only intent on the means of escaping. + +Edward Cunningham had seen the savage enter his brother's house, and +fastened his own door, seized his gun and stepping to a small aperture +in the wall next the house in which was the Indian, and which served +as well for a port hole as for the admission of light, was ready to +fire whenever the savage should make his appearance. But in the other +house was a like aperture, and through it the Indian fired at Edward, +and shouted the yell of victory. It was answered by Edward. He had +seen the aim of the savage only in time to avoid it,--the bark from +the log close to his head, was knocked off by the ball and flew into +his face. The Indian seeing that he had missed his object, and +observing an adze in the room, deliberately commenced cutting an +aperture in the back wall through which he might pass out without +being exposed to a shot from the other building.[3] + +Another of the Indians came into the yard just after the firing of his +companion, but observing Edward's gun pointing through the port hole, +he endeavored to retreat out of its range. He failed of his purpose. +Just as he was about to spring over the fence, the gun was fired and +he fell forward. The ball however only fractured his thigh bone, and +he was yet able to hobble over the fence and take shelter behind a +[273] coverlet suspended on it, before Edward could again load his +gun. + +While the Indian was engaged in cutting a hole in the wall, Mrs. +Cunningham made no attempt to get out. She was well aware that it +would draw down upon her head the fury of the savage; and that if she +escaped this, she would most probably be killed by some of those who +were watching around, before the other door could be opened for her +admission.--She knew too, that it was impossible for her to take the +children with her, and could not brook the idea of leaving them in the +hands of the savage monster. She even trusted to the hope that he +would withdraw, as soon as he could, without molesting any of them. A +few minutes served to convince her of the fallacy of this expectation. +When the opening had been made sufficiently large, he raised his +tomahawk, sunk it deep into the brains of one of the children, and +throwing the scarcely lifeless body into the back yard, ordered the +mother to follow after. There was no alternative but death, and she +obeyed his order, stepping over the dead body of one of her +children,[4] with an infant in her arms and two others screaming from +horror at the sight, and clinging to her. When all were out he scalped +the murdered boy, and setting fire to the house, retired to an +eminence in the field, where two of the savages were, with their +wounded companion.--leaving the other two to watch the opening of +Edward Cunningham's door, when the burning of the house should force +the family from their shelter. They were disappointed in their +expectation of that event by the exertions of Cunningham and his son. +When the flame from the one house communicated to the roof of the +other, they ascended to the loft, threw off the loose boards which +covered it, and extinguished the fire;--the savages shooting at them +all the while, and their balls frequently striking close by. + +Despairing of accomplishing farther havoc, and fearful of detection +and pursuit, the Indians collected together and prepared to retreat. +Mrs. Cunningham's eldest son was first tomahawked and scalped; the +fatal hatchet sunk into the head of her little daughter, whom they +then took by the arms and legs, and slinging it repeatedly against a +tree, ended its sufferings with its life. Mrs. Cunningham stood +motionless with grief, and in momentary expectation of having the same +dealt to her and her innocent infant. But no! She was [274] doomed to +captivity; and with her helpless babe in her arms, was led off from +this scene of horror and of wo. The wounded savage was carried on a +rough litter, and they all departed, crossing the ridge to Bingamon +creek, near which they found a cave that afforded them shelter and +concealment.[5] After night, they returned to Edward Cunningham's, and +finding no one, plundered and fired the house. + +When the savages withdrew in the evening, Cunningham went with his +family into the woods, where they remained all night, there being no +settlement nearer than eight or ten miles. In the morning, proceeding +to the nearest house, they gave the alarm and a company of men was +soon collected to go in pursuit of the Indians. When they came to +Cunningham's and found both houses heaps of ashes, they buried the +bones which remained of the boy who was murdered in the house, with +the bodies of his brother and little sister, who were killed in the +field; but so cautiously had the savages conducted their retreat that +no traces of them could be discovered, and the men returned to their +homes. + +Some days after, circumstances induced the belief that the Indians +were yet in the neighborhood, and men were again assembled for the +purpose of tracing them. They were now enabled to distinguish the +trail, and pursued it near to the cave, where from the number of rocks +on the ground and the care which had been taken by the Indians to +leave no vestige, they could no longer discover it. They however +examined for it in every direction until night forced them to desist. +In thinking over the incidents of the day; the cave occurred to the +mind of Major Robinson, who was well acquainted with the woods, and he +concluded that the savages must be concealed in it. It was examined +early next morning, but they had left it the preceding night and +departed for their towns. After her return from captivity, Mrs. +Cunningham stated, that in time of the search on the day before, the +Indians were in the cave, and that several times the whites approached +so near, that she could distinctly hear their voices; the savages +standing with their guns ready to fire, in the event of their being +discovered, and forcing her to keep the infant to her breast, lest its +crying might point to the place of their concealment.[6] + +In consequence of their stay at this place on account of their wounded +companion, it was some time before they arrived [275] in their own +country;[7] and Mrs. Cunningham's sufferings, of body as well as mind +were truly great. Fatigue and hunger oppressed her sorely,--the infant +in her arms, wanting the nourishment derived from the due sustenance +of the mother, plied at the breast for milk, in vain--blood came in +stead; and the Indians perceiving this, put a period to its +sufferings, with the tomahawk, even while clinging to its mother's +bosom. It was cast a little distance from the path, and left without a +leaf or bush to hide it from beasts of prey. + +The anguish of this woman during the journey to the towns, can only be +properly estimated by a parent; her bodily sufferings may be inferred +from the fact, that for ten days her only sustenance consisted of the +head of a wild turkey and three papaws, and from the circumstance that +the skin and nails of her feet, scalded by frequent wading of the +water, came with her stockings, when upon their arrival at a village +of the Delawares, she was permitted to draw them off. Yet was she +forced to continue on with them the next day.--One of the Indians +belonging to the village where they were, by an application of some +sanative herbs, very much relieved the pain which she endured. + +When she came to the town of those by whom she had been made prisoner, +although receiving no barbarous or cruel usage, yet everything +indicated to her, that she was reserved for some painful torture. The +wounded Indian had been left behind, and she was delivered to his +father. Her clothes were not changed, as is the case when a prisoner +is adopted by them; but she was compelled to wear them, dirty as they +were,--a bad omen for a captive. She was however, not long in +apprehension of a wretched fate. A conference was soon to take place +between the Indians and whites, preparatory to a treaty of peace; and +witnessing an uncommon excitement in the village one evening, upon +inquiring, learned that the Great captain Simon Girty had arrived. She +determined to prevail with him, if she could, to intercede for her +liberation, and seeing him next day passing near on horseback, she +laid hold on his stirrup, and implored his interference. For a while +he made light of her petition,--telling her that she would be as well +there as in her own country, and that if he were disposed to do her a +kindness he could not as his saddle bags were too small to conceal +her; but her importunity at length prevailed, and he whose heart had +been so long steeled [276] against every kindly feeling, every +sympathetic impression, was at length induced to perform an act of +generous, disinterested benevolence. He paid her ransom, had her +conveyed to the commissioners for negotiating with the Indians, and by +them she was taken to a station on the south side of the Ohio.[8] Here +she met with two gentlemen (Long and Denton) who had been at the +treaty to obtain intelligence of their children taken captive some +time before, but not being able to gain any information respecting +them, they were then returning to the interior of Kentucky and kindly +furnished her a horse. + +In consequence of the great danger attending a journey through the +wilderness which lay between the settlements in Kentucky and those on +the Holstein, persons scarcely ever performed it but at particular +periods of the year, and in caravans, the better to defend themselves +against attacks of savages. Notice of the time and place of the +assembling of one of these parties being given, Mrs. Cunningham +prepared to accompany it; but before that time arrived, they were +deterred from the undertaking by the report that a company of +travellers, stronger than theirs would be, had been encountered by the +Indians, and all either killed or made prisoners. Soon after another +party resolved on a visit to Virginia, and Mrs. Cunningham was +furnished a horse belonging to a gentleman on Holstein (which had +escaped from him while on a buffalo hunt in Kentucky and was found +after his return,) to carry her that far on her way home. Experiencing +the many unpleasant circumstances incident to such a jaunt, she +reached Holstein, and from thence, after a repose of a few days, +keeping up the Valley of Virginia, she proceeded by the way of +Shenandoah, to the county of Harrison.[9] Here she was sadly +disappointed in not meeting with her husband. Having understood that +she had been ransomed and taken to Kentucky, he had, some time before, +gone on in quest of her. Anxiety for his fate, alone and on a journey +which she well knew to be fraught with many dangers, she could not +cheerily partake of the general joy excited by her return. In a few +days however, he came back. He had heard on Holstein of her having +passed there and he retraced his steps. Arriving at his brother +Edward's, he again enjoyed the satisfaction of being with all that was +then dear to him on earth. It was a delightful satisfaction, but +presently damped by the recollection of [277] the fate of his luckless +children--Time assuaged the bitterness of the recollection and blessed +him with other and more fortunate children.[10] + +In October 1784, a party of Indians ascended Sandy river and passing +over to the head of Clynch, came to the settlement near where Tazewell +court house is now located. Going first to the house of a Mr. +Davisson, they killed him and his wife; and setting fire to their +dwelling, proceeded towards the residence of James Moore, sr. On their +way they met Moore salting his horses at a _lick trough_ in the woods, +and killed him. They then went to the house and captured Mrs. Moore +and her seven children, and Sally Ivens, a young lady who was there +on a visit. Fearing detection, they immediately departed for Ohio with +the prisoners; and in order to expedite their retreat, killed John +Moore, jr. and the three younger children. + +Upon their arrival at the Shawanee town on the Scioto (near the mouth +of Paint creek) a council was held, and it was resolved that two of +the captives should be _burned alive_, to avenge the death of some of +their warriors who had been killed on the Kentucky river. This +dreadful doom was allotted to Mrs. Moore and her daughter Jane,--an +interesting girl about sixteen years of age. They were tied to a post +and tortured to death with burning splinters of pine, in the presence +of the remaining members of the family. + +After the death of his mother and sister, James Moore was sent to +the Maumee towns in Michigan, where he remained until December +1785,--his sister Mary and Sally Ivins remaining with the Shawanees. +In December 1786, they were all brought to Augusta county in +conformity with the stipulations of the treaty of Miami, and ransomed +by their friends.[11] + +In the fall of 1796, John Ice and James Snodgrass were killed by the +Indians when looking for their horses which they [278] had lost on a +buffalo hunt on Fishing creek. Their remains were afterwards +found--the flesh torn from the bones by the wolves--and buried. + +In a few days after Ice and Snodgrass left home in quest of their +horses, a party of Indians came to Buffalo creek in Monongalia, and +meeting with Mrs. Dragoo and her son in a corn field gathering beans, +took them prisoners, and supposing that their detention would induce +others to look for them, they waylaid the path leading [277] from the +house. According to their expectation, uneasy at their continued +absence, Jacob Strait and Nicholas Wood went to ascertain its cause. +As they approached the Indians fired from their covert, and Wood +fell;--Strait taking to flight was soon overtaken. Mrs. Strait and her +daughter, hearing the firing and seeing the savages in pursuit of Mr. +Strait, betook themselves also to flight, but were discovered by some +of the Indians who immediately ran after them. The daughter concealed +herself in a thicket of bushes and escaped observation. Her mother +sought concealment under a large shelving rock, and was not afterwards +discovered by the savages, although those in pursuit of her husband, +passed near and overtook him not far off. Indeed she was at that time +so close, as to hear Mr. Strait say, when overtaken, "don't kill me +and I will go with you;" and the savage replying "will you go with +me," she heard the fatal blow which deprived her husband of life. + +Mrs. Dragoo being infirm and unable to travel to their towns, was +murdered on the way. Her son (a lad of seven) remained with the +Indians upwards of twenty years,--he married a squaw, by whom he had +four children,--two of whom he brought home with him, when he forsook +the Indians. + +In 1787 the Indians again visited the settlement on Buffaloe, and as +Levi Morgan was engaged in skinning a wolf which he had just taken +from his trap, he saw three of them--one riding a horse which he well +knew, the other two walking near behind--coming towards him. On first +looking in the direction they were coming, he recognized the horse, +and supposed the rider to be its owner--one of his near neighbors. A +second glance discovered the mistake, and he siezed his gun and sprang +behind a large rock,--the Indians at the same instant taking shelter +by the side of a large tree.--As soon as his body was obscured from +their view, he turned, and seeing the Indians looking towards the +farther end of the [279] rocks as if expecting him to make his +appearance there, he fired and one of them fell. Instantly he had +recourse to his powder horn to reload, but while engaged in skinning +the wolf the stopper had fallen out and his powder was wasted. He +then fled, and one of the savages took after him. For some time he +held to his gun; but finding his pursuer sensibly gaining on him, he +dropped it under the hope that it would attract the attention of the +Indian and give him a better chance of escape. The savage passed +heedlessly by it. Morgan then threw his shot pouch and coat in the +way, to tempt the Indian to a momentary delay. It was equally +vain,--his pursuer did not falter for an instant. He now had recourse +to another expedient to save himself from captivity or death. Arriving +at the summit of the hill up which he had directed his steps, he +halted; and, as if some men were approaching from the other side, +called aloud, "come on, come on; here is one, make haste." The Indian +not doubting that he was really calling to some men at hand, turned +and retreated as precipitately as he had advanced; and when he heard +Morgan exclaim, "shoot quick, or he will be out of reach," he seemed +to redouble his exertion to gain that desirable distance. Pleased with +the success of the artifice, Morgan hastened home; leaving his coat +and gun to reward the savage for the deception practised on him.[12] + +In September of this year, a party of Indians were discovered in the +act of catching some horses on the West Fork above Clarksburg; and a +company of men led on by Col. Lowther, went immediately in pursuit of +them.[13] On the third night the Indians and whites, unknown to each +other, encamped not far apart; and in the morning the fires of the +latter being discovered by Elias Hughes, the detachment which was +accompanying him fired upon the camp, and one of the savages fell. The +remainder taking [279] to flight, one of them passed near to where +Col. Lowther and the other men were, and the Colonel firing at him as +he ran, the ball entering at his shoulder, perforated him, and he +fell. The horses and plunder which had been taken by the savages, were +then collected by the whites, and they commenced their return home, in +the confidence of false security. They had not proceeded far, when two +guns were unexpectedly fired at them, and John Bonnet fell, pierced +through the body. He died before he reached home.[14] + +[280] The Indians never thought the whites justifiable in flying to +arms to punish them for acts merely of rapine. They felt authorized to +levy contributions of this sort, whenever an occasion served, viewing +property thus acquired as (to use their own expression) the "only rent +which they received for their lands;" and if when detected in secretly +exacting them, their blood paid the penalty, they were sure to +retaliate with tenfold fury, on the first favorable opportunity. The +murder of these two Indians by Hughes and Lowther was soon followed by +acts of retribution, which are believed to have been, at least +mediately, produced by them. + +On the 5th of December, a party of Indians and one white man (Leonard +Schoolcraft) came into the settlement on Hacker's creek, and meeting +with a daughter of Jesse Hughes, took her prisoner. Passing on, they +came upon E. West, Senr. carrying some fodder to the stable, and +taking him likewise captive, carried him to where Hughes' daughter had +been left in charge of some of their party.--Here the old gentleman +fell upon his knees and expressed a fervent wish that they would not +deal harshly by him. His petition was answered by a stroke of the +tomahawk, and he fell dead. + +They then went to the house of Edmund West, Jun. where were Mrs. West +and her sister (a girl of eleven years old, daughter of John Hacker) +and a lad of twelve, a brother of West. Forcing open the door, +Schoolcraft and two of the savages entered; and one of them +immediately tomahawked Mrs. West. The boy was taking some corn from +under the bed,--he was drawn out by the feet and the tomahawk sank +twice in his forehead, directly above each eye. The girl was standing +behind the door. One of the savages approached and aimed at her a +blow. She tried to evade it; but it struck on the side of her neck, +though not with sufficient force to knock her down. She fell however, +and lay as if killed. Thinking their work of death accomplished here, +they took from a press some milk, butter and bread, placed it on the +table, and deliberately sat down to eat,--the little girl observing +all that passed, in silent stillness. When they had satisfied their +hunger, they arose, scalped the woman and boy, plundered the +house--even emptying the feathers to carry off the ticking--and +departed, dragging the little girl by the hair, forty or fifty yards +from the house. They then threw her over the fence, and scalped her; +but as she evinced symptoms of life, Schoolcraft observed "_that is +not enough_," when immediately one of the savages thrust a knife into +her side, and they left her. Fortunately the point of the knife came +in contact with a rib and did not injure her much. + +Old Mrs. West and her two daughters, who were alone when the old +gentleman was taken, became uneasy that he did not return; and fearing +that he had fallen into the hands of savages (as they could not +otherwise account for his absence) they left the house and went to +Alexander West's, who was then on a hunting expedition with his +brother Edmund. They told of the absence of old Mr. West and [281] +their fears for his fate; and as there was no man here, they went over +to Jesse Hughes' who was himself uneasy that his daughter did not come +home. Upon hearing that West too was missing, he did not doubt but +that both had fallen into the hands of Indians; and knowing of the +absence from home of Edmund West, Jun. he deemed it advisable to +apprize his wife of danger, and remove her to his house. For this +purpose and accompanied by Mrs. West's two daughters, he went on. On +entering the door, the tale of destruction which had been done there +was soon told in part. Mrs. West and the lad lay weltering in their +blood, but not yet dead. The sight overpowered the girls, and Hughes +had to carry them off.--Seeing that the savages had but just left +them; and aware of the danger which would attend any attempt to move +out and give the alarm that night, Hughes guarded his own house until +day, when he spread the sorrowful intelligence, and a company were +collected to ascertain the extent of the mischief and try to find +those who were known to be missing. + +Young West was found--standing in the creek about a mile from where he +had been tomahawked. The brains were oozing from his head; yet he +survived in extreme suffering for three days. Old Mr. West was found +in the field where he had been tomahawked. Mrs. West was in the house; +she had probably lived but a few minutes after Hughes and her +sisters-in-law had left there.--The little girl (Hacker's daughter) +was in bed at the house of old Mr. West. She related the history of +the transactions at Edmund West's, Jun. and said that she went to +_sleep_ when thrown over the fence and was awaked by the scalping. +After she had been stabbed at the suggestion of Schoolcraft and left, +she tried to re-cross the fence to the house, but as she was climbing +up she again went to sleep and fell back. She then walked into the +woods, sheltered herself as well as she could in the top of a fallen +tree, and remained there until the cocks crew in the morning. + +Remembering that there was no person left alive at the house of her +sister, awhile before day she proceeded to old Mr. West's. She found +no person at home, the fire nearly out, but the hearth warm and she +laid down on it. The heat produced a sickly feeling, which caused her +to get up and go to the bed, in which she was found.--She recovered, +grew up, was married, gave birth to ten children, and died, as was +believed, of an affection of the head, occasioned by the wound she +received that night. Hughes' daughter was ransomed by her father the +next year, and is yet living in sight of the theatre of those savage +enormities. + +In March 1789, two Indians came to the house of Mr. Glass in the upper +end of Ohio (now Brooke) county. They were discovered by a negro +woman, who immediately exclaimed, "here are Indians." Mrs. Glass rose +up from her spinning wheel, ran to the door, and was met by an Indian +with his gun presented. She laid hold on the muzzle and turning it +aside, begged that he would not kill, [282] but take her prisoner. He +walked into the house and when joined by another Indian with the negro +woman and her boy, about four years old, they opened a chest, took out +a small box and some articles of clothing, and without doing farther +mischief, departed with the prisoners,--Mrs. Glass and her child, two +years of age, the negro woman and boy and her infant child. They had +proceeded but a short distance when a consultation was held, and Mrs. +Glass supposing from their gestures and frequent pointing towards the +children they were the subject of deliberation, held forth her little +boy to one of the savages and begged that he might be spared--adding, +"he will make a fine little Indian after awhile." He signed to her to +go on. The other savage then struck the negro boy with the pipe end of +his tomahawk, and with the edge gave him a blow across the back of the +neck, and scalped and left him. + +In the evening they came to the Ohio river just above Wellsburg, and +descended it in a canoe about five miles, to the mouth of Rush run. +They drew the canoe some distance up the run and proceeding between +one and two miles farther encamped for the night.--Next morning they +resumed their march and about two o'clock halted on Indian Short +creek, twenty miles farther. + +When the savages came to the house of Mr. Glass he was at work in a +field some few hundred yards off, and was ignorant that any thing +extraordinary had occurred there, until in the afternoon.--Searching +in vain for his wife, he became satisfied that she had been taken by +the Indians; and proceeding to Well's fort prevailed on ten men to +accompany him in quest of them. Early next morning they discovered the +place where the Indians embarked in the canoe; and as Mr. Glass +readily distinguished the impression made by Mrs. Glass' shoe on the +sand, they crossed the river with great expectation of being able to +overtake them. They then went down the river to the mouth of Rush run, +where the canoe was found and identified by some of Mr. Glass' papers, +purposely left there by Mrs. Glass. From this place the trail of the +Indians and their prisoners was plainly visible, and pursuing it, the +party arrived in view of the smoke from their fire on Short creek, +about an hour after the Indians had halted. Crossing slyly forward, +when rather more than one hundred yards off they beheld the two +savages attentively inspecting a red jacket which one of them held, +and Mrs. Glass and her little boy and the negro woman and her child a +few paces from them.--Suddenly the Indians let fall the jacket, and +looked towards the men. Supposing they were discovered, they +discharged their guns and rushed towards the fire. One of the Indians +fell and dropped his gun, but recovering, ran about one hundred yards +when a shot aimed at him by Major McGuire brought him to his hands and +knees.--Mrs. Glass informing them that there was another encampment of +Indians close by, instead of following the wounded savage, they +returned home with all speed. + +[283] In August five Indians on their way to the settlements on the +waters of the Monongahela, met with two men on Middle Island creek, +and killed them. Taking their horses they continued on their route +until they came to the house of William Johnson on Ten Mile, and made +prisoner of Mrs. Johnson and some children; plundered the house, +killed part of the stock, and taking with them one of Johnson's +horses, returned towards the Ohio. When the Indians came to the house, +Johnson had gone to a lick not far off, and on his return in the +morning, seeing what had been done, and searching until he found the +trail of the savages and their prisoners, ran to Clarksburg for +assistance. A company of men repaired with him immediately to where +he had discovered the trail, and keeping it about a mile, found four +of the children lying dead in the woods. The savages had tomahawked +and scalped them, and placing their heads close together, turned their +bodies and feet straight out so as to represent a cross. The dead were +buried and farther pursuit given over. + +Other Indians, about the same time, came to the house of John Mack on +a branch of Hacker's creek. He being from home, they killed all who +were at the house. Two of the children, who had been sent into the +woods to hunt the cattle, returning, saw a little sister lying in the +yard scalped, and directly fled, and gave the alarm. In the morning +some men assembled and went to ascertain the extent of the mischief. +The house was no longer to be seen,--a heap of ashes was all that +remained of it. The little girl who had been scalped in the yard, was +much burned, and those who had been murdered in the house, were +consumed with it. Mrs. Mack had been taken some distance from the +house, tomahawked, scalped, and stripped naked. She was yet alive; and +as the men approached, a sense of her situation induced her to exert +her feeble strength in drawing leaves around her so as to conceal her +nakedness. The men wrapped their hunting shirts about her, and carried +her to a neighboring house. She lived a few days, gave birth to a +child and died. + +Some time after the murder of Mack's family, John Sims, living on a +branch of Gnatty creek, seeing his horses come running up much +affrighted, was led to believe that the Indians had been trying to +catch them. In a few minutes, the dogs began to bark furiously in the +corn field adjoining, and he became satisfied the savages were +approaching. Knowing [284] that he could offer no effectual +resistance, if they should attack his house, he contrived an artifice +to deter them from approaching. Taking down his gun, he walked around +the house backward and forward, and as if speaking to men in it, +called out, "_Be watchful._ They will soon be here, and as soon as you +see them, draw a fine bead;" Mrs. Sims in a coarse tone of voice and +with feigned resolution, answering as she had been advised, "Never +fear! let them once shew their yellow hides, and we'll pepper them." +He would then retire into the house, change his garments, the better +to support the deception, and again go forth to watch and give +directions to those within. He pursued this plan until night, when he +withdrew with his family to a place of safety. The Indians had +actually been in the cornfield, and near enough to have shot +Sims,--the place where they had been sitting being plainly discernible +next morning. Sims' artifice no doubt drove them off, and as they were +retreating they fired the house of Jethro Thompson on Lost creek. + +In the spring of 1790, the neighborhood of Clarksburg was again +visited by Indians in quest of plunder, and who stole and carried off +several horses. They were discovered and pursued to the Ohio river, +when the pursuers, being reinforced, determined to follow on over into +the Indian country. Crossing the river and ascending the Hockhocking, +near to the falls, they came upon the camp of the savages. The whites +opened an unexpected fire, which killing one and wounding another of +the Indians, caused the remainder to fly, leaving their horses about +their camp.--These were caught, brought back and restored to their +owners. + +In April as Samuel Hull was engaged in ploughing a field for Major +Benjamin Robinson, he was discovered by some Indians, shot, +tomahawked, and scalped. The murder was first ascertained by Mrs. +Robinson. Surprised that Hull did not come to the house as usual, to +feed the horses and get his own dinner, she went to the field to see +what detained him. She found the horses some distance from where they +had been recently at work; and going on, presently saw Hull lying +where he had been shot. + +----- + [1] News of the preliminary articles of peace, which had + been signed at Paris, November 30, 1782, did not reach Fort + Pitt until May, 1783. In July following, De Peyster, British + commandant at Detroit, gathered at that post the chiefs of + eleven tribes as far south as the Great Miami and the Wabash, + and informed them of the event.--R. G. T. + + [2] The treaty was held at Fort McIntosh, at the mouth of + the Beaver, early in January, 1785. The tribes represented were + the Wyandots, Chippewas, Delawares, and Ottawas. The + commissioners were Arthur Lee, Richard Butler, and George + Rogers Clark. Col. Josiah Harmar was in charge of the + troops.--R. G. T. + + [3] L. V. McWhorter, well informed in the local traditions, + writes: "When the Indian sprang into the house, with drawn + tomahawk, he closed and for a few moments stood with his back + to the door. Then, while cutting an opening through the wall, + he asked Mrs. Cunningham how many men there were in the other + house. She answered by holding up the extended fingers of both + hands, indicating 10."--R. G. T. + + [4] McWhorter: "Mrs. Cunningham related that the last + she saw of her little daughter, was one quivering little + foot sticking up over a log behind which she had been + thrown."--R. G. T. + + [5] McWhorter: "The cave in which Mrs. Cunningham was + concealed is on Little Indian Run, a branch of Big Bingamon + Creek, on which stream the tragedy took place. The cave is + about two miles northwest of the site of the capture, and in + Harrison County, W. Va."--R. G. T. + + [6] McWhorter: "Mrs. Cunningham stated that an Indian stood + over her with an uplifted tomahawk, to prevent her from crying + out. At times, the whites were upon the very rock above their + heads."--R. G. T. + + [7] McWhorter says local tradition has it that the Indians + remained in the cave a night and a day; they departed before + daylight, during the second night. Mrs. Cunningham related that + just before leaving, the wounded brave was borne from the cave + by his fellows, and she never again saw him; her opinion was, + that he was then dead, and his body was sunk in a neighboring + pool.--R. G. T. + + [8] Mrs. Cunningham had been over three years with the + savages, when she was taken to a great Indian conference held + at the foot of the Maumee rapids, "at or near the site of the + present Perrysburgh, Ohio," in the autumn of 1788. Girty + brought the attention of McKee, then a British Indian agent, to + the matter, and McKee furnished the trinkets which constituted + the ransom.--R. G. T. + + [9] See McKnight's _Our Western Border_, pp. 714, + 716.--R. G. T. + + [10] Superstition was rife among the Scotch-Irish borderers. + McWhorter writes: "On the day before the capture, a little bird + came into Mrs. Cunningham's cabin and fluttered around the + room. Ever afterwards, she grew frightened whenever a bird + would enter her house. The fear that such an occurrence would + bring bad luck to a household, was an old and widely-spread + superstition."--R. G. T. + + [11] Mary Moore afterwards became the wife of Mr. Brown, a + presbyterian preacher in Augusta. Her brother James Moore, jr., + still resides in Tazewell county; and notwithstanding that he + witnessed the cruel murder of his mother and five brothers and + sisters by the hands of the savages, he is said to have formed + and still retain a strong attachment to the Indians. The + anniversary of the burning of Mrs. Moore & her daughter, is + kept by many in Tazewell as a day of fasting and prayer; and + that tragical event gave rise to some affecting verses, + generally called "Moore's Lamentation." + + [12] At the treaty of Au Glaize, Morgan met with the Indian + who had given him this chase, and who still had his gun. After + talking over the circumstance, rather more composedly than they + had acted it, they agreed to test each other's speed in a + friendly race. The Indian being beaten, rubbed his hams and + said, "_stiff, stiff; too old, too old_." "Well, said Morgan, + you got the gun by outrunning me then, and I should have it now + for outrunning you;" and accordingly took it. + + [13] McWhorter: "Alexander West was with Col. William Lowther + on this expedition. They followed the Indians to the Little + Kanawha River."--R. G. T. + + [14] Another case of border superstition is related to me by + McWhorter. Alexander West had been doing sentry duty most of + the night before, and on being relieved early in the morning, + sat with his back to a tree and, rifle across his lap, fell to + sleep. On awakening he sprang to his feet and cried, "Boys, + look out! Some of us will be killed to-day! I saw the _red doe_ + in my dream; that is the sign of death; I never knew it to + fail!" When Bonnett fell, it was considered in camp to be a + verification of the "red sign." Bonnett was carried by his + comrades on a rude stretcher, but in four days died. His body + was placed in a cleft of rock and the entrance securely + chinked.--R. G. T. + + + + +[285] CHAPTER XVII. + + +Upon the close of the war of the revolution, many circumstances +conspired to add considerably to the population of Kentucky; and her +strength and ability to cope with the savages and repel invasion, were +consequently much increased. Conscious of this, and sensible of their +own condition, weakened by the withdrawal of their allies, the Indians +did not venture upon expeditions against its inhabitants, requiring to +be conducted by the co-operation of many warriors. They preferred to +wage war in small parties, against detached settlements and +unprotected families; and guarding the Ohio river and the "_wilderness +trace_,"[1] to cut off parties of emigrants removing to that country. +In all of those they were eminently successful. In the interval of +time, between the peace of 1783 and the defeat of General Harmar, in +1790, it is inferred from evidence laid before Congress, that in +Kentucky, not less than one thousand human beings were killed and +taken prisoners. And although the whites were enabled to carry the war +into the heart of the Indian country, and frequently with success, yet +did not this put a stop to their enormities. When pressed by the +presence of a conquering army, they would sue for peace, and enter +into treaties, which they scarcely observed inviolate 'till those +armies were withdrawn from among them. + +In April 1785, some Indians hovering about Bear Grass, met with +Colonel Christian and killed him. His loss was severely felt +throughout the whole country.[2] + +In October of the same year, several families moving to the [286] +country were attacked and defeated on Skegg's creek. Six of the whites +were killed, and a number of the others made prisoners, among whom +were Mrs. McClure and her infant. When the attack was begun, she +secreted herself with four children in some bushes, which together +with the darkness of the night, protected her from observation; and +could she have overcome the feelings of a mother for her child, she +might have ensured her own safety and that of her three other children +by leaving her infant at some distance from them. She was aware of the +danger to which its cries would expose her, and sought to prevent them +by giving it the breast. For awhile it had that effect, but its +shrieks at length arose and drew the savages to the spot. Three of her +children were slain by her side. + +On hearing of this disastrous event, Capt. Whitley collected +twenty-one men from the nearer stations, and went in pursuit of the +aggressors. He presently overtook them, killed two of their party, and +retook the prisoners and the scalps of those whom they had slain.--So +signal was his success over them. + +In ten days afterwards, another company of _movers_, led on by Mr. +Moore, was attacked, and in the skirmish which ensued, nine of their +party were killed. Again Capt. Whitley went in pursuit of the savage +perpetrators of this outrage, having thirty men to accompany him. On +the sixth day of the pursuit, they overtook twenty mounted Indians, +some of whom were clad in the clothes of those they had slain; and who +dismounted and fled upon the first fire. Three of them however were +killed, and eight scalps and all the plunder were recovered. + +In consequence of the many repeated aggressions of the savages, an +expedition was this fall concerted against their towns on the Wabash, +to be carried into immediate execution. Through the exertions of the +county lieutenants an army of one thousand men, was soon assembled at +Louisville[3] and placed under the command of Gen. Clarke, who marched +directly for the theatre of contemplated operations--leaving the +provisions and much of their munitions to be transported in boats. The +army arrived near the towns, before the boats;--the men became +dissatisfied and mutinous, and Gen. Clarke was in consequence, +reluctantly forced to return without striking a blow.[4] + +[287] When the army under Gen. Clarke marched from Louisville, Col. +Logan knowing that the attention of the Indians would be drawn almost +exclusively towards it, & other towns be left exposed and defenceless, +raised a body of troops and proceeded against the villages on the +Great Miami, and on the head waters of Mad river. In this campaign he +burned eight large towns, killed twenty warriors and took between +seventy and eighty prisoners.[5] + +Among the troops led on by Col. Logan, was the late Gen. Lyttle (since +of Cincinnati) then a youth of sixteen.[6] At the head of a party of +volunteers, when the first towns on the Mad river were reduced, he +charged on some of the savages whom he saw endeavoring to reach a +close thicket of hazel and plum bushes. Being some distance in front +of his companions, when within fifty yards of the retreating enemy, he +dismounted, and raising his gun to fire, saw the warrior at whom he +was aiming, hold out his hand in token of surrendering. In this time +the other men had come up and were making ready to fire, when young +Lyttle called to them, "they have surrendered; and remember the +Colonel's orders to kill none who ask for quarters." The warrior +advanced towards him with his hand extended, and ordering the others +to follow him. As he approached, Lyttle gave him his hand, but with +difficulty restrained the men from tomahawking him. It was the head +chief with his three wives and children, two or three of whom were +fine looking lads, and one of them a youth of Lyttle's age. Observing +the conduct of Lyttle in preventing the murder of the chief, this +youth drew close to him. When they returned to the town, a crowd of +men rushed around to see the chief, and Lyttle stepped out of the +crowd to fasten his horse. The lad accompanied him. A young man who +had been to the spring to drink, seeing Lyttle with the Indian lad, +came running towards him. The youth supposed that he was advancing to +kill him, and in the twinkling of an eye let fly an arrow. It passed +through Curner's dress, and grazed his side; and but for the timely +twitch which Lyttle gave the lad's arm, would have killed him. His +other arrows were then taken away, and he sternly reprimanded. + +Upon the return of Lyttle to where the chief stood, he heard Col. +Logan give orders that the prisoners must not be molested, but taken +to a house and placed under guard for their [288] security; and seeing +Major McGary[7] riding up and knowing his disposition, he called to +him saying, "Major McGary, you must not molest those prisoners" and +rode off. McGary mutteringly replied, "I'll see to that;" and +dismounting, entered the circle around the prisoners. He demanded of +the chief, if he were at the battle of the Blue Licks. The chief +probably not understanding the purport of the question, replied +affirmatively. McGary instantly seized an axe from the Grenadier +Squaw, standing by and sunk it into his head. Lyttle saw the +descending stroke and interposed his arm to prevent it or break its +force. The handle came in contact with his wrist and had well nigh +broke it. Indignant at the barbarous deed, with the impetuosity of +youth he drew his knife to avenge it. His arm was arrested, or the +steel would have been plunged into the heart of McGary. The bloody act +of this man caused deep regret, humiliation and shame to pervade the +greater part of the army, and none were more affected by it, than the +brave and generous Logan.--When the prisoners were conducted to the +house, it was with much difficulty the Indian lad could be prevailed +upon to quit the side of Lyttle. + +The commencement of the year 1786 witnessed treaties of peace with all +the neighboring tribes;[8] but its progress was marked by acts of +general hostility. Many individual massacres were committed and in the +fall, a company of _movers_ were attacked, and twenty-one of them +killed. This state of things continuing, in 1787 the secretary of war +ordered detachments of troops to be stationed at [288] different +points for the protection of the frontier. Still the Indians kept up +such an incessant war against it, as after the adoption of the federal +constitution, led the general government to interpose more effectually +for the security of its inhabitants, by sending a body of troops to +operate against them in their own country. + +While these things were doing, a portion of the country north west of +the river Ohio, began to be occupied by the whites. One million and a +half acres of land in that country, having been appropriated as +military land, a company, composed of officers and soldiers in the war +of the revolution, was formed in Boston in March 1786 under the title +of the [289] "Ohio Company," and Gen. Rufus Putnam was appointed its +agent. In the spring of 1788, he with forty-seven other persons, from +Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, repaired to Marietta, +erected a stockade fort for security against the attacks of Indians, +and effected a permanent settlement there.[9] In the autumn of the +same year, twenty families, chiefly from Essex and Middlesex counties +in Massachusetts, likewise moved there, and the forests of lofty +timber fell before their untiring and laborious exertions. Many of +those who thus took up their abodes in that, then _distant_ country +had been actively engaged in the late war, and were used, not only to +face danger with firmness when it came upon them; but also to devise +and practice, means to avert it. Knowing the implacable resentment of +the savages to the whites generally, they were at once careful not to +provoke it into action, and to prepare to ward off its effects. In +consequence of this course of conduct, and their assiduity and +attention to the improvement of their lands, but few massacres were +committed in their neighborhoods, although the savages were waging a +general war against the frontier, and carrying destruction into +settlements, comparatively in the interior. + +In the winter of 1786, Mr. Stites of Redstone visited New York with +the view of purchasing (congress being then in session there) for +settlement, a tract of country between the two Miamies. The better +to insure success to his project, he cultivated the acquaintance of +many members of congress and endeavored to impress upon their minds +its propriety and utility. John Cleves Symmes, then a representative +from New Jersey, and whose aid Stites solicited to enable him to +effect the purchase, becoming impressed with the great pecuniary +advantage which must result from the speculation, if the country were +such as it was represented to be, determined to ascertain this fact by +personal inspection. He did so; and on his return a purchase of one +million of acres, lying on the Ohio and between the Great and Little +Miami, was made in his name. Soon after, he sold to Matthias Denman +and others, that part of his purchase which forms the present site of +the city of Cincinnati; and in the fall of 1789, some families from +New York, New Jersey, and Redstone, descended the Ohio river to the +mouth of the Little Miami. As the Indians were now more than +ordinarily troublesome, forty soldiers under Lieut. Kersey, were +ordered to join them for the [290] defence of the settlement. They +erected at first a single blockhouse, and soon after adding to it +three others, a stockade fort was formed on a position now included +within the town of Columbia. + +In June 1789, Major Doughty with one hundred and forty regulars, +arrived opposite the mouth of Licking, and put up four block houses on +the purchase made by Denman of Symmes, and directly after, erected +Fort Washington. Towards the close of the year, Gen. Harmar arrived +with three hundred other regulars, and occupied the fort. Thus assured +of safety, Israel Ludlow, (jointly interested with Denman and +Patterson) with twenty other persons, moved and commenced building +some cabins along the river and near to the fort.--During the winter +Mr. Ludlow surveyed and laid out the town of Losantiville,[10] but +when Gen. St. Clair came there as governor of the North Western +Territory, he changed its name to Cincinnati.[11] + +[290] In 1790, a settlement was made at the forks of Duck creek, +twenty miles up the Muskingum at the site of the present town of +Waterford; another fifteen miles farther up the river at Big Bottom, +and a third at Wolf creek near the falls. These settlements were made +on a tract of one hundred thousand acres, laid off into "donation" +lots of one hundred acres, and gratuitously assigned to _actual +settlers_; and at the close of the year they contained nearly five +hundred men, of whom one hundred and seven had families. + +Thus was the present flourishing State of Ohio begun to be occupied by +the whites; and the mind cannot but be struck with astonishment in +contemplating the wonderful changes which have been _wrought there_, +in such brief space of time, by industry and enterprise. Where then +stood mighty and unbroken forests, through which the savage passed on +his mission of blood; or stalked the majestic buffaloe, gamboled the +sportive deer, or trotted the shaggy bear, are now to [291] be seen +productive farms, covered with lowing herds and bleating flocks, and +teeming with all the comforts of life.--And where then stood the town +of Losantiville with its three or four little cabins and their twenty +inmates, is now to be seen a flourishing city with its splendid +edifices, and a population of 26,513 souls. Continuing thus +progressively to improve, the mind of man, "pervading and far darting" +as it is, can scarcely picture the state which may be there exhibited +in the lapse of a few centuries. + +The formations of those establishments north west of the Ohio river, +incited the savages to the commission of such and so frequent +enormities that measures were taken by the general government to +reduce them to quiet and render peace truly desirable to them. While +preparations were making to carry those measures into operation, +detachments from the regular troops at Fort Washington were stationed +at Duck creek, the Big Bottom and Wolf creek, for the security of the +_settlers_ at those places; and when every thing was prepared, Gen. +Harmar, at the head of three hundred and twenty regulars, moved from +his head quarters at Fort Washington, to the Little Miami, where the +militia detailed for the expedition, were then assembled. The object +was to bring the Indians, if possible, to a general engagement; and if +this could not be effected, to destroy their towns and crops on the +Scioto and Miami. + +On the last day of September 1790, the army then consisting of +fourteen hundred and forty-three men, (of whom only three hundred and +twenty were regulars) marched forward, and on the 17th of October +reached the Great Miami village.[12] It was found to be entirely +deserted and all the valuable buildings in flames--having been fired +by the Indians. As it was apparent that the savages had but recently +left there, Col. Hardin was detached with two hundred and ten men, +sixty of whom were regulars to overtake them. Having marched about six +miles, he was suddenly attacked by a body of Indians who were +concealed in thickets on every side of an open plain. On the first +onset, the militia made a most precipitate retreat, leaving the few, +but brave regulars to stand the charge. The conflict was short but +bloody. The regular troops, over powered by numbers, were literally +cut to pieces; and only seven of them made their escape and rejoined +the main army at the Great Miami town.[13] + +[292] Among those who were so fortunate as to escape after the +shameful flight of the militia, was Capt. Armstrong of the regulars. +He reached a pond of water about two hundred yards from the field of +action; and plunging himself up to the neck in it, remained there all +night, a spectator of the horrid scene of a savage war dance, +performed over the dead and wounded bodies of his brave soldiers. The +escape of ensign Hartshorn was perhaps owing entirely to a lucky +accident. As he was flying at his best speed he faltered over a log, +which lay in his path, and by the side of which he concealed himself +from the view of the savages. + +Notwithstanding the disastrous termination of this engagement, the +detachment succeeded in reducing the other towns to ashes, and in +destroying their crops of corn and other provisions; and rejoining the +main army under Gen. Harmar, commenced their return to Fort +Washington. Anxious to wipe off in another action, the disgrace which +he felt would attach to the defeat, when within eight miles of +Chilicothe, Gen. Harmar halted his men, and again detached Col. Hardin +and Major Wylleys, with five hundred militia and sixty regulars, to +find the enemy and bring them to an engagement. + +Early next morning, a small body of the enemy was discovered, and +being attacked, fled in different directions.--The militia pursued +them as they ran in despite of orders; and when by this means the +regulars were left alone, they were attacked by the whole force of the +Indians, excepting the small parties whose flight had drawn off the +militia. A severe engagement ensued. The savages fought with +desperation; & when the troops which had gone in pursuit of those who +fled upon the first onset, returned to take part in the engagement, +they threw down their guns and rushed upon the regulars tomahawk in +hand. Many of them fell, but being so very far superior in numbers, +the regulars were at last overpowered. Their firmness and bravery +could not avail much, against so overwhelming a force; for though one +of them might thrust his bayonet into the side of an Indian, two other +savages were at hand to sink their tomahawks into his head. In his +official account of this battle, Gen. Harmar claimed the victory; but +the thinned ranks of his troops shewed that they had been severely +worsted. Fifty of the regulars and one hundred of the militia were +killed in the contest, and many wounded. The loss of the Indians was +no doubt considerable, [293] or they would not have suffered the army +to retire to Fort Washington unmolested.[14] + +Instead of the security from savage hostilities, which it was expected +would result from Harmar's campaign, the inhabitants of the frontier +suffered from them, more than they had been made to endure since the +close of the war with Great Britain. Flushed with the success which +had crowned their exertions to repel the invasion which had been made +into their country, and infuriated at the destruction of their crops +and the conflagration of their villages, they became more active and +zealous in the prosecution of hostilities. + +The settlements which had been recently made in Ohio up the Muskingum, +had ever after their first establishment, continued apparently on the +most friendly terms with the Indians; but on the part of the savages, +friendship had only been feigned, to lull the whites into a ruinous +security. When this end was attained, they too were made to feel the +bitterness of savage enmity. On the 2d of January 1791, a party of +Indians came to the Big Bottom, and commenced an indiscriminate murder +of the inhabitants; fourteen of whom were killed and five taken +prisoners. The settlement at Wolf's creek escaped a similar fate, by +being apprized of the destruction of Big Bottom by two men who got +safely off in time of the massacre. When the Indians arrived there the +next morning, finding the place prepared to receive them, they +withdrew without making any serious attempt to take it. + +On the 24th of April, John Bush (living on Freeman's creek,) having +very early sent two of his children to drive up the cattle, became +alarmed by their screams, and taking down his gun, was proceeding to +learn the cause of it, when he was met at the door by an Indian, who +caught hold of the gun, forced it from his grasp, and shot him with +it. Bush fell across the threshold, and the savage drew his knife to +scalp him. Mrs. Bush ran to the assistance of her husband, and with an +axe, aimed a blow at the Indian with such force that it fastened +itself in his shoulder, and when he jumped back his exertion pulled +the handle from her hand. She then drew her husband into the house and +secured the door. + +In this time other of the savages had come up, and after endeavoring +in vain to force open the door, they commenced shooting through it. +Fortunately Mrs. Bush remained unhurt, although eleven bullets passed +through her frock and some of [294] them just grazing the skin. One of +the savages observing an aperture between the logs, thrust the muzzle +of his gun thro' it. With another axe Mrs. Bush struck on the barrel +so as to make it ring, and, the savage on drawing it back, exclaimed +"_Dern you._" Still they were endeavoring to force an entrance into +the house, until they heard what they believed to be a party of whites +coming to its relief. It was Adam Bush, who living close by and +hearing the screams of the children and the firing of the gun, had set +off to learn what had given rise to them, and taking with him his +dogs, the noise made by them in crossing the creek alarmed the +savages, and caused them to retreat, taking off the two children as +prisoners. A company of men were soon collected and went in pursuit of +the Indians; but were unable to surprise them and regain the +prisoners. They however, came so nearly upon them, on the Little +Kenhawa,[15] that they were forced to fly precipitately, leaving the +plunder and seven horses which they had taken from the settlement: +these were retaken and brought back. + +In May, as John McIntire and his wife were returning from a visit, +they passed through the yard of Uriah Ashcraft; and in a small space +of time after, Mr. Ashcraft, startled by the sudden growling and +springing up of one of his dogs, stepped quickly to the door to see +what had aroused him. He had hardly reached the door, when he espied +an Indian on the outside with his gun presented. Closing and making +fast the door, he ascended the stairs that he might the better fire +upon the unwelcome intruder; and after snapping three several times, +and having discovered that there were other Indians in the yard, he +raised a loud shout to apprize those who were within the sound of his +voice, that he was surrounded by danger. Upon this the Indians moved +off; and three brothers of McIntire coming to his relief, they all +pursued the trail of the savages. About a mile from Ashcraft's, they +found the body of John McIntire, tomahawked, scalped, and stripped; +and concluding that Mrs. McIntire, was taken prisoner, they sent +intelligence to Clarksburg of what had happened, and requested +assistance to follow the Indians and recover the prisoner from +captivity. The desired assistance was immediately afforded; and a +company of men, led on by Col. John Haymond and Col. George Jackson, +went in pursuit. On Middle Island creek,[16] before they were aware of +their proximity to the savages, they were fired upon by them, and +[295] two of the party very narrowly escaped being shot.--A ball +passed through the hankerchief on the head of Col. Haymond, and +another through the sleeve of Col. Jackson's shirt. The fire was +promptly returned, and the men rushed forward. The Indians however, +made good their retreat, though not without having experienced some +injury; as was discovered by the blood, and the throwing down some of +the plunder which they had taken. It was here first ascertained that +Mrs. McIntire had been killed,--her scalp being among the things +left--and on the return of the party, her body was found some small +distance from where that of her husband had been previously +discovered. + +Towards the last of June, another party of Indians invaded the +settlement on Dunkard creek, in the county of Monongalia. Early in the +morning, as Mr. Clegg, Mr. Handsucker, and two of Handsucker's sons +were engaged at work in a cornfield near the house, they were shot at +by some concealed savages, and Handsucker was wounded and soon +overtaken. Clegg and Handsucker's sons ran towards the house, and the +former entering it, defended it for a while; but confident that he +would soon be driven out by fire, he surrendered on condition that +they would spare his life and that of his little daughter with him. +The boys passed the house, but were taken by some of the savages who +were also concealed in the direction which they ran, and who had just +made captive Mrs. Handsucker and her infant. They then plundered and +set fire to the house, caught the horses and made off with the +prisoners, leaving one of their company, as usual, to watch after +their retreat. + +When the firing was first heard, Mrs. Clegg being some distance from +the house, concealed herself in the creek, under some projecting +bushes, until every thing became quiet. She then crept out, but +perceiving the Indian who had remained near the burning house, she +took to flight; and he having at the same time discovered her, ran in +pursuit. She was so far in advance, and ran so well, that the savage, +despairing of overtaking her, raised his gun and fired as she ran. The +ball just grazed the top of her shoulder, but not impeding her flight, +she got safely off. Mr. Handsucker, his wife and child, were murdered +on the dividing ridge between Dunkard and Fish creeks.[17] Mr. Clegg +after some time got back, and upon the close of the Indian war, +ransomed his two daughters. + +[296] In the month of September Nicholas Carpenter set off to Marietta +with a drove of cattle to sell to those who had established themselves +there; and when within some miles from the Ohio river, encamped for +the night.[18] In the morning early, and while he and the drovers were +yet dressing, they were alarmed by a discharge of guns, which killed +one and wounded another of his party. The others endeavored to save +themselves by flight; but Carpenter being a cripple (because of a +wound received some years before) did not run far, when finding +himself becoming faint, he entered a pond of water where he fondly +hoped he should escape observation. But no! both he and a son who had +likewise sought security there, were discovered, tomahawked and +scalped. George Legget, one of the drovers, was never after heard of; +but Jesse Hughes succeeded in getting off though under disadvantageous +circumstances. He wore long leggins, and when the firing commenced at +the camp, they were fastened at top to his belt, but hanging loose +below. Although an active runner, yet he found that the pursuers were +gaining and must ultimately overtake him if he did not rid himself of +this incumbrance. For this purpose he halted somewhat and stepping on +the lower part of his leggins, broke the strings which tied them to +his belt; but before he accomplished this, one of the savages +approached and hurled a tomahawk at him. It merely grazed his head, +and he then again took to flight and soon got off. + +It was afterwards ascertained that the Indians by whom this mischief +was effected, had crossed the Ohio river near the mouth of Little +Kenhawa, where they took a negro belonging to Captain James Neal, and +continued on towards the settlements on West Fork, until they came +upon the trail made by Carpenter's cattle. Supposing that they +belonged to families moving, they followed on until they came upon the +drovers; and tying the negro to a sapling made an attack on them. The +negro availed himself of their employment elsewhere, and loosing the +bands which fastened him, returned to his master. + +After the defeat of General Harmer, the terrors and the annoyance +proceeding from Indian hostilities, still continued to harrass +Kentucky, and to spread destruction over its unprotected portions. +Seeing that the expeditions of the savages were yet conducted on a +small scale, the better to effect their purposes, the inhabitants had +recourse to other measures [297] of defence; and established many +posts on the frontier, garrisoned by a few men, to watch the motions +of the enemy, and intercept them in their progress, or spread the +alarm of their approach. It was productive of but little benefit, and +all were convinced, that successful offensive war could alone give +security from Indian aggression. Convinced of this, preparations were +made by the General Government for another campaign to be carried on +against them; the objects of which were the destruction of the Indian +villages between the Miamies; the expulsion of their inhabitants from +the country, and the establishment of a chain of forts to prevent +their return, until a general peace should give promise of a cessation +of hostilities on their part. Means, deemed adequate to the +accomplishment of those objects, were placed by Congress at the +disposal of the executive, and of the army destined to effect them, he +directed General Arthur St. Clair to take the command.[19] + +It was some time before the troops detailed for this campaign, could +be assembled at Fort Washington; but as soon as they rendezvoused +there, the line of march was taken up.[20] Proceeding immediately for +the principal establishments of the Indians on the Miami, General St. +Clair had erected the Forts Hamilton and Jefferson,[21] and placing +sufficient garrisons in each, continued his march. The opening of a +road for the passage of the troops and artillery, necessarily consumed +much time; and while it was in progress, small parties of the enemy +were often seen hovering near, and some unimportant skirmishes took +place; and as the army approached the Indian villages, sixty of the +militia deserted in a body. To prevent the evil influence of this +example, General St. Clair despatched Major Hamtrack at the head of a +regiment, to overtake and bring them back; and the rest of the army +moved forward. + +On the night of the third of November, General St. Clair encamped near +the Great Miami village, and notwithstanding the reduced state of the +forces under his command, (by reason of the detachment of so large a +body in pursuit of the deserters,) he proposed to march in the morning +directly to its attack.[22] Having understood that the Indians were +collected in great force, and apprehensive of a night attack, his men +were drawn up in a square, and kept under arms until the return of +day, when they were dismissed from parade for [298] the purpose of +refreshment. Directly after, and about half an hour before sun rise, +an attack was begun by the Indians on the rear line, and the militia +there immediately gave way, and retreated,--rushing through a +battalion of regulars, to the very centre of the camp. The confusion +was great. Thrown into disorder by the tumultuous flight of the +militia, the utmost exertion of the officers could not entirely +compose the regulars, so as to render them as effective as they would +otherwise have been. + +After the first fire, the Indians rushed forward, tomahawk in hand, +until they were checked by the well directed aim of the front line; +which being almost simultaneously attacked by another body of the +enemy, had to direct their attention to their own assailants, and the +action became general. The weight of the enemy being brought to bear +on the centre of each line where the artillery had been placed, the +men were driven with great slaughter from the guns and these rendered +useless by the killing of the matrosses. The enemy taking advantage of +this state of things, pushed forward upon the lines, and confusion +began to spread itself in every quarter. A charge was ordered, and +Lieutenant Colonel Drake succeeded in driving back the Indians three +or four hundred yards at the point of the bayonet; but rallying, they +returned to the attack, and the troops in turn gave way. At this +moment the camp was entered by the left flank: and, another charge was +directed. This was made by Butler and Clark's battalions with great +effect, and repeated several times with success; but in each of these +charges, many being killed, and particularly the officers, it was +impossible longer to sustain the conflict, and a retreat was +directed. + +To enable the troops to effect this they were again formed into line, +as well as could be under such circumstances, and another charge was +made, as if to turn the right flank of the enemy, but in reality to +gain the road. This object was effected; and a precipitate flight +commenced which continued until they reached Fort Jefferson, a +distance of thirty miles, the men throwing away their guns and +accoutrements as they ran. + +Great was the havoc done by the Indians in this engagement. Of the +twelve hundred men engaged under General St. Clair, nearly six hundred +were left dead on the field, and many were wounded. Every officer of +the second regiment [299] was killed in the various charges made by it +to retrieve the day, except three, and one of these was shot through +the body. Major General Butler having been wounded, and carried to a +convenient place to have his wounds dressed, an Indian desperately +adventurous, broke through the guard in attendance, rushed up, +tomahawked and scalped him, before his own life paid the forfeit of +his rashness. General St. Clair had many narrow escapes.[23] Early in +the action, a number of savages surrounded his tent and seemed +resolved on entering it and sacrificing him. They were with difficulty +restrained by some regular soldiers at the point of the bayonet. +During the engagement eight balls passed through his clothes, and +while the troops were retreating, having had his own horse killed, and +being mounted on a sorry beast, "which could not be pricked out of a +walk," he had to make his way to Fort Jefferson as he could, +considerably in the rear of the men. During the action Adjutant +Bulgess received a severe wound, but yet continued to fight with +distinguished gallantry. Presently a second shot took effect and he +fell. A woman who was particularly attached to him had accompanied him +in the campaign, raised him up, and while supporting him in her arms, +received a ball in the breast which killed her instantly. + +The Chicasaws were then in amity with the whites, and some of their +warriors were to have cooperated with Gen. St. Clair, but did not +arrive in time. There was however one of that nation in the +engagement, and he killed and scalped eleven of the enemy with his own +hands, and while engaged with the twelfth was himself killed, to the +regret of those who witnessed his deeds of daring and of courage. + +According to the statement of the Indians, they killed six hundred and +twenty of the American troops, and took seven pieces of cannon, two +hundred head of oxen, many horses, but no prisoners.[24] They gave +their own loss in killed at only sixty-five; but it was no doubt much +greater. Their force consisted of four thousand warriors, and was led +on by a Missasago chief who had served with the British in the late +war; and who planned and conducted the attack contrary to the opinion +of a majority of the chiefs, who yet, having such confidence in his +skill and judgment, yielded their individual plans and gave to him the +entire control of their movements. He is reported to have caused the +savages to forbear the pursuit of the retreating troops; telling them +that they had killed enough, and it was time to enjoy the booty they +had gained with the victory. He was then about forty-five years of +age, six feet in height, and of a [300] sour, morose countenance. His +dress was Indian leggins and moccasons, a blue petticoat coming half +way down his thighs, and European waistcoat and surtout. His head was +bound with an Indian cap, reaching midway his back, and adorned with +upwards of two hundred silver ornaments. In each ear he had two ear +rings, the upper part of each of which was formed of three silver +meddles of the size of a dollar; the lower part consisted of quarters +of dollars, and more than a foot in length; one from each ear hanging +down his breast,--the others over his back. In his nose he wore +ornaments of silver curiously wrought and painted. + +Two days after the action the warriors from the Chicasaw nation +arrived at Fort Jefferson, under the command of Piomingo, or the +"Mountain Leader." On their march they heard of the fatal battle, and +saw one of the enemy; who mistaking Piomingo's party for some of his +own comrades, made up to them. He discovered the mistake when it was +too late to rectify it. Piomingo accosted him in harsh tones, +saying--"Rascal, you have been killing the whites," and immediately +ordered two of his warriors to expand his arms, and a third to shoot +him. This was done and his scalp taken. + +After the disastrous termination of this campaign,[25] the inhabitants +of Kentucky were as much as, or perhaps more than ever, exposed to +savage enmity and those incursions which mark the bitterness of Indian +resentment. Soon after the retreat of the army under Gen. Sinclair, a +party of them came upon Salt river, where two men and some boys were +fishing; and falling suddenly upon them killed the men and made +prisoners of the boys. They then liberated one of the boys, and giving +him a tomahawk, directed him to go home; shew it to his friends; +inform them what had been the fate of his companions, and what they +were to expect for their own. The threat was fearfully executed. Many +families were entirely cut off and many individuals sacrificed to +their fury. Companies of Indians were constantly traversing the +country in secret, and committing depredations, wherever they supposed +it could be done with impunity. A remarkable instance of their failure +and suffering in attempting to form an entrance into a house where was +an almost unprotected family, deserves to be particularly mentioned. + +On the 24th of December 1791, a party of savages attacked the house of +John Merril, in Nelson county. Mr. Merril, alarmed by the barking of +the dogs, hastened to the door to learn the cause.--On opening it, he +was fired at by two Indians and his leg and arm were both broken. The +savages then ran forward to enter the house, but before they could do +this, the door was closed and secured by Mrs. Merril and her daughter. +After a fruitless attempt to force it open, they commenced hewing off +a part of it with their tomahawks, and when a passage was thus opened, +one of them attempted to enter through it. The heroic Mrs. Merril, in +the midst of her screaming and affrighted children, and her groaning +suffering husband, seized an axe, gave the ruffian a fatal blow, and +[301] instantly drew him into the house. Supposing that their end was +now nearly attained, the others pressed forward to gain admittance +through the same aperture. Four of them were in like manner despatched +by Mrs. Merril, before their comrades were aware that any opposition +was making in the house. Discovering their mistake the survivors +retired for awhile, and returning, two of them endeavored to gain +admittance by climbing to the top of the house, and descending in the +chimney, while the third was to exert himself at the door. Satisfied +from the noise on the top of the house, of the object of the Indians, +Mr. Merril directed his little son to rip open a bed and cast its +contents on the fire. This produced the desired effect.--The smoke and +heat occasioned by the burning of the feathers brought the two Indians +down, rather unpleasantly; and Mr. Merril somewhat recovered, exerted +every faculty, and with a billet of wood soon despatched those half +smothered devils. Mrs. Merril was all this while busily engaged in +defending the door against the efforts of the only remaining savage, +whom she at length wounded so severely with the axe, that he was glad +to get off alive. + +A prisoner, who escaped from the Indians soon after the happening of +this transaction, reported that the wounded savage was the only one, +of a party of eight, who returned to their towns; that on being asked +by some one, "what news,"--he replied, "bad news for poor Indian, me +lose a son, me lose a brother,--the squaws have taken the breech +clout, and fight worse than the Long Knives." + +The frequent commission of the most enormous outrages, led to an +expedition against the Indians, carried on by the inhabitants of +Kentucky alone. An army of one thousand mounted volunteers was +raised, and the command of it being given to Gen. Scott, he marched +immediately for their towns.[26] When near them, he sent out two spies +to learn the state of the enemy; who reported that they had seen a +large body of Indians, not far from the fatal spot where St. Clair's +bloody battle had been fought, enjoying themselves with the plunder +there taken, riding the oxen, and acting in every respect as if drunk. +Gen. Scott immediately gave orders to move forward briskly; and +arranging his men into three divisions, soon came upon and attacked +the savages. The contest was short but decisive.--Two hundred of the +enemy were killed on the spot, the cannon and such of the other stores +as were in their possession, retaken, and the savage forces completely +routed. The loss of the Kentuckians was inconsiderable,--only six men +were killed and but few wounded. + +Gen. Scott on his return, gave an affecting account of the appearance +of the field, where Gen. St. Clair had been encountered by the +savages. "The plain," said he, "had a very melancholy appearance. In +the space of three hundred and fifty yards, lay three hundred skull +bones, which were buried by my men while on the ground; from thence +for miles on, and the road was strewed with skeletons, muskets, &c." A +striking picture of the desolation wrought there on the bloody fourth +of November. + +----- + [1] The "Wilderness Road" (or "trace") was the overland + highway through Cumberland Gap. It was sometimes called + "Boone's trace." From North Carolina and Southern Virginia, it + was the nearest road to Kentucky; to those living farther + north, the Ohio was the favorite highway. While the river was + an easier path, it was more dangerous on account of Indians: + but travelers of the early period who had come down the Ohio, + preferred returning east by the Wilderness Road to poling up + stream. See Thomas Speed's _Wilderness Road_, in the Filson + Club publications (Louisville, 1886.)--R. G. T. + + [2] Col. William Christian, who served in Lord Dunmore's + War. He was killed in April, 1786. John May, writing to + Governor Henry from Crab Orchard, Ky., April 19, says: "The + Indians about the Wabash had frequently been on Bear Grass, and + Col. Christian, in order to induce others to go in pursuit of + them, has upon every occasion gone himself. And last week he + with about twenty men crossed the Ohio, and overtook three + Indians, whom they killed; but his men not obeying his orders, + which were to rush altogether on them, he with three others + only overtook the Indians, and was so unfortunate as to receive + a mortal wound himself and Capt. Isaac Kellar received + another."--R. G. T. + + [3] The time for rendezvous was September 10, 1786 (letter + of Col. Levi Todd to Governor Henry, August 29).--R. G. T. + + [4] Clark was roundly scored in contemporary accounts, for + being much of the time under the influence of liquor. His + futile expedition was against the Indians around Vincennes, + while Logan's party, which appears practically to have revolted + from Clark, had a successful campaign against the towns on Mad + River. See Green's _Spanish Conspiracy_, ch. v., and + Roosevelt's _Winning of the West_, iii., _passim_.--R. G. T. + + [5] Col. Benjamin Logan to Governor Randolph, Dec. 17, 1786: + "Sept. 14, 1786, I received orders [from Clark] to collect a + sufficient number of men in the District of Kentucky to march + against the Shawnee's Towns. Agreeable to said orders I + collected 790 men, and on the 6th of October I attacked the + above mentioned Towns, killed ten of the chiefs of that nation, + captured thirty-two prisoners, burnt upwards of two hundred + dwelling houses and supposed to have burnt fifteen thousand + bushels of corn, took some horses and cattle, killed a number + of hogs, and took near one thousand pounds value of Indian + furniture, and the quantity of furniture we burnt I can not + account for." The force was on duty "not above twenty-seven + days ... and I would venture to say the expenses will be found + to be very moderate."--R. G. T. + + [6] William Lytle, born in Carlisle, Pa., September 1, 1770. + He came to Ohio with his father, at the age of ten, and + subsequently became surveyor-general of the Northwest + Territory. His father served as a captain in the French and + Indian War, and as a colonel in the Revolution, and headed a + large colony to Ohio in 1780.--R. G. T. + + [7] This name is sometimes written Magery. It is the same + individual who caused the disaster at the Blue Licks in August + 1782. + + [8] The treaty with the Shawnees was negotiated January 30, + 1786, at Fort Finney, near the mouth of the Great Miami, by + George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Samuel H. Parsons, + commissioners. The treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, + Chippewas, and Ottawas was negotiated at Fort McIntosh, January + 21, 1785, by Clark, Butler, and Arthur Lee. These treaties were + of little avail, so long as British agents like McKee, Elliott, + and Simon Girty lived among the Indians and kept them in a + constant ferment against the Americans.--R. G. T. + + [9] The several states which, under their colonial charters + had claims to territory beyond the Ohio River,--Virginia, New + York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts,--had (1781-84) + relinquished their several claims to the newly-formed United + States, and the Ordinance of 1787 had provided for this + Northwest Territory an enlightened form of government which was + to be the model of the constitutions of the five states into + which it was ultimately to be divided. There was formed in + Boston, in March, 1786, the Ohio Company of Associates, and + October 17, 1787, it purchased from Congress a million and a + half acres in the new territory, about the mouth of the + Muskingum. Many of the shareholders were Revolutionary + soldiers, and great care was taken to select only good men as + colonists--oftentimes these were the best and most prosperous + men of their several localities. Gen. Rufus Putnam, a cousin of + Israel, and a near friend of Washington, was chosen as + superintendent of the pioneers. Two parties--one rendezvousing + at Danvers, Mass., and the other at Hartford, Conn.--arrived + after a difficult passage through the mountains at Simrall's + Ferry (now West Newton), on the Youghiogheny, the middle of + February, 1788. A company of boat-builders and other mechanics + had preceded them a month, yet it was still six weeks more + before the little flotilla could leave: "The Union Gally of 45 + tons burden; the Adelphia ferry boat, 3 tons; & three log + canoes of different sizes. No. of pioneers, 48." The winter had + been one of the severest known on the Upper Ohio, and the + spring was cold, wet, and backward; so that amid many hardships + it was the seventh of April before they arrived at the + Muskingum and founded Marietta, named for the unfortunate Marie + Antoinette, for the love of France was still strong in the + breasts of Revolutionary veterans.--R. G. T. + + [10] Perhaps there never was a more strange compound + derivative term than this. Being situated opposite to the mouth + of Licking, the name was made expressive of its locality, by + uniting the Latin word _os_, (the mouth) with the Greek, _anti_ + (opposite) and the French, _ville_, (a town,) and prefixing to + this union from such different sources, the initial (_L_) of + the river. The author of this word, must have been good at + invention, and in these days of _town making_ could find ample + employment for his talent. + + [11] In 1788, John Cleves Symmes--uncle of he of "Symmes's + Hole"--the first United States judge of the Northwest + Territory, purchased from congress a million acres of land on + the Ohio, lying between the two Miami Rivers. Matthias Denman + bought from him a square mile at the eastern end of the grant, + "on a most delightful high bank" opposite the Licking, and--on + a cash valuation for the land of two hundred dollars--took in + with him as partners Robert Patterson and John Filson. Filson + was a schoolmaster, had written the first history of Kentucky, + and seems to have enjoyed much local distinction. To him was + entrusted the task of inventing a name for the settlement which + the partners proposed to plant here. The outcome was + "Losantiville," a pedagogical hash of Greek, Latin, and French: + _L_, for Licking; _os_, Greek for mouth; _anti_, Latin for + opposite; _ville_, French for city--Licking-opposite-City, or + City-opposite-Licking, whichever is preferred. This was in + August; the Fates work quickly, for in October poor Filson was + scalped by the Indians in the neighborhood of the Big Miami, + before a settler had yet been enticed to Losantiville. But the + survivors knew how to "boom" a town; lots were given away by + lottery to intending actual settlers, who moved thither late in + December or early in January, and in a few months Judge Symmes + was able to write that "it populates considerably." + + A few weeks previous to the planting of Losantiville, a party + of men from Redstone had settled at the mouth of the Little + Miami, about where the suburb of California now is; and a + few weeks later, a third colony was started by Symmes + himself at North Bend, near the Big Miami, at the western + extremity of his grant, and this the judge wished to make the + capital of the new Northwest Territory. At first it was a race + between these three colonies. A few miles below North Bend, + Fort Finney had been built in 1785-86, hence the Bend had at + first the start; but a high flood dampened its prospects, the + troops were withdrawn from this neighborhood to Louisville, + and in the winter of 1789-90 Fort Washington was built at + Losantiville by General Harmar. The neighborhood of the new + fortress became in the ensuing Indian war the center of the + district. To Losantiville, with its fort, came Arthur St. + Clair, the new governor of the Northwest Territory (January, + 1790), and making his headquarters here, laid violent hands + on Filson's invention, at once changing the name to Cincinnati, + in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which the new + official was a prominent member--"so that," Judge Symmes + sorrowfully writes, "Losantiville will become extinct." It + was a winter of suffering for the Western Cincinnati. The + troops were in danger of starvation, and three professional + hunters were contracted with to supply them with game, till + corn could come in from Columbia and other older settlements + on the river.--R. G. T. + + [12] Col. Josiah Harmar's militia were from Virginia, Kentucky, + and Pennsylvania. He left Fort Washington (Cincinnati), October 3. + At this time the Miami Indians had seven villages in the + neighborhood of the junction of St. Joseph and St. Mary's, which + streams unite to form the Maumee. The village which lay in the + forks of the St. Joseph and the Maumee, was the principal; one + in the forks of the St. Mary's and the Maumee, which was called + Kekionga, had 30 houses; at Chillicothe, on the north bank of + the Maumee, were 58 houses, and opposite these 18 houses. The + Delawares had two villages on the St. Mary's, 45 houses in all, + and a town on the St. Joseph of 36 houses.--R. G. T. + + [13] A third expedition, under Maj. J. F. Hamtramck, + went against the Wabash Indians, successfully destroyed + several deserted villages, and reached Vincennes without + loss.--R. G. T. + + [14] In his report to the Secretary of War, October 29, + 1790, Governor St. Clair said: "I have the pleasure to + inform you of the entire success of Gen. Harmar at the Indian + towns on the Miami and St. Joseph Rivers, of which he has + destroyed five in number, and a very great quantity of corn + and other vegetable provisions. It is supposed that about + two hundred of the Indians have likewise fallen in the + different encounters that have happened between them and + the detachment, for there has been no general action; but it + has not been without considerable loss on our part.... Of the + Federal troops, Major Wyllys and Lieutenant Frothingham and + seventy-seven men; of the militia, Major Fontaine, Captain + McMurtry, and Captain Scott, a son of General Scott, and + seventy-three men, are among the slain."--R. G. T. + + [15] Thirteen miles below Marietta.--R. G. T. + + [16] Eighteen miles above Marietta, and one above St. Mary's, + W. Va.--R. G. T. + + [17] Dunkard Creek flows eastward into the Monongahela. Fish + Creek flows southwestward into the Ohio, emptying 113 miles + below Pittsburg, and 58 above Marietta. A famous Indian + war-trail ran up Fish and down Dunkard--a short-cut from Ohio + to the western borders of Pennsylvania and Virginia.--R. G. T. + + [18] Soon after the establishment of Marietta, a rude wagon + road was opened through the forest between that colony and + Redstone (Brownsville, Pa.) This was the road Carpenter was + following.--R. G. T. + + [19] With Gen. Richard Butler, who was killed in the final + battle, second in command.--R. G. T. + + [20] Early in September, 1791. St. Clair had 2,000 men, + fifty per cent less than had been promised him by the war + department.--R. G. T. + + [21] Fort Hamilton, a stockade with four bastions, was on the + Big Miami, 24 miles from Fort Washington (Cincinnati), on the + site of the present Hamilton, O. Fort Jefferson, built of logs + laid horizontally, was six miles south of the present + Greenville, O. The army left Fort Jefferson, October + 24.--R. G. T. + + [22] The army then numbered 1,400 men, and was encamped at + the site of the present Fort Recovery, O., 55 miles away, as + the crow flies, from the head of the Maumee, the objective + point of the expedition.--R. G. T. + + [23] He lay sick in his tent, when the action opened, but + arose and acted with remarkable courage throughout the fight. + General Butler was acting commandant while St. Clair was ill, + and was credibly informed by his scouts, the night before the + battle, of the proximity of the enemy. But he took no + precautions against surprise, neither did he communicate his + news to his superior. Upon Butler's head appears to rest much + of the blame for the disaster.--R. G. T. + + [24] The Americans lost 37 officers and 593 men, killed and + missing, and 31 officers and 252 men, wounded. See _St. Clair + Papers_, edited by William Henry Smith (Cincinnati: Robert + Clarke & Co., 1882), for official details of the disaster. For + Simon Girty's part, consult Butterfield's _History of the + Girtys, passim._--R. G. T. + + [25] St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington, on his return, + November 8--R. G. T. + + [26] This expedition under Gen. Charles Scott, one of the + Kentucky committee of safety, was made in June, 1791, against + the Miami and Wabash Indians. It was followed in August by a + second expedition under Gen. James Wilkinson. In the course of + the second campaign, at the head of 500 Kentuckians, Wilkinson + laid waste the Miami village of L'Anguille, killing and + capturing 42 of the savages.--R. G. T. + + + + +[302] CHAPTER XVIII. + + +Neither the signal success of the expedition under General Scott, nor +the preparations which were being made by the general government, for +the more rigorous prosecution of the war against them, caused the +Indians to relax their exertions to harrass the frontier inhabitants. +The ease with which they had overcome the two armies sent against them +under Harmar and St. Clair, inspired them with contempt for our +troops, and induced a belief of their own invincibility, if practising +the vigilance necessary to guard against a surprise. To the want of +this vigilance, they ascribed the success of Gen. Scott; and deeming +it necessary only to exercise greater precaution to avoid similar +results, they guarded more diligently the passes into their country, +while discursive parties of their warriors would perpetrate their +accustomed acts of aggression upon the persons and property of the +whites. + +About the middle of May, 1792, a party of savages came upon a branch +of Hacker's creek, and approaching late in the evening a field +recently cleared by John Waggoner, found him seated on a log, resting +himself after the labors of the day. In this company of Indians was +the since justly celebrated General Tecumseh, who leaving his +companions to make sure of those in the house, placed his gun on the +fence and fired deliberately at Waggoner. The leaden messenger of +death failed of its errand, and passing through the sleeve of his +shirt, left Waggoner uninjured, to try his speed with the Indian. +Taking a direction opposite the house, to avoid coming in contact with +the savages there, he outstripped his pursuer, and got safely off. + +[303] In the mean time, those who had been left to operate against +those of the family who were at the house, finding a small boy in the +yard, killed and scalped him; and proceeding on, made prisoners of +Mrs. Waggoner and her six children, and departed immediately with +them, lest the escape of her husband, should lead to their instant +pursuit. They were disappointed in this expectation. A company of +men was soon collected, who repaired to the then desolate mansion, +and from thence followed on the trail of the savages. About a mile +from the house, one of the children was found where its brains had +been beaten out with a club, and the scalp torn from its head. A +small distance farther, lay Mrs. Waggoner and two others of her +children,--their lifeless bodies mangled in the most barbarous and +shocking manner. Having thus freed themselves from the principal +impediments to a rapid retreat, the savages hastened on; and the +pursuit was unavailing. They reached their towns with the remaining +prisoners--two girls and a boy--and avoided chastisement for the +outrage. The elder of the two girls did not long remain with them; +but escaping to the neighborhood of Detroit with another female +prisoner, continued there until after the treaty of 1795. Her sister +abided with her captors 'till the close of the war; and the boy until +during the war of 1812. He was then seen among some friendly +Indians, and bearing a strong resemblance in features to his +father, was recognized as Waggoner's captive son. He had married a +squaw, by whom he had several children, was attached to his manner +of life, and for a time resisted every importunity, to withdraw +himself from among them. When his father visited him, it was with +difficulty he was enticed to return to the haunts of his childhood, +and the associates of his younger days, even on a temporary visit. +When however he did return to them, the attention and kindly +conduct of his friends, prevailed with him to remain, until he +married and took up his permanent abode amid the habitations of +civilized men. Still with the feelings natural to a father, his +heart yearns towards his children in the forest; and at times he +seems to lament that he ever forsook them.[1] + +In the summer of this year, a parcel of horses were taken from the +West Fork, and the Indians who had stolen them, being discovered as +they were retiring, they were pursued by Captain Coburn, who was +stationed at the mouth of Little [304] Kenhawa with a party of men as +scouts. Following them across the Ohio river, he overtook them some +distance in the Indian country, and retaking the horses, returned to +his station. Hitherto property recovered from the savages, had been +invariably restored to those from whom it had been stolen; but on the +present occasion a different course was pursued. Contending that they +received compensation for services rendered by them in Virginia, and +were not bound to treat without its limits in pursuit of the savages +or to retake the property of which they had divested its rightful +owners, they claimed the horses as plunder taken from the Indians, +sold them, and divided the proceeds of sale among themselves--much to +the dissatisfaction of those from whom the savages had taken them.[2] + +In the course of the ensuing fall, Henry Neal, William Triplett and +Daniel Rowell, from Neal's station ascended the Little Kenhawa in +canoes to the mouth of the Burning Spring run, from whence they +proceeded on a Buffoloe hunt in the adjoining woods. But they had been +seen as they plied their canoes up the river, by a party of Indians, +who no sooner saw them placed in a situation favoring the bloody +purposes of their hearts, than they fired upon them. Neal and Triplett +were killed, and fell into the river.--Rowell was missed and escaped +by swimming the Kenhawa, the Indians shooting at him as he swam. In a +few days after the dead were found in a ripple and buried. The +Indians had not been able to draw them from their watery grave, and +obtain their scalps. + +During this year unsuccessful attempts were made by the general +government, to terminate Indian hostilities by negotiation. They were +too much elated with their recent success, to think of burying their +resentments in a treaty of peace; and so little did they fear the +operation of the governmental forces, and such was their confidence in +their own strength, that they not only refused to negotiate at all, +but put to death two of those who were sent to them as messengers of +peace. Major Truman and Col. Hardin, severally sent upon this mission, +were murdered by them; and when commissioners to treat with them, were +received by them, their only answer was, a positive refusal to enter +into a treaty.[3] + +When this determination was made known to the President, every +precaution which could be used, was taken by him to prevent the +recurrence of these enormities which were daily committed on the +[305] frontier, and particularly in the new state of Kentucky. Gen. +St. Clair, after having asked that a court of enquiry should be held, +to consider of his conduct in the campaign of 1791, and finding +that his request could not be granted, resigned the command of the +army, and was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne. That the operations +of the army might not be defeated as heretofore, by a too great +reliance on undisciplined militia, it was recommended to Congress to +authorize the raising of three additional regiments of regular +soldiers; and the bill for complying with this recommendation, +notwithstanding it was strenuously opposed by a strong party +hostile to the then administration, was finally passed.[4] + +The forts Hamilton and Jefferson, erected by Gen. St. Clair, continued +to be well garrisoned; but there was some difficulty in supplying +them with provisions--the Indians being always in readiness to +intercept them on their way. As early as April 1792, they taught +us the necessity of having a strong guard to escort supplies with +safety, by a successful attack on Major Adair; who with one +hundred and twenty volunteers from Kentucky, had charge of a number +of pack horses laden with provisions. He was engaged by a body of +savages, not much superior in number, and although he was under +cover of Fort St. Clair, yet did they drive him into the fort, and +carry off the provisions and pack horses. The courage and bold +daring of the Indians, was eminently conspicuous on this occasion. +They fought with nearly equal numbers, against a body of troops, +better tutored in the science of open warfare, well mounted and +equipped, armed with every necessary weapon, and almost under the +guns of the fort. And they fought successfully,--killing one captain +and ten privates, wounding several, and taking property estimated +to be worth fifteen thousand dollars. Nothing seemed to abate their +ardor for war. Neither the strong garrisons placed in the forts +erected so far in advance of the settlements, nor the great +preparations which were making for striking an effectual blow at +them, caused them for an instant to slacken in hostilities, or check +their movements against the frontier. + +In the spring of 1793, a party of warriors proceeding towards the head +waters of the Monongahela river, discovered a marked way, leading a +direction which they did not know to be inhabited by whites. It led to +a settlement which had been recently made on Elk river, by Jeremiah +and Benjamin Carpenter and a few others from Bath county, and who had +been particularly careful to make nor leave any path which might lead +to a discovery of their situation, but Adam O'Brien moving into the +same section of country in the spring of 1792, and being rather an +indifferent woodsman, incautiously blazed the trees in several +directions so as to enable him readily to find his home, when business +or pleasure should have drawn him from it. It was upon one of these +marked traces that the Indians chanced to fall; and pursuing it, came +to the deserted cabin of [306] O'Brien: he having returned to the +interior, because of his not making a sufficiency of grain for the +subsistence of his family. Proceeding from O'Brien's, they came to the +House of Benjamin Carpenter, whom they found alone and killed. Mrs. +Carpenter being discovered by them, before she was aware of their +presence, was tomahawked and scalped, a small distance from the yard. + +The burning of Benjamin Carpenter's house, led to a discovery of these +outrages; and the remaining inhabitants of that neighborhood, remote +from any fort or populous settlement to which they could fly for +security, retired to the mountains and remained for several days +concealed in a cave. They then caught their horses and moved their +families to the West Fork; and when they visited the places of their +former habitancy for the purpose of collecting their stock and +carrying it off with their other property, scarce a vestige of them +was to be seen,--the Indians had been there after they left the cave, +and burned the houses, pillaged their movable property, and destroyed +the cattle and hogs. + +Among the few interesting incidents which occurred in the upper +country, during this year, was the captivity and remarkable escape of +two brothers, John and Henry Johnson:--the former thirteen, the latter +eleven years of age. They lived at a station on the west side of the +Ohio river near above Indian Short creek; and being at some distance +from the house, engaged in the sportive amusements of youth, became +fatigued and seated themselves on an old log for the purpose of +resting. They presently observed two men coming towards them, whom +they believed to be white men from the station until they approached +so close as to leave no prospect of escape by flight, when to their +great grief they saw that two Indians were beside them. They were made +prisoners, and taken about four miles, when after partaking of some +roasted meat and parched corn given them by their captors, they were +arranged for the night, by being placed between the two Indians and +each encircled in the arms of the one next him. + +Henry, the younger of the brothers, had grieved much at the idea of +being carried off by the Indians, and during his short but sorrowful +journey across the hills, had wept immoderately. John had in vain +endeavored to comfort him with the hope that they should be enabled to +elude the vigilence of the savages, and to return to the hearth of +their parents and brethren. He refused to be comforted.--The ugly red +man, with his tomahawk and scalping knife, which had been often called +in to quiet the cries of his infancy, was now actually before him; and +every scene of torture and of torment which had been depicted, by +narration, to his youthful eye, was now present to his terrified +imagination, hightened by the thought that they were about to be +re-enacted on himself. In anticipation of this horrid doom for some +time he wept in bitterness and affliction; but + + [307] "The tear down childhood's cheek that flows, + Is like the dew drop on the rose;-- + When next the summer breeze comes by + And waves the bush, the flower is dry."-- + +When the fire was kindled at night, the supper prepared and offered to +him, all idea of his future fate was merged in their present +kindness; and Henry soon sunk to sleep, though enclosed in horrid hug, +by savage arms. + +It was different with John. He felt the reality of their situation.--He +was alive to the anguish which he knew would agitate the bosom of his +mother, and he thought over the means of allaying it so intensely, +that sleep was banished from his eyes. Finding the others all locked +in deep repose, he disengaged himself from the embrace of the savage at +his side, and walked to the fire. To test the soundness of their +sleep, he rekindled the dying blaze, and moved freely about it. All +remained still and motionless,--no suppressed breathing, betrayed a +feigned repose. He gently twitched the sleeping Henry, and whispering +softly in his ear, bade him get up. Henry obeyed, and they both stood by +the fire. "I think, said John, we had better go home now." "Oh! +replied Henry, they will follow and catch us again." "Never fear +that, rejoined John, we'll kill them before we go." The idea was for +some time opposed by Henry; but when he beheld the savages so soundly +asleep, and listened to his brother's plan of executing his wish, he +finally consented to act the part prescribed him. + +The only gun which the Indians had, was resting against a tree, at the +foot of which lay their tomahawks. John placed it on a log, with the +muzzle near to the head of one of the savages; cocked it, and leaving +Henry with his finger to the trigger, ready to pull upon the signal +being given, he repaired to his own station. Holding in his hand one +of their tomahawks, he stood astride of the other Indian, and as he +raised his arm to deal death to the sleeping savage, Henry fired, and +shooting off the lower part of the Indian's jaw, called to his +brother, "_lay on, for I've done for this one_," seized up the gun and +ran off. The first blow of the tomahawk took effect on the back of the +neck, and was not fatal. The Indian attempted to spring up; but John +repeated his strokes with such force and so quickly, that he soon +brought him again to the ground; and leaving him dead proceeded on +after his brother. + +They presently came to a path which they recollected to have +travelled, the preceding evening, and keeping along it, arrived at +the station awhile before day. The inhabitants were however, all up +and in much uneasiness for the fate of the boys; and when they came +near and heard a well known voice exclaim in accents of deep distress, +"_Poor little fellows, they are killed or taken prisoners_," John +replied aloud,--"No mother, we are here again." + +When the tale of their captivity, and the means by which their +deliverance was effected, were told, they did not obtain full +credence. [308] Piqued at the doubts expressed by some, John observed, +"you had better go and see." "But, can you again find the spot," said +one. "Yes, replied he, I hung my hat up at the turning out place and +can soon shew you the spot." Accompanied by several of the men, John +returned to the theatre of his daring exploits; and the truth of his +statement received ample confirmation. The savage who had been +tomahawked was lying dead by the fire--the other had crawled some +distance; but was tracked by his blood until found, when it was agreed +to leave him, "_as he must die at any rate_." + +Companies of rangers had been for several seasons stationed on the +Ohio river, for the greater security of the persons and property of +those who resided on and near the frontier. During this year a company +which had been stationed at the mouth of Fishing creek,[5] and had +remained there until its term of service had expired, determined then +on a scout into the Indian country; and crossing the river, marched on +for some days before they saw any thing which indicated their nearness +to Indians. Pursuing a path which seemed to be much used, they came in +view of an Indian camp, and observing another path, which likewise +seemed to be much frequented, Ensign Levi Morgan was sent with a +detachment of the men, to see if it would conduct them to where were +others of the Indians, who soon returned with the information that he +had seen another of their encampments close by. Upon the receipt of +this intelligence, the Lieutenant was sent forward with a party of +men to attack the second encampment, while the Captain with the +residue of the company should proceed against that which had been +first discovered, and commence an assault on it, when he should hear +the firing of the Lieutenant's party at the camp which he was sent to +assail. + +When the second camp was approached and the men posted at intervals +around it, awaiting the light of day to begin the assault, the +Lieutenant discovered that there was a greater force of Indians with +whom he would have to contend than was expected, and prudently +resolved to withdraw his men without coming into collision with them. +Orders for this movement were directly given, and the party +immediately retired. There was however, one of the detachment, who had +been posted some small distance in advance of the others with +directions to fire as soon as the Indians should be seen stirring, and +who, unapprized of the withdrawal of the others, [309] maintained his +station, until he observed a squaw issuing from a camp, when he fired +at her and rushed up, expecting to be supported by his comrades. He +fell into the hands of those whom he had thus assailed; but his fate +was far different from what he had every reason to suppose it would +be, under those circumstances. It was the hunting camp of Isaac Zane, +and the female at whom he had shot was the daughter of Zane; the ball +had slightly wounded her in the wrist. Her father, although he had +been with the Indians ever since his captivity when only nine years of +age, had not yet acquired the ferocious and vindictive passions of +those with whom he had associated; but practising the forbearance and +forgiveness of christian and civilized man, generously conducted the +wanton assailant so far upon his way, that he was enabled though alone +to reach the settlement in safety. His fate was different from that of +those, who had been taken prisoners by that part of the company which +remained at the first camp with the Captain. When the Lieutenant with +the detachment, rejoined the others, disappointment at the failure of +the expedition under him, led some of the men to fall upon the Indian +prisoners and inhumanly murder them. + +Notwithstanding that preparations for an active campaign against the +savages was fast ripening to their perfection, and that the troops of +the general government had penetrated as far as to the field, on which +had been fought the fatal battle of the fourth of November, 1791, and +erected there Fort Recovery,[6] yet did they not cease from their +accustomed inroads upon the settlements, even after the winter of +1793.--In March 1794, a party of them crossed the Ohio river, and as +they were advancing towards the settlements on the upper branches of +the Monongahela, met with Joseph Cox, then on his way to the mouth of +Leading creek on Little Kenhawa, for a load of furs and skins which he +had left there, at the close of his hunt the preceding fall. Cox very +unexpectedly met them in a narrow pass, and instantly wheeled his +horse to ride off. Endeavoring to stimulate the horse to greater speed +by the application of the whip, the animal became stubborn and refused +to go at all, when Cox was forced to dismount and seek safety on foot. +His pursuers gained rapidly upon him, and he saw that one of them +would soon overtake him. He faced the savage who was near, and raised +his gun to fire; but nothing daunted, the Indian rushed forward. Cox's +gun [310] missed fire, and he was instantly a prisoner. He was taken +to their towns and detained in captivity for some time; but at length +made his escape, and returned safely to the settlement. + +On the 24th of July, six Indians visited the West Fork river, and at +the mouth of Freeman's creek, met with, and made prisoner, a daughter +of John Runyan. She was taken off by two of the party of savages, but +did not go more than ten or twelve miles, before she was put to death. +The four Indians who remained, proceeded down the river and on the +next day came to the house of William Carder, near below the mouth of +Hacker's creek. Mr. Carder discovered them approaching, in time to +fasten his door; but in the confusion of the minute, shut out two of +his children, who however ran off unperceived by the savages and +arrived in safety at the house of a neighbor. He then commenced firing +and hallooing, so as to alarm those who were near and intimidate the +Indians. Both objects were accomplished. The Indians contented +themselves with shooting at the cattle, and then retreated; and Mr. +Joseph Chevront, who lived hardby, hearing the report of the guns and +the loud cries of Carder, sent his own family to a place of safety, +and with nobleness of purpose, ran to the relief of his neighbor. He +enabled Carder to remove his family to a place of greater security, +although the enemy were yet near, and engaged in skinning one of the +cattle that they might take with them a supply of meat. On the next +day a company of men assembled, and went in pursuit; but they could +not trail the savages far, because of the great caution with which +they had retreated, and returned without accomplishing any thing. + +Two days afterward, when it was believed that the Indians had left the +neighborhood, they came on Hacker's creek near to the farm of Jacob +Cozad, and finding four of his sons bathing, took three of them +prisoners, and killed the fourth, by repeatedly stabbing him with a +bayonet attached to a staff. The boys, of whom they made prisoners, +were immediately taken to the Indian towns and kept in captivity until +the treaty of Greenville in 1795. Two of them were then delivered up +to their father, who attended to enquire for them,--the third was not +heard of for some time after, but was at length found at Sandusky, by +his elder brother and brought home. + +After the victory obtained by General Wayne over the Indians, [311] +Jacob Cozad, Jr. was doomed to be burned to death, in revenge of the +loss then sustained by the savages. Every preparation for carrying +into execution this dreadful determination was quickly made. The wood +was piled, the intended victim was apprized of his approaching fate, +and before the flaming torch was applied to the faggots, he was told +to take leave of those who were assembled to witness the awful +spectacle. The crowd was great, and the unhappy youth could with +difficulty press his way through them. Amid the jeers and taunts of +those whom he would address, he was proceeding to discharge the last +sad act of his life, when a female, whose countenance beamed with +benignity, beckoned him to follow her. He did not hesitate. He +approached as if to bid her farewell, and she succeeded in taking him +off unobserved by the many eyes gazing around, and concealed him in a +wigwam among some trunks and covered loosely with a blanket. He was +presently missed, and a search immediately made for him. Many passed +near in quest of the devoted victim, and he could hear their steps and +note their disappointment. After awhile the uproar ceased, and he felt +more confident of security. In a few minutes more he heard approaching +footsteps and felt that the blanket was removed from him. He turned to +surrender himself to his pursuers, and meet a dreadful death.--But no! +they were two of his master's sons who had been directed where to find +him, and they conducted him securely to the Old Delaware town, where +he remained until carried to camp upon the conclusion of a treaty of +peace.[7] + +In a short time after the happening of the events at Cozad's, a party +of Indians made an irruption upon Tygart's Valley. For some time the +inhabitants of that settlement had enjoyed a most fortunate exemption +from savage molestation; and although they had somewhat relaxed in +vigilance, they did not however omit to pursue a course calculated to +ensure a continuance of their tranquillity and repose. Instead of +flying for security, as they had formerly, to the neighboring forts +upon the return of spring, the increase of population and the +increased capacity of the communion to repel aggression, caused them +to neglect other acts of precaution, and only to assemble at +particular houses, when danger was believed to be instant and at hand. +In consequence of the reports which reached them of the injuries +lately committed by the [312] savages upon the West Fork, several +families collected at the house of Mr. Joseph Canaan for mutual +security, and while thus assembled, were visited by a party of +Indians, when perfectly unprepared for resistance. The savages entered +the house awhile after dark, and approaching the bed on which Mr. +Canaan was lolling, one of them addressed him with the familiarity of +an old acquaintance and saying "how d'ye do, how d'ye do," presented +his hand. Mr. Canaan was rising to reciprocate the greeting, when he +was pierced by a ball discharged at him from another savage, and fell +dead. The report of the gun at once told, who were the visitors, and +put them upon using immediate exertions to effect their safety by +flight. A young man who was near when Canaan was shot, aimed at the +murderer a blow with a drawing knife, which took effect on the head of +the savage and brought him to the ground. Ralston then escaped through +the door, and fled in safety, although fired at as he fled. + +When the Indians entered the house, there was a Mrs. Ward sitting in +the room. So soon as she observed that the intruders were savages, she +passed into another apartment with two of the children, and going out +with them through a window, got safely away. Mr. Lewis (brother to +Mrs. Canaan) likewise escaped from a back room, in which he had been +asleep at the firing of the gun. Three children were tomahawked and +scalped,--Mrs. Canaan made prisoner, and the savages withdrew. The +severe wound inflicted on the head of the Indian by Ralston, made it +necessary that they should delay their return to their towns, until +his recovery; and they accordingly remained near the head of the +middle fork of Buchannon, for several weeks. Their extreme caution in +travelling, rendered any attempt to discover them unavailing; and when +their companion was restored they proceeded on, uninterruptedly. On +the close of the war, Mrs. Canaan was redeemed from captivity by a +brother from Brunswick, in New Jersey, and restored to her surviving +friends. + +Thus far in the year 1794, the army of the United States had not been +organised for efficient operations. Gen. Wayne had been actively +employed in the discharge of every preparatory duty devolving on him; +and those distinguishing characteristics of uncommon daring and +bravery, which had acquired for him the appellation of "_Mad +Anthony_," and which [313] so eminently fitted him for the command of +an army warring against savages, gave promise of success to his arms. + +Before the troops marched from Fort Washington, it was deemed +advisable to have an abundant supply of provisions in the different +forts in advance of this, as well for the supply of their respective +garrisons, as for the subsistence of the general army, in the event of +its being driven into them, by untoward circumstances. With this view, +three hundred pack-horses, laden with flour, were sent on to Fort +Recovery; and, as it was known that considerable bodies of the enemy +were constantly hovering about the forts, and awaiting opportunities +of cutting off any detachments from the main army, Major McMahon, with +eighty riflemen under Capt. Hartshorn, and fifty dragoons, under Capt. +Taylor, was ordered on as an escort. This force was too great to +justify the savages in making an attack, until they could unite the +many war parties which were near;.and before this could be effected, +Major McMahon reached his destination. + +On the 30th of July,[8] as the escort was about leaving Fort Recovery, +it was attacked by an army of one thousand Indians, in the immediate +vicinity of the fort. Captain Hartshorn had advanced only three or +four hundred yards, at the head of the riflemen, when he was +unexpectedly beset on every side. With the most consummate bravery and +good conduct, he maintained the unequal conflict, until Major McMahon, +placing himself at the head of the cavalry, charged upon the enemy, +and was repulsed with considerable loss. Maj. McMahon, Capt. Taylor +and Cornet Terry fell upon the first onset, and many of the privates +were killed or wounded. The whole savage force being now brought to +press on Capt. Hartshorn, that brave officer was forced to try and +regain the Fort, but the enemy interposed its strength, to prevent +this movement. Lieutenant Drake and Ensign Dodd, with twenty +volunteers, marched from Fort Recovery and forcing a passage through a +column of the enemy at the point of the bayonet, joined the rifle +corps, at the instant that Capt. Hartshorn received a shot which broke +his thigh. Lieut. Craig being killed and Lieut. Marks taken prisoner, +Lieut. Drake conducted the retreat; and while endeavoring for an +instant to hold the enemy in check, so as to enable the soldiers to +bring off their wounded captain, himself received a shot in the groin, +and the retreat was resumed, leaving Capt. Hartshorn on the field. + +[314] When the remnant of the troops came within the walls of the +Fort, Lieut. Michael, who had been early detached by Capt. Hartshorn +to the flank of the enemy, was found to be missing, and was given up +as lost. But while his friends were deploring his unfortunate fate, +he and Lieut. Marks, who had been early taken prisoner, were seen +rushing through the enemy, from opposite directions towards the Fort. +They gained it safely, notwithstanding they were actively pursued, +and many shots fired at them. Lieut. Marks had got off by knocking +down the Indian who held him prisoner; and Lieut. Michael had lost +all of his party, but three men. The entire loss of the Americans was +twenty-three killed, and forty wounded.[9] The riflemen brought in +ten scalps which were taken early in the action; beyond this the +enemy's loss was never ascertained. Many of them were no doubt +killed and wounded, as they advanced in solid columns up to the +very muzzles of the guns, and were afterwards seen carrying off many +of their warriors on pack horses. + +At length Gen. Wayne put the army over which he had been given the +command, in motion;[10] and upon its arrival at the confluence of the +Au Glaize and the Miami of the Lakes, another effort was made for the +attainment of peace, without the effusion of blood. Commissioners were +sent forward to the Indians to effect this desirable object; who +exhorted them to listen to their propositions for terminating the war, +and no longer to be deluded by the counsels of white emissaries, who +had not the power to afford them protection; but only sought to +involve the frontier of the United States in a war, from which much +evil, but no good could possibly result to either party. The savages +however felt confident that success would again attend their arms, and +deriving additional incentives to war from their proximity to the +British fort, recently erected at the foot of the rapids, declined the +overture for peace, and seemed ardently to desire the battle, which +they knew must soon be fought. + +The Indian army at this time, amounted to about two thousand warriors, +and when reconnoitered on the 19th of August were found encamped in a +thick bushy wood and near to the British Fort. The army of Gen. Wayne +was equal in numbers to that of the enemy; and when on the morning of +the 20th, it took up the line of march, the troops were so disposed as +to avoid being surprised, and to come into action on the [315] +shortest notice, and under the most favorable circumstances. A select +battalion of mounted volunteers, commanded by Major Price, moving in +advance of the main army, had proceeded but a few miles, when a fire +so severe was aimed at it by the savages concealed, as usual, that it +was forced to fall back. The enemy had chosen their ground with great +judgment, taking a position behind the fallen timber,[11] which had +been prostrated by a tornado, and in a woods so thick as to render it +impracticable for the cavalry to act with effect. They were formed +into three regular lines, much extended in front, within supporting +distance of each other, and reaching about two miles; and their first +effort was to turn the left flank of the American army. + +Gen. Wayne ordered the first line of his army to advance with trailed +arms, to rouse the enemy from their covert at the point of the +bayonet, and when up to deliver a close and well directed fire, to be +followed by a charge so brisk as not to allow them time to reload or +form their lines. The second line was ordered to the support of the +first; and Capt. Campbell at the head of the cavalry, and Gen. Scott +at the head of the mounted volunteers were sent forward to turn the +left and right wings of the enemy. All these complicated orders were +promptly executed; but such was the impetuosity of the charge made by +the first line of infantry, so completely and entirely was the enemy +broken by it, and so rapid the pursuit, that only a small part of the +second line and of the mounted volunteers were in time to participate +in the action, notwithstanding the great exertions of their respective +officers to co-operate in the engagement; and in less than one hour, +the savages were driven more than two miles and within gunshot of the +British Fort, by less than one half their numbers. + +Gen. Wayne remained three days on the banks of the Miami, in front of +the field of battle left to the full and quiet possession of his army, +by the flight and dispersion of the savages. In this time, all the +houses and cornfields, both above and below the British Fort, and +among the rest, the houses and stores of Col. McKee,[12] an English +trader of great influence among the Indians and which had been +invariably exerted to prolong the war, were consumed by fire or +otherwise entirely destroyed. On the 27th, the American army returned +to its head quarters, laying waste the cornfields and villages on each +side of the river for about fifty miles; and [316] this too in the +most populous and best improved part of the Indian country. + +The loss sustained by the American army, in obtaining this brilliant +victory, over a savage enemy flushed with former successes, amounted +to thirty-three killed and one hundred wounded:[13] that of the enemy +was never ascertained. In his official account of the action, Gen. +Wayne says, "The woods were strewed for a considerable distance, with +the dead bodies of the Indians and their white auxiliaries;" and at a +council held a few days after, when British agents endeavored to +prevail on them to risk another engagement, they expressed a +determination to "bury the bloody hatchet" saying, that they had just +lost more than two hundred of their warriors. + +Some events occurred during this engagement, which are deemed worthy +of being recorded here, although not of general interest. While Capt. +Campbell was engaged in turning the left-flank, of the enemy, three of +them plunged into the river, and endeavored to escape the fury of the +conflict, by swimming to the opposite shore. They were seen by two +negroes, who were on the bank to which the Indians were aiming, and +who concealed themselves behind a log for the purpose of intercepting +them. When within shooting distance one of the negroes fired and +killed one of the Indians. The other two took hold of him to drag him +to shore, when one of them was killed, by the fire of the other negro. +The remaining Indian, being now in shoal water, endeavored to draw +both the dead to the bank; but before he could effect this, the negro +who had first fired, had reloaded, and again discharging his gun, +killed him also, and the three floated down the river. + +Another circumstance is related, which shows the obstinacy with which +the contest was maintained by individuals in both armies. A soldier +and an Indian came in collision, the one having an unloaded gun,--the +other a tomahawk. After the action was over, they were both found +dead; the soldier with his bayonet in the body of the Indian,--and the +Indian with his tomahawk in the head of the soldier. + +Notwithstanding the signal victory, obtained by General Wayne over the +Indians, yet did their hostility to the whites lead them to acts of +occasional violence, and kept them for some time from acceding to the +proposals for peace. In [317] consequence of this, their whole country +was laid waste, and forts erected in the hearts of their settlements +at once to starve and awe them into quiet. The desired effect was +produced. Their crops being laid waste, their villages burned, +fortresses erected in various parts of their country and kept well +garrisoned, and a victorious army ready to bear down upon them at any +instant, there was no alternative left them but to sue for peace. When +the Shawanees made known their wish to bury the _bloody hatchet_, Gen. +Wayne refused to treat singly with them, and declared that all the +different tribes of the North Western Indians should be parties to any +treaty which he should make. This required some time as they had been +much dispersed after the defeat of the 20th of August, and the great +devastation committed on their crops and provisions by the American +army, had driven many to the woods, to procure a precarious +subsistence by hunting. Still however, to such abject want and +wretchedness were they reduced, that exertions were immediately made +to collect them in general council; and as this was the work of some +time, it was not effected until midsummer of 1795. + +In this interval of time, there was but a solitary interruption, +caused by savage aggression, to the general repose and quiet of North +Western Virginia; and that interruption occurred in a settlement which +had been exempt from invasion since the year 1782. In the summer of +1795, the trail of a large party of Indians was discovered on Leading +creek, and proceeding directly towards the settlements on the head of +the West Fork, those on Buchannon river, or in Tygart's Valley. In +consequence of the uncertainty against which of them, the savages +would direct their operations, intelligence of the discovery which had +been made, was sent by express to all; and measures, to guard against +the happening of any unpleasant result, were taken by all, save the +inhabitants on Buchannon. They had so long been exempt from the +murderous incursions of the savages, while other settlements not +remote from them, were yearly deluged with blood, that a false +security was engendered, in the issue, fatal to the lives and +happiness of some of them, by causing them to neglect the use of such +precautionary means, as would warn them of the near approach of +danger, and ward it when it came. + +Pursuing their usual avocations in despite of the warning which had +been given them, on the day after the express had [318] sounded an +alarm among them, as John Bozarth, sen. and his sons George and John +were busied in drawing grain from the field to the barn, the agonizing +shrieks of those at the house rent the air around them; and they +hastened to ascertain, and if practicable avert the cause. The +elasticity of youth enabled George to approach the house some few +paces in advance of his father, but the practised eye of the old +gentleman, first discovered an Indian, only a small distance from his +son, and with his gun raised to fire upon him. With parental +solicitude he exclaimed, "See George, an Indian is going to shoot +you." George was then too near the savage, to think of escaping by +flight. He looked at him steadily, and when he supposed the fatal aim +was taken and the finger just pressing on the trigger, he fell, and +the ball whistled by him. Not doubting but that the youth had fallen +in death, the savage passed by him and pressed in pursuit of the +father. + +Mr. Bozarth had not attained to that age when the sinews become too +much relaxed for active exertion, but was yet springy and agile, and +was enabled to keep ahead of his pursuer. Despairing of overtaking +him, by reason of his great speed, the savage hurled a tomahawk at his +head. It passed harmless by; and the old gentleman got safely off. + +When George Bozarth fell as the Indian fired, he lay still as if dead, +and supposing the scalping knife would be next applied to his head, +determined on seizing the savage by the legs as he would stoop over +him, and endeavor to bring him to the ground; when he hoped to be able +to gain the mastery over him. Seeing him pass on in pursuit of his +father, he arose and took to flight also. On his way he overtook a +younger brother, who had become alarmed, and was hobbling slowly away +on a sore foot. George gave him every aid in his power to facilitate +his flight, until he discovered that another of the savages was +pressing close upon them. Knowing that if he remained with his +brother, both must inevitably perish, he was reluctantly forced to +leave him to his fate. Proceeding on, he came up with his father, who +not doubting but he was killed when the savage fired at him, broke +forth with the exclamation, "_Why George, I thought you were dead_," +and manifested, even in that sorrowful moment, a joyful feeling at his +mistake. + +The Indians who were at the house, wrought their work of blood upon +such as would have been impediments to their [319] retreat; and +killing two or three smaller children, took Mrs. Bozarth and two boys +prisoners. With these they made their way to their towns and arrived +in time to surrender their captives to Gen. Wayne. + +This was the last mischief done by the Indians in North Western +Virginia. For twenty years the inhabitants of that section of the +country, had suffered all the horrors of savage warfare, and all the +woes which spring from the uncurbed indulgence of those barbarous and +vindicitive passions, which bear sway in savage breasts. The treaty of +Greenville, concluded on the 3d of August 1795, put a period to the +war, and with it, to those acts of devastation and death which had so +long spread dismay and gloom throughout the land. + +FINIS. +----- + [1] Drake, in _Aboriginal Races of North America_ (15th + ed.), p. 616, cites the Waggoner massacre as "the first exploit + in which we find Tecumseh engaged." L. V. McWhorter sends me + this interesting note, giving the local tradition regarding the + affair: "John Waggoner lived on Jesse's Run, more than two + miles above its junction with Hacker's Creek. While engaged in + burning logs in his clearing, he was sitting upon a log, with a + handspike lying across his lap. It was thought that Tecumseh + mistook this tool for a gun, and was nervous. But three in + number, the Indians had entered the district with some + trepidation. Over Sunday, while the settlers were holding + religious services in West's Fort, the savages lay in a + neighboring ravine. The dogs of the settlement barked furiously + at them, and ran toward their hiding place, trying to lead + their masters; but the latter supposed that the animals had + merely scented wolves, hence paid no attention to them. + Tecumseh was but thirty paces from Waggoner when he fired, and + it is singular that he missed, for the latter was a large man + and in fair view. Waggoner sprang up and started for his cabin, + a short distance only, but when about fifteen yards away saw an + Indian chasing one of the children around the house. Waggoner + was unarmed; his gun was in the house, but he feared to enter, + so ran for help to the cabin of Hardman, a neighbor. But + Hardman was out hunting, and there was no gun left there. The + screams of his family were now plainly heard by Waggoner, and + he was with difficulty restrained from rushing back to help + them, unarmed. Jesse Hughes carried the news into the fort, and + a rescue party at once set out. Mrs. Waggoner and her three + youngest children had been carried across the ridge to where is + now Rev. Mansfield McWhorter's farm, on McKenley's Run, and + here they were tomahawked and scalped. Henry McWhorter helped + to carry the bodies to the fort, but made no mention of their + being 'mangled in the most barbarous and shocking manner.'" + + The boy Peter, then eight years old, remained with the Indians + for twenty years. The manner of his return, as related to me by + Mr. McWhorter, was singular, and furnishes an interesting and + instructive romance of the border. One Baker, one of John + Waggoner's neighbors, went to Ohio to "squat," and on Paint + Creek saw Peter with a band of Indians, recognizing him by the + strong family resemblance. Baker at once wrote to the elder + Waggoner, telling him of his discovery, and the latter soon + visited the Paint Creek band, with a view to inducing his son + to return home. But Peter was loth to go. He was united to a + squaw, and by her had two children. In tears, she bitterly + opposed his going. When finally he yielded to parental appeals, + he promised her he would soon be back again. When the time for + his return to the forest came, his relatives kept him under + guard; when it had passed, he was afraid to return to his + Indian relatives, having broken his word. Gradually he became + reconciled in a measure to his new surroundings, but was ever + melancholy, frequently lamenting that he had left his savage + family. "Some time after his return to civilization," continues + McWhorter, "an Indian woman, supposed to be his wife, passed + through the Hacker Creek settlements, inquiring for Peter, and + going on toward the East. She appeared to be demented, and sang + snatches of savage songs. Peter never knew of her presence, nor + would any one inform her of his whereabouts. He was reticent + about his life among the Indians, and no details of that + feature of his career became known to his white friends." + + Tecumseh, who is said to have been born on Hacker's Creek, + possibly at a village near the mouth of Jesse's Run, visited + the white settlements there, after the peace, and told the + whites of his experiences in connection with the Waggoner + massacre.--R. G. T. + + [2] It must be acknowledged that many of these militia forays + against the Indians partook of the nature of buccaneering. The + spoils were often considerable. Clark, in his Kaskaskia campaign + (1778), captured so much booty, in property and slaves, that he + declares his men were made "almost rich."--R. G. T. + + [3] In the spring of 1792, Major Trueman, Colonel Hardin, + and Mr. Freeman were dispatched from Fort Washington by + different routes, to open peace negotiations, but they were + murdered by the savages. Gen. Rufus Putnam, aided by + Hekewelder, the Moravian, succeeded in binding the Wabash and + Illinois Indians to keep the peace. Later, Benjamin Lincoln, + Timothy Pickering, and Beverly Randolph were ordered by the + president to go to the Maumee to conclude a general treaty + which Indians had declared their willingness to enter into. But + the commissioners were detained at Niagara by sham conferences + with Gov. John Graves Simcoe, of Canada, until the middle of + July, when the Indians sent them word that unless they would in + advance "agree that the Ohio shall remain the boundary between + us," the proposed "meeting would be altogether unnecessary." + The commissioners declined to accept this ultimatum, and + returned home. Meanwhile, General Wayne was prosecuting + preparations for an active campaign against the hostiles.--R. + G. T. + + [4] On a plain near the old French-Indian-English trading + village, called Logstown (just below the present Economy, Pa., + on the north side of the Ohio, 18 miles below Pittsburg), + Wayne's army lay encamped from November, 1792, to April 30, + 1793. The army was fancifully called the "Legion of the United + States," and the camp was known as Legionville. From here, + Wayne proceeded to Cincinnati, and took up his headquarters in + Fort Washington.--R. G. T. + + [5] Fishing Creek enters the Ohio 128 miles below + Pittsburgh. At its mouth is now the town of New Martinsville, + W. Va.--R. G. T. + + [6] This was an expedition made by Gen. James Wilkinson, + second in command under Wayne, in December, 1793. He marched to + the field from Fort Washington at the head of a thousand men, + and left a garrison at the new fort.--R. G. T. + + [7] McWhorter says that the capture of the Cozad boys took + place at the mouth of Lanson Run, near Berlin, W. Va. The boy + who was killed was but six years of age; crying for his mother, + an Indian grasped him by the heels and cracked his head against + a tree,--a favorite method of murdering white children, among + Indian war parties. "Jacob yelled once, after starting with the + Indians, but was knocked down by a gun in the hands of one of + the savages. When he came to his senses, a squaw was dragging + him up hill by one foot. He remained with the Indians for about + two years, being adopted into a chief's family. He died in + 1862, in his eighty-ninth year."--R. G. T. + + [8] Thirtieth of June.--R. G. T. + + [9] The white loss, in killed, was 22, including Major + McMahon.--R. G. T. + + [10] The force started August 8. Besides the regulars, were + about 1,100 mounted Kentucky militia, under Gen. Charles + Scott.--R. G. T. + + [11] Hence the popular name of the engagement, "Battle of + Fallen Timbers."--R. G. T. + + [12] Alexander McKee, the renegade, of whom mention has + frequently been made in foregoing pages.--R. G. T. + + [13] Later authorities place the white loss at 107, killed + and wounded.--R. G. T. + + + + +INDEX. + Acosta, Father Joseph, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Adair, James, _History of American Indians_, 17-23. + + Adair, Maj., attacked by Indians, 413. + + Albermarle county, Va., 54. + + Alexander, Archibald, early settler, 52; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Alexander, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Alexandria, O., old Shawneetown at, 82, 92. + + Alexandria, Va., 60, 181. + + Alleghany county, Va., census (1830), 55. + + Alleghany mountains, early Indians in, 44, 45, 47; + crossed by English, 63-66. + + Alleghany river, early Indians on, 45, 46, 73; + discovered by Le Moyne, 64; + French on, 65; + Grant's defeat, 71; + in Dunmore's war, 150; + in Revolution, 301, 309. + + Allen, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Almon, J., _Remembrancer_, 355. + + Amherst county, Va., militia of, 99. + + Amherst, Jeffrey, orders Bouquet's expedition, 107. + + Anderson, James, early settler, 126. + + Appalachas, Indian village, attacked by Narvaez, 7. + + Arbuckle, Matthew, in Dunmore's war, 165, 170, 175; + at murder of Cornstalk, 211, 212, 216; + commandant of Ft. Randolph, 209, 241. + + Archaeology. _See_ Mound-builders. + + Archer, Betsy, daughter of Sampson, 52. + + Archer, Sampson, early settler, 52, 89. + + Arkansas river, Salling at, 48. + + Armstrong, Capt., on Harmar's campaign, 394. + + Ashcraft, Uriah, attacked by Indians, 397. + + Ashly, Lieut., killed by Indians, 332. + + Athol, Thomas, 93. + + Au Glaize river, treaty of, 376; + Wayne on, 424, 425. + + Augusta county, Va., formed, 55, 57, 61, 151; + early settlers in, 53; + census (1830), 55, 56; + militia of, 49, 52, 66, 68, 81, 90, 164, 166, 170, 209, 210; + McDowell's fight, 52; + ransom of Moores, 374; + Preston's _Register of Indian Depredations_, 87; + _History of_, 246. + + Bailey, ----, in Dunmore's war, 169. + + Bailey, Minter, 240. + + Baker, ----, discovers Peter Waggoner, 410. + + Baker, Henry, killed by Indians, 291, 292. + + Baker, Joshua, murders Logan family, 125, 148-150. + + Baker, William, explores Kentucky, 115. + + Baker's bottom, massacre of Indians at, 134, 142, 148-150, 184. + + Bald Eagle, killed by whites, 135, 136. + + Barkley, Elihu, with Braddock, 66. + + Barlow, Joel, agent of Scioto Co., 60. + + Bartlett's run, 248. + + Bath county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Baxter's run, 247. + + Bean, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Beard, Samuel, early settler, 127. + + Bear Grass river, early settlements on, 274; + foray on, 384, 385. + + Beaver, Delaware chief, 45. + + Beaver river, Shingiss Old Town, 45; + Moravians on, 314; + Ft. McIntosh built, 237; + treaty at Ft. McIntosh, 366. + + Bedinger, George M., in Bowman's campaign, 271. + + Bedford county, Pa., 190; + in "Black boys" uprising, 112-114. + + Bedford county, Va., 70; militia of, 164. + + Bell, James, with Braddock, 66. + + Berkeley county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56; + militia of, 164. + + Berkeley, Sir William, fosters western exploration, 64. + + Berlin, W. Va., 290; + foray near, 421. + + Beverly, W. Va., origin of, 74. + + Big Beaver river. _See_ Beaver. + + Big Bone creek, Clark at, 146. + + Big Bone lick, 271. + + Biggs, Benjamin, early settler, 125, 203; + killed by Indians, 332. + + Big Hockhocking river. _See_ Hockhocking. + + Big Kanawha river. _See_ Great Kanawha. + + Big Knives. _See_ Long Knives. + + Big lick, 162. + + Big Miami river. _See_ Miami. + + Big Sandy river, in Shawnee campaign, 81-86. + + Big Sewell mountain, origin of name, 57. + + Bildercock, ----, militia officer, 227, 228. + + Bingamon creek, forays on, 367, 369. + + Bird, Henry, attacks American borderers, 254; + beseiges Ft. Laurens, 262; + invades Kentucky, 286, 297-300, 305. + + Black Beard, Shawnee chief, 268. + + Black boys, border regulators, 105, 106; + attack Pennsylvania traders, 109-116. + + Black Fish, Shawnee chief, 201, 202, 266, 268, 273. + + Black Hoof, Shawnee chief, 268. + + Bledsoe, Anthony, in Dunmore's war, 167. + + Blevins, William, early settler, 59, 60. + + Blue licks, 268; + Boone's captivity, 265-267; + battle of, 351-354, 388. + + Blue ridge, 69, 83, 100; + early tribes of, 44, 47; + early explorations of, 64; + Borden grant, 51; + first settlements beyond, 50, 52, 55. + + Bluestone river, 61; + in Sandy creek voyage, 82. + + Boiling Springs, Ky., represented in Transylvania legislature, 193. + + Bolivar, O., 261. + + Bonnett, John, killed by Indians, 377. + + Boone county, N. Y., Delawares in, 136. + + Boone, Daniel, on Holston, 59; + first explores Kentucky, 142-144; + second trip (1773), 144, 145, 147; + in Dunmore's war, 152, 153, 190; + founds Boonesborough, 190-197; + captured by Indians, 265-267; + in Chene's attack on Boonesborough, 268, 269; + in Paint creek expedition, 267, 268; + at battle of Blue licks, 351-353. + + Boone, Mrs. Daniel, first white woman in Kentucky, 196, 197. + + Boone, James, killed by Indians, 144, 145. + + Boone, Squire, explores Kentucky, 143, 144. + + Boonesborough, Ky., founded, 190-197; + first attacked by Indians, 200, 202, 205; + Bowman's arrival, 207, 208; + during Boone's captivity, 265-267; + Chene's attack on, 268, 270; + during Revolution, 350, 351. + + Booth's creek, origin of name, 122, 123; + forays on, 247, 248, 290, 309, 343. + + Booth, James, early settler, 122, 123; + killed by Indians, 247. + + Borden, Benjamin, Sr., land-grant, 50-54, 66; + sketch, 51. + + Borden, Benjamin, Jr., 52. + + Boshears, William, scouting service, 227, 228. + + Botetourt county, Va., 66, 70; + census (1830), 55, 56; + Holston settlement, 59; + militia of, 81, 164, 165, 167, 209, 210. + + Bouquet, Henry, campaign against Indians, 106-109, 173; + treaty with Indians, 91, 141, 173, 179. + + Bourbon county, Ky., 67, 115. + + Bowman, James L., 79. + + Bowman, John, campaign (1779), 190; + early defense of Kentucky, 207, 208; + Chillicothe expedition, 271-274; + cited, 268; + sketch, 271. + + Boyd, John, killed by Indians, 222. + + Bozarth, George, adventure with Indians, 429, 430. + + Bozarth, John, Sr., attacked by Indians, 279, 429, 430. + + Bozarth, John, Jr., adventure with Indians, 429, 430. + + Bozarth, Mrs., adventures with Indians, 279, 280. + + Braddock, Edward, campaign and defeat of, 65-69, 71, 72, 77, 105, 106, + 143, 145, 147, 169. + + Braddock, Pa., 68. + + Braddock's road, history of, 77. + + Brain, ----, killed by Indians, 240. + + Brain, Benjamin, captured by Indians, 280, 281. + + Brain, Isaac, captured by Indians, 280, 281. + + Brain, James, killed by Indians, 280, 281. + + Brant, Joseph, Indian chief, 254. + + Braxton county, Va., Bulltown massacre, 136-138. + + Breckenridge, Robert, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Brenton, Capt., on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Bridger, ----, killed by Indians, 292. + + Brinton, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Brodhead, Daniel, expedition to Muskingum, 300-305, 309; + receives news from Moravians, 315. + + Brooke county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 63; + forays in, 380, 381. + + Brooks, Thomas, scout, 266. + + Brown, ----, in New-river foray, 96, 97. + + Brown, ----, killed by Indians, 161. + + Brown, Adam, Sr., imprisoned by Indians, 96, 97. + + Brown, Adam, Jr., 96. + + Brown, Coleman, killed by Indians, 156. + + Brown, James, chases Indians, 246; + attacked by Indians, 311. + + Brown, John, early hunter, 121. + + Brown, Samuel, captured by Indians, 96. + + Brownsville, Pa. _See_ Redstone. + + Bryan, William, companion of Boone, 144. + + Bryant, William, killed by Indians, 348. + + Bryant station, Ky., threatened by Bird, 296; + beseiged by Caldwell, 348-351, 353, 354. + + Buchanan, John, diary of, 49. + + Buckhannon river, early settlements on, 117-122, 127; + Bulltown massacre, 136; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + Indian forays on, 151, 275, 282, 284, 288, 290, 318, 319, 340, 342, + 343, 422, 428. + + Buffalo creek, first settlement on, 125; + Indian forays, 318, 374-376. + + Buffalo gap, Mackey's settlement near, 50. + + Buffington, Jonathan, captured by Indians, 311. + + Buffington, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311. + + Buford, ----, captain in Dunmore's war, 164, 165, 170, 171. + + Bulger, Maj., killed at Blue licks, 353. + + Bulgess, Adj., killed by Indians, 403. + + Bull, Capt., killed by whites, 136-138. + + Bullitt, Thomas, in Forbes's campaign, 71; + surveys Connolly tract, 145, 146; + sketch, 71, 72. + + Bullock, Leonard Henley, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Bulltown, Va., massacre of Delawares near, 136-138. + + Burd, James, at Redstone, 77-79. + + Burning Spring, 82, 85. + + Burns, James, killed by Indians, 245. + + Bush, Adam, chases Indians, 397. + + Bush, John, adventure with Indians, 341, 343; + killed by Indians, 396. + + Bush, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, 396, 397. + + Bushy run, Bouquet's fight on, 108. + + Butler, Mann, _Kentucky_, 193. + + Butler, Richard, treaty commissioner, 366, 388; + in St. Clair's campaign, 401-403. + + Butler, Robert, early settler, 126. + + Butterfield, Consul W., _Crawford's Expedition Against Sandusky_, 328; + _History of the Girtys_, 153, 178, 189, 224, 308, 347, 404; + _Washington-Irvine Correspondence_, 262. + + Cabell county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Cahokia, Ill., founded by La Salle, 6; + Indian mounds at, 40; + captured by Clark, 253. + + Caldwell, William, expedition against Kentucky, 348-354. + + California, O., founded, 392. + + Calf Pasture river, in Pontiac war, 97. + + Callaway, Richard, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Cameron, Charles, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Cameron, Daniel, killed by Indians, 311. + + Campbell, Arthur, militia officer, 268. + + Campbell, Capt., on Wayne's campaign, 426, 427. + + Campbell, George, border poet, 110, 111. + + Campbell, John, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Campbell, William, settles on Holston, 59; + at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Camp Charlotte, Indian treaty at, 145, 173, 176-186, 190, 197. + + Camp Union, in Dunmore's war, 164, 165, 167. + + Canaan, Joseph, killed by Indians, 422. + + Canestoga Indians, killed by Paxton boys, 104, 105. + + Captina creek, in Dunmore's war, 134, 138, 148, 149, 153; + in Revolution, 230. + + Carder, William, attacked by Indians, 419, 420. + + Carlisle, Pa., trial of Smith, 113-115; + Scotch-Irish at, 143. + + Carmichael's, Pa., founded, 123. + + Carpenter, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 414. + + Carpenter, Dr., captured by Indians, 96, 97. + + Carpenter, Jeremiah, 414. + + Carpenter, John, captured by Indians, 319. + + Carpenter, Nicholas, adventure with Indians, 399, 400. + + Carpenter, William, killed by Indians, 96, 97. + + Carr's creek, massacre on, 172, 173. + + Carver, ----, settles on Greenbrier, 57. + + Carver, Jonathan, visits western Indians, 20, 21, 23, 24; + on Indian creek, 38. + + Casper's lick, 152. + + Catawba Indians, early strength of, 46; + attack Delawares, 47; + fought by McDowell, 52; + claim Kentucky, 142, 194. + + Catawba river, early Indians on, 46; + Patton's settlement, 51; + forays on, 96, 98. + + Catholics (Roman), missionary efforts of, 36; + at Gallipolis, 60. _See_ Jesuits. + + Cayahoga river, Delawares on, 45. + + Cayuga Indians, strength of, 46; + in Dunmore's war, 155, 172. + + Cedar creek, early settlement on, 52. + + Champlain, Samuel de, founds Quebec, 4, 5. + + Charleston, S. C., 49, 59. + + Charlevoix, Father, on origin of Indians, 15, 16. + + Cheat river, 63, 118; + first settlements on, 75, 76, 126; + massacre of Indians on, 135; + Indian forays on, 240, 291, 310, 311. + + Chene, Isidore, attacks Boonesborough, 268-270. + + Cherokee Indians, early strength of, 46; + capture Salling, 48, 49; + Williamson among, 104; + visit Gov. Glen, 59; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 82; + opposition to Kentucky settlers, 142, 145; + cession to Henderson, 192, 195; + during Revolution, 347. + + Chevrout, Joseph, relieves Carder, 420. + + Chew, Colby, explores Kentucky, 81. + + Chickamauga Indians, claim Kentucky, 142. + + Chickasaw Indians, early strength, 46; + claim Kentucky, 142; + cession to Henderson, 195; + in St. Clair's campaign, 403-405. + + Childers, William, settles on Youghiogheny, 117, 118. + + Chillicothe towns, Dyer's captivity, 87; + in Dunmore's war, 176, 179, 182, 183, 187; + Boone's captivity, 266, 267; + Bowman's expedition against, 271-274; + in Piqua expedition, 305, 307-309; + Indian council at, 346, 347; + in Harmar's campaign, 393, 394. + + Chillicothe (Old), Renick captivity, 91; + Hannah Dennis's escape, 91-93. + + Chillicothe (New), Hannah Dennis's escape, 92. + + Chippewa Indians, early strength, 46; + fight Clark, 252; + during Revolution, 347; + at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388. + + Chiyawee, Wyandot chief, 172. + + Christian, William, in Cherokee campaign, 59; + in New-river foray, 99; + in Dunmore's war, 165, 167, 170, 171, 190; + killed by Indians, 385. + + Cincinnati, Indian relics found in, 42; + Clark on site of, 306; + genesis of, 390-393; + in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; + in St. Clair's campaign, 401, 405; + in Wayne's campaign, 413, 419, 423. + + Circleville, O., Indians mounds at, 41. + + Clark, ----, on St. Clair's campaign, 402. + + Clark, George, scout, 271. + + Clark, George Rogers, on Indian mounds, 40; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 164; + arrival in Kentucky, 197, 200; + in early defense of Kentucky, 207; + founds Louisville, 146; + Illinois campaign, 121, 123, 190, 252-255, 257-261, 270, 294, 295, 411; + Piqua campaign, 305-309; + Shawnee campaign, 354, 355; + Wabash campaign, 386; + treaty commissioner, 366, 388; + in Spanish conspiracy, 130; + sketch, 253, 254. + + Clark, John, ambushed by Indians, 262. + + Clarke, Col., Pennsylvania militia officer, 263, 264. + + Clarksburg, W. Va., 275; + founded, 127; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 284, 310, 311, 341, 342, 345; + miscellaneous forays near, 376, 381, 383, 397. + + Clay, ----, killed by Indians, 166. + + Clegg, ----, family captured by Indians, 398, 399. + + Clendennin's settlement, Hannah Dennis at, 93; + massacre at, 93-95; + family captured by Indians, 172, 173. + + Clinch river, first settlements on, 59, 60; + Boone on, 145, 152; + in Henderson's grant, 193; + foray on, 374. + + Coburn, Capt., chases Indians, 410, 411. + + Coburn's creek, 248, 249. + + Cochran, Nathaniel, captured by Indians, 247, 250, 251. + + Cocke, William, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Cohunnewago Indians, strength of, 46. + + Colden, C., _Five Nations of New York_, 194. + + Coleman, Moses, killed by Indians, 285. + + Columbia, O., founded, 391, 392. + + Congo creek, 176. + + Connecticut, relinquishes Western land claim, 389. + + Connelly, ----, early settler, 126. + + Connoly, Darby, killed by Indians, 234. + + Connolly, John, agent of Dunmore, 74, 142, 145, 149; + in Dunmore's war, 164, 179-181, 188; + land claim at Louisville, 145, 146. + + Conococheague valley, massacre in, 101, 105; + a fur-trade centre, 109, 113. + + Cooley, William, companion of Boone, 143. + + Coomes, William, adventure with Indians, 201. + + Coon, ----, daughter killed by Indians, 218, 219. + + Coonce, Mark, French trader, 79. + + Cooper, ----, killed by Indians, 311. + + Coplin, Benjamin, kills an Indian, 344. + + Corbly, John, attacked by Indiana, 345. + + Corn island, Clark at, 253, 294. + + Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, at Point Pleasant, 168, 170, 172, 173; + at treaty of Camp Charlotte, 183-186; + imprisoned at Ft. Randolph, 209, 215, 216; + murder of, 173, 211-214, 235, 236, 241, 266; + sketch of, 172, 173. + + Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 347. + + Coshocton, O., 153, 314. + + Coshocton, Indian village, Brodhead's expedition against, 302-305, 309, + 316. + + Cottrial, Andrew, early settler, 127. + + Cottrial, Samuel, early settler, 127; + attacked by Indians, 284, 285. + + Cowan, John, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Coward, ----, adventure with Indians, 166. + + Cowpasture river, 91. + + Cox, Joseph, captured by Indians, 419. + + Cozad, Jacob, Sr., sons killed by Indians, 420. + + Cozad, Jacob, Jr., escapes from Indians, 420, 421. + + Craig, Lieut., killed by Indians, 424. + + Craig, James, adventure with Indians, 203. + + Craig's creek, 90. + + Crawford, ----, killed by Indians, 344. + + Crawford, James, early settler, 123. + + Crawford, John, killed by Indians, 331, 334, 336. + + Crawford, William, in Dunmore's war, 164, 168, 179, 185, 220; + Sandusky campaign of, 328-339; + sketch, 334. + + Crawford, William (nephew of foregoing), killed by Indians, 331. + + Cresap, Michael, in Dunmore's war, 134, 149, 154, 164; + accused by Logan, 184. + + Cresap, Thomas, opens Braddock's road, 77. + + Crooked creek, 169, 170. + + Crooked run, Indian forays on, 282, 344. + + Cross creek, 78. + + Cross, Thomas, Sr., 91. + + Crouch, James, wounded by Indians, 287. + + Crouse, Peter, killed by Indians, 282. + + Culpeper county, Va., 59; + militia of, 66; + in Dunmore's war, 159, 164. + + Cumberland county, Pa., 143. + + Cumberland Gap, Walden's trip, 60; + Boone opens path, 143, 192. + + Cumberland, Md., Ohio Co.'s post at, 77. + + Cumberland river, Walden's trip, 60; + explored by Smith, 115; + Boone on, 152; + in Henderson's purchase, 192, 193; + foray on, 200. + + Cundiff, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Cunningham, Edward, fight with Indians, 238, 239, 367-370, 373. + + Cunningham, Robert, early settler, 126. + + Cunningham, Thomas, 218; + family attacked by Indians, 367, 373. + + Cunningham, Mrs. Thomas, captured by Indians, 367-373. + + Curl, Jeremiah, attacked by Indians, 288, 289. + + Curner, ----, on Mad-river campaign, 387. + + Cusick, David, _Ancient History of Six Nations_, 18, 26, 40. + + Cutright, Benjamin, early settler, 122. + + Cutright, John, Sr., early settler, 122; + murders Indians, 137; + wounded by Indians, 290. + + Cutright, John, Jr., 122. + + Cutright, Peter, attacked by Indians, 288, 289. + + Danville, Ky., origin of, 274; + convention at, 115, 190. + + Davis, ----, settles on Holston, 59. + + Davis, Mrs., daughter of John Jackson, 121. + + Davisson, ----, killed by Indians, 373. + + Davisson, Daniel, early settler, 127. + + Davisson, Josiah, brother of Nathaniel, 283. + + Davisson, Nathaniel, killed by Indians, 283, 284. + + Davisson, Obadiah, early settler, 127. + + Decker, Thomas, early settler, 123; + attacked by Indians, 77, 78. + + Decker's creek, first settlement on, 77. + + De Creve Coeurs, St. John, _Lettres_, 153. + + De Hass, Wills, _History of Indian Wars_, 222. + + De Huron, George, on origin of Indians, 15. + + De Kalb, Baron, 86. + + De Laet, John, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Delaware Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45, 46; + attacked by Catawbas, 47; + in Decker's creek massacre, 77-79; + Seybert massacre, 88, 89; + New-river foray, 96-99; + Bulltown massacre, 136-138; + Pontiac's conspiracy, 136; + claim Kentucky, 142; + in Dunmore's war, 150, 172, 179; + during Revolution, 219, 263, 301, 303, 314, 315, 320, 332, 333, 347; + in Harmar's campaign, 393; + Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388; + subsequent foray, 371; + Wayne's campaign, 421. + + Delaware river, massacre on, 101-104. + + De Moraez, Emanuel, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Denman, Matthias, founds Cincinnati, 390-392. + + Dennis, Hannah, imprisoned by Indians, 89-93, 95. + + Dennis, Joseph, killed by Indians, 89. + + Denton, ----, assists Mrs. Cunningham, 372. + + Denton, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197. + + Deny, William, coroner of Bedford, 114. + + De Peyster, Arent Schuyler, commandant at Detroit, 295, 317, 365. + + De Soto, Ferdinand, discovers Mississippi, 7, 8. + + Detroit, 91; + Indian villages near, 46; + under French domination, 72; + Logan at, 155, 156; + Connolly at, 181; + Boone at, 266, 267; + English headquarters during Revolution, 252, 254, 255, 257; + English machinations at, 207, 231, 247, 286, 295, 299, 317, 320, 336, + 337; + arrival of peace news, 365. + + De Villiers, defeats Washington, 74; + destroys Redstone fort, 77. + + Dickinson, John, in Dunmore's war. 170, 175. + + Dillon, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Dillon, Mrs., killed by Indians, 240. + + Dinwiddie, Robert, governor of Virginia, 53, 65; + authorizes Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83, 84; + _Papers_, 68, 86. + + Dix, Webster, 119. + + Dodd, Ensign, on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Doddridge, John, early settler, 125. + + Doddridge, Joseph, _Notes on the Settlements_, 125, 126, 153, 183; + MS. of, 221. + + Donelson, Col., runs Indian boundary, 195. + + Donnelly, Andrew, beseiged by Indians, 242-245; + repulses them, 291. + + Dorman, Timothy, captured by Indians, 340, 341; + turns renegade, 341, 342. + + Dougherty, Daniel, captured by Indians, 311, 312. + + Dougherty, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311. + + Doughty, Maj., builds Ft. Washington, 391. + + Douglas, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Dragging Canoe, Cherokee chief, 192. + + Dragoo, Mrs., killed by Indians, 374, 375. + + Drake, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Drake, Lieut.-col., on St. Clair's campaign, 402. + + Drake, Samuel G., _Aboriginal Races of North America_, 409. + + Draper, Lyman C., historical notes by, 40, 50-53, 57-60, 65, 66, 68, 71, + 72, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85-88, 90, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106-108, 115, + 121, 123; + interviews Salling's descendants, 48; + on aboriginal claims to Kentucky, 193-195; + cited, 183, 203, 254. + + Drinnon, Thomas, attacked by Indians, 292, 293. + + Drinnon, Lawrence, attacked by Indians, 291, 292. + + Duke, Francis, killed by Indians, 359, 360. + + Dunbar, Pa., settled by Gist, 74. + + Dunkard bottom, settled, 126; + massacre on, 240. + + Dunkard creek, a war trail, 75: + first settled on, 75; + forays on, 249, 250, 279, 398, 399. + + Dunkards, early settlements by, 75; + massacre of, 76, 77. + + Dunkin, John, militia officer, 207. + + Dunlap, James, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + killed by Indians, 87. + + Dunlap creek, first settlement on, 77; + foray on, 96. + + Dunmore, Lord, 74; + in Dunmore's war, 135-190, 197, 209, 220, 253, 385; + opposes Henderson's purchase, 192. + + Du Pratz, Le Page, _History of Louisiana_, 49. + + Durrett, Reuben T., _Centenary of Louisville_, 294. + + Dutch, introduce African slavery, 10; + in New York, 48. + + Dyer, James, imprisoned by Indians, 87, 88. + + East Meadows, Braddock at, 67. + + Eckarly family, early settlers, 126. + + Eckarly, Thomas, Dunkard pioneer, 75; + massacre of his brother, 76, 77. + + Economy, Pa., 413. + + Ecuyer, Simeon, under Bouquet. 107. + + Edwards, David, killed by Indians, 252. + + Edwards, William, Moravian missionary, 314, 317. + + Elk creek, in Caldwell's invasion, 351; + during Revolution, 284; + foray on, 367. + + Elk river, origin of name, 118, 119; + first settlement on, 126, 127; + Stroud massacre, 136, 137; + in Dunmore's war, 166, 167, 175; + foray on, 414. + + Elk's Eye creek. _See_ Muskingum. + + Ellinipsico, Cornstalk's son, 172, 211-213. + + Elliott, Matthew, in Dunmore's war, 182, 189; + attacks Wheeling, 316, 317; + encourages forays, 347, 388. + + Ellis, Franklin, _History of Fayette Co._, 77. + + English, territorial claims of, 1-5, 7; + emigration to Virginia, 49; + first occupation of the Ohio, 63; + struggle for Forks of Ohio, 64-74; + Braddock's campaign, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + Bouquet's expedition, 106-109; + Dunmore's war, 134-190; + Bird's invasion, 294-300, 305, 336, 337; + Caldwell's invasion, 348-354; + second seige of Wheeling, 356, 357; + encourage forays on American borderers, 147, 207-210, 215, 216, 224, + 225, 231, 236, 252, 253, 260, 285, 286, 317, 388, 425-427. + + Episcopalians, 50, 57. + + Fairfax, Lord, land-grant of, 50, 51, 334; + militia officer, 101. + + Fairfield, Va., settled, 52. + + Fallen Timbers, battle of, 425-428. + + Falling Spring, Va., 86. + + Falls of Ohio. _See_ Louisville. + + Fauquier county, Va., 145. + + Fauquier, governor of Virginia, 86. + + Fayette county, Pa., settled, 74, 123; + militia from, 328. + + Fayette county, W. Va., 57. + + Fayetteville, N. C., 192. + + Field, John, with Braddock, 66; + adventure with Indians, 159-161; + in Dunmore's war, 164, 166, 169, 171. + + Files. _See_ Foyle, Robert. + + Files creek, first settlement on, 74. + + Files family, massacre of, 126. + + Filson, John, partner of Denman, 391; + _Boone's Narrative_, 268. + + Fincastle county, Va., 56, 220; + Preston as surveyor, 140, 146; + militia of, 167. + + Findlay, John, explores Kentucky, 142-144. + + Fink, ----, killed by Indians, 340. + + Fink, John, killed by Indians, 318, 319. + + Fink, Henry, early settler, 126; + attacked by Indians, 288, 318, 319. + + Fink's run, 122. + + Fish creek, a war trail, 75, 399; + Clark at, 134, 253; + foray on, 399. + + Fishing creek, foray on, 374; + garrison on, 417. + + Fitzpatrick, John, on Bullitt's survey. 146. + + Fleming, William, in Dunmore's war, 164, 167-170, 174, 175. + + Flesher, Henry, attacked by Indians, 366, 367. + + Floyd, John, Kentucky surveyor, 152; + _Diary of_, 196; + builds fort at Louisville, 294; + in Piqua campaign, 307. + + Florida, discovered by Spanish, 7, 8. + + Folebaum, George, killed by Indians, 362. + + Folke, George, killed by Indians, 102, 103. + + Fontaine, Maj., killed by Indians, 395. + + Forbes, John, campaign against Ft. Du Quesne, 69-73, 77, 79, 108, 145, + 190. + + Fordyce, Capt., 72. + + Foreman, William, defeated by Indians, 228-230, 356. + + Fort Bedford, in "Black boys" uprising, 112-114. + + Fort Bolling, during Revolution, 226. + + Fort Boone, seat of Henderson colony, 153. + + Fort Buckhannon, during Revolution, 313. + + Fort Burd. _See_ Redstone. + + Fort Bush, 121. + + Fort Casinoe, in Dunmore's war, 151. + + Fort Coburn, during Revolution, 248. + + Fort Crevecoeur, built by La Salle, 6; Salling at, 48. + + Fort Cumberland, 71. + + Fort Dickenson, massacre of children, 100. + + Fort Dinwiddie, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + in New-river foray, 97, 99; + during Revolution, 291. + + Fort Du Quesne, erected, 65; + Braddock's expedition, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + destroyed, 73. + _See_ Pittsburg. + + Fort Fincastle. _See_ Wheeling. + + Fort Finney, built, 392; + treaty of, 388. + + Fort Frederick, 71. + + Fort Frontenac, built by La Salle, 6; + Salling at, 48. + + Fort Gower, in Dunmore's war, 179, 182. + + Fort Greenville. _See_ Greenville, O. + + Fort Hadden, during Revolution, 286. + + Fort Hamilton, built by St. Clair, 401; + in Wayne's campaign, 413. + + Fort Henry. _See_ Wheeling. + + Fort Holliday, during Revolution, 226, 227. + + Fort Jackson, in Dunmore's war, 151. + + Fort Jefferson (Ky.), built by Clark, 254. + + Fort Jefferson (O.), built by St. Clair, 401-403, 405; + in Wayne's campaign, 413. + + Fort Laurens, during Revolution, 256, 261-265. + + Fort Le Boeuf, Washington at, 74, 77. + + Fort Ligonier, in Forbes's campaign, 73. + + Fort Littleton, in French and Indian war, 190. + + Fort Loudon, in "Black boys" uprising, 110, 111. + + Fort McIntosh, built, 237; + during Revolution, 263, 265; + treaty of, 366. + + Fort Martin, during Revolution, 282. + + Fort Massac, Clark at, 253. + + Fort Miami, Indian villages near, 46. + + Fort Necessity, Washington's defeat at, 69, 74, 77, 145. + + Fort Nutter, in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 275, 341. + + Fort Pitt. _See_ Pittsburg. + + Fort Pleasant, Eckarly at, 76. + + Fort Powers, during Revolution, 247. + + Fort Pricket, in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 240, 275, 279. + + Fort Randolph. _See_ Point Pleasant. + + Fort Recovery, 401; + built by Wilkinson, 419; + in Wayne's campaign, 423, 424. + + Fort Richards, during Revolution, 240, 241. + + Fort Sackville. _See_ Vincennes. + + Fort St. Joseph, Indian villages near, 46; + in Wayne's campaign, 413. + + Fort Seybert, massacre at, 87-89. + + Fort Shepherd, in Dunmore's war, 151. + + Fort Stradler, during Revolution, 249, 250. + + Fort Stanwix, treaty of, 70, 195. + + Fort Washington. _See_ Cincinnati. + + Fort Wells, 381. + + Fort West, during Revolution, 240, 241, 245, 246; + forays against, 287-290, 410. + + Fort Westfall, in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 343. + + Fort Wilson, during Revolution, 343. + + Fort Young, Hannah Dennis at, 93; + in New-river foray, 96, 97. + + Fox river, explored by French, 6. + + Foyle, Robert, settles on Files's creek, 74; + massacre of family, 75. + + Franklin, Benjamin, 145. + + Franklin county, Pa., 106. + + Franklin, W. Va., 87. + + Frederick county, Va., established, 55; + census (1830), 55, 56; + Borden manor, 51; + militia of, 101, 164. + + Freeman, ----, killed by Indians, 412. + + Freeman, Mrs., killed by Indians, 245, 246. + + Freeman's creek, forays on, 396, 419. + + French in America, territorial claims, 5; + early explorations, 4-6; + occupy Upper Ohio, 45, 63, 64; + ransom Salling, 48; + conflict with Ohio Co., 64, 65, 74, 77, 123, 147; + on Muskingum, 79: + on Scioto, 82; + Braddock's campaign, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + French and Indian war, 143, 145, 156, 159, 190, 334; + found Gallipolis, 60, 82; + make peace with England, 106, 120; + in attack on Boonesborough, 268-270; + relations with Clark, 254. + + French creek, Smith's expedition to, 106. + + French lick, 193. + + Friedensstadt, Pa., Moravian village, 314, 319. + + Friend, Joseph, chases Indians, 311. + + Frothingham, Lieut., killed by Indians, 395. + + Fry, Col., in Braddock's army, 66. + + Fullenwieder, Peter, defends Rice's fort, 362. + + Fur trade, tribal barter, 34; + at Winchester, 47; + Borden's trade, 51; + of Ohio Co., 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147; + on Scioto, 82; + French and English rivalry, 138, 139; + Findlay's adventures, 143; + of Dunkards, 76; + Gibson's, 79; + "Black-boys" trouble, 106, 109-116; + Simpson's adventures, 118, 119; + at Pringle's fort, 120; + in Dunmore's war, 150; + McKee's, 347; + in W. Va., 361. + + Furrenash, Charles, children killed by Indians, 313. + + Gaddis, Thomas, on Sandusky campaign, 328. + + Gage, Thomas, confers with Connolly, 181. + + Gallatin, Albert, founds Geneva, W. Va., 117. + + Gallipolis, founded by French, 60, 82, 84. + + Game, pioneers as hunters, 131; + on Greenbrier, 56, 57, 126; + in Kentucky, 196, 198, 199, 206, 265, 266; + in Valley of Virginia, 119-122; + in Tygart's valley, 232, 234; + in West Virginia, 280, 283, 367, 374, 375, 410, 411. + + Garcia, Gregorio, on origin of Indians, 14. + + Gates, Horatio, at Saratoga, 86. + + Gatliff, Charles, fights Indians, 244. + + Gauley river. 57; + Stroud massacre, 136, 137. + + Genet, Edmund Charles, commissions Clark, 254. + + Geneva, W. Va., founded, 117. + + George, Robert, attacks James Smith, 114. + + George's creek, Pringle settlement, 117; + murder of Bald Eagle, 136. + + Georgia, early slavery in, 9, 10; + in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36. + + Germans, at Gallipolis. 60. + + Gibson, Col. John, at Fort Pitt, 78, 79; + in Dunmore's war, 176, 184; + expert swordsman, 207; + commands Ft. Laurens, 256, 261-265. + + Gibson, John, family captured by Indians, 287. + + Giles county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Gilmore, ----, killed by Indians, 211, 212. + + Girty, George and James, renegades, 178; + during Revolution, 295. + + Girty, Simon, in Dunmore's war, 178, 179, 184, 189; + not at Wheeling seige, 224, 225, 231; + during Revolution, 254, 262, 273, 295, 308, 333, 334, 347, 350-353; + subsequent forays, 372, 388; + in St. Clair's defeat, 404. + + Gist, Christopher, visits Shingiss, 45; + trip down Ohio, 79; + settles Fayette Co., Pa., 74, 77, 123. + + Glass, ----, family attacked by Indians, 380, 381. + + Glenn, ----, governor of South Carolina, 59. + + Glum, Mrs., at seige of Wheeling, 225. + + Gnadenhuetten, Moravian village, 314, 317; + sacked by whites, 319, 321-327. + + Gnatty creek, foray on, 382. + + Goff, John, early settler, 126. + + Goldsby, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Gooch, Sir William, grants Borden manor, 50, 51. + + Gordon, Capt, killed at Blue Licks, 353. + + Goschocking. _See_ Coshocton. + + Graham, James, killed by Indians, 245. + + Grand Portage, Carver at, 20. + + Grand river. _See_ Ottawa. + + Grant, James, with Braddock, 66; + defeated by Indians, 68-73; + in "Blackboys" uprising, 110, 111. + + Grave creek, Indian mounds on, 40; + first settlement on, 125; + in Dunmore's war, 134; + in Foreman's defeat, 229, 230, 235, 356. + + Grayson county, Va., census (1830), 55. + + Great bridge, Va., defeat of Fordyce, 72. + + Greathouse, Daniel, murders Logan's family, 125, 149. + + Great Kanawha river, 60, 61; + Salling on, 49; + discovered by Wood, 64; + in Sandycreek voyage, 82, 85; + in Hannah Dennis's escape, 93; + Squire Boone on, 143; + in Dunmore's war, 145, 159-161, 164-167, 169-174, 178; + in Hand's expedition, 209-211; + during Revolution, 291-292; + salines of, 265. + + Great Meadows. Washington at, 77, 145. + + Great Miami river. _See_ Miami. + + Great Sandy river, 60, 61; + in New-river foray, 96. + + Green, George, at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + Green river, Henderson's grant on, 196; + early surveys, 365; + early settlements, 274. + + Green, Thomas M., _Spanish Conspiracy_, 386. + + Greenbrier county, W. Va., 53, 54, 57, 71, 91; + census (1830), 55, 56; + Shawnee attack (1755), 81; + Clendennin massacre, 93-95; + militia from, 210, 211; + emigrants from, 286; + forays into, 242-245, 291-293. + + Greenbrier river, 61; + explored, 126; + origin of name, 49; + Loyal Co.'s grant, 49; + first settlements on, 56-59; + Lewis on, 68; + in Pontiac's war, 97. + + Greenlee, Mary, enters land on Borden manor, 52, 53. + + Greenville, O., Ft. Hamilton built, 401; + treaty at, 420, 430. + + Gregg, Mrs., attacked by Indians, 343. + + Grenadier Squaw, in Dunmore's war, 176; + at Ft. Randolph, 242; + in Mad-river campaign, 388. + + Grigsby; Charles, family killed by Indians, 217, 218. + + Grim, John, 183. + + Grollon, Father, on origin of Indians, 15, 16. + + Grundy, Felix, 247. + + Grundy, William, killed by Indians, 247. + + Gunn, Catharine, imprisoned by Indians, 98. + + Gwinnett, Button, killed by McIntosh, 237. + + Hacker, John, settles on Buckhannon, 121, 122; + daughter wounded by Indians, 378-380. + + Hacker, Mrs., attacked by Indians, 245. + + Hacker, William, early hunter, 121; + murders Indians, 135, 137; + attacked by Indians, 245. + + Hacker's creek, Indian relics on, 42; + origin of name, 121, 122; + first settlement on, 127; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + Bulltown massacre, 136, 137; + killing of Hughes and Lowther, 240, 241; + Waggoner massacre, 408, 411; + miscellaneous forays on, 275, 287-290, 367, 377, 382, 419, 420. + + Hadden, ----, early settler, 126. + + Hadden, John, 234. + + Hagerstown, Md., 361. + + Hagle, Michael, killed by Indians, 341. + + Haldimand, Sir Frederick, English general-in-chief, 252, 261. + + Half King, Wyandot chief, 230, 316. + + Hall, Capt., murders Cornstalk, 211, 212. + + Hall, James, _Sketches of the West_, 193. + + Hall, Minor C., 287. + + Hamilton, ----, adventure with Indians, 211, 212. + + Hamilton, Capt., chases Indians. 245. + + Hamilton, Henry, English lieutenant-governor, 207, 210; + encourages Indian forays, 224, 225, 252, 266, 268, 269; + attacks Clark, 253, 257, 258; + captured by Clark, 254, 255, 259-261. + + Hamilton, Miss, captured by Indians, 234. + + Hammond, Philip, scouting adventure, 242, 243. + + Hampden Sydney College, Va., 81. + + Hampshire county, W. Va., census (1830), 56; + militia from, 101, 230. + + Hamtramck, J. F., on Harmar's campaign, 394; + on St. Clair's campaign, 401. + + Hancock, William, escapes from Indians, 267, 268. + + Hand, Edward, commands Ft. Pitt. 209-211, 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 230; + MS. of, 221; + sketch, 210. + + Handsucker, ----, killed by Indians, 398, 399. + + Hangard. _See_ Redstone. + + Hanover county, Va., 191. + + Haptonstall, Abraham, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Harbert, ----, killed by Indians, 233. + + Hardin county, Ky., origin of name, 123. + + Hardin, John, early Kentucky settler, 123; + on Harmar's campaign, 394; + killed by Indians, 412. + + Hardman, ----, of Hacker's creek, 410. + + Hardy county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Hargus, John, kills an Indian, 154, 155. + + Harlan, Silas, in Bowman's campaign, 271. + + Harland, Maj., killed at Blue Licks, 253. + + Harmar, Josiah, at treaty of Ft. McIntosh, 366; + occupies Ft. Washington, 391, 392; + campaign of, 384, 393-395, 400, 408. + + Harpold, Nicholas, kills Indians, 135. + + Harrison, ----, attacked by Indians, 344. + + Harrison, Benjamin, in Dunmore's war, 170; + governor of Virginia, 366. + + Harrison, Burr, rescued by Logan, 203. + + Harrison county, W. Va., 373; + census (1830), 56, 63; + first sheriff of, 127; + forays in, 217, 369. + + Harrison, S. R., cited, 310. + + Harrison, William, killed by Indians, 331, 334, 336. + + Harrison, William H., defeats Tecumseh, 36. + + Harrod, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146; + founds Harrodsburg, 152, 190, 191; + prominence as a pioneer, 197, 200; + sketch, 190, 191. + + Harrod, Samuel, explores Kentucky, 190. + + Harrod, William, with Clark, 190; + in Bowman's campaign, 271, 273. + + Harrodsburg, Ky., founded, 146, 152, 190, 191, 197; + represented in Transylvania legislature, 193; + first attacked by Indians, 200-202, 205, 208; + Clark's defense of, 253; + settlers' council at, 271. + + Hart, David, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Hart, Nathaniel, of Transylvania Co., 191-193. + + Hart, Thomas, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Hartley, Cecil B., _Life of Wetzel_, 161. + + Hartshorn, ----, ensign in Harmar's campaign, 394; + captain with Wayne, 423, 424. + + Haymond, John, chases Indians, 398. + + Hayward, John, _History of Tennessee_, 60. + + Hazard, Samuel, _U. S. Register_, 193. + + Heavener, Nicholas, 121. + + Heckewelder, John G., Moravian missionary, 97, 301, 302, 314, 315, 317; + peace commissioner, 412; + _Narrative_, 325; + sketch, 301, 302. + + Hedgman river, 55. + + Hellen, Thomas, captured by Indians, 156, 157; + killed by Indians, 161. + + Helms, Leonard, holds Vincennes, 258, 260. + + Henderson, Archibald, 193. + + Henderson, Nathaniel, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Henderson, Richard, founds Transylvania, 153, 191-196; + sketch, 191-193. + + Henderson, Samuel, father of Richard, 191. + + Henderson, Leonard, 193. + + Hennepin, Father Louis, French explorer, 6. + + Henry county, Va., 60. + + Henry, Patrick, governor of Virginia, 173, 186, 220, 366. + + Herbert, William, in Dunmore's war, 167, 175. + + Hickenbotham, Capt., attacks Indians, 99. + + Hickman, Adam, Jr., 127. + + Hickman, Sotha, early settler, 127, 284. + + Hill, Richard, attacked by Indians, 291. + + Hinkstone, ----, captured by Indians, 297, 298, 305. + + Hite, Isaac, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Hockhocking river, in Dunmore's war, 168, 179, 182, 183; + Indians raided on, 383. + + Hockingport, O., founded, 179. + + Hogan, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197. + + Hogg, James, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Hogg, Peter, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81-85. + + Hogg, William, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Hoggin, ----, of St. Asaph's, 205. + + Holden, Joseph, companion of Boone, 143. + + Holder, John, in Bowman's campaign, 271. + + Holder's station, Ky., during Caldwell's invasion, 349. + + Hollis, John, Indian spy, 245. + + Holmes, John, informs against James Smith, 114. + + Holston, Stephen, settles on Holston, 59. + + Holston river, 60; first settlements on, 58, 115; + forays on, 158, 184. + + Holston settlements, militia of, 165, 170, 268; + Harrod at, 190; + Boone at, 196; + Logan at, 204-206; + Mrs. Cunningham at, 372, 373. + + Hornbeck, Benjamin, captured by Indians, 311. + + Hornbeck, Mrs., killed by Indians, 311. + + Horse Shoe bottom, settled, 126. + + Horton, Joshua, explores Kentucky, 115. + + Howard, John, companion of Salling, 49. + + Hudson, William, killed by Indians, 203. + + Hughes, Charles, chases Indians, 246. + + Hughes, Elias, scouting service, 312; + fights Indians, 345, 376, 377. + + Hughes, Jesse, early hunter, 121; + chases Indians, 246, 378, 379, 410; + services at Ft. West, 288; + scouting service, 312; + escapes from Indians, 399, 400; + daughter captured by Indians, 377-380; + character, 137. + + Hughes, Thomas, early settler, 121, 123; + defense of borderers, 367; + killed by Indians, 240, 241. + + Hughey, Joseph, killed by Indians, 168. + + Hull, Samuel, killed by Indians, 383. + + Huron Indians, possible origin of, 16. + + Husted, Gilbert, captured by Indians, 248. + + Hutchins, Thomas, geographer, 46. + + Iberville. Lemoyne d', finds Mississippi, 7. + + Ice, John, killed by Indians, 374. + + Illinois, early French in, 6, 7; + Clark's expedition to, 146, 252-255, 257, 261. + + Illinois Indians, claim Kentucky, 142; + agree to keep peace, 412. + + Ingles, Capt., on New-river campaign, 99. + + Indian creek, foray on, 312, 313. + + Indian Short creek, 380, 381, 415. + + Indians, origin of, 12-27; + beliefs, customs and traditions, 17-43; + forest commerce, 34; + prehistoric remains, 39-43; + intimacy with French, 5, 64; + relations with Spanish, 7-9; + claims to Kentucky reviewed, 193-195; + relations with first settlers, 129-133; + Christian missions among, 106. + _See_ the several tribes. + + Iroquois Indians, supposed origin of, 44; + oppose French on Ohio, 64; + at Easton treaty, 58; + at Ft. Stanwix treaty, 70; + claim Kentucky, 194, 195. + + Irvine, William, releases Moravians, 317; + Indian campaign of, 355. + + Isaac's creek, 312. + + Ivens, Sally, captured by Indians, 373, 374. + + Jackson, ----, adventure with Indians, 289. + + Jackson county, O., 175. + + Jackson county, W. Va., 137. + + Jackson, Edward, early settler, 121. + + Jackson, George, early settler, 121; + attacked by Indians, 313; + defends Buckhannon, 342; + chases Indians, 398. + + Jackson, John, early settler, 121; + attacked by Indians, 313. + + Jackson, Ned J., 287. + + Jackson's river, 57, 71, 81; + Hannah Dennis on, 93; + in Pontiac war, 97; + forays on, 90, 96, 173. + + James, Enoch, adventure with Indians, 218, 219. + + James river, 61, 66, 86; + Salling on, 48, 50; + early settlements on, 52; + McDowell's fight, 52; + Borden's grant, 50-53; + forays on, 89-91, 96. + + Jefferson county, W.Va., census (1830), 56. + + Jefferson, Thomas, on origin of Indians, 13, 14, 25, 26; + on Indian mounds, 41; + "improves" Logan's speech, 184; + _Notes on Virginia_, 134. + + Jesuits, early missions to Indians, 14, 15, 60, 64, 410, 411: + _Relations_, 194. + + Jew, ----, killed by Indians, 91. + + Jew, Sally, imprisoned by Indians, 90. + + Johnson, ----, thought to have been killed by James Smith, 113-115. + + Johnson, Henry and John, escape from Indians, 415-417. + + Johnson, Richard M., 348. + + Johnson, Robert, arrives in Kentucky, 348. + + Johnson, William, family massacred by Indians, 381, 382. + + Johnson, Sir William, British Indian superintendent, 108, 136. + + Johnston, William, of Transylvania, 191. + + Joliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 5, 6. + + Judah, Henry, kills Indians, 135. + + Juggins, Elizabeth, adventure with Indians, 309, 310. + + Juggins, John, killed by Indians, 290. + + Juniata river, 112, 113. + + Kanawha county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Kaskaskia, Ill., 294; + founded by La Salle, 6; + Salling at, 48; + Clark's capture of, 253-255, 257, 258, 260, 411. + + Kate (negress), at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + Keeney's knob, massacre at, 173. + + Kekionga, Miami village, 393. + + Kellar, Isaac, killed by Indians, 385. + + Kelly, Tady, in Dunmore's war, 153. + + Kelly, Walter, killed by Indians, 159-161. + + Kennedy, John, wounded by Indians, 203. + + Kenton, Simon, border scout, 161; + in Dunmore's war, 164, 167; + arrival in Kentucky, 197. + + Kentucky, 66, 67, 75; + Indian antiquities in, 43; + exploration by Salling, 48, 49; + by Bullitt, 71; + by Walker, 81; + by Smith, 115; + by Findlay, 142, 143; + by Boone, 142-145, 147, 152, 153, 190; + by Stone, 190; + Indian claims to, 193-195; + Connolly's survey, 145, 146; + first settlements in, 123, 197; + early land jobbing, 196, 197; + Harrodsburg founded, 146, 190; + Indian opposition to first settlers, 140-142, 189, 190, 200-208; + character of pioneers, 197-200; + rapid increase of population, 274; + Transylvania Co., 191-196; + early missions, 106; + Spanish conspiracy, 130; + state convention, 106. + + Kentucky river, Boone on, 152, 153; + Harrod on, 190; + Catawbas on, 194; + in Henderson's + purchase. 192, 193, 195, 196; + forays on, 268, 269, 374. + + Kercheval, Samuel, _History of Valley of Virginia_, 49, 87, 88. + + Kersey, Lieut. [Kearsey, John], builds at Columbia. 390, 391. + + Kettle, Richard, chases Indians, 311. + + Killbuck, Delaware chief, 88. + + Kimberlain, Jacob, escapes from Indians, 99. + + King, Thomas, Iroquois chief, 58. + + Kinnikinnick creek, 174, 176. + + Kiskepila. _See_ Little Eagle. + + Kittanning, in Hand's expedition, 210. + + Knight, John, captured by Indians, 332-335, 338. + + Knoxville, Tenn., 60. + + Kuhn, Abraham, Wyandot chief, 97. + + Kuydendall, Capt., in Dunmore's war, 182. + + Lackey, Thomas, warns settlers, 286. + + Lake Cayuga, early Indians on, 46. + + Lake Erie, Catawbas on, 47. + + Lake Michigan, early French on, 6. + + Lancaster, Pa., massacre of Canestogas, 104, 105; + treaty of, 195. + + Land claims, Loyal Co., 49, 58; + Lord Fairfax, 50, 51; + Borden manor, 50-53; + Ohio Co., 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147; + Pittsylvania, 145; + Virginia military warrants, 145; + Transylvania Co., 191-196; + Connolly, 145, 146; + early Kentucky jobbers, 196, 197; + "tomahawk rights," 126; + Indian attitude toward, 140, 141; + commissioners killed by Indians, 311; + post-Revolutionary military warrants, 365, 366; + Ohio Co. of Associates, 389, 390; + Scioto Co., 60; + Miami purchase, 390-392. + + Lane, Lalph, attempts western exploration, 64. + + Langlade, Charles, at Braddock's defeat, 68. + + L'Anguille, Miami village, 407. + + La Salle, Chevalier, explorations of, 6, 7; + at falls of Ohio, 64. + + Lanson run, 421. + + Laurel hills, 126; + explored by Walden, 60; + by Cresap, 77; + by Boone, 192. + + Lawless, Henry, explores Kentucky, 81. + + Leading creek, 419; + forays on, 311, 428. + + Lederer, John, on Blue ridge, 64. + + Lee. Arthur, treaty commissioner, 366, 388. + + Lee county, Va., census (1830), 56. + + Leet, Maj., on Sandusky campaign, 330. + + Leffler, George, early settler, 125; + defends Rice's fort, 362. + + Leffler, Jacob, Jr., defends Rice's fort, 362. + + Legget, George, lost in Indian foray, 399. + + Le Moyne, Father, discovers Alleghany, 64. + + Lewis, ----, escapes from Indians, 422. + + Lewis, Andrew, 49, 50; + explores Greenbrier, 57, 58; + with Braddock, 66; + in Forbes's campaign, 68-73; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81-83, 86; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 164-168, 170, 174-176, 178-183, 190; + _Journal_, 81, 82. + + Lewis, Charles, with Braddock, 66; + in Pontiac's war, 97; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 159, 166-168; + death, 168-171; + _Journal_, 69. + + Lewis county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63. + + Lewis, John (1), father of Andrew, 53, 62; + explores Greenbrier, 57, 58; + with Braddock, 66; + settles Augusta, 66; + sketch, 49, 50. + + Lewis, John (2), scalped by Indians, 102. + + Lewis, John, Jr., with Braddock, 66. + + Lewis, Margaret, wife of John (1), 53. + + Lewis, Samuel, defends Greenbrier, 244, 245. + + Lewis, Thomas, son of John (1), 50; + with Braddock, 66. + + Lewis, William, with Braddock, 66. + + Lewisburgh, W. Va., founded, 164, 165, 244; + massacre near, 172, 173. + + Lexington, Ky., 271; + founded, 52, 274; + threatened by Bird, 296-298, 305; + during Caldwell's invasion, 349, 351. + + Licking river, Thompson's surveys, 146; + early settlements on, 274; + Boone's captivity, 265, 266; + Bird's invasion, 295, 297, 298; + in Piqua campaign, 305, 307; + in Caldwell's invasion, 348; + other Revolutionary happenings, 271, 352. + + Lichtenau, Moravian village, 314. + + Limestone creek, 348. + + Lincoln, Benjamin, peace commissioner, 412. + + Lineback, ----, _Relation_, 324. + + Linn, John, in defense of Wheeling, 356, 358. + + Linn, William, at Foreman's defeat, 229, 230. + + Linsey, Joseph, settles on Youghiogheny, 117, 118. + + Little Carpenter, a Cherokee, 192. + + Little Eagle, Mingo chief, 78, 79. + + Little Kenawha river, Bulltown massacre, 136-138; + in Dunmore's war, 165, 179; + during Revolution, 232, 284; + miscellaneous forays on, 376, 397, 400, 411, 419. + + Little Meadow creek, 166. + + Little Meadows, 77. + + Little Miami river, Shawnees on, 271; + Boone on, 266; + during Revolution, 273; + Symmes's land-grant on, 390-392; + in Harmar's campaign, 393; + in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405. + + Little Saluda river, Holston on, 59. + + Little Sewell mountain, origin of name, 57. + + Lochaber, treaty of, 195. + + Lockard, Patrick, with Braddock, 66. + + Lockport, O., 314. + + Lockridge, ----, at Point Pleasant, 175. + + Locust Grove, Ky., 254. + + Logan, Ann, adventure with Indians, 203. + + Logan, Benjamin, builds Logan's station, 197; + in seige thereof, 200, 202-207; + in Bowman's campaign, 271-273; + in Piqua campaign, 306; + at Blue Licks, 351-354; + in Shawnee campaign, 355; + in Miami campaign, 386-388; + sketch, 204. + + Logan county, O., 153. + + Logan county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Logan, Mingo chief, massacre of family, 125, 134, 138, 142, 148-150, 184; + attacks whites, 155-158; + speech of, 184. + + Logan's station, Ky., founded, 197; + represented in Transylvania legislature, 193; + attacked by Indians, 200, 202-208. + + Logstown, old trading post, 413; + Dyer's captivity, 87; + treaty at, 195. + + Long, ----, assists Mrs. Cunningham, 372. + + "Long Knives," origin of term, 79, 80; + use of, 183, 186, 207, 406. + + Looney's creek, 89; + Pringle settlement on, 118. + + Losantiville, origin of name, 391, 392. + _See_ Cincinnati. + + Loss creek, 218. + + Lost creek, foray on, 383. + + Louisa Company, settles Kentucky, 191. + + Louisiana, founded, 7; + French in, 64; + Spanish in, 130. + + Louisville, 271, 357; + Iroquois defeat Shawnees, 194, 195; + La Salle at, 64; + Findlay at, 143; + Boone at, 152; + surveyed by Bullitt, 145; + founded by Clark, 146, 253, 254; + threatened by Bird, 294; + in Clark's Wabash expedition, 386; + _Literary News-Letter_, 193. + + Love, Philip, in Dunmore's war, 170. + + Lowdermilk, Will H., _History of Cumberland_, 77. + + Lowther, Jonathan, killed by Indians, 241. + + Lowther, Robert, early settler, 127. + + Lowther, William, militia officer, 127, 128; + chases Indians, 312, 313, 376, 377. + + Loyal Company, land grant on Greenbrier, 49, 58. + + Loyal Hanna river, in Forbes's campaign, 73; + foray on, 108. + + Ludlow, Israel, partner of Denman, 391. + + Luttsell, John, of Transylvania Co., 191, 193. + + Lynn, Jane, marries Hugh Paul and David Stuart, 53, 54. + + Lynn, Margaret, wife of John Lewis, 49. + + Lytle, William, on Mad-river campaign, 387, 388. + + McBride, Capt., killed at Blue Licks, 353. + + McClannahan, Robert, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + McClelland, John, on Sandusky campaign, 328, 336. + + McClelland's station, Ky., attacked by Indians, 200. + + McClure, Mrs., captured by Indians, 385. + + McCollum, John, in New-river foray, 99. + + McCulloch, William, in Dunmore's war, 180. + + McCullough family, early settlers, 125. + + McCullough, Maj., at seige of Wheeling, 228. + + McCullough, Miss, at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + McDonald, Angus, Wapatomica expedition, 138, 153-155, 164, 165; + in Dunmore's war, 220. + + McDowell, Ephraim, early settler, 52. + + McDowell, James, 52. + + McDowell, John, early settler, 53; + killed by Indians, 49, 51, 52, 66. + + McDowell, Thomas, killed by Indians, 196. + + McFeeters, Jeremiah, killed by Indians, 196. + + McGary, Maj., of St. Asaph's, 205; + at Blue Licks, 352; + in Mad-river campaign, 388. + + McGary, Mrs., settles in Kentucky, 197. + + McGuire, Maj., wounds an Indian, 381. + + McIntire, John, killed by Indians, 397, 398. + + McIntosh, Lachlan, commandant at Pittsburgh, 210, 237, 300; + expedition against Sandusky, 252, 255, 256, 261, 264, 265. + + McIver, Hugh, killed by Indians, 292. + + Mack, John, family massacred by Indians, 382. + + McKee, Alexander, in Dunmore's war, 189; + during Revolution, 254, 295, 347; + ransoms Mrs. Cunningham, 372; + encourages forays, 388; + property destroyed by Wayne, 426. + + McKee, Capt., commandant at Ft. Randolph, 241-243. + + McKee, William, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + McKenley's run, 410. + + Mackey, John, early settler, 49, 50, 66. + + Mackinaw, in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36; + Chippewa villages near, 46. + + McKinley, John, killed by Indians, 333. + + McKnight, Charles, _Our Western Border_, 373. + + McLain, John, killed by Indians, 287. + + McMahon, Maj., killed by Indians, 423. + + McMahon's creek, 162. + + McMechen, James, a Wheeling settler, 222, 228, 230. + + McMurtry, Capt., killed by Indians, 395. + + McNutt, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 85, 86; + in Revolution, 86; + _Journal_, 86. + + McWhorter, Henry, early settler, 287, 288, 410. + + McWhorter, J. M., 288. + + McWhorter, L. V., cited, 119, 137, 278, 287, 340, 368-371, 376, 377, + 409-411, 421. + + McWhorter, Mansfield, 410. + + Mad river, 124; + Logan's campaign to, 386-388. + + Mahoning creek, 210. + + Manear, John, killed by Indians, 311. + + Mann's lick, 152. + + Marietta, O., the Scioto purchase, 60; + settled by Ohio Co., 389, 390; + cattle supply attacked, 399, 400. + + Marion county, W. Va., 279. + + Marks, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Marquette, Father James, discovers Mississippi, 5, 6. + + Marshall, James, militia officer, 327, 328. + + Martin, ----, settles on Greenbrier, 57. + + Martin, ----, in seige of St. Asaph's, 204. + + Martin, Gov., opposes Henderson's purchase, 192, 193. + + Martin, Jesse, 123. + + Martin, William, 123. + + Martin's station, Ky., sacked by Bird, 296, 298; + defended, 350. + + Martinsville, Va., 60. + + Maryland, emigrants from, 125. + + Mason county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Mason, Samuel, at seige of Wheeling, 221-224, 228. + + Massachusetts, relinquishes Western land claim, 389. + + Massawomee Indians, in West Virginia, 44. + + Matthew, John, early settler, 52. + + Matthews, George, attacked by Indians, 90, 91; + in Dunmore's war, 169, 170, 174. + + Matthews, John, with Braddock, 66. + + Matthews, Maj., 52. + + Maumee Indians, 374. + + Maumee river, Mrs. Cunningham on, 372; + in Harmar's campaign, 393; + in St. Clair's campaign, 401; + peace commissioners sent to, 412; + in Wayne's campaign, 424-426. + + Maury, Thomas, killed by Indians, 91. + + Maxwell, Audley, attacked by Indians, 90, 91. + + Maxwell, William, attacked by Indians, 90, 91. + + May, John, 385. + + Maysville, Ky., 348. + + Meadow river, 242. + + Merrill, John, wounded by Indians, 405, 406. + + Merrill, Mrs. John, adventure with Indians, 406. + + Myers, R. C. V., _Life of Wetzel_, 161. + + Miami Indians, early strength of, 46; + Renick captivity, 91; + operate against Clark, 252; + in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; + in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405: + raided by Scott, 407, 408. + + Miami river, Indians on, 46; + in Renick captivity, 91; + in Clark's campaign, 254; + during Revolution, 295, 299, 355; + arrival of peace news, 365; + military land-claims on, 366; + Logan's campaign on, 386; + treaty of Ft. Finney, 388; + Symmes's land-grant on, 390, 392; + in Harmar's campaign, 393-395; + in St. Clair's campaign, 400-405. + + Michael, Lieut., on Wayne's campaign, 424. + + Michillimackinac, 255. + _See_ Mackinaw. + + Middle Island creek, foray on, 381, 398. + + Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Delaware river), 102. + + Miller, Jacob, killed by Indians (Ft. Coburn), 249. + + Miller, Jacob, defends Ft. Rice, 361, 362. + + Mills, Thomas, killed by Indians, 338, 339. + + Minear, John, early settler, 126. + + Mingo Bottom, Indian village at, 78; + in Moravian expedition, 320; + in Crawford's campaign, 328, 329. + + Mingo Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45; + Decker's-creek massacre, 77-79; + New-river foray, 96-99; + claim Kentucky, 142; + massacre of Logan's family, 134, 138, 142, 148-150; + Logan's forays, 155-158; + Dunmore's war generally, 172, 179, 184, 185, 253; + during Revolution, 219, 262, 308, 336, 347. + + Mingo Junction, O. + _See_ Mingo Bottom. + + Missions among Kentucky and Tennessee Indians, 106. + _See_ Catholics and Moravians. + + Missasago Indians, in St. Clair's campaign, 404. + + Mississippi river, 255; + territorial claims in basin of, 5; + French on, 5-7, 63; + Spanish on, 7, 8, 130, 254; + Salling on, 49; + Holston on, 59; + Chickasaws on, 195; + in Tecumseh's conspiracy, 36; + Cornstalk's knowledge of, 211. + + Mitchell, John, 122. + + Moffett, Capt., ambuscaded, 97. + + Mohican Indians, in King Philip's war, 32, 33. + + Moluntha, Shawnee chief, 268. + + Monday, ----, killed by Indians, 293. + + Monongahela river, 73-75; + early Indians on, 45, 47; + French on, 65; + Braddock's defeat, 67-69, 72; + Grant's defeat, 71; + Gist's settlement, 74; + Pringle settlement, 117, 118, 122; + other early settlements, 77, 117. 123, 125, 190; + in Dunmore's war, 135, 141, 146, 150, 151, 161; + during Revolution, 221, 222, 237, 271, 309; + militia from, 320; + forays on, 381, 414, 419. + + Monongalia county, W.Va., census (1830), 56, 63; + during Revolution, 311; + forays in, 344, 374, 398, 399. + + Monroe county, W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Montgomery, Col., companion of Clark, 254. + + Montgomery county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Montgomery, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Monteur, ----, family massacred, 318. + + Monticello, Va., 253. + + Montour, John, Delaware chief, 179. + + Mooney, James, adventure with Indians, 168; + companion of Boone, 143. + + Moore, ----, attacked by Indians, 385. + + Moore, Andrew, early settler, 52; + in Dunmore's war, 174. + + Moore, James, Sr., killed by Indians, 373. + + Moore, James, Jr., captured by Indians, 374. + + Moore, Jane, burned by Indians, 374. + + Moore, Mrs. John, burned by Indians, 373, 374. + + Moore, Lieut., killed by Indians, 241. + + Moore, Mary, captured by Indians, 374. + + Moorefield, W. Va., founded, 124. + + Moorehead, ----, Youghiogheny settler, 114. + + Moravians, missionaries and Indians, 36, 412; + give information to Hand, 219; + visited by Brodhead, 301, 302; + villages sacked by whites, 313-327, 340; + historical sketch, 314. + + Morgan county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Morgan, Daniel, 276. + + Morgan, David, early settler, 123; + adventure with Indians, 276-279. + + Morgan, George, Indian agent, 219, 224. + + Morgan, Greenwood S., 279. + + Morgan, Levi, adventures with Indians, 375, 376, 417, 418. + + Morgan, Sarah and Stephen, adventure with Indians, 276-279. + + Morgan, William, early settler, 126; + escapes from Indians, 240. + + Morgantown, Pa., 75; + founded, 123; + foray near, 248, 249. + + Morlin, Thomas, early peddler, 47, 48. + + Morrow, William, in Dunmore's war, 169, 171. + + Mound-building, by early Indians, 39-43. + + Moundsville, W. Va., "big mound" at, 40; + settled, 125, 230. + + Mount Braddock. Pa., settled, 123. + + Muddy creek, 123; + first settled, 58; + Clendennin massacre, 93-95; + miscellaneous forays on, 159, 161, 172, 173, 293, 345. + + Mulhollin, Polly. _See_ Mary Greenlee. + + Munsee Indians, on Susquehanna, 46; + raided by Brodhead, 301; + during Revolution, 347. + + Munseka, Shawnee chief, 266. + + Murphey, John, killed by Indians, 238. + + Murphy, Samuel, 183. + + Muscle shoals, 59. + + Muskingum river, early Indians on, 46; + Gist on, 79; + Bouquet's expedition, 108; + Indian atrocities on, 150, 396; + Wapatomica campaign, 153-155; + Moravian villages on, 219; + during Revolution, 300-305, 314, 320, 328; + land cession by Indians, 366; + Ohio Co.'s grant, 389; + Waterford founded, 392. + + Nain Indians, threatened by Paxtons, 105. + + Nanny's run, 127. + + Natchez, Holston at, 59. + + Narragansett Indians, war with Puritans, 31-33. + + Narvaez, Pamphilio de, in Florida, 7. + + Nashville, Tenn., 115. + + Neal, Henry, killed by Indians, 411, 412. + + Neal, James, slave stolen from, 400. + + Neely, Alexander, companion of Boone, 143, 144. + + Nelson, ----, early settler, 126. + + Nelson county, Va., foray in, 405, 406. + + Nelsonville, O., 183. + + Nemacolin, Delaware Indian, 77. + + Nemacolin's path. _See_ Braddock's road + + Nequetank Indians, threatened by Paxtons, 105. + + Newcomerstown, O., 314. + + New Englanders, on Greenbrier, 57. + + New France. _See_ French. + + New Inverness, Ga., founded, 237. + + New Martinsville, O., 417. + + New Orleans, founded, 7; + Spanish at, 130. + + New Philadelphia, O., 261, 314. + + Newport, Christopher, attempts western exploration, 64. + + New river, first settlements on, 59; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 82; + Delaware and Mingo foray, 96-99. + _See_ Great Kanawha. + + New Schoenbrunn, Moravian village, 314, 325, 326. + + New York, Delawares in. 136; + relinquishes Western land claim, 389. + + Nicholas county, W. Va., 96; + census (1830), 56. + + Nicholson, ----, interpreter, 184. + + Nicholson, Thomas, in Dunmore's campaign, 153. + + North Bend, O., founded, 392. + + North Branch, 63. + + North Carolina, Cherokees in, 46; + Boone in, 143, 144, 266; + Henderson family in, 191-193; + emigration from, 348, 384. + + North river, early settlement on, 52. + + Northwest Territory, early tribes in, 45; + cession of land claims in, 131; + ordinance of 1787, 389; + St. Clair's arrival, 391, 392; + first settlements in, 392, 393. + + Norton, Thomas, _Journal_ of Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 82. + + Nutter, John, early settler, 127. + + O'Brien, Adam, 414. + + Ochiltree, Alexander, killed by Indians, 245. + + Oghkwaga, Delaware village, 136. + + Ogle, Joseph, at seige of Wheeling, 221-224, 228; + in Foreman's defeat, 230. + + Oglethorpe, James, attitude toward slavery, 10. + + Ohio (state), Indian mounds in, 41, 42; + first settlements in, 392, 393. + + Ohio Company, relations with French, 45; + open Ohio valley to settlement, 64, 65, 67, 74, 77, 147. + + Ohio Company of Associates, settles Marietta, 389, 390. + + Ohio county. W. Va., census (1830), 55, 56, 63; + during Revolution, 311. + + Ohio river, 36, 40, 55, 78, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125; + early Indians on, 45-47; + Salling on, 49; + Holston on, 59; + as a war trail, 75; + first English occupation, 63, 64; + French and English rivalry for, 64-74, 95; + Decker captivity, 78, 79; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 83-85; + Renick captivity, 91; + Hannah Dennis's escape, 92, 93; + character of early settlers on, 130, 131; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 138, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151-153, 156, 162-165, + 167-175, 179, 183; + in Henderson's purchase, 192, 193; + Shawnees on, 194, 195, 209, 211, 216, 219; + during Revolution, 219, 220, 227, 230, 254, 257, 264, 266, 267, 271, + 273, 285, 286, 294, 295, 297-300, 305, 320, 335, 347, 355, 360, 363, + 384, 389, 390, 399, 411, 415, 417; + after Revolution, 367, 372, 374, 380, 381, 383; + as a race boundary, 412. + + Old Town creek, 168, 170, 172; + Shawnee village at, 85. + + Oneco, chief of Mohicans, 32. + + Orange county, Va., 55; + early settlement of, 55, 66. + + Ordinance of 1787, 389. + + Orme, Robert, with Braddock, 68. + + Osage Indians, stature of, 29. + + Ottawa Indians, early strength of, 46: + during Revolution, 347; + at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388. + + Ottawa river, early French on, 5. + + Ouisconsin river. _See_ Wisconsin river. + + Owens, James, killed by Indians, 247. + + Owens, John, Sr., killed by Indians, 290. + + Owens, John, Jr., attacked by Indians, 290, 343, 344. + + Owens, Owen, attacked by Indians, 290. + + Ox, Susan, captured by Indians, 161. + + Pack, ----, trapper, 96. + + Paint creek, Boone's expedition to, 267, 268; + Shawnees on, 374; + Waggoner on, 410. + + Parsons, James, early settler, 126. + + Parsons, Samuel H., treaty commissioner, 388. + + Patterson, Robert, founds Lexington, Ky., 274; + partner of Denman, 391; + at battle of Blue Licks, 353. + + Patton, Elizabeth, marries John Preston, 51. + + Patton, James, early settler of Catawba, 51, 52, 68. + + Patton, John W., 127. + + Pattonsburgh, Va., 51. + + Paul, Audley, son of Hugh, 53; + at Ft. Redstone, 77, 78; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83, 85; + in James-river foray, 91; + in New-river foray, 97-99; + in Dunmore's war, 169. + + Paul, Hugh, 53. + + Paul, Polly, marries Gov. Matthews, 53. + + Pauling, Henry, militia officer, 207. + + Paull, James, at Redstone, 80. + + Paxton boys, kill Canestoga Indians, 104, 105. + + Paynter, Elias, killed by Indians, 341. + + Pekillon, Delaware chief, 303, 304. + + Pendleton county, W. Va., census (1830), 56; + Seybert massacre, 87-89. + + Penn, William, 124. + + Pennsylvania, boundary dispute with Virginia, 74; + Western settlements in, 74, 75, 123-125, 143; + fur trade of, 101; + Paxton boys, 104, 105; + "Black-boys" uprising, 109-116; + Findlay's adventures, 143; + _Records_, 58; + _Archives_, 323. + + Pentecost, Dorsey, 323. + + Peoria Indians, claim Kentucky, 142. + + Perry, Thomas, killed by Indians, 89. + + Perrysburgh, O., 372. + + Peter, Captain, Indian chief, 135. + + Petro, Leonard, captured by Indians, 232, 233. + + Peyton, John L., _History of Augusta county_, 53, 246. + + Philadelphia, 105, 109, 124. + + Philip, chief of Narragansetts, 31, 32. + + Phillips, Capt., ambuscaded, 97. + + Phoebe's Falls, W. Va., settled, 52. + + Pickaway plains, Indian treaty at, 183-186. + + Pickering, Timothy, peace commissioner, 412. + + Pike run, Indian foray on, 283. + + Pindall, Rachel, chased by Indians, 344. + + Pindall, Thomas, attacked by Indians, 344. + + Piomingo, Chickasaw chief, 405. + + Pipe, Delaware chief, 333. + + Pipe, Wyandot chief, 316. + + Pipe creek, massacre of Indians at, 134, 142, 148. + + Piqua, Shawnee village, 273; + Clark attacks, 305-309. + + Pitman, ----, trapper, 96. + + Pittsburg, 117, 120; + French fort at, 45; + treaties at, 66; + Braddock's defeat, 68, 69, 106; + in Forbes's campaign, 69-73, 77, 79, 80; + Connolly at, 74; Dyer's escape, 87; + in Bouquet's expedition, 107-109, 173; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 141, 142, 145, 148, 150, 165, 167, 177-179, + 181, 182; + "Blackboys" uprising, 109; + asked to aid Kentucky, 205; + during Revolution, 220, 221, 224, 230, 254, 256, 262, 283, 318, + 321-323, 335, 357, 362; + arrival of peace news, 365; + Hand's administration, 210, 211, 214, 216, 219; + McIntosh's administration, 210, 237; + warned by Moravians, 315, 317; + Brodhead's expedition, 300, 301, 303, 304, 316. + + Pittsylvania, proposed colony of, 145. + + Pleasant creek, 118. + + Pocahontas county, W. Va., census (1830), 56. + + Poe, Adam, adventure with Indians, 362-364. + + Poe, Andrew, adventure with Indians, 363, 364. + + Point Pleasant, W. Va., battle of, 59, 60, 66, 143, 152, 165-178, 180, + 182, 185-187, 189, 190, 208; + Ft. Randolph at, 173, 291; + surrender of Cornstalk at, 173, 209, 211-216; + during Revolution, 237, 241-243. + + Pointer, Dick, fights Indians, 243. + + Pollens, Henry, fur trader, 109. + + Pompey (negro), friend of Indians, 268. + + Pontiac, uprising of, 73, 141, 172. + + Poole, William F., on Clark's campaign, 254. + + Port Washington, O., 301, 314. + + Portsmouth, O., old Shawnee town at, 92. + + Post, Charles F., Moravian missionary, 301. + + Potomac river, 55; + fur trade on, 77; + Seybert massacre, 87-89. + + Pottawattomie Indians, early strength of, 46; + during Revolution, 347. + + Powell, Richard, sons captured by Indians, 280, 281. + + Powell's valley, 60; + Walden in, 60; + attack on Boones, 144, 145; + Henderson's grant, 193. + + Power, Major, shot at, 366. + + Powers, John, early settler, 126. + + Powers, William, 122. + + Presbyterians, 50, 54, 57, 168. + + Presque Isle, 65. + + Preston county, W. Va., 280; + census (1830), 56, 63. + + Preston, James Patton, governor of Virginia, 51. + + Preston, John, marries Elizabeth Patton, 51. + + Preston, William, militia officer, 51; + settles on Holston, 59; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81, 83; + surveyor, 145, 146; + in Dunmore's war, 152, 165; + _Journal_, 82; + _Register of Indian Depredations_, 57, 75, 87, 90. + + Price, Maj., on Wayne's campaign, 425. + + Price's settlement, Ky., 200. + + Pricket, ----, killed by Indians, 245. + + Pricket, Josiah, killed by Indians, 161. + + Pricket's creek, 151. + + Prince William county, Va., 71. + + Pringle, Charity, 119. + + Pringle, John and Samuel, adventures of, 117-122. + + Prior, John, killed by Indians, 292. + + Pritchet, John, killed by Indians, 243. + + Province, John, early settler, 123. + + Province, Mrs., buries Bald Eagle, 136. + + Pryor, John, scouting adventure, 242, 243. + + Purgatory creek, 89, 91. + + Purgatory mountain, 89. + + Putnam, Rufus, heads Marietta colonists, 389, 390; + peace commissioner, 412. + + Quakers, 124, 240. + + Quebec, founded by Champlain, 4, 5. + + Raccoon creek, 299. + + Radcliff, Daniel, killed by Indians, 367. + + Radcliff, John, early settler, 121, 122. + + Radcliff, Stephen, attacked by Indians, 311. + + Radcliff, William, early settler, 121, 122. + + Ralston, James, killed by Indians, 287. + + Ranck, Geo. W., 274. + + Randolph, Beverly, peace commissioner, 412. + + Randolph county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63; + settled, 74. + + Ray, James, adventures with Indians, 201. + + Ray, William, killed by Indians, 201. + + Read, John, finds Davisson, 283. + + Red Hawk, Shawnee warrior, 209. + + Red river, De Soto on, 8. + + Redhawk, Delaware chief, 172. + + Redstone (Brownsville, Pa.), first settled 77-80, 123, 216; + De Villiers at, 74; + Decker massacre, 77, 78; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 141, 150; + tory trials, 231, 232: + militia from, 271; + emigrants from, 390, 392; + road to Marietta, 399. + + Reece, ----, attacked by Indians, 239. + + Reece, Miss, wounded by Indian, 239. + + Renick family, attacked by Indians, 89-91. + + Reynolds, ----, at seige of Bryant's station, 350, 351, 353, 354. + + Rice, Daniel, attacked by Indians, 361. + + Rich mountain, 126. + + Richards, Arnold and Paul, killed by Indians, 345. + + Richards, Conrad, attacked by Indians, 251, 252. + + Richmond, Va., 62. + + Riffle, ----, early settler, 126. + + Roanoke county, Va., 61; Salling in, 49. + + Roanoke river, 70; + explored, 48; + in New-river foray, 96, 99; + settlements raided by Shawnees, 61, 81, 82. + + Robertson, Dr., on origin of Indians, 25. + + Robertson family, killed by Indians, 158. + + Robertson, James, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Robinson, ----, explorer, 124; + killed by Indians, 161. + + Robinson, Mrs. Edward, discovers Hull's body, 383. + + Robinson, Maj., searches for Mrs. Cunningham, 370. + + Robinson, William, captured by Indians, 156-158. + + Rockbridge county, Va., Salling in, 48; + district of Augusta, 49; + first settled, 53; + census (1830), 56; + militia of, 66, 174, 211, 212; + massacre in, 172. + + Rockcastle river, Boone on, 143, 192. + + Rockford, Pa., 210. + + Rockingham county, Va., census (1830), 56, 66. + + Rogers, John, on Clark's campaign, 258, 259. + + Rogers, Joseph, killed by Indians, 308. + + Roney, Alexander, killed by Indians, 311, 312. + + Roney, Mrs. Alexander, captured by Indians, 311, 312. + + Roosevelt, Theodore, _Winning of the West_, 80, 130, 183, 184, 193, + 261, 386. + + Rooting creek, 217. + + Ross, Tavenor, renegade, 168. + + Rowell, Daniel, adventure with Indians, 411. + + Royall, Ann, _Sketches_, 57, 95. + + Ruddell, Isaac, arrival in Kentucky, 207; + defeated by Bird, 295-297, 350. + + Rule, Henry, early settler, 122. + + Runner, Elijah, murders Bald Eagle, 135. + + Runyan, John, daughter killed by Indians, 419. + + Rush run, foray on, 380, 381. + + Russell county, Va., census (1830), 56. + + Russell, William, treaty commissioner, 66; + in Dunmore's war, 152, 167, 170, 176. + + Ryan, John, kills Indians, 135. + + Ryswick, treaty of, 195. + + St. Asaph's. _See_ Logan's station. + + St. Clair, Arthur, arrives at Ft. Washington, 391, 392; + names Cincinnati, 391, 392; + reports on Harmar's campaign, 395; + campaign against Miamis, 400-405, 407, 408, 413; + resigns command, 412. + + St. Clairsville, O., 338. + + St. Joseph river, in Harmar's campaign, 393, 395. + + St. Lawrence river, Champlain on, 5. + + St. Louis, attacked by English, 254. + + St. Mary's river, in Harmar's campaign, 393. + + Salem, Va., Salling at, 49; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 82. + + Salem, Moravian village, 301, 302, 314, 319, 322, 325, 327. + + Salisbury, N. C., 191. + + Salling, Henry, brother of John Peter, 48. + + Salling, John Peter, explorations of, 47-49: + settles Augusta, 66. + + Salt creek, 175. + + Salt licks, in Kentucky, 48, 196, 199, 265, 266; + in West Virginia, 265, 361; + in Ohio, 267. + + Salt river, foray on, 405. + + Saluda Old Town, S. C., 59. + + Sam (negro), at seige of Wheeling, 356, 357. + + Sandusky, early Indians at, 46; + in Dunmore's war, 187; + McIntosh's expedition against, 252; + Moravians at, 316, 317, 320, 327; + Crawford's campaign, 327-339; + Irvine's expedition, 355; + Cozad at, 420. + + "Sandy-creek voyage," against Shawnees, 81-86. + + Sandy island, Iroquois defeat Shawnees at, 194, 195. + + Sandy river, foray on, 373. + + Sapoonie Indians, strength of, 46. + + Sappington, John, murders Indians, 148, 149. + + Sargent, Winthrop, expedition against Ft. Du Quesne, 68. + + Savannah, Ga., 237. + + Schoolcraft, Austin, killed by Indians, 290. + + Schoolcraft, Henry A., _Indian Tribes_, 40. + + Schoolcraft, John, family massacred, 284. + + Schoolcraft, Leonard, captured by Indians, 282; + turns renegade, 377-379. + + Schoolcraft, Matthias, killed by Indians, 310. + + Schoolcraft, Michael, captured by Indians, 310. + + Schoolcraft, Simon, attacked by Indians, 288, 289; + captured by Indians, 310. + + Schoenbrunn, Moravian village, 314, 319, 328, 329. + + Scioto Company, settles Gallipolis, 60. + + Scioto river, Shawnees on, 46; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 82, 84; + Renick captivity, 91; + Hannah Dennis on, 92; + in Pontiac's war, 172; + Clendenning captivity, 173; + in Dunmore's war, 170, 175, 180, 182, 183, 185; + during Revolution, 329; + military land-claims on, 366; + Moore captivity, 374; + in Harmar's campaign, 393. + + Scoppathus, Mingo chief, 172. + + Scotch and Scotch-Irish, on the border, 49, 54, 101, 104, 168; + in Georgia, 237; + in Pensylvania, 143; + in Virginia, 191, 334: + in West Virginia, 373. + + Scott, Andrew, at seige of Wheeling. 356. + + Scott, Capt., killed by Indians, 395. + + Scott, Charles, campaign against Miami and Wabash Indians, 406-408; + in Wayne's campaign, 426. + + Scott county, Va., census (1830), 56. + + Scott, David, daughters killed by Indians, 283. + + Scott, Jacob, murders Bald Eagle, 135. + + Scott, Molly, at seige of Wheeling, 356. + + Seekonk, Mingo village, 185. + + Seneca Indians, 194; + at Easton treaty, 58; + rob Findlay, 143. + _See_ Mingo Indians. + + Senseman, Gottlob, Moravian missionary, 314, 317. + + Severns, Ebenezer, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + Sevier, John, at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Sewell, Stephen, settles on Greenbrier, 57. + + Seybert, Capt., defeated by Indians, 87-89. + + Shabosh, killed by whites, 322, 326. + + Shakers, 106. + + Shamokin, Cayuga village, 155. + + Shane manuscripts, 221. + + Shawnee Indians, on Upper Ohio, 45; + in Ohio, 46; + attack Roanoke, 61, 81; + Sandy-creek voyage, 82-86; + Seybert massacre, 87-89; + foray on James, 89-91; + villages on Scioto, 92; + Stroud massacre, 136, 137; + Findlay among, 143; + attack Boones, 145; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 142, 166, 167, 172, 175-186, 253; + murder of Cornstalk, 209-214; + Clendenning captivity, 173; Bouquet's expedition, 173; + in Kentucky, 194, 195, 201; + raided by Clark, 123, 254; + during Revolution, 219, 236, 265-268, 271, 273, 333, 334, 336, 347, + 354, 355, 374; + raided by Logan, 386-388; + at Ft. Finney treaty, 388; + raided by Wayne, 428. + + Shawnee springs, 201. + + Shelby, Evans, settles on Holston, 59; + in Dunmore's war, 167, 168, 174. + + Shelby, Isaac, in Dunmore's war, 169, 170, 174; + at Watauga treaty, 192. + + Shenandoah county, Va., census (1830), 56; + militia of, 164. + + Shenandoah valley, 66; + explored, 47; + early settlers in, 46, 50, 190; + Borden grant, 50-53; Fairfax survey, 334; + fur trade in, 76, 120; + Mrs. Cunningham in, 373. + + Shepherd, David, early settler, 125; + militia officer, 221, 226, 228, 230; + in Brodhead's expedition, 300, 301; + at seige of Wheeling, 359; + manuscripts of, 221. + + Shepherd, Moses, 124. + + Shesheequon, Pa., Moravian village. 319. + + Shikellemus, Cayuga chief, 155. + + Shingiss, Delaware chief, 45, 190, 194, 237. + + Shinn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, 247. + + Shinnston, W. Va., 343. + + Shiver, John, captured by Indians, 282, 283. + + Shores, Thomas, captured by Indians, 201. + + Short creek, settled on, 125. + + Silver creek, 196. + + Simcoe, John G., governor of Canada, 412. + + Simpson's creek, 156, 247, 343; + settled on, 118, 126; + foray on, 366. + + Simpson, John, adventures of, 118, 119. + + Sims, Bernard, killed by Indians, 291. + + Sims, John, attacked by Indians, 291, 383. + + Six Nations. _See_ Iroquois. + + Skegg's creek, foray on, 385. + + Skidmore, John, in Dunmore's war, 170. + + Skillern, George, in Hand's expedition, 210, 211. + + Slaughter, Col., in Dunmore's war, 167, 175; + commandant at Louisville, 291; + in Piqua campaign, 305, 307; + at Moravian massacre, 321. + + Slavery, first importation of negroes, 9, 10. + + Sleeth, Alexander and Thomas, early settlers, 121. + + Slover, John, captured by Indians, 335-338; + _Narrative_, 335. + + Small pox, feared by Indians, 291. + + Smally, James, killed by Indians, 282. + + Smith, ----, of St. Asaph's, 205. + + Smith, Ballard, 94. + + Smith, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 91. + + Smith, James, imprisoned by French, 67; + captured by Indians, 79: + chief of "Black-boys," 105, 106, 109-115; + explores Kentucky, 115. + + Smith, John, attempts western exploration, 64. + + Smith, John, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + militia officer, 90. + + Smith, Thomas, killed by Indians, 89, 90. + + Smith, Mrs. Thomas, imprisoned by Indians, 90. + + Smith, William H., _St. Clair Papers_, 404. + + Snake, John and Thomas, Wyandot chiefs, 316, 317. + + Snip, Wyandot chief, 316. + + Snodgrass, James, killed by Indians, 374. + + Snowy creek, massacre on, 280. + + Snyder, Jacob, killed by Indians, 102. + + Sodousky, James, on Bullitt's survey, 146. + + South Branch (or Fork) of Potomac, 75; + Dunkard massacre on, 76, 77; + Indians defeated on, 97; + Seybert massacre, 87-89; + emigrants from, 118-120, 122, 124-126; + Indians massacred on, 135. + + South Carolina, 46, 59, 160. + + Spanish, territorial claims of, 5; + colonizing efforts, 7; + capture Salling, 48, 49; + in Kentucky conspiracy, 130, 254, 258; + attack on St. Louis, 254. + + Speed, Thomas, _Wilderness Road_, 384. + + Spottswood, Gov., crosses Blue ridge, 64. + + Springfield, W. Va., 91. + + Sprout run, Borden Manor on, 51. + + Squissatego, Seneca brave, 58. + + Stalnaker, ----, settles on New, 59. + + Stalnaker, Adam, attacked by Indians, 343. + + Stalnaker, Jacob, settles on Tygart, 126; + attacked by Indians, 343. + + Stamford, Ky., 197. + + Station Camp creek, Boone on, 143. + + Staunton, Va., 91; + settlement near, 49, 50; + _Spectator_, 53. + + Steele, John, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Stephen, Adam, in Forbes's campaign, 70; + in Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + in Dunmore's war, 164. + + Steeth, John, chases Indians, 246. + + Steubenville, O., 78, 320. + + Stewart, John, killed by Indians, 234. + + Stites, ----, makes Miami purchase, 390. + + Stone Coal creek, origin of name, 121. + + Stone, Uriah, explores Kentucky, 115. + + Stoner, Michael, explores Kentucky, 152, 190. + + Stone's river, origin of name, 115. + + Stout, Benjamin, 126. + + Strait, Jacob, killed by Indians, 375. + + Stroud, Adam, killed by Indians, 136-138. + + Stuart, Betsy, marries Woods, 54. + + Stuart, Charles A., 53. + + Stuart, David, marries Jane Lynn, 53. + + Stuart, James, killed by Indians, 280. + + Stuart, John, pioneer on Greenbrier, 53, 54, 57-59; + companion of Boone, 143, 144; + in Dunmore's war, 159-161, 169, 170, 174; + at murder of Cornstalk, 211, 212; + defends Greenbrier, 243-245; + _Memoir of Indian Wars_, 180. + + Sullivan, John, campaign against New York Indians, 210. + + Susquehanna river, 136; + Munsees on, 46; + forays on, 101-104. + + Swan, John, early settler, 123, 125, 149; + militia officer, 226-228; + defends Wheeling, 360. + + Swope, ----, trapper, 96. + + Sycamore shoals, treaty at, 192. + + Symmes, John Cleves, secures Miami + land-grant, 390-392. + + Tanner, Edward, captured by Indians, 342. + + Tate, ----, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Tate's creek, 196. + + Tawas. _See_ Ottawas. + + Taylor, Capt., killed by Indians, 423. + + Taylor, Hugh Paul, _Sketches_, 51, 53, 85. + + Tazewell county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Tazewell Court House, Va., raided by Indians, 373, 374. + + Tecumseh, conspiracy of, 35, 36; + in Waggoner massacre, 409-411. + + Tegard, Abraham, early settler, 123. + + Telford, Hugh, early settler, 52. + + Tennessee, 75; + stone graves in, 43; + Salling in, 48, 49; + early missions in, 106; + Boone in, 144, 145. + + Tennessee river, 253; + Salling on, 48, 49; + Holston on, 59; + explored by Smith, 115; + in Henderson's purchase, 193, 195. + + Ten Mile creek, first settlement on, 190; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + forays on, 238-240, 381. + + Terry, Cornet, killed by Indians, 423. + + Thomas, Abraham, _Sketches_, 180. + + Thomas, John, early settler, 122, 123; + killed by Indians, 309, 310, 343. + + Thompson, ----, surveys on Licking, 146. + + Thompson, Jethro, house burned by Indians, 383. + + Thompson, John, Indian go-between, 263. + + Thompson, William, assists "Blackboys." 112, 113. + + Todd, John, defends Kentucky, 200; + killed at Blue Licks, 351, 353. + + Todd, Levi, in Bowman's campaign, 271; + in Wabash campaign, 386. + + Tomlinson, Benjamin, 149; + founds Moundsville, 230. + + Tomlinson, Samuel, adventure with Indians, 222. + + Tonty, Henri de, with La Salle, 6. + + Trails, Warrior branch, 75, 399; + Nemacolin's path, 77; + Cumberland Gap, 143, 152, 192, 384; + Wilderness road, 384. + + Transylvania Company, settles Kentucky, 190-196. + + Treaties, Ryswick, 195; + Paris (1763), 7, 106, 139; + Lancaster, 195; + Easton, 58; + Ft. Stanwix, 45, 70, 195; + Lochaber, 195; + Bouquet's, 91, 108, 134, 141, 179; + Camp Charlotte, 145, 147, 173, 176-186, 195, 197; + Watauga, 153, 192, 195; + Paris (1782), 365, 384; + Au Glaize, 374, 376; + Ft. McIntosh, 97, 366, 388; + Ft. Finney, 388; + Greenville, 141, 147, 420, 430. + + Trent, William, at Redstone, 77. + + Trigg, Col., killed at Blue Licks, 353, + + Triplett, William, killed by Indians, 411, 412. + + Trueman, Maj., killed by Indians, 412. + + Tugg river, origin of name, 85. + + Turkey creek, 99. + + Turkey run, 119, 121. + + Turtle creek, scene of Braddock's defeat, 67. + + Tuscarawas river, McIntosh's expedition, 256, 261; + Moravian missions on, 219, 301, 313-317, 320, 336. + + Tuscarora Indians, legend of, 18. + + Twightee Indians, strength of, 46. + + Twitty, William, at Watauga treaty, 192; + killed by Indians, 196. + + Tygart, David, settles in Tygart's valley, 74, 75. + + Tygart's valley, first settled, 74, 126; + Pringles in, 117-122; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 284, 286, 287, 311; + miscellaneous forays in, 232-235, 341, 343, 421, 422, 428. + + Tyler county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63. + + Unadilla river, Delawares on, 136. + + Uniontown, Pa., 77. + + Valley of Virginia, early Indians in, 46; + Salling's exploration, 48, 49; + McDowell's fight, 52; + first settled, 61, 190; + Mrs. Cunningham in, 373. + + Valley river, 63; + Pringles on, 118, 119; + in Dunmore's war, 151; + during Revolution, 287; + forays on, 252, 311. + + Van Meter, Jacob, early settler, 123. + + Vause, ----, settles on New, 59. + + Veech, James, _Monongahela of Old_, 79, 80. + + Vernon, Maj., at Ft. Laurens, 265. + + Vigo, M., assists Clark, 258. + + Vincennes, Ind., in Clark's campaign, 253-255, 257-261, 386; + Hamtramck at, 394. + + Virginia, Indian mounds, 40; + early tribes, 44-47; + Borden manor, 50-53; + Loyal Co., 49; + Fairfax grant, 50, 51; + characteristics of early settlers, 54; + Salling's operations, 47-49; + early explorations, 64; + Ohio Co., 64, 65; + Braddock's campaign, 65-69; + Forbes's campaign, 69-73; + boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, 74, 142; + Pontiac's war, 97; + New-river foray, 96-99; + militia of, 100, 101; + border settlements, 125; + military land warrants, 145; + Wapatomica campaign, 153-155; + Dunmore's attitude toward, 179; + relinquishes western land claim, 130, 389; + _Dinwiddie Papers_, 86; + _Calendar of State Papers_, 86. + + Wabash Indians, raided by Hamtramck, 394; + by Scott, 407, 408; + agree to peace, 412. + + Wabash river, in Clark's campaigns, 257-259, 385, 386; + arrival of peace news, 365. + + Wachatomakah, Indian village, 336. + + Waggoner, John, family massacred by Indians, 408-411. + + Waggoner, Peter, captured by Indians, 409-411. + + Walden's creek, origin of name, 60. + + Walden, Elisha, killed by Indians, 59, 60. + + Walholling river, 314, 317. + + Walker, Felix, at Watauga treaty, 192; + wounded by Indians, 196. + + Walker, Thomas, explores Kentucky, 81; + _Journal_, 59. + + Walker, William, educated Wyandot, 96, 97. + + Wallace, ----, killed by Indians, 319. + + Walpole, ----, interest in Pittsylvania, 145. + + Wapatomica, McDonald's expedition against, 138, 153-155; + Indian council at, 347. + + Ward, Mrs., escapes from Indians, 422. + + Warrior Branch, Indian trail, 75. + + Wars, French and Indian, 65-74, 77-80, 100-106, 143, 190, 334, 387; + McDowell's fight, 66; + Sandy-creek voyage, 81-86; + Bouquet's campaign, 106-109; + Braddock's campaign, 143, 145, 147, 169; + Forbes's campaign, 145, 150, 190; + Pontiac's war, 73, 97, 141, 172; + Dunmore's war, 66, 78, 127, 134-190, 209, 253, 334; + Revolution, 66, 78, 86, 124, 145, 146, 177, 178, 182, 187-365, 382, 387; + Hand's campaign. 209-211; + Harmar's, 384, 393-395, 400, 408; + St. Clair's, 400-405, 407, 408, 413; + Wayne's, 412-428. + + Warwick, ----, early settler, 126. + + Warwick, Jacob, attacked by Indians, 286, 287. + + Warwick, William, attacked by Indians, 287. + + Washburn, Benjamin, attacked by Indians, 247. + + Washburn, Charles, killed by Indians, 345. + + Washburn, Isaac, killed by Indians, 241. + + Washburn, James, tortured by Indians, 250, 251. + + Washburn, Stephen, killed by Indians, 250. + + Washington county, Ky., 106, 190. + + Washington county. Pa., settled, 125; + militia of, 320, 327, 328. + + Washington county, Va., census (1830), 56; + militia of, 165, 174, 268; + threatened by Bird, 299. + + Washington, George, in French and Indian war, 45, 65, 67, 69, 71, 74, 77, + 100, 101, 145, 334; + friendship for Andrew Lewis, 70; + advises Sandy-creek voyage, 81; + on Seybert massacre, 87; + in Revolutionary war, 106; + friend of Rufus Putman, 389; + _Tour to the Ohio_, 73. + + Watauga river, treaty with Indians on, 153, 192. + + Waterford. O., founded, 393. + + Wayne, Anthony, general of army, 412; + campaign against Western Indians, 147, 412-428. + + Webb, Jonas, early settler, 126. + + Wells, Bazaleel, at Point Pleasant, 174. + + Wells, Maj., on Shawnee campaign, 355. + + Wellsburg, W. Va., 380. + + Welsh, on the border, 49. + + West, Alexander, 378; + chases Indians, 246, 311; + adventure with Indians, 287-290; + on Lowther's expedition, 376, 377; + sketch, 288. + + West Augusta, district of, 63; first justice of peace, 127. + + West, Charles, chases Indians, 246. + + West, Edmund, Sr., attacked by Indians, 288; + killed by Indians, 377-379. + + West, Edmund, Jr., family attacked by Indians, 378, 379. + + West Fork river, origin of name, 122; + first settlements on, 126, 127; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 156; + during Revolution, 240, 311, 312, 343; + miscellaneous forays on, 217, 218, 250, 251, 366, 367, 376, 400, 410, + 411, 414, 419, 422, 428. + + West Newton, Pa., departure of Marietta pilgrims, 389. + + West Virginia, character of early Indians in, 36; + mounds in, 40; + early tribes in, 44-47; + census (1830), 63; + first settlements in (prior to 1774), 117-133. + + Westfall, ----, early settler, 126. + + Westfall, O., 176. + + Westmoreland county, Pa., 115. + + Westmoreland county, Va., militia of, 210, 327, 328; + forays in, 301. + + Wetzel county, W. Va., 279. + + Wetzel, George, Indian fighter, 161. + + Wetzel, Jacob, adventure with Indians, 161-163. + + Wetzel, John, Indian fighter, 125, 161. + + Wetzel, Lewis, Indian fighter, 125, 161-163, 338, 339; + sketch, 161. + + Wetzel, Martin, Indian fighter, 161. + + Wheat, Betsy, at seige of Wheeling, 225. + + Wheeling, W. Va., 40; + founded, 124, 125; + in Dunmore's war, 134, 146, 148, 149, 152-154, 163, 165, 179; + first seige of, 219-228, 235; + second seige, 224, 356-360; + Foreman's defeat, 228-230; + during Revolution, 237, 299, 301, 319, 336, 338, 362; + McKee's foray, 316, 317. + + Wheeling creek, in Dunmore's war, 151, 161. + + White Eyes, Delaware chief, 150, 175, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 221, 302. + + White, John, killed by Indians, 284. + + White, William, murders Indians, 136, 137; + captured by Indians, 232, 233; + killed by Indians, 340. + + Whiteman, ----, early settler, 126. + + Whitley, Paul, early settler, 52; + with Braddock, 66. + + Whitley, William, arrival in Kentucky, 197; + scout, 271; + attacks Indians, 385, 386; + _Narrative_, 203, 205. + + Whitley, Mrs. William, adventure with Indians, 203. + + Whittlesey, Charles, _Fugitive Essays_, 183. + + Wilkinson, James, attacks Miamis, 407; + builds Ft. Recovery, 419. + + Williams and Mary college, 145. + + Williams, Isaac, explorer, 124. + + Williams, John, of Transylvania Co., 191. + + Williamsburg, Va., 47, 86, 87, 159, 178; + Salling at, 49; + John Lewis at, 50; + in Dunmore's war, 151, 154. + + Williamson, David, expedition against Moravians, 314-318, 320-327; + in Crawford's campaign, 327, 328, 331. + + Williamson, Lieut., at Ft. Pitt, 78. + + Williamson, Peter, captured by Indians, 101-104. + + Will's creek, Ohio Co.'s post at, 67, 74, 77. + + Wilson, ----, killed at Point Pleasant, 171. + + Wilson, Benjamin, 184, 186, 234, 235, 247, 284, 311. + + Winchester, Va., 56, 68, 71, 81, 121; + fur trade at, 47, 48; + threatened by Indians, 101; + trial of White, 136; + during Revolution, 252. + + Wingenund, Delaware chief, 333. + + Winston's Meadows, 99. + + Wisconsin, Indian mounds in, 42. + + Wisconsin Historical Society, manuscripts in library of, 49, 75, 81, 87, + 170, 193, 203, 205, 221, 259, 260; + _Collections_, 58. + + Wisconsin river, explored by French, 6. + + Wolf creek, 82, 392, 393, 396. + + Wood, Abraham, discovers Great Kanawha, 64. + + Wood county, W. Va., census (1830), 56, 63; + first sheriff of, 127. + + Wood, Nicholas, killed by Indians, 375. + + Woodfin, John, killed by Indians, 249. + + Woodford, Col., 72. + + Woods, Richard, 54. + + Woodson, Obadiah, in Sandy-creek voyage, 81. + + Wright, ----, killed by Indians, 344. + + Wyalusing, Pa., Moravian village, 319. + + Wyandot Indians, early strength of, 46; + in Kansas, 96, 97; + in Dunmore's war, 172; + at Foreman's defeat, 230; + during Revolution, 219, 262, 316, 317, 320, 327, 332, 347, 362-364; + at Ft. McIntosh treaty, 366, 388. + + Wyllys, Maj., killed by Indians, 393, 394. + + Wythe county, Va., census (1830), 55, 56. + + Yadkin river, Boone on, 143, 144, 205. + + Yellow creek, Logan massacre at, 134, 138, 148-150, 184. + + Youghiogheny river, crossed by Braddock, 67; + early settlements on, 74, 77, 113, 114, 118, 334; + Marietta pilgrims on, 389. + + Zane, Andrew, adventure with Indians, 222. + + Zane, Ebenezer, 148; + settles Wheeling, 124, 125; + defends Wheeling, 225, 228, 230, 356-360; + in Brodhead's expedition, 300. + + Zane, Elizabeth, at seige of Wheeling, 359. + + Zane, Isaac, captured by Indians, 124; + daughter wounded, 418. + + Zane, Jonathan, settles at Wheeling, 124; + in Dunmore's war, 153. + + Zane, Noah, 125, 225. + + Zane, Silas, settles at Wheeling, 124; + defends Wheeling, 356, 357. + + Zanesville, O., 153. + + Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, 301, 314, 315, 317. + + + + +The First American Frontier + +An Arno Press/New York Times Collection + + +Agnew, Daniel. + +A History of the Region of Pennsylvania North of the Allegheny River. +1887. + +Alden, George H. + +New Government West of the Alleghenies Before 1780. 1897. + +Barrett, Jay Amos. + +Evolution of the Ordinance of 1787. 1891. + +Billon, Frederick. + +Annals of St. Louis in its Early Days Under the French and Spanish +Dominations. 1886. + +Billon, Frederick. + +Annals of St. Louis in its Territorial Days, 1804-1821. 1888. + +Littel, William. + +Political Transactions in and Concerning Kentucky. 1926. + +Bowles, William Augustus. + +Authentic Memoirs of William Augustus Bowles. 1916. + +Bradley, A. G. + +The Fight with France for North America. 1900. + +Brannan, John, ed. + +Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the War, +1812-1815. 1823. + +Brown, John P. + +Old Frontiers. 1938. + +Brown, Samuel R. + +The Western Gazetteer. 1817. + +Cist, Charles. + +Cincinnati Miscellany of Antiquities of the West and Pioneer History. +(2 volumes in one). 1845-6. + +Claiborne, Nathaniel Herbert. + +Notes on the War in the South with Biographical Sketches of the Lives +of Montgomery, Jackson, Sevier, and Others. 1819. + +Clark, Daniel. + +Proofs of the Corruption of Gen. James Wilkinson. 1809. + +Clark, George Rogers. + +Colonel George Rogers Clark's Sketch of His Campaign in the Illinois +in 1778-9. 1869. + +Collins, Lewis. + +Historical Sketches of Kentucky. 1847. + +Cruikshank, Ernest, ed, + +Documents Relating to Invasion of Canada and the Surrender of Detroit. +1912. + +Cruikshank, Ernest, ed, + +The Documentary History of the Campaign on the Niagara Frontier, +1812-1814. (4 volumes). 1896-1909. + +Cutler, Jervis. + +A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indian Territory, +and Louisiana. 1812. + +Cutler, Julia P. + +The Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler. 1890. + +Darlington, Mary C. + +History of Col. Henry Bouquet and the Western Frontiers of Pennsylvania. +1920. + +Darlington, Mary C. + +Fort Pitt and Letters From the Frontier. 1892. + +De Schweinitz, Edmund. + +The Life and Times of David Zeisberger. 1870. + +Dillon, John B. + +History of Indiana. 1859. + +Eaton, John Henry. + +Life of Andrew Jackson. 1824. + +English, William Hayden. + +Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio. (2 volumes in one). +1896. + +Flint, Timothy. + +Indian Wars of the West. 1833. + +Forbes, John. + +Writings of General John Forbes Relating to His Service in North +America. 1938. + +Forman, Samuel S. + +Narrative of a Journey Down the Ohio and Mississippi in 1789-90. +1888. + +Haywood, John. + +Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee to 1796. 1823. + +Heckewelder, John. + +History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations. 1876. + +Heckewelder, John. + +Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren. 1820. + +Hildreth, Samuel P. + +Pioneer History. 1848. + +Houck, Louis. + +The Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase: A Historical Study. 1901. + +Houck, Louis. + +History of Missouri. (3 volumes in one). 1908. + +Houck, Louis. + +The Spanish Regime in Missouri. (2 volumes in one). 1909. + +Jacob, John J. A Biographical Sketch of the Life of the Late Capt. +Michael Cresap. 1826. + +Jones, David. + +A Journal of Two Visits Made to Some Nations of Indians on the West +Side of the River Ohio, in the Years 1772 and 1773. 1774. + +Kenton, Edna. + +Simon Kenton. 1930. + +Loudon, Archibald. + +Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives of Outrages. (2 +volumes in one). 1808-1811. + +Monette, J. W. + +History, Discovery and Settlement of the Mississippi Valley. (2 +volumes in one). 1846. + +Morse, Jedediah. + +American Gazetteer. 1797. + +Pickett, Albert James. + +History of Alabama. (2 volumes in one). 1851. + +Pope, John. + +A Tour Through the Southern and Western Territories. 1792. + +Putnam, Albigence Waldo. + +History of Middle Tennessee. 1859. + +Ramsey, James G. M. + +Annals of Tennessee. 1853. + +Ranck, George W. + +Boonesborough. 1901. + +Robertson, James Rood, ed. + +Petitions of the Early Inhabitants of Kentucky to the Gen. Assembly of +Virginia. 1914. + +Royce, Charles. + +Indian Land Cessions. 1899. + +Rupp, I. Daniel. + +History of Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon and Schuykill Counties. +1845. + +Safford, William H. + +The Blennerhasset Papers. 1864. + +St. Clair, Arthur. + +A Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign Against the Indians, +in the Year 1791 was Conducted. 1812. + +Sargent, Winthrop, ed. + +A History of an Expedition Against Fort DuQuesne in 1755. 1855. + +Severance, Frank H. + +An Old Frontier of France. (2 volumes in one). 1917. + +Sipe, C. Hale. + +Fort Ligonier and Its Times. 1932. + +Stevens, Henry N. + +Lewis Evans: His Map of the Middle British Colonies in America. 1920. + +Timberlake, Henry. + +The Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake. 1927. + +Tome, Philip. + +Pioneer Life: Or Thirty Years a Hunter. 1854. + +Trent, William. + +Journal of Captain William Trent From Logstown to Pickawillany. 1871. + +Walton, Joseph S. + +Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania. 1900. + +Withers, Alexander Scott. + +Chronicles of Border Warfare. 1895. + + + + +Chronicles of Border Warfare + +Alexander Scott Withers + +Arno Press & The New York Times + + + + +Reprint Edition 1971 by Arno Press Inc. + +Reprinted from a copy in + +The State Historical Society of Wisconsin Library + +LC # 75-146426 + +ISBN 0-405-02896-2 + +The First American Frontier + +ISBN for complete set: 0-405-02820-2 + +See last pages of this volume for titles. + +Manufactured in the United States of America + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + +Corrections in text: + + Page Correction + + vii early period, indentifying very large the sources of (identifying) + xi whatever for his diligenee and labor in producing it (diligence) + 8 adorned with spendid magnificence, who can feel surprised (splendid) + 9 Yet, although the philanthopist must weep over (philanthropist) + 10 Nothwithstanding those two great evils which have (Notwithstanding) + 46 with an aggregate population ef 289,362. (population of) + 51 visited Great Britian in 1737 (Britain) + 101 Upen the earnest remonstrance and entreaty (Upon) + 110 of the commanding officer a party of Higland soldiers (Highland) + 112 they did not scruple to intercept the pussage of goods (passage) + 113 from the entrace into the Fort, and three centinels on the (entrance) + 120 hauch of the others. The low state of their little magazine (haunch) + 126 bleeching in the sun, after their murder by the Indians, (bleaching) + 160 house, had been dischaaged at them by Indian (discharged) + 182 it would be more conconvenient (convenient) + 203 draging his wounded body along (dragging) + 211 place of rendezvous. This stock was nearly exhaused (exhausted) + 216 naturally enough prompts to deeds of revangeful cruelty (revengeful) + 309 was in vain. The tomahawk was uplifted, and stoke followed (stroke) + 313 in the bloody deeds of their red brethern, yet that (brethren) + 323 take upon themseves the entire responsibility (themselves) + 345 A most schocking scene was exhibited some time before this (shocking) + 345 purpose of washing. While thus engaged three guns (repeated word) + 361 miles from its enterance into the Ohio, and was known (entrance) + 375 Buffaloe, and as Levi Morgan was engaged in skining (skinning) + 385 loss was severely felt thoughout the whole country. (throughout) + 387 was the head chief with this three wives and children (his three) + 393 if posssible, to a general engagement; and if this (possible) + 417 a company which had been sta-stationed (printer's error) + 421 assembled to witness the awful spectacle. The croud was (crowd) + +Corrections in footnotes: + + Introduction: Chapter 3, Footnote 3 + consider the running of the guantlet (gauntlet) + + Introduction: Chapter 3, Footnote 5 + Kis faithful dog shall bear him company. (His) + + Chapter 1, Footnote 13 + Shehandoah, Frederick, 1772 767 19,750 4,922 (Shenandoah) + + Chapter 1, Footnote 17 + with his family to Culpeper coanty, which was (Culpeper county) + + Chapter 5, Footnote 5 + bitten, and the whole patrty suffered exceedingly. (party) + + Chapter 10, Footnote 8 + of the tribes west and sonthwest of Lake (southwest) + + Chapter 18, Footnote 4 + to Aprfl 30, 1793. The army was fancifully (April) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of Border Warfare, by +Alexander Scott Withers + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** + +***** This file should be named 29244.txt or 29244.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/2/4/29244/ + +Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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