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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30489 ***
+
+  Phrenological
+  DEVELOPMENT
+  of
+  ROBERT BURNS
+
+
+  BY
+  George Combe.
+
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.
+  _REPRINTED JANUARY 1859._
+
+
+
+
+  PHRENOLOGICAL
+  DEVELOPMENT OF
+  ROBERT BURNS,
+  from a Cast of his skull
+  MOULDED AT DUMFRIES.
+  THE 31ST DAY OF MARCH 1834.
+
+  With Remarks by
+  George Combe,
+  AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"--"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &c.
+
+  [Illustration: MAUSOLEUM,
+  Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of
+  Robt Burns]
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.
+
+  Reprinted January 1859.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.]
+
+
+
+
+  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,
+  BY
+  GEORGE COMBE.
+
+
+Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the _Dumfries Courier_, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.
+
+The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the _os unguis_ in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapientiƦ, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists--a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.
+
+"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.
+
+  "ARCHD. BLACKLOCK."
+  DUMFRIES, _1st April 1834_.
+
+
+
+
+CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.
+
+
+I.--DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.
+
+                                                                   Inches.
+  Greatest circumference,                                           22-1/4
+  From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,  14
+   ... Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,              13
+   ... Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),      8
+   ... Concentrativeness to Comparison,                              7-1/8
+   ... Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,                                  4-7/8
+   ... Ear to Individuality,                                         4-3/4
+   ... Ear to Benevolence,                                           5-1/2
+   ... Ear to Firmness,                                              5-1/2
+   ... Destructiveness to Destructiveness,                           5-3/4
+   ... Secretiveness to Secretiveness,                               5-7/8
+   ... Cautiousness to Cautiousness,                                 5-1/2
+   ... Ideality to Ideality,                                         4-5/8
+   ... Constructiveness to Constructiveness,                         4-1/2
+   ... Mastoid process to Mastoid process,                           4-3/4
+
+
+II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.
+
+                                                                    Scale.
+   1. Amativeness, rather large,                                        16
+   2. Philoprogenitiveness, very large,                                 20
+   3. Concentrativeness, large,                                         18
+   4. Adhesiveness, very large,                                         20
+   5. Combativeness, very large,                                        20
+   6. Destructiveness, large,                                           18
+   7. Secretiveness, large,                                             19
+   8. Acquisitiveness, rather large,                                    16
+   9. Constructiveness, full,                                           15
+  10. Self-Esteem, large,                                               18
+  11. Love of Approbation, very large,                                  20
+  12. Cautiousness, large,                                              19
+  13. Benevolence, very large,                                          20
+  14. Veneration, large,                                                18
+  15. Firmness, full,                                                   15
+  16. Conscientiousness, full,                                          15
+  17. Hope, full,                                                       14
+  18. Wonder, large,                                                    18
+  19. Ideality, large,                                                  18
+  20. Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,                                       15
+  21. Imitation, large,                                                 19
+  22. Individuality, large,                                             19
+  23. Form, rather large,                                               16
+  24. Size, rather large,                                               17
+  25. Weight, rather large,                                             16
+  26. Colouring, rather large,                                          16
+  27. Locality, large,                                                  18
+  28. Number, rather full,                                              12
+  29. Order, full,                                                      14
+  30. Eventuality, large,                                               18
+  31. Time, rather large,                                               16
+  32. Tune, full,                                                       15
+  33. Language, uncertain,
+  34. Comparison, rather large,                                         17
+  35. Causality, large,                                                 18
+
+_The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other; 2 is Idiotcy--10 Moderate--14 Full--18 Large--and 20 very Large._
+
+
+The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments--the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.
+
+Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22-1/4 inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, _including
+the integuments_, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.
+
+The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.
+
+The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.
+
+The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.
+
+Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.
+
+Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.
+
+The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.
+
+The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.
+
+The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions--capable
+of great good or great evil--and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.
+
+In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.
+
+The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.
+
+An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.
+
+The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.
+
+The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.
+
+The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.
+
+No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed--of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach--and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.
+
+The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by GEORGE HARVEY, Esq., S.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert
+Burns, by George Combe
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30489 ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert Burns, by 
+George Combe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Phrenological Development of Robert Burns
+       From a Cast of His Skull Moulded at Dumfries, the 31st Day of March 1834
+
+Author: George Combe
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2009 [EBook #30489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHRENOLOGICAL DEV. OF ROBERT BURNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Phrenological
+  DEVELOPMENT
+  of
+  ROBERT BURNS
+
+
+  BY
+  George Combe.
+
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.
+  _REPRINTED JANUARY 1859._
+
+
+
+
+  PHRENOLOGICAL
+  DEVELOPMENT OF
+  ROBERT BURNS,
+  from a Cast of his skull
+  MOULDED AT DUMFRIES.
+  THE 31ST DAY OF MARCH 1834.
+
+  With Remarks by
+  George Combe,
+  AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"--"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &c.
+
+  [Illustration: MAUSOLEUM,
+  Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of
+  Robt Burns]
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.
+
+  Reprinted January 1859.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.]
+
+
+
+
+  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,
+  BY
+  GEORGE COMBE.
+
+
+Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the _Dumfries Courier_, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.
+
+The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the _os unguis_ in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapientię, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists--a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.
+
+"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.
+
+  "ARCHD. BLACKLOCK."
+  DUMFRIES, _1st April 1834_.
+
+
+
+
+CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.
+
+
+I.--DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.
+
+                                                                   Inches.
+  Greatest circumference,                                           22-1/4
+  From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,  14
+   ... Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,              13
+   ... Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),      8
+   ... Concentrativeness to Comparison,                              7-1/8
+   ... Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,                                  4-7/8
+   ... Ear to Individuality,                                         4-3/4
+   ... Ear to Benevolence,                                           5-1/2
+   ... Ear to Firmness,                                              5-1/2
+   ... Destructiveness to Destructiveness,                           5-3/4
+   ... Secretiveness to Secretiveness,                               5-7/8
+   ... Cautiousness to Cautiousness,                                 5-1/2
+   ... Ideality to Ideality,                                         4-5/8
+   ... Constructiveness to Constructiveness,                         4-1/2
+   ... Mastoid process to Mastoid process,                           4-3/4
+
+
+II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.
+
+                                                                    Scale.
+   1. Amativeness, rather large,                                        16
+   2. Philoprogenitiveness, very large,                                 20
+   3. Concentrativeness, large,                                         18
+   4. Adhesiveness, very large,                                         20
+   5. Combativeness, very large,                                        20
+   6. Destructiveness, large,                                           18
+   7. Secretiveness, large,                                             19
+   8. Acquisitiveness, rather large,                                    16
+   9. Constructiveness, full,                                           15
+  10. Self-Esteem, large,                                               18
+  11. Love of Approbation, very large,                                  20
+  12. Cautiousness, large,                                              19
+  13. Benevolence, very large,                                          20
+  14. Veneration, large,                                                18
+  15. Firmness, full,                                                   15
+  16. Conscientiousness, full,                                          15
+  17. Hope, full,                                                       14
+  18. Wonder, large,                                                    18
+  19. Ideality, large,                                                  18
+  20. Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,                                       15
+  21. Imitation, large,                                                 19
+  22. Individuality, large,                                             19
+  23. Form, rather large,                                               16
+  24. Size, rather large,                                               17
+  25. Weight, rather large,                                             16
+  26. Colouring, rather large,                                          16
+  27. Locality, large,                                                  18
+  28. Number, rather full,                                              12
+  29. Order, full,                                                      14
+  30. Eventuality, large,                                               18
+  31. Time, rather large,                                               16
+  32. Tune, full,                                                       15
+  33. Language, uncertain,
+  34. Comparison, rather large,                                         17
+  35. Causality, large,                                                 18
+
+_The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other; 2 is Idiotcy--10 Moderate--14 Full--18 Large--and 20 very Large._
+
+
+The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments--the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.
+
+Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22-1/4 inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, _including
+the integuments_, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.
+
+The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.
+
+The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.
+
+The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.
+
+Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.
+
+Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.
+
+The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.
+
+The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.
+
+The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions--capable
+of great good or great evil--and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.
+
+In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.
+
+The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.
+
+An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.
+
+The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.
+
+The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.
+
+The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.
+
+No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed--of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach--and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.
+
+The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by GEORGE HARVEY, Esq., S.A.
+
+
+
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Phrenological Development of Robert Burns, by George Combe.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {  margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;}
+
+    hr { width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;}
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
+
+    .pagenum  {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;}
+
+    .page	{font-size: 10.5px; text-align: center;}
+    .right {text-align: right;}
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+	a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none}
+    a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30489 ***</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<a name="cover" id="cover"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="page"><a href="#text">Text of Cover</a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 1]</span></p><p>&nbsp;<a name="title" id="title"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/tpage.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="page"><a href="#text2">Text of Title Page</a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 2]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><b>VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 2]</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_002.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><b>KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.</b></p>
+<p class="page"><a href="images/plate_002big.jpg">Larger Image</a></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 4]</span></p>
+<h1>OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,</h1>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>GEORGE COMBE.</h2>
+
+<p>Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the <i>Dumfries Courier</i>, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the <i>os unguis</i> in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapienti&aelig;, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &amp;c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists&mdash;a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 5]</span> the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.</p>
+
+<p>"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.</p>
+
+<p class="right">"<span class="smcap">Archd. Blacklock.</span>"</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Dumfries</span>, 1st <i>April</i> 1834.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.</h2>
+
+<h4>I.&mdash;DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Skull Dimensions">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Inches.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Greatest circumference,</td><td>22&#188;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>From</td><td>Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,</td><td>14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,</td><td>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),</td><td>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Concentrativeness to Comparison,</td><td>7&#8539;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,</td><td>4&#8542;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Individuality,</td><td>4&#190;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Benevolence,</td><td>5&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Firmness,</td><td>5&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Destructiveness to Destructiveness,</td><td>5&#190;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Secretiveness to Secretiveness,</td><td>5&#8542;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Cautiousness to Cautiousness,</td><td>5&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ideality to Ideality,</td><td>4&#8541;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Constructiveness to Constructiveness,</td><td>4&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Mastoid process to Mastoid process,</td><td>4&#190;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Organ Development">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Scale.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td>Amativeness, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td>Philoprogenitiveness, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td>Concentrativeness, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td>Adhesiveness, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td>Combativeness, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td>Destructiveness, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td>Secretiveness, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td>Acquisitiveness, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td>Constructiveness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td>Self-Esteem, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td>Love of Approbation, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td>Cautiousness, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td>Benevolence, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td>Veneration, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td>Firmness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td>Conscientiousness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td>Hope, full,</td><td align="right">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td>Wonder, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td>Ideality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td>Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td>Imitation, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td>Individuality, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td>Form, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td>Size, rather large,</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td>Weight, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td>Colouring, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td>Locality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td>Number, rather full,</td><td align="right">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">29.</td><td>Order, full,</td><td align="right">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">30.</td><td>Eventuality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">31.</td><td>Time, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">32.</td><td>Tune, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">33.</td><td>Language, uncertain,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">34.</td><td>Comparison, rather large,</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">35.</td><td>Causality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other;<br />2 is Idiotcy&mdash;10 Moderate&mdash;14 Full&mdash;18 Large&mdash;and 20 very Large.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments&mdash;the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 6]</span>Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22&#188; inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, <i>including
+the integuments</i>, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.</p>
+
+<p>The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.</p>
+
+<p>The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.</p>
+
+<p>The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.</p>
+
+<p>Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.</p>
+
+<p>The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.</p>
+
+<p>The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.</p>
+
+<p>The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions&mdash;capable
+of great good or great evil&mdash;and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.</p>
+
+<p>In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 7]</span>
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.</p>
+
+<p>An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.</p>
+
+<p>No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed&mdash;of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach&mdash;and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.</p>
+
+<p>The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by <span class="smcap">George Harvey</span>, Esq., S.A.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><a name="text" id="text"></a></p>
+<p class="center"><b><a href="#cover">Cover</a> Text</b></p>
+<p class="center">Phrenological<br />
+DEVELOPMENT<br />
+of<br />
+<span class="smcap">Robert Burns</span><br />
+<br />
+BY<br />
+George Combe.<br />
+<br />
+Engraved &amp; Published by W. &amp; A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.<br />
+<i>REPRINTED JANUARY 1859.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="text2" id="text2"></a></p>
+<p class="center"><b><a href="#title">Title Page</a> Text</b></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Phrenological</span><br />
+DEVELOPMENT OF<br />
+<span class="smcap">Robert Burns</span>,<br />
+from a Cast of his skull<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moulded at Dumfries</span>.<br />
+THE 31<sup>ST</sup> DAY OF MARCH 1834.<br />
+<br />
+With Remarks by<br />
+George Combe,<br />
+AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"&mdash;"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &amp;c.<br />
+<br />
+MAUSOLEUM,<br />
+Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of<br />
+Rob<sup>t</sup> Burns<br />
+<br />
+Engraved &amp; Published by W. &amp; A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.<br />
+<br />
+Reprinted January 1859.</p>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30489 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert Burns, by
+George Combe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Phrenological Development of Robert Burns
+       From a Cast of His Skull Moulded at Dumfries, the 31st Day of March 1834
+
+Author: George Combe
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2009 [EBook #30489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHRENOLOGICAL DEV. OF ROBERT BURNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Phrenological
+  DEVELOPMENT
+  of
+  ROBERT BURNS
+
+
+  BY
+  George Combe.
+
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.
+  _REPRINTED JANUARY 1859._
+
+
+
+
+  PHRENOLOGICAL
+  DEVELOPMENT OF
+  ROBERT BURNS,
+  from a Cast of his skull
+  MOULDED AT DUMFRIES.
+  THE 31ST DAY OF MARCH 1834.
+
+  With Remarks by
+  George Combe,
+  AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"--"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &c.
+
+  [Illustration: MAUSOLEUM,
+  Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of
+  Robt Burns]
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.
+
+  Reprinted January 1859.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.]
+
+
+
+
+  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,
+  BY
+  GEORGE COMBE.
+
+
+Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the _Dumfries Courier_, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.
+
+The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the _os unguis_ in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapientiae, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists--a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.
+
+"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.
+
+  "ARCHD. BLACKLOCK."
+  DUMFRIES, _1st April 1834_.
+
+
+
+
+CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.
+
+
+I.--DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.
+
+                                                                   Inches.
+  Greatest circumference,                                           22-1/4
+  From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,  14
+   ... Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,              13
+   ... Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),      8
+   ... Concentrativeness to Comparison,                              7-1/8
+   ... Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,                                  4-7/8
+   ... Ear to Individuality,                                         4-3/4
+   ... Ear to Benevolence,                                           5-1/2
+   ... Ear to Firmness,                                              5-1/2
+   ... Destructiveness to Destructiveness,                           5-3/4
+   ... Secretiveness to Secretiveness,                               5-7/8
+   ... Cautiousness to Cautiousness,                                 5-1/2
+   ... Ideality to Ideality,                                         4-5/8
+   ... Constructiveness to Constructiveness,                         4-1/2
+   ... Mastoid process to Mastoid process,                           4-3/4
+
+
+II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.
+
+                                                                    Scale.
+   1. Amativeness, rather large,                                        16
+   2. Philoprogenitiveness, very large,                                 20
+   3. Concentrativeness, large,                                         18
+   4. Adhesiveness, very large,                                         20
+   5. Combativeness, very large,                                        20
+   6. Destructiveness, large,                                           18
+   7. Secretiveness, large,                                             19
+   8. Acquisitiveness, rather large,                                    16
+   9. Constructiveness, full,                                           15
+  10. Self-Esteem, large,                                               18
+  11. Love of Approbation, very large,                                  20
+  12. Cautiousness, large,                                              19
+  13. Benevolence, very large,                                          20
+  14. Veneration, large,                                                18
+  15. Firmness, full,                                                   15
+  16. Conscientiousness, full,                                          15
+  17. Hope, full,                                                       14
+  18. Wonder, large,                                                    18
+  19. Ideality, large,                                                  18
+  20. Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,                                       15
+  21. Imitation, large,                                                 19
+  22. Individuality, large,                                             19
+  23. Form, rather large,                                               16
+  24. Size, rather large,                                               17
+  25. Weight, rather large,                                             16
+  26. Colouring, rather large,                                          16
+  27. Locality, large,                                                  18
+  28. Number, rather full,                                              12
+  29. Order, full,                                                      14
+  30. Eventuality, large,                                               18
+  31. Time, rather large,                                               16
+  32. Tune, full,                                                       15
+  33. Language, uncertain,
+  34. Comparison, rather large,                                         17
+  35. Causality, large,                                                 18
+
+_The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other; 2 is Idiotcy--10 Moderate--14 Full--18 Large--and 20 very Large._
+
+
+The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments--the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.
+
+Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22-1/4 inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, _including
+the integuments_, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.
+
+The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.
+
+The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.
+
+The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.
+
+Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.
+
+Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.
+
+The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.
+
+The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.
+
+The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions--capable
+of great good or great evil--and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.
+
+In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.
+
+The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.
+
+An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.
+
+The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.
+
+The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.
+
+The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.
+
+No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed--of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach--and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.
+
+The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by GEORGE HARVEY, Esq., S.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert
+Burns, by George Combe
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert Burns, by 
+George Combe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Phrenological Development of Robert Burns
+       From a Cast of His Skull Moulded at Dumfries, the 31st Day of March 1834
+
+Author: George Combe
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2009 [EBook #30489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHRENOLOGICAL DEV. OF ROBERT BURNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Phrenological
+  DEVELOPMENT
+  of
+  ROBERT BURNS
+
+
+  BY
+  George Combe.
+
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.
+  _REPRINTED JANUARY 1859._
+
+
+
+
+  PHRENOLOGICAL
+  DEVELOPMENT OF
+  ROBERT BURNS,
+  from a Cast of his skull
+  MOULDED AT DUMFRIES.
+  THE 31ST DAY OF MARCH 1834.
+
+  With Remarks by
+  George Combe,
+  AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"--"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &c.
+
+  [Illustration: MAUSOLEUM,
+  Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of
+  Robt Burns]
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.
+
+  Reprinted January 1859.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.]
+
+
+
+
+  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,
+  BY
+  GEORGE COMBE.
+
+
+Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the _Dumfries Courier_, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.
+
+The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the _os unguis_ in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapientię, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists--a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.
+
+"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.
+
+  "ARCHD. BLACKLOCK."
+  DUMFRIES, _1st April 1834_.
+
+
+
+
+CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.
+
+
+I.--DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.
+
+                                                                   Inches.
+  Greatest circumference,                                           22-1/4
+  From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,  14
+   ... Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,              13
+   ... Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),      8
+   ... Concentrativeness to Comparison,                              7-1/8
+   ... Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,                                  4-7/8
+   ... Ear to Individuality,                                         4-3/4
+   ... Ear to Benevolence,                                           5-1/2
+   ... Ear to Firmness,                                              5-1/2
+   ... Destructiveness to Destructiveness,                           5-3/4
+   ... Secretiveness to Secretiveness,                               5-7/8
+   ... Cautiousness to Cautiousness,                                 5-1/2
+   ... Ideality to Ideality,                                         4-5/8
+   ... Constructiveness to Constructiveness,                         4-1/2
+   ... Mastoid process to Mastoid process,                           4-3/4
+
+
+II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.
+
+                                                                    Scale.
+   1. Amativeness, rather large,                                        16
+   2. Philoprogenitiveness, very large,                                 20
+   3. Concentrativeness, large,                                         18
+   4. Adhesiveness, very large,                                         20
+   5. Combativeness, very large,                                        20
+   6. Destructiveness, large,                                           18
+   7. Secretiveness, large,                                             19
+   8. Acquisitiveness, rather large,                                    16
+   9. Constructiveness, full,                                           15
+  10. Self-Esteem, large,                                               18
+  11. Love of Approbation, very large,                                  20
+  12. Cautiousness, large,                                              19
+  13. Benevolence, very large,                                          20
+  14. Veneration, large,                                                18
+  15. Firmness, full,                                                   15
+  16. Conscientiousness, full,                                          15
+  17. Hope, full,                                                       14
+  18. Wonder, large,                                                    18
+  19. Ideality, large,                                                  18
+  20. Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,                                       15
+  21. Imitation, large,                                                 19
+  22. Individuality, large,                                             19
+  23. Form, rather large,                                               16
+  24. Size, rather large,                                               17
+  25. Weight, rather large,                                             16
+  26. Colouring, rather large,                                          16
+  27. Locality, large,                                                  18
+  28. Number, rather full,                                              12
+  29. Order, full,                                                      14
+  30. Eventuality, large,                                               18
+  31. Time, rather large,                                               16
+  32. Tune, full,                                                       15
+  33. Language, uncertain,
+  34. Comparison, rather large,                                         17
+  35. Causality, large,                                                 18
+
+_The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other; 2 is Idiotcy--10 Moderate--14 Full--18 Large--and 20 very Large._
+
+
+The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments--the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.
+
+Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22-1/4 inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, _including
+the integuments_, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.
+
+The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.
+
+The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.
+
+The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.
+
+Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.
+
+Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.
+
+The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.
+
+The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.
+
+The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions--capable
+of great good or great evil--and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.
+
+In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.
+
+The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.
+
+An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.
+
+The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.
+
+The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.
+
+The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.
+
+No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed--of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach--and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.
+
+The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by GEORGE HARVEY, Esq., S.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert
+Burns, by George Combe
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert Burns, by 
+George Combe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Phrenological Development of Robert Burns
+       From a Cast of His Skull Moulded at Dumfries, the 31st Day of March 1834
+
+Author: George Combe
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2009 [EBook #30489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHRENOLOGICAL DEV. OF ROBERT BURNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<a name="cover" id="cover"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="page"><a href="#text">Text of Cover</a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 1]</span></p><p>&nbsp;<a name="title" id="title"></a></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/tpage.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="page"><a href="#text2">Text of Title Page</a></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 2]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><b>VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 2]</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/plate_002.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center"><b>KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.</b></p>
+<p class="page"><a href="images/plate_002big.jpg">Larger Image</a></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 4]</span></p>
+<h1>OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,</h1>
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>GEORGE COMBE.</h2>
+
+<p>Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the <i>Dumfries Courier</i>, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the <i>os unguis</i> in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapienti&aelig;, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &amp;c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists&mdash;a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 5]</span> the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.</p>
+
+<p>"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.</p>
+
+<p class="right">"<span class="smcap">Archd. Blacklock.</span>"</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Dumfries</span>, 1st <i>April</i> 1834.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.</h2>
+
+<h4>I.&mdash;DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Skull Dimensions">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Inches.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">Greatest circumference,</td><td>22&#188;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>From</td><td>Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,</td><td>14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,</td><td>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),</td><td>8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Concentrativeness to Comparison,</td><td>7&#8539;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,</td><td>4&#8542;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Individuality,</td><td>4&#190;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Benevolence,</td><td>5&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ear to Firmness,</td><td>5&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Destructiveness to Destructiveness,</td><td>5&#190;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Secretiveness to Secretiveness,</td><td>5&#8542;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Cautiousness to Cautiousness,</td><td>5&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Ideality to Ideality,</td><td>4&#8541;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Constructiveness to Constructiveness,</td><td>4&#189;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">...</td><td>Mastoid process to Mastoid process,</td><td>4&#190;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.</h4>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="Organ Development">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Scale.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td>Amativeness, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td>Philoprogenitiveness, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td>Concentrativeness, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td>Adhesiveness, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td>Combativeness, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td>Destructiveness, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td>Secretiveness, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td>Acquisitiveness, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td>Constructiveness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td>Self-Esteem, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td>Love of Approbation, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td>Cautiousness, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td>Benevolence, very large,</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td>Veneration, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td>Firmness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td>Conscientiousness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td>Hope, full,</td><td align="right">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td>Wonder, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td>Ideality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td>Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td>Imitation, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td>Individuality, large,</td><td align="right">19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td>Form, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td>Size, rather large,</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td>Weight, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td>Colouring, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td>Locality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td>Number, rather full,</td><td align="right">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">29.</td><td>Order, full,</td><td align="right">14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">30.</td><td>Eventuality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">31.</td><td>Time, rather large,</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">32.</td><td>Tune, full,</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">33.</td><td>Language, uncertain,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">34.</td><td>Comparison, rather large,</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">35.</td><td>Causality, large,</td><td align="right">18</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other;<br />2 is Idiotcy&mdash;10 Moderate&mdash;14 Full&mdash;18 Large&mdash;and 20 very Large.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments&mdash;the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'>[Pg 6]</span>Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22&#188; inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, <i>including
+the integuments</i>, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.</p>
+
+<p>The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.</p>
+
+<p>The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.</p>
+
+<p>The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.</p>
+
+<p>Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.</p>
+
+<p>The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.</p>
+
+<p>The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.</p>
+
+<p>The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions&mdash;capable
+of great good or great evil&mdash;and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.</p>
+
+<p>In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive<span class='pagenum'>[Pg 7]</span>
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.</p>
+
+<p>An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.</p>
+
+<p>The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.</p>
+
+<p>No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed&mdash;of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach&mdash;and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.</p>
+
+<p>The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by <span class="smcap">George Harvey</span>, Esq., S.A.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><a name="text" id="text"></a></p>
+<p class="center"><b><a href="#cover">Cover</a> Text</b></p>
+<p class="center">Phrenological<br />
+DEVELOPMENT<br />
+of<br />
+<span class="smcap">Robert Burns</span><br />
+<br />
+BY<br />
+George Combe.<br />
+<br />
+Engraved &amp; Published by W. &amp; A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.<br />
+<i>REPRINTED JANUARY 1859.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><a name="text2" id="text2"></a></p>
+<p class="center"><b><a href="#title">Title Page</a> Text</b></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Phrenological</span><br />
+DEVELOPMENT OF<br />
+<span class="smcap">Robert Burns</span>,<br />
+from a Cast of his skull<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moulded at Dumfries</span>.<br />
+THE 31<sup>ST</sup> DAY OF MARCH 1834.<br />
+<br />
+With Remarks by<br />
+George Combe,<br />
+AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"&mdash;"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &amp;c.<br />
+<br />
+MAUSOLEUM,<br />
+Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of<br />
+Rob<sup>t</sup> Burns<br />
+<br />
+Engraved &amp; Published by W. &amp; A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.<br />
+<br />
+Reprinted January 1859.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert
+Burns, by George Combe
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert Burns, by
+George Combe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Phrenological Development of Robert Burns
+       From a Cast of His Skull Moulded at Dumfries, the 31st Day of March 1834
+
+Author: George Combe
+
+Release Date: November 17, 2009 [EBook #30489]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHRENOLOGICAL DEV. OF ROBERT BURNS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Phrenological
+  DEVELOPMENT
+  of
+  ROBERT BURNS
+
+
+  BY
+  George Combe.
+
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh. April 1834.
+  _REPRINTED JANUARY 1859._
+
+
+
+
+  PHRENOLOGICAL
+  DEVELOPMENT OF
+  ROBERT BURNS,
+  from a Cast of his skull
+  MOULDED AT DUMFRIES.
+  THE 31ST DAY OF MARCH 1834.
+
+  With Remarks by
+  George Combe,
+  AUTHOR OF "A SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY,"--"THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN" &c.
+
+  [Illustration: MAUSOLEUM,
+  Erected at Dumfries, to the Memory of
+  Robt Burns]
+
+  Engraved & Published by W. & A.K. Johnston, Edinburgh 30 April 1834.
+
+  Reprinted January 1859.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEWS OF THE SKULL OF ROBERT BURNS.]
+
+
+[Illustration: KEY TO THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS.]
+
+
+
+
+  OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF BURNS,
+  BY
+  GEORGE COMBE.
+
+
+Robert Burns was born on 25th January 1759, and died at Dumfries on 21st
+July 1796, in the 37th year of his age, and, on the 26th, was interred in
+St Michael's Churchyard. Eighteen years afterwards, a Mausoleum was
+erected by subscription to his memory in that cemetery; and, on the 19th
+September 1815, his remains were privately exhumed and transferred to the
+vault attached to it. Mrs Burns, the Poet's widow, having died on 26th
+March 1834, the vault was opened for the purpose of depositing her remains
+beside those of her husband; and the gentlemen who took charge of the
+proceedings, being aware of the anxiety which had long been generally felt
+to obtain a Cast of the Poet's Skull, resolved to avail themselves of the
+opportunity to gratify this desire. The consent of the relatives having
+been obtained, Mr M'Diarmid, the Editor of the _Dumfries Courier_, went
+with several other gentlemen to the vault, and successfully effected their
+purpose.
+
+The following description is written by Mr Archibald Blacklock, Surgeon:
+"The cranial bones were perfect in every respect, if we except a little
+erosion of their external table, and firmly held together by their
+sutures; even the delicate bones of the orbits, with the trifling
+exception of the _os unguis_ in the left, were sound and uninjured by
+death and the grave. The superior maxillary bones still retained the four
+most posterior teeth on each side, including the dentes sapientiae, and all
+without spot or blemish; the incisores, cuspidati, &c., had, in all
+probability, recently dropped from the jaw, for the alveoli were but
+little decayed. The bones of the face and palate were also sound. Some
+small portions of black hair, with a very few grey hairs intermixed, were
+observed while detaching some extraneous matter from the occiput. Indeed,
+nothing could exceed the high state of preservation in which we found the
+bones of the cranium, or offer a fairer opportunity of supplying what has
+so long been desiderated by Phrenologists--a correct model of our immortal
+Poet's head; and in order to accomplish this in the most accurate and
+satisfactory manner, every particle of sand or other foreign body was
+carefully washed off, and the plaster-of-Paris applied with all the tact
+and accuracy of an experienced artist. The Cast is admirably taken, and
+cannot fail to prove highly interesting to Phrenologists and others.
+
+"Having completed our intention, the Skull, securely enclosed in a leaden
+case, was again committed to the earth precisely where we found it.
+
+  "ARCHD. BLACKLOCK."
+  DUMFRIES, _1st April 1834_.
+
+
+
+
+CEREBRAL DEVELOPMENT OF BURNS.
+
+
+I.--DIMENSIONS OF THE SKULL.
+
+                                                                   Inches.
+  Greatest circumference,                                           22-1/4
+  From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over the top of the head,  14
+   ... Ear to Ear vertically over the top of the head,              13
+   ... Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality (greatest length),      8
+   ... Concentrativeness to Comparison,                              7-1/8
+   ... Ear to Philoprogenitiveness,                                  4-7/8
+   ... Ear to Individuality,                                         4-3/4
+   ... Ear to Benevolence,                                           5-1/2
+   ... Ear to Firmness,                                              5-1/2
+   ... Destructiveness to Destructiveness,                           5-3/4
+   ... Secretiveness to Secretiveness,                               5-7/8
+   ... Cautiousness to Cautiousness,                                 5-1/2
+   ... Ideality to Ideality,                                         4-5/8
+   ... Constructiveness to Constructiveness,                         4-1/2
+   ... Mastoid process to Mastoid process,                           4-3/4
+
+
+II.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS.
+
+                                                                    Scale.
+   1. Amativeness, rather large,                                        16
+   2. Philoprogenitiveness, very large,                                 20
+   3. Concentrativeness, large,                                         18
+   4. Adhesiveness, very large,                                         20
+   5. Combativeness, very large,                                        20
+   6. Destructiveness, large,                                           18
+   7. Secretiveness, large,                                             19
+   8. Acquisitiveness, rather large,                                    16
+   9. Constructiveness, full,                                           15
+  10. Self-Esteem, large,                                               18
+  11. Love of Approbation, very large,                                  20
+  12. Cautiousness, large,                                              19
+  13. Benevolence, very large,                                          20
+  14. Veneration, large,                                                18
+  15. Firmness, full,                                                   15
+  16. Conscientiousness, full,                                          15
+  17. Hope, full,                                                       14
+  18. Wonder, large,                                                    18
+  19. Ideality, large,                                                  18
+  20. Wit, or Mirthfulness, full,                                       15
+  21. Imitation, large,                                                 19
+  22. Individuality, large,                                             19
+  23. Form, rather large,                                               16
+  24. Size, rather large,                                               17
+  25. Weight, rather large,                                             16
+  26. Colouring, rather large,                                          16
+  27. Locality, large,                                                  18
+  28. Number, rather full,                                              12
+  29. Order, full,                                                      14
+  30. Eventuality, large,                                               18
+  31. Time, rather large,                                               16
+  32. Tune, full,                                                       15
+  33. Language, uncertain,
+  34. Comparison, rather large,                                         17
+  35. Causality, large,                                                 18
+
+_The scale of the organs indicates their relative proportions to each
+other; 2 is Idiotcy--10 Moderate--14 Full--18 Large--and 20 very Large._
+
+
+The cast of a Skull does not show the temperament of the individual, but
+the portraits of Burns indicate the bilious and nervous temperaments--the
+sources of strength, activity, and susceptibility; and the descriptions
+given by his contemporaries of his beaming and energetic eye, and the
+rapidity and impetuosity of his manifestations, establish the inference
+that his brain was active and susceptible.
+
+Size in the brain, other conditions being equal, is the measure of mental
+power. The Skull of Burns indicates a large brain. The length is 8, and
+the greatest breadth nearly 6 inches. The circumference is 22-1/4 inches.
+These measurements exceed the average of Scotch living heads, _including
+the integuments_, for which four-eighths of an inch may be allowed.
+
+The brain of Burns, therefore, possessed the two elements of power and
+activity.
+
+The portions of the brain which manifest the animal propensities are
+uncommonly large, indicating strong passions, and great energy in action
+under their influence. The group of organs manifesting the domestic
+affections (Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, and Adhesiveness), is
+large; Philoprogenitiveness uncommonly so for a male head.
+
+The organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness are large, bespeaking
+great heat of temper, impatience, and liability to irritation.
+
+Secretiveness and Cautiousness are both large, and would confer
+considerable power of restraint, where he felt restraint to be necessary.
+
+Acquisitiveness, Self-Esteem, and Love of Approbation, are also in ample
+endowment, although the first is less than the other two; these feelings
+give the love of property, a high consideration of self, and desire of the
+esteem of others. The first quality will not be so readily conceded to
+Burns as the second and third, which, indeed, were much stronger; but the
+Phrenologist records what is presented by nature, in full confidence that
+the manifestations, when the character is correctly understood, will be
+found to correspond with the development, and he states that the brain
+indicates considerable love of property.
+
+The organs of the moral sentiments are also largely developed. Ideality,
+Wonder, Imitation, and Benevolence, are the largest in size. Veneration
+also is large. Conscientiousness, Firmness, and Hope, are full.
+
+The Knowing organs, or those of perceptive intellect, are large; and the
+organs of Reflection are also considerable, but less than the former.
+Causality is larger than Comparison, and Wit is less than either.
+
+The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with
+equally powerful moral emotions. If the natural morality had been less,
+the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a
+character of the most desperate description. The combination, as it
+exists, bespeaks a mind extremely subject to contending emotions--capable
+of great good or great evil--and encompassed with vast difficulties in
+preserving a steady, even, onward course of practical morality.
+
+In the combination of very large Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness,
+with very large Benevolence and large Ideality, we find the elements of
+that exquisite tenderness and refinement, which Burns so frequently
+manifested, even when at the worst stage of his career. In the combination
+of great Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self-Esteem, we find the
+fundamental qualities which inspired "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," and
+similar productions.
+
+The combination of large Secretiveness, Imitation, and the Perceptive
+organs, gives the elements of his dramatic talent and humour. The Skull
+indicates a decided talent for Humour, but less for Wit. The public are
+apt to confound the talents for Wit and Humour. The metaphysicians,
+however, have distinguished them, and in the phrenological Works their
+different elements are pointed out. Burns possessed the talent for satire:
+Destructiveness, added to the combination which gives Humour, produces it.
+
+An unskilful observer looking at the forehead might suppose it to be
+moderate in size; but when the dimensions of the anterior lobe, in both
+length and breadth, are attended to, the Intellectual organs will be
+recognised to have been large. The anterior lobe projects so much that it
+gives an appearance of narrowness to the forehead which is not real. This
+is the cause, also, why Benevolence appears to lie farther back than
+usual. An anterior lobe of this magnitude indicates great Intellectual
+power. The combination of large Perceptive and Reflecting organs
+(Causality predominant), with large Concentrativeness and large organs of
+the feelings, gives that sagacity and vigorous common sense for which
+Burns was distinguished.
+
+The Skull rises high above Causality, and spreads wide in the region of
+Ideality; the strength of his moral feelings lay in that region.
+
+The combination of large organs of the Animal Propensities, with large
+Cautiousness, and only full Hope, together with the unfavourable
+circumstances in which he was placed, accounts for the melancholy and
+internal unhappiness with which Burns was so frequently afflicted. This
+melancholy was rendered still deeper by bad health.
+
+The combination of Acquisitiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Approbation, and
+Conscientiousness, is the source of his keen feelings in regard to
+pecuniary independence. The great power of his Animal Propensities would
+give him strong temptations to waste; but the combination just mentioned
+would impose a powerful restraint. The head indicates the elements of an
+economical character; and it is known that he died free from debt,
+notwithstanding the smallness of his salary.
+
+No Phrenologist can look upon this head, and consider the circumstances in
+which Burns was placed, without vivid feelings of regret. Burns must have
+walked the earth with a consciousness of great superiority over his
+associates in the station in which he was placed--of powers calculated for
+a far higher sphere than that which he was able to reach--and of passions
+which he could with difficulty restrain, and which it was fatal to
+indulge. If he had been placed from infancy in the higher ranks of life,
+liberally educated, and employed in pursuits corresponding to his powers,
+the inferior portion of his nature would have lost part of its energy,
+while his better qualities would have assumed a decided and permanent
+superiority.
+
+The Drawings of the Skull are ably executed by GEORGE HARVEY, Esq., S.A.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Phrenological Development of Robert
+Burns, by George Combe
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHRENOLOGICAL DEV. OF ROBERT BURNS ***
+
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