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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boys of ’98 by James Otis
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The Boys of ’98
+
+Author: James Otis
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2009 [Ebook #30684]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF‐8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF ’98***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF ’98
+
+
+
+
+
+                              *STORIES of*
+                            *AMERICAN HISTORY*
+
+                             *By James Otis*
+
+               1. When We Destroyed the Gaspee
+               2. Boston Boys of 1775
+               3. When Dewey Came to Manila
+               4. Off Santiago with Sampson
+               5. When Israel Putnam Served the King
+               6. The Signal Boys of ’75
+                        (A Tale of the Siege of Boston)
+               7. Under the Liberty Tree
+                        (A Story of the Boston Massacre)
+               8. The Boys of 1745
+                        (The Capture of Louisburg)
+               9. An Island Refuge
+                        (Casco Bay in 1676)
+              10. Neal the Miller
+                        (A Son of Liberty)
+              11. Ezra Jordan’s Escape
+                        (The Massacre at Fort Loyall)
+
+                         *DANA ESTES & COMPANY*
+                              *Publishers*
+                    *Estes Press, Summer St., Boston*
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                            THE BOYS OF ’98
+
+
+                                   BY
+                               JAMES OTIS
+                                AUTHOR OF
+              “TOBY TYLER,” “JENNY WREN’S BOARDING HOUSE,”
+                    “THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER,” ETC.
+
+
+_Illustrated by_
+J. STEEPLE DAVIS
+FRANK T. MERRILL
+_And with Reproductions of Photographs_
+
+_ELEVENTH THOUSAND_
+
+
+BOSTON
+DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+
+                            _Copyright, 1898_
+                         BY DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS.
+
+
+ CHAPTER                                              PAGE
+      I.   THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE                         1
+     II.   THE PRELIMINARIES                            19
+    III.   A DECLARATION OF WAR                         38
+     IV.   THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                     64
+      V.   NEWS OF THE DAY                              92
+     VI.   CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN                       117
+    VII.   FROM ALL QUARTERS                           130
+   VIII.   HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC                     149
+     IX.   BY WIRE                                     171
+      X.   SANTIAGO DE CUBA                            194
+     XI.   EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS               224
+    XII.   THE SPANISH FLEET                           254
+   XIII.   THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO                   290
+    XIV.   MINOR EVENTS                                302
+     XV.   THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN                    320
+    XVI.   THE FALL OF MANILA                          335
+   XVII.   PEACE                                       345
+           APPENDIX A—THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS           355
+           APPENDIX B—WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS            370
+           APPENDIX C—SANTIAGO DE CUBA                 379
+           APPENDIX D—PORTO RICO                       383
+           APPENDIX E—THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO            386
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                              PAGE
+    THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY                          _Frontispiece_
+    U. S. S. MAINE                                               7
+    CAPTAIN C. D. SIGSBEE                                       12
+    EX-MINISTER DE LOME                                         20
+    U. S. S. MONTGOMERY                                         24
+    MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE                                  30
+    U. S. S. COLUMBIA                                           38
+    CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO                                      44
+    PREMIER SAGASTA                                             49
+    PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY                                  55
+    U. S. S. PURITAN                                            58
+    ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY                                        64
+    U. S. S. OLYMPIA                                            69
+    U. S. S. BALTIMORE                                          72
+    BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                                        75
+    U. S. S. BOSTON                                             77
+    U. S. S. CONCORD                                            82
+    U. S. S. TERROR                                             99
+    JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY                            107
+    U. S. S. CHICAGO                                           117
+    THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW                                 119
+    U. S. S. AMPHITRITE                                        123
+    THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO                    127
+    U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH                                       130
+    ADMIRAL SCHLEY                                             135
+    U. S. S. MONTEREY                                          144
+    U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS                                     151
+    LIEUTENANT HOBSON                                          156
+    U. S. S. NEW YORK                                          161
+    HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT                             166
+    ADMIRAL CERVERA                                            169
+    QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN                     171
+    GENERAL GARCIA                                             181
+    ADMIRAL CAMARA                                             186
+    GENERAL AUGUSTI                                            192
+    U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD                                        201
+    U. S. S. VESUVIUS                                          207
+    U. S. S. TEXAS                                             215
+    COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT                                 218
+    MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER                                      224
+    THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL                                229
+    VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART                                      234
+    U. S. S. NEWARK                                            239
+    ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON                                      243
+    GENERAL WEYLER                                             254
+    CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS                                        256
+    U. S. S. IOWA                                              262
+    THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET                         266
+    U. S. S. INDIANA                                           269
+    U. S. S. OREGON                                            275
+    U. S. S. BROOKLYN                                          282
+    MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER                               292
+    KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN                               300
+    GENERAL GOMEZ                                              311
+    U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS                                       314
+    U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO                                     318
+    MAJOR-GENERAL MILES                                        320
+    MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE                                       327
+    GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE                   333
+      PROTOCOL
+    GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR                 334
+    MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT                               344
+    DON CARLOS                                                 349
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF ’98.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER I.
+
+
+                          THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.
+
+
+At or about eleven o’clock on the morning of January 25th the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ steamed through the narrow channel which gives
+entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and came to anchor at Buoy No. 4,
+in obedience to orders from the captain of the port, in from five and
+one-half to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables within five
+hundred yards of the arsenal, and about two hundred yards distant from the
+floating dock.
+
+Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her bow roared out a
+salute as the Spanish colours were run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this
+thunderous announcement of friendliness was first answered by Morro
+Castle, followed a few moments later by the Spanish cruiser _Alphonso
+XII._ and a German school-ship.
+
+The reverberations had hardly ceased before the captain of the port and an
+officer from the Spanish war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came
+alongside the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of naval etiquette.
+
+Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received the visitors at the
+head of the gangway and escorted them to the captain’s cabin. A few
+moments later came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies of
+welcoming the Americans were at an end.
+
+The _Maine_ was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of the second class,
+318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth, with a draught of 21 feet, 6
+inches; of 6,648 tons displacement, with engines of 9,293 indicated
+horse-power, giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in the
+Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress, August 3, 1886. Work on
+her was commenced October 11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890,
+and put into commission September 17, 1895. She was built after the
+designs of chief constructor T. D. Wilson. The delay in going into
+commission is said to have been due to the difficulty in getting
+satisfactory armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick; the two
+steel barbettes were each of the same thickness, and the walls of the
+turrets were eight inches thick.
+
+In her main battery were four 10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading
+rifles; in the secondary battery seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder
+rapid-fire guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of 370 men, and
+the following officers: Capt. C. D. Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R.
+Wainwright, Lieut. G. F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen,
+Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J. Blandin, Surgeon S.
+G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M. Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain
+J. P. Chidwick, Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant of
+Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R. Morris, Assistant Engineer
+Darwin R. Merritt, Naval Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius,
+Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington, Naval Cadet A.
+Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd, Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill,
+Carpenter J. Helm, Paymaster’s Clerk B. McCarthy.
+
+Why had the _Maine_ been sent to this port?
+
+The official reason given by the Secretary of the Navy when he notified
+the Spanish minister, Señor Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the
+_Maine_ was simply intended as a friendly call, according to the
+recognised custom of nations.
+
+The United States minister at Madrid, General Woodford, also announced the
+same in substance to the Spanish Minister of State.
+
+It having been repeatedly declared by the government at Madrid that a
+state of war did not exist in Cuba, and that the relations between the
+United States and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing less
+could be done than accept the official construction put upon the visit.
+
+The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to view the matter in the
+same light, as may be seen by the following extracts from newspapers:
+
+“If the government of the United States sends one war-ship to Cuba, a
+thing it is no longer likely to do, Spain would act with energy and
+without vacillation.”—_El Heraldo, January 16th._
+
+“We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize Cuba.”—_The Imparcial,
+January 23d._
+
+The same paper, on the 27th, declared:
+
+“If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence in sending the
+_Maine_, do some rash, disagreeable thing, the civilised world will know
+too well who is responsible. The American government must know that the
+road it has taken leads to war between both nations.”
+
+On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general comment upon the official
+explanation of the _Maine’s_ visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the
+opinion that her visit is “inopportune and calculated to encourage the
+insurgents.” It was announced that, “following Washington’s example,” the
+Spanish government will “instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a few
+American ports.”
+
+The _Imparcial_ expresses fear that the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana
+will provoke a conflict, and adds:
+
+“Europe cannot doubt America’s attitude towards Spain. But the Spanish
+people, if necessary, will do their duty with honour.”
+
+The _Epocha_ asks if the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana is “intended as
+a sop to the Jingoes,” and adds:
+
+“We cannot suppose the American government so naïve or badly informed as
+to imagine that the presence of American war-vessels at Havana will be a
+cause of satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship.”
+
+The people of the United States generally believed that the battle-ship
+had been sent to Cuba because of the disturbances existing in the city of
+Havana, which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans there.
+
+On the morning of January 12th what is termed the “anti-liberal outbreak”
+occurred in the city of Havana.
+
+Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed the ultra-Spanish
+element in an attack upon the leading liberal newspaper offices, because,
+as alleged, of Captain-General Blanco’s refusal to authorise the
+suppression of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous protest
+against Spain’s policy of granting autonomy to the Cubans.
+
+The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the time being most
+formidable, indulged in open threats against Americans, and it was
+believed by the public generally that American interests, and the safety
+of citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the protection of a
+war-vessel.
+
+The people of Havana received the big fighting ship impassively. Soldiers,
+sailors, and civilians gathered at the water-front as spectators, but no
+word, either of threat or friendly greeting, was heard.
+
+In the city the American residents experienced a certain sense of relief
+because now a safe refuge was provided in case of more serious rioting.
+
+That the officers and crew of the _Maine_ were apprehensive regarding
+their situation there can be little doubt. During the first week after the
+arrival of the battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or
+relatives expressing fears as to what might be the result of the visit,
+and on the tenth of February one of the lieutenants is reported as having
+stated:
+
+“If we don’t get away from here soon there will be trouble.”
+
+The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made by the commander of the
+ship and his staff, and, so far as concerned the officials of the city,
+the Americans were seemingly welcome visitors.
+
+The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently content with
+seeing the _Maine_ in their harbour. Within a week after the arrival of
+the ship incendiary circulars were distributed in the streets, on the
+railway cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all Spaniards
+to avenge the “insult” of the battle-ship’s visit.
+
+A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all:
+
+“Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MAINE.]
+
+“What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be insulted in this way?
+
+“Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing our brave and
+beloved Weyler, who at this very time would have finished with this
+unworthy rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and our honour?
+
+“Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to one side and to give
+posts of honour and authority to those who initiated this rebellion, these
+ill-born autonomists, ungrateful sons of our beloved country.
+
+“And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our affairs humiliate us to
+the last degree, and for still greater taunt order to us one of the ships
+of war of their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers
+and driving us from our homes.
+
+“Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived. Sleep not. Let us show these
+vile traitors that we have not yet lost shame and that we know how to
+protect ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy and strong as our
+Spain is and always will be.
+
+“Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.
+
+“Long live Spain!
+
+“Long live Weyler!”
+
+
+
+At eight o’clock on the evening of February 15th all the magazines aboard
+the battle-ship were closed, and the keys delivered to her commander
+according to the rules of the service.
+
+An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was on watch as officer of
+the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in his cabin writing letters; on the
+starboard side of the ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter,
+with her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten o’clock trip to the
+shore to bring off such of the officers or crew as were on leave of
+absence.
+
+The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick clouds hung over the
+city and harbour; the ripple of the waves against the hulls of the vessels
+at anchor, and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence. The
+lights here and there, together with the dark tracery of spar and cordage
+against the sky, was all that betokened the presence of war-ship or
+peaceful merchantman.
+
+Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the watch on board the
+steamer _City of Washington_, and some sailors ashore, saw what appeared
+to be a sheet of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the _Maine_,
+and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a mighty, confused
+rumble as of grinding and rending, followed an instant later by a roar as
+if a volcano had sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour.
+
+Then was flung high in the air what might be likened to a shaft of fire
+filled with fragments of iron, wood, and human flesh, rising higher and
+higher until its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a column
+of water broken by the wind.
+
+The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became heavy with stifling
+smoke. Electric lights on shore were extinguished; the tinkling of
+breaking glass could be heard everywhere in that portion of the city
+nearest the harbour.
+
+When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to fall a dense blackness
+enshrouded the harbour, from the midst of which could be heard cries of
+agony, appeals for help, and the shouts of those who, even while
+struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their comrades.
+
+After this, and no man could have said how many seconds passed while the
+confusing, bewildering blackness lay heavy over that scene of death and
+destruction, long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and splintered
+decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of distress, as well as a beacon
+for those who would succour the dying.
+
+Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of time from the
+bewilderment of the shock, ran out of the cabin toward the deck, groping
+his way as best he might in the darkness through the long passage until he
+came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony, who was at his post of duty
+near the captain’s quarters.
+
+It was a moment full of horror all the more intense because unknown, but
+the soldier, mindful even then of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of
+one who makes an ordinary report:
+
+“Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been blown up, and is
+sinking.”
+
+“Follow me,” the captain replied, acknowledging his subordinate’s salute,
+and the two pressed forward through the blackness and suffocating vapour.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting on the starboard side
+of the quarter-deck when the terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down
+by a piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of the ship’s
+frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his feet, he ran to the poop that
+he might be at his proper station when the supreme moment came.
+
+Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers’ mess-room when the
+first of a battle-ship’s death-throes was felt, and as soon as possible
+made his way toward the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines
+to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his comrades.
+
+Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval Cadet Boyd together ran
+toward the hatch, but only to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through,
+and then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were vain, and the
+engineer went down with his ship.
+
+It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time elapsed before the
+uninjured survivors were gathered on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where
+a moment previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass looming up in
+the darkness like some threatening promontory.
+
+On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite her, on the port side,
+was the barge.
+
+During the first two or three seconds only muffled, gurgling, choking
+exclamations were heard indistinctly; and then, when the terrible
+vibrations of the air ceased, cries for help went up from every quarter.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but terrible moments:
+
+“Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the launch be lowered, and the
+officers and men, who by this time had assembled, got the boats out and
+rescued a number in the water.
+
+“Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright forward to see the
+extent of the damage, and if anything could be done to rescue those
+forward, or to extinguish the flames which followed close upon the
+explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were any combustibles above
+water to feed them.
+
+“Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported the total and awful
+character of the calamity, and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order,
+‘Abandon ship,’ to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm and
+apparently unexcited.”
+
+The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of command from the captain
+aroused his officers from the stupefaction of horror which had begun to
+creep over them, and this handful of men, who even then were standing face
+to face with death, set about aiding their less fortunate companions.
+
+As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from the vessels in the
+harbour, and the work of rescue was continued until all the torn and
+mangled bodies in which life yet remained had been taken from the water.
+
+Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer _Thurston_, was among the first
+in this labour of mercy, and concerning it he says:
+
+“My vessel was within half a mile of the _Maine_, and my small boat was
+the first to gain the wreck. It is beyond my power to describe the
+explosion. It was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments. The
+cries that came over the water awakened us to a realisation that some
+great tragedy had occurred.
+
+“I made all haste to the wreck. There were very few men in the water. All
+told, I do not believe there were thirty. We picked up some of them and
+passed them on to other vessels, and then continued our work of rescue.
+
+“The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and trunks of bodies were
+floating about, together with pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all
+sorts of wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some poor suffering
+fellow could be heard above the tumult.
+
+“One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene. That was Captain
+Sigsbee. Every American has reason to be proud of that officer. He seemed
+to have realised in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did he
+show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool. Discipline? Why, man, the
+discipline was there as strong as ever, despite the fact that all around
+was death and disaster.”
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.]
+
+The commander of the _Maine_ was the last to leave the wreck, and then all
+that was left of the mighty ship was beginning to settle in the slime and
+putrefaction which covers the bottom of Havana harbour.
+
+Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if they had been
+assisting at some social function, the officers took their respective
+places in the boats, and, amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a
+short distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their post of duty.
+
+A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand Hotel, was seated in front
+of the building when the explosion occurred.
+
+“It was followed by another and a much louder one,” he said. “We thought
+the whole city had been blown to pieces. Some said the insurgents were
+entering Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was blown up.
+
+“On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute after the explosion was
+heard the cabmen cracked their whips and went rattling over the
+cobblestones like crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies of
+cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets. There was no sleep in
+Havana that night.”
+
+
+
+Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and General Solano put off to
+the wreck, and offered their services to Captain Sigsbee.
+
+There were many wonderful escapes from death. One of the ward-room cooks
+was thrown outboard into the water.
+
+A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling in the sea, was
+picked up alive.
+
+One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the davits. The boat was
+crushed like an egg-shell; but the sailor fell overboard and was picked up
+unhurt.
+
+Three men were doing punishment watch on the port quarter-deck, and thus
+probably escaped death.
+
+One sailor swam about until help came, although both his legs were broken.
+Another had the bones of his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep
+afloat.
+
+Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged, wooden portion of the
+wreck had been consumed by the flames, and at 11.30 P. M. the smoke-stacks
+of the ill-fated ship fell.
+
+On board the steamer _City of Washington_, two boats were literally
+riddled by fragments of the _Maine_ which fell after the explosion, and
+among them was an iron truss which, crashing through the pantry,
+demolished the tableware.
+
+When morning came the wreck was the central figure of an otherwise bright
+picture, sad as it was terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred débris
+forward looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean storehouse
+of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron.
+
+Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight angle from the
+perpendicular, while the poop afforded a resting-place for the workmen or
+divers.
+
+Of the predominant white which distinguishes our war-vessels in time of
+peace, not a vestige remained. In its place was the blackness of
+desolating death, marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six brave
+men had gone over into the Beyond.
+
+The total loss to the government as a result of the disaster was
+officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31. This embraced the cost of hull,
+machinery, equipment, armour, gun protection and armament, both in main
+and secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition, shells,
+current supplies, coal, and, in short, the entire outfit.
+
+The pet of the _Maine’s_ crew, a big cat, was found next morning, perched
+on a fragment of a truss which yet remained above the water, and near her,
+as if seeking companionship, was the captain’s dog, Peggy.
+
+Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the afternoon of the sixteenth:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“Profound sorrow is expressed by the government and municipal authorities,
+consuls of foreign nations, organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens
+generally.
+
+“Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general’s palace, on shipping in
+the harbour, and in the city.
+
+“Business is suspended, and the theatres are closed.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies which had been found up to
+that time were buried in Havana with military honours, two companies of
+Spanish sailors from the cruiser _Alphonso XII._ acting as escort.
+
+A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson of the U. S. S. _Iowa_
+as presiding officer, Commander Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F.
+E. Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the _New York_, was
+convened, and on March 28th President McKinley sent a message to Congress,
+the conclusion of which was as follows:
+
+“The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our country with crushing
+force, and for a brief time an intense excitement prevailed, which in a
+community less just and self-controlled than ours might have led to hasty
+acts of blind resentment.
+
+“This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer processes of reason, and to
+the resolve to investigate the facts and await material proof before
+forming a judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if the facts
+warranted, the remedy due. This course necessarily recommended itself from
+the outset to the executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately
+ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and measure of its full
+duty in the matter.
+
+“The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of casualty or disaster
+to national vessels of any maritime state.
+
+“A naval court of inquiry was at once organised, composed of officers well
+qualified by rank and practical experience to discharge the onerous duty
+imposed upon them.
+
+“Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, the court proceeded to
+make a thorough investigation on the spot, employing every available means
+for impartial and exact determination of the causes of the explosion. Its
+operations have been conducted with the utmost deliberation and judgment,
+and, while independently pursued, no source of information was neglected,
+and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a simultaneous investigation
+by the Spanish authorities.
+
+“The finding of the court of inquiry was reached, after twenty-three days
+of continuous labour, on the twenty-first of March instant, and, having
+been approved on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief of the United
+States naval force in the North Atlantic station, was transmitted to the
+executive.
+
+“It is herewith laid before the Congress, together with the voluminous
+testimony taken before the court.
+
+“The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of the _Maine_ was not in
+any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers
+or members of her crew.
+
+“That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which
+caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines; and
+that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for the
+destruction of the _Maine_ upon any person or persons.
+
+“I have directed that the finding of the court of inquiry and the views of
+this government thereon be communicated to the government of her majesty,
+the queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that the sense of
+justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a course of action suggested by
+honour and the friendly relations of the two governments.
+
+“It will be the duty of the executive to advise the Congress of the
+result, and in the meantime deliberate consideration is invoked.”
+
+
+
+It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of ’61 who had worn the blue
+or the gray, this tragedy in the harbour of Havana, and, when the
+government gave permission, the boys of ’98 came forward many and many a
+thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their fathers—the boys of ’61—who,
+although the hand of Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to
+participate in the punishment of those who were responsible for the
+slaughter of American sailors within the shadow of Morro Castle.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+
+                            THE PRELIMINARIES.
+
+
+War between two nations does not begin suddenly. The respective
+governments are exceedingly ceremonious before opening the “game of
+death,” and it is not to be supposed that the United States commenced
+hostilities immediately after the disaster to the _Maine_ in the harbour
+of Havana.
+
+To tell the story of the war which ensued, without first giving in regular
+order the series of events which marked the preparations for hostilities,
+would be much like relating an adventure without explaining why the hero
+was brought into the situation.
+
+It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially those of a
+political nature, are dry reading; but once take into consideration the
+fact that they all aid in giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins
+hostilities with another, and much of the tediousness may be forgiven.
+
+Just previous to the disaster to the _Maine_, during the last days of
+January or the first of February, Señor Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish
+minister at Washington, wrote a private letter to the editor of the Madrid
+_Herald_, Señor Canalejas, who was his intimate friend, in which he made
+some uncomplimentary remarks regarding the President of the United States,
+and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain commercial
+negotiations which were then being carried on between the two countries.
+
+By some means, not yet fully explained, certain Cubans got possession of
+this letter, and caused it to be published in the newspapers. Señor de
+Lome did not deny having written the objectionable matter; but claimed
+that, since it was a private communication, it should not affect him
+officially. The Secretary of State instructed General Woodford, our
+minister at Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately
+recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he was not relieved from
+duty within twenty-four hours, the President would issue to him his
+passports, which is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out of
+the country.
+
+_February 9._ Señor de Lome made all haste to resign, and the resignation
+was accepted by his government before—so it was claimed by the Spanish
+authorities—President McKinley’s demand for the recall was received.
+
+_February 15._ The de Lome incident was a political matter which caused
+considerable diplomatic correspondence; but it was overshadowed when the
+battle-ship _Maine_ was blown up in the harbour of Havana.
+
+  [Illustration: EX-MINISTER DE LOME.]
+
+As has already been said, the United States government at once ordered a
+court of inquiry to ascertain the cause of the disaster, and this,
+together with the search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was
+prosecuted with utmost vigour.
+
+Very many of the people in the United States believed that Spanish
+officials were chargeable with the terrible crime, while those who were
+not disposed to make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that the
+Spanish government was responsible for the safety of the vessel,—that she
+had been destroyed by outside agencies in a friendly harbour. In the
+newspapers, on the streets, in all public places, the American people
+spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the government set
+to work as if, so it would seem, they also were confident there would be
+an open rupture between the two nations.
+
+_February 28._ In Congress, Representative Gibson of Tennessee introduced
+a bill appropriating twenty million dollars “for the maintenance of
+national honour and defence.” Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced
+a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount of money “to place the
+naval strength of the country upon a proper footing for immediate
+hostilities with any foreign power.” On the same day orders were issued to
+the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida, directing him to send men to
+man the guns at Santa Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola.
+
+_February 28._ Señor Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed minister in the place
+of Señor de Lome, who resigned, sailed from Gibraltar.
+
+By the end of February the work of preparing the vessels at the different
+navy yards for sea was being pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and
+munitions of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and
+fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department believed that
+hostilities might be begun at any moment.
+
+Nor was it only within the borders of this country that such preparations
+were making. A despatch from Shanghai to London reported that the United
+States squadron, which included the cruisers _Olympia_, _Boston_,
+_Raleigh_, _Concord_, and _Petrel_, were concentrating at Hongkong, with a
+view of active operations against Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in
+event of war.
+
+At about the same time came news from Spain telling that the Spanish were
+making ready for hostilities. An exceptionally large number of artisans
+were at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and torpedo-boat
+destroyers. The cruisers _Oquendo_ and _Vizcaya_, with the torpedo-boat
+destroyers _Furor_ and _Terror_, were already on their way to Cuba, where
+were stationed the _Alphonso XII._, the _Infanta Isabel_, and the _Nueva
+Espana_, together with twelve gunboats of about three hundred tons each,
+and eighteen vessels of two hundred and fifty tons each.
+
+The United States naval authorities decided that heavy batteries should be
+placed on all the revenue cutters built within the previous twelve months,
+and large quantities of high explosives were shipped in every direction.
+
+During the early days of March, Señor Gullon, Spanish Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, intimated to Minister Woodford that the Spanish government
+desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General Lee.
+
+Spain also intimated that the American war-ships, which had been
+designated to convey supplies to Cuba for the relief of the sufferers
+there, should be replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the
+assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official character.
+
+Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the government at Washington, to
+which it replied by refusing to recall General Lee under the present
+circumstances, or to countermand the orders for the despatch of
+war-vessels, making the representation that relief vessels are not
+fighting ships.
+
+_March 5._ Secretary Long closed a contract for the delivery at Key West,
+within forty days, of four hundred thousand tons of coal. Work was begun
+upon the old monitors, which for years had been lying at League Island
+navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to the Norfolk navy yard to
+concentrate all the energies and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser
+_Newark_, to the end that she might be ready for service within sixty
+days.
+
+_March 6._ The President made a public statement that under no
+circumstances would Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request
+of Spain. He had borne himself, so it was stated from the White House,
+throughout the crisis with judgment, fidelity, and courage, to the
+President’s entire satisfaction. As to supplies for the relief of the
+Cuban people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments at once
+from Key West by one of the naval vessels, whichever might be best adapted
+and most available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua.
+
+_March 6._ Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations committee
+introduced a resolution that fifty millions of dollars be appropriated for
+the national defence. It was passed almost immediately, without a single
+negative vote.
+
+Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser _Montgomery_ had been
+ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General Wilson, chief of the engineers of the
+army, arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of men, who were in
+charge of locating and firing submarine mines.
+
+_March 10._ The newly appointed Spanish minister arrived at Washington.
+
+_March 11._ The House committee on naval affairs authorised the immediate
+construction of three battle-ships, one to be named the _Maine_, and
+provided for an increase of 473 men in the marine force.
+
+The despatch-boat _Fern_ sailed for Matanzas with supplies for the relief
+of starving Cubans.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.]
+
+News by cable was received from the Philippine Islands to the effect that
+the rebellion there had broken out once more; the whole of the northern
+province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to pay taxes, and the
+insurgents appeared to be well supplied with arms and ammunition.
+
+_March 12._ Señor Bernabe was presented to President McKinley, and laid
+great stress upon the love which Spain bore for the United States.
+
+_March 14._ The Spanish flying squadron, composed of three torpedo-boats,
+set sail from Cadiz, bound for Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be
+good proof that the Spanish government anticipated war with the United
+States, Señor Bernabe made two demands upon this government on the day
+following the receipt of such news. The first was that the United States
+fleet at Key West and Tortugas be withdrawn, and the second, that an
+explanation be given as to why two war-ships had been purchased abroad.
+
+_March 17._ A bill was submitted to both houses of Congress reorganising
+the army, and placing it on a war footing of one hundred and four thousand
+men. Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the Senate, on the
+condition of affairs in Cuba. He announced himself as being opposed to
+annexation, and declared that the Cubans were “suffering under the worst
+misgovernment in the world.” The public generally accepted his remarks as
+having been sanctioned by the President, and understood them as indicating
+that this country should recognise the independence of Cuba on the ground
+that the people are capable of self-government, and that under no other
+conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the island.
+
+_March 17._ The more important telegraphic news from Spain was to the
+effect that the Minister of Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo
+flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana; that the government
+arsenal was being run night and day in the manufacture of small arms, and
+that infantry and cavalry rifles were being purchased in Germany.
+
+The United States revenue cutter cruiser _McCulloch_ was ordered to
+proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to Hongkong, in order that she might be
+attached to the Asiatic squadron, if necessary.
+
+_March 18._ The cruiser _Amazonas_, purchased from the Brazilian
+government, was formally transferred to the United States at Gravesend,
+England, to be known in the future as the _New Orleans_.
+
+_March 19._ The _Maine_ court of inquiry concluded its work. The general
+sentiments of the people, as voiced by the newspapers, were that war with
+Spain was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened March 24th, when
+authority was given by the Navy Department for unlimited enlistment in all
+grades of the service, when the revenue service was transferred from the
+Treasury to the Naval Department, and arrangements made for the quick
+employment of the National Guards of the States and Territories.
+
+_March 24._ The report of the _Maine_ court of inquiry arrived at
+Washington.
+
+_March 27._ Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers declared that war
+with the United States was next to certain. The United States cruisers
+_San Francisco_ and _New Orleans_ sailed from England for New York, and
+the active work of mining the harbours of the United States coast was
+begun.
+
+_March 28._ The President sent to Congress, with a message, the report of
+the _Maine_ court of inquiry, as has been stated in a previous chapter.
+
+_March 29._ Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and recognising the
+independence of Cuba, were introduced in both houses of Congress.
+
+With the beginning of April it was to the public generally as if the war
+had already begun.
+
+In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the country the newspapers were
+scanned eagerly for notes of warlike preparation, and from Washington,
+sent by those who were in position to know what steps were being taken by
+the government, came information which dashed the hopes of those who had
+been praying that peace might not be broken.
+
+There had been a conference between the President, the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and the chairman of the committee on ways and means, regarding
+the best methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war. A joint
+board of the army and navy had met to formulate plans of defence, and a
+speedy report was made to Secretary Long.
+
+Instructions were sent by the State Department to all United States
+consuls in Cuba to be prepared to leave the island at any moment, and to
+hold themselves in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to embark for
+the United States.
+
+_April 2._ A gentleman in touch with public affairs wrote from Washington
+as follows:
+
+“To-day’s developments show that there is only the very faintest hope of
+peace. Unless Spain yields war must come. The administration realises that
+as fully as do members of Congress.
+
+“The orders sent by the State Department to all our consuls in Cuba,
+especially those in the interior, to hold themselves in readiness to leave
+their positions and proceed to Havana, show that the department looks upon
+war as a certainty, and has taken all proper precautions for the safety of
+its agents.
+
+“Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not have been issued
+unless a crisis was imminent, and the State Department, as well as other
+branches of the government, has now become convinced that peace cannot
+much longer be maintained, and that the safety of the consular agents is a
+first consideration.
+
+“General Lee has also been advised that he should be ready to leave as
+soon as notified, and that the American newspaper correspondents now in
+Havana must prepare themselves to receive the notification of instant
+departure.
+
+“The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the Boston Towboat Company,
+which corporation had charge of the wrecking operations on the U. S. S.
+_Maine_, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of War has authorised an
+allotment of one million dollars from the emergency fund for the office of
+the chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended in purchasing
+material for the torpedo defences connected with the seacoast
+fortifications. The United States naval attaché at London has purchased a
+cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable of a speed of
+sixteen knots, and the vessel will put to sea immediately. The Spanish
+torpedo flotilla is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde Islands.”
+
+_April 4._ Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins spoke in the Senate,
+charging Spain with the murder of the sailors of the _Maine_, claiming
+that it was properly an act of war, and insisting that the United States
+should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed intervention.
+
+_April 5._ Senator Chandler announced as his belief that the United States
+was justified in beginning hostilities, and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and
+Turner made powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing Spain.
+General Woodford was instructed by cable to be prepared to ask of the
+Madrid government his passports at any moment.
+
+Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable, doubled their
+rates. The merchants and manufacturers’ board of trade of New York
+notified Congress and the President that it believed Spain was responsible
+for the blowing up of the _Maine_; that the independence of Cuba should be
+recognised, and that it should be brought about by force of arms, if
+necessary.
+
+_April 7._ The representatives of six great powers met at the White House
+in the hope of being able to influence the President for peace. In closing
+his address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said:
+
+“The government of the United States appreciates the humanitarian and
+disinterested character of the communication now made in behalf of the
+powers named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation will
+be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavours to fulfil a duty to
+humanity by ending a situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has
+become insufferable.”
+
+
+
+Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning that Consul-General Lee
+had received orders to set sail from Havana on or before the ninth. The
+American consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that city.
+
+Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary Islands, was, by the State
+Department, ordered not to proceed to his post, and he remained at New
+York.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]
+
+The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town for Washington, by
+order of his government.
+
+The following cablegram gives a good idea of the temper of the Spanish
+people:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“London, April 7.—A special dispatch from Madrid says that the ambassadors
+of France, Germany, Russia, and Italy waited together this evening upon
+Señor Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint note in the
+interests of peace.
+
+“Señor Gullon, replying, declared that the members of the Spanish Cabinet
+were unanimous in considering that Spain had reached the limit of
+international policy in the direction of conceding the demands and
+allowing the pretensions of the United States.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 9._ Guards about the United States legation in Madrid were trebled.
+General Blanco, captain-general of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on
+every able-bodied man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to register
+for immediate military duty. At ten o’clock in the morning, Consul-General
+Lee, accompanied by British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid
+him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to receive visitors.
+General Lee left the island at six o’clock in the evening.
+
+_April 11._ The President sent a message, together with Consul Lee’s
+report, to the Congress, and Senator Chandler thus analysed it:
+
+_First_: A graphic and powerful description of the horrible condition of
+affairs in Cuba.
+
+_Second_: An assertion that the independence of the revolutionists should
+not be recognised until Cuba has achieved its own independence beyond the
+possibility of overthrow.
+
+_Third_: An argument against the recognition of the Cuban republic.
+
+_Fourth_: As to intervention in the interest of humanity, that is well
+enough, and also on account of the injury to commerce and peril to our
+citizens, and the generally uncomfortable conditions all around.
+
+_Fifth_: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions is the destruction
+of the _Maine_. It helps make the existing situation intolerable. But
+Spain proposes an arbitration, to which proposition the President has no
+reply.
+
+_Sixth_: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain cannot end it,
+mediation or intervention must take place. President Cleveland said
+“intervention would finally be necessary.” The enforced pacification of
+Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore, the President should be
+authorised to terminate hostilities, secure peace, and establish a stable
+government, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States
+to accomplish these results, and food supplies should also be furnished by
+the United States.
+
+_April 12._ Consul-General Lee was summoned before the Senate committee on
+foreign relations. It was announced that the Republican members of the
+ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan for raising revenue in
+case of need to carry on war with Spain. The plan was intended to raise
+more than $100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was thus
+distributed:
+
+An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel, estimated to yield
+$35,000,000; a bank stamp tax on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated
+to yield $30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on coffee, and ten
+cents per pound on tea on hand in the United States, estimated to yield
+$28,000,000; additional tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000.
+
+The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing of $500,000,000 bonds.
+These bonds to be offered for sale at all post-offices in the United
+States in amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular loan to be
+absorbed by the people.
+
+To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury to be authorised
+to issue treasury certificates.
+
+These certificates or debentures to be used to pay running expenses when
+the revenues do not meet the expenditures.
+
+
+
+These preparations were distinctly war measures, and would be put in
+operation only should war occur.
+
+_April 13._ The House of Representatives passed the following resolutions:
+
+_Whereas_, the government of Spain for three years past has been waging
+war on the island of Cuba against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof,
+without making any substantial progress toward the suppression of said
+revolution, and has conducted the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws
+of nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing the death by
+starvation of more than two hundred thousand innocent non-combatants, the
+victims being for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting
+intolerable injury to the commercial interests of the United States,
+involving the destruction of the lives and property of many of our
+citizens, entailing the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our
+coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain our neutrality;
+and,
+
+_Whereas_, this long series of losses, injuries, and burdens for which
+Spain is responsible has culminated in the destruction of the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ in the harbour of Havana, and the death of two
+hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,—
+
+_Resolved_, That the President is hereby authorised and directed to
+intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba, to the end and with the purpose
+of securing permanent peace and order there, and establishing by the free
+action of the people there of a stable and independent government of their
+own in the island of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and
+empowered to use the land and naval forces of the United States to execute
+the purpose of this resolution.
+
+In the Senate the majority resolution reported:
+
+_Whereas_, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three
+years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace
+to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in the destruction of
+a United States battle-ship with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers
+and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot
+longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United
+States in his message to Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action
+of Congress was invited; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, First, that the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right
+ought to be, free and independent.
+
+_Second_, That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
+government of the United States does hereby demand, that the government of
+Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of
+Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
+
+_Third_, That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
+directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the
+United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States
+the militia of the several States to such extent as may be necessary, to
+carry these resolutions into effect.
+
+
+
+_April 14._ The Spanish minister at Washington sealed his archives and
+placed them in the charge of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen
+regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for the Cortes to
+meet on the twentieth of the month, and a decree opening a national
+subscription for increasing the navy and other war services.
+
+_April 15._ The United States consulate at Malaga, Spain, was attacked by
+a mob, and the shield torn down and trampled upon.
+
+_April 17._ The Spanish committee of inquiry into the destruction of the
+_Maine_ reported that the explosion could not have been caused by a
+torpedo or a mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was found to
+justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony of two eye-witnesses to
+the catastrophe, who swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on the
+surface of the harbour around the _Maine_. The committee gave great stress
+to the fact that the explosion did no damage to the quays, and none to the
+vessels moored close to the _Maine_, whose officers and crews noticed
+nothing that could lead them to suppose that the disaster was caused
+otherwise than by an accident inside the American vessel.
+
+_April 18._ Congress passed the Senate resolution, as given above, with an
+additional clause as follows:
+
+_Fourth_, That the United States hereby disclaim any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof; and asserts its
+determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and
+control of the island to its people.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER III.
+
+
+                          A DECLARATION OF WAR.
+
+
+All that had been done by the governments of the United States and of
+Spain was indicative of war,—it was virtually a declaration that an appeal
+would be made to arms.
+
+_April 20._ Preparations were making in each country for actual
+hostilities, and the American people were prepared to receive the
+statement made by a gentleman in close touch with high officials, when he
+wrote:
+
+“The United States has thrown down the gage of battle and Spain has picked
+it up.
+
+“The signing by the President of the joint resolutions instructing him to
+intervene in Cuba was no sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than
+he immediately asked the State Department to furnish him with his
+passports.
+
+“It was defiance, prompt and direct.
+
+“It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain to answer our
+ultimatum.
+
+“Nominally Spain has three days in which to make her reply. Actually that
+reply has already been delivered.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. COLUMBIA.]
+
+“When a nation withdraws her minister from the territory of another it is
+an open announcement to the world that all friendly relations have
+terminated.
+
+“Answers to ultimatums have before this been returned at the cannon’s
+mouth. First the minister is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is
+ready to speak through shotted guns.
+
+“And the United States is ready to answer, gun for gun.
+
+“The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid yesterday, saying, in her
+speech from the throne: ‘I have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights,
+whatever sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish people to
+gather behind my son’s throne. With our glorious army, navy, and nation
+united before foreign aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome,
+without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust attacks made on us.’
+
+“Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at Key West to have all
+the vessels of his fleet under full steam, ready to move immediately upon
+orders.”
+
+The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members of his staff, departed
+from Washington during the evening, after having made a hurried call at
+the French embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish interests were
+left in charge, having announced that he would spend several days in
+Toronto, Canada.
+
+_April 21._ The ultimatum of the United States was received at Madrid
+early in the morning, and the government immediately broke off diplomatic
+relations by sending the following communication to Minister Woodford,
+before he could present any note from Washington:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“_Dear Sir_:—In compliance with a painful duty, I have the honour to
+inform you that there has been sanctioned by the President of the republic
+a resolution of both chambers of the United States, which denies the
+legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens armed intervention in Cuba,
+which is equivalent to a declaration of war.
+
+“The government of her majesty have ordered her minister to return without
+loss of time from North American territory, together with all the
+personnel of the legation.
+
+“By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing between the two
+countries, and all official communication between their respective
+representatives, cease.
+
+“I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may make such arrangements
+as you think fit. I beg your excellency to acknowledge receipt of this
+note at such time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to reiterate
+to you the assurances of my distinguished consideration.
+
+                                                     (Signed) “H. GULLON.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the government of this
+country gave out the following information:
+
+“On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o’clock P. M., the Department of
+State served notice of the purposes of this government by delivering to
+Minister Polo a copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also a
+copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant. After the receipt of this notice the Spanish minister
+forwarded to the State Department a request for his passports, which were
+furnished him on yesterday afternoon.
+
+“Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith appended. The United
+States minister at Madrid was at the same time instructed to make a like
+communication to the Spanish government.
+
+“This morning the Department received from General Woodford a telegram, a
+copy of which is hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government
+had broken off diplomatic relations with this government.
+
+“This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic action on the part
+of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         “‘April 20, 1898.
+
+“‘_Woodford, Minister, Madrid_:—You have been furnished with the text of a
+joint resolution, voted by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification of
+the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act, the President directs you to
+immediately communicate to the government of Spain said resolution, with
+the formal demand of the government of the United States, that the
+government of Spain at once relinquish her authority and government in the
+island of Cuba, and withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
+waters.
+
+“‘In taking this step, the United States disclaims any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination
+when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the
+island to its people under such free and independent government as they
+may establish.
+
+“‘If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the twenty-third day of April,
+there be not communicated to this government by that of Spain a full and
+satisfactory response to this demand and resolutions, whereby the ends of
+peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President will proceed without further
+notice to use the power and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by
+the said joint resolution to such an extent as may be necessary to carry
+the same into effect.
+
+                                                               “‘SHERMAN.’
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“This is Woodford’s telegram of this morning:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              “‘MADRID, April 21. (Received at 9.02 A. M.)
+
+“‘_To Sherman, Washington_:—Early this morning (Tuesday), immediately
+after the receipt of your telegram, and before I communicated the same to
+the Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs notified
+me that diplomatic relations are broken between the two countries, and
+that all official communication between the respective representatives has
+ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have turned the legation
+over to the British embassy, and leave for Paris this afternoon. Have
+notified consuls.
+
+                                                             “‘WOODFORD.’”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Spanish newspapers applauded the “energy” of their government, and
+printed the paragraph inserted below as a semi-official statement from the
+throne:
+
+“The Spanish government having received the ultimatum of the President of
+the United States, considers that the document constitutes a declaration
+of war against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted is not to
+make any further reply, but to await the expiration of the time mentioned
+in the ultimatum before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish
+authorities have placed their possessions in a state of defence, and their
+fleet is already on its way to meet that of the United States.”
+
+_April 21._ General Woodford left Madrid late in the afternoon, and
+although an enormous throng of citizens were gathered at the railway
+station to witness his departure, no indignities were attempted. The
+people of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war, and the
+general opinion among the masses was that Spain would speedily vanquish
+the United States.
+
+In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the palace, the citizens
+began early to decorate the public buildings and many private residences,
+balconies, and windows with the national colours. A general illumination
+followed, as on the occasion of a great national festivity. Early in the
+evening no less than eight thousand demonstrators filled the square
+opposite the palace, a committee entering and tendering to the
+captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property, and lives in
+aid of the government, and pledging their readiness to fight the invader.
+
+General Blanco thanked them in the name of the king, the queen regent and
+the imperial and colonial governments, assuring them that he would do
+everything in his power to prevent the invaders from setting foot in Cuba.
+“Otherwise I shall not live,” he said, in conclusion. “Do you swear to
+follow me to the fight?”
+
+“Yes, yes, we do!” the crowd answered.
+
+“Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in your veins before letting
+a foreigner step his foot on the land we discovered, and place his yoke
+upon the people we civilised?”
+
+“Yes, yes, we do!”
+
+“The enemy’s fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost at the doors of
+Havana,” General Blanco added. “They have money; but we have blood to
+shed, and we are ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!”
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.]
+
+The people interrupted him with cries of applause, and he finished his
+speech by shouting “_Viva Espana!_” “_Viva el Rey!_” “Long live the army,
+the navy, and the volunteers!”
+
+
+
+The Congress of the United States passed a joint resolution authorising
+the President, in his discretion, to prohibit the exportation of coal and
+other war material. The measure was of great importance, because through
+it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports in the West Indies where it
+might be used by Spain.
+
+_April 22._ At half past five o’clock in the morning the vessels composing
+the North Atlantic Squadron put to sea from Key West. The flag-ship _New
+York_ led the way. Close behind her steamed the _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_.
+Following the war-ships came the gunboat _Machias_, and then the
+_Newport_. The _Amphitrite_, the first of the fleet, lying close to shore,
+steamed out after the _Machias_, and then followed in order the
+_Nashville_, the _Wilmington_, the _Castine_, the _Cincinnati_, and the
+other boats of the fleet, save the monitors _Terror_ and _Puritan_, which
+were coaling, the cruiser _Marblehead_, the despatch-boat _Dolphin_, and
+the gunboat _Helena_.
+
+After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral was hoisted
+over the _New York_, indicating to the fleet that Captain Sampson was
+acting as a rear-admiral. When in the open sea the fleet was divided into
+three divisions. The _New York_, _Iowa_, and _Indiana_ had the position of
+honour. Stretching out to the right were the _Montgomery_, _Wilmington_,
+_Newport_, and smaller craft; to the left was the _Nashville_ in the lead,
+followed by the _Cincinnati_, _Castine_, _Machias_, _Mayflower_, and some
+of the torpedo-boats.
+
+At seven o’clock in the morning the first gun of the war was fired. The
+_Nashville_, which had been sailing at about six knots an hour, in
+obedience to orders, suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke
+poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually increased until
+the water ascended in fine spray on each side of the bow, and behind her
+trailed out a long, creamy streak on the quiet waters.
+
+She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which was then about half a mile
+away, apparently paying no heed to the monsters of war.
+
+A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across the stranger’s bow, and
+then, no attention having been paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged.
+This last shot struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile or
+more, sending up great clouds of spray.
+
+The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and within five minutes a boat
+was lowered from the _Nashville_ to put on board the first prize a crew of
+six men, under command of Ensign Magruder.
+
+The captured vessel was the _Buena Ventura_, of 1,741 tons burthen; laden
+with lumber, valued at eleven thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load
+of cattle.
+
+The record of this first day of hostilities was not to end with one
+capture.
+
+Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the Cuban shore, while the
+United States fleet was standing toward Havana, with the _Mayflower_ a
+mile or more in advance of the flag-ship _New York_, the merchant
+steamship _Pedro_ hove in sight. The _Mayflower_ suddenly swung sharply to
+the westward, and a moment later a string of butterfly flags went
+fluttering to her masthead.
+
+The _New York_ flung her answering pennant to the breeze, and, making
+another signal to the fleet, which probably meant “Stay where you are
+until I get back,” swung her bow to the westward and went racing for the
+game that the _Mayflower_ had sighted. The big cruiser dashed forward,
+smoke trailing in dense masses from each of her three big funnels, a hill
+of foam around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal wave. It was
+a winning pace, and a magnificent sight she presented as she dashed
+through the choppy seas with never an undulation of her long, graceful
+hull.
+
+When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came from the bow of the
+cruiser, followed by a dull report, then another and another, until four
+shots had been sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish
+steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried no heavier guns,
+was trying to keep at a safe distance until the friendly darkness of night
+should hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the big cruiser
+held her course in silence, and then her entire bow was hidden from the
+spectators in a swirl of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its
+demand.
+
+The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft, and had hardly more
+than flung up a column of water a hundred yards or less in front of the
+merchantman before she was hastily rounded to with her engines reversed.
+
+A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on board, and the steamer
+_Pedro_, twenty-eight hundred tons burthen, suddenly had a change of
+commanders.
+
+_April 22._ The President issued a proclamation announcing a blockade of
+Cuban ports, and also signed the bill providing for the utilising of
+volunteer forces in times of war.
+
+The foreign news of immediate interest to the people of the United States
+was, first, from Havana, that Captain-General Blanco had published a
+decree confirming his previous decree, and declaring the island to be in a
+state of war.
+
+He also annulled his former similar decrees granting pardon to insurgents,
+and placed under martial law all those who were guilty of treason,
+espionage, crimes against peace or against the independence of the nation,
+seditious revolts, attacks against the form of government or against the
+authorities, and against those who disturb public order, though only by
+means of printed matter.
+
+From Madrid came the information that during the evening a throng of no
+less than six thousand people, carrying flags and shouting “_Viva
+Espana!_” “We want war!” and “Down with the Yankees!” burned the stars and
+stripes in front of the residence of Señor Sagasta, the premier, who was
+accorded an ovation. The mob then went to the residence of M. Patenotre,
+the French ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance,
+but the French ambassador was not at home.
+
+  [Illustration: PREMIER SAGASTA.]
+
+Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral Dewey had ordered the
+commanders of the vessels composing his squadron to be in readiness for an
+immediate movement against the Philippine Islands.
+
+_April 23._ The President issued a proclamation calling for one hundred
+and twenty-five thousand volunteer soldiers.
+
+In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was provided for in the
+form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds.
+
+The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early in the morning by the
+torpedo-boat _Ericsson_. The fishing-boat _Perdito_ was sighted making for
+Havana harbour, and overhauled only when she was directly under the guns
+of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the fortification might have
+sunk either craft. After a prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral
+Sampson decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted to return to
+Havana to spread the news of the blockade.
+
+During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner _Mathilde_ was taken, after a
+lively chase, by the torpedo-boat _Porter_. Between five and six o’clock
+in the evening the torpedo-boat _Foote_, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers commanding,
+received the first Spanish fire.
+
+She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas, and had approached
+within two or three hundred yards of the shore, when suddenly a masked
+battery on the east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the
+_Foote_, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The missiles went wide of
+the mark, and the _Foote_ leisurely returned to the _Cincinnati_ to report
+the result of her work.
+
+At Hongkong the United States consul notified Governor Blake of the
+British colony that the American fleet would leave the harbour in
+forty-eight hours, and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be
+necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port, would be shipped.
+
+The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner of the Cape Verde
+Islands, that, in accordance with international law, she send the Spanish
+war-ships away from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that port
+during the war.
+
+_April 24._ The following decree was gazetted in Madrid:
+
+“Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain and the United States,
+and a state of war being begun between the two countries, numerous
+questions of international law arise, which must be precisely defined
+chiefly because the injustice and provocation came from our adversaries,
+and it is they who by their detestable conduct have caused this great
+conflict.”
+
+The royal decree then states that Spain maintains her right to have
+recourse to privateering, and announces that for the present only
+auxiliary cruisers will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States
+are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships to leave Spanish
+ports, and the rules Spain will observe during the war are outlined in
+five clauses, covering neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what
+will be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what constitutes
+contraband of war, ending with saying that foreign privateers will be
+regarded as pirates.
+
+Continuing, the decree declared: “We have observed with the strictest
+fidelity the principles of international law, and have shown the most
+scrupulous respect for morality and the right of government.
+
+“There is an opinion that the fact that we have not adhered to the
+declaration of Paris does not exempt us from the duty of respecting the
+principles therein enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused
+to admit then was the abolition of privateering.
+
+“The government now considers it most indispensable to make absolute
+reserve on this point, in order to maintain our liberty of action and
+uncontested right to have recourse to privateering when we consider it
+expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of cruisers, auxiliary
+to the navy, which will be composed of vessels of our mercantile marine,
+and with equal distinction in the work of our navy.
+
+“_Clause 1_: The state of war existing between Spain and the United States
+annuls the treaty of peace and amity of October 27, 1795, and the protocol
+of January 12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions in
+force between the two countries.
+
+“_Clause 2_: From the publication of these presents, thirty days are
+granted to all ships of the United States anchored in our harbours to take
+their departure free of hindrance.
+
+“_Clause 3_: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered to the declaration
+of Paris, the government, respecting the principles of the law of nations,
+proposes to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the following
+regulations of maritime laws:
+
+“_One_: Neutral flags cover the enemy’s merchandise, except contraband of
+war.
+
+“_Two_: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of war, is not seizable
+under the enemy’s flag.
+
+“_Three_: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be effective; viz., it must
+be maintained with sufficient force to prevent access to the enemy’s
+littoral.
+
+“_Four_: The Spanish government, upholding its rights to grant letters of
+marque, will at present confine itself to organising, with the vessels of
+the mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which will coöperate
+with the navy, according to the needs of the campaign, and will be under
+naval control.
+
+“_Five_: In order to capture the enemy’s ships, and confiscate the enemy’s
+merchandise and contraband of war under whatever form, the auxiliary
+cruisers will exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in the
+waters under the enemy’s jurisdiction, in accordance with international
+law and the regulations which will be published.
+
+“_Six_: Defines what is included in contraband of war, naming weapons,
+ammunition, equipments, engines, and, in general, all the appliances used
+in war.
+
+“_Seven_: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with all the rigour of the
+law, are captains, masters, officers, and two-thirds of the crew of
+vessels, which, not being American, shall commit acts of war against
+Spain, even if provided with letters of marque by the United States.”
+
+_April 24._ The U. S. S. _Helena_ captured the steamer _Miguel Jover_. The
+U. S. S. _Detroit_ captured the steamer _Catalania_; the _Wilmington_ took
+the schooner _Candidor_; the _Winona_ made a prize of the steamer
+_Saturnia_, and the _Terror_ brought in the schooners _Saco_ and _Tres
+Hermanes_.
+
+_April 25._ Early in the day the President sent the following message to
+Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration and appropriate action,
+copies of correspondence recently had with the representatives of Spain
+and the United States, with the United States minister at Madrid, through
+the latter with government of Spain, showing the action taken under the
+joint resolution approved April 20, 1898, ‘For the recognition of the
+independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain
+relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and
+withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and
+directing the President of the United States to carry these resolutions
+into effect.’
+
+“Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in Washington the demand,
+which it became the duty of the executive to address to the government of
+Spain in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for his
+passports and withdrew. The United States minister at Madrid was in turn
+notified by the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal
+of the Spanish representative from the United States had terminated
+diplomatic relations between the two countries, and that all official
+communications between their respective representatives ceased therewith.
+
+“I commend to your especial attention the note addressed to the United
+States minister at Madrid by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on
+the twenty-first instant, whereby the foregoing notification was conveyed.
+It will be perceived therefrom, that the government of Spain, having
+cognisance of the joint resolution of the United States Congress, and, in
+view of the things which the President is thereby required and authorised
+to do, responds by treating the reasonable demands of this government as
+measures of hostility, following with that instant and complete severance
+of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations accompanied an
+existing state of war between sovereign powers.
+
+“The position of Spain being thus made known, and the demands of the
+United States being denied, with a complete rupture of intercourse by the
+act of Spain, I have been constrained, in exercise of the power and
+authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim
+under date of April 22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north
+coast of Cuba, lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the port of
+Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and further in exercise of my
+constitutional powers, and using the authority conferred upon me by act of
+Congress, approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation, dated April
+23, 1898, calling for volunteers in order to carry into effect the said
+resolution of April 20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto
+appended.
+
+  [Illustration: PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.]
+
+“In view of the measures so taken, and other measures as may be necessary
+to enable me to carry out the express will of the Congress of the United
+States in the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body the
+adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists
+between the United States of America and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge
+speedy action thereon to the end that the definition of the international
+status of the United States as a belligerent power may be made known, and
+the assertion of all its rights and the maintenance of all its duties in
+the conduct of a public war may be assured.
+
+                                               (Signed) “WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+“_Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately after it had been
+signed the following notice was sent to the representatives of the foreign
+nations:
+
+“A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th, directed
+intervention for the pacification and independence of the island of Cuba.
+The Spanish government on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that
+it considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration of war, and that
+it had accordingly withdrawn its minister from Washington and terminated
+all diplomatic relations.
+
+“Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day, declared that a state
+of war exists between the two countries since and including April 21st.
+
+“You will inform the government to which you are accredited, so that its
+neutrality may be assured in the existing war.”
+
+
+
+Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary of State, had
+resigned; Assistant Secretary William R. Day was appointed the head of the
+department, with John B. Moore as his successor.
+
+The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong, under orders to
+rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public attention was turned towards Manila, it
+being believed that there the first action would take place.
+
+During the evening the tiny steamer _Mangrove_, a lighthouse tender,
+captured the richest prize of the war thus far, when she hove to the
+_Panama_, a big transatlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the
+Spanish navy, which had been plying between New York and Havana.
+
+The _Mangrove_, Lieut.-Commander William H. Everett commanding, was
+cruising along the Cuban coast about twenty miles from Havana when she
+sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two 12-pounders. As the
+latter came within range the _Mangrove_ sent a shot across her bow; but
+the Spaniard gave no heed; another missile followed without result, and
+the third whistled in the air when the two vessels were hardly more than a
+hundred yards apart, Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun
+died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she would be sunk
+forthwith.
+
+The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the battle-ship _Indiana_,
+three miles to the rear. The _Mangrove’s_ officers admit that they
+expected the enemy’s 12-pounders to open on them in response to the
+threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to. Ensign Dayton boarded the
+prize.
+
+The _Indiana_ had seen the capture, and meanwhile drew up to the
+_Mangrove_, giving her a lusty cheer. Lieutenant-Commander Everett
+reported to Captain Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a
+prize-crew on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer and fifteen
+marines.
+
+_April 26._ The President issued a proclamation respecting the rights of
+Spanish vessels then in, or bound to, ports in the United States, and also
+with regard to the right of search.
+
+The United States gunboat _Newport_ carried into Key West the Spanish
+schooner _Piereno_ and the sloop _Paquette_, which she captured off
+Havana, while the monitor _Terror_ took to the same port the coasting
+steamer _Ambrosia Bolivar_. This last prize had on board silver specie to
+the amount of seventy thousand dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a
+cargo of bananas.
+
+_April 27._ The steamers _New York_, _Puritan_, and _Cincinnati_ bombarded
+the forts at the mouth of Matanzas Harbour. The engagement commenced at
+12.57, and ceased at 1.15 P. M. The object of the attack was to prevent
+the completion of the earthworks at Punta Gorda.
+
+A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened fire on the flag-ship, and
+this was also shelled. Twelve 8-inch shells were fired from the eastern
+forts, but all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired from
+the half completed batteries. Two of these whizzed over the _New York_,
+and one fell short.
+
+The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object of discovering the
+whereabouts of the batteries having been accomplished. In the
+neighbourhood of three hundred shots were put on land from the three ships
+at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand yards. No casualties on
+the American side.
+
+The little monitor _Terror_ captured her third prize, and the story of the
+chase is thus told by an eye-witness:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. PURITAN.]
+
+“The Spanish steamer _Guido_, Captain Armarechia, was bound for Havana.
+There was Spanish urgency that she should reach that port. Aboard was a
+large cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for the Spanish
+troops—or officers. The steamer had left Liverpool on April 2d, and
+Corunna on April 9th.
+
+“Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the _Guido_, setting her
+fastest pace, made for Havana and the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles
+off Cardenas plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed the
+fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.
+
+“Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would be a long chase. Men in
+the engine-room toiled like galley-slaves under the whip. There was
+prize-money to be gained. The _Guido_ fled fast. Every light aboard her
+was hid.
+
+“Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It was prize aim, and the shot
+found more than a billet in the _Guido’s_ pilot-house. It tore a part
+away; the splinters flew.
+
+“Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable shooting. The
+pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits
+of wood floated in the steamer’s wake.
+
+“The gunboat _Machias_, which was some distance away, heard the sound of
+the firing, came up, and brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one
+shot, which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however, brought her to, and
+Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew were put on board.”
+
+A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture of the American bark
+_Saranac_ off Manila, by the Spanish gunboat _El Correo_.
+
+By a conference of both branches of Congress a naval bill of $49,277,558
+was agreed upon. It stands as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil
+war, providing for the construction of three battle-ships, four monitors,
+sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve torpedo-boats.
+
+The U. S. S. _Newport_ captured the Spanish sloop _Engracia_, and the
+U. S. S. _Dolphin_ made a prize of the Spanish schooner _Lola_.
+
+_April 29._ The flag-ship _New York_ was lying about two miles off the
+harbour of Cabanas, having just completed a cruise of inspection. With her
+were the torpedo-boats _Porter_ and _Ericsson_. On the shore could be seen
+the white ruins of what may have been the dwelling of a plantation. No
+signs of life were visible. It was as if war’s alarms had never been heard
+on this portion of the island.
+
+Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated again and again, at
+regular intervals, and the tiny jets of water which were sent up by the
+bullets told that, concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop
+of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they may have believed to be
+an attack upon the big war-ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had
+set about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to have as little
+effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed it was necessary to teach the
+enemy that any playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to
+themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be manned.
+
+Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered sufficient,
+although there was no evidence any execution had been done, and the big
+vessel’s bow was turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode
+rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as a target for a 4-inch
+gun in the starboard battery, and the troop dispersed in hot haste.
+
+While this mimic warfare was being carried on off Cabanas, a most
+important capture was made. The _Nashville_, _Marblehead_, and the _Eagle_
+left the station on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos,
+arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth.
+
+They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning, in order to get
+better information, steamed close to the mouth of the harbour of
+Cienfuegos. The _Eagle_ was to the eastward, and in the van. The
+_Marblehead_ was slightly in the rear, and the _Nashville_ to the
+westward.
+
+All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was seen rising on the western
+horizon, and the _Nashville_, because of her position, put on all steam in
+that direction. Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across the bow of
+the coming steamer, which promptly hove to. She was the _Argonauta_.
+Ensign Keunzli was sent with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of
+her.
+
+Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word was given to send them
+to the _Nashville_ immediately as prisoners of war, and when this had been
+done arrangements were made to transfer the passengers and non-combatants
+to the shore. The women and children were placed in the first boat, and
+under cover of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance to
+Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers and landed them about
+noon.
+
+The _Argonauta_ had on board Colonel Corijo of the Third Spanish Cavalry,
+his first lieutenant, sergeant-major, seven other lieutenants, and ten
+privates and non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried a large
+cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She was bound from Satabanao, Spain,
+for Cienfuegos, stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo.
+
+Half an hour later the _Eagle_ hoisted a signal conveying the intelligence
+that she had been fired upon by Spanish boats coming out of the river. She
+immediately returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and held her ground
+until the _Marblehead_ came up. Both vessels then fired broadside after
+broadside up the entrance to the river.
+
+The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and one torpedo-boat
+destroyer. After twenty minutes of firing by the _Eagle_, during the last
+five of which the _Marblehead_ participated, the Spanish vessels ceased
+firing.
+
+_April 29._ A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape Verde, reported the
+departure from that port of the Spanish squadron, consisting of the
+first-class cruisers _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_, _Terror_, and _Pluton_, bound westward, probably for Porto Rico.
+
+_April 30._ The American schooner _Ann Louisa Lockwood_ was taken by the
+Spaniards off Mole St. Nicolas.
+
+The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the _Mascota_, near Havana, by
+the torpedo-boat _Foote_, closed the record of the month of April.
+
+Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the people of the United
+States, and it was as if everything else was relegated to the background
+until information could be had regarding that American fleet which sailed
+from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon of April 27th.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 1._ “Manila, May 1.—The squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this
+morning. Immediately engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following
+Spanish vessels: _Isla de Cuba_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Reina Christina_,
+_Castilla_, _Don Antonio d’Ulloa_, _Don Juan d’Austria_, _Velasco_,
+_General Lezo_, _El Correo_, _Marques del Duero_, _Isla de Mindanao_, and
+the water-battery at Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were
+slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to American consulate,
+Hongkong. I shall communicate with him.
+
+                                                                  “DEWEY.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he performs his deeds of
+valour without too many preliminaries, and, therefore, when on the seventh
+of May the telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an
+anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country remembered but
+one name,—that of Dewey.
+
+_April 25._ It was known to the public that the Asiatic Squadron had
+sailed from Hongkong on the 25th of April to avoid possible complications
+such as might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in Mirs Bay,
+there to await orders from the government at Washington.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.]
+
+_April 26._ So also was it known that on the next day Commodore Dewey
+received the following cablegram.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                  “WASHINGTON, April 26th.
+
+“_Dewey, Asiatic Squadron_:—Commence operations at once, particularly
+against Spanish fleet. You must capture or destroy them.
+
+                                                               “MCKINLEY.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 27._ On the twenty-seventh came information from Hongkong that the
+squadron had put to sea, and from that day until the seventh of May no
+word regarding the commodore’s movements had been received, save through
+Spanish sources.
+
+Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts concerning the most
+complete naval victory the world had ever known. It was the first
+engagement of the war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not
+strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with joy, gave little heed
+to the movements of our forces elsewhere until the details of this
+marvellous fight could be sent under the oceans and across the countries,
+thousands of leagues in distance, describing the deeds of the heroes who
+had made their names famous so long as history shall exist.
+
+During such time of waiting all were eager to familiarise themselves with
+the theatre of this scene of action, and every source of information was
+applied to until the bay of Manila had become as well known as the nearest
+home waters.
+
+For a better understanding of the battle a rough diagram of the bay, from
+the entrance as far as the city of Manila, may not come amiss.(1)
+
+Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is situated the city of
+Manila, through which the river Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the
+old city from the new, and forming several small islands.
+
+Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal of Cavite, which,
+projecting as it does from the mainland, forms a most commodious and safe
+harbour. Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort, on the
+mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between the arsenal and the city was
+a Krupp battery, at what was known as the Luneta Fort, while further
+toward the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion of Limbones
+Point, were shore-batteries,—formidable forts, so it had been given out by
+the Spanish government, such as would render the city of Manila
+impregnable.
+
+Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands, Corregidor and Caballo,
+which divide the entrance of the bay into three channels. On each of these
+islands is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly fortified
+with modern guns. North of Corregidor, nearly opposite, but on the inner
+shore, is the point of San José, where was another water-battery mounting
+formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor and San José Point is
+known as the Boca Grande, and is nearly two miles wide. The middle
+channel, or the one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and but
+little used. The third, which separates Caballo Island from Limbones
+Point, is nearly three miles in width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and
+known as the Boca Chica.
+
+All of these channels, as well as the waters of the bay, were said to have
+been thickly mined, and the enemy had caused it to be reported that no
+ship could safely enter without the aid of a government pilot.
+
+In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as set down at the
+conclusion of this chapter, were two transports, the steamers _Nanshan_
+and _Zafiro_, which had come into the port of Hongkong laden with coal
+shortly before Commodore Dewey’s departure, and had been purchased by him,
+together with their cargoes, in anticipation of the declaration of war.
+
+And now, the details having been set down in order that what follows may
+be the better understood, we will come to that sultry Sunday morning,
+shortly after midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the coast
+toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship _Olympia_ leading, with
+the _Baltimore_, the _Raleigh_, the _Petrel_, the _Concord_, and the
+_Boston_ following in the order named. In the rear of these came the two
+transports, the _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, convoyed by the despatch steamer
+_McCulloch_.
+
+The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca Grande channel, and the
+fleet kept well out from Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor
+came into view.
+
+Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned on deck, the men ordered
+to wash, and afterwards served with a cup of coffee. All lights were
+extinguished except one on the stern of each ship, and that was hooded.
+All hands were at quarters; all guns loaded, with extra charges ready at
+hand; every eye was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the
+slightest sound.
+
+Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to seaman, who believed it
+would be possible for the war-vessels to enter the bay without giving an
+alarm, and yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past Corregidor
+Island before a gun was fired.
+
+The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a four-knot speed, when
+from the smoke-stack of the little _McCulloch_ a column of sparks shot up
+high into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low, and it became
+necessary to replenish them. The firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should
+not be in at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and thus a
+signal was given to the sleepy garrison of Corregidor.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OLYMPIA.]
+
+“Perhaps they will see us now,” the commodore remarked, quietly, as his
+attention was called to this indiscretion.
+
+A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull report, and in the
+air could be heard that peculiar singing and sighing of a flying
+projectile as a heavy missile passed over the _Olympia_ and the _Raleigh_.
+
+The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not until after the last
+vessel in that ominous procession had steamed past.
+
+It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and it neither worked
+harm nor caused alarm.
+
+Again and again in rapid succession came these flashes of light, dull
+reports, and sinister hummings in the air, before the American fleet gave
+heed that this signal to heave to had been heard.
+
+Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the _Concord_ directly inside of the
+fortification, where it exploded.
+
+The _Raleigh_ and the _Boston_ each threw a shell by way of salute, and
+then all was silent.
+
+The channel, which had been thickly mined, according to the Spanish
+reports, was passed in safety, and the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in
+the darkness, had yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish
+fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about the city.
+
+On the forward bridge of the _Olympia_ stood Commodore Dewey, his chief of
+staff, Commander Lamberton, Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an
+insurgent Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot.
+
+In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much against his will, was
+forced to take up his position in that partially sheltered place because
+the commander of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that all
+the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to death on the bridge.
+
+The word was given to “slow down,” and the speed of the big ships
+decreased until they had barely steerageway.
+
+The men were allowed to sleep beside their guns.
+
+The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was almost profound, until
+suddenly day broke, as it does in the tropics, like unto a flash of light,
+and all that bay, with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first
+signal, was disclosed to view.
+
+From the masthead of the American vessels rose tiny balls of bunting, and
+then were broken out, disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes.
+
+Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and beyond, the city of
+Manila.
+
+The _Reina Christina_, flying the Spanish rear-admiral’s flag, lay off the
+arsenal. Astern of her was moored the _Castilla_, her port battery ready
+for action. Slightly to seaward were the _Don Juan de Austria_, the _Don
+Antonio de Ulloa_, the _Isla de Cuba_ and _Isla de __Luzon_, the _El
+Correo_, the _Marques del Duero_, and the _General Lezo_.
+
+They were under steam and slowly moving about, apparently ready to receive
+the fire of the advancing squadron. The flag-ship _Reina Christina_ also
+was under way.
+
+“Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot speed!” were the signals
+which floated from the _Olympia_ as she led the fleet in, keeping well
+toward the shore opposite the city.
+
+The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when from the arsenal came
+a flame and report; but the missile was not to be seen. Another shot from
+Cavite, and then was strung aloft on the _Olympia_ a line of tiny flags,
+telling by the code what was to be the American battle-cry: “Remember the
+_Maine_,” and from the throat of every man on the incoming ships went up a
+shout of defiance and exultation that the moment was near at hand when the
+dastardly deed done in the harbour of Havana might be avenged.
+
+Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels, dropping astern and beyond
+range the transports as they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having
+gained such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution, the
+fleet swung swiftly around until it held a course parallel with the
+westernmost shore, and distant from it mayhap six thousand yards.
+
+Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each man took a mental
+grip upon himself, believing that he stood face to face with death; but no
+cheek paled; no hand trembled save it might have been from excitement.
+
+The ships were coming down on their fighting course when a shell from one
+of the shore-batteries burst over the _Olympia_; the guns from the fort
+and from the water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming missiles
+with thunderous reports; every man on the American fleet save one believed
+the moment had come when they should act their part in the battle which
+had been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal:
+
+“Hold your fire until close in.”
+
+Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of Manila would have
+been laid in ashes and thousands of non-combatants slain.
+
+The _Olympia_ was yet two miles from Cavite when, directly in front of the
+_Baltimore_, a huge shaft of water shot high into the air, and with a
+heavy booming that drowned the reports of the Spanish guns.
+
+“The torpedoes!” some one on the _Olympia_ said, in a low tone, with an
+indrawing of the breath; but it was as if Dewey did not hear. With
+Farragut in Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of
+destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to that which might
+in a single instant send his vessel to the bottom, even as the _Maine_ had
+been sent.
+
+Then, so near the _Raleigh_ as to send a flood across her decks, another
+spouting of water, another dull roar, and the much vaunted mines of the
+Spaniards in Manila Bay had been exploded.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BALTIMORE.]
+
+The roar and crackle of the enemy’s guns still continued, yet Dewey
+withheld the order which every man was now most eager to hear.
+
+The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the shells which had passed
+over our fleet now fell close about them; the tension among officers and
+men was terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore would
+restrain them from firing. The heat was rapidly becoming intense. The
+guns’ crews began to throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but
+their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their bodies.
+
+Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships steadily steamed on
+and drew nearer the fort. Orders were given by the officers in low voices,
+but they were perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was broken
+only by the throbbing of the engines. The men hugged their posts ready to
+open fire at the word.
+
+A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and came directly for the
+_Olympia_. High over the smoke-stack it burst with a mighty snap.
+Commodore Dewey did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a motion to
+a boatswain’s mate who stood near the after 5-inch gun. With a voice of
+thunder the man bellowed an order along the decks.
+
+“Remember the _Maine_!” yelled a chorus of five hundred gallant sailors.
+Below decks in the engine-rooms the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance
+and revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and the threatening
+notes were swept across the bay to the other ships.
+
+“Remember the _Maine_!”
+
+In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of hundreds of American
+sailors who resented the cowardly death of their comrades. It bespoke the
+terrible vengeance that was about to be dealt out to the defenders of a
+detestable flag.
+
+“You may fire when you are ready, Gridley,” was Commodore Dewey’s quiet
+remark to the captain of the _Olympia_, who was still in the
+conning-tower.
+
+The _Olympia’s_ 8-inch gun in the forward turret belched forth, and an
+instant later was run up the signal to the ships astern:
+
+“Fire as convenient.”
+
+The other vessels in the squadron followed the example set by the
+_Olympia_. The big 8-inch guns of the _Baltimore_ and the _Boston_ hurled
+their two hundred and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and at
+the _Castilla_.
+
+The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns on Cavite hurled
+their shells at the swiftly moving vessels; the water-batteries added
+their din to the horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous with
+the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of smoke hung here and
+there, obscuring this vessel or that from view. It was the game of death
+with all its horrible accompaniments.
+
+One big shell came toward the _Olympia_ straight for the bridge. When a
+hundred feet away it suddenly burst, its fragments continuing onward. One
+piece struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander Lamberton. He
+did not wince.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.]
+
+The _Olympia_ continued on. It was evident Commodore Dewey was making
+straight for the centre of the enemy’s line, which was the big cruiser
+_Reina Christina_.
+
+Being the nearest ship, the _Olympia_ received more attention from the
+Spaniards than any of the other vessels.
+
+The water was now getting shallow. Commodore Dewey did not wish to run
+aground. He altered his course when about four thousand yards from the
+Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his broadside.
+
+A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the shore near the arsenal,
+making for the coal-laden steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary
+batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear upon her; it was a
+veritable shower of shot and shell which fell ahead, astern, and either
+side of her. To continue on would have been certain destruction, and,
+turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had half disabled her, the
+craft was run high and dry on the beach, where she was at once abandoned,
+her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would explode.
+
+“Open with all guns,” came the signal as the course of the American
+vessels was changed, and soon all the port guns were at work.
+
+The American fleet was steaming back and forth off Cavite Bay as if bent
+on leaving such a wake as would form a figure eight, delivering broadside
+after broadside with splendid results.
+
+All this time the enemy’s vessels were keeping up a steady fire, the
+smaller ships retreating inside the mole several times during the action.
+The forts were not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with no
+noticeable effect. The enemy’s fire seemed to be concentrated on the
+_Baltimore_, and she was hit several times.
+
+A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side on the main-deck line,
+tore up the wooden deck, and, striking the steel deck under this, glanced
+upward, went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging, struck
+the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the quarter-deck, temporarily
+rendering the gun unfit for use.
+
+In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder ammunition, exploding one
+shell, which in turn slightly wounded one of No. 4 gun’s crew.
+
+One shell pierced her starboard side forward of No. 2 sponson, and lodged
+in a clothes-locker on the berth-deck; another struck her port beam a
+little above the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above this,
+another shell came crashing across the berth-deck, striking a steam-pipe
+and exploding behind the starboard blower-engine, but with no serious
+results. A fragment of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and
+the colours of the mainmast were shot through.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BOSTON.]
+
+The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop shattered the whaleboats,
+and they had to be cut adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the
+quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant Brumby held in his
+hand.
+
+On the _Boston_ a shell came through a port-hole in Ensign Doddridge’s
+stateroom, and wrecked it badly. The explosion set a fire which was
+quickly put out. Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where it
+burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also soon extinguished.
+Still another shell struck the _Boston’s_ foremast, cutting a great gash
+in it. It came within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge.
+
+The _Raleigh_ was forced inshore by the strong current, and carried
+directly upon the bows of two Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of
+warfare she should have been sunk; but instead, her commander delivered
+two raking broadsides as she steamed back into place.
+
+Three times the American ships passed back and forth, opening first with
+one broadside and then with another as the ship swung around, and then the
+_Reina Christina_, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a vapour as of
+wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly sallied out to meet the
+_Olympia_.
+
+Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which the Spaniard was
+speedily worsted to such a degree that she was literally forced to turn
+and make for the shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly
+toward the _Olympia_, an 8-inch shell struck her squarely, and the
+explosive must have travelled directly through the ill-fated craft until
+it reached the after boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and
+vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions of dismembered human
+bodies.
+
+A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier, and made directly for the
+_Olympia_. In less than five minutes she was in a sinking condition; as
+she turned, a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she
+disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some titanic force.
+
+Navigator Calkins of the _Olympia_ had soundings taken, and told Commodore
+Dewey that he could take the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet.
+
+“Take her in, then,” the commodore replied.
+
+The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of the Spanish fleet. This
+brought the smaller guns into effective play.
+
+The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was terrific.
+
+The _Castilla_ was in flames from stem to stern. Black smoke poured up
+from the decks of the _Isla de Cuba_, and on the flag-ship fire was
+completing the work of destruction begun by the American shells.
+
+It was 7.35 A. M. when the battle, which began at 5.41, came to a
+temporary close. The first round was concluded.
+
+There was yet ample time in which to finish the work so well begun, and
+from the flag-ship _Olympia_ went up the signal:
+
+“Cease firing and follow.”
+
+The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once partially beyond
+range, “mess-gear” was sounded.
+
+The only casualty worthy of mention which had occurred was the death of
+Chief Engineer Frank B. Randall, of the steamer _McCulloch_, who died from
+heart disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the fleet was
+passing Corregidor.
+
+There were handshakings and congratulations on every hand as
+smoke-begrimed friends, parted during the battle, met again, and loud were
+the cheers that went up from the various ships in passing.
+
+After breakfast had been served and the ships made ready for the second
+round, or, in other words, at 10.15 in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship
+_Reina Christina_ hauled down her colours, and the admiral’s flag was
+transferred to the _Isla de Cuba_.
+
+At 10.45 a signal was made from the _Olympia_:
+
+“Get under way with men at quarters.”
+
+Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the _Baltimore_ in the lead, but
+the latter vessel’s course was quickly changed as a strange steamer was
+observed entering the bay.
+
+Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring; the signal flags soon told
+that the stranger was flying the English ensign.
+
+Then came the order for the _Baltimore_ to stand in and destroy the
+enemy’s fortifications, and ten minutes later the battle was on once more.
+
+Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners taking careful aim, bent
+on expending the least amount of ammunition with the greatest possible
+execution.
+
+The _Baltimore_ suffered most at the beginning of this second round,
+because all the enemy’s fire was concentrated upon her.
+
+Soon after this second half of the engagement had begun a Spanish shell
+exploded on the _Baltimore’s_ deck, wounding five of the crew, and another
+partially disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface in
+that portion of the bay was covered by a missile from the enemy’s guns,
+and yet no further damage to the American fleet was done.
+
+When the _Baltimore_ was within twenty-five hundred-yard range she poured
+a broadside into the _Reina Christina_ which literally blew that craft
+into fragments, and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud above
+the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath the waters of the bay.
+
+The _Don Juan de Austria_ was the next of the enemy’s fleet to be sunk,
+and then a like fate overtook the _El Correo_.
+
+The _General Lezo_ was run on shore and abandoned to the flames.
+
+The cruiser _Castilla_ was scuttled by her crew lest the fire which was
+raging fiercely should explode her magazine.
+
+The _Velasco_ went down before all her men could escape to the boats. The
+guns of the _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ were fought with most desperate
+bravery, and even as she sank beneath the surface were the pieces
+discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at their posts of duty until
+death overtook them.
+
+The _Concord_ started after the _Mindanao_ lying close inshore, and was
+soon joined by the _Olympia_, who poured 8-inch shells into the transport
+until she was set on fire in a dozen places.
+
+The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a vessel remained afloat,
+and Commodore Dewey turned his attention to the Cavite battery.
+
+It was 12.45 P. M. when the magazine in the arsenal was exploded by a
+shell from the _Olympia_, or the _Petrel_, it is impossible to say which,
+and the battle of Manila had been fought and won.
+
+
+
+Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore Dewey’s official report
+received at the Navy Department, and then it was given to the public
+without loss of time. It is copied below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   “FLAGSHIP OLYMPIA, CAVITE, May 4, 1898.
+
+“The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived off Bolinao on the
+morning of April 30th, and finding no vessels there proceeded down the
+coast and arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same afternoon.
+The _Boston_ and _Concord_ were sent to reconnoitre Point Subic.... A
+thorough search of the port was made by the _Boston_ and the _Concord_,
+but the Spanish fleet was not found....
+
+“Entered the south channel at 11.30 P. M., steaming in column at eight
+knots. After half the squadron had passed, a battery on the south side of
+the channel opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The _Boston_ and
+_McCulloch_ returned the fire.
+
+“The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow speed, and arrived off
+Manila at daybreak, and was fired upon at 5.15 A. M. by three batteries at
+Manila and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored in an
+approximately east and west line across the mouth of Baker Bay, with their
+left in shoal water in Canacoa Bay.
+
+“The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the flag-ship _Olympia_, under
+my personal direction, leading, followed at distance by the _Baltimore_,
+_Raleigh_, _Petrel_, _Concord_, and _Boston_, in the order named, which
+formation was maintained throughout the action. The squadron opened fire
+at 5.41 A. M.
+
+“While advancing to the attack two mines were exploded ahead of the
+flag-ship, too far to be effective. The squadron maintained a continuous
+and precise fire at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand
+yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel to that of the
+Spanish fleet. The enemy’s fire was vigorous, but generally ineffective.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CONCORD.]
+
+“Early in the engagement two launches put out toward the _Olympia_, with
+the apparent intention of using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other
+disabled by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred to fire
+torpedoes.
+
+“At seven A. M. the Spanish flag-ship, _Reina Christina_, made a desperate
+attempt to leave the line and come out to engage at short range, but was
+received with such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the _Olympia_
+being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able to return to the
+shelter of the point. The fires started in her by our shell at this time
+were not extinguished until she sank.
+
+“The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous report from the
+beginning of the engagement, which fire was not returned by this squadron.
+
+“The first of these batteries was situated on the South Mole head, at the
+entrance to the Pasig River, the second on the south bastion of the walled
+city of Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile farther
+south. At this point I sent a message to the governor-general, in effect
+that if the batteries did not cease firing the city would be shelled. This
+had the effect of silencing them.
+
+“At 7.35 A. M. I ceased firing and withdrew the squadron for breakfast.
+
+“At 11.16 A. M. returned to the attack. By this time the Spanish flag-ship
+and almost the entire Spanish fleet were in flames. At 12.30 P. M. the
+squadron ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships sunk,
+burned, and destroyed.
+
+“At 12.40 P. M. the squadron returned and anchored off Manila, the
+_Petrel_ being left behind to complete the destruction of the smaller
+gunboats, which were behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed
+by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious and complete manner
+possible.
+
+“The Spanish lost the following vessels:
+
+“Sunk: _Reina Christina_, _Castilla_, _Don Antonio de Ulloa_.
+
+“Burned: _Don Juan de Austria_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Isla de Cuba_, _General
+Lezo_, _Marques del Duero_, _El Correo_, _Velasco_, and _Isla de
+Mindanao_, transport.
+
+“Captured: _Rapido_ and _Hercules_, tugs, and several small launches.
+
+“I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the enemy’s killed and
+wounded, but believe their losses to be very heavy.
+
+“The _Reina Christina_ alone had 150 killed, including the captain, and
+ninety wounded.
+
+“I am happy to report that the damage done to the squadron under my
+command was inconsiderable. There were none killed, and only seven men in
+the squadron were slightly wounded.
+
+“Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated, but the damage
+was of the slightest, and the squadron is in as good condition now as
+before the battle.
+
+“I beg to state to the department that I doubt if any commander-in-chief
+was ever served by more loyal, efficient, and gallant captains than those
+of the squadron now under my command.
+
+“Capt. Frank Wildes, commanding the _Boston_, volunteered to remain in
+command of his vessel, although his relief arrived before leaving
+Hongkong. Assistant Surgeon Kindleberger of the _Olympia_ and Gunner J. C.
+Evans of the _Boston_ also volunteered to remain after orders detaching
+them had arrived.
+
+“The conduct of my personal staff was excellent. Commander B. P.
+Lamberton, chief of staff, was a volunteer for that position, and gave me
+most efficient aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign W. P.
+Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal officers in a highly
+creditable manner.
+
+“The _Olympia_ being short of officers for the battery, Ensign H. H.
+Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for and was assigned to a
+subdivision of 5-inch battery. Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in
+the United States navy, and now correspondent of the _New York Herald_,
+volunteered for duty as my aid, and did valuable service.
+
+“I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut. C. G. Calkins, the
+navigator of the _Olympia_, who came under my personal observation, being
+on the bridge with me throughout the entire action, and giving the ranges
+to the guns with an accuracy that was proved by the excellence of the
+firing.
+
+“On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the squadron again went to
+Cavite, where it remained.
+
+“On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite arsenal, which was
+taken possession of by a landing party. On the same day the _Raleigh_ and
+_Baltimore_ secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor Island,
+paroling the garrison and destroying the guns.
+
+“On the morning of May 4th the transport _Manila_, which had been aground
+in Baker Bay, was towed off and made a prize.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of Manila Bay, together with
+the officers of the American fleet:(2)
+
+                             AMERICAN FLEET.
+
+The U. S. S. _Olympia_, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons, speed, 21.6 knots.
+Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen
+6-pounder rapid-fire guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings,
+with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes.
+
+The U. S. S. _Baltimore_, protected cruiser, 4,600 tons, speed, 20.09
+knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two
+3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Boston_, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons, speed, 15.6 knots.
+Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Raleigh_, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons, speed, nineteen
+knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, four 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Concord_, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed, 16.8 knots. Battery:
+six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Petrel_, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7 knots. Battery: four
+6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss
+cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _McCulloch_, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons, speed, fourteen
+knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns.
+
+The _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, supply ships.
+
+                              SPANISH FLEET.
+
+The _Reina Maria Christina_, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen knots. Battery:
+six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two 2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire
+rifles, six 1.4-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Castilla_, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch Krupp rifles, two
+4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Velasco_, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch Armstrong rifles, two
+2.7-inch hontorias, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ and _Don Juan de Austria_, each 1,130 tons,
+speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch
+rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _General Lezo_, and _El Correo_, gun vessels, 524 tons, speed, 11.5
+knots. The _General Lezo_ had two hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one
+3.5-inch, two small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the _El Correo_ had
+three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Marques del Duero_, despatch-boat, 500 tons. Battery: one smooth
+bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two 4.7-inch and one machine gun.
+
+The _Isla de Cuba_ and the _Isla de Luzon_ were both small gunboats, 1,030
+tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, two small guns, and two machine
+guns.
+
+The _Isla de Mindanao_, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons, speed, 13.5 knots.
+
+Two torpedo-boats and two transports.
+
+Officers of the U. S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear Admiral George Dewey,
+commander-in-chief; Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T.
+M. Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell, secretary.
+
+U. S. S. _Olympia_, flag-ship: Captain, Charles V. Gridley;
+Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants, C. G. Calkins, V. S.
+Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller, S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M.
+Taylor, F. B. Upham, W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S.
+Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant Surgeon, C. P.
+Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A. Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle;
+Assistant Engineers, E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain, J. B.
+Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner, L. J. G. Kuhlwein;
+Carpenter, W. McDonald; Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott.
+
+U. S. S. _Raleigh_: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander, F.
+Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder, B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan;
+Ensigns, F. L. Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller; Assistant
+Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief
+Engineer, F. H. Bailey; Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead;
+Assistant Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines, T. C.
+Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone; Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley.
+
+U. S. S. _Boston_: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander, J. A. Norris;
+Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L. Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H.
+Everhart, J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant Surgeon, R.
+S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin; Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom;
+Assistant Engineer, L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R. McM.
+Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I. H. Hilton.
+
+U. S. S. _Baltimore_: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander, G.
+Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther, A. G. Winterhalter, F. W.
+Kellogg, J. M. Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward, M. D.
+McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh, I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer,
+T. A. Karney; Passed Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon,
+R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief Engineer, A. Kirby;
+Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price, H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt;
+Chaplain, T. S. K. Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams;
+Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner, L. J. Waller; Carpenter,
+O. Bath.
+
+U. S. S. _Concord_: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander, G. P.
+Colvocoresses; Lieutenants, T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A.
+Kiser, W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon, R. G.
+Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster, E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard
+Inch; Passed Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer, E. H.
+Dunn.
+
+U. S. S. _Petrel_: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants, E. M. Hughes, B. A.
+Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P. Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S.
+Montgomery; Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant Paymaster,
+G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer, R. T. Hall.
+
+Revenue Cutter _McCulloch_: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon.
+
+American loss: Two officers and six men wounded.
+
+Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER V.
+
+
+                             NEWS OF THE DAY.
+
+
+_May 2._ In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second of May, there was much to be
+done in order to complete the work so thoroughly begun the day previous.
+
+Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor, under flag of truce,
+to Commodore Dewey, with a proposal of surrender from the commandant of
+the fortifications. The _Baltimore_ was sent to attend to the business;
+but when she arrived at the island no one save the commanding officer was
+found. All his men had deserted him after overthrowing the guns.
+
+The _Baltimore_ had but just steamed away, when Commander Lamberton was
+ordered to go on board the _Petrel_ and run over to Cavite arsenal in
+order that he might take possession, for on the previous day a white flag
+had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender.
+
+To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing, that the troops were
+under arms, and Captain Sostoa, of the Spanish navy, was in anything
+rather than a surrendering mood. On being asked as to the meaning of
+affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted for a truce, not as
+a token of capitulation. He was given until noon to decide as to his
+course of action, and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white flag was
+again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on shore once more he found that
+the Spaniard had marched his men away, taking with them all their arms.
+
+This was the moment when the insurgents, who had gathered near the town,
+believed their opportunity had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began
+an indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to an end until the
+American marines were landed.
+
+The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about the entrance of Manila
+Bay were destroyed; the cable from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and
+Commodore Dewey began a blockade of the port.
+
+Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency war appropriation
+bill.
+
+Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten light batteries of
+artillery were concentrated at Tampa and Port Tampa. General Shafter
+assumed command on this date.
+
+The _Newport_ captured the Spanish schooner _Pace_.
+
+By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d, news regarding the
+condition of affairs in Madrid was received. The Spanish public was
+greatly excited by information from the Philippines, and the authorities
+found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document being couched in
+warlike language beginning:
+
+“_Whereas_, as Spain finds herself at war with the United States, the
+power of civil authorities in Spain is suspended.
+
+“_Whereas_, it is necessary to prevent an impairment of the patriotic
+efforts which are being made by the nation with manly energy and veritable
+enthusiasm;
+
+“_Article 1._ A state of siege in Madrid is hereby proclaimed.
+
+“_Article 2._ As a consequence of article one, all offences against public
+order, those of the press included, will be tried by the military
+tribunals.
+
+“_Article 3._ In article two are included offences committed by those who,
+without special authorisation, shall publish news relative to any
+operations of war whatsoever.”
+
+Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings and public
+demonstrations.
+
+Commenting upon the defeat, the _El Nacional_, of Madrid, published the
+following article:
+
+“Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived, nothing better occurred
+to Admiral Bermejo (Minister of Marine) than to send to all newspapers
+comparative statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison he
+sought to direct public attention to the immense superiority over a
+squadron of wooden vessels dried up by the heat in those latitudes.
+
+“But in this document Spain can see nothing kind. Spain undoubtedly sees
+therein the heroism of our marines; but she sees also and above all the
+nefarious crime of the government.
+
+“It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing forces superior to ours;
+but what is worthy of being blamed with all possible vehemence is this
+infamous government, which allowed our inferiority without neutralising it
+by means of preparations. This is the truth. Our sailors have been basely
+delivered over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler and more
+worthy of respect than those baneful ministers, who brought about the
+first victory and its victims.”
+
+_El Heraldo de Madrid_ said: “It was no caprice of the fortunes of war.
+From the very first cannon-shot our fragile ships were at the mercy of the
+formidable hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one after another
+under the fire of the American batteries, powerless to strike, and were
+defended only by the valour in the breasts of their sailors.
+
+“What has been gained by the illusion that Manila was fortified? What has
+been gained by the intimation that the broad and beautiful bay on whose
+bosom the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered inaccessible?
+What use was made of the famous island of Corregidor? What was done with
+its guns? Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive
+preparations concerning which we were requested to keep silence?”
+
+_May 2._ Late in the afternoon the _Wilmington_ destroyed a Spanish fort
+on the island of Cuba, near Cojimar.
+
+The government tug _Leyden_ left Key West, towing a Cuban expedition under
+government auspices to establish communication with the Cuban forces in
+Havana province. The expedition was accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Acosta. Under him were five other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly
+commanded a cavalry troop in Havana province.
+
+_May 4._ A telegram from Key West gave the following information:
+
+“Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning with all the big vessels
+of his blockading squadron on some mysterious mission.
+
+“In the fleet were the flag-ship _New York_, the battle-ships _Iowa_ and
+_Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_, _Marblehead_, and _Cincinnati_, the
+monitor _Puritan_, and the torpedo-gunboat _Mayflower_.
+
+“The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of their bunkers, and all
+available places on the decks are piled high with coal.”
+
+On the same day the Norwegian steamer _Condor_ arrived with twelve
+American refugees and their immediate relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba.
+
+Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been practising his profession in
+Cienfuegos for eight months, after six years’ study in the United States,
+was one of the passengers. He gave the following account of himself:
+
+“Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if I had been born in
+America, I was obliged to flee for my life. I left my mother, six sisters,
+and five brothers in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in
+danger. May heaven protect them! What was I to do?
+
+“There are now about two hundred Americans at Cienfuegos clamouring to get
+away. They are sending to Boston and New York for steamers, but without
+avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me on his departure that the
+Spanish law would protect me. Other Americans would have come on the
+_Condor_, but Captain Miller would not take them. There was not room for
+them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet become personally insulting on the
+streets, but a mob of Spanish residents marched through the city four days
+before the _Condor_ left, shouting, ‘We want to kill all Americans.’
+
+“There are between four thousand and six thousand Spanish troops
+concentrating at Cienfuegos under command of Major-General Aguirre. They
+have thrown up some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries look
+toward the open sea.”
+
+Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the Bay of Biscay, the
+rioters made a stand and were fired upon by the troops. Fourteen were
+killed or wounded, yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were
+they driven back until the artillery was ordered out. Then a portion of
+the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon with ammunition was seized, and
+directed against the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and an
+order issued that all the bread be baked in the government bakeries,
+because the mob had looted the shops.
+
+At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo, a mob attacked the
+railroad station, entirely destroying it, setting fire to the cars, and
+starting the engines wild upon the track. They burned several houses owned
+by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests to flee for
+their lives. Procuring wine from the inns, they grew more bold, and made
+an attack upon the prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at
+this point they were held in check by the guard.
+
+The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing by inciting riots.
+At Caceres several people were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the
+guards and looted the shops. The British steam yacht _Lady of Clonmel_,
+owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London, was attacked as she lay at the
+pier. Stones smashed her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did
+not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from Gibraltar reported
+the outrage to London.
+
+_May 5._ The government tug _Leyden_, which on the second day of May left
+Key West with a Cuban expedition, returned to port, giving the following
+account of her voyage:
+
+She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and landed five men, with
+four boxes of ammunition and two horses.
+
+General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he communicated with the
+forces of the insurgents.
+
+The _Leyden_ lay to outside the harbour until five o’clock in the morning,
+when, observing a troop of Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea
+and got safely away.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TERROR.]
+
+She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of the third landed
+another small party near there.
+
+Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the monitors _Terror_ and
+_Amphitrite_, which were on the blockade in that vicinity, but being
+unable to locate them the _Leyden_ returned to the original landing-place,
+reaching there early on the morning of the fourth.
+
+There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred Cubans, half of whom
+were armed with rifles. They united with the men on the tug, and an
+attempt was made to land the remaining arms and men, when two hundred of
+the Villa Viscosa cavalry swooped down on them, and an engagement of a
+half hour’s duration followed.
+
+The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving them into the woods. The
+Spanish carried with them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the field.
+
+During the engagement the bullets went through the _Leyden’s_ smoke-stack,
+but no one was injured.
+
+The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship, found her lying near
+Havana, and reported the facts.
+
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat _Wilmington_ back with the _Leyden_.
+
+The two vessels reached the scene of the landing on the afternoon of the
+fourth, and found the Spanish cavalry in waiting to welcome another
+attempted invasion.
+
+The _Wilmington_ promptly opened fire on a number of small houses marking
+the entrance to the place.
+
+The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back the Spaniards, and Captain
+Dorst, with the ammunition, landed safely, the _Leyden_ returning to Key
+West.
+
+_May 6._ Orders were given from Washington to release the French mail
+steamer, _Lafayette_, and to send her to Havana under escort. The capture
+of the Frenchman by the gunboat _Annapolis_ was an unfortunate incident,
+resulting from a mistake, but no protest was made by the representatives
+of the French government in the United States. It appeared that, before
+the _Lafayette_ sailed for Havana, the French legation in Washington was
+instructed to communicate with the State Department. This was done and
+permission was granted to the steamer to enter and discharge her
+passengers and cargo, with the understanding that she would take on
+nothing there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such agreement were sent
+from Washington to Admiral Sampson’s squadron, and it was only learned
+after the capture was made that they were never delivered.
+
+The War Department issued an order organising the regular and volunteer
+forces into seven army corps.
+
+The following letter needs no explanation:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                              “597 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
+
+“TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES,
+  Washington, D. C.
+
+“_Dear Sir_:—Some days ago I wrote President McKinley offering the
+government the sum of $100,000 for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority to receive moneys in
+behalf of the United States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be
+served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer at New York to the
+credit of the treasurer of the United States, or by remitting my check
+direct to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check for the above
+amount, drawn payable to your order on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you
+kindly acknowledge the receipt of the same?
+
+                               “Very truly,
+                                                      “HELEN MILLER GOULD.
+“_May 6, 1898._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+It was replied to twenty-four hours later:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               “Treasury Department of the United States.
+                                                 “Office of the Treasury.
+                                          “WASHINGTON, D. C., May 7, 1898.
+
+“MISS HELEN MILLER GOULD,
+  597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
+
+“_Madam_:—It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your
+letter under date of May 6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000,
+according to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the
+government. This sum has been placed in the general fund of the treasury
+of the United States as a donation from you, for use in the present
+difficulty with Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism which
+prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the government. Certificates
+of deposit will follow in due course.     Respectfully yours,
+
+                                                       “ELLIS H. ROBERTS,
+                                       “_Treasurer of the United States._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 6._ The torpedo-boats _Dupont_ and _Hornet_ shelled the blockhouse
+near the lighthouse at Point Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of
+Matanzas, and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as a blockhouse,
+lying three and one-half miles to the east.
+
+As the _Dupont_ was leaving her position off the lighthouse point, a big
+shell was fired from the middle embrasure of a battery on the other side
+of the harbour, called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation was
+bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a thousand yards short. The
+_Hornet_ was ordered to use her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first
+shell failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target fairly, and the
+Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for shelter among the neighbouring
+trees.
+
+The _Hornet_ fired twelve shells, six of which struck the mark. The
+_Dupont_, after ascertaining that Point Maya was being made too warm for
+Spanish occupation, steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called Garcia
+Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward, and turned loose her
+1-pounders.
+
+Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent business behind the
+forest woods and hills. After making certain they had gone to stay, the
+_Dupont_ resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at Fortina, but
+remained there only long enough to see the torpedo-boat’s menacing
+attitude.
+
+_May 6._ The cruiser _Montgomery_, Captain Converse, was the first ship of
+the American squadron to acquire the distinction of capturing two prizes
+in one day, which she did on the sixth. The captives were the _Frasquito_
+and the _Lorenzo_, both small vessels of no great value as compared with
+the big steamers taken during the first days of the war.
+
+The _Montgomery_ was cruising about fifty miles off Havana when the
+_Frasquito_, a two-master, came bowling along toward the Cuban capital.
+When the yellow flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in her
+direction, and a blank shot was put across her bow. The Spaniard hove to
+and the customary prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the
+_Frasquito_ was bound from Montevideo to Havana with a cargo of jerked
+beef. She was of about 140 tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The
+prize-crew took her to Havana waters, and the _Annapolis_ assigned the
+cutter _Hamilton_ to carry her into Key West.
+
+A few minutes afterwards the _Montgomery_ encountered the _Lorenzo_, a
+Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona to Havana with a cargo of dried beef.
+She was taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several “Jackies,”
+sailed her into port.
+
+_May 7._ Quite a sharp little affair occurred off Havana, in which the
+_Vicksburg_ and the cutter _Morrill_ were very nearly enticed to
+destruction.
+
+A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour shortly before daylight
+to draw some of the Americans into an ambuscade.
+
+She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with the wind on her
+starboard quarter. About three miles east of the entrance of the harbour
+she came over on the port tack.
+
+A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not discovered until three
+miles off shore, when the _Mayflower_ made her out and signalled the
+_Vicksburg_ and _Morrill_. Captain Smith of the _Vicksburg_ immediately
+clapped on all steam and started in pursuit.
+
+The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro Castle before the wind.
+On doing so, she would, according to the plot, lead the two American
+war-ships directly under the guns of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are a part of the defences
+of the harbour. There were two batteries, one at the shore, which had been
+recently thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures for 8-inch
+guns, and the other on the crest of the rocky eminence which juts out into
+the waters of the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted modern 10
+and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot stone parapet, in front of which
+were twenty feet of earthwork and belting of railroad iron.
+
+The American vessels were about six miles from the schooner when the chase
+began. They steamed after her at full speed, the _Morrill_ leading, until
+within a mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+Commander Smith of the _Vicksburg_ was the first to realise the danger
+into which the reckless pursuit had led them. He concluded it was time to
+haul off, and sent a shot across the bow of the schooner.
+
+The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel about, but while she was
+still rolling in the trough of the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch
+shrapnel shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery, a
+mile and a half away.
+
+It passed over the _Morrill_, between the pilot-house and the smoke-stack,
+and exploded less than fifty feet away on the port quarter.
+
+Two more shots followed in quick succession, both shrapnel. One burst
+close under the starboard quarter, filling the engine-room with the smoke
+of the exploding shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and
+exploded just beyond.
+
+The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time fuses were accurately
+set.
+
+The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant Craig, who was in
+charge of the bow 4-inch rapid-fire gun of the _Morrill_, asked for and
+obtained permission to return the fire.
+
+At the first shot the _Vicksburg_, which was in the wake of the _Morrill_,
+slightly inshore, sheered off and passed to windward under the _Morrill’s_
+stern. In the meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and was
+none too soon, for as the _Morrill_ stood off a solid 8-inch shot grazed
+her starboard quarter and kicked up tons of water as it struck a wave one
+hundred yards beyond.
+
+All the guns of the water-battery were now at work. One of them cut the
+Jacob’s-ladder of the _Vicksburg_ adrift, and another carried away a
+portion of the rigging.
+
+As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were used, but only a few shots
+were fired.
+
+The _Morrill’s_ 6-inch gun was elevated for four thousand yards, and
+struck the earthwork repeatedly. The _Vicksburg_ discharged only three
+shots from her 6-pounder.
+
+The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for twenty minutes, but
+none of the latter shots came within one hundred yards.
+
+Later in the day the _Morrill_ captured the Spanish schooner _Espana_,
+bound for Havana, and towed the prize to Key West.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.]
+
+The _Newport_ added to the list of captures by bringing in the Spanish
+schooner _Padre de Dios_.
+
+_May 7._ The United States despatch-boat _McCulloch_ arrived at Hongkong
+from Manila, with details of Commodore Dewey’s victory.
+
+Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from Hongkong had been
+received, sent the following despatch:
+
+“The President, in the name of the American people, thanks you and your
+officers and men for your splendid achievement and overwhelming victory.
+In recognition he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend a
+vote of thanks to you by Congress as a foundation for further promotion.”
+
+_May 8._ A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was that in which the
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ engaged off Cardenas Bay.
+
+The _Winslow_ and gunboat _Machias_ were on the blockade off Cardenas.
+
+In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines and torpedoes, three
+small gunboats had been bottled up since the beginning of the war.
+Occasionally they stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond the
+inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the American torpedo
+boats.
+
+Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the entrance of the bay to
+mark the position for the entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on
+the shore opposite was instructed to notify the gunboats inside when the
+torpedo-boats were within the limit distance marked by the buoy.
+
+The scheme was that the gunboats could run out, open fire at a one-mile
+range thus marked off for them, and retreat without the chance of being
+cut off. The men of the _Winslow_ eyed this buoy and guessed its purpose,
+but did not attempt to remove it.
+
+On the afternoon of the eighth the _Machias_ stood away to the eastward
+for a jaunt, and the _Winslow_ was left alone to maintain the blockade.
+
+In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas Harbour. There was great
+excitement at the signal-station, and flags fluttered hysterically. The
+three gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to their safety
+limit.
+
+Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand yards. In a few minutes
+the shore signals told them that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every
+Spaniard aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of the water.
+
+Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw waterspouts around the
+_Winslow_, but she was not struck. Instead of running away, she upset
+calculations by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats, and
+Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white smoke puffs from the
+Spanish guns than he gave the word to the men already stationed at the two
+forward 1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot in the middle
+of the flotilla.
+
+On plunged the _Winslow_ to within fifteen hundred yards of the gunboats,
+while the row raised by the rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling
+tattoo.
+
+The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this fierce onslaught,
+single-handed, and fired wildly. The _Winslow_ swung around broadside to,
+to bring her two after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and
+lost formation.
+
+The _Winslow_ soon manœuvred so that she was peppering at all three
+gunboats at once. The sea was very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat
+rolled so wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice, but
+despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire and the remarkable
+effectiveness of her guns demoralised all three opponents, which, after
+the _Winslow_ had fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back
+toward the shelter of the harbour.
+
+They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders, but were wild.
+Several shells passed over the _Winslow_. One exploded a hundred feet
+astern, but the others fell short.
+
+At last a 1-pounder from the _Winslow_ went fair and true, and struck the
+hull of the _Lopez_ a little aft of amidships, apparently exploding on the
+inside.
+
+The _Winslow_ men yelled. The _Lopez_ stopped, evidently disabled, while
+one of her comrades went to her assistance. By this time the Spanish boats
+had retreated nearly inside, where they could not be followed because of
+the mines. The _Lopez_ got under way slowly and limped homeward with the
+help of a towline from her consort.
+
+During this episode the _Machias_ had returned, and when within a two-mile
+range let fly two 4-inch shells from her starboard battery, which
+accelerated the Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back
+into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of the shore-battery.
+
+The Spanish gunboats that lured the _Winslow_ into the death-trap were the
+_Antonio Lopez_, _Lealtad_, and _Ligera_. During the fight the two former
+retreated behind the wharves, and the _Ligera_ behind the key. It was the
+_Antonio Lopez_ that opened fire on the _Winslow_ and decoyed her into the
+channel. The Spanish troops formed on the public square, not daring to go
+to the wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they furnished
+targets, and the women and children fled to Jovellanos.
+
+Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack _Santiago Apostal_ was
+captured by the U. S. S. _Newport_.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yale_ captured the Spanish steamer _Rita_ on the eighth, but
+did not succeed in getting the prize into port until the thirteenth. The
+_Rita_ was loaded with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico.
+
+The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the day. At Linates a crowd
+of women stormed the town hall and the civil guard fired upon them,
+killing twelve. _El Pais_, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid, was
+suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos and Alicante.
+
+_May 9._ Congress passed a joint resolution of thanks to Commodore Dewey;
+the House passed a bill increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to
+seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a sword, and a bronze
+memorative medal to each officer and man of his command.
+
+The record of the navy for the day was summed up in the capture of the
+fishing-smack _Fernandito_ by the U. S. S. _Vicksburg_, and the capture of
+the Spanish schooner _Severito_ by the U. S. S. _Dolphin_.
+
+The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was proclaimed in
+Catalonia.
+
+_May 10._ The steamer _Gussie_ sailed from Tampa, Florida, with two
+companies of the First Infantry, and munitions and supplies for Cuban
+insurgents.
+
+Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante the mob sacked and
+burned a bonded warehouse.
+
+_May 11._ Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak on the morning of May
+11th, were three telegraph cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood
+consisted of the cruiser _Marblehead_, which had been on the station three
+weeks, the gunboat _Nashville_, which had been there two weeks, and the
+converted revenue cutter _Windom_, which had arrived two days before. The
+station had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes with some Spanish
+gunboats, which occasionally ventured a very little way out of Cienfuegos
+Harbour. They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated, as usual,
+when fired on.
+
+Commander McCalla of the _Marblehead_, ranking officer, instructed
+Lieutenant Anderson to call for volunteers to cut the cable early on the
+morning of the eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser and
+the gunboat, and three times the desired number of men offered to serve.
+No one relented, even after repeated warnings that the service was
+especially dangerous.
+
+“I want you men to understand,” Anderson said, “that you are not ordered
+to do this work, and are not obliged to.”
+
+The men nearly tumbled over one another in their eagerness to be selected.
+In the end, the officer had simply the choice of the entire crew of the
+two ships.
+
+A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch containing six, were
+manned from each ship, and a guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder
+guns of the launches, were put on board. In the meantime the _Marblehead_
+had taken a position one thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado
+Point lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow entrance to
+Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable landing, and, with the
+_Nashville_ a little farther to the west, had begun shelling the beach.
+
+The shore there is low, and covered with a dense growth of high grass and
+reeds. The lighthouse stood on an elevation, behind which, as well as
+hidden in the long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits,
+some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders. These the Spaniards deserted as
+fast as the ships’ fire reached them. As the enemy’s fire slackened and
+died out, the boats were ordered inshore.
+
+They advanced in double column. The launches, under Lieutenant Anderson
+and Ensign McGruder of the _Nashville_, went ahead with their
+sharpshooters and gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters
+were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the men peering into the
+green water for a sight of the cables. At a distance of two hundred feet
+from shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent ahead.
+
+The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore. No sooner had
+the work of cutting it been begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the
+soldiers skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire guns
+through the high grass. The launches replied and the fire from the ships
+quickened, but although the Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every
+now and then they grew stronger.
+
+The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first cable, stowed it
+away for safety, and then grappled for the next. Meantime the Spaniards
+were firing low in an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of
+their shots fell short. The second cable was finally found, and the men
+with the pipe-cutters went to work on it.
+
+Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the cutters in position, and
+the first man wounded was one of these. No one else in the boat knew it,
+however, till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others took the
+cue from this, and there was not a groan or a complaint from the two
+boats, as the bullets, that were coming thicker and faster every minute,
+began to bite flesh.
+
+The men simply possessed themselves with heroic patience, and went on with
+the work. They did not even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish
+fire, but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard enough for all.
+
+The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a smaller one, was
+grappled and hoisted to the surface. The fire of the Spanish had reached
+its maximum. It was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were
+speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious, and exposed
+themselves in groups here and there.
+
+“Use shrapnel,” came the signal, and can after can exploded over the
+Spaniards, causing them to break and run to cover.
+
+This cover was a sort of fortification behind the lighthouse, and to this
+place they dragged a number of their machine guns, and again opened fire
+on the cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could not be answered
+so well from the launches, and the encouraged Spaniards fired all the
+oftener.
+
+Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a sound escape him. Like
+silent machines they worked, grimly hacking and tearing at the third
+cable. During half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind the
+lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant Anderson’s
+signal, the cable was dropped and the boats retreated.
+
+The work had lasted two hours and a half.
+
+The _Windom_, which had laid out of range with a collier, was now ordered
+in, and the surgeon called to attend the wounded. The _Windom_ was
+signalled to shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on before,
+according to the usages of international law. It had been used as a
+shelter by the Spaniards. The revenue cutter’s rapid-fire guns riddled the
+structure in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun, which was
+in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it fair, exploded, and toppled it
+over.
+
+With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards broke and ran again,
+the screaming shrapnel bursting all around them.
+
+At the fall of the lighthouse the _Marblehead_ signalled, “Well done,” and
+then a moment later, “Cease firing.”
+
+The only man killed instantly was a marine named Eagan. A sailor from one
+of the boats died of his wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of the
+_Nashville_ was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant Winslow was
+wounded in the hand.
+
+The list of casualties resulting from this display of heroism was two
+killed, two fatally and four badly wounded. The Spanish loss could not be
+ascertained, but it must necessarily have been heavy.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CHICAGO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+                          CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.
+
+
+_May 11._ The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour were silenced on May
+11th, and at the same time there was a display of heroism, on the part of
+American sailors, such as has never been surpassed.
+
+A plan of action having been decided upon, the _Wilmington_ arrived at the
+blockading station from Key West on the morning of the eleventh. She found
+there, off Piedras Bay, the cruiser _Machias_, the torpedo-boat _Winslow_,
+and the revenue cutter _Hudson_, which last carried two 6-pounders.
+Shortly after noon the _Wilmington_, _Winslow_, and _Hudson_ moved into
+the inner harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of the
+Spanish batteries on the water-front. The _Wilmington_ took a range of
+about twenty-five hundred yards.
+
+The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery in a stone fortification
+on the mole or quay, a battery of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with
+long-range rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire guns.
+
+Firing commenced at one o’clock, and when the Cardenas batteries were
+silenced at two in the afternoon, the _Wilmington_ had sent 376 shells
+into them and the town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times. She had
+aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and 110 from her 1-pounders, over six
+shots a minute.
+
+When the _Wilmington_ ceased firing she had moved up to within one
+thousand yards range of the Spanish guns, and there were only six inches
+of water under her keel. The _Wilmington_ draws nine feet of water forward
+and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings showed that she was almost
+touching, her guns were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a
+beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must have miscalculated her
+distance and misjudged her draught, else they would have done more
+effective work at a range of two thousand yards.
+
+During the engagement, when the commander of the _Winslow_ found that he
+could not approach close enough to the Spanish gunboats to use his
+torpedo-tubes to any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time he
+could have got out of harm’s way by taking shelter to the leeward of the
+_Wilmington_.
+
+Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower of the
+_Wilmington_, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for the torpedo-boat, do its
+deadly work. The shell struck the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on
+the deck of the _Winslow_. There is little room for men anywhere on a
+torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it is almost sure to hit a
+group. Such was the case in the _Winslow_. The exploding shell cost the
+lives of Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the craft by
+wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her captain and one of his crew
+were wounded by separate shots.
+
+  [Illustration: THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.]
+
+Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group of five died on the
+deck of the disabled torpedo-boat, and the other two died while being
+removed to the _Wilmington_.
+
+The signal, “Many wounded,” went up from the staff of the _Winslow_, and
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of the _Wilmington_ boarded the
+torpedo-boat.
+
+The _Hudson_ tied up to the _Winslow_ and towed her out of danger,
+escaping unscathed. The wounded men were tenderly cared for on the
+cruiser, and that night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay,
+bearing the dead and wounded to Key West.
+
+William O’Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the _Winslow’s_ crew, thus
+tells his story of the battle to a newspaper correspondent:
+
+“From the very beginning,” he said, “I think every man on the boat
+believed that we could not escape being sunk, and that is what would have
+happened had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the _Hudson_, who
+worked for over an hour under the most terrific fire to get us out of
+range.”
+
+“Were you ordered to go in there?” he was asked.
+
+“Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was given from the
+_Wilmington_.”
+
+“Was it a signal order?”
+
+“No; we were near enough to the _Wilmington_ so that they shouted it to us
+from the deck, through the megaphone.”
+
+“Do you remember the words of the commander who gave them?”
+
+“I don’t know who shouted the order; but the words as I remember them
+were, ‘Mr. Bagley, go in and see what gunboats there are.’ We started at
+once towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon after.
+
+“The first thing I saw,” continued O’Hearn, “was a shot fired from a
+window or door in the second story of the storehouse just back of the dock
+where the Spanish gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing over our
+heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat at the wharf, and from the
+shore. The effect of shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under
+fire is something terrible.
+
+“First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and then something seems
+to strike you in the face and head. I noticed that at first the boys threw
+their hands to their heads every time a shell went over; but they soon
+came so fast and so close that it was a roaring, shrieking, crashing hell.
+
+“I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but everybody went on deck
+when the battle began. John Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek,
+the firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained below they would
+not have been killed.
+
+“After the firing began I went below again to attend to the boiler, and a
+few minutes later a solid shot came crashing through the side of the boat
+and into the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy of the tubes.
+
+“At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in the boiler it threw both
+the furnace doors open, and the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was
+a terrible crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust and steam. For
+several seconds I was partially stunned, and my ears rang so I could hear
+nothing. I went up on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.
+
+“I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about with a towel wound
+around his left leg. He was shouting, and the noise of all the guns was
+like continuous thunder. ‘Captain,’ I cried, ‘the forward boiler is
+disabled. A shell has gone through it.’
+
+“‘Get out the hose,’ he said, and turned to the gun again. I made my way
+to the boiler-room, in a few minutes went up on the deck again, and the
+fighting had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were missing, and
+I looked around.
+
+“Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the starboard quarter, near the
+after conning-tower, I saw five of our men where they had wilted down
+after the shell struck them. In other places were men lying groaning, or
+dragging themselves about, wounded and covered with blood. There were big
+red spots on the deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.
+
+“I went to where the five men were lying, and saw that all were not dead.
+John Meek could speak and move one hand slightly. I put my face down close
+to his.
+
+“‘Can I do anything for you, John?’ I asked, and he replied, ‘No, Jack, I
+am dying; good-bye,’ and he asked me to grasp his hand. ‘Go help the
+rest,’ he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where Captain Bernadou
+was still firing the forward gun. The next minute he was dead.
+
+“Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn to pieces, and the bodies
+of the other three were on top of him. The coloured cook was a little
+apart from the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We supposed he
+was dead, and covered him up the same as the others. Nearly half an hour
+after that we heard him calling, and saw that he was making a slight
+movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and he said:
+
+“‘Oh, boys, for God’s sake move me. I am lying over the boiler and burning
+up.’
+
+“The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been almost roasted. He
+complained that his neck was cramped, but did not seem to feel his
+terrible wound. We moved him into an easier position, and gave him some
+water.
+
+“‘Thank you, sir,’ he said, and in five seconds he was dead.”
+
+Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a shot, which practically tore
+through his body. He sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the
+enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and placed him on the deck.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.]
+
+The young officer, realising that the wound was fatal, and that he had
+only a short time to live, allowed no murmur of complaint or cry of pain
+to escape him, but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply said:
+
+“Thank you, Reagan.”
+
+These were the last words he spoke.
+
+_May 12._ The forts of San Juan, the capital of Porto Rico, were bombarded
+by a portion of Rear-Admiral Sampson’s fleet on Thursday morning, May
+12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the battle-ships _New
+York_, _Iowa_, _Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_ and _Montgomery_, and the
+monitors _Terror_ and _Amphitrite_.
+
+The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15 A. M., resulting in a loss
+to the Americans of one killed and seven wounded, and the death of one
+from prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported by cable to
+Madrid, was five killed and forty-three wounded.
+
+Admiral Sampson’s orders were to refrain from making any land attack so
+long as the batteries on shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in
+case the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the offending
+fortifications.
+
+These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire at different Cuban
+ports became so irritating to the American bluejackets that discipline
+was, in a measure, threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they
+were no longer to remain passive targets for the Spaniards, but were to
+return any shots against them, all grumbling against inaction ceased.
+
+It was not Admiral Sampson’s original intention to attack San Juan. He was
+looking for bigger game than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His
+orders from the Navy Department were to find and capture or destroy the
+Spanish squadron that was en route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was
+this business that took him into the neighbourhood of San Juan, he being
+desirous of learning if the Spanish squadron were there.
+
+The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on Thursday. The tug
+_Wampatuck_ was ordered to take soundings in the channel, and at once
+proceeded to do so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when she
+entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept the lead going at a
+lively rate.
+
+It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention at that time of
+entering the harbour itself, his object, when he found that the Spanish
+squadron was not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly how
+much water there was in the channel, and if any attempt had been made to
+block the way.
+
+At all events, while the _Wampatuck_ was engaged in this work she was seen
+by the sentries at the Morro, and a few minutes later was fired on.
+
+Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson determine to teach the
+Spaniards a lesson regarding the danger of firing on the American flag.
+
+“Quarters!” rang out aboard the war-ships almost before the report of the
+Morro gun had died away, the flag-ship having signalled for action.
+
+The _Iowa_ opened the bombardment with her big 12-inch gun, the missile
+striking Morro Castle squarely, and knocking a great hole in the masonry.
+
+Then the _Indiana_ sent a 13-inch projectile from the forward turret, and
+one after the other, with but little loss of time, the remaining vessels
+of the fleet aided in the work of destruction.
+
+The French war-ship _Admiral Rigault de Genoailly_ was at anchor in the
+harbour, and a shell exploded within a few hundred feet of where she lay,
+but worked no injury.
+
+The French officers thus reported the action:
+
+“The American gunners were generally accurate in their firing, while the
+marksmanship of the Spaniards was inferior. Some of the American shells,
+however, passed over the fortifications into the city, where they did
+terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of buildings before
+exploding, and there killing many citizens.
+
+“The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly masses of masonry
+were blown skyward by the shells from the American guns. Fragments from
+one shell struck the commandante’s residence, which was situated near the
+fortifications, damaging it terrifically.”
+
+Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the guns of the fleet were
+turned on the land-batteries and the fortifications near the government
+buildings.
+
+The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the volunteers,
+panic-stricken, ran frantically in every direction, discharging their
+weapons at random, until they were a menace to all within possible range.
+The crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy guns, the
+shrieks of the terrified and groans of the wounded, formed a horrible
+accompaniment to the work of destruction.
+
+Three times the line of American ships passed from the entrance of the
+harbour to the extreme eastward battery, sending shot and shell into the
+crumbling forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles struck, but the
+smoke hung over everything. The shells screeching overhead and dropping
+around were the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their guns.
+
+At 7.45 A. M. Admiral Sampson signalled, “Cease firing.”
+
+“Retire” was sounded on the _Iowa_, and she headed from the shore.
+
+The _Terror_ was the last ship in the line, and, failing to see the
+signal, banged away alone for about half an hour, the concert of shore
+guns roaring at her and the water flying high around her from the
+exploding shells. But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly
+retired at 8.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.]
+
+_May 13._ In the Spanish Cortes, Señor Molinas, deputy for Porto Rico,
+protested against the bombardment of San Juan without notice, as an
+infringement of international usage.
+
+To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the conduct of the
+Americans was “vandalism,” and that the government “will bring their
+outrageous action under the notice of the powers.” He echoed Señor
+Molinas’s eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish troops and marines, and
+promised that the government would send its thanks.
+
+An authority on international law thus comments upon the bombardment, in
+the columns of the New York _Sun_:
+
+“There is nothing in the laws of war which requires notice of bombardment
+to be given to a fortified place, during the progress of war. When the
+Germans threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months ago, they gave
+a notice of a few hours, but in that case no state of war existed. Again,
+when Spain bombarded Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour’s interval was allowed
+between the blank charge that gave the notice, and the actual bombardment.
+But that interval was intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the
+specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish flag, in atonement
+for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso was wholly unfortified, and the guns
+were directed, not at military works, but at public buildings.
+
+“The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities had been going on in
+Gulf waters for weeks, while, as Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on
+international law, says, ‘In case of war, the very fact of a place being
+fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack, and the
+non-combatants residing within its limits must be prepared for a
+contingency of this kind.’ This is true, also, of the investment of
+fortified places by armies, where ‘if the assault is made, no notice is
+given, as surprise is essential to success.’ In the same spirit Halleck
+says that ‘every besieged place is for a time a military garrison; its
+inhabitants are converted into soldiers by the necessities of
+self-defence.’
+
+“Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson, we find him saying
+that, as soon as it was light enough, he began ‘an attack upon the
+batteries defending the city. This attack lasted about three hours, and
+resulted in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a portion of
+the city adjacent to the batteries.’ It is, therefore, clear that this
+latter damage was simply the result of the proximity of the defensive
+works to some of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding
+Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards, if they suddenly appeared
+in New York Bay, would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on
+Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that adjacent settlements
+would suffer from the fire? The advantage of suddenness in the attack upon
+a place, not only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot be
+renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works know what they risk in
+war.
+
+“In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were repeated instances, according
+to the authority already quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns
+instead of on their fortifications, and ‘there were cases, like that of
+Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed while the ramparts were
+nearly intact.’ The ground taken was that which a military writer, General
+Le Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the pressure for
+surrender exercised by the people becomes greater on subjecting them to
+the loss of life and property. ‘The governor is made responsible for all
+the disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and his own troops
+seek to compel him to an immediate capitulation.’ At San Juan there was no
+attempt of this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries, with
+the single view of destroying them. The likelihood that adjacent buildings
+and streets would suffer did not require previous notice of the
+bombardment, and, in fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without
+notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals, Bismarck
+simply replied that no such notification was required by the laws of war.”
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+                            FROM ALL QUARTERS.
+
+
+_May 11._ A state of siege proclaimed throughout Spain. In a dozen cities
+or more continued rioting and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between
+Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division of the Spanish
+navy, consisting of the battle-ship _Pelayo_, the armoured cruiser _Carlos
+V._, the protected cruiser _Alphonso XIII._, the converted cruisers
+_Rapido_ and _Patria_, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz Harbour.
+
+_May 12._ The story of an attempt to land American troops in Cuba is thus
+told by one of the officers of the steamer _Gussie_, which vessel left
+Tampa on the tenth.
+
+“In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first U. S. Infantry on the
+shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon, with five hundred rifles, sixty
+thousand rounds of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents,
+the first land fight of the war took place. Each side may claim a victory,
+for if the Spaniards frustrated the effort to connect with the insurgents,
+the Americans got decidedly the better of the battle, killing twelve or
+more of the enemy, and on their own part suffering not a wound.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.]
+
+“After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel steamer _Gussie_ of
+the Morgan line, with troops and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban
+coast. At sunrise she fell in with the gunboat _Vicksburg_ on the blockade
+off Havana. Other blockading vessels came up also. The converted revenue
+cutter _Manning_, Captain Munger, was detailed to convoy the _Gussie_,
+and, three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.
+
+“The Cuban guides on the _Gussie_ took their machetes to a grindstone on
+the hurricane-deck. Our soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their
+long knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge of these
+barbarous instruments with his thumb.
+
+“By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish troops were gathered.
+Several shots were fired by the gunboat _Manning_, and presently no troops
+were visible. It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of
+water was not favourable.
+
+“Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the _Gussie_ anchored, the _Manning_
+covering the landing-place with her guns, and the torpedo-boat _Wasp_ came
+up eager to assist. The first American soldier to step on the Cuban shore
+from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton, Captain O’Connor with the
+first boatload having gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw the
+men out, and they stumbled through the water up to their breasts. When
+they reached dry land they immediately went into the bush to form a
+picket-line. Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when suddenly a
+rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp firing, warned the men that the
+enemy had been in waiting.
+
+“The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships, and the _Manning_
+fired into the woods beyond our picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the
+air like hot iron plunged in water. The _Wasp_ opened with her small guns.
+The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted a quarter of an hour; then our
+pickets appeared, the ships circled around, and, being told by Captain
+O’Connor, who had come from shore with the clothing torn from one leg,
+where the Spaniards were, a hundred shots more were fired in that
+direction.
+
+“‘Anybody hurt, captain?’ some one asked.
+
+“‘None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,’ he shouted back.
+
+“The soldiers on board the _Gussie_ heard the news without a word, but
+learning where the enemy were situated, gathered aft on the upper deck,
+and sent volleys toward the spot.
+
+“The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept along the beach, but the
+Spaniards had drawn back. It was decided that the soldiers should reëmbark
+on the _Gussie_, and that the guides take the horses, seek the insurgents,
+and make a new appointment. They rode off to the westward, and disappeared
+around a point.
+
+“‘Say,’ shouted a man from Company G after them, ‘you forgot your
+grindstone.’”
+
+_May 12._ On Thursday morning, May 12th, the gunboat _Wilmington_ stood in
+close to the coast, off the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters.
+
+She had come for a specific purpose, which was to avenge the _Winslow_,
+and not until she was within range of the gunboats that had decoyed the
+_Winslow_ did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which had opened
+on the American boat with such deadly effect, was covered by the
+_Wilmington’s_ guns.
+
+There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was there to teach the
+Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and set about the task without delay.
+
+The town is three miles distant from the gulf entrance to the harbour,
+therefore no time need be wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were
+in little or no danger.
+
+During two weeks troops had been gathering near about Cardenas to protect
+it against American invasion; masked batteries were being planted,
+earthworks thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no lack of
+targets.
+
+Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the _Wilmington_ opened fire from
+her 4-inch guns, throwing shells here, there, everywhere; but more
+particularly in the direction of that masked battery which had trained its
+guns on the _Winslow_, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken, hearing a
+death-knell in the sighing, whistling missiles, fled in mad terror, the
+gunboats’ machine guns were called into play.
+
+It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the American sailors’
+vengeance was completely destroyed. Not a gun remained mounted, not a man
+was alive, save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment was
+terrible, but complete.
+
+Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had believed they might with
+impunity open fire on any craft flying the American flag; but now they
+began to understand that such sport was in the highest degree dangerous.
+
+During a full hour—and in that time nearly three hundred shells had been
+sent on errands of destruction—the _Wilmington_ continued her bombardment
+of the defences.
+
+When the work was completed two gunboats had been sunk so quickly that
+their crews had no more than sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were
+converted into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse was consumed by
+flames, and signal-stations, masked batteries, and forts were in ruins.
+
+While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did their best to bring it
+to a close; but despite all efforts the _Wilmington_ was unharmed. There
+was absolutely no evidence of conflict about her when she finally steamed
+away, save such as might have been read on the smoke-begrimed faces of the
+hard-worked but triumphant and satisfied crew.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL SCHLEY.]
+
+_May 13._ An English correspondent, cabling from Hongkong regarding the
+Spaniards in the Philippine Islands, made the following statement:
+
+“They are in a position to give the Americans a deal of trouble. There are
+twenty-five thousand Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one
+hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting steamers are
+imprisoned on the river Pasig, which is blocked at the mouth by some
+sunken schooners.
+
+“Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me that, according to his
+despatches, a flag of truce is flying over Manila, and the people are
+allowed to proceed freely to and from the ships in the harbour.
+
+“The Americans are on duty night and day on the lookout for boats which
+endeavour to run the blockade with food supplies. The hospital is
+supported by the Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big
+battle-ship _Pelayo_ is coming, and will demolish the Americans in ten
+minutes.”
+
+On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron, Commodore W. S. Schley
+commanding, set sail from Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The
+following vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser _Brooklyn_, the
+flag-ship, the battle-ships _Massachusetts_ and _Texas_, and the
+torpedo-boat destroyer _Scorpion_. The _Sterling_, with 4,000 tons of
+coal, was the collier of the squadron. At eight o’clock in the evening the
+_Minneapolis_ followed, and Captain Sigsbee of the _St. Paul_ received
+orders to get under way at midnight.
+
+_May 14._ Eleven steamers, chartered by the government as troop-ships,
+sailed from New York for Key West. At San Francisco, the cruiser
+_Charleston_, with supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey’s fleet
+at Manila, had been made ready for sea.
+
+At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy in preparing for the
+expected siege by American forces. The city and forts were reported as
+being provisioned sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was
+surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty miles. The troops in
+the garrison numbered seventy thousand, and a like number were in the
+interior fighting the insurgents.
+
+The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had grown steadily worse.
+The mortality increased among this wretched class, who had taken to
+begging morsels of food.
+
+Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew that the Spanish fleet
+was annihilated at Manila, and the story was believed that the Americans
+were beaten there.
+
+At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Señor Bores asked the government to
+inform the house of the condition of the Philippines. After the
+pacification of the islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and
+Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion, he asked, or a
+continuation of the old one? If it was a continuation of the old
+rebellion, then General Prima de Rivera’s pacification of the islands had
+been a perfect fraud. General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the
+old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one, he said, arose from
+the incitements of the Americans.
+
+Señor Bores retorted that he had received a private letter from the
+Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to the arising of any fear of war
+with the United States, giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there,
+and passengers arriving by the steamer _Leon III._ had told similar
+stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops in the Philippines were in a
+terrible condition, being between two fires, the natives and the
+Americans. Señor Bores’s remarks created a profound sensation.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_ was reported as being ready to sail from San
+Francisco for Manila. Three hundred sailors and marines to reinforce
+Admiral Dewey’s fleet were to be sent on the cruiser.
+
+The U. S. S. _Oregon_, _Marietta_, and _Nictheroy_ arrived at Bahia,
+Brazil.
+
+The Spanish torpedo-boat _Terror_, of the Cape Verde fleet, reported as
+yet remaining at Port de France, Martinique.
+
+A press correspondent gives the following spirited account, under the date
+of May 14th, of a second attempt to entice the American blockading
+squadron within range of the Santa Clara battery guns:
+
+“Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset to-night, attempted to
+execute a ruse, which, if successful, would have cleared the front of
+Havana of six ships on that blockading station.
+
+“Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the tactics of the spider,
+and cunningly planned to draw the prey into his net, but, though a clever
+and pretty scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a
+repetition of the trick by which the gunboat _Vicksburg_ and the little
+converted revenue cutter _Morrill_ were last week decoyed by a
+fishing-smack under the big Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.
+
+“Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion managed to get out of
+range without being sunk, though some of the shells burst close aboard,
+and the _Vicksburg’s_ Jacob’s-ladder was cut adrift.
+
+“Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station were dumfounded to
+see two vessels steam out of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was
+streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a glance showed that
+they were under full head of steam.
+
+“By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the _Mayflower_, which was flying
+the pennant, made out the larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred
+feet long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement, to be the
+cruiser _Alphonso XII._, and the small one to be the gunboat _Legaspi_,
+both of which were known to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.
+
+“At first he supposed that they were taking advantage of the absence of
+the heavy fighting-ships, and were making a bona-fide run for the open
+sea.
+
+“As superior officer, he immediately signalled the other war-ships on the
+station, the _Vicksburg_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, _Tecumseh_, and _Osceola_.
+The little squadron gave chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a
+running fire as they advanced. The _Alphonso_ and her consort circled
+inshore about five miles below Havana, and headed back for Morro Castle.
+
+“Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet did not follow them
+in. Commander Lilly saw that the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in
+under the guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery officers
+could plot out the exact range with their telemeters. So the return was
+made in line ahead, parallel with the shore.
+
+“Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his ships came abreast of Santa
+Clara battery the big guns opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance
+of about five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than half the
+missiles overshot the mark, and others fell short, some as much as a mile.
+
+“The big _Alphonso_ and her convoy steamed swiftly from the dark shadow of
+the harbour’s mouth, and, turning sharply east, ran along the coast as
+though to slip through the cordon of blockade.
+
+“It was a bold trick and not at first transparent, although the folly of
+it created a suspicion.
+
+“The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood along the coast as long as
+they dared, to give zest to the chase. The _Mayflower_ signalled her
+consorts, ‘Close in and charge.’
+
+“Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the Spaniards veered about,
+and, bringing their stern-chasers to bear on the Americans, doubled back
+for Morro.
+
+“Two of the shells from the _Vicksburg_ burst in the rigging of the
+_Alphonso_, and some of it came down, but it was, of course, impossible to
+know whether any fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more
+accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter fell short of
+their pursuers.
+
+“The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships fully four miles out,
+when flame leaped from the batteries of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds
+of white smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull, heavy
+roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason of an organ on high treble
+of smaller guns. It was from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there,
+and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half a mile inside of
+the American line, throwing up a tower of white spray. It ricochetted and
+struck again half a mile outside.
+
+“The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure of their plot, the
+Spaniards continued to fire at intervals of about ten minutes. In all,
+thirteen shots were fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of
+our ships.
+
+“As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly signalled, and his fleet
+stood offshore. Captain McKensie, on the bridge of the _Vicksburg_,
+watched the fall of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste
+ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire of the men at the
+guns, however, by letting go a final broadside at the Spanish ships, in
+the chance hope of making them pay for their daring before they gained the
+harbour, but they steamed under Morro’s guns untouched, and, as they
+disappeared, discharged several guns.
+
+“Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that moment by the
+_Annapolis_, which dropped inside the harbour, probably creating
+consternation among scores of boats on the water-front.”
+
+_May 15._ The Spanish cruisers _Maria Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante
+Oquendo_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and torpedo-boat destroyers, which
+arrived off the port of Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after
+having purchased coal and provisions.
+
+The flying squadron under command of Commodore Schley arrived off
+Charleston, S. C.
+
+Admiral Sampson’s squadron passed Cape Haytien.
+
+All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have resigned.
+
+A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May 15th, describes the
+inhabitants of the island as living in constant fear of a renewal of the
+bombardment of San Juan by Admiral’s Sampson’s fleet. There are no
+submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally unprotected
+condition of the place is a cause of much anxiety.
+
+_May 16._ Freeman Halstead, an American newspaper correspondent, arrested
+at San Juan de Porto Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the
+fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal to nine years’
+imprisonment.
+
+In a general order issued at the War Department, the assignments to the
+different corps and other important commands were announced. The order is
+as follows:
+
+“The following assignments of general officers to command is hereby made
+by the President:
+
+“Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., the Department of the Pacific.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., the first corps and the Department of
+the Gulf.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U. S. Volunteers, the second corps, with
+headquarters at Falls Church, Va.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U. S. Volunteers, the third corps, reporting to
+Major-General Brooke, Chickamauga.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U. S. Volunteers, the fourth corps, Mobile,
+Ala.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. Volunteers, the fifth corps, Tampa,
+Fla.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. Volunteers, to report to Major-General
+Merritt, U. S. A., for duty with troops in the Department of the Pacific.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. Volunteers, the sixth corps,
+Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General Brooke.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, the seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.
+
+“Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U. S. Volunteers, the cavalry division,
+Tampa, Fla.”
+
+Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain Goodrich of the _St.
+Louis_, on May 15th, to take the fleet tender in tow and proceed to
+Santiago de Cuba to cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements
+were secured from the tug _Wampatuck_ on May 16th, and at eleven P. M. the
+expedition, in the small boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of
+Santiago. It was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago light was
+burning brightly. Moonrise was not until 3.45 A. M. At three A. M. on May
+17th the expedition returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to
+find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and was protected by
+two patrol-boats. Then a start was made to cut the cable on the other side
+of the island. At seven A. M. the _St. Louis_ fired her first gun at the
+forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and after a little time
+the fire was returned by what must have been a 2-pounder.
+
+At eight A. M. the _St. Louis_ was about two miles distant from the fort,
+which seemed to be unprovided with modern guns. After three hours
+grappling in over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been found. At
+12.15 P. M. the guns of Morro Castle opened fire, followed by the shore
+battery on the southerly point, and also the west battery. The _St.
+__Louis_ kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and soon succeeded in
+silencing the guns of Morro Castle, the Spaniards running in all
+directions.
+
+Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship. Shells from the
+mortar battery went over the cruiser and exploded in the water quite close
+to the _St. Louis_. The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 P. M., after a
+fusilade of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was grappled, hauled
+on board, and cut.
+
+_May 17._ The Spanish squadron reported as yet remaining at Cadiz.
+
+The U. S. S. _Wilmington_ had a slight action with a Spanish gunboat off
+the Cuban coast, during which the latter was disabled.
+
+_May 18._ The U. S. cruiser _Charleston_ left San Francisco for the
+Philippines with supplies for Commodore Dewey’s fleet.
+
+_May 19._ By cable from Madrid it was learned that the Spanish fleet had
+arrived at Santiago de Cuba.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_, which sailed for Manila, returned to Mare Island
+navy yard with her condensers out of order.
+
+_May 21._ An order was despatched to San Francisco to prepare the
+_Monterey_ for a voyage to Manila, where she would join Commodore Dewey’s
+fleet. The _Monterey_ is probably the most formidable monitor in the
+world; technically described she is a barbed turret, low freeboard monitor
+of four thousand tons displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam,
+and fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two turrets,
+surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and two 10-inch guns, while on her
+superstructure, between the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four
+1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven and one-half and eight
+inches thick, and the surrounding barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven
+and one-half inches of steel.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTEREY.]
+
+One of the most important prizes captured during the war was taken by the
+U. S. S. _Minneapolis_ off the eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the
+Spanish brig _Santa Maria de Lourdes_, loaded with coal, ammunition, arms,
+and supplies for Admiral Cervera.
+
+Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a large quantity of arms
+and ammunition, sailed for a point about twenty-five miles east of Havana,
+on the steamer _Florida_. These men and their equipment constituted an
+expedition able to operate independently, and to defend itself against any
+body of Spanish troops which might oppose it.
+
+The _Florida_ returned to Key West on the thirty-first, after having
+successfully landed the ammunition and men.
+
+_May 22._ The U. S. S. _Charleston_ again left San Francisco, bound for
+Manila.
+
+_May 25._ The U. S. S. _St. Paul_ captured the British steamer
+_Restormel_, loaded with coal, off Santiago de Cuba. The prize is a long,
+low tramp collier belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She
+left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared, with
+twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest grade of Cardiff coal consigned to
+a Spanish firm in San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was
+supposed to make its first stop.
+
+“When we reached San Juan,” said the captain of the _Restormel_, “the
+consignees told me very curtly that the persons for whom the coal was
+destined were in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had been
+declared. I began to suspect that the coal was going to Cervera’s fleet,
+but my Spanish consignees said it would be all right. They told me not to
+ask any questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I did so,
+placing my cargo under orders.
+
+“The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer. He said there had been
+another change of base, and that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba.
+I tried to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the cables had
+been cut. Under the circumstances there was nothing for me to do but to go
+to Santiago. By this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo was
+for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made a contraband of war, so I
+wasn’t a bit surprised when the _St. Paul_ brought us to, with a shot,
+three and a half miles from shore.”
+
+In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the coal, and release the
+steamer.
+
+The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand men.
+
+Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for
+Manila.
+
+_May 26._ The battle-ship _Oregon_, which left San Francisco March 19th,
+arrived at Key West.
+
+_May 27._ The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived at San Juan de Porto
+Rico.
+
+_May 28._ From Commodore Dewey the following cablegram was received:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                “CAVITE, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.
+
+“_Secretary Navy, Washington_:—No change in the situation of the blockade.
+Is effective. It is impossible for the people of Manila to buy provisions,
+except rice.
+
+“The captain of the _Olympia_, Gridley, condemned by medical survey. Is
+ordered home. Leaves by Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong
+the twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander of the
+_Olympia_.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 29._ Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order formally announcing
+that he had taken command of the Philippine forces and expeditions.
+
+_May 31._ United States troops board transports for Cuba.
+
+The beginning of June saw the opening of the first regular campaign of the
+war, and it is eminently proper the operations around and about Santiago
+de Cuba be told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any further
+attempt at giving the news from the various parts of the world in
+chronological order.
+
+Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign, as are worthy a
+place in history, will be set down in regular sequence after certain deeds
+of the boys of ’98 have been related in such detail as is warranted by the
+heroism displayed.
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+                         HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.
+
+
+_May 29._ The blockading fleet, under command of Commodore Schley, off
+Santiago de Cuba, was composed of the _Brooklyn_, _Iowa_, _Massachusetts_,
+_Texas_, _New Orleans_, _Marblehead_, and _Vixen_.
+
+At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the deck on board the _Texas_
+saw, by aid of his night-glass, two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers
+stealing out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the shadows of
+the land.
+
+As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel’s search-lights were turned
+full on, and at the same moment the sleeping crew were awakened.
+
+It was known beyond a question that the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was hidden within the harbour, not daring to come boldly out while
+the blockading squadron was so strong, and the first thought of men as
+well as officers, when these stealthily moving vessels were sighted, was
+that the Spaniards were making a desperate effort to escape from the trap
+they had voluntarily entered.
+
+The search-lights of the _Texas_ revealed the fact that the two strangers
+were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire was opened upon them instantly.
+
+With the report of the first gun the call to quarters was sounded on all
+the other ships, and a dozen rays of blinding light flashed here and there
+across the entrance to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly
+illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever set sail could not
+have come out unobserved.
+
+The same report which aroused the squadron told the Spaniards that their
+purpose was no longer a secret, and the two torpedo-boats were headed for
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Texas_, running at full speed in the hope of
+discharging their tubes before the fire should become too heavy.
+
+The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a warm and immediate
+reception. It was as if every gun on board both the _Brooklyn_ and _Texas_
+was in action within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted, and
+there remained nothing for the venturesome craft save to seek the shelter
+of the harbour again, fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed
+them.
+
+_May 31._ The U. S. S. _Marblehead_, cruising inshore to relieve the
+monotony of blockading duties, discovered that lying behind the batteries
+at the mouth of Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers.
+
+When this fact was reported to the commodore he decided to tempt the
+Spanish fleet into a fight, and at the same time discover the location of
+the masked batteries. In pursuance of this plan he transferred his flag
+from the _Brooklyn_ to the more heavily armed _Massachusetts_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.]
+
+Two hours after noon the _Massachusetts_, _New Orleans_, and _Iowa_, in
+the order named, and not more than a cable length apart, steamed up to the
+harbour mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle.
+
+Two miles out to sea lay the _Brooklyn_, _Texas_, and other ships of the
+blockading fleet awaiting the summons which should bring them into the
+fight; but none came.
+
+The _Massachusetts_ opened fire first, taking the Spanish flag-ship for
+its target. An 8-inch shell was the missile, and it fell far short of its
+mark. Then the big machine tried her 13-inch guns.
+
+The _Cristobal Colon_ and four batteries—two on the east side, one on the
+west, and one on an island in the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10
+and 12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes, eights and
+thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular, but not effective on either side.
+
+The American fleet steamed across before the batteries at full speed;
+circled, and passed again. Both sides had found the range by the time of
+the second passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots burst directly
+over the _Iowa_, three fell dangerously near the _New Orleans_, and one
+sprayed the bow of the _Massachusetts_.
+
+After half an hour both forts on the east and the one on the island were
+silenced. Five minutes later our ships ceased firing. The western battery
+and the Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes longer, but
+their work was ineffective.
+
+_June 1._ Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the _New York_ as his flag-ship, and
+accompanied by the _Oregon_, the _Mayflower_, and the torpedo-boat
+_Porter_, joined Commodore Schley’s squadron off Santiago on the first of
+June.
+
+A naval officer with the squadron summed up the situation in a
+communication to his friend at home:
+
+“Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson’s plan of campaign, our ships
+form a cordon about the entrance of Santiago Harbour to prevent the
+possible egress of the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy
+enough to attempt to cut his way out.”
+
+The officers of the blockading squadron were well informed as to the
+situation ashore. Communication with the Cubans had been established, and
+it was known that a line of insurgents had been drawn around Santiago, in
+order that they might be of assistance when the big war-vessels had struck
+the first blow.
+
+The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known despite the vigilance
+of the enemy, and it was no secret that within the narrow neck of the
+channel, which at the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet
+wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted.
+
+A report from one of the newspaper correspondents, under date of June 1st,
+was as follows:
+
+“So far as has been ascertained, there are three new batteries on the west
+side of the entrance. These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.
+
+“The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned with the glasses.
+Cayo Smith, a small island which lies directly beyond the entrance, is
+fortified, and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences at the
+right of the entrance, are Estrella battery and St. Carolina fort. Further
+up the bay, guarding the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco
+battery.
+
+“The first are of stone, and were constructed in the early sixties. St.
+Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The guns in Morro Castle and Estrella
+are of old pattern, 18 and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered
+were it not for the great height of the fortifications, which would enable
+these weapons to deliver a plunging fire.
+
+“Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the left of the entrance. On
+Cayo Smith and at Blanco battery there are also four modern guns. The
+mines in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the forts and
+batteries, which must increase the effectiveness of the enemy’s fire, and
+at the same time decrease that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the
+Spanish fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost
+impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it would be folly to
+attempt to force its passage with our ships.
+
+“But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is being considered to
+drive in the cork. If that is done, the next news may be a thrilling story
+of closing the harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave
+the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready to hoist the white
+flag.”
+
+“To drive in the cork,” was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral Sampson’s
+heart, and he at once went into consultation with his officers as to how
+it could best be done. One plan after another was discussed and rejected,
+and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond Pearson Hobson proposed that
+the big collier _Merrimac_, which then had on board about six hundred tons
+of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a manner as to completely
+block it.
+
+The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain death for those who
+should attempt to carry it out as proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however,
+claimed that, if the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed to
+take command of the enterprise.
+
+The end to be attained was so great that Admiral Sampson decided that the
+lives of six or seven men could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage
+to be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that his services were
+accepted; the big steamer was at his disposal to do with as he saw fit.
+
+_June 11._ The preliminary work of this desperate undertaking was a strain
+upon the officers and men. On Wednesday morning the preparations to
+scuttle the _Merrimac_ in the channel were commenced. All day long crews
+from the _New York_ and _Brooklyn_ were on board the collier, never
+resting in their efforts to prepare her. She lay alongside the
+_Massachusetts_, discharging coal, when the work was first begun.
+
+The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly through the fleet,
+and it soon became known that volunteers were needed for a desperate
+undertaking. From the _Iowa’s_ signal-yard quickly fluttered the
+announcement that she had 140 volunteers, and the other ships were not far
+behind. On the _New York_ the enthusiasm was intense. Over two hundred
+members of the crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and face
+death. The junior officers literally tumbled over each other in their
+eagerness to get their names on the volunteer list.
+
+When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant Hobson were to go,
+there was much disappointment on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews
+worked on board the _Merrimac_; and the other ships, as they passed the
+collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant Hobson paid a brief visit
+to the flag-ship shortly before midnight, and then returned to the
+_Merrimac_.
+
+While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson thus detailed his plan of
+action:
+
+“I shall go right into the harbour until about four hundred yards past the
+Estrella battery, which is behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can
+sink me before I reach somewhere near that point. The _Merrimac_ has seven
+thousand tons buoyancy, and I shall keep her full speed ahead. She can
+make about ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel is reached I
+shall put her helm hard aport, stop the engines, drop the anchors, open
+the sea connections, touch off the torpedoes, and leave the _Merrimac_ a
+wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as broad as the _Merrimac_
+is long. There are ten 8-inch improvised torpedoes below the water-line,
+on the _Merrimac’s_ port-side. They are placed on her side against the
+bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with each other by a wire under the
+ship’s keel. Each torpedo contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each
+torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should do their work in a
+minute, and it will be quick work even if done in a minute and a quarter.
+
+“On deck there will be four men and myself. In the engine-room there will
+be two other men. This is the total crew, and all of us will be in our
+underclothing, with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight packing
+strapped around our waists. Forward there will be a man on deck, and
+around his waist will be a line, the other end of the line being made fast
+to the bridge, where I will stand. By that man’s side will be an axe. When
+I stop the engines I shall jerk this cord, and he will thus get the signal
+to cut the lashing which will be holding the forward anchor. He will then
+jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy, which we shall tow
+astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys, and is unsinkable. In it are
+rifles. It is to be held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one at
+her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in the tow-line and pull
+the dingy to starboard. The next to leave the ship are the rest of the
+crew. The quartermaster at the wheel will not leave until after having put
+it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump overboard.
+
+  [Illustration: LIEUTENANT HOBSON.]
+
+“Down below, the man at the reversing gear will stop the engines, scramble
+up on deck, and get over the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the
+engine-room will break open the sea connections with a sledge-hammer, and
+will follow his leader into the water. This last step ensures the sinking
+of the _Merrimac_ whether the torpedoes work or not. By this time I
+calculate the six men will be in the dingy and the _Merrimac_ will have
+swung athwart the channel, to the full length of her three hundred yards
+of cable, which will have been paid out before the anchors are cut loose.
+Then, all that is left for me is to touch the button. I shall stand on the
+starboard side of the bridge. The explosion will throw the _Merrimac_ on
+her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York City will be able to
+raise her after that.”
+
+In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said:
+
+“I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us a bit, but the ships
+will throw their search-lights in the gunners’ faces, and they won’t see
+much of us. If we are torpedoed we should even then be able to make the
+desired position in the channel. It won’t be easy to hit us, and I think
+the men should be able to swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown
+up. But I don’t see that it makes much difference what I do. I have a fair
+chance of life either way. If our dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then
+try to swim for the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep together
+at all hazards. Then we may be able to make our way alongside, and perhaps
+get back to the ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the
+last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers, and our surrender
+will only take place as a last and almost uncontemplated emergency.”
+
+The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous enterprise were, after
+Lieutenant Hobson: George F. Phillips, machinist on the _Merrimac_;
+Francis Kelly, water tender on the _Merrimac_; Randolph Clausen, coxswain
+on the _New York_; George Charette, first-class gunner’s mate on the _New
+York_; Daniel Montague, first-class machinist on the _New York_; Osburn
+Deignan, coxswain on the _Merrimac_; J. C. Murphy, coxswain on the _Iowa_.
+
+_June 21._ At three o’clock in the morning the admiral and Flag Lieutenant
+Staunton got into the launch to make an inspection of the _Merrimac_. The
+working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers of the
+flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on the big black hull that was
+to form an impassable obstacle for Spain’s best ships.
+
+The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed their work on the
+_Merrimac_, but at last a boatload of men, black and tired out, came over
+to the flag-ship. Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been
+delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch.
+
+Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and nearly everybody thought it
+was too late for the attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody cried:
+
+“She is going in.”
+
+Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was seen heading straight
+for Morro Castle. A few moments later, however, she was recalled by
+Admiral Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to venture in at
+that hour. The _Merrimac_ did not return at once. Word came back:
+
+“Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on his course. He thinks he
+can make it.”
+
+The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect that the _Merrimac_ must
+return at once, and in due course of time the doomed collier slowly
+steamed back, her commander evidently disappointed with the order. All day
+Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and more elaborate
+preparations were made to carry out the mission of the _Merrimac_
+successfully. During these preparations Hobson was cool and confident,
+supervising personally every little detail.
+
+When, finally, he went on board the _Merrimac_ Thursday night, he had been
+without sleep since Wednesday morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands
+were black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at work in and
+about an engine-room for a long time. As he said good-bye, the lieutenant
+remarked that his only regret was that all of the _New York’s_ volunteers
+could not go with him.
+
+_June 3._ The hazardous voyage was begun at three o’clock Friday morning.
+The _Merrimac_ was lying to the westward. Under cover of the clouds over
+the moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her way to the eastward,
+followed by a steam launch from the _New York_, with the following crew on
+board: Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K. Peterson,
+coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the first class; J. Mullings, coal
+passer; G. L. Russell, machinist of the second class. In the launch were
+bandages and appliances for the wounded.
+
+From the crowded decks of the _New York_ nothing could be seen of the
+_Merrimac_ after she got under the shadow of the hills. For half an hour
+officers and men strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when,
+suddenly, the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro Castle, and then all
+on board the _New York_ knew the _Merrimac_ was nearing her end.
+
+The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro Castle answered quickly
+with more flashes, and for about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to
+leap across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too far away to hear
+the reports, and when the firing ceased it was judged that Hobson had
+blown up the _Merrimac_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW YORK.]
+
+During an hour the anxious watchers waited for daylight. Rear-Admiral
+Sampson and Captain Chadwick were on the bridge of the _New York_ during
+the entire time. At five o’clock thin streams of smoke were seen against
+the western shore, quite close to the Spanish batteries, and strong
+glasses made out the launch of the _New York_ returning to the flag-ship.
+
+Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a puff of smoke issued
+from a battery on the western arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far
+over the launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore kept up an
+irregular fire on the little craft. As the shells fell without hitting the
+object for which they were intended, the men on board the _New York_
+jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered their shipmates.
+
+At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but she did not have on
+board any of the _Merrimac’s_ crew. Cadet Powell reported that he had been
+unable to see any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had gone
+directly under the batteries, and only returned when he found his efforts
+were useless.
+
+He also reported that he had clearly seen the _Merrimac’s_ masts sticking
+up just where Hobson hoped to sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and
+well past the guns of Morro Castle.
+
+Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had with the officer whom
+it seemed certain had voluntarily gone to his death:
+
+“Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few hours, which was often
+interrupted. At a quarter before two he came on deck and made a final
+inspection, giving his last instructions. Then we had a little lunch.
+Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about half past two I took the men
+who were not going on the trip into the launch, and started for the
+_Texas_, the nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant
+engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I shook hands with
+Hobson last of all. He said:
+
+“‘Powell, watch the boat’s crew when we pull out of the harbour. We will
+be cracks, pulling thirty strokes to the minute.’
+
+“After leaving the _Texas_ I saw the _Merrimac_ steaming slowly in.
+
+“It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was quite visible. We
+followed about three-quarters of a mile astern. The _Merrimac_ stood about
+a mile to the westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning
+completely around, and finally heading to the east, she ran down and then
+turned in. We were then chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his
+bearings.
+
+“When Hobson was about two hundred yards from the harbour the first gun
+was fired, from the eastern bluff. We were then about half a mile
+offshore, and nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly. We
+steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the _Merrimac_ in the smoke which the
+wind carried offshore. It hung heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up
+the _Merrimac_ the western battery picked us up and commenced firing. They
+shot wild, however, and we ran in still farther to the shore until the
+gunners lost sight of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes on
+the _Merrimac_.
+
+“Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers, half a mile to the
+westward of Morro, keeping a sharp lookout for the boat or for swimmers,
+but saw nothing. Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but
+thinking that some one might have drifted out, we crossed in front of
+Morro and the mouth of the harbour, to the eastward.
+
+“At about five o’clock we crossed the harbour again, and stood to the
+westward. In passing we saw one spar of the _Merrimac_ sticking out of the
+water. We hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a mile, and
+then turned toward the _Texas_, when the batteries saw us and opened fire.
+It was then broad daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern,
+but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all she was worth,
+finally making the _New York_. The men behaved splendidly.”
+
+_June 3._ Later in the day a boat with a white flag put out from the
+harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded
+the _New York_, and informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had been
+captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant Hobson was not hurt. The
+Spanish admiral was so impressed with the courage of the _Merrimac’s_ crew
+that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact that they had not
+lost their lives, but were prisoners of war and could be exchanged.
+
+To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley said, as he stood on his
+flag-ship pointing towards Morro Castle:
+
+“History does not record an act of finer heroism than that of the gallant
+men who are prisoners over there. I watched the _Merrimac_ as she made her
+way to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I saw the perfect
+hell of fire that fell upon those devoted men. I did not think it possible
+one of them could have gone through it alive.
+
+“They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava over again without the
+means of defence which the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope
+without the power to cut his way out; but fortune once more favoured the
+brave, and I hope he will have the recognition and promotion he deserves.
+His name will live as long as the heroes of the world are remembered.”
+
+Admiral Sampson made the following report to the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“Permit me to call your especial attention to Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson.
+
+“As stated in a special telegram, before coming here I decided to make the
+harbour entrance secure against the possibility of egress by Spanish
+ships, by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier
+at that point.
+
+“Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional opinion as to a sure
+method of sinking the ship, he manifested the most lively interest in the
+problem. After several days’ consideration, he presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she
+reached the desired point in the channel. This plan we prepared for
+execution when we reached Santiago.
+
+“The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men and Mr. Hobson, who begged
+that it might be entrusted to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck
+for both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including the anchoring of
+the ship automatically. As soon as I reached Santiago, and I had the
+collier to work upon, the details were completed and diligently
+prosecuted, hoping to complete them in one day, as the moon and tide
+served best the first night after our arrival.
+
+“Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four o’clock arrived, and the
+preparation was scarcely completed. After a careful inspection of the
+final preparations, I was forced to relinquish the plan for that morning,
+as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged to try it at all hazards.
+
+“This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt start could be made.
+Nothing could have been more gallantly executed.
+
+“We waited impatiently after the firing by the Spaniards had ceased. When
+they did not reappear from the harbour at six o’clock, I feared that they
+had all perished. A steam launch, which had been sent in charge of Naval
+Cadet Powell to rescue the men, appeared at this time, coming out under a
+persistent fire of the batteries, but brought none of the crew.
+
+“A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship showed that the vessel
+_Merrimac_ had been sunk in the channel.
+
+“This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral Cervera came out under a
+flag of truce, with a letter from the admiral, extolling the bravery of
+the crew in an unusual manner.
+
+“I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave or
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.
+
+“Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed to the officers at
+the beginning of the war, I am sure you will offer a suitable professional
+reward to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that Commander J. M.
+Miller relinquished his command with the very greatest reluctance,
+believing he should retain his command under all circumstances.
+
+  [Illustration: HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.]
+
+“He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt of another person to
+carry out the multitude of details which had been in preparation by Mr.
+Hobson might endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the liberty
+to relieve him, for this reason only.
+
+“There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious to participate. There
+were a hundred and fifty men from the _Iowa_, nearly as many from this
+ship, and large numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.
+
+                                                          “W. T. SAMPSON.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave comrades exchanged,
+and then to his messmates the gallant lieutenant told the story of his
+perilous voyage on that morning of June 4th:
+
+“I did not miss the entrance to the harbour,” he said, “as Cadet Powell in
+the launch supposed. I headed east until I got my bearings, and then made
+for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was grand, flashing out first
+from one side of the harbour and then from the other, from those big guns
+on the hill, the _Vizcaya_, lying inside the harbour, joining in.
+
+“Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the news of the _Merrimac’s_
+coming was telegraphed, and soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing
+wildly across, and killing each other with the cross-fire.
+
+“The _Merrimac’s_ steering-gear broke as she got to Estrella Point. Only
+three of the torpedoes on her side exploded when I touched the button. A
+huge submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the water high in
+the air, and tearing a great rent in her side.
+
+“Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing to the work done by the
+mine, she began to sink slowly. At that time she was across the channel,
+but before she settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft, lying
+on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around. Six-inch shells from the
+_Vizcaya_ came tearing into the _Merrimac_, crashing into wood and iron,
+and passing clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts broke
+through her deck.
+
+“‘Not a man must move,’ I said, and it was only owing to the splendid
+discipline of the men that we all were not killed, as the shells rained
+over us, and the minutes became hours of suspense. The men’s mouths became
+parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I told them. Now and again,
+one or the other of the men, lying with his face glued to the deck and
+wondering whether the next shell might not come our way, would say,
+‘Hadn’t we better drop off now, sir?’ But I said, ‘Wait till daylight.’
+
+“It would have been impossible to get the catamaran anywhere but on to the
+shore, where the soldiers stood shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we
+might be recognised and saved.
+
+“The grand old _Merrimac_ kept sinking. I wanted to go forward and see the
+damage done there, where nearly all the fire was directed. One man said
+that if I rose it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay
+motionless. It was splendid the way these men behaved.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CERVERA.]
+
+“The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the _Vizcaya_ was awful. When
+the water came up on the _Merrimac’s_ deck the catamaran floated amid the
+wreckage, but she was still made fast to the boom, and we caught hold of
+the edges and clung on, our heads only being above water.
+
+“One man thought we were safer right there; it was quite light, the firing
+had ceased, except that on the _New York’s_ launch, and I feared Cadet
+Powell and his men had been killed.
+
+“A Spanish launch came toward the _Merrimac_. We agreed to capture her and
+run. Just as she came close the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines
+jumped up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of the water.
+
+“‘Is there any officer in that boat to receive a surrender of prisoners of
+war?’ I shouted.
+
+“An old man leaned out under the awning and waved his hand. It was Admiral
+Cervera. The marines lowered their rifles and we were helped into the
+launch.
+
+“Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It was a grand sight a few
+days later to see the bombardment, the shells striking and bursting around
+El Morro. Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court martial room
+in the barracks. My men were kept prisoners in the hospital.
+
+“From my window I could see the army moving, and it was terrible to watch
+those poor lads coming across the opening and being shot down by the
+Spaniards in the rifle-pits in front of me.
+
+“Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could be. I knew something
+was coming, and then I was exchanged.”
+
+  [Illustration: QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+                                 BY WIRE.
+
+
+_May 30._ The auxiliary cruisers _Leyden_ and _Uncas_ made an attack on
+one of the outlying blockhouses at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until
+the Spaniards deserted their batteries.
+
+_June 1._ The government of Paraguay represented to the American consul at
+Asuncion that the Spanish torpedo-boat _Temerario_ was disabled, and had
+been granted permission to remain at that port until the war between the
+United States and Spain had come to an end.
+
+In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding the conduct of
+the war, as evinced by a newspaper article to which was signed the name of
+Emilio Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman.
+
+Señor Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching her with being a
+foreigner and unpopular, and with interfering unjustifiably in political
+affairs. He compared her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette on
+the eve of the French revolution.
+
+The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca demanded the prosecution
+of Castelar, and other Senators expressed in violent terms their
+indignation at Señor Castelar’s conduct.
+
+_June 2._ The British steamer _Restormel_, captured by the auxiliary
+cruiser _St. Paul_ off Santiago de Cuba, was released by the government.
+It was shown that the _Restormel_ sailed previous to the declaration of
+war, there being no evidence that the steamer’s owners were wilfully and
+knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy’s fleet, and she was ordered
+released. The cargo was condemned.
+
+The names of the captains and commanders of the ships in Admiral Dewey’s
+squadron were sent to the Senate, by the President, for advancement
+because of their conspicuous conduct.
+
+The House of Representatives passed an urgency appropriation of nearly
+eighteen million dollars for war purposes.
+
+From Captain Clark’s report, the Navy Department made public the following
+extract relative to the extraordinary voyage of the _Oregon_:
+
+“It is gratifying to call the department’s attention to the spirit aboard
+this ship in both officers and men. This best can be described by
+referring to instances such as that of the engineer officers in
+voluntarily doubling their watches when high speed was to be made, to the
+attempt of men to return to the fire-room after being carried out of it
+insensible, and to the fact that most of the whole crew, who were working
+by watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to leave their
+hammocks in the nettings until they could get the ship coaled and ready to
+sail from Sandy Point.”
+
+_June 3._ The collier _Merrimac_ was sunk in the channel of Santiago
+Harbour, as has already been told.
+
+_June 4._ Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander of the cruiser
+_Olympia_, and commanding her during the battle of Manila Bay, died at
+Kobe, Japan.
+
+_June 5._ An account of personal heroism which should be set down in every
+history, that future generations may know of what metal the boys of ’98
+were made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida.
+
+Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse on Lafayette
+Street, near the brigade headquarters, and which was being used by the
+government as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the civil war,
+prevented what might have been a calamity.
+
+While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying boxes of ammunition from
+the warehouse and loading them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen
+issuing from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of fire went up,
+and soldiers and negro roustabouts piled over each other in their scramble
+for safety. McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up, and was
+staggering in the direction of the river, some distance away, when
+Lieutenant Parker, who had heard the warning cry, came to his assistance.
+Together they carried the smoking box until it was possible to throw it
+into the water.
+
+How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse were piled
+hundreds of boxes of ammunition, each containing one thousand cartridges.
+Had the cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of life might
+have resulted, as there were at least a score of soldiers working in and
+around the building.
+
+At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued orders that every one
+connected with the admiralty must abstain from giving information of any
+kind regarding naval affairs.
+
+General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting foreign newspaper
+correspondents from remaining in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated
+as spies.
+
+_June 6._ As is told in that chapter relating to Santiago de Cuba,
+American troops were landed a few miles east of the city, at a place known
+as Aguadores; the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were
+bombarded.
+
+The Navy Department made public a cablegram from Admiral Dewey:
+
+“The insurgents are acting energetically in the province of Cavite. During
+the past week they have won several victories, and have taken prisoners
+about eighteen hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish troops, not
+natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being prepared for occupation by United
+States troops on the arrival of the transports.”
+
+Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the insurgents had cut the railway
+lines and were closing in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo’s
+forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the foreign residents were
+making all haste to leave the city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent
+chief points to a desire to set up a native administration in the
+Philippines under an American protectorate. Aguinaldo, with an advisory
+council, would hold the dictatorship until the conquest of the islands,
+and would then establish a republican assembly.
+
+_June 7._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the collier _Brutus_ sailed from San
+Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted monitor _Monadnock_ has been
+ordered to set out for the same port within ten days.
+
+_June 9._ The Spanish bark _Maria Dolores_, laden with coal and patent
+fuel, was captured by the cruiser _Minneapolis_ twelve miles off San Juan
+de Porto Rico.
+
+_June 10._ A battalion of marines was landed in the harbour of Guantanamo,
+forty miles east of Santiago.(3)
+
+A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport steamer _Panther_.(4)
+
+_June 11–12._ Attack upon American marines in Guantanamo Bay by Spanish
+regulars and guerillas.(5)
+
+_June 11._ The British steamer _Twickenham_, laden with coal for Admiral
+Cervera’s fleet, was captured off San Juan de Porto Rico by the U. S. S.
+_St. Louis_.
+
+_June 12._ Major-General Merritt issued orders to the officers assigned to
+the second Philippine expedition, to the effect that they must be ready to
+embark their troops not later than the fifteenth instant.
+
+The following cablegram was made public by the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“Cavite, June 12.—The insurgents continue hostilities, and have
+practically surrounded Manila. They have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish
+prisoners, whom they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack the
+city at the present time.
+
+“Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay, with refugees on board,
+under guard of neutral men-of-war; this with my permission. Health of the
+squadron continues excellent. German commander-in-chief arrived to-day.
+Three Germans, two British, one French, one Japanese man-of-war in port.
+Another German man-of-war expected.
+
+“The following is a corrected list of vessels captured or destroyed: Two
+protected cruisers, five unprotected cruisers, one transport, one
+surveying vessel, both armed. The following are captured: Transport
+_Manila_, gunboat _Callao_.
+
+                                                                  “DEWEY.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H. Renjes, vice-consul for
+Spain, at Honolulu, sent the following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the American
+troops at Honolulu:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“_Sir_:—In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I have the honour to-day
+to enter formal protest with the Hawaiian government against the constant
+violation of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists between
+Spain and the United States of America.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 6._ On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“_Sir_:—In reply to your note of the first instant, I have the honour to
+say that, owing to the intimate relations now existing between this
+country and the United States, this government has not proclaimed a
+proclamation of neutrality having reference to the present conflict
+between the United States and Spain, but, on the contrary, has tendered to
+the United States privileges and assistance, for which reason your protest
+can receive no further consideration than to acknowledge its receipt.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 13._ American troops sailed from Tampa and Key West for Santiago.
+
+The Spaniards again attacked the American marines at Guantanamo Bay, and
+were repulsed after seven hours’ hard fighting.(6)
+
+President McKinley signed the war revenue bill.
+
+Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions to the popular
+loan.
+
+The dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson’s fleet.(7)
+
+While the U. S. S. _Yankee_ was off Cienfuegos on this day, a Spanish
+gunboat steamed out of the harbour, evidently mistaking the character of
+the newcomer; but on learning that the _Yankee_ was ready for business,
+put back in hot haste. Both vessels opened fire, and after the gunboat had
+gained the security of the harbour the _Yankee_ engaged the eastern and
+western batteries. During the brief action a shell burst over the American
+ship, its fragments wounding one man.
+
+_June 14._ The American marines at Guantanamo Bay again attacked by the
+Spaniards.(8)
+
+The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the _Merrimac_, rewarded by the Navy
+Department.(9)
+
+First trial of the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_.(10)
+
+The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes went into effect
+on this date.
+
+_June 14._ From Manila on June 14th much of interest was received. A
+severe engagement occurred, when one thousand insurgents attacked twice
+that number of Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had
+drawn their lines closely around the landward side of the city, and
+Captain-General Augusti published a decree ordering all the male
+population under arms. Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York
+_World_, thus summed up the situation:
+
+“Terrific fighting has been going on for six days between the Philippine
+insurgents and the Spaniards. The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held
+their ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents now hold
+three thousand prisoners, mostly Spanish soldiers.
+
+“I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was present at the taking
+of the garrisoned church at Old Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred
+insurgents captured a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days’
+bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous fighters. They have
+captured the entire provinces of Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the
+provinces of Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.
+
+“Aguinaldo’s troops, in three divisions, have now surrounded Manila. They
+have the Spaniards hemmed in, and could capture the city if they wanted
+to, but will await the arrival of the American troops before doing so.
+
+“The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia Penas, of Cavite province,
+and Gov. Antonio Cardola, of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit
+suicide before surrendering. He shot himself three times in the head, but
+will recover. The insurgents behaved gallantly in the fight for the
+possession of the stone convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti
+sent two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to attack
+Aguinaldo’s forces at Cavite. The fight lasted all day. The Spaniards were
+repulsed, and the officers led in retreat. They took refuge in the old
+convent, a substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for all
+time.
+
+“Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first plan was to starve out
+the beleaguered ones, but he found, June 6th, that provisions were being
+smuggled in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning by opening
+fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General Augusti, hearing of his
+soldiers’ plight, sent four thousand regulars to relieve them.
+
+“Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand. But after the first
+brush he adopted another method. He sent detachments of three hundred or
+four hundred men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards, who
+constantly harassed them. In the first attack of these detachments one
+hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed.
+In the second onslaught four officers and sixty men were killed.
+
+“Again and again these attacks were repeated until nine hundred Spaniards
+had been killed, the insurgents report. The convent, too, became
+untenable. The Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made a
+stand at Bacoor.
+
+“Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there, and the Spanish fled
+again. The rebels pursued the enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning,
+Aguinaldo stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards who remained there
+he killed ninety and captured 250.”
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GARCIA.]
+
+_June 15._ The second fleet of transports, comprised of the steamers
+_China_, _Colon_, _Senator_, and _Zealandia_, carrying 3,465 men, left San
+Francisco for Manila.
+
+The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed for twice over.
+
+Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo Bay.(11)
+
+The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian annexation resolution.
+
+_June 16._ Third bombardment of the batteries near Santiago.(12)
+
+The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired the damages inflicted
+by the American vessels when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th
+another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley and his brave
+comrades. Five blockhouses were completely demolished, the enemy beating a
+hasty retreat without having fired a shot.
+
+_June 17._ Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled by American naval
+force.(13)
+
+Capture of the Spanish sloop _Chato_ in Guantanamo Bay.(14)
+
+_June 18._ Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo Bay.(15)
+
+Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U. S. S. _Texas_.(16)
+
+_June 19._ First American troops landed on Cuban soil.(17)
+
+_June 20._ General Shafter and Admiral Sampson visit General Garcia in his
+camp.(18)
+
+_June 21._ Landing of General Shafter’s army begun.(19)
+
+Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.(20)
+
+Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government that he, having been
+forced to take refuge in the walled city,(21) would be unable to continue
+communication.
+
+_June 22._ By a decision of the Attorney-General, the United States
+government will surrender to the ambassadors of France and Germany, as the
+diplomatic representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews of the
+prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the American navy since the
+declaration of war.
+
+Boats’ crews from the U. S. S. _Marblehead_ and _Dolphin_ remove the mines
+from Guantanamo Bay.(22)
+
+Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.(23)
+
+Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.(24)
+
+The U. S. S. _Texas_ engages the west battery of Cabanas.(25)
+
+Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. S. _St. Paul_, in reporting his cruise of
+twenty-three days, gave the following account of a meeting with the enemy
+off San Juan de Porto Rico on the 22d of June:
+
+_June 22._ “We came off the port on the twenty-second. The weather was
+fair, the trade wind blowing fresh from the eastward and raising somewhat
+of a sea. At about 12.40 the third-class cruiser _Isabel III._ came out,
+and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast of the batteries,
+commenced edging out toward us, firing at such a long range that her shots
+were ineffective.
+
+“As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire of the batteries, we
+took but little notice of her, lying still and occasionally sending in our
+largest shell at her to try the range.
+
+“Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and the torpedo-boat
+destroyer _Terror_, or it may have been her sister ship, the _Furor_, was
+sighted steaming along shore under the batteries.
+
+“We watched her for awhile, and worked along with her, in order to
+separate her from the cruiser and keep her in trough if she came for us.
+She then circled to get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as
+far as direction went, but her shots fell short.
+
+“When within range of our guns, the signal ‘commence firing’ was made, and
+for several minutes we let fly our starboard battery at her at from
+fifty-five hundred to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around
+her.
+
+“This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us and her fire soon
+ceased. She then headed inshore, to the southward and westward, going
+slow, and it was evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off the
+Morro she flashed some signals to the shore, and afterward a tug came out
+and towed her into the harbour.
+
+“All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some of her shots and
+those of the _Terror_ fell pretty close. The cruiser followed the _Terror_
+back toward the port and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the
+two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but when the _St. Paul_,
+making an inshore turn, seemed to be going for them, they returned to the
+harbour, and we saw no more of them.”
+
+_June 23._ The U. S. monitor _Monadnock_ left San Francisco for Manila.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ again shells the Santiago
+fortifications.(26)
+
+_June 24._ The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal decree. The Chamber of
+Deputies adjourned without the customary cheers for the throne.
+
+Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.(27)
+
+Action near Juragua.(28)
+
+_June 25._ Skirmish near Sevilla.
+
+The American government protested a draft drawn by its consul at St.
+Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances calculated to make an extremely
+dangerous precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne for the
+purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal, which arrived in St. Thomas
+in the _Ardenrose_ about the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it
+for ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered twenty dollars a
+ton for it. Van Horne apparently did the proper thing and did not exceed
+instructions.
+
+_June 26._ General Garcia with three thousand Cuban insurgents landed at
+Juragua by American transports.(29)
+
+The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila embarked at San
+Francisco.
+
+The sloop _Isabel_ arrived at Key West flying the Cuban flag. On her were
+Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut. Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban
+army, carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government to Señor T.
+Estrada Palma, of the New York junta.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ shelled the fortifications at the
+entrance to Santiago harbour.(30)
+
+The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American forces.(31)
+
+A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said, Egypt, at the head of
+the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth. It was composed of:
+
+Battle-ship _Pelayo_, Admiral Camara’s flag-ship.
+
+Armoured cruiser _Emperador Carlos V._
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Patriota_, equipped with twelve guns, and carrying
+troops and marines.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Buenos Ayres_, equipped with ten guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Audaz_.
+
+Armed merchantman _Isla de Pany_, equipped with two guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Rapido_, equipped with twelve guns.
+
+Steamship _Colon_, unarmed and with no troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Proserpina_.
+
+Torpedo-boat destroyer _Osada_.
+
+Transport _Covadonga_, carrying no guns.
+
+Collier _San Francisco_.
+
+_June 27._ The United States government, determined to delay, if possible,
+the progress of the fleet toward the Philippines, instructed its consul to
+protest to the English government against the coaling of the fleet at Port
+Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian government refused Admiral
+Camara’s request to buy coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a
+hundred and fifty native stokers.
+
+The U. S. transport _Yale_, laden with troops, arrived at Daiquiri.(32)
+
+The President sent to Congress the following messages:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“_To the Congress of the United States_:—On the morning of the third of
+June, 1898, Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U. S. N., with
+a volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially dismantled
+collier _Merrimac_, entered the fortified harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for
+the purpose of sinking the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel
+and thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of the Spanish
+fleet, which had recently entered that harbour.
+
+“This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and bravery amounting to
+heroism, was carried into successful execution in the face of a persistent
+fire from the hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore.
+Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our naval force in Cuban
+waters, in an official report addressed to the Secretary of the Navy,
+referring to Mr. Hobson’s gallant exploit, says:
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CAMARA.]
+
+“‘I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against the possibility of
+egress of the Spanish ships by obstructing the narrow part of the
+entrance, by sinking a collier at that point.
+
+“‘Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she had
+reached the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated a crew of
+only seven men, and Mr. Hobson begged that it might be entrusted to him.
+
+“‘I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave and
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.’
+
+“The members of the crew who were with Mr. Hobson on the memorable
+occasion have already been rewarded for their services by advancement,
+which, under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary of the
+Navy was authorised to make; and the nomination to the Senate of Naval
+Cadet Powell, who, in a steam launch, followed the _Merrimac_ on her
+perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force after the sinking of
+that vessel, to be advanced in rank to the grade of ensign, has been
+prepared and will be submitted.
+
+“Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the _Albemarle_, during the
+civil war, Admiral Sampson compares Mr. Hobson’s sinking of the
+_Merrimac_, received the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the
+President, by name, and was in consequence, under the provisions of
+Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes, advanced one grade, such
+advancement embracing fifty-six numbers. The section cited applies,
+however, to line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of the
+staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be so advanced.
+
+“In considering the question of suitably rewarding Assistant Naval
+Constructor Hobson for his valiant conduct on the occasion referred to, I
+have deemed it proper to address this message to you with the
+recommendation that he receive the thanks of Congress, and further that he
+be transferred to the line of the navy and promoted to such position
+therein as the President, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, may determine.
+
+“Mr. Hobson’s transfer from the construction corps to the line is fully
+warranted, he having received the necessary technical training as a
+graduate of the naval academy, where he stood number one in his class, and
+such action is recommended partly in deference to what is understood to be
+his own desire, although, he being a prisoner now in the hands of the
+enemy, no direct communication on the subject has been received from him,
+and partly for the reason that the abilities displayed by him at Santiago
+are of such a character as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of
+the line.
+
+                                                        “WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+“_Executive Mansion, June 27._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The second message was as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“_To the Congress of the United States_:—On the eleventh day of May, 1898,
+there occurred a conflict in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ was disabled, her commander wounded, and one of her
+officers and a part of her crew killed by the enemy’s fire.
+
+“In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy’s guns the revenue
+cutter _Hudson_, commanded by First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue
+Cutter Service, rescued the disabled _Winslow_ and her wounded crew. The
+commander of the _Hudson_ kept his vessel in the very hottest fire of the
+action, although in constant danger of going ashore on account of the
+shallow water, until he finally got a line made fast to the _Winslow_, and
+towed that vessel out of range of the enemy’s guns, a deed of special
+gallantry.
+
+“I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act of heroism of First
+Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth,
+the thanks of Congress be extended to him and to his officers and men of
+the _Hudson_, and that a gold medal of honour be presented to Lieutenant
+Newcomb, a silver medal of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze
+medal of honour to each member of his crew who served with him at
+Cardenas.
+
+                                              (Signed) “WILLIAM MCKINLEY.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The President also sent the following special nomination to Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            “EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, June 27, 1898.
+
+“_To the Senate of the United States_:—I nominate Naval Cadet Joseph W.
+Powell to be advanced two numbers under the provisions of section 1,506 of
+the Revised Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary
+heroism while in charge of the steam launch which accompanied the collier
+_Merrimac_, for the purpose of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel
+was, under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run into the mouth of
+the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on the third instant, and dexterously sunk
+in the channel.
+
+                                              (Signed) “WILLIAM MCKINLEY.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 27._ The third fleet of vessels, laden with soldiers, sailed from
+San Francisco for the Philippines.
+
+From London the following news was received from the Canary Islands:
+
+Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are still quite exposed to
+view. The earthworks are not nearly completed. It is reported that ten
+thousand more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these five thousand
+are for the Grand Canary, and the others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish
+government is determined to hold the islands at any cost.
+
+Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and many of the sugar
+mills are closed. If this state of uncertainty continues much longer it
+will mean starvation to the working classes. All lights that can be seen
+from the sea are ordered extinguished at night, though the lighthouse on
+Isletta is still lighted.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yankee_, off the Isle of Pines, captured and destroyed the
+Spanish sloops _Nemesia_, of Batabano, _Amistad_ and _Manuelita_, of
+Coloma, and the pilot-boats _Luz_ and _Jacinto_.
+
+_June 28._ The President issued a proclamation extending the blockade of
+Cuba to the southern coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and
+also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico.
+
+The proclamation was as follows:
+
+“_Whereas_, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation of April 22,
+1898, a blockade of ports on the northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to
+Bahia Honda, inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast
+of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and
+
+“_Whereas_, it has become desirable to extend the blockade to other
+southern ports,
+
+“Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do
+hereby declare and proclaim that, in addition to the blockade of the ports
+specified in my proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of
+America has instituted and will maintain an effective blockade of all of
+the ports on the south coast of Cuba, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz,
+inclusive, and also of the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.
+
+“Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which the blockade is by the
+present proclamation extended, will be allowed thirty days to issue
+therefrom with cargo.”
+
+The Spanish cruiser _Antonio Lopez_, while trying to enter the river San
+Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico, secretly, with a cargo of provisions
+and war material, was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped by
+swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined to land his cargo,
+headed for the shore at Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the
+boiler. The Spanish gunboats _Concha_ and _Isabella_ issued to the
+assistance of the _Antonio Lopez_, whereupon the Americans withdrew, and
+the _Antonio Lopez_ landed her cargo.
+
+Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable from Manila to the
+government at Madrid:
+
+“The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain my position
+inside the line of blockhouses, but the enemy is increasing in numbers, as
+the rebels occupy the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains
+are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work of defence difficult.
+The number of sick among the troops is increasing, making the situation
+very distressing, and causing increased desertions of the native soldiers.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL AUGUSTI.]
+
+“It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty thousand armed with
+rifles, and one hundred thousand armed with swords, etc.
+
+“Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I have treated his proposals
+with disdain, for I am resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and
+the honour of the flag to the last extremity.
+
+“I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred wounded. The citadel
+has been invaded by the suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their
+homes, owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants constitute
+an embarrassment, aggravating the situation, in view of a bombardment,
+which, however, is not seriously apprehended for the moment.”
+
+The captain-general’s family was made prisoners by the insurgents several
+days prior to the sending of this despatch, and all efforts to effect
+their release had thus far been in vain.
+
+From all parts of the world the Spanish people, during the last days of
+June, looked toward Santiago de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned
+Cervera’s fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the American
+arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER X.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was entirely destroyed, and which ended with the capture of the
+city, can best be told as a continuous story. The record of other events
+will be found elsewhere in regular order.
+
+Even though a repetition, it should be set down that the North Atlantic
+fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson
+and W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively, which
+blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted of the battle-ships
+_Massachusetts_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_; armoured cruisers
+_New York_, Admiral Sampson’s flag-ship, _Brooklyn_, Commodore Schley’s
+flag-ship; protected cruisers _New Orleans_, _Newark_, Commodore Watson’s
+flag-ship; converted yachts _Vixen_, _Gloucester_.(33)
+
+Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of their own making, lay
+the Spanish fleet under command of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of
+the armoured cruisers _Cristobal Colon_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_,
+_Maria Teresa_, Admiral Cervera’s flag-ship; torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence their prey
+should escape, and it may well be supposed that the Spaniards, knowing
+full well they were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a
+favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading squadron.
+
+_June 2._ The first detachment of troops, including heavy and light
+artillery and the engineer corps, embarked for Santiago on the second of
+June. Four days later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles east
+of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson’s guns.
+
+_June 6._ The American fleet began the bombardment of the batteries
+guarding the entrance to the harbour at six o’clock in the morning, having
+steamed in to within three thousand yards of the shore, the _Brooklyn_ in
+advance of the first column, with the _Marblehead_, the _Texas_, and the
+_Massachusetts_ in line. The second column was led by the _New York_, with
+the _New Orleans_, _Yankee_, _Iowa_, and _Oregon_ in the order named. On
+the left flank were the _Vixen_ and the _Suwanee_, and on the right the
+_Dolphin_ and the _Porter_ kept watchful eyes upon the riflemen ashore.
+The first column took station opposite the Estrella and Catalina
+batteries,(34) while the second was stationed off the new earthworks near
+Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no shots should be thrown into El
+Morro, because of the fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were
+imprisoned there.
+
+The fleet continued the bombardment without moving from the stations
+originally taken. It was the _Iowa_ which opened the action with a 12-inch
+shell, and the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of stone which
+spouted up from the base of the Estrella battery. As if this shot was the
+signal agreed upon, the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy
+answering promptly but ineffectively.
+
+Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Texas_. Estrella Fort was soon on fire; the Catalina battery gave up the
+struggle in less than an hour, and the _Vixen_ and _Suwanee_ engaged with
+some light inshore works, speedily reducing them to ruins. Until nine
+o’clock the bombardment continued without interruption, and then the
+American fire ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that their
+port batteries might be brought into play.
+
+One hour more, that is to say, until ten o’clock, this terrible rain of
+iron was sent from the fleet to the shore, and then on the flag-ship was
+hoisted the signal: “Cease firing.”
+
+The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,—not a ship had been hit
+by the Spaniards nor a man wounded.
+
+On board the Spanish ship _Reina Mercedes_, a lieutenant and five seamen
+had been killed, and seventeen wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less
+than three times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles. Near
+about Morro Castle, although none of the American guns were aimed at that
+structure, two were killed and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great
+havoc was wrought.
+
+Admiral Cervera made the following report to his government:
+
+“Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications at Santiago and
+along the adjacent coast.
+
+“Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on board the _Reina Mercedes_;
+three officers were killed and an officer and seventeen men were wounded
+among the troops.
+
+“The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different calibres. The
+damage inflicted upon the batteries of La Socapa and Morro Castle were
+unimportant. The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.
+
+“The enemy had noticeable losses.”
+
+_June 8._ Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand men were embarked at
+Tampa for Santiago on the eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen.
+William R. Shafter.
+
+Fire was opened by the _Marblehead_ and the _Yankee_ of the blockading
+squadron upon the fortifications of Camianera, a port on Cumberland
+Harbour fifteen miles distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to
+retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted.
+
+The _Vixen_ entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of truce from Admiral
+Sampson, to arrange for an exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his men.
+Admiral Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred to General
+Blanco.
+
+The _Suwanee_ landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions for the
+insurgents at a point fifteen miles west of Santiago.
+
+In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish soldiers, mostly infantry;
+but with cavalry and artillery that may be drawn from the surrounding
+country. On the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed, watched
+for a favourable opportunity to make a descent upon the city.
+
+Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral Sampson to notify
+Admiral Cervera that, if the latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers
+and two torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain, at the
+end of the war, would be made to pay an additional indemnity at least
+equivalent to the value of these vessels.
+
+_June 10._ The American troops made a landing on the eastern side of
+Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles east of Santiago, at two P. M. on the
+tenth of June. The debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns of
+the _Oregon_, _Marblehead_, _Dolphin_, and _Vixen_.
+
+The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire on the earthworks which
+lined the shore, a blockhouse, and a cable station which was occupied by
+Spanish soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated in hot haste
+after firing a few shots. A small gunboat came down from Guantanamo, four
+miles away, at the beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with all
+speed after having approached within range.
+
+Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the steamer _Panther_ arrived
+with a battalion of marines under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Huntington. She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri, ten
+miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any reply.
+
+Colonel Huntington’s force took possession of the heights overlooking the
+bay, where was a fortified camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards.
+There was nothing to betoken the presence of the enemy in strong numbers,
+and the men soon settled down to ordinary camp duties, believing their
+first serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo.
+
+_June 11._ It was three o’clock on Saturday afternoon; Colonel
+Huntington’s marines were disposed about the camp according to duty or
+fancy; some were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of carrying
+water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket was heard, followed by
+another and another until the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of
+considerable importance was in progress on the picket-line.
+
+The principal portion of the enemy’s fire appeared to come from a small
+island about a thousand yards away, and a squad of men was detailed with a
+3-inch field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction, while the
+main force defended the camp.
+
+After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time the boys of ’98 were
+virtually firing at random, the men on the picket-line fell back on the
+camp. Two of their number were missing. The battalion was formed on three
+sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to resist an attack which was
+not to be made until considerably later.
+
+The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers were sent out
+and failed to find anything save a broad trail, marked here and there by
+blood, which came to an end at the water’s edge.
+
+There were no longer detonations to be heard from the island. The 3-inch
+gun had been well served.
+
+The skirmishers which had been sent out returned, bearing the bodies of
+two boys in blue who had been killed by the first shots, and, after death,
+mutilated by blows from Spanish machetes.
+
+Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the force of the wind had
+increased almost to a gale; below in the bay the war-ships were anchored,
+their search-lights streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold on a
+pall of black velvet.
+
+No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for those two cold,
+lifeless forms on the heights, one might have believed the previous rattle
+of musketry had been heard only by the imagination.
+
+Until nine o’clock in the evening the occupants of the camp kept careful
+watch, and then without warning, as before, the crack of repeating rifles
+broke the almost painful stillness.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.]
+
+The enemy was making his presence known once more, and this time it became
+evident he was in larger force.
+
+Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch from the _Marblehead_,
+with a Colt machine gun in her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened
+fire; skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of foliage, and
+only when a dark form was seen, which might have been that of a Spaniard,
+or only the swaying branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a
+target.
+
+It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test the nerves of the
+young soldiers who were receiving their “baptism of blood.”
+
+Until midnight this random firing continued, and then a large body of
+Spanish troops charged up the hill until they were face to face with the
+defenders of the camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost
+immediately in the blackness of the night.
+
+_June 12._ Again and again the firing was renewed from this quarter or
+that, but the enemy did not show himself until the morning came like a
+flash of light, as it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of
+Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket.
+
+Now more guns were brought into play at the camp; the war-ships began
+shelling the shore, and the action was speedily brought to an end. Four
+Americans had been killed, and among them one of the surgeons.
+
+At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would tell that Spanish
+sharpshooters were hovering around the camp; but not until eight o’clock
+in the evening did the enemy approach in any great numbers.
+
+Then the battle was on once more; again did the little band of bluejackets
+stand to their posts, fighting against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships
+flashed their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the thicket,
+and all the while the Spanish fire was continued with deadly effect.
+
+Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of ten men, were sent out
+to dislodge the advance line of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung
+around into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the Spaniards gave
+way, firing rapidly while so doing.
+
+The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued, following the foe nearly
+to a small stone house near the coast, which had been used as a fort. They
+were well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon them in every
+direction from out the darkness. Sergeant Goode fell fatally wounded, and
+the Spaniards charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a cliff,
+over which one man fell and was killed; another fell, but with no further
+injury than a broken leg. A third was shot through the arm, after which he
+and the man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on their own
+account. One more was wounded, and then the Americans made a desperate
+charge, forcing the enemy back into the stone house, and then out again,
+after fifteen had been killed.
+
+Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity of the camp; but
+six field-pieces were brought up, and the second battle was ended after
+two Americans had been killed and seven wounded.
+
+_June 13._ The camp was moved to a less exposed position, while the
+war-ships poured shell and shrapnel into the woods, and then the marines
+filed solemnly out to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were
+six newly made graves.
+
+All the marines could not attend the funeral, many having to continue the
+work of moving camp, or to rest on their guns, keeping a constant watch
+for the lurking Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the stumbling
+bearers of the dead over the loose gravel, and grouped themselves about
+the graves.
+
+The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted to its place, and
+Chaplain Jones of the _Texas_ was about to begin the reading of the burial
+service, when the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the western
+chaparral.
+
+“Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall in!”
+
+“Fall in!” was the word from one end of the camp to the other. The graves
+were deserted by all save the chaplain and escort, who still stood
+unmoved.
+
+The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves behind the rolled
+tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in the hollows, boxes and piles of
+stones, their rifles ready, their eyes strained into the brush.
+
+Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells struck and burst in
+the chaparral, and rifles sounded angrily.
+
+The _Texas_ fired seven shots at the place from which the shooting came,
+and the Spaniards, as usual, fled out of sight.
+
+The funeral services had hardly been resumed when there was another
+attack; but this time the pits near the old blockhouse got the range of
+the malignant marksmen and shattered them with a few shots. The _Texas_
+and _Panther_ shelled the brush to the eastward, but the chaplain kept
+right on with the service, and from that time until night there was little
+shooting from the cover.
+
+On this day the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson’s
+fleet, and the weary marines, holding their posts on shore against
+overwhelming odds, hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of
+the soldiers who were so sadly needed.
+
+_June 14._ Substantial recognition was given by the Navy Department to the
+members of the gallant crew who took the _Merrimac_ into the entrance of
+Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel under the very muzzles of
+the Spanish guns.
+
+The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the promotion of the men as
+follows:
+
+Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain, from fifty dollars a
+month to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+George Charette, gunner’s mate, to be a gunner, from fifty dollars a month
+to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and —— Murphy, coxswains, to be chief
+boatswain’s mates, an increase of twenty dollars a month.
+
+George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a month to seventy
+dollars a month.
+
+Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist, from thirty-seven
+dollars a month to seventy dollars a month.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson’s reward would come through Congress.
+
+While a grateful people were discussing the manner in which their heroes
+should be crowned, that little band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo
+Bay, worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the enemy during
+seventy-two hours, was once more battling against a vastly superior force
+in point of numbers.
+
+From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until this morning of the
+fourteenth, the Americans had remained on the defensive,—seven hundred
+against two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics were to be
+used. Colonel Huntington had decided that it was time to turn the tables,
+and before the night was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of
+the hill had been avenged.
+
+A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two hundred and eighty
+marines, and forty-one Cubans, was divided into four divisions, the first
+of which had orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy drew
+supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish camp beyond the first range
+of hills. The third had for its objective point a signal-station from
+which information as to the movements of the American fleet had been
+flashed into Santiago. The fourth division was to act as the reserve.
+
+In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the signal-station was in
+the hands of the Americans, and the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy.
+The boys of ’98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with faces
+upturned to the rays of the burning sun.
+
+At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a loss of two Cubans killed,
+one American and four Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead.
+
+The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken, was fleeing
+here and there, yet further harassed by a heavy fire from the _Dolphin_,
+who sent her shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view.
+
+When the day drew near its close, and the weary but triumphant marines
+returned to camp, a hundred of the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more
+than twice that number must have been wounded, and eighteen were being
+brought in as prisoners.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. VESUVIUS.]
+
+On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to Santiago Harbour, the
+dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_—that experimental engine of destruction—was
+given a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus graphically
+pictured by a correspondent of the New York _Herald_:
+
+“Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds of guncotton, were fired
+last night from the dynamite guns of the _Vesuvius_ at the hill at the
+western entrance to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.
+
+“The frightful execution done by those three shots will be historic.
+
+“Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the fleet drew off after the
+attack that followed the discovery of the presence of the Spanish fleet in
+the harbour.
+
+“In the intense darkness of last night the _Vesuvius_ steamed into close
+range and let go one of her mysterious missiles.
+
+“There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise at first. The pneumatic
+guns on the little cruiser did their work silently. It was only when they
+felt the shock that the men on the other war-ships knew the _Vesuvius_ was
+in action.
+
+“A few seconds after the gun was fired there was a frightful convulsion on
+the land. On the hill, where the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles
+of the ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in air. The
+land was smitten as by an earthquake.
+
+“Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken hills and mountains.
+Sampson’s ships, far out at sea, trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose
+to the clouds and hid the scene of destruction.
+
+“Then came a long silence; next another frightful upheaval, and following
+it a third, so quickly that the results of the work of the two mingled in
+mid-air.
+
+“Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish battery, that, after the
+noise of the dynamite, sounded like the crackle of firecrackers.
+
+“The _Vesuvius_ had tested herself. She was found perfect as a destroyer.
+She proved that no fortification can withstand her terrible missiles.
+
+“Just what damage she did I could not tell from the sea. Whatever was
+within hundreds of feet of the point of impact must have gone to
+destruction.”
+
+_June 16._ On the fifteenth of June the marines at Guantanamo Bay were
+given an opportunity to rest, for the lesson the Spaniards received on the
+fourteenth had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago remained
+inactive. It was but the lull before the storm of iron which was rained
+upon the Spanish on the sixteenth.
+
+The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago was a second trial of
+the _Vesuvius_ at midnight on the fifteenth, when she sent three more
+250-pound charges of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the
+fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective station, until
+half-past three o’clock on the morning of the sixteenth, when the
+bluejackets were aroused and served with coffee.
+
+Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared, the ships steamed in
+toward the fortifications of Santiago until within three thousand yards,
+and there, lying broadside on, three cables’-lengths apart, they waited
+for the day to break.
+
+It was 5.25 when the _New York_ opened with a broadside from her main
+battery, and the bombardment was begun.
+
+All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns roared and the smaller
+ones crackled and snapped, each piece throughout the entire squadron being
+worked with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous wave of
+crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion came projectiles of
+enormous weight, until it seemed as if all that line of shore must be rent
+and riven.
+
+Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was believed the brave
+Hobson and his gallant comrades were held prisoners.
+
+When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not a man had been
+wounded, nor a vessel struck by the fire from the shore.
+
+The governor of Santiago sent the following message to Madrid relative to
+the bombardment:
+
+“The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several Spanish shells hit the
+enemy’s vessels. Our losses are three killed and twenty wounded, including
+two officers. The Spanish squadron was not damaged.”
+
+While the Americans were making their presence felt at Santiago, those who
+held Guantanamo Bay were not idle. The _Texas_, _Marblehead_, and the
+_Suwanee_ bombarded the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at the
+terminus of the railroad leading to the city of Guantanamo, demolishing
+them entirely after an hour and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled
+from the fortifications, the _St. Paul_ shelled them until they were
+hidden in the surrounding forest.
+
+An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the _Marblehead’s_ steam
+launch began dragging the harbour near the fort for mines. One was found
+and taken up, and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of
+Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed toward shore and began
+banging away, but the bow gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the
+gunner with it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat; the gunner
+was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets continued their interrupted work.
+
+_June 17._ Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point and Hospital Cay were
+shelled, the _Marblehead_ and the _St. Paul_ attending to the first, and
+the _Suwanee_ caring for the latter, while the _Dolphin_ and even the
+collier _Scindia_ fired a few shots for diversion. The task was concluded
+in less than half an hour, and had no more than come to an end when a
+small sloop was sighted off the entrance to the bay.
+
+The _Marblehead’s_ steam launch was sent in pursuit, and an hour later
+returned with the prize, which proved to be the _Chato_. Her crew of five
+were taken on board the _Marblehead_ as prisoners.
+
+_June 18._ The active little steam launch made another capture next day
+while cruising outside the bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men
+who claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape Maysi to
+Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong reasons for believing this
+party had come to spy out the position of the American ships, and all were
+transferred to the _Marblehead_.
+
+The crew of the _Oregon_ had gun practice again on this day when they
+shelled and destroyed a blockhouse three miles up the bay, killing, so it
+was reported, no less than twenty of the enemy.
+
+The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports, carrying the
+second detachment of General Shafter’s army, hove in sight of Admiral
+Sampson’s squadron on the evening of June 18th, and next morning at
+daylight the launches of the _New York_ and _Massachusetts_ reconnoitred
+the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the entrance to Santiago Harbour,
+and Guayaganaco, two miles farther west, in search of a landing-place.
+
+Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition, made the following
+report:
+
+“The expedition consisted of a steam launch from the _Massachusetts_, in
+charge of Cadet Hart, and a launch from the _New York_, in charge of Cadet
+Powell. I took passage on the _Massachusetts’_ launch, leading the way.
+Soundings were taken on entering the bay close under the old fort, and we
+were preparing to circumnavigate the bay at full speed when fire was
+opened from the fort and rocks on the shore. The _Massachusetts’_ launch
+was some distance ahead and about forty yards off the fort. There was no
+room to turn, and our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We backed
+and turned under a heavy fire.
+
+“Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be brought to bear,
+sitting exposed in the bow, and working the gun as coolly and carefully as
+at target practice.
+
+“Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards opened. He was also
+perfectly cool. Both launches ran out under a heavy fire of from six to
+eight minutes. I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the
+parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was larger, but
+indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was practicable, sheered to give
+the _Vixen_ the range of the fort. The _Vixen_ and the _Texas_ silenced
+the shore fire promptly.
+
+“I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell for the cool management of
+the launches. One launch was struck seven times. Nobody in either was
+hurt. A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart’s feet between the projectile
+and the powder, but failed to explode the latter.
+
+“Coxswain O’Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended, as is also the
+coolness with which the marines and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.
+
+“Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco it is evident a
+landing is practicable for ships’ boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz,
+a small bay to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas, but
+useless without it.
+
+“I am informed that to the north and westward of Cabanas Bay there is a
+large clearing, with plenty of grass and water.
+
+“I think a simultaneous landing at the three places named would be
+practicable if the ships shelled the adjacent wood. A junction would
+naturally follow at the clearing.”
+
+Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on Guantanamo Bay that the
+streets of Caimanera have been covered with straw saturated in oil, in
+order that the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince any
+disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat _Sandoval_, lying at
+one of the piers, has been loaded with inflammables, and will be burned
+with the city, her commander declaring that she shall never become an
+American prize.
+
+During this Sunday night the _Vesuvius_ again discharged her dynamite
+guns, with the western battery as a target, and because of the frightful
+report which followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had been
+exploded.
+
+_June 20._ The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago at noon on the
+twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon of war-vessels. General Shafter
+immediately went on board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an
+hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when the two officers sailed
+for Asserradero, seventeen miles from Santiago, where General Calixto
+Garcia was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans. Here a long
+conference was held with the insurgent general, after which the two
+commanders returned to the fleet.
+
+_June 21._ The despatch quoted below was sent by Admiral Sampson to the
+Navy Department, and gives in full the work of the day:
+
+“Landing of the army is progressing favorably at Daiquiri. There is very
+little, if any, resistance. The _New Orleans_, _Detroit_, _Castine_,
+_Wasp_, and _Suwanee_ shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a
+demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of the enemy. The _Texas_
+engaged the west battery for some hours. She had one man killed. Ten
+submarine mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo.
+Communication by telegraph has been established at Guantanamo.”
+
+Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by General Shafter, and
+its only fortifications were a blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of
+an iron pier, together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear. From
+this town extends a good road to Santiago, and in the immediate vicinity
+of the port the water-supply is plentiful.
+
+_June 22._ Bombarding the coast as a cover for the troops which were being
+disembarked, was the principal work of the war-ships on the twenty-second
+of June, except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were called for
+from the _Marblehead_ and the _Dolphin_ to grapple for and remove the
+contact mines in the harbour. It was an undertaking as perilous as
+anything that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets showed no
+fear. Four times the designated number came forward in response to the
+call, and before nightfall seven mines had been removed.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TEXAS.]
+
+The battle-ship _Texas_ was assigned to duty off Matamoras, the works of
+which were to be bombarded as a portion of the general programme for this
+day while the troops were being landed. The men of the _Texas_ performed
+their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly silenced; but not quite
+soon enough to save the life of one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired
+by the retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet abaft the
+stem on the port side. It passed through the hull about three feet below
+the main-deck line, and failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion
+at the centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns’ crews, and among
+them the fragments of the shell flew in a deadly shower, killing one and
+wounding eight. Later in the day the _Texas_ steamed out to sea to bury
+the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before nightfall to her
+station on the blockade.
+
+_June 23._ General Shafter thus reported to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“Daiquiri, June 23.—Had very fine voyage; lost less than fifty animals,
+six or eight to-day; lost more putting them through the surf to land, than
+on transports.
+
+“Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men sick; only deaths, two men
+drowned in landing; landings difficult; coast quite similar to that in
+vicinity of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of bushes.
+Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points occupied by Spanish troops
+heavily bombarded by navy to clear them out.
+
+“Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua, a naturally strong
+place, this morning. Spanish troops retreating as soon as our advance was
+known. Had no mounted troops, or could have captured them, about six
+hundred all told.
+
+“Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in possession.
+
+“With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand men yesterday, and as
+many more to-day.
+
+“Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light artillery and greater
+portion of pack-train, probably all of it, with some of the wagons;
+animals have to be jumped to the water and towed ashore.
+
+“Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and Castillo, on afternoon
+of twentieth, twenty miles west of Santiago. These officers were
+unanimously of the opinion that the landing should be made east of
+Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.
+
+“General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua to-morrow with between
+three thousand and four thousand men, who will be brought from west of
+Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there disembarked.
+
+“This will give me between four thousand and five thousand Cubans, and
+leave one thousand under General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.
+
+“General Kent’s division is being disembarked this afternoon at Juragua,
+and this will be continued during the night. The assistance of the navy
+has been of the greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them
+I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at all, as I believe
+I should have lost so many boats in the surf.
+
+“At present want nothing; weather has been good, no rain on land, and
+prospects of fair weather.
+
+                                                                 “SHAFTER,
+                                       “_Major-General U. S. Commanding._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The boys of ’98 occupied the town of Aguadores before nightfall on the
+twenty-third of June, the Spaniards having applied the torch to many
+buildings before they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago,
+General Linares commanding in person, and close to his heels hung General
+Lawton and the advance of the American forces.
+
+_June 24._ It was evident that the Spanish intended to make a stand at
+Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and five miles from Santiago. The
+Americans were pressing them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining
+time to make preparations for an encounter, when the Rough Riders, as
+Colonel Wood’s regiment was termed, and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell
+into an ambuscade. Then what will probably be known as the battle of La
+Quasina was fought.
+
+It is thus described by a correspondent of the Associated Press:
+
+That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to the route to be taken by
+the Americans in their movement toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by
+the careful preparations they had made.
+
+The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a hill, on the heavily wooded
+slopes of which had been erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular
+intrenchments of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of these hills run
+two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt’s men, and eight
+troops of the First and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers,
+advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies, rough and narrow,
+and at places almost impassable.
+
+In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a mile separated
+Roosevelt’s men from the regulars, and between, and on both sides of the
+road in the thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards that must
+have been large, judging from the terrific and constant fire they poured
+in on the Americans.
+
+The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry, under General Young.
+A force of Spaniards was known to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and
+early in the morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt’s men started off up the
+precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack the enemy on his right
+flank. General Young at the same time took the road at the foot of the
+hill.
+
+  [Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.]
+
+About two and one-half miles out from Siboney some Cubans, breathless and
+excited, rushed into camp with the announcement that the Spaniards were
+but a little way in front, and were strongly entrenched. Quickly the
+Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought to the rear, while a strong
+scouting line was thrown out.
+
+Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward until a bend in
+the road disclosed a hill where the Spaniards were located. The guns were
+again brought to the front and placed in position, while the men crouched
+down in the road, waiting impatiently to give Roosevelt’s men, who were
+toiling over the little trail along the crest of the hill, time to get up.
+
+At 7.30 A. M. General Young gave the command to the men at the Hotchkiss
+guns to open fire. That command was the signal for a fight that for
+stubbornness has seldom been equalled. The instant the Hotchkiss guns were
+fired, from the hillside commanding the road came volley after volley from
+the Mausers of the Spaniards.
+
+“Don’t shoot until you see something to shoot at,” yelled General Young,
+and the men, with set jaws and gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling
+along the edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as possible
+from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the troopers, some of them
+stripped to the waist, watching the base of the hill, and when any part of
+a Spaniard became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did they
+falter.
+
+One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a ragged wound in his thigh,
+coolly knelt behind a rock, loading and firing, and when told by one of
+his comrades that he was wounded, laughed and said:
+
+“Oh, that’s all right. That’s been there for some time.”
+
+In the meantime, away off to the left could be heard the crack of the
+rifles of Colonel Wood’s men, and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing
+of the Spaniards.
+
+Over there the American losses were the greatest. Colonel Wood’s men, with
+an advance-guard well out in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but
+apparently with no flankers, went squarely into the trap set for them by
+the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering courage of the men in the face of
+a fire that would even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily
+have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard under the
+unfortunate Captain Capron, was almost surrounded, and but for the
+reinforcement hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have been
+killed or wounded.
+
+When the reserves came up there was no hesitation. Colonel Wood, with the
+right wing, charged straight at a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and
+Colonel Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up the men went,
+yelling like fiends, and never stopping to return the fire of the
+Spaniards, but keeping on with a grim determination to capture that
+blockhouse.
+
+That charge was the end. When within five hundred yards of the coveted
+point, the Spaniards broke and ran, and for the first time the boys of ’98
+had the pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all through the
+engagement, of shooting with the enemy in sight.
+
+The losses among the Rough Riders were reported as thirteen killed and
+forty wounded; while the First Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward
+Marshall, a newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded.
+
+
+
+While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest of Juragua,
+Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that the Spaniards were endeavouring to
+destroy the railroad leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba.
+
+This road runs west along the seashore, under cover of the guns of the
+American fleet, until within three miles of El Morro, and then cuts
+through the mountains along the river into Santiago.
+
+When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered, the _New York_,
+_Scorpion_, and _Wasp_ closed in and cleared the hill and brush of
+Spaniards.
+
+_June 26._ The American lines were advanced to within four miles of
+Santiago, and the boys could look into the doomed city. It was possible to
+make accurate note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as
+men were astonished by the preparations which had been made.
+
+There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour batteries, sweeping
+in a semicircle to the eastward of the city, were rifle-pits and
+intrenchments skilfully arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line,
+completely shut off approach to the city, and in front of the
+entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences, or trochas.
+
+Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ throw
+into the batteries at the mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June
+26th, and next morning the evidences of her work could be seen on the
+western battery, a portion of which was in ruins. The water-mains which
+supplied the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and the doomed
+city thus brought so much nearer to capitulation.
+
+_July 1._ Knowing that with the close of June the American army was in
+readiness for a decisive action, the people waited anxiously, tearfully,
+for the first terrible word which should be received telling of slaughter
+and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of July 1st, when the
+cablegram given below was flashed over the wires to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                            “PLAYA DEL ESTE, July 1, 1898.
+
+“_A. G. O., U. S. Army, Washington_:
+
+“Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement to-day, which lasted from
+eight A. M. till sundown.
+
+“We have carried their outer works and are now in possession of them.
+
+“There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open country between my
+lines and city; by morning troops will be entrenched and considerable
+augmentation of forces will be there.
+
+“General Lawton’s division and General Bates’s brigade, which had been
+engaged all day in carrying El Caney, which was accomplished at four
+P. M., will be in line and in front of Santiago during the night.
+
+“I regret to say that our casualties will be above four hundred; of these
+not many are killed.
+
+                                (Signed) “W. R. SHAFTER, _Major-General_.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI.
+
+
+                      EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.
+
+
+General W. R. Shafter, in his official report of the operations around
+Santiago, says:
+
+“On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about Santiago and made my plan
+of attack. From a high hill, from which the city was in plain view, I
+could see the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney. The roads were
+very poor and, indeed, little better than bridle-paths until the San Juan
+River and El Caney were reached. The position of El Caney, to the
+northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to the enemy, as holding
+the Guantanamo road, as well as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost
+that might be used to assail the right flank of any force operating
+against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided to begin the attack next
+day at El Caney with one division, while sending two divisions on the
+direct road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and as a diversion
+to direct a small force against Aguadores, from Siboney along the railroad
+by the sea, with a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards in
+the latter direction, and of preventing them from attacking our left
+flank.... But we were in a sickly climate; our supplies had to be brought
+forward by a narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time render
+impassable; fear was entertained that a storm might drive the vessels
+containing our stores to sea, thus separating us from our base of
+supplies, and, lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight
+thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route for Manzanillo, and
+might be expected in a few days. Under these conditions I determined to
+give battle without delay.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.]
+
+“Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in position around El Caney,
+Chaffee’s brigade on the right across the Guantanamo road, Miles’s brigade
+in the centre and Ludlow’s on the left. The duty of cutting off the
+enemy’s retreat along the Santiago road was assigned to the latter
+brigade. The artillery opened on the town at 6.15 A. M. The battle here
+soon became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy’s position was
+naturally strong, and was rendered more so by blockhouses, a stone fort
+and entrenchments cut in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built
+stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy was greater than had
+been anticipated, and prevented Lawton from joining the right of the main
+line during the day, as had been intended. After the battle had continued
+for some time, Bates’s brigade of two regiments reached my headquarters
+from Siboney. I directed him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if
+necessary. He did so, and was put in position between Miles and Chaffee.
+The battle continued with varying intensity during most of the day and
+until the place was carried by assault about 4.30 P. M. As the Spaniards
+endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road, Ludlow’s position enabled
+him to do very effective work, and practically to cut off all retreat in
+that direction.
+
+“After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and the sound of the
+small-arms fire caused us to believe that Lawton was driving the enemy
+before him, I directed Grimes’s battery to open fire from the heights of
+El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the enemy’s entrenchments,
+extending along the crest of San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and
+the enemy could be seen running away from the vicinity of the blockhouse.
+The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon returned by the enemy’s
+artillery. They evidently had the range of this hill, and their first
+shells killed and wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless
+powder, it was very difficult to locate the position of their pieces,
+while, on the contrary, the smoke caused by our black powder plainly
+indicated the position of our battery.
+
+“At this time the cavalry division, under General Sumner, which was lying
+concealed in the general vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered
+forward with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy to the
+right on the Santiago side, while Kent’s division was to follow closely in
+its rear and deploy to the left. These troops moved forward in compliance
+with orders, but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable to
+retain the column of fours formation at all points, while the undergrowth
+on both sides was so dense as to preclude the possibility of deploying
+skirmishers. It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow, and
+the long-range rifles of the enemy’s infantry killed and wounded a number
+of our men while marching along this road, and before there was any
+opportunity to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and Sumner
+were ordered to push forward with all possible haste, and place their
+troops in position to engage the enemy. General Kent, with this end in
+view, forced the head of his column alongside the cavalry column as far as
+the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried his arrival at the San Juan,
+and the formation beyond that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching
+the San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had approached well to the front
+in a war balloon. This information he furnished to the troops, resulting
+in Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was enabled to utilise
+the road to the left. General Wheeler, the permanent commander of the
+cavalry division, who had been ill, came forward during the morning, and
+later returned to duty and rendered most gallant and efficient service
+during the remainder of the day. After crossing the stream the cavalry
+moved to the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton’s left when he
+would come up, with their left resting near the Santiago road.
+
+“In the meantime, Kent’s division, with the exception of two regiments of
+Hawkins’s brigade, being thus uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from
+the forks previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails, but
+more especially the one to the left, and, crossing the creek, formed for
+attack in the front of San Juan Hill. During this formation the Third
+Brigade suffered severely. While personally superintending this movement
+its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was killed. The command of the
+brigade then devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry,
+who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel Liscum,
+Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five minutes later, also fell under the
+terrible fire of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth Infantry.
+
+“While the formation just described was taking place, General Kent took
+measures to hurry forward his rear brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry
+were ordered to follow Wikoff’s brigade, while the Twenty-first was sent
+on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade under General Hawkins,
+who had crossed the stream and formed on the right of the division. The
+Second and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding, moved forward
+in good order on the left of the division, passing over a green knoll, and
+drove the enemy back toward his trenches.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.]
+
+“After completing their formation under a destructive fire, advancing a
+short distance, both divisions found in their front a wide bottom, in
+which had been placed a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there
+was a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was strongly posted.
+Nothing daunted, these gallant men pushed on to drive the enemy from his
+chosen position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel
+Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed, and Colonel Carroll,
+Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all in the cavalry, were wounded. Great
+credit is due to Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself
+between his regiments, urged them on by voice and bugle-call to the attack
+so brilliantly executed.
+
+“In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to the gallant
+regimental commanders and their heroic men, for, while the generals
+indicated the formation and the points of attack, it was, after all, the
+intrepid bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted our
+colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the enemy from his
+trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining a position which sealed the fate of
+Santiago.
+
+“In the action on this part of the field, most efficient service was
+rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth Infantry, and the Gatling
+gun detachment under his command.
+
+“The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but our men held
+resolutely to the position gained at the cost of so much blood and toil.
+
+“On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield, at Siboney, to send
+forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of
+which had just arrived from the United States.
+
+“All day on the second the battle raged with more or less fury, but such
+of our troops as were in position at daylight held their ground, and
+Lawton gained a strong and commanding position on the right. About ten
+P. M. the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my lines, but he
+was repulsed at all points.
+
+“On the morning of the third the battle was renewed, but the enemy seemed
+to have expended his energy in the assault of the previous night, and the
+firing along the line was desultory.”
+
+
+
+Such is the official report of the battle before Santiago, where were
+killed of the American forces twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded
+eighty officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total, 1,595.
+
+An account of any engagement is made more vivid by a recital of those who
+participated in the bloody work, since the commanding officer views the
+action as a whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the
+private, who may know little or nothing regarding the general outcome,
+understands full well what took place immediately around him. Mr. W. K.
+Hearst, the proprietor of the New York _Journal_, told the following
+graphic story in the columns of his paper:
+
+“I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback with Honore Laine,
+who is a colonel in the Cuban army. We rode over eight miles of difficult
+country which intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and the
+fighting line, which is being driven forward toward Santiago.
+
+“Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen. The Spaniards had
+formerly occupied it as a fort, and they knew precisely the distance to it
+from their guns, and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect
+knowledge of the range.
+
+“Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant way all over
+the tiled roof of the white house at the back of the ridge. It was the
+doors of this house which we were approaching for shelter, and later, when
+we came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel ball had passed
+clean through one of our cans of pressed beef which our pack-mule was
+carrying.
+
+“We turned here to the right toward our battery on the ridge. When we were
+half-way between the white house and the battery, the second shell which
+the Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not ten feet over
+the heads of our men. Six of our fellows were killed, and sixteen wounded.
+
+“The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then rallied and returned to
+their guns, and the firing went on. We passed from there to the right
+again, where General Shafter’s war balloon was ascending. Six shells fell
+in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased firing.
+
+“The smoke clouds from our guns were forming altogether too plain a target
+for the Spaniards. There was no trace to be seen of the enemy’s batteries,
+by reason of their use of smokeless powder.
+
+“Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain Capron’s
+artillery, which had come through from Daiquiri without rest, could be
+heard banging away at Caney. We had started with a view of getting where
+we could observe artillery operations, so we directed our force thither.
+
+“We found Captain Capron blazing away with four guns, where he should have
+had a dozen. He had begun shelling Caney at four o’clock in the morning.
+It was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming to reduce the
+large stone fort which stood on the hill above the town and commanded it.
+Captain O’Connell had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the
+four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet. Since that time
+dozens of shells had struck the fort, but it was not yet reduced. It had
+been much weakened, however.
+
+“Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing toward this fort. As
+the cannon at our side would bang, and the shell would swish through the
+air with its querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its
+explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black specks of
+infantry dodging in and out among the groups of trees. Now they would
+disappear wholly from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying
+along the open spaces, over the grass-covered slopes, or across ploughed
+fields. The infantry firing was ceaseless, our men popping away
+continuously, as a string of firecrackers pops.
+
+“The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men. Many times we heard the
+volley fire, and saw the brave fellows pitch forward and lie still on the
+turf, while the others hurried on to the next protecting clump of bushes.
+
+“For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from slits in the stone
+fort, from their deep trenches, and from the windows of the town. For
+hours our men answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For hours
+cannon at our side banged and shells screamed through air and fell upon
+fort and town. Always our infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up
+on the village, till at last they formed under a group of mangrove-trees
+at the foot of the very hill on which the stone fort stood.
+
+“With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone fort was ours. Then you
+should have heard the yells that went up from the knoll on which our
+battery stood. Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their hats
+and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery stopped firing for fear
+we should hurt our own men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried
+across to take up a position near the infantry, who were now firing on
+Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery had not sent half a dozen
+shots from its new position before the musketry firing ceased, and the
+Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney in the direction of
+Santiago.
+
+“Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found that James Creelman, a
+_Journal_ correspondent with the infantry column, had been seriously
+wounded and was lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were still
+firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses and isolated trenches,
+from which the Spaniards could not safely retreat, flags of truce were
+waving.
+
+“Guns and side-arms were being taken away from such Spaniards as had
+outlived the pitiless fire, and their dead were being dumped without
+ceremony into the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.
+
+“When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found him, bloody and
+bandaged, lying on his back on a blanket on the ground, but shown all care
+and attention that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His first
+words to me were that he was afraid he could not write much of a story, as
+he was pretty well dazed, but if I would write for him he would dictate
+the best he could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman told me his
+story of the fight. Here it is:
+
+“‘The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the fights I have seen, is
+the enormous amount of ammunition fired. There was a continuous roar of
+musketry from four o’clock in the morning until four in the afternoon.
+
+  [Illustration: VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.]
+
+“‘Chaffee’s brigade began the fight by moving along the extreme right,
+with Ludlow down in the low country to the left of Caney. General
+Chaffee’s brigade consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth
+Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the extreme right.
+
+“‘The formation was like two sides of an equilateral triangle, Ludlow to
+the south, and Chaffee to the east.
+
+“‘Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we could see through the
+palm-trees and tangle of bushes the brown and blue figures of our soldiers
+in a line a mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush, firing as
+they went.
+
+“‘Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing Caney, moved his troops
+very early in the morning, and the battle opened by Ludlow’s artillery
+firing on the fort and knocking several holes in it.
+
+“‘The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and town, and finally
+demolished the fort. Several times the Spaniards were driven from it, but
+each time they returned before our infantry could approach it.
+
+“‘Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though they fired with great
+accuracy, it was ten hours before they finally reduced the stone fort on
+the hill and enabled our infantry to take possession.
+
+“‘The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our attack, the Seventeenth
+held the right, while the Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied
+the centre.
+
+“‘The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone houses of the town, and,
+furthermore, were massed in trenches on the east side of the fort. They
+fought like devils.
+
+“‘From all the ridges round about the stream of fire was kept up on
+Chaffee’s men, who were kept wondering how they were being wounded. For a
+time they thought General Ludlow’s men were on the opposite side of the
+fort and were firing over it.
+
+“‘The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks on the northwest
+corner of Caney, where the principal Spanish force lay, with their hats on
+sticks to deceive our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in a
+fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat under the pounding, but
+even then men were killed.
+
+“‘General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the back of his head like a
+magnificent cowboy, urging his men on, crying to them to get in and help
+their country win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible to
+locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire comes from. When you stand
+up to see you get a bullet.
+
+“‘We finally located the trenches, and could see the officers moving about
+urging their men. The enemy was making a turning movement to the right. To
+turn the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to get a
+blockhouse, which held the right of our line. General Chaffee detailed
+Captain Clark to approach and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the
+artillery had sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.
+
+“‘Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope. I told them I had been
+on the ridge and knew the condition of affairs, so I would show them the
+way.
+
+“‘We pushed right up to the trench around the fort, and, getting out our
+wire-cutters, severed the barbed wire in front of it. I jumped over the
+severed strand and got into the trench.
+
+“‘It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an inferno of agony. Many
+men lay dead, with gleaming teeth, and hands clutching their throats.
+Others were crawling there alive.
+
+“‘I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they held up their hands.
+
+“‘Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish officer and four men
+alive, while seven lay dead in one room. The whole floor ran with blood.
+Blood splashed all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.
+
+“‘Three poor wretches put their hands together in supplication. One had a
+white handkerchief tied on a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me.
+The other held up his hands, while the third began to pray and plead.
+
+“‘I took the guns from all three and threw them outside the fort. Then I
+called some of our men and put them in charge of the prisoners.
+
+“‘I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other side, and secured
+the Spanish flag. I displayed it to our troops, and they cheered lustily.
+
+“‘Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was struck by a bullet
+from the trenches on the Spanish side.’”
+
+
+
+Before five o’clock, on the morning of July 2d, the crew of the flag-ship
+_New York_ was astir, eating a hurried breakfast.
+
+At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship headed in toward
+Aguadores, about three miles east of Morro Castle. The other ships
+retained their blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the smoke
+of an approaching train from Altares was seen. It was composed of open
+cars full of General Duffield’s troops.
+
+At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train stopped, and the Cuban
+scouts proceeded along the railroad track. The troops got out of the cars,
+and soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly against the
+yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly above, shutting them off from the
+main body of the army, which was on the other side of the hill, several
+miles north.
+
+From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal, by a vigorously
+wigwagged letter, and a few minutes later, from a clump of green at the
+water’s edge, came an answer from the army. This was the first coöperation
+for offensive purposes between the army and navy. The landing of the army
+at Daiquiri and Altares was purely a naval affair.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEWARK.]
+
+With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked like a butterfly.
+
+“Are you waiting for us to begin?” was the signal made by Rear-Admiral
+Sampson to the army.
+
+“General Duffield is ahead with the scouts,” came the answer from the
+shore to the flag-ship.
+
+By this time it was seven A. M. The admiral ran the flag-ship’s bow within
+three-quarters of a mile of the beach. She remained almost as near during
+the forenoon, and the daring way she was handled by Captain Chadwick,
+within sound of the breakers, made the Cuban pilot on board stare with
+astonishment.
+
+The _Suwanee_ was in company with the flag-ship, still closer inshore, and
+the _Gloucester_ was to the westward, near Morro Castle. From the
+southward the _Newark_ came up and took a position to the westward. Her
+decks were black with fifteen hundred or more troops.
+
+She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to disembark the troops
+at Altares.
+
+Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield:
+
+“When do you want us to commence firing?”
+
+In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the answer:
+
+“When the rest of the command arrives; then I will signal you.”
+
+It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before the second fifty
+car-loads of troops came puffing along from Altares.
+
+By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open railroad tracks,
+disappearing in the thick brush that covered the eastern side of Aguadores
+inlet.
+
+The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of the big guns was
+growing hot in the burning sun.
+
+Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They were believed to be on the
+western bluff.
+
+Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into Santiago City. On the
+extremity of the western arm was an old castellated fort, from which the
+Spanish flag was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill,
+commanding the gully, two stretches of red earth could easily be seen
+against the brush. These were the rifle-pits.
+
+At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral Sampson to commence
+firing, and a minute later the _New York’s_ guns blazed away at the
+rifle-pits and at the old fort.
+
+The _Suwanee_ and _Gloucester_ joined in the firing.
+
+Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be seen, but the ping,
+ping, of the small arms of the army floated out to sea during the
+occasional lull in the firing of the big guns, which peppered the
+rifle-pits until clouds of red earth rose above them.
+
+An 8-inch shell from the _Newark_ dropped in the massive old fort, and
+clouds of white dust and huge stones filled the air. When the small shells
+hit its battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments of masonry
+came tumbling down. A shot from the _Suwanee_ hit the eastern parapet, and
+it crumbled away. Amid the smoke and débris, the flagstaff was seen to
+fall forward.
+
+“The flag has been shot down!” shouted the ship’s crew, but, when the
+smoke cleared away, the emblem of Spain was seen to be still flying and
+blazing brilliantly in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending toward
+the earth.
+
+A few more shots from the _Suwanee_ levelled the battlements until the old
+castle was a pitiful sight.
+
+When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the _Suwanee_ was anxious
+to finish his work, so he signalled to the _New York_, asking permission
+to knock down the Spanish flag.
+
+“Yes,” replied Admiral Sampson, “if you can do it in three shots.”
+
+The _Suwanee_ then lay about sixteen hundred yards from the old fort. She
+took her time. Lieutenant Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the
+crews of all the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement.
+
+When the smoke of the _Suwanee’s_ first shot cleared away, only two red
+streamers of the flag were left. The shell had gone through the centre of
+the bunting.
+
+A delighted yell broke from the crew of the _Suwanee_.
+
+Two or three minutes later the _Suwanee_ fired again, and a huge cloud of
+débris rose from the base of the flagstaff.
+
+For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had been the effect of
+the shot. Then it was seen that the shell had only added to the ruin of
+the fort.
+
+The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence, and the _Suwanee_ only
+had one charge left. It seemed hardly possible for her to achieve her
+object with the big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target.
+
+There was breathless silence among the watching crews. They crowded on the
+ships’ decks, and all eyes were on that tattered flag, bending toward the
+top of what had once been a grand old castle. But it was only bending, not
+yet down. Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their
+time. The _Suwanee_ changed her position slightly.
+
+Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up went a shooting cloud of
+débris from the parapet, and down fell the banner of Spain.
+
+Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be heard again. There
+was more excitement than witnessed at the finish of a college boat-race,
+or a popular race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big track.
+
+The _Suwanee’s_ last shot had struck right at the base of the flagstaff,
+and had blown it clear of the wreckage, which had held it from finishing
+its fall.
+
+“Well done!” signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty.
+
+At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts reported that no
+damage had been done to the Spanish rifle-pits by the shells from the
+ships, and Admiral Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but
+that there was no one in the pits. However, the _Suwanee_ was ordered to
+fire a few more shots in their direction.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.]
+
+At 12.18 P. M. the _New York_ having discontinued fire at Aguadores,
+commenced firing 8-inch shells clear over the gully into the city of
+Santiago de Cuba. Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the
+hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible to tell, as the
+smoke hid everything. In reply to General Duffield’s question:
+
+“What is the news?”
+
+Admiral Sampson replied:
+
+“There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits.”
+
+Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts thought reinforcements
+were marching to the battered old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him:
+
+“There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the _Gloucester_ will take
+care of them.”
+
+A little later the _Oregon_ joined the _New York_ intending 8-inch shells
+into the city of Santiago. This was kept up until 1.40 P. M. By that time
+General Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops could not cross
+the stream, but would return to Altares.
+
+On the report that some Spanish troops were still in the gully, the _New
+York_ and _Gloucester_ shelled it once more, and _Newark_, which had not
+fired, signalled:
+
+“Can I fire for target practice? Have had no previous opportunity.”
+
+Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she blazed away, shooting
+well, her 6-inch shells exploding with remarkable force among the rocks.
+
+At 2.40 P. M. Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to cease firing, and the
+flag-ship returned to the blockading station.
+
+On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left for Altares.
+
+
+
+Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston _Globe_, thus relates his personal
+experience:
+
+“When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July 1st, every man was
+physically spent, and needed food and rest more than anything else. For a
+majority of the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make coffee;
+for the men of the hospital corps, the work of the day was commencing. At
+convenient points hospitals were established, and men from every company
+were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead and wounded.
+
+“It is the men of the hospital corps who have the ghastly side of war.
+There is never any popular glory for them; there is no passion of
+excitement to sustain them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under
+fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave. But all that is
+wanting when the surgeons go into action.
+
+“Men come staggering into the hospital with blood dripping from their
+wounds; squads of four follow one another rapidly, bearing stretchers and
+blankets, on which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.
+
+“To those of us at home who are in the habit of seeing our sick and
+injured treated with the utmost consideration and delicacy, who see the
+poor and outcast and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded with
+luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a battle-field are disposed of
+seems barbarous in the extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is
+nevertheless horrible.
+
+“As soon as men were brought in they were at once taken off the litters
+and placed on the bare ground. Time was too precious, and there were too
+many men needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher until
+the surgeon could reach him.
+
+“There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare ground with the sun
+streaming down on them, many of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet
+very few giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations for a
+time there was only one surgeon, who took every man in his turn, and
+necessarily had to make many of them wait a long time.
+
+“And yet these men were much more fortunate than many others, some of whom
+lay on the battle-field for twenty-four hours before they were found.
+There was no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain. Painful
+gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost roughly, until ambulances
+could be sent out to take the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.
+
+“It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were inadequate, and that
+many regiments went into action without a surgeon. From what I saw I think
+the criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were taken care of
+first,—the last duties to the dead could be performed later.
+
+“It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to come across an
+upturned face lying in a pool of blood, to see what was once a man, bent,
+and twisted, and doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight
+fell over the field, and at unexpected places one ran against this fruit
+of war and saw faces in the pallor of death made even more ghostlike by
+the light, while the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling
+vividness by the contrast.
+
+“We had won the battle, but our position was a somewhat precarious one.
+
+“Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger of the Spaniards
+breaking through and attacking us in the rear or left flank. To guard
+against this possibility, Lawton’s division at El Caney was ordered to
+move on to El Pozo, and Kent’s division was under orders to draw in its
+left. The men who had fought at El Caney were hoping to be allowed to
+sleep on the battle-field and obtain the rest which they so badly needed,
+but after supper they were placed under arms and the march commenced.
+
+“The Seventh U. S. Infantry led. It was a weird march. Immediately after
+leaving El Caney we crossed an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out,
+and the men were commanded to maintain absolute silence. We were in the
+heart of the enemy’s country, and caution was necessary.
+
+“After crossing this field we came to a deep gully through which ran a
+swift stream almost knee-deep. Our way led across this stream, and there
+was only one means of getting over. That was to plunge in and splash
+through. Tired as we all were, after getting thoroughly wet our feet felt
+like lead, and marching was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.
+
+“We pressed steadily forward until we came to where the road forked off.
+Our directions had not been very explicit, we had no maps, and our
+commander took the road which he thought was the right one. It soon led
+between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on either side. The moon
+had disappeared behind the clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to
+ambuscade us we were at their mercy.
+
+“I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I think we would all
+rather have been out of that lane. The fear that your enemy may be
+crouching behind bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until he
+pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the nerves.
+
+“The command was frequently halted for the officers to consult, and after
+we had gone about a mile they concluded they were on the wrong road, and
+went to the right about. When we came out where we had started we found
+Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting silent on a big horse and watching a
+seemingly never-ending line of men marching past him. We fell into
+position and pushed on the road to Santiago.
+
+“How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It seemed interminable. My
+watch had run down and no one around me had the time. Finally we were
+ordered to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off their
+packs, and rest.
+
+“I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me weighed not less than two
+hundred pounds, on the muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing I
+knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was three o’clock, and I had
+been asleep for some hours. The regiment was again under arms, and was
+receiving ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from the rear. We
+pressed on until early dawn, when we were well in front of Santiago.
+Entrenchments were hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy. The
+enemy did not give us much time for rest. They made an assault upon our
+position early in the morning, which we repulsed....
+
+“While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us, they succeeded in forcing
+our artillery back, which had taken a position that subjected it to a
+withering infantry fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and
+entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made the position
+impregnable. The guns were so placed they could do tremendous destruction.
+
+“There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening the Spaniards opened
+up an attack along our entire line, with the intention, evidently, of
+taking us by surprise and rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their
+purpose was a failure.”
+
+
+
+General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon and the capture of El
+Caney by his division during the first day’s fighting, says:
+
+“It may not be out of place to call attention to this peculiar phase of
+the battle.
+
+“It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched within a compact
+town of stone and concrete houses, some with walls several feet thick, and
+supported by a number of covered solid stone forts, and the enemy
+continued to resist until nearly every man was killed or wounded, with a
+seemingly desperate resolution.”
+
+
+
+It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth Infantry, who shot and
+disabled General Linares, the commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago.
+The Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan Hill was taken,
+during the first day’s fighting. The American saw a Spaniard, evidently a
+general officer, followed by his staff, riding frantically about the
+Spanish position, rallying his men.
+
+Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser’s permission to try a shot at
+the officer, and greatly regretted to find the request refused. Major Bole
+was consulted. He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else should
+fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into his rifle, adjusted the
+sights for one thousand yards, and fired. The shell fell short. Then he
+put in another, raised the sights for another one thousand yards, took
+careful aim, and let her go. The officer on the white horse threw up his
+arms and fell forward.
+
+“That is for Corporal Joyce,” said McKinnery as he saw that his ball had
+reached the mark. The officer on the white horse was General Linares
+himself. It was afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder.
+He immediately relinquished the command to General Toral.
+
+
+
+On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent the following cablegram to
+the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                          “HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS,
+                                                           “NEAR SANTIAGO.
+
+“To-night my lines completely surrounded the town from beyond the north of
+the city to point of San Juan River on the south. The enemy holds from
+west bend San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city. General
+Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away, and will not get into
+Santiago.
+
+                                                       (Signed) “SHAFTER.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication given below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   “HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS, July 3.
+
+“The following is my demand for the surrender of the city of Santiago:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“‘HEADQUARTERS U. S. FORCES, NEAR SAN JUAN RIVER, CUBA, July 3, 1898, 8.30
+                                                                     A. M.
+
+“‘TO THE COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE SPANISH FORCES, Santiago de Cuba.
+
+“‘_Sir_:—I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to shell Santiago de
+Cuba. Please inform the citizens of foreign countries and all women and
+children that they should leave the city before ten o’clock to-morrow
+morning. Very respectfully,
+
+                         “‘Your obedient servant,
+                                                          “‘W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                              “‘_Major-General, U. S. A._’
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst has returned at 6.30
+P. M.:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                “‘SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 2 P. M., July 3, 1898.
+
+“‘HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GENERAL COMMANDING FORCES OF UNITED STATES, San Juan
+River.
+
+“‘_Sir_:—I have the honour to reply to your communication of to-day,
+written at 8.30 A. M. and received at 1 P. M., demanding the surrender of
+this city; on the contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard
+this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and children that they
+must leave the city before ten o’clock to-morrow morning. It is my duty to
+say to you that this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the
+foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your message.
+
+                           “‘Very respectfully,
+                                                             “‘JOSE TORAL,
+                                    “‘_Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps._’
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian consuls have come to my
+line with Colonel Dorst. They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of
+Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o’clock of fifth instant
+before city is fired on. They claim that there are between fifteen
+thousand and twenty thousand people, many of them old, who will leave.
+They ask if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for want of
+transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles from my landing. The
+following is my reply:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“‘THE COMMANDING GENERAL SPANISH FORCES,
+“‘Santiago de Cuba.
+
+“‘_Sir_:—In consideration of the request of the consuls and officers in
+your city for delay in carrying out my intention to fire on the city, and
+in the interest of the poor women and children, who will suffer very
+greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the city, I have the
+honour to announce that I will delay such action solely in their interest
+until noon of the fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make
+no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I am, with great respect,
+
+                         “‘Your obedient servant,
+                                                         “‘W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                               “‘_Major-General U. S. A._’
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                       (Signed) “SHAFTER,
+                                             “_Major-General Commanding_.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+                            THE SPANISH FLEET.
+
+
+                               “_Don’t cheer; the poor devils are dying._”
+
+
+It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American squadron lay off
+Santiago Harbour intent only on blockade duty. No signs of life were
+visible about old Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After
+two days of fighting the armies of both nations were resting in their
+trenches.
+
+The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the land. The battle-ship
+_Massachusetts_, the protected cruiser _New Orleans_, and Commodore
+Watson’s flag-ship, the cruiser _Newark_, were absent, coaling fifty miles
+or more away.
+
+Shortly before nine o’clock Admiral Sampson, desiring to ascertain the
+exact condition of the Spanish coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the
+flag-ship to go that way, and after flying the signal, “Disregard the
+motions of the commander-in-chief,” the _New York_ steamed leisurely off
+to the eastward.
+
+The little _Gloucester_ lay nearest the shore; the _Vixen_ was opposite in
+a straight line, and to the eastward of her about five miles. A mile or
+less from the _Gloucester_, to the seaward, was the _Indiana_. Nearly as
+far from the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the _Oregon_. The
+_Iowa_ was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying four miles from the
+harbour entrance; next her, to the eastward, each vessel slightly nearer
+inshore, were the _Texas_ and the _Brooklyn_ in the order named.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL WEYLER.]
+
+Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long line of black smoke.
+On board the fleet religious services were being held, but the lookouts of
+every ship were at their stations.
+
+Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was seen coming out past
+the point of the harbour, and instantly all was seemingly confusion on the
+big fighting machines.
+
+“The enemy is escaping,” was the signal run up on Commodore Schley’s
+flag-ship, and within a few seconds the roar of a 6-pounder on the _Iowa_
+broke the stillness of the Sabbath morning.
+
+It was as if every American vessel was put in motion at the same instant,
+and even as the flag-ship’s signal appeared, the clouds of dense smoke
+from their stacks told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already begun
+their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for all the fleet.
+
+John R. Spear, author of “The History of our Navy,” who was with Sampson’s
+fleet, wrote this complete story of the marvellous naval battle off
+Santiago and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the _World_:
+
+“The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the men of the American
+batteries were standing erect and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting
+for the order to commence firing, and watching out of the corners of their
+eyes the boys who were still sprinkling the decks with sand that no one’s
+foot might slip when blood began to flow across the planks.
+
+“But though silence prevailed among the guns, down in the sealed
+stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels that sprayed the coal over
+the glowing grate-bars, the song of the fans that raised the air pressure,
+and the throb of pump and engine made music for the whole crew, for the
+steam-gauges were climbing, and the engineers were standing by the
+wide-open throttles as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.
+
+“For, as it happened, the _Texas_ had been lying directly off the harbour,
+and a little more than two miles away the _Iowa_ was but a few lengths
+farther out and to the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and
+‘Fighting Bob’ Evans of the other, were both on deck when the cry was
+raised announcing the enemy. Hastening to their bridges, they headed away
+at once for the Spaniards, while the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ went
+flying to westward to intercept the leader.
+
+“The mightiest race known to the history of the world, and the most
+thrilling, was begun.
+
+“They were all away in less time than it has taken the reader to get thus
+far in the story, and in much less time still,—indeed, before the gongs in
+the engine-rooms of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate under the
+imperative order of ‘Ahead, full speed!’—the _Almirante Oquendo_, fugitive
+as she was, had opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet
+more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of his long 11-inch
+hontoria rifles in the direction of the _Texas_ and pulled the lanyard.
+The shell came shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.]
+
+“Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet above the water, and
+those of the Socapa battery, lying higher still, with all the batteries
+beneath those two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with
+frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.
+
+“Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance of the first Spaniard
+to the firing of the first American gun.
+
+“In these three minutes the distance between the squadrons was lessened by
+at least a mile,—the range was not more than two thousand yards.
+
+“But while two thousand yards is the range (about one and one-sixth miles)
+selected for great gun target practice, it will never do for an eager
+fight, and as the trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to
+southward, the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to fifteen
+hundred yards before they were obliged to head a course parallel with the
+Spaniards.
+
+“Meantime the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_, as they were stretching away
+toward the coast, had opened fire also, and then the last of the big
+Spaniards, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_, having rounded the point, the
+magnificent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea—of a battle
+between four of the best modern armed cruisers on the Spanish side,
+against three battle-ships and an armoured cruiser on our side—was spread
+out to view.
+
+“And their best was the worst struggle the world ever saw, for it was a
+struggle to get out of range while firing with hysterical vehemence their
+unaimed guns.
+
+“The first shot from the American ships fell short, and a second, in like
+fashion, dropped into the sea. At that the gunner said things to himself
+under his breath (it was in the forward turret of the _Iowa_), and tried
+it once more.
+
+“For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke shrouded the turret, but as
+that thinned away the eager crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the
+hull of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_. Instantly it exploded with tremendous
+effect. Flame and smoke belched from the hole the shell had made, and
+puffed from port and hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast
+rolled up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the woodwork had
+taken fire and was burning fiercely all over the after part of the
+stricken ship.
+
+“The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that sight swelled to a
+roar of triumph a moment later, for as he saw that smoke, the captain of
+the _Teresa_ threw her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky
+beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.
+
+“And then came Wainwright of the _Maine_,—Lieut.-Commander Richard
+Wainwright, who for weeks conducted the weary search for the dead bodies
+of shipmates on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He was captain of the
+_Gloucester_, that was once known as the yacht _Corsair_. A swift and
+beautiful craft she, but only armed with lean 6-pounders.
+
+“‘Ahead, full speed,’ said Wainwright.
+
+“And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the wake of the mighty
+_Maria Teresa_ came Spain’s two big torpedo-boats, called destroyers,
+because of their size,—the _Pluton_ and the _Furor_. Either was more than
+a match for the _Gloucester_, for one carried two 12-pounders, and the
+other two 14-pounders, besides the 6-pounders that both carried.
+
+“Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the _Gloucester_ by at least ten
+knots per hour. But both had thin-plated sides. The shells of the
+_Gloucester_ could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with the
+memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his mind.
+
+“The two boats—even the whole Spanish fleet—were still within easy range
+of the Spanish forts, and to reach his choice of enemies the _Gloucester_
+was obliged to risk not only the land fire, but that of the _Vizcaya_ and
+the _Teresa_. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats steered toward the
+_Brooklyn_, evidently bound to torpedo her, Wainwright headed them off,
+and they never got beyond range of the forts.
+
+“The shots they threw at him outweighed his three to one, but theirs flew
+wild, and his struck home.
+
+“The day of the destroyers was done. As the big _Maria Teresa_ turned
+toward the shore, these two destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled
+fluttering and splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as
+they fled.
+
+“While the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ was on fire, and running for the beach,
+her crew was still working their guns, and the big _Vizcaya_ was handily
+by to double the storm of projectiles she was hurling at the _Iowa_ and
+_Texas_.
+
+“It was not that the _Vizcaya’s_ crew were manfully striving to protect
+the _Teresa_; they were making the snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime
+to escape the relentless Yankees that were closing upon them. For both the
+_Texas_ and the _Iowa_ had the range, and it was only when the smoke of
+their own guns blinded them that their fire was withheld, or a shot went
+astray.
+
+“The _Iowa_ and the _Texas_ had headed off both the _Vizcaya_ and the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_, while the _Indiana_ was coming with tremendous
+speed to join them.
+
+“And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch shell from the _Texas_ went
+crashing into the stoke-hole, and the _Vizcaya_,—the ship whose beauty and
+power once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled pleasure and
+fear—was mortally wounded. Hope was gone, and with helm aport she headed
+away for the beach, as her consort had done.
+
+“The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o’clock, and at 9.58 two of the
+magnificent armoured cruisers of the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming
+wrecks on the Cuban beach, with the _Texas_ rounding to less than a
+thousand yards away off the stern of the _Vizcaya_.
+
+“For a moment the _Texas_ tarried there to let the smoke clear, and to see
+accurately the condition of the enemy, but while her gunners were taking
+aim for a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the _Vizcaya_,
+with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down the fever-hued ensign
+from her peak and hoisted the white flag instead.
+
+“‘Cease firing!’ commanded Captain Jack Philip of the _Texas_.
+
+“So far as the _Vizcaya_ and the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ were concerned,
+the battle—and for that matter the war—was ended.
+
+“Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red flame, rolled from every port
+and shot hole of the _Vizcaya_, as from the _Teresa_. They were both
+furnaces of glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour to certain
+battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition in the quarters either of
+officers or men had been taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent
+ashore. Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden fixtures been
+prepared to resist fire. Apparently the crew had not even wet down the
+decks.
+
+“But the _Texas_ tarried at this gruesome scene only for a moment. They
+wished only to make sure that the two Spaniards were really out of the
+fight, and when they saw the _Iowa_ was going to stand by both, away they
+went to join the race between the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ on our side,
+and the _Cristobal Colon_ and _Almirante Oquendo_ on the other.
+
+“In spite of the original superior speed on the part of the Spaniards, and
+in spite of the delay on the part of the _Texas_, the Spaniards were not
+yet wholly out of range, though the _Cristobal Colon_ was reaching away at
+a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.
+
+“Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen, stripped to their trousers,
+plied their shovels and raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships
+were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were driven as never before
+since their trial trips. The Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had
+turned us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that neither tusks
+nor legs could save.
+
+“For while the _Colon_ was showing a speed that was the equal at least of
+our own _Brooklyn_, long-headed Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging
+the coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance to cut her off
+or drive her out to sea.
+
+“Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards, Schley headed straight
+for that point,—took the shortest cut for it, so to speak,—and in that way
+drew steadily ahead of the _Colon_, leaving to the _Oregon_ and _Texas_
+the task of holding the Spaniards from turning out across the _Brooklyn’s_
+stern.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. IOWA.]
+
+“It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of the gallant officer,
+and it won.
+
+“The task of the battle-ships was well within their powers. It is not
+without reason that both the _Oregon_ and the _Texas_ are the pride of the
+nation as well as of their crews.
+
+“The _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ had hurled a relentless fire at the
+flying Spaniards, and it had told on the _Almirante Oquendo_ with
+increasing effect.
+
+“For the _Oregon_ was fair on the _Oquendo’s_ beam, and there was not
+enough armour on any Spanish ship to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles
+the ship from the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.
+
+“At ten o’clock sharp the _Oquendo_ was apparently still fore and aft, but
+within five minutes she wavered and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship
+though she was, she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and
+fled for life to the beach.
+
+“The _Texas_ was coming with unflagging speed astern, and off to the east
+could be seen the flag-ship of Admiral Sampson racing as never before to
+get a shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by Commodore
+Schley to call her, and it had met her coming at the call of the guns of
+the Spanish fleet. She had overhauled and passed the _Indiana_ long since,
+and was well-nigh abreast of the _Texas_. So the _Oregon_, in order to vie
+with the _New York_ in the last of the mighty race, abandoned the
+_Oquendo_ to her fate and stretched away after the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+“Some of the crew who looked back saw the _Texas_ bring to near the
+_Oquendo_, and then the sea trembled under the impulse of a tremendous
+explosion on board the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke
+filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they been near enough
+they would have heard the crew of the _Texas_ start in to cheer, and have
+heard as well the voice of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to
+check it:
+
+“‘Don’t cheer; the poor devils are dying.’
+
+“Only a man fit to command could have had that thought.
+
+“The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the Spanish squadron
+remained, and she was now in the last desperate struggle, the flurry of a
+monster of the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows through
+gilded glasses at the _Brooklyn_ forging ahead far off their port bow; at
+the _Oregon_ within range off the port quarter; at the _New York_ just
+getting the range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They shivered
+in unison with the quivering hulk as shot after shot struck home. They
+screamed at their crews and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews
+worked with drunken desperation, but down in the stoke-hole the firemen
+plied their shovels with a will and a skill that formed the most
+surprising feature of the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this
+was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put to the full test the
+powers of the men of the three ships in chase.
+
+“In the open sea they might have led the Yankees for an hour or more
+beyond, but the strategy of Schley had cut them off, and yet it was not
+until 1.15 o’clock—three hours and three-quarters after the first gun of
+the _Oquendo_—that the _Colon’s_ gallant captain lost all hope, and, from
+a race to save the ship, turned to the work of destroying her, so that we
+should not be able to float the stars and stripes above her.
+
+“The _Oregon_ had drawn up abeam of her, and was about a mile away. The
+shots from the _New York_ astern were beginning to tell, and those from
+the _Brooklyn_ had all along been smiting her in the face.
+
+“Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard aground near
+Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago, and then hauled down her flag.
+
+“The most powerful sea force that ever fought under the American flag had
+triumphed; the most remarkable race in the history of the world was
+ended.”
+
+On board the flag-ship _New York_ is published a tiny daily newspaper, 4 ×
+7 inches in size, with the name “Squadron Bulletin” on the title-page.
+Following is the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as given
+in that publication:
+
+“This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as dating the entire
+destruction of Admiral Cervera’s formidable fleet; the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Oquendo_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the deep-sea
+torpedo-boats _Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+“The flag-ship had started from her station about nine to go to Siboney,
+whence the admiral had proposed going for a consultation with General
+Shafter; the other ships, with the exception of the _Massachusetts_ and
+_Suwanee_, which had, unfortunately, gone this morning to Guantanamo for
+coal, were in their usual positions, viz., beginning at the east, the
+_Gloucester_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Brooklyn_, and
+_Vixen_.
+
+“When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and about four miles east of
+her usual position, the Spanish fleet was observed coming out and making
+westward in the following order: _Infanta Maria Teresa_ (flag), _Vizcaya_,
+_Cristobal Colon_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Furor_, and _Pluton_.
+
+“They were at once engaged by the ships nearest, and the result was
+practically established in a very short time. The heavy and rapid shell
+fire was very destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_, _Almirante Oquendo_, and _Vizcaya_ were run ashore in the
+order named, afire and burning fiercely. The first ship was beached at
+Nima, nine and one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan
+Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos, fifteen miles. The
+torpedo-boat destroyers were both sunk, one near the beach, the other in
+deep water about three miles west of the harbour entrance.
+
+“The remaining ship, the _Cristobal Colon_, stood on and gave a long chase
+of forty-eight miles, in which the _Brooklyn_, _Oregon_, _Texas_, _Vixen_,
+and _New York_ took part. The _Colon_ is reputed by her captain to have
+been going at times as much as seventeen and a half knots, but they could
+not keep this up, chiefly on account of the fatigue of her men, who, many
+of them, had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had been, while
+there, long without food; her average speed was actually thirteen and
+seven-tenths knots, the ship leaving the harbour at 9.43 A. M., and
+reaching Rio Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance) at 1.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.]
+
+“She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and, seeing no chance of an
+escape from so overwhelming a force, the heavy shells of the _Oregon_
+already dropping around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino and
+hauled down her flag.
+
+“She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves were treacherously
+opened, and in spite of all efforts she gradually sank, and now lies near
+the beach in water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she may be
+floated, as she was far the finest ship of the squadron. All her breech
+plugs were thrown overboard after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of
+her Mauser rifles thrown away.
+
+“The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven P. M., and then
+returned to Santiago. The _Texas_, _Oregon_, and _Vixen_ remained by the
+prize. Commodore second in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first
+class, Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don Emilio Moreu,
+commanding the _Colon_, and Teniente de Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas,
+aid and secretary to the commodore, were taken on board the _New York_.
+The 525 men of the crew of the _Colon_ were placed aboard the _Resolute_,
+which came from Santiago to report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser,
+which turned out to be the Austrian _Maria Teresa_. The other officers
+were placed aboard the _Resolute_ and _Vixen_.
+
+“Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken off the shore by the
+_Gloucester_, and transferred to the _Iowa_, which ship had already taken
+off many from the _Vizcaya_; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on
+board the _Iowa_, and seven officers and 203 men were aboard the
+_Indiana_.
+
+“All these were in a perfectly destitute condition, having been saved by
+swimming, or having been taken from the water by our boats. Admiral
+Cervera was in a like plight. He was received with the usual honours when
+he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the _Iowa’s_ crew.”
+
+
+
+The Independence Day number is very brief. It announces that the prisoners
+are to be sent north on the _Harvard_ and _St. Louis_; that they number
+1,750; that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six hundred; that
+General Pando had reached Santiago with five thousand men; that the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Marblehead_ had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal,
+and then tells of the _Reina Mercedes’s_ skirmish on that day, saying:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. INDIANA.]
+
+“Just before midnight of this date the _Massachusetts_, which was in front
+of the port with her search-light up to the entrance, reported an enemy’s
+vessel coming out, and she and the _Texas_ fired a number of shots in the
+direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also opened, and a number of
+shell fell at various points, the attention paid by the batteries to the
+ships being general. The _Indiana_ was struck on the starboard side of the
+quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on reaching the second deck
+near the ward-room ladder; it caused a fire which was quickly
+extinguished. This was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The
+vessel inside turned out to be the _Reina Mercedes_, which was sunk on the
+east edge of the channel just by the Estrella battery. She heads north,
+and is canted over to port with her port rail under water. She does not
+appear to obstruct the channel.”
+
+The issue of July 5th is of greater interest:
+
+“Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat _Ericsson_, on the third
+instant, was unfortunately omitted. She was in company with a flag-ship,
+and turned at once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing away from
+the _New York_ she signalled, asking permission to continue in chase, but
+she was directed to pick up two men in the water, which she did, and on
+reaching the _Vizcaya_ she was directed by the _Iowa_, the flag-ship
+having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of the _Vizcaya’s_ crew. She
+took off eleven officers and ninety men. The guns of the _Vizcaya_ during
+the operation were going off from the heat, and explosions were frequent,
+so that the work was trying and perilous for the boats of the two vessels
+(_Iowa_ and _Ericsson_) engaged.
+
+“The former report from the army, which was official, regarding General
+Pando’s entry into Santiago, was an error. General Shafter thought that he
+had been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his men only had been
+able to do so; the general himself and his remaining force, it is thought,
+will not be able.
+
+“The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint. The flag-ship went
+to the wrecks of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ and the _Almirante_. The
+former lies in an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal
+draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned out inside above
+her protective deck, but the shell of her hull seems very good, and her
+machinery is probably not seriously injured.
+
+“It looks very much as if she were salvable. The _Almirante_ was much
+worse off. She had been subjected to a much heavier gun fire, being racked
+and torn in every part; she is much more out of water, and the forward
+part is much distorted and torn by the explosion of her magazine and
+torpedoes. The loss of life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn
+everywhere, the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room, particularly,
+was almost covered. The torpedo exploded in the tube; it may be by a shot.
+This is a question which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The fact
+of so many bodies being about would seem to bear this out, but two of her
+crew, taken off the beach this afternoon, were questioned, and both stated
+that it was the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is just below, and that
+many wounded came up that far and were suffocated. The two men were
+intelligent young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the gun fire
+was such that it was impossible to keep the men at the guns. One was a
+powder passer, the other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two
+officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a 6-pounder shell
+between the top of the turret and the gun shield. Altogether the ship was
+a most striking instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may
+accomplish. She was terribly battered about.
+
+“While the flag-ship was lying near the _Almirante_, and her steam cutter
+was alongside, and a small boat from the press tug _Hercules_ lying on the
+starboard quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and a piece
+went through the tug’s boat, cutting it in two; the man in the boat was
+not hurt. It is somewhat extraordinary that this shell should have waited
+so long to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well cooled
+off. There was still much heat and some flames about the bow. One
+extraordinary fact is the survival, in proper shape, of many powder
+grains, baked hard; several of these were picked up about the deck.
+
+“A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief to report in detail
+upon the stranded ships.”
+
+
+
+On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his official report, which
+is given in full:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                “U. S. FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, FIRST RATE, OFF
+                                    SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+“_Sir_:—I have the honour to make the following report upon the battle
+with and the destruction of the Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral
+Cervera, off Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:
+
+“2. The enemy’s vessels came out of the harbour between 9.35 and 10 A. M.,
+the head of the column appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging
+from the channel five or six minutes later.
+
+“3. The positions of the vessels of my command off Santiago at that moment
+were as follows: The flag-ship _New York_ was four miles east of her
+blockading station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance. She
+had started for Siboney, where I had intended to land, accompanied by
+several of my staff, and go to the front to consult with General Shafter.
+A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding between
+us of the operations proposed, had been rendered necessary by the
+unexpectedly strong resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.
+
+“I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day before to arrange an
+interview with General Shafter, who had been suffering from heat
+prostration. I made arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my
+flag-ship was in the position mentioned above when the Spanish squadron
+appeared in the channel.
+
+“The remaining vessels were in or near their usual blockading positions,
+distributed in a semicircle about the harbour entrance, counting from the
+eastward to the westward in the following order: The _Indiana_, about a
+mile and a half from shore, the _Oregon_,—the _New York’s_ place between
+these two,—the _Iowa_, _Texas_, and _Brooklyn_, the latter two miles from
+the shore west of Santiago.
+
+“The distance of the vessels from the harbour entrance was two and a half
+to four miles,—the latter being the limit of day blockading distance. The
+length of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.
+
+“The _Massachusetts_ had left at four A. M. for Guantanamo for coal. Her
+station was between the _Iowa_ and _Texas_. The auxiliaries, _Gloucester_
+and _Vixen_, lay close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than
+the large vessels, the _Gloucester_ to the eastward and the _Vixen_ to the
+westward.
+
+“The torpedo-boat _Ericsson_ was in company with the flag-ship, and
+remained with her during the chase until ordered to discontinue, when she
+rendered very efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning
+_Vizcaya_. I enclose a diagram showing approximately the positions of the
+vessels as described above.
+
+“4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the harbour, at a speed
+estimated at from eight to ten knots, and in the following order: _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ (flag-ship), _Vizcaya_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the
+_Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+“The distance between these ships was about eight hundred yards, which
+means that, from the time the first one became visible in the upper reach
+of the channel until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval of
+only about twelve minutes elapsed.
+
+“Following the _Oquendo_, at a distance of about twelve hundred yards,
+came the torpedo-boat destroyer _Pluton_, and after her came the _Furor_.
+The armoured cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to bear,
+opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels, and emerged from the
+channel shrouded in the smoke from their guns.
+
+“5. The men of our ships in front of the port were at Sunday ‘quarters for
+inspection.’ The signal was given simultaneously from several vessels,
+‘Enemy’s ships escaping,’ and general quarters were sounded. The men
+cheered as they sprang to their guns, and fire was opened, probably within
+eight minutes, by the vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.
+
+“The _New York_ turned about and steamed for the escaping fleet, flying
+the signal, ‘Close in toward harbour entrance and attack vessels,’ and
+gradually increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she was
+making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly closing on the
+_Cristobal Colon_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OREGON.]
+
+“She was not, at any time, within the range of the heavy Spanish ships,
+and her only part in the firing was to receive the undivided fire from the
+forts in passing the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at one of
+the destroyers, thought at the moment to be attempting to escape from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+“6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour, turned to the westward
+in column, increasing their speed to the full power of their engines. The
+heavy blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the Morro, at the
+instant of the enemy’s appearance, and at their best speed, delivered a
+rapid fire, well sustained and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed and
+silenced the Spanish fire.
+
+“The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them rapidly past the
+blockading vessels, and the battle developed into a chase in which the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Texas_ had at the start the advantage of position. The
+_Brooklyn_ maintained this lead.
+
+“The _Oregon_, steaming with amazing speed from the commencement of the
+action, took first place. The _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_ having done good
+work, and not having the speed of the other ships, were directed by me, in
+succession, at about the time the _Vizcaya_ was beached, to drop out of
+the chase and resume blockading stations. These vessels rescued many
+prisoners. The _Vixen_, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships would
+put her between two fires, ran outside of our own column and remained
+there during the battle and chase.
+
+“7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the _Gloucester_ excited
+the admiration of every one who witnessed it, and merits the commendation
+of the Navy Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected auxiliary
+vessel,—the yacht _Corsair_,—and has a good battery of light rapid-fire
+guns.
+
+“She was lying about two miles from the harbour entrance to the southward
+and eastward, and immediately steamed in, opening fire upon the large
+ships.
+
+“Anticipating the appearance of the _Pluton_ and _Furor_, the _Gloucester_
+was slowed, thereby gaining more rapidly a high pressure of steam, and
+when the destroyers came out she steamed for them at full speed and was
+able to close at short range, where her fire was accurate, deadly, and of
+great volume.
+
+“During this fight the _Gloucester_ was under the fire of the Socapa
+battery. Within twenty minutes from the time they emerged from Santiago
+Harbour the careers of the _Furor_ and the _Pluton_ were ended, and
+two-thirds of their people killed. The _Furor_ was beached and sunk in the
+surf; the _Pluton_ sank in deep water a few minutes later. The destroyer
+probably suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary batteries of
+the battle-ships _Iowa_, _Indiana_, and the _Texas_, yet I think a very
+considerable factor in their speedy destruction was the fire, at close
+range, of the _Gloucester’s_ battery.
+
+“After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the _Gloucester_ did
+excellent service in landing and securing the crew of the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_.
+
+“8. The method of escape attempted by the Spaniards—all steering in the
+same direction, and in formation—removed all practical doubts or
+difficulties, and made plain the duty of every United States vessel to
+close in, immediately engage and pursue. This was promptly and effectively
+done.
+
+“As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish squadron carried it past
+a number of the blockading ships, which could not immediately work up to
+their best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and the _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ and the _Oquendo_ were probably set on fire by the shells
+fired during the first fifteen minutes of the engagement. It was afterward
+learned that the _Infanta Maria Teresa’s_ fire main had been cut by one of
+our first shots, and that she was unable to extinguish the fire.
+
+“With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower deck aft these
+vessels gave up both fight and flight, and ran in on the beach, the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_ at about 10.15 A. M., at Nima, nine and one-half
+miles from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the _Almirante Oquendo_ at about
+10.30 A. M., at Juan Gonzales, seven miles from the port.
+
+“9. The _Vizcaya_ was still under the fire of the leading vessels. The
+_Cristobal Colon_ had drawn ahead, leading the chase, and soon passed
+beyond the range of the guns of the leading American ships. The
+_Viz__caya_ was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore and was
+beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles from Santiago, burning fiercely, and
+with her reserves of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.
+
+“When about ten miles west of Santiago the _Indiana_ had been signalled to
+go back to the harbour entrance, and at Acerraderos the _Iowa_ was
+signalled to ‘resume blockading station.’ The _Iowa_, assisted by the
+_Ericsson_ and the _Hist_, took off the crew of the _Vizcaya_, while the
+_Harvard_ and the _Gloucester_ rescued those of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+“This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded from the burning Spanish
+vessels, was the occasion of some of the most daring and gallant conduct
+of the day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns and reserve
+ammunition were exploding, and it was not known at what moment the fire
+would reach the main magazine.
+
+“In addition to this a heavy surf was running just inside of the Spanish
+ships. But no risk deterred our officers and men until their work of
+humanity was complete.
+
+“10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only the _Cristobal Colon_,
+but she was their best and fastest vessel. Forced by the situation to hug
+the Cuban coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and sustained
+speed.
+
+“When the _Vizcaya_ went ashore the _Colon_ was about six miles ahead of
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_, but her spurt was finished, and the
+American ships were now gaining upon her. Behind the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Oregon_ came the _Texas_, _Vixen_, and _New York_.
+
+“It was evident from the bridge of the _New York_ that all the American
+ships were gradually overhauling the chase, and that she had no chance of
+escape. At 12.50 the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ opened fire and got her
+range,—the _Oregon’s_ heavy shells striking beyond her,—and at 1.20 she
+gave up without firing another shot, hauled down her colours and ran
+ashore at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.
+
+“Captain Cook of the _Brooklyn_ went on board to receive the surrender.
+While his boat was alongside I came up in the _New York_, receiving his
+report, and placed the _Oregon_ in charge of the wreck to save her, if
+possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred to the _Resolute_,
+which had followed the chase. Commodore Schley, whose chief of staff had
+gone on board to receive the surrender, had directed that all their
+personal effects should be retained by the officers. This order I did not
+modify.
+
+“The _Cristobal Colon_ was not injured by our firing, and probably is not
+injured by beaching, though she ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so
+steep that she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea valves were
+opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure, after her surrender, and
+despite all efforts she sank. When it became evident that she could not be
+kept afloat she was pushed by the _New York_ bodily upon the beach, the
+_New York’s_ stem being placed against her for this purpose, the ship
+being handled by Captain Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in
+shoal water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she would have gone
+down in deep water, and would have been to a certainty a complete loss.
+
+“11. I regard this complete and important victory over the Spanish forces
+as the successful finish of several weeks of arduous and close blockade,
+so stringent and effective during the night that the enemy was deterred
+from making the attempt to escape at night, and deliberately elected to
+make the attempt in daylight. That this was the case I was informed by the
+commanding officer of the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+“12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the manner in which this was
+accomplished. The harbour of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there
+being but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep water extending
+close up to the shore line, presenting no difficulties of navigation
+outside of the entrance. At the time of my arrival before the port, June
+1st, the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light during the
+night to enable any movement outside of the entrance to be detected; but
+with the waning of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was
+opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats to make an
+attack upon the blockading vessels.
+
+“It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the _Merrimac_, so
+gallantly taken into the channel on June 3d, did not obstruct it. I
+therefore maintained the blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was
+assigned the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up to the
+port, at a distance of from one to two miles from the Morro,—dependent
+upon the condition of the atmosphere,—they threw a search-light beam
+directly up the channel and held it steadily there.
+
+“This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel for half a mile inside
+of the entrance so brilliantly that the movement of small boats could be
+detected.
+
+“Why the batteries never opened fire upon the search-light-ship was always
+a matter of surprise to me; but they never did. Stationed close to the
+entrance of the port were three picket-launches, and, at a little distance
+further out, three small picket-vessels—usually converted yachts—and, when
+they were available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.
+
+“With this arrangement there was at least a certainty that nothing could
+get out of the harbour undetected.
+
+“After the arrival of the army, when the situation forced upon the Spanish
+admiral a decision, our vigilance increased. The night blockading distance
+was reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship was placed
+alongside the search-light-ship, with her broadside trained upon the
+channel in readiness to fire the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The
+commanding officers merit great praise for the perfect manner in which
+they entered into this plan, and put it into execution. The
+_Massachusetts_, which, according to routine, was sent that morning to
+coal at Guantanamo, like the others, had spent weary nights upon this
+work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent that morning.
+
+“I enclose, for the information of the department, copies of orders and
+memorandums issued from time to time, relating to the manner of
+maintaining the blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is
+difficult to discriminate in praise.
+
+“The object of the blockade of Cervera’s squadron was fully accomplished,
+and each individual bore well his part in it, the commodore in command of
+the second division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.
+
+“13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and destructive, and the
+resistance of the Spanish squadron was, in great part, broken almost
+before they had got beyond the range of their own force.
+
+“The fine speed of the _Oregon_ enabled her to take a front position in
+the chase, and the _Cristobal Colon_ did not give up until the _Oregon_
+had thrown a 13-inch shell beyond her. This performance adds to the
+already brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks highly of
+the skill and care with which her admirable efficiency has been maintained
+during a service unprecedented in the history of vessels of her class.
+
+“The _Brooklyn’s_ westerly blockading position gave her an advantage in
+the chase which she maintained to the end, and she employed her fine
+battery with telling effect.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BROOKLYN.]
+
+“The _Texas_ and the _New York_ were gaining on the chase during the last
+hour, and, had any accident befallen the _Brooklyn_ or the _Oregon_, would
+have speedily overhauled the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+“From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her first burst of speed,
+the result was never in doubt. She fell, in fact, far below what might
+reasonably have been expected of her.
+
+“Careful measurements of time and distance give her an average speed, from
+the time she cleared the harbour mouth until the time she was run on shore
+at Rio Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.
+
+“Neither the _New York_ nor the _Brooklyn_ stopped to couple up their
+forward engines, but ran out of the chase with one pair, getting steam, of
+course, as rapidly as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the
+forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen minutes, or four miles
+in the chase.
+
+“14. Several of the ships were struck, the _Brooklyn_ more often than the
+others, but very light material injury was done, the greatest being aboard
+the _Iowa_.
+
+“Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both on the _Brooklyn_. It
+is difficult to explain the immunity from loss of life or injury to ships
+in a combat with modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery is
+poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy of our fire
+speedily drove the men from their guns and silenced their fire.
+
+“This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and by observation. The
+Spanish vessels, as they dashed out of the harbour, were covered with the
+smoke from their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume, and
+soon almost disappeared.
+
+“The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships appears to
+have been remarkably destructive. An examination of the stranded vessels
+shows that the _Almirante Oquendo_ especially had suffered terribly from
+this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her decks were strewn
+with the charred remains of those who had fallen.
+
+“15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and the commanding officers are
+enclosed.
+
+“16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has made a critical
+examination of the stranded vessels, both with a view of reporting upon
+the result of our fire and the military features involved, and of
+reporting upon the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the
+remainder. The report of the board will be speedily forwarded. Very
+respectfully,
+
+                                                           “W. T. SAMPSON,
+                           “_Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief_
+                              _U. S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station._
+
+“_The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship _New York_, to his wife,
+is an entertaining addition to the story of this most marvellous sea
+fight:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         “FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, July 4, 1898.
+
+“Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in a few hours after my
+writing this.
+
+“We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on account of a little note
+from Shafter. He wanted to know why the navy could not go under a
+destructive fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and have a
+consultation with him, explain the situation, and lay our plans before
+him, which were to countermine the harbour, going in at the same time, and
+also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one thousand marines landed
+in Estrella cove.
+
+“It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about 9.30, so Sampson,
+Staunton, and I put on our leggings, got some sandwiches, filled a flask,
+and the ship started to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to
+find horses and a cavalry escort.
+
+“We were within a mile or so of the place when a message came to me that a
+ship was coming out, and by the time I was on deck I found the _New York_
+turned around, and headed back, and there they were, coming out one after
+the other, and putting west as hard as they could go.
+
+“The situation was one which rather left us out of it. We were too far off
+to shoot, but could see the rest banging away. The last to come were the
+two torpedo-boat destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt on
+their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright in the _Gloucester_
+firing at them for all he was worth, and soon one evidently had a hole
+through her boiler, as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot
+into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the other, which was
+moving back toward the entrance, and then left him to Wainwright’s mercy,
+as it was a clear case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to
+one and then the other, but a little way apart, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Oquendo_ afire and ashore.
+
+“As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought to have mentioned two
+men in the water, stripped, to whom we threw life-buoys, with which they
+expressed themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case, with two
+of the enemy’s ships going ahead of us, to stop.
+
+“We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far, until we saw the
+_Vizcaya_ head in, and soon she was on the beach and aflame, at
+Ascerraderos, right under the old Cuban camp.
+
+“There was still the _Cristobal Colon_, a good way ahead, the newest and
+fastest and much more powerful. We had passed the _Iowa_ (which we left
+with the burning _Vizcaya_) and the _Indiana_, which we ordered to return
+off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession after the _Cristobal
+Colon_, which consisted of the _Oregon_, the _Brooklyn_, and _Texas_, and
+the _Vixen_. We got each of our extra boilers into operation until we were
+going a good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance somewhat.
+
+“The _Oregon_ and _Brooklyn_ kept well up, and soon the _Oregon_ began to
+fire, and we could see the _Cristobal Colon_ gradually edge inshore, so
+that we knew the game was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in,
+and went under one of the points which come down from the mountains, which
+here (some sixty miles west of Santiago) are close at the water’s edge,
+and are the highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried
+forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag down, and was ashore.
+
+“The _Brooklyn_ had sent a boat, and Cook, who had gone in it, came
+alongside on his return, and stated he had received their surrender,
+stating he was not empowered to make any condition as to personal effects,
+etc., as to which they seemed anxious.
+
+“I then went on board and arranged things, the admiral allowing them, of
+course, to take with them all their personal belongings, so while we were
+dividing them up among the ships (525 men) along came the _Resolute_,
+reporting having been chased by a Spanish armoured ship, so we put all the
+prisoners in her. This was a long job.
+
+“The thing was to save the _Cristobal Colon_, as she is one of the finest
+modern ships of her class. We hurried a prize-crew aboard from the
+_Oregon_, closed all water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking
+somewhere, but for all we could do she settled down on the beach after
+floating with the rising tide. It was a great pity, but the rascally
+engineers’ force had opened all the valves connecting with the sea, and we
+could not get at them.
+
+“We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her in charge of the
+_Texas_ and _Oregon_, and are now steaming back to our post off Santiago.
+The failure to save the _Colon_ was too bad. It is possible to do so, of
+course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but she was practically
+in an undamaged condition. She had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.
+
+“I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this morning. Poor
+Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo coaling, will be full of grief, as
+also Watson, in the _Newark_.
+
+“I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday we bombarded the
+forts very heavily, knocking off a good deal of the poor old Morro, and
+bringing down the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted in
+our eyes for more than a month.
+
+“We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration while they
+attacked. They did not, however, make the attack, as it turned out.
+
+“These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one reads lurid accounts of
+them in the papers, but nothing really is gained unless we strike the guns
+themselves, and this we have not done.
+
+“As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends of the western
+battery, who paid a great deal of attention to us yesterday, banged away
+at us in fine style, and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when
+I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention only to the
+torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous screech, and everybody on the
+forecastle dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred yards to
+our right. We did not reply as we came along. I thought it a waste of
+material, and thought they might have their amusement so long as they did
+no damage.
+
+“There—the engines have stopped and we are back at Santiago; it is 4.30,
+and I shall turn in again for a final nap. The captain of the _Colon_ is
+occupying my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as are most
+Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer said to me, are the flower
+of the Spanish blood.
+
+“We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom we took in the _Colon_,
+a nice old boy and very chirpy. The captain, of course, takes the loss of
+his ship to heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as cheerful
+as possible. I suppose they think ‘it’s none of their funeral.’
+
+“I stored the general in Staunton’s room, Staunton going to Santiago in a
+torpedo-boat to send the news.
+
+“We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now loafing. It is a great
+relief to feel that there is nothing to look after to-night.
+
+“This goes in the _St. Louis_, so I hope you will have it before many
+days, and I hope, too, it won’t be long before I get to see you. I think
+this terrific defeat must go far toward ending things.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+                        THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.
+
+
+With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill fresh in their minds, the
+American people believed that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information
+that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected.
+
+There was much to be done, however, before the enemy was willing to admit
+himself beaten. The city of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the
+Spaniards, Manila was still defiant; and until those two strongholds had
+been reduced, the boys of ’98 must continue to struggle in the trenches
+and on the field.
+
+The end was not far away, however.
+
+_July 5._ General Shafter telegraphed to the War Department on the fifth
+of July to the effect that the people of Santiago were not only
+panic-stricken through fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack
+of actual necessaries of life. There was no food save rice, and the supply
+of that was exceedingly limited. The belief of the war officials, however,
+was that the Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only when
+it should become absolutely necessary.
+
+Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the close of the truce,
+and, as the hour set by General Shafter drew near, every nerve was
+strained to its utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was carried
+down the line, and all knew the truce had been prolonged.
+
+General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital and barracks of
+Santiago, was notified by the enemy that Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson and his companions were confined in the extreme northern building,
+over which two white flags were flying.
+
+The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral refused to consider
+the question of surrender, began to leave the city,—a mournful procession.
+
+General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington under date of July
+5th:
+
+“I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral, agreeing to exchange
+Hobson and men here; to make exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused
+my proposition of exchange.”
+
+_July 7._ General Miles and staff left Washington en route for Santiago.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson and the other _Merrimac_ heroes were brought into the
+American lines on the morning of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners
+had been arranged to take place under a tree midway between the
+entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and the first lines of the
+Spanish position. Col. John Jacob Astor represented the American
+commander, and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish lieutenants
+and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles, a Spanish staff officer, acted
+for the enemy. The transfer was quickly effected, and once more the brave
+fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice on the altar of their
+country were free.
+
+_July 10._ The truce continued, with the exception of a brief time on the
+tenth, when the bombardment was resumed by the fleet, until the
+thirteenth, when Generals Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an
+interview with General Toral and his staff at a point about halfway
+between the lines.
+
+_July 13._ During this interview the situation was placed frankly before
+General Toral, and he was offered the alternative of being sent home with
+his garrison, or leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed
+being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications, and should
+leave his arms behind.
+
+_July 15._ Not until two days later were the details arranged, and then
+the Spanish commander sent the following letter:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         “SANTIAGO DE CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+“EXCELLENCY COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
+OF THE AMERICAN FORCES.
+
+“_Excellent Sir_:—I am now authorised by my government to capitulate. I
+have the honour to so advise you, requesting you to designate hour and
+place where my representatives should appear to compare with those of your
+excellency, to effect that article of capitulation on the basis of what
+has been agreed upon to this date.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.]
+
+“In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency that I desire to know
+the resolution of the United States government respecting the return of
+arms, so as to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and
+gentlemanly deportment of your great grace’s representatives, and return
+for their generous and noble impulse for the Spanish soldiers, will allow
+them to return to the peninsula with the arms that the American army do
+them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully descended.
+
+                                                    (Signed) “JOSE TORAL,
+                                 “_Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 16._ Commissioners on behalf of the United States and of Spain were
+appointed, and after but little discussion an agreement between them was
+arrived at.
+
+The agreement consists of nine articles.
+
+The first declared that all hostilities cease pending the agreement of
+final capitulation.
+
+_Second_: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish forces and the
+surrender of all war material within the prescribed limits.
+
+_Third_: The transportation of the troops to Spain at the earliest
+possible moment, each force to be embarked at the nearest port.
+
+_Fourth_: That the Spanish officers shall retain their side-arms and the
+enlisted men their personal property.
+
+_Fifth_: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish forces shall
+assist in the removal of all obstructions to navigation in Santiago
+Harbour.
+
+_Sixth_: That after the final capitulation the commanding officers shall
+furnish a complete inventory of all arms and munitions of war, and a
+roster of all the soldiers in the district.
+
+_Seventh_: That the Spanish general shall be permitted to take the
+military archives and records with him.
+
+_Eighth_: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars shall be permitted to
+remain in Cuba if they so elect, giving a parole that they will not again
+take up arms against the United States unless properly paroled.
+
+_Ninth_: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted to march out with all
+the honours of war, depositing their arms to be disposed of by the United
+States in the future. The American commissioners to recommend to their
+government that the arms of the soldiers be returned to those “who so
+bravely defended them.”
+
+General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the cheering news:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                             “CAMP NEAR SANTIAGO, July 16.
+
+“The surrender has been definitely settled and the arms will be turned
+over to-morrow morning, and the troops will be marched out as prisoners of
+war.
+
+“The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine o’clock, and the American
+flag hoisted.
+
+                                               “SHAFTER, _Major-General_.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 17._ The ceremony of surrendering the city was impressive, and, as
+can well be imagined, thrilling for those boys of ’98 who had been
+standing face to face with death in the trenches.
+
+At six o’clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of General Shafter’s staff,
+entered the city, and all the arms in the arsenal were turned over to him.
+The work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation at the entrance
+of the harbour had been progressing all night. At about seven o’clock
+General Toral, the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General Shafter,
+as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 A. M. all the general officers
+and their staffs assembled at General Shafter’s headquarters. Each
+regiment was drawn up along the crest of the heights.
+
+Shortly after nine o’clock the Ninth Infantry entered the city. This
+position of honour was given them as a reward for their heroic assault on
+San Juan Hill.
+
+The details of the surrender are thus described by a correspondent of the
+Associated Press, who accompanied General Shafter’s staff:
+
+“General Shafter and his generals, with mounted escort of one hundred
+picked men of the Second Cavalry, then rode over our trenches to the open
+ground at the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway to the
+then deserted Spanish works. There they were met by General Toral and his
+staff, all in full uniform and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish
+troops.
+
+“What followed took place in full view of our troops.
+
+“The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General Shafter, with his
+generals and their staffs grouped immediately in their rear, and with the
+troops of dashing cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced to
+meet the vanquished foe.
+
+“After a few words of courteous greeting, General Shafter’s first act was
+to return General Toral’s sword. The Spanish general appeared to be
+touched by the complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied
+this action, and he thanked the American commander feelingly.
+
+“Then followed a short conversation as to the place selected for the
+Spanish forces to deposit their arms, and a Spanish infantry detachment
+marched forward to a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were
+halted. The latter were without their colours.
+
+“Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were saluted, in turn, by our
+trumpeters, both giving flourishes for lieutenant and major-generals.
+
+“General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish company, which in
+miniature represented the forces under his command, to ground arms. Next,
+by his direction, the company wheeled and marched across our lines to the
+rear, and thence to the place selected for camping them. The Spaniards
+moved rapidly, to the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the
+companies; but it impressed one like the ‘Dead March’ from Saul.
+
+“Although no attempt was made to humiliate them, the Spanish soldiers
+seemed to feel their disgrace keenly, and scarcely glanced at their
+conquerors as they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling was not
+displayed by the other regiments. Without being sullen, the Spaniards
+appeared to be utterly indifferent to the reverses suffered by the Spanish
+arms, and some of them, when not under the eyes of their officers, seemed
+to secretly rejoice at the prospect of food and an immediate return to
+Spain.
+
+“General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely dejected. When General
+Shafter introduced him by name to each member of his staff, the Spanish
+general appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be about sixty years
+of age, and of frail constitution, although stern resolution shone in
+every feature. The lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn,
+as if with physical pain.
+
+“General Toral replied with an air of abstraction to the words addressed
+to him, and when he accompanied General Shafter at the head of the escort
+into the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he spoke but few
+words. The appealing faces of the starving refugees streaming back into
+the city did not move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers lining
+the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned, stalwart-framed
+conquerors. Only once did a faint shadow of a smile lurk about the corners
+of his mouth.
+
+“This was when the cavalcade passed through a barbed-wire entanglement. No
+body of infantry could ever have got through this defence alive, and
+General Shafter’s remark about its resisting power found the first
+gratifying echo in the defeated general’s heart.
+
+“Farther along the desperate character of the Spanish resistance, as
+planned, amazed our officers. Although primitive, it was well done. Each
+approach to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the barricades
+were high enough and sufficiently strong to withstand shrapnel. The
+slaughter among our troops would have been frightful had it ever become
+necessary to storm the city.
+
+“Around the hospitals and public buildings and along the west side of the
+line there were additional works and emplacements for guns, though no guns
+were mounted in them.
+
+“The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow lines of one-storied
+houses, most of which are very dilapidated, but every veranda of every
+house was thronged by its curious inhabitants,—disarmed soldiers. These
+were mostly of the lower classes.
+
+“Few expressions of any kind were heard along the route. Here and there
+was a shout for free Cuba from some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there
+were only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards remained indoors,
+or satisfied their curiosity from behind drawn blinds.
+
+“Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages averted their faces as we
+passed. The squalor in the streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses
+and other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards, as tame as
+sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.
+
+“The windows of the hospitals, in which there are over fifteen hundred
+sick men, were crowded with invalids, who dragged themselves there to
+witness our incoming.
+
+“The palace was reached soon after ten o’clock. There General Toral
+introduced General Shafter and the other American generals to the alcalde,
+Señor Feror, and to the chief of police, Señor Guiltillerrez, as well as
+to the other municipal authorities.
+
+“Luncheon was then served at the palace. The meal consisted mainly of rum,
+wine, coffee, rice, and toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many
+apologies on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently of their
+heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city was absolutely exhausted,
+and the Spaniards had nothing to live on except rice, on which the
+soldiers in the trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve
+days.”
+
+
+
+Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of hoisting the stars and
+stripes over the governor’s palace in Santiago.
+
+A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would be difficult to
+imagine. The palace, a picturesque old dwelling in the Moorish style of
+architecture, faces the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square.
+Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On one side is a quaint,
+brilliantly painted building with broad verandas, the club of San Carlos;
+on the other a building of much the same description, the Café de la
+Venus.
+
+Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry, headed by the Sixth
+Cavalry band. In the street facing the palace stood a picked troop of the
+Second Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain Brett. Massed
+on the stone flagging between the band and the line of horsemen were the
+brigade commanders of General Shafter’s division, with their staffs. On
+the red-tiled roof of the palace stood Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant
+Miles, and Lieutenant Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the
+flagstaff, was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend, “_Vive
+Alphonso XIII._”
+
+All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding to windows and
+doors, and lining the roofs, were the people of the town, principally
+women and non-combatants.
+
+As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour of twelve, the
+infantry and cavalry presented arms. Every American uncovered, and Captain
+McKittrick hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds unfurled
+in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky, the cavalry band broke
+into the strains of “The Star Spangled Banner,” making the American pulse
+leap and the American heart thrill with joy.
+
+  [Illustration: KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.]
+
+At the same instant the sound of the distant booming of Captain Capron’s
+battery, firing a salute of twenty-one guns, drifted in.
+
+When the music ceased, from all directions around our lines came flying
+across the plaza the strains of the regimental bands and the muffled,
+hoarse cheers of our troops.
+
+The infantry came to “order arms” a moment later, after the flag was up,
+and the band played “Rally Round the Flag, Boys.”
+
+Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers for General Shafter,
+which were given with great enthusiasm, the band playing “The Stars and
+Stripes For Ever.”
+
+The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff returned to the American
+lines, leaving the city in the possession of the municipal authorities
+subject to the control of General McKibben, who had been appointed
+temporary military governor.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+                              MINOR EVENTS.
+
+
+_June 24._ The details of the bloodless capture of the principal of the
+Ladrone Islands are thus told by a private letter from the naval officer
+who figured in the leading rôle of the exploit, Lieutenant William
+Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser _Charleston_:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                     “U. S. S. CHARLESTON, AT SEA AND ONE
+                                             “THOUSAND MILES FROM MANILA,
+                                                           “June 24, 1898.
+
+“We have just carried out our orders to capture the Spanish authorities at
+the capital of the Ladrone Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain
+to undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a starter.
+
+“I went ashore to have a talk with the governor about affairs, and the
+results were that I did not lose even a single man. The matter was all
+settled in one day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers
+(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles and nearly ten
+thousand pounds of ammunition.
+
+“I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The captain’s instructions
+were to wait a half hour for his answer to our ultimatum, then use my
+troops. I waited, and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed me
+his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship out in the harbour
+about four or five miles off.
+
+“I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining time, and hence I
+broke the seal, read the contents, the governor protesting and saying that
+was a letter for my captain. I replied: ‘I represent him here. You are now
+my prisoners, and will have to come on board ship with me.’
+
+“They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor said:
+
+“‘You came on shore to talk over matters, and you make us prisoners
+instead.’ I replied: ‘I came on shore to hand you a letter and to get your
+reply; in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender all under
+your jurisdiction. If this means anything at all, it means that you will
+accede to any demands I may deem proper to make. You will at once write an
+order to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place was five
+miles distant), directing him to deliver at this place at four P. M. (it
+was 10.30 A. M., June 21st) all ammunition and flags in the island, each
+soldier to bring his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native
+and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.’
+
+“They protested and demurred, saying there was not time enough to do it,
+but I said: ‘Señors, it must be done.’
+
+“The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I took all the officers
+with me in a boat, and at four P. M. went ashore again and rounded in the
+whole outfit. I was three miles away from my troops, and I had only four
+men with me. At four P. M., when I disarmed 108 men and two officers, I
+had forty-six men and three officers with me.
+
+“The key-note to the whole business was my breaking the seal of that
+letter and acting at once. They had no time to delay or prepare any
+treacherous tricks, and I got the ‘drop’ on the whole outfit, as they say
+out West.
+
+“The native troops I released and allowed to return to their homes
+unrestricted; they had manifested great joy in being relieved from Spanish
+rule. While it is harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish
+treachery it was all that could be done.
+
+“Twenty-four hours would have—yes, I believe even four hours with a leader
+such as the governor was, a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army—given
+them a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals in the
+dense tropical foliage they could have almost annihilated any force that
+could land.
+
+“The approaches to the landing over shallow coral reefs would have made a
+landing without a terrible loss of life almost an impossibility.
+
+“We have increased by conquest the population of the United States by
+nearly twelve thousand people. The capital has a population of six
+thousand people. This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of
+access, plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of a large number
+of vessels at the same time, and is an ideal place for a coaling station.
+
+“If our government decided to hold the Philippines it would then come in
+so well; San Francisco to Honolulu twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to
+island of Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen hundred
+miles. With a chain of supply stations like this, we could send troops the
+whole year round if necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of
+thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.
+
+“The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had the officers and
+soldiers dreamed for one moment that they were to be torn from their
+homes, there would, I feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am
+firmly convinced this letter would never have been written.
+
+“The captain, in extending to me his congratulations, remarked:
+‘Braunerzruther, you’ll never, as long as you live, have another
+experience such as this. I congratulate you on your work.’
+
+“All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I had an interpreter
+with me, but forgot all about using him. I did not want them to get a
+chance to think, even, before it was too late.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 25._ The _Florida_ and the _Fanita_ left Key West Saturday, June
+25th, under convoy of the _Peoria_, commanded by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On
+board the steamers were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty troopers
+of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry under Lieutenants Johnson and Ahearn, and
+twenty-five Rough Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col. William
+Astor Chanler.
+
+The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses of the cavalry and 167
+sacks of oats and 216 bales of hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms
+were two dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and two
+full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of regular
+ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with them, and 1,500 cartridges.
+In the matter of infantry rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with
+954,000 cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells.
+
+Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers, and the others had
+Springfields. For the insurgent officers were provided 200 army Colts and
+2,700 cartridges. Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry
+tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along. In the expedition were
+also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths, and 450 bridles. For the Cuban
+soldiers there were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275
+blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks.
+
+There were these commissary stores carried, calculated by pounds: Bacon,
+67,275; corn-meal, 31,250; roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250;
+sugar, 2,425; mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans
+18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250.
+
+_June 29._ The expectation was that the landing would be effected at San
+Juan Point, on the south coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and
+Trinidad. This place was reached Wednesday evening, June 29th. A scouting
+party put off in a small boat and sculled toward shore, but had made only
+half the distance when there came a lively fire from what had been taken
+to be an abandoned blockhouse near the point. The men were called back and
+the three ships moved to the eastward. About four o’clock the next
+afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away.
+
+Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, stood a
+large fort built of railroad iron and surrounded by earthworks. The
+_Peoria_ ran boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders, but
+brought no response and no signs of life. Here was thought to be the
+desired opportunity, and another scouting party was organised. This was
+made up of fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as many Cubans
+under Captain Nunez.
+
+The _Peoria_ took a position within short range of the fort to protect a
+landing or cover a retreat, and the small boats headed for the shore. They
+reached it five hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached,
+and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the brush. But at almost
+the very moment they set foot on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments
+around it burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the little
+band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping from his boat when a shot
+struck him between the eyes and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a
+broken arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied with a sharp
+fire directed at the entrenchments.
+
+Meanwhile the _Peoria_ set all her guns at work, and rained shells upon
+the fort until the enemy’s fire ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened
+fire, however, the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it became
+evident that their forces were too large to allow a landing there. A
+retreat was ordered, and the party on shore rushed to the boats, but
+volley after volley came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw
+themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the boats with only their
+heads exposed, until the ships were reached. The Spaniards had the range,
+however, and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously. Returning to
+the _Peoria_, the men reported that a vicious fire had come from a grove
+of cocoanut palms to the eastward of the fort. The _Peoria_ opened her
+guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many Spaniards, for her
+shells dropped into the smoke and flash of the adversary’s fire, silenced
+it at once, and forced them to send up rockets for help.
+
+A number of volleys were sent at the _Peoria_ with a view to disabling her
+gunners, but they were badly directed, and fell against her side and into
+the water. When the small boats reached the ship it was dark. Then the
+discovery was made that, besides Captain Nunez, whose body was left on the
+beach, there were missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant
+Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that Chanler had been mortally
+wounded, and was kept hidden in the bushes along the shore by the two
+doctors. Rescue parties were immediately organised, composed of
+volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore during the night.
+Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn, in charge of one of these, found Chanler
+and his companion.
+
+Chanler’s wound proved to be in the right elbow. After sunrise Agramonte
+and his Cubans were discovered and brought off.
+
+_July 1._ The next day the gunboat _Helena_, under Captain Swynburn,
+arrived, and she and the _Peoria_ steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the
+Spaniards had been vigorously fortifying.
+
+Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a town of considerable
+size, and reinforcements and artillery had been rapidly coming in. Range
+buoys had been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships drew in to
+close range, and opened fire, the _Peoria_ at twelve hundred and the
+_Helena_ at fourteen hundred yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp
+field-pieces of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along the
+water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed reply with shell
+and shrapnel. The fire of the American ships was most accurate and
+terribly destructive. The Spanish gunners had not fired more than fifteen
+or twenty shots before their guns were flying in the air, their earthworks
+a mass of blood-stained dust, and their gunners running for their lives.
+Both the _Peoria_ and the _Helena_ were struck several times, chiefly by
+shrapnel, but no one on either ship was injured. As they withdrew, several
+buildings on shore were in flames.
+
+That afternoon both ships again turned their attention to the fort and the
+entrenchments at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour
+poured a wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been largely reinforced
+during the day, and some field-pieces had been mounted near the fort.
+These replied to the American fire, but without effect, and the shells of
+the two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse was struck
+repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially destroyed. No damage was
+done to the ships, and they again withdrew.
+
+That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and the adjacent buildings,
+evidently expecting a landing in force the next day.
+
+It was learned from various sources that reinforcements were pouring into
+Las Tunas from all directions; a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated
+that two thousand men had been despatched from the nearest trocha. It was
+determined to proceed during the night to Palo Alto, fifty miles to the
+eastward, the _Helena_ remaining at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in
+the belief that an attempt was to be made to land there.
+
+_July 2._ At ten o’clock Saturday night, while the _Helena_ lay offshore,
+making lively play with her search-lights toward shore, the _Peoria_, the
+_Florida_, and the _Fanita_, with all lights out, slipped silently away.
+Palo Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a Spaniard to be seen,
+and the men and cargo were put ashore without a single obstacle.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GOMEZ.]
+
+_July 4._ Gomez, with two thousand men, was known to be in the vicinity,
+and scouts hurried into his lines. On Monday the old warrior appeared in
+person at Palo Alto.
+
+_July 5._ A steamer was sighted about midnight by the U. S. S. _Hawk_,
+formerly the yacht _Hermione_, off the north coast of Pinar del Rio,
+steaming eastward, close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots
+across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The _Hawk_ then opened fire and
+gave chase.
+
+Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three were without effect. The
+vessel was soon on fire, and flew signals of distress while making full
+speed head on to the beach. The _Hawk_ ceased firing, and manned a
+relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on a reef, under cover
+of Fort Mariel.
+
+Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in response to the
+_Hawk’s_ attack, and was burning signals calling for help, the American
+relief-boat was received with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer
+and the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed, By this
+time daylight was breaking, and another Yankee ship, the gunboat
+_Castine_, hove in sight, reinforcing the _Hawk_.
+
+The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and fort. A well-directed
+4-inch shell from the _Castine_ blew the steamer up.
+
+Most of the latter’s crew and passengers by this time had, however,
+escaped by rowing or swimming ashore. Just at sunrise, while the _Castine_
+and _Hawk_ were reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big Spanish
+gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries on the two American
+boats. It was an exciting moment.
+
+The _Castine’s_ 4-inchers opened promptly, and the Spaniard returned at
+full speed to cover, under Morro Castle.
+
+The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara, arrived at Suez, and was
+notified by the officials of the Egyptian government that it must leave
+the port within twenty-four hours.
+
+The government also notified Admiral Camara that he would not be allowed
+to coal.
+
+While the U. S. gunboat _Eagle_ was on the blockading route in the
+vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the south Cuban coast, about five miles
+from the shore, she sighted the schooner _Gallito_, provision laden. She
+immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until about a quarter of a
+mile from the shore, when she dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped
+over her side and swam ashore.
+
+Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from the _Eagle_ were sent in a
+small boat to board the schooner. They found her deserted, and while
+examining her were fired upon by her crew from the beach. Several
+rifle-shots went through the schooner’s sails, but no one was injured. The
+_Eagle_ drew closer in, and sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from
+her 6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The _Gallito_ was
+taken into Key West.
+
+_July 7._ Congress having passed resolutions to the effect that Hawaii be
+annexed to the United States, the President added his signature, and a new
+territory was thus added to the American nation.
+
+Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the _Philadelphia_ from
+Mare Island for Hawaii. She was to carry the flag of the United States to
+those islands and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller,
+commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the function of hoisting
+the flag.
+
+_July 8._ Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish fleet, which was bound
+for the Philippines, informed the Egyptian government that he had been
+ordered to return home, and would, therefore, reënter the Suez Canal.
+
+_July 12._ The auxiliary gunboat _Eagle_ sighted the Spanish steamer
+_Santo Domingo_, fifty-five hundred tons, aground near the Cuban coast,
+off Cape Francis, and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy
+shots at her, nearly all of which took effect.
+
+While this was going on, another steamer came out of the bay and took off
+the officers and crew of the _Santo Domingo_. When the men from the
+_Eagle_ boarded the latter they found that she carried two 5-inch and two
+12-inch guns, the latter being loaded and her magazines open. The steamer
+had been drawing twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground in twenty
+feet.
+
+The men from the _Eagle_ decided that the steamer could not be floated,
+and she was set on fire after fifty head of cattle, which were on board,
+had been shot.
+
+The _Santo Domingo_ carried a large cargo of grain, corn, etc. While the
+steamer was burning, the vessel which had previously taken off the crew
+emerged from the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but failed.
+The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and was totally destroyed.
+
+_July 17._ The cruiser _New Orleans_ captured the French steamer _Olinde
+Rodriguez_ off San Juan de Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port
+with passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco.
+
+The U. S. S. _Mayflower_ captured the British steamer _Newfoundland_ off
+Cienfuegos while the latter was trying to run the Cuban blockade.
+
+The Spanish sloop _Domingo Aurello_ was captured by the U. S. S. _Maple_
+as the former was leaving the port of Sagua de Tanamo, province of
+Santiago, with a cargo of tobacco.
+
+_July 22._ The following cablegram was received at the Navy Department:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                          “PLAYA, July 22.
+
+“Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful, although the mines have
+not been removed for want of time.
+
+“The Spanish cruiser _Jorge Juan_, defending the place, was destroyed,
+without loss on our part.
+
+“The _Annapolis_ and _Wasp_ afterward proceeded from Nipe to assist in the
+landing of the commanding general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.
+
+                                                       (Signed) “SAMPSON.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 30._ Another “jackie” achieved the reputation of a hero. He is
+boatswain’s mate Nevis of the gunboat _Bancroft_, and the tale of his
+valour is not unmixed with humour.
+
+The _Bancroft_, accompanied by the converted yacht _Eagle_, which had been
+covering the blockading station around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small
+Spanish schooner in Sigunea Bay.
+
+The _Bancroft’s_ steam launch, in charge of Nevis and one seaman, each
+armed with a rifle, were sent in to take the schooner. This was only a
+task of minutes, and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to
+be the schooner _Nito_, little more than a smack, and with no cargo.
+
+Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor near the wreck of the
+Spanish transatlantic liner _Santo Domingo_, sunk by the _Eagle_ a few
+weeks ago. Then the _Bancroft_ and _Eagle_ cruised off to Mangle Point,
+where they happened to be put in communication with the insurgent camp.
+
+Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing could be seen of the
+launch or the prize. Suddenly Commander Clover, who was scanning the
+waters with his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the _Eagle_: “By
+heavens, they have recaptured my prize.” The little schooner lay near the
+wrecked steamer, but the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and,
+instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was apparently filled with
+men.
+
+Meanwhile the gunboat _Maple_ had drawn up, and Commander Clover ordered
+her into the work of rescue. With guns ready she steamed toward the
+schooner, but the sight that greeted her was not what was expected.
+
+Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat attempting to navigate
+her out of the harbour. Each had his rifle across his knee and was keeping
+a wary eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards huddled in the
+other end of the boat.
+
+The _Maple_ asked for information, and offered Nevis a tow, but he replied
+with a joke and declined the proffered assistance. Then it developed that,
+in going in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish boats near
+the wreck of the _Santo Domingo_, and had resolved to capture them, too.
+He knew it was hazardous work, but “bluff” carried him through.
+
+He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran them up, and boldly
+sailed in. There were six men on the two other boats, and they watched the
+approach of their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily changed
+to consternation when Nevis and the other “jackie” suddenly whipped their
+rifles to their shoulders, and demanded an immediate surrender.
+
+The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying, and had the unique
+experience of surrendering to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid,
+Nevis took them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact manner
+reported the adventure to his astonished commander.
+
+The capture was no mean one, for these six men gave important information
+to the American ships.
+
+_August 1._ The Norwegian steamer _Franklin_, of about five hundred tons,
+bound from Vera Cruz with a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the
+converted yacht _Siren_ off Francis Key, near Caibarien.
+
+_August 6._ The Norwegian steamer _Aladdin_, sugar-laden, was captured by
+the auxiliary gunboat _Hawk_ off Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines.
+
+_August 7._ The auxiliary gunboat _Viking_ captured the Norwegian steamer
+_Bergen_ off Francis Key.
+
+_August 8._ General Shafter and the Spanish General Toral held a
+consultation at the palace in Santiago, with regard to the embarkation of
+the Spanish prisoners of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand
+of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on board the _Alicante_ next
+morning, to be sent to Spain as soon as the vessel was properly loaded.
+
+_August 10._ The President to-day promoted Sampson and Schley to be
+rear-admirals, ranking in the order named.
+
+A department of the army, to be known as the Department of Santiago, was
+created, and Maj.-Gen. Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command.
+
+The Norwegian steamers _Aladdin_ and _Bergen_ were released, by orders
+from Washington.
+
+_August 12._ The flag-ship _San Francisco_, the monitor _Miantonomah_, and
+the auxiliary yacht _Sylvia_ were fired upon by the Havana batteries. One
+10 or 12-inch shell struck the _San Francisco’s_ stern as she turned to
+get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in diameter, completely
+wrecking Commodore Howell’s quarters, and smashing his book-case to
+fragments. Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to attack the
+batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their engines could carry them.
+
+_August 13._ General Shafter, at Santiago, learned that Manzanillo had
+been bombarded for twenty hours.
+
+General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander at Manzanillo that
+peace had been declared,(35) and requesting him to advise the American
+commander of the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the
+shelling of the town ceased.
+
+_August 16._ The following message was the first received in this country
+from the territory so lately annexed:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                     “HONOLULU, August 16.
+
+“_Day, State Department_:—Flag raised Friday, the twelfth, at noon.
+Ceremonies of transfer produced excellent impression.
+
+                                                       (Signed)  “SEWALL.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XV.
+
+
+                        THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+
+_July 20._ With bands playing and thirty thousand people cheering, the
+first expedition to Porto Rico left Charleston, S. C., at seven o’clock in
+the evening, under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second and Third
+Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania regiments, and two companies of the
+Sixth Illinois, made up the list of troops.
+
+_July 21._ General Miles accompanied the expedition bound for Porto Rico,
+which left Guantanamo Bay, made up of eight transports convoyed by the
+_New Orleans_, _Annapolis_, _Cincinnati_, _Leyden_, and _Wasp_.
+
+_July 22._ An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen. Theo. Schwan left
+Tampa on five transports, bound for Porto Rico.
+
+_July 25._ The expedition under the command of Major-General Miles landed
+at Guanica de Porto Rico, the _Gloucester_, in charge of
+Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in order to
+reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting outside, the gallant little
+fighting yacht _Gloucester_ braved the mines which were supposed to be in
+this harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were five fathoms of
+water close inshore.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.]
+
+The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise. Almost the first they
+knew of the approach of the army of invasion was the firing of a gun from
+the _Gloucester_, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul down the flag
+of Spain, which was floating from the flagstaff in front of a blockhouse
+standing to the east of the village.
+
+The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right and left of the bay and
+in order to scare the enemy, the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing
+into the town.
+
+The _Gloucester_ then hove to within about six hundred yards of the shore,
+and lowered a launch, having on board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty
+men, under the command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore without
+encountering any opposition.
+
+Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey to haul down the Spanish
+flag, which was done, and then they raised the first United States flag to
+float over Porto Rican soil.
+
+Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with Mauser rifles upon the
+American party. Lieutenant Huse and his men responded with great
+gallantry, the Colt gun doing effective work.
+
+Norman, who received Admiral Cervera’s surrender, and Wood, a volunteer
+lieutenant, shared the honours with Lieutenant Huse.
+
+Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the Americans, the
+_Gloucester_ opened fire on the enemy with all her 3 and 6-pounders which
+could be brought to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into
+the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of Spanish cavalry were
+to be seen hastening toward the spot where the Americans had landed.
+
+Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he named Fort
+Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the street in front of it in order to
+repel the expected cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt
+gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those who were fighting in
+the streets of Guanica, but the Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of
+them.
+
+Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen were seen climbing the
+hills to the westward, and the foot-soldiers were scurrying along the
+fences from the town.
+
+By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots, the town was won,
+and the enemy driven out of the neighbourhood.
+
+The troops from the transports were landed before nightfall.
+
+_July 26._ Near Yauco, while the Americans were pushing toward the
+mountains, the Spaniards ambushed eight companies of the Sixth
+Massachusetts and Sixth Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and
+driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry charged and were
+routed by our infantry.
+
+General Garretson led the fight with the men from Illinois and
+Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to Yauco, leaving three dead on the
+field and thirteen wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three
+were slightly wounded.
+
+_June 27._ The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered to Commander C. H.
+Davis of the auxiliary gunboat _Dixie_. There was no resistance, and the
+Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General Miles issued the
+following proclamation:
+
+“In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of Spain by the people
+of the United States, in the cause of liberty, justice, and humanity, its
+military forces have come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come
+bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble purpose, to seek the
+enemies of our government and of yours, and to destroy or capture all in
+armed resistance.
+
+“They bring you the fostering arms of a free people, whose greatest power
+is justice and humanity to all living within their fold. Hence they
+release you from your former political relations, and it is hoped your
+cheerful acceptance of the government of the United States will follow.
+
+“The chief object of the military forces will be to overthrow the armed
+authority of Spain, and give the people of your beautiful island the
+largest measure of liberty consistent with this military occupation.
+
+“They have not come to make war on the people of the country, who for
+centuries have been oppressed, but, on the contrary, they bring protection
+not only to yourselves, but to your property, will promote your prosperity
+and bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of our enlightened and
+liberal institutions and government.
+
+“It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing laws and customs
+which are wholesome and beneficial to the people, so long as they conform
+to the rules of the military administration, order, and justice. This is
+not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give all within the
+control of the military and naval forces the advantages and blessings of
+enlightened civilisation.”
+
+_July 28._ The expedition destined for Porto Rico, under command of
+Major-General Brooke, left Newport News. Four transports and the auxiliary
+cruisers _St. Louis_ and _St. Paul_ comprises the fleet.
+
+The Navy Department made public the following telegram:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    “U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS, PONCE, PORTO
+                                                            RICO, July 28.
+
+“Commander Davis with _Dixie_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, and _Gloucester_ left
+Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce and capture lighters for United States
+army. City of Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis upon demand
+at 12.30 A. M., July 28th. American flag hoisted 6 A. M., 28th.
+
+“Spanish garrison evacuated.
+
+“Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by army: first,
+garrison to be allowed to retire; second, civil government to remain in
+force; third, police and fire brigade to be maintained without arms;
+fourth, captain of port not to be made prisoner.
+
+“Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with _Massachusetts_ and _Cincinnati_,
+General Miles and General Wilson and transport, at 6.40 A. M., 28th;
+commenced landing army in captured sugar lighters.
+
+“No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants; great enthusiasm.
+
+“Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and 120 tons of coal.
+
+                                                              “HIGGINSON.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The advance guard of General Henry’s division, which landed at
+Guanica on Tuesday, arrived at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco,
+Tallaboa, Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas.
+
+Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and otherwise destroy the
+railroad between Yauco and Ponce failed, only a few flat cars being
+burned. At Yauco the Americans were welcomed in an address made by the
+alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated “Yauco, Porto Rico,
+United States of America, July 27th.”
+
+_July 31._ In General Miles’s despatches to the War Department, the
+following statements are made regarding the condition of affairs on the
+island:
+
+“Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms and ammunition.
+Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed at the arrival of the army. Two
+thousand from one place have volunteered to serve with it. They are
+bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed supplies.
+
+“The custom-house has already yielded fourteen thousand dollars. As soon
+as all the troops are disembarked they will be in readiness to move.”
+
+Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania,
+occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles northeast of Ponce, on the road to
+San Juan. The American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm
+by the populace.
+
+_August 1._ The American scouts were within six miles of Coamo, and the
+Spanish rear guard was retiring fast. The Spanish had fled toward
+Aibonito, thirty miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified.
+There the road winds around among the mountains, and the artillery
+commanding it rendered the position impregnable. Détours were to be made
+by the Americans from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding the
+main road, which had been mined for three miles. Captain Confields of the
+engineers went ahead to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in
+advance of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General Stone that it
+had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A signal-station was established,
+and the stars and stripes run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm.
+Yabricoa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas, Guayamo, and
+Salinas had all surrendered.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.]
+
+The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San Juan before an attack
+was made. The second fleet of transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the
+_Roumanian_ bringing the cavalry detachment, and the _Indiana_ and
+_Missouri_ the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan, and Haines, with their
+staffs, were on board. The troops carried included the Thirteenth
+Illinois, Seventh Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and
+Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry.
+
+There were also one thousand animals, thirty days’ rations for thirty
+thousand men, a signal corps detachment, and an ambulance corps. The whole
+force, as well as the ammunition and quartermaster’s stores, was landed,
+and the men were camping on the outskirts of the town.
+
+_August 2._ San Juan blockaded by the _New Orleans_, _Puritan_, _Prairie_,
+_Dixie_, and _Gloucester_, which kept out of range of the masked batteries
+ashore.
+
+The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of U. S. troops. Spanish
+volunteers continued to come into the American lines and give themselves
+up.
+
+_August 4._ A portion of General Grant’s brigade, on the transport
+_Hudson_, sailed from Newport News.
+
+A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the invading army, thus
+wrote under date of August 4th:
+
+“The Americans have taken peaceful possession of the eastern portion of
+the island.
+
+“Small parties of marines have been landed, who have lighted the lamps in
+the lighthouse at Cape San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast.
+They met with no resistance.
+
+“Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens came out to meet them.
+
+“The war-ships now in this vicinity are the _Montgomery_, the _Annapolis_,
+the _Puritan_, and the _Amphitrite_. The two former are looking for the
+transports with troops which left the United States and have scattered all
+about the island.
+
+“The _Annapolis_ rounded up the _Whitney_, the _Florida_, and the
+_Raleigh_, yesterday, and they are now at Cape San Juan. There seems to
+have been a serious mistake as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to
+the same place, and it will take several days to overtake them and get
+them to Ponce, where General Miles is waiting.
+
+“Off San Juan the cruiser _New Orleans_ alone maintains the blockade. The
+city is grim and silent, but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty
+of determination to fight when the Americans fire.
+
+“Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation, in the course of which
+he says:
+
+“‘Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off the American boats now
+as I did Sampson’s attempt before.’
+
+“The daughter of the captain-general is helping to drill the gunners in
+the fort. Altogether there are ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the
+city. The troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce and the other
+towns on the south coast occupied by the Americans, have not yet arrived.”
+
+_August 5._ General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio and the Third Illinois,
+left Arroyo for the Spanish stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was
+placed in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo its
+skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from ambush. There was a hot
+running fight from this time on until the American troops reached and
+captured Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo. The Americans lost
+three wounded, and the enemy, one killed and two wounded.
+
+_August 6._ The foreign consuls at San Juan de Porto Rico advised the
+Spanish authorities to surrender the island to the American troops. The
+Spaniards, however, in reply, announced that they had resolved to fight;
+thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish commander, Captain-General
+Macias, that they would establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio
+Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and their portable
+properties in order to ensure their safety in the event of a bombardment
+of the place by the American forces. The consul sent a similar
+notification to General Miles.
+
+_August 7._ A general advance of the American forces. The custom-house in
+the village of Farjardo was seized.
+
+_August 8._ The town of Coamo was taken by the Sixteenth Pennsylvania and
+the Second and Third Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying
+blockhouse, and under cover of this fire the advance was made.
+
+Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty killed, including the
+commander, Rafael Igleseas, and three other officers.
+
+Five Americans were wounded.
+
+_August 9._ Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six companies of the First
+Kentucky regiment sailed for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport
+_Alamo_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         “PONCE, August 9.
+
+“_Secretary of War, Washington_:—The following received from General
+Wilson:
+
+“‘General Ernst’s brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this morning. Sixteenth
+Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Biddle, of my staff, having made a turning movement through the mountains,
+striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond town, captured the entire
+garrison of Coamo, about 150 men.
+
+“‘Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez killed. Our loss reported
+six wounded, only one severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.’
+
+“Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially to be commended. This
+is a very important capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as soon
+as received here.
+
+                                                         (Signed) “MILES.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing Spanish engineers, after
+the capture of Coamo, a distance of four miles along the road to Aibonito.
+
+The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River, where the Spaniards had
+blown up the bridge, and were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest
+of Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned the fire, receiving
+no damage, and holding the position. A battalion of the Third Wisconsin
+Volunteers went to their support.
+
+_August 11._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                           “PONCE, VIA BERMUDA, August 11.
+
+“_Secretary of War, Washington_:—The following message received from
+Schwan:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                      “‘CAMP, NEAR HORMIGUEROS, August 10.
+
+“‘Advance guard, including cavalry of this command, while reconnoitring
+northwest of Rosario River, near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish
+force, which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.
+
+“‘In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant Byron, Eighth Cavalry,
+my aid-de-camp, was wounded in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D,
+Eleventh Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen
+enlisted men were wounded.
+
+“‘It is reported that the most, if not the entire Spanish garrison of
+Mayaguez and surrounding country, consisting of one thousand regulars and
+two hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement. We drove enemy from
+his position, and it is believed inflicted heavy loss.
+
+“‘A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the field and brought into our
+line. Conduct of officers and men was beyond all praise. I propose to
+continue my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.
+
+                                                                “‘SCHWAN.’
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         (Signed) “MILES.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_August 12._ General Wilson moved one Lancaster battery out to the front
+for the purpose of shelling the Spanish position on the crest of the
+mountain at the head of the pass through which the road winds.
+
+The enemy occupied a position of great natural strength, protected by
+seven lines of entrenchments, and a battery of two howitzers.
+
+The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in the day had fired upon
+Colonel Biddle of the engineer corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of
+New York, was reconnoitring on their right flank.
+
+As the American battery rounded a curve in the road, two thousand yards
+away, the enemy opened an artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of
+the Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to the right of the
+road, were not permitted to respond.
+
+The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a terrific fire, were
+unlimbered, and were soon hurling common shell and shrapnel at the enemy
+at a lively rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments
+with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.]
+
+The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued to serve the other at
+intervals for over an hour. They had the range, and their shrapnel burst
+repeatedly over the Americans.
+
+In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other gun, and the men began to
+flee from the entrenchments toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then
+the guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered to advance a
+position a quarter of a mile farther on. It had just reached the new
+position when Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches and
+began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling the battery to retire
+at a gallop. Then both the enemy’s howitzers reopened, the shrapnel
+screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped from the rear, but the
+American ammunition was exhausted.
+
+Colonel Bliss of General Wilson’s staff went forward to the enemy’s lines
+with a flag of truce, and explained that peace negotiations were almost
+concluded, that their position was untenable, and demanded their
+surrender. The Spanish had had no communication with the outside world,
+and the commander asked until the next morning in order that he might
+communicate with General Macias at San Juan.
+
+_August 13._ Twelve hours later the Spanish commander gave the following
+command to one of his staff:
+
+“Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid further shedding of
+blood, to remain where he is.”
+
+General Miles telegraphed the War Department that he was in receipt of
+Secretary Alger’s order to suspend hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers
+of the American army generally received the news of peace with delight,
+although some were disappointed that there was to be no further fighting,
+and many officers expressed regrets at the suspension of hostilities in
+the midst of the campaign.
+
+_August 14._ General Schwan’s column was attacked between Mayaguez and
+Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry under Colonel Burke was descending the
+valley of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside by a force
+of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were retreating toward the north. The
+fire was returned, and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed,
+considerable loss.
+
+Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez district, was wounded and
+afterward captured in a wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants,
+who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss. The artillery and cavalry
+were not engaged.
+
+General Schwan had not received news of the signing of the protocol when
+the action occurred, but obtained it later in the day.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XVI.
+
+
+                           THE FALL OF MANILA.
+
+
+With the opening of the month of July, affairs at Manila, so far as
+concerned the American forces, were at a standstill.
+
+_June 30._ Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the army, the first
+transports of the fleet having arrived at Cavite, June 30th, before
+beginning offensive operations.
+
+The situation on and around the island of Luzon was much the same as it
+had been nearly all the month of June, except that the gunboat _Leite_,
+which ran up a river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and
+surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy officers and
+ninety-four men. The _Leite_ has a battery of one 3 1-2-inch hontoria
+guns, and several 2.7-inch rapid-fire guns.
+
+_July 1._ Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of the Revolutionary
+Republic on the first of July. The progress of the insurgents can be
+readily understood by the following extract from a letter written by Mr.
+E. W. Harden:
+
+“There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of Governor-General
+Augusti to surrender Manila to the Americans, but the command of the
+Spanish troops is practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who
+opposes surrender.
+
+“The rebels have captured the water-works beyond Santa Mesa, which
+supplied Manila, and the Spanish fear that their water will be cut off.
+
+“The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified positions of San
+Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards were to make their last stand if
+Manila capitulated. The city is still surrounded by insurgents.
+
+_July 2._ “There was fierce fighting Saturday before Malate. The Spaniards
+had modern guns to command the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady
+fire throughout the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the
+natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards finally were driven
+back.”
+
+_July 4._ Brigadier-General Green, in command of the second army
+detachment, on the way from San Francisco to Manila, rediscovered and took
+formal possession of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude 19° 15’
+and east longitude 166° 33’.
+
+_July 5._ To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General Augusti
+telegraphed:
+
+“The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded in miraculously
+escaping from Macabora in a boat, and, having passed through the American
+vessels, all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet’s column is besieged
+and attacked at Macabora.”
+
+_July 15._ The steamers _City of Puebla_ and _Peru_ sailed from San
+Francisco with the fourth Manila expedition, under command of
+Major-General Otis.
+
+_July 16._ The steamer _China_, of the second Manila expedition, arrived
+at Cavite, and was followed on the next day by the steamers _Zealandia_,
+_Colon_, and _Senator_.
+
+_July 19._ The work of surrounding Manila by American forces was begun by
+advancing the First California regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the
+Spanish lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at Paranaque,
+directly from the transports. Over fifteen hundred men encamped between
+Manila and Cavite. The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery,
+landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city.
+
+_July 23._ The transport steamer _Rio Janeiro_, bearing two battalions of
+South Dakota volunteers, recruits for the Utah Light Artillery, and a
+detachment of the signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 25._ Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite. Secretary Long
+forwarded to Admiral Dewey the joint resolution of Congress, extending the
+thanks of Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution was
+beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a formal attestation of its
+authenticity by Secretary of State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly
+ornamented Russia covers.
+
+Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes reference to a letter
+from the Secretary of State complimenting Admiral Dewey upon his direction
+of affairs since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that the State
+Department is thoroughly well satisfied with the diplomatic qualities the
+admiral has exhibited. The letter of Secretary Long is as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                        “NAVY DEPARTMENT,
+                                                WASHINGTON, July 25, 1898.
+
+“_Sir_:—The Department has received from the Secretary of State an
+engrossed and certified copy of a joint resolution of Congress, tendering
+the thanks of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the squadron
+under your command, for transmission to you, and herewith encloses the
+same.
+
+“Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the Department received a
+letter from the Secretary of State requesting that there be conveyed to
+you his high appreciation of your character as a naval officer, and of the
+good judgment and prudence you have shown in directing affairs since the
+date of your great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.
+
+“This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most heartily on behalf of
+the Navy Department, as well as personally, in the commendation of the
+Secretary of State. Very respectfully,
+
+                                               “JOHN D. LONG, _Secretary_.
+
+“_Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N., Commander-in-Chief U. S. Naval
+Force, Asiatic Station._”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The transport steamer _St. Paul_, bearing the first battalion
+of North Dakota volunteers, the Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed
+from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 31._ The transports _Indiana_, _Ohio_, _Valencia_, _Para_, and
+_Morgan City_ arrived at Cavite with American troops.
+
+At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces in Manila attacked
+the American lines. A typhoon had set in, rain was falling in torrents,
+and the blackness of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand
+Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of not more than nine
+hundred Americans.
+
+The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack, and checked the
+Spanish advance until the Utah battery, the First California Volunteers,
+and two companies of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get
+up to strengthen the right of the line.
+
+The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards through and beyond the
+American right flank, when the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as
+infantrymen, pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians and Utah
+battery aiding gallantly in the work.
+
+_August 1._ After the attack on the right wing had been repulsed, the
+second Spanish attack at two in the morning was directed against the
+American left wing.
+
+After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was again beaten off, and the
+rain seemed to be so heavy as to make further attack impossible.
+
+But at 3.50 A. M. the battle was resumed at longer range, Spanish
+sharpshooters firing from the trees, and the batteries working constantly,
+using brass-coated bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained,
+stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief, and shortly after
+sunrise the Spanish retreated. The American loss was eight killed, ten
+seriously and thirty-eight slightly wounded.
+
+_August 4._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the convoyed collier _Brutus_
+arrived at Cavite.
+
+_August 7._ Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila within
+forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander replied that, the insurgents
+being outside the walls, he had no safe place for the women and children
+who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours additional delay.
+This Admiral Dewey granted.
+
+At the expiration of the specified time Admiral Dewey and General Merritt
+consulted and decided to postpone the attack.
+
+_August 13._ The American commanders decided to begin hostilities on the
+thirteenth of August, and the navy began the action at 9.30 A. M., the
+_Olympia_ opening fire, followed by the _Raleigh_, _Petrel_, and _Callao_.
+The latter showed great daring, approaching within eight hundred yards of
+the Malate forts and trenches, doing grand work and driving back the
+Spanish forces.
+
+The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the Spanish then
+retreating from Malate, where the fire was centred, and the American land
+forces stormed the trenches, sweeping all before them. The First Colorado
+Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second line of defence. Then the
+troops swept on, driving all the Spaniards into the inner fortification.
+
+The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen minutes after the
+Spaniards were driven to the second line of defences, they were forced to
+retreat to the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance,
+they surrendered, and soon afterward a white flag was hoisted over Manila.
+
+The total number of killed on the American side was forty-five, and
+wounded about one hundred. The Spanish losses were two hundred killed and
+four hundred wounded.
+
+Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the German ship _Kaiserin
+Augusta_, and was conveyed to Hongkong.
+
+The following official reports were made by cable:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+“MANILA, August 13, 1898.
+
+“_Secretary of Navy, Washington_:—Manila surrendered to-day to the
+American land and naval forces, after a combined attack.
+
+“A division of the squadron shelled the forts and entrenchments at Malate,
+on the south side of the city, driving back the enemy, our army advancing
+from that side at the same time.
+
+“The city surrendered about five o’clock, the American flag being hoisted
+by Lieutenant Brumby.
+
+“About seven thousand prisoners were taken.
+
+“The squadron had no casualties, and none of the vessels were injured.
+
+“August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded the surrender of the
+city, which the Spanish governor-general refused.
+
+                                                         (Signed) “DEWEY.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   “HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+“_Adjutant-General, Washington_:—The following are the terms of the
+capitulation:
+
+“The undersigned, having been appointed a commission to determine the
+details of the capitulation of the city and defences of Manila and its
+suburbs and the Spanish forces stationed therein, in accordance with
+agreement entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt,
+U. S. A., American commander-in-chief in the Philippines, and His
+Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes, acting general-in-chief of the Spanish
+army in the Philippines, have agreed upon the following:
+
+“The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate with the city and
+defences, with all honours of war, depositing their arms in the places
+designated by the authorities of the United States, remaining in the
+quarters designated and under the orders of their officers and subject to
+control of the aforesaid United States authorities, until the conclusion
+of a treaty of peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons
+included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the officers remaining in
+their respective homes, which shall be respected as long as they observe
+the regulations prescribed for their government and the laws enforced.
+
+“2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses, and private property.
+All public horses and public property of all kinds shall be turned over to
+staff officers designated by the United States.
+
+“3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation, and full lists
+of public property and stores shall be rendered to the United States
+within ten days from this date.
+
+“4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the officers and men of
+the Spanish forces and of their families, and of the expense which said
+repatriation may occasion, shall be referred to the government of the
+United States at Washington. Spanish families may leave Manila at any time
+convenient to them. The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish
+forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or when the Americans
+evacuate.
+
+“5. Officers and men included in the capitulation shall be supplied by the
+United States according to rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though
+they were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty of peace
+between the United States and Spain. All the funds in the Spanish treasury
+and all other public funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the
+United States.
+
+“6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
+educational establishments, and its private property of all description,
+are placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the
+American army.
+
+                                                           “F. V. GREENE,
+                              “_Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A._
+                                                        “B. P. LAMBERTON,
+                                                    “_Captain U. S. Navy_.
+                                                   “CHARLES A. WHITTIER,
+                              “_Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General_.
+                                                         “E. H. CROWDER,
+                                 “_Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate_.
+                                                   “NICHOLAS DE LA PENA,
+                                               “_Auditor-General’s excts._
+                                                          “CARLOS REYEO,
+                                                 “_Colonel de Ingenieros_.
+                                                     “JOSE MARIA OLQUEN,
+                                                “_Felia de Estado Majors_.
+                                                       (Signed) “MERRITT.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   “HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+“_Adjutant-General, Washington_:—Cablegram of the twelfth directing
+operations to be suspended received afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish
+commander notified. Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date,
+containing proclamation of President.
+
+                                                                “MERRITT.”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XVII.
+
+
+                                  PEACE.
+
+
+On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three o’clock in the
+afternoon, the French ambassador, M. Cambon, accompanied by his first
+secretary, called at the White House, the interview having been previously
+arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been given. With the
+President at the time was Secretary of State Day.
+
+M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing the diplomatic
+interests of the kingdom of Spain, “with whom at the present time the
+United States is unhappily engaged in hostilities,” he had been directed
+by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on what terms the
+United States would agree to a suspension of hostilities.
+
+The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain, realising the
+hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that she was unable to cope with the
+great power of her adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation
+of the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life and result
+in great misery to her people, on the ground of humanity appealed to the
+President to consider a proposition for peace.
+
+Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to fight to vindicate her
+honour, and having vindicated it, having fought bravely and been conquered
+by a more powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the victor to
+bring the war to an end.
+
+The President’s reply showed that he was responsive to the appeal. He was
+evidently moved by the almost pathetic position which the once proud
+nation of Spain had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well
+under control and behaved with great dignity.
+
+The President frankly admitted that he was desirous of peace, that he
+would welcome a cessation of hostilities, but he delicately intimated that
+if Spain were really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer such
+terms as could be accepted by the United States. The President asked the
+French ambassador if he had been instructed to formally propose terms, or
+make any offer.
+
+M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed, that his
+instructions were to ask on what terms it would be possible to make peace.
+
+Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered by the Cabinet, and a
+formal answer returned at the earliest possible moment. The French
+ambassador thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with expressions
+of good-will on both sides, the historical interview was brought to a
+close.
+
+On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the United States was
+delivered to the ambassador of France, and, in plain words, it was
+substantially as follows:
+
+The President does not now put forward any claim for pecuniary indemnity,
+but requires the relinquishment of all claim of sovereignty over or title
+to the island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by Spain of the
+island, the cession to the United States and immediate evacuation of Porto
+Rico and other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and
+the like cession of an island in the Ladrones.
+
+The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbour of
+Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine
+the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.
+
+If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety, it is stated that
+the commissioners will be named by the United States to meet commissioners
+on the part of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace on
+the basis above indicated.
+
+
+
+August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally begun between the United
+States and Spain.
+
+A few minutes before four o’clock, in the midst of a drenching rain, M.
+Cambon, the French ambassador, attended by his secretary, entered the
+White House. They were immediately ushered to the library, where the
+President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant Secretaries of State
+Moore, Adee, and Cridler were awaiting them.
+
+The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who returned the
+salutation with equal warmth, and then shook hands with Secretary Day and
+the Assistant Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the French
+ambassador were discussing the weather,—and Washington has seldom known
+such a rain-storm as that which engulfed the city while peace was being
+signed,—M. Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were comparing the two
+copies of the protocol to see that they corresponded, and were identical
+in form.
+
+The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in French and English.
+In the copy retained by the American government the English text is in the
+first column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to Madrid, the
+French text leads the paper.
+
+The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol correct, Judge Day and
+the French ambassador moved over to the table to affix their signatures.
+Mr. Cridler lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression on
+the protocols.
+
+The striking of the match caused the French ambassador to stop, feel in
+his pocket, and then remember that he had come away from his embassy
+without his seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to seal such
+an important document with anything else but the ambassador’s personal
+seal.
+
+A note was hastily written, and one of the White House messengers dashed
+out into the rain, and went to the French embassy. Until his return the
+distinguished party in the White House library continued to discuss the
+weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban rain would cease falling. In a
+few minutes the messenger returned. The ambassador drew from a small box
+his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to the table. The American
+copy of the protocol was placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then
+handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed his signature and
+seal.
+
+  [Illustration: DON CARLOS.]
+
+The second copy was then laid before the ambassador, who signed, and in
+turn handed back the pen to Judge Day.
+
+Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and last, and with the last
+stroke of his pen hostilities ceased.
+
+
+
+
+            BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+                            _A PROCLAMATION._
+
+
+_Whereas_, by a protocol concluded and signed August 12, 1898, by Wm. R.
+Day, Secretary of State of the United States, and His Excellency Jules
+Cambon, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of
+France, at Washington, respectively representing for this purpose the
+government of the United States and the government of Spain, the
+governments of the United States and Spain have formally agreed upon the
+terms on which negotiations for the establishment of peace between the two
+countries shall be undertaken; and,
+
+_Whereas_, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its conclusion and
+signature hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and
+that notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each
+government to the commanders of its military and naval forces;
+
+Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do,
+in accordance with the stipulations of the protocol, declare and proclaim
+on the part of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do
+hereby command that orders be immediately given through the proper
+channels to the commanders of the military and naval forces of the United
+States to abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
+United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of August, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-third.
+
+                                                         WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+                                                       By the President,
+                                                         WILLIAM R. DAY,
+                                                       SECRETARY OF STATE.
+
+
+                                 THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                APPENDICES
+
+
+                               APPENDICES.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX A.
+
+
+                         THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+
+The number of islands in the Philippine group are believed to be upwards
+of fourteen hundred, with an aggregate land area (estimated on Domann’s
+map) of not less than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia,
+extending from 40° 40’ to 20° north latitude, and from 116° 40’ to 126°
+30’ east longitude.
+
+The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March 12, 1521, and named by
+him the St. Lazarus Islands. The discoverer was a Portuguese, who had
+sought service under Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the
+court of his own country.
+
+By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493, which was then
+universally recognised as law, the earth was divided into two hemispheres.
+All lands thereafter discovered in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to
+belong to Portugal; all the Western to Spain.
+
+The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal’s rights, but as the use
+of the log and the variation of the compass were unknown, an error of
+fifty-two degrees in longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were
+given on the basis of that error.
+
+By whom the name of Philippines was given to the archipelago it is
+impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to have been used for the first
+time.
+
+The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton, and piña fibres
+cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse pottery, and musical
+instruments.
+
+The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region of the typhoon,
+and have three seasons,—the cold, the hot, and the wet. The first extends
+from November to February or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather
+than cold. The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat becomes
+very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon.
+Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur during May and June. The wet
+season begins with heavy rains, known by the natives as “collas,” and
+until the end of October the downpour is excessive.
+
+“Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the Philippines to
+affect the style adopted in the erection of buildings; in 1874, for
+instance, they were very numerous throughout the archipelago, and in
+Manila and the adjacent provinces shocks were felt daily for several
+weeks. The most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred
+in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was immense, both in the
+capital and in other important towns of central Luzon.”
+
+Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations of the mountains
+give a range of climate that allows the production of a great variety of
+valuable crops. Tobacco, sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples
+produced. The swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the
+dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species. Rich deposits of
+gold are known to exist, but have been little developed.
+
+To quote from the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ of Paris:
+
+In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras, Malays,
+Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards, Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and
+other tribes. The Negritos (little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than
+a great many of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in
+isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining four feet nine
+inches in height, and with small, retreating skulls. This race forms a
+branch equal in importance to the Papuan. It is believed to be the first
+race inhabiting the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except
+in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed by the stronger
+races, and the result in the archipelago has been the formation of several
+tribes of half-breeds numbering considerably more than half a million.
+Side by side with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras, a
+cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate descendants of
+the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in
+1411. Then come the Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by
+their Sultan and their _datos_, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty of
+the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power.
+
+The soil is fully sufficient—indeed, more than sufficient—to support this
+population, whose wants are of the most limited character. The land is
+exceedingly fertile and bears in abundance all tropical products,
+particularly rice, sugar, and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The
+fibres of the abaca are employed in making the finest and most delicate
+fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars’ worth are exported
+annually. The exports of sugar amount to about four millions and a half,
+of gold to two millions and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to
+a million and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It forms the
+staple food of the people, and nearly three million dollars’ worth is
+imported yearly. The husbandman cannot complain that his toil is
+inadequately rewarded. A rice plantation will yield a return of at least
+fifteen per cent.; if he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise
+thirty per cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour is
+very low. An adult who gains a _real fuerte_ (about thirteen cents) a day,
+thinks he is doing well.
+
+In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners, and
+traditions are so often in collision, the religious fanaticism of the
+Spaniards has, more than once, come into conflict with a fanaticism fully
+as fierce as that of the Mussulman. At a distance of six thousand leagues
+from Toledo and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European
+Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless antagonism that
+swayed them in the days of the Cid and Ferdinand the Catholic. The island
+of Sulu, on account of its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the
+commercial, political, and religious centre of the followers of the
+Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre they spread
+over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded as merciless pirates and
+unflinching fanatics, they scattered everywhere terror, ruin, and death,
+sailing in their light proas up the narrow channels and animated with
+implacable hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never gave
+quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly beaten in pitched
+battle, they as constantly took again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the
+heavy Spanish vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one could
+follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising the villages, massacring
+the old men, leading away the women and the adults into slavery, pushing
+the audacious prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles
+of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand captives.
+
+Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade the struggle was
+unequal, but it did not last the less long on that account, nor, obscure
+though it was, was it the less bloody. On both sides there was the same
+bravery, the same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge
+these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not until after a
+conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish squadron was able to
+bring its broadside to bear on Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates,
+land a division of troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town
+and its inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it.
+The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a new city on the
+smoking ruins. This city is protected by a strong garrison. For a time, at
+least, it was all over with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which
+was exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the rovers of the
+seas succeeded the organisation known as _juramentados_.
+
+One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their contempt of
+death. They have transmitted it with their blood to the Polynesians, who
+see in it only one of the multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of
+existence, and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference.
+Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a mat, while in
+perfect health, and without any symptom of disease whatever, and there
+wait patiently for the end, convinced that it is near, and refuse all
+nourishment and die without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of
+him, “He feels he is going to die,” and the imaginary patient dies, his
+mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious idea, some invisible
+wound through which life escapes. When to this absolute indifference to
+death is united Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a
+glimpse of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited senses
+revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a longing for extinction takes
+hold of him and throws him like a wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them
+and gladly invites their daggers in return. The _juramentado_ kills for
+the sake of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for a
+life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence promised by
+Mahomet to his followers.
+
+The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of his creditor, and
+not only the man himself, but his family also are enslaved. To free them
+there is only one means left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life.
+Reduced to this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable
+oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks of the
+_juramentados_, and has nothing to do but await the hour when the will of
+his superior shall let him loose upon the Christians. Meanwhile the
+_panditas_, or priests, subject him to a system of enthusiastic excitement
+that will turn him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They
+madden his already disordered brain, they make still more supple his oily
+limbs, until they have the strength of steel and the nervous force of the
+tiger or panther. They sing to him their rhythmic impassioned chants,
+which show to his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating
+houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the gleam of the
+moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual energies of the eternally
+young and beautiful companions who are calling him, opening their arms to
+receive him. Thus prepared, the _juramentado_ is ready for everything.
+Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil. He will accomplish
+prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten times he will remain on his feet,
+will strike back, borne along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until
+the moment when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions into
+the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that he will never leave
+it, but he knows also that he will not die alone, and he has but one
+aim,—to butcher as many Christians as he can.
+
+An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission to the Philippines
+by the French government, describes the entry of eleven _juramentados_
+into Tianggi. Divided into three or four bands, they managed to get
+through the gates of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle
+which they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had hidden their
+creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed the guards, then, in their
+frenzied course, they struck all whom they met.
+
+Hearing the cry of “_Los juramentados!_” the soldiers seized their arms.
+The _juramentados_ rushed on them fearlessly, their creeses clutched in
+their hands. The bullets fell like hail among them. They bent, crept,
+glided, and struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through and
+through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the troops. He was again
+transfixed by a bayonet; he remained erect, vainly trying to reach his
+enemy, who held him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up
+and blow the man’s brains out before he let go his prey. When the last of
+the _juramentados_ had fallen, and the corpses were picked up from the
+street which consternation had rendered empty, it was found that these
+eleven men had, with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not
+to reckon the wounded.
+
+“And what wounds!” exclaims Doctor Montano; “the head of one corpse is cut
+off as clean as if it had been done with the sharpest razor; another
+soldier is almost cut in two! The first of the wounded to come under my
+hands was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting guard at the
+gate through which some of the assassins entered. His left arm was
+fractured in three places; his shoulder and breast were literally cut up
+like mince-meat; amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in
+that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which could be cut a
+shred.”
+
+It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been Spanish rule on most
+of the islands of this vast archipelago. In the interior of the great
+island of Mindanao there is no system of control, no pretence even of
+maintaining order. It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and
+cruelty. There murder is a regular institution. A _bagani_, or man of
+might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The number is
+carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and the _bagani_ alone
+possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban. All the batos, or chiefs,
+are _baganis_. It is carnage organised, honoured, and consecrated; and so
+the depopulation is frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable.
+
+The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be _baganis_ by
+perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their aerial abodes do not
+always shelter them from their enemies. They build a hut on a trunk from
+forty to fifty feet in height, and huddle together in it to pass the
+night, and to be in sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The
+_baganis_ generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin their
+attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour to set on fire the
+bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers form a _testudo_, like the ancient
+Romans, with their locked shields, and advance under cover up to the
+posts, which they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down
+showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition is
+exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to do but witness, as
+impotent spectators, the work of destruction, until the moment comes when
+their habitation topples over and falls. Then the captives are divided
+among the assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are cut
+off, and the women and children are led away as slaves.
+
+The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this Malay race. The
+missionaries alone venture to travel among these ferocious tribes. They,
+too, have made the sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth
+nothing, they have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in
+evangelising and converting them. They work for God and for their country,
+and the poorest and most wretched among the natives are not unwilling to
+accept the faith and to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on
+their leaving their homes and going to another district, to which, for
+many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After several days’ journey a
+pueblo is founded. These villages have multiplied for many years past,
+forming oases of comparative peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by
+which they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek a
+shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds, the less exposed it
+is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano gives a very striking account of
+one of these daring missionaries, Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society
+of Jesus, who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred
+people.
+
+There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the Philippine group.
+Their area exceeds that of Great Britain. Pine and fir-trees are abundant.
+Large areas are suitable for wheat. There are eight ports open to
+commerce. The principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars,
+coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual value of the sugar
+output was $30,000,000. Now it is almost nothing.
+
+The population of the islands is about eight million, of which more than
+three million are in Luzon, the insurgent stronghold.
+
+“Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were subject to a
+governor-general with supreme powers, assisted by a ‘junta of authorities’
+instituted in 1850, and consisting of the archbishop, the commander of the
+forces, the admiral, the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central
+junta of agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and a
+council of administration. In the provinces and districts the chief power
+is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military governors. The
+chief magistrate of a commune is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain;
+the native who is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a
+certain group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian between
+the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was forced to pay tribute
+to the amount of $1.17, descendants of the first Christians of Cebu, new
+converts, gobernadorcillos, etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to
+special taxes, and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes were
+required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50.”
+
+The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an area of 40,885
+square miles, and on which is situated the city of Manila.
+
+The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports for 1880, is in
+the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs from 250,000 to 300,000.
+
+The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the eastern shore of a
+circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference. It looks like a fragment
+of Spain transplanted to the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and
+convents, even on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863,
+time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the mother
+country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy, stretches interminably
+along its gloomy streets, bordered with convents whose flat façades are
+only broken here and there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a
+new city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called the
+Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this city is alive with
+its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala women, shod in high-heeled
+shoes, and every nerve in their bodies quivering with excitement. They are
+almost all employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output
+inundates all Asia.
+
+Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,—Europeans, Chinese,
+Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some 260,000 people of every known race
+and of every known colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto,
+carriages and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians swarm in
+crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously picturesque
+square, lit up by the slanting rays of the setting sun, which purples the
+lofty peaks of the Sierra de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long,
+luminous train on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the
+sombre verdure of the city’s sloping banks. This is the hour when all the
+inhabitants hold high festival, able at length to breathe freely after the
+heat of the noontide.
+
+The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive taxation by
+Spain to raise money to carry on the war in Cuba. The islands were already
+overburdened with assessments to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the
+native poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last straw.
+
+Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived from Spain with
+reinforcements. He did not undertake to penetrate the mountains, but
+massacred the native population in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del
+Laguna he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in the
+mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with fury, but they were
+helpless.
+
+It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten thousand dead
+prisoners had been taken from prison in a year.
+
+Three years ago it cost the government a little more than half a cent to
+collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it now costs ninety-five
+cents. The only taxes that can be profitably collected are those in
+Manila. The rich islands of Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically
+nothing.
+
+The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and Leyte. About one
+year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists appealed to the
+government at Washington to interfere in their behalf. The petition was
+received and filed.
+
+In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the heat is so
+intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat apoplexy. Even the
+Spaniards do their business in the early hours, whiling away the heat of
+the day in sleep. Late in the afternoon Manila begins to awaken.
+
+The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers of all ranks
+and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like behind his ear.
+Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled hooded cabriolets peculiar to the
+natives, crowd the roadway, together with the buggies and open carriages
+of the foreign element.
+
+At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand of
+employees turn out into the streets. They form a motley yet effective
+feature among the wayfarers. The Malay girls are usually very pretty, with
+languishing eyes, shaded by long lashes, and supple figures, whose
+graceful lines are revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their
+bare feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet weather
+they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates a very becoming
+swinging of the hips.
+
+There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better classes affect lace
+and flowers, those of the lower wear their own hair flowing down their
+backs, in a long, blue-black wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman
+sparkles with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males are
+similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen for a cent are
+in chief favour with the natives. Cigars at $1.50 a hundred are in favour
+with the foreigners. The handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are
+mostly bachelors, eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter
+surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large house at Sampalog,
+which is club and boarding-house combined, or in “chummeries,” established
+in adjacent buildings.
+
+The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under three religious
+groups,—the infidels, who have held to their ancient heathen rights, the
+Moors, who retain the Mahometan religion of their first conquerors, and
+the infinitely larger class of Catholics.
+
+An important, though numerically small, element in the population of the
+larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds, the result of admixture
+either between the Chinese or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos
+occupy about the same social position as the mulattos of the United
+States. But they are the richest and most enterprising among the native
+population.
+
+The most important personage is the cura, or parish priest. He is in most
+instances a Spaniard by birth, and enrolled in one or other of the three
+great religious orders, Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established
+by the conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if not more,
+of a native than the natives themselves. He is bound for life to the land
+of his adoption. He has no social or domestic tie, no anticipated home
+return, to bind him to any other place.
+
+Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday resort in a Philippine
+village is the cock-pit, usually a large building wattled like a coarse
+basket and surrounded by a high paling of the same description, which
+forms a sort of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to come
+upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in arranging a
+satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a respectable Malay father has
+been seen escaping from amid the ruins of his burning home bearing away in
+his arms his favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift
+for themselves.
+
+The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly, with their
+gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They eschew opium and spirituous
+liquors. Their chief sustenance, morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice
+crop seldom fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a
+large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow which broods over so
+many a rice-subsisting population, is unknown here. Even scarcity is of
+rare occurrence. In the worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be
+imported. It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what the
+world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of the tropics,
+limits his labour by the measure of his requirements, and that measure is
+narrow indeed. Hence it is often difficult to obtain his services in the
+development of the tobacco, coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which
+might make the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
+portions of the earth’s face.
+
+Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The English were its
+captors, although they held it only a few months. It was in 1762, a few
+weeks after the English capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to
+side with France in the war usually known in this country as the French
+and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.
+
+The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel William Draper; he
+was made a brigadier-general for the expedition and put in command, with
+Admiral Cornish as his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and
+frigates, several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
+including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.
+
+On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked just south of Manila.
+The Archbishop of Manila, who was also governor-general of the island,
+collected and armed some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
+Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of the siege some
+daring attempts were made by the British to prevent the further
+construction of defences, but the assailants were repulsed with great
+slaughter.
+
+A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives, who “ran furiously
+on the ranks of the besiegers and fought with almost incredible ferocity,
+and many of them died, like wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the
+bayonets by which they were transfixed.”
+
+On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works, the English
+carried the city by storm, and gave it up for several hours to the ravages
+of a merciless soldiery. The Archbishop and his officers had retired to
+the citadel, but this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
+upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several ships and the
+military stores, were surrendered, while for their private property the
+Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom $2,000,000 in coin, and the same in
+bills on the treasury at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX B.
+
+
+                          WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS.
+
+
+There are ten principal classes of vessels in the United States navy,
+distinguished one from another by the differences in their uses and by
+their strength and speed. The general principle underlying their
+construction is that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of
+her own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel which is inferior
+in armament, and has no compensating superiority in speed, is outclassed.
+The same is true of any vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in
+speed to an adversary.
+
+The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement. This displacement is
+the number of tons of water she will push aside to make room for herself.
+A vessel of ten thousand tons will take engines of a certain weight and
+power to drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the larger
+the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required. Now, if it is
+necessary to give this vessel heavy protective armour and big guns, the
+additional weight of this equipment must be saved somewhere else, and
+usually in the engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following
+out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships carry the
+lightest armament, and that those which carry the biggest guns in their
+batteries and the thickest armour on their sides are comparatively slow,
+the extreme variation among vessels of the same displacement being about
+eight or nine miles an hour.
+
+In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished by the
+number and weight of the guns they carry, and by the distribution and
+thickness of their armour. Protective armour is of two kinds, that which
+surrounds the guns, so as to protect them from the enemy’s fire, and that
+which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent the engines
+from being rendered useless.
+
+The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of speed are to be found in
+the first-class battle-ship, which is simply a floating fortress, so
+constructed that she need never run away, but can stand up and fight as
+long as her gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a
+battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines with a wall
+of Harveyized steel armour eighteen inches or so thick, and seven or eight
+feet high, which extends about four feet below the water-line and three
+feet above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the ship, but
+is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in front of and behind the
+space occupied by the engines and magazines, and the whole affair is
+covered with a solid steel roof three or four inches thick. Outside this
+central fortress, and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at each
+end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick, which is placed
+several feet below the water-line. Everything above this deck and outside
+this fortress might be shot away, and the vessel would still float and
+fight.
+
+On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing the big
+guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre, weigh about sixty tons
+each, and will carry a shell weighing eleven hundred pounds about twelve
+miles. The turrets are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns,
+and are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen inches thick.
+They revolve within a barbette or ring of steel eighteen inches thick,
+which protects the machinery by which the guns are trained. Farther back
+on the roof of the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch
+steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are stationed
+rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by thinner armour than that
+of the main belt.
+
+If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving nothing but the
+turrets with the big guns, and these are brought down close to the water,
+and the armour belt is reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the
+type of vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a battle-ship
+on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow and cannot stand rough
+weather, on account of their low freeboard. The speed of the monitors is
+seldom more than twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended
+to act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries. The
+best types in the navy are the _Terror_ and the _Puritan_.
+
+The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an hour. The best
+specimen in the navy is the _Indiana_, declared by its admirers to be the
+most powerful battle-ship afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the
+_Texas_, are smaller vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they
+have a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not carry so
+heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The _Maine_ was a
+second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns were of 10-inch calibre; her
+armour was twelve inches thick, and her turrets were eight inches thick
+only.
+
+The first step in reducing the armament from that of the battle-ship
+proper, at the same time increasing the speed, produces the armoured
+cruiser. This type of vessel may carry no guns of more than 8-inch
+calibre, and the armour belt is reduced to three or four inches in
+thickness. Instead of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck
+is carried all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal
+thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle it is three
+inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they slope abruptly to
+below the water-line. Between these sloping sides and the thin armour belt
+coal is stored, so that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt,
+six or eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches thick,
+the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal to a solid
+horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick.
+
+A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship, because it could
+not accomplish anything with its 8-inch guns against the 18-inch armour of
+its heavier rival, while one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a
+battle-ship or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat.
+For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship, so that
+she can run away, and the weight that is saved in the armour belt and big
+guns is therefore put into the engine-room. The average speed of an
+armoured cruiser is about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of
+this class in the navy are probably the _Brooklyn_ and _New York_.
+
+Some vessels, like the Spaniard _Vizcaya_, are about half way between a
+battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy guns of the former and the
+speed of the latter. The _Vizcaya_, although a cruiser, carried 11-inch
+guns with a 12-inch armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an
+hour.
+
+The next step in reducing armament and increasing speed, produced the
+protected cruiser, which carries no armour belt, but retains the
+protective deck, upon the sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The
+turrets disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch gun,
+the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire guns and 6, 4,
+and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel is not able to cope with the
+armoured cruiser, it must be faster, for the general principle holds good
+that the weaker the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or
+defensive armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to run
+away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the navy may be found in
+the _Columbia_ and _Minneapolis_, which have a speed of about twenty-seven
+miles an hour.
+
+The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected cruisers, which
+have neither armour-belt nor protective deck, and carry only light
+batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these vessels are slow, like the
+_Detroit_, they are intended for long voyages and for duty in foreign
+countries, and are of little use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected
+cruiser, like the American line steamers, _St. Paul_ and _St. Louis_,
+attach little importance to their armament, and rely for protection upon
+stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the armour belt in other
+vessels. All the beautiful wood-work, which was so much admired in these
+vessels, was ripped out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are
+sufficient to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns. On account
+of their extreme weakness as fighters, these cruisers are necessarily the
+fastest of all the large vessels, and can run away from anything. For this
+reason no concern was felt for the _Paris_ by those who knew the
+principles which govern the safety of modern vessels.
+
+The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight with any but
+vessels of their own class, which they may encounter in the discharge of
+similar duties, such as scouring the seas as the advance guard of the
+slower line of battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels,
+blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships. Gunboats are
+simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended for use in shallow waters
+and rivers.
+
+Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely upon the torpedo as
+the weapon of attack, and they carry no guns except a very few
+light-calibre rapid-fires to keep off small boats. Their success depends
+on their ability to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo,
+and retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their great
+requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the _Porter_ can speed thirty-two miles
+an hour. Naval experts consider their bark worse than their bite, because,
+with the modern system of lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and
+rapidity of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat
+to get within range without exposing itself to instant destruction, and
+after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a serious repulse, it is believed
+that it would be almost impossible to get the crews to go into action
+again.
+
+The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief, does not carry any
+heavy guns, but depends on its great speed and its ability to cripple a
+torpedo-boat with its 6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy’s
+tubes. All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves, so that
+they can be used against the enemy’s battle-ships or cruisers if the
+occasion offers. The fastest boat in the United States navy is the
+destroyer _Bailey_, which can steam thirty-four miles an hour.
+
+
+
+In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may depend on keeping
+open communication between the different vessels of the squadron engaged.
+Owing to the fact that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by
+the smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval experts
+have been kept busy devising some method by which the flag-ship can
+communicate with the other vessels of the squadron at all times and under
+all conditions. So far nothing has been put in general service which meets
+this demand, but lately there have been experiments with the telephone,
+which, it is said, can be used without wires, by which signals can be
+projected by a vibrator on one vessel against a receiver on another. The
+Navy Department is keeping the details of this new system carefully to
+itself, as it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our
+own ships of battle.
+
+The present method of communication is by the use of flags representing
+numerals which are displayed in the rigging; by the use of the Ardois
+system of lights for night work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and
+by the use of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that the
+enemy should not read the message, the signal books on board a vessel are
+protected with the greatest care, and are destroyed along with the cipher
+code whenever it is seen that capture is inevitable. The semaphore system
+in use in the British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our
+vessels, but it never became popular, and has been abandoned.
+
+In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is looked up in
+the code-book and its corresponding number is obtained. This number is
+never more than four figures, on account of the necessity of setting the
+signal with the least delay. The number having been obtained, the
+quartermaster in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the flags
+representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as to read from the
+top down. These flags represent the numerals from one to nine and cipher,
+and there is a triangular pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a
+combination where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to those
+found in the general signal-book, in which are printed all the words,
+phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an order, make an inquiry,
+indicate a geographical position, or signal a compass course. Answering,
+interrogatory, preparatory, and geographical pennants form part of this
+code; also telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags.
+
+The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left flying until the
+vessel to which the message has been sent signifies that it is understood
+by hoisting what is called the answering pennant. If the number hoisted by
+the flag-ship is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left
+flying until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is
+pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood as the
+command for the execution of the movement just communicated.
+
+It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate with a merchant
+vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging to a foreign country. For
+this purpose the international code is also carried in the signal-chest.
+These signals are those in general use by all the merchant navies of the
+world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen flags and a code
+pennant, corresponding to the consonants of the alphabet, omitting x and
+z. The code pennant is also used with these signals.
+
+If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of night signals,
+with which all our vessels carrying an electric plant are fitted, is
+employed. These signals consist essentially of five groups of double
+lamps, the two lamps in each group containing incandescent electric lamps,
+and showing white and red respectively. By the combination of these lights
+letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word, and hence an
+order, can be spelled out for the guidance of the ships of the squadron.
+These lamps are suspended on a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a
+keyboard from the upper bridge.
+
+On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not fitted with
+electric lighting, Very’s night signals are used. This set includes the
+implements for firing and recharging the signals.
+
+The latter show green and red stars on being projected from pistols made
+for them. The combination in various ways is used to express the numbers
+from one to nine and cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits,
+contained in the signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is
+employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are employed. The
+official flag is a red field with a small white square in the centre; the
+unofficial flag is the same with the colours reversed. The operator,
+having attracted the attention of the ship which is to be signalled by
+waving the flag or torch from right to left, transmits his message by
+motions right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of the
+alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four motions.
+
+When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes used. The rays of
+the sun are thrown by a system of mirrors to the point with which it is
+desired to communicate, and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making
+dots and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system is used
+only when operations ashore are going on, as the rolling of the ship would
+prevent the concentration of the sun’s rays.
+
+The present systems of flag signalling are products of experience in the
+past, and are the natural growth of the cruder flag system in use during
+the War of 1812, and in the Civil War. There have been some changes in the
+construction of flags, and the scope of communication has been enlarged,
+but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much the same way as we do
+now. Of course the Ardois light signal is something very modern. In old
+times they communicated at night either with coloured lights or by
+torches, and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the process
+was by means of flashes (representing numbers in the signal book), and it
+was long and tedious.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX C.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern coast of Cuba, second
+only to Havana in its strategic and political importance, and is the
+capital of the eastern department, as well as its most flourishing
+seaport.
+
+The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action where American
+heroism was displayed, is thus described by Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his
+entertaining work on Cuba:
+
+“Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but, looking landward,
+nothing is seen but the same continuous mountains which we have had for
+the last twelve hours, except where, low down on the shore, there seems to
+be a slight opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently,
+some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half hour more we
+discover the small opening to be the entrance to a valley, and the
+dwelling-house to be the fort of the Cabanas. Still, no town and no
+harbour; and yet ahead we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking
+old castle, with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated
+walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves dashing at
+their base. That is the Morro Castle, which, with the battery of
+Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella, and the above named Cabanas,
+commands the approaches to the harbour and town of Cuba.
+
+“The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered along it the
+remains of several vessels, whose captains, in trying to escape from the
+dangers of the storm, have vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour,
+and the bleaching timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter
+there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we are up to the
+castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us into a narrow channel and
+past the Morro and the battery adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as
+big as himself, hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find
+ourselves in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains are
+seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town, and no place where
+there will likely be one; but now a turn to the right, and there, rising
+from the water’s side almost to the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago
+de Cuba, with its red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of
+its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a brilliant
+foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie behind the city....
+
+“Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside, to the high plain
+called the Campo del Marte, the city of Santiago reaches in its highest
+point 160 feet above the level of the sea, and commands from almost any
+portion superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic ranges of
+mountains that surround it. With a population of about fifty thousand
+inhabitants, it has regularly laid out streets and well-built houses of
+stone in most portions of the city; though being built as it is on the
+side of a hill, many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and
+from the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks, are
+anything but an agreeable promenade.
+
+“The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered the
+conqueror of the island, who landed here in that year on his first voyage;
+and it was from here that Juan de Grijalva, in 1518, started on his
+expedition for the conquest of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes,
+who, however, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called then), now
+Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of ‘City’ and ‘Bishopric’ were bestowed
+upon the town, having been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where
+they had been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European
+settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca, first bishop of
+the island, arrived and established here his headquarters.
+
+“In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his expedition for the
+conquest of Florida, where he met his fate and found a tomb.
+
+“In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly one thousand men,
+having been authorised, in addition to the command of his Florida
+expedition, to assume that of the whole island of Cuba.
+
+“In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French arquebusiers, who
+took possession of it until a ransom of $80,000 was paid, the invaders
+remaining nearly a month in the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent
+were the attacks of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was
+almost depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo, some
+distance in the interior.
+
+“In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake, the Bishop
+Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana, and almost all the diocesans, as
+well as the ecclesiastical chapter, did the same, which action created
+great excitement, the superior governor and chief of the island opposing
+it.
+
+“The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be made into a cathedral,
+through the efforts of the prelate, Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by
+the captain-general, Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief and
+all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession to curse and
+stone his house.
+
+“In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place by a squadron of
+fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose people landed at the place now
+known as the ‘Aguadores,’ and to the number of eight hundred men marched
+without opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after
+repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders, it appears,
+partook freely of the church-bells, carried off the guns from the forts,
+took charge of the slaves, and not finding the valuables they anticipated,
+which had been carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their
+disappointment, blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the cathedral,
+remaining nearly a month in possession of the city.
+
+“It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now known as the Morro
+was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and at the same time the fortresses of
+Santa Catalina, La Punta, and La Estrella.
+
+“In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city was ruined by
+earthquakes, more than one hundred persons being killed.
+
+“The town has the honour of having for its first mayor, or ‘alcalde,’
+Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the remains of Diego Velasquez, the
+first explorer and conqueror, were buried there in the old cathedral. It
+is related in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November,
+1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the broken slab of
+his tomb was found, seven and a half feet under ground, the inscription
+upon which is illegible, with the exception of a few Latin words giving
+name and date.”
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX D.
+
+
+                               PORTO RICO.
+
+
+Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November, 1493. In 1510 Ponce de
+Leon founded the town of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as
+Pureto Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan
+Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native inhabitants were
+soon subdued and swept away. In 1595 the capital was sacked by Drake, and
+in 1598 by the Earl of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman,
+lost his life in an attack on the Castello del Morro. The attempt of the
+English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful, and Abercrombie, in 1797, had
+to retire after a three days’ strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward
+the declaration of independence on the part of the Porto Ricans, but
+Spanish supremacy was completely reëstablished by 1823. The last traces of
+slavery were abolished in 1873.
+
+San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island, saving that it is
+well fortified, for it is the coolest, the healthiest port, with
+thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour, and twenty-eight feet of water
+alongside the coal wharves. It is the only port on the island with
+fortifications. There are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but
+outside of the eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few
+fighting men on the island.
+
+The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor in fighting by those
+who know them, and are almost all Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up
+of the best of the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto
+Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless they please,
+and very few of them please.
+
+The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del Morro fortress is at
+the entrance of the harbour. It is the principal defence from the sea, and
+has three rows of batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the
+city, which lies at the back of it, but communication between the city and
+fort is had by a tunnel.
+
+The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad. There are some
+notable exceptions. There is a splendid road built by the Spanish
+government from Ponce to San Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and
+a young Porto Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his
+bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road from Guayama,
+meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been recently finished. The scenery
+is the most beautiful in the West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are
+all over the island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants
+everywhere abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild animals of any
+kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other tropical fruits thrive in Porto
+Rico, but they are not specially cultivated.
+
+Some years ago a railway around the island was projected, but only three
+sections have been built. There is one to the north from San Juan to
+Camuy, one on the west from Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south
+from Yauco to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from San
+Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their journey by stage-coaches,
+one from Camuy to Aguadilla, and one from Mayaguez to Yauco.
+
+San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce has almost thirty
+thousand. There are many towns of between twelve thousand and thirty
+thousand people. The buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few
+three-story buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples of
+modern construction.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX E.
+
+
+                          THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.
+
+
+On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance east of Santiago,
+is Guantanamo, or Cumberland Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of
+water, with a narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve
+miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and high hills on
+the north and east.
+
+Five miles from the entrance is the little town of Caimanera, from which
+runs a railroad to the town of Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its
+terminus at the town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles
+of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to be fully
+protected from the wind. For vessels drawing twenty-four feet or less
+there are about two more square miles of harbourage.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 See Appendix, Part A, for general description of the Philippine
+      Islands and their inhabitants.
+
+    2 See Appendix B for types of war-ships and methods of signalling
+      while in action.
+
+    3 See Chapter X.
+
+    4 See Chapter X.
+
+    5 See Chapter X.
+
+    6 See Chapter X.
+
+    7 See Chapter X.
+
+    8 See Chapter X.
+
+    9 See Chapter X.
+
+   10 See Chapter X.
+
+   11 See Chapter X.
+
+   12 See Chapter X.
+
+   13 See Chapter X.
+
+   14 See Chapter X.
+
+   15 See Chapter X.
+
+   16 See Chapter X.
+
+   17 See Chapter X.
+
+   18 See Chapter X.
+
+   19 See Chapter X.
+
+   20 See Chapter X.
+
+   21 See Appendix A for description of Manila.
+
+   22 See Chapter X.
+
+   23 See Chapter X.
+
+   24 See Chapter X.
+
+   25 See Chapter X.
+
+   26 See Chapter X.
+
+   27 See Chapter X.
+
+   28 See Chapter X.
+
+   29 See Chapter X.
+
+   30 See Chapter X.
+
+   31 See Chapter X.
+
+   32 See Chapter X.
+
+   33 For types of war-ships see Appendix B.
+
+   34 See Appendix C for description of Santiago Harbour.
+
+   35 See Chapter XVII.
+
+
+
+
+
+                            TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
+
+
+The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original
+edition, have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions,
+which can be seen in the list of illustrations.
+
+The following changes have been made to the text:
+
+      page 19, “last of March” changed to “last days of January”
+      page 22, “Viscaya” changed to “Vizcaya”
+      page 51, “procotol” changed to “protocol”
+      page 80, italics added to “Baltimore’s”
+      page 80, “San Juan de Austria” changed to “Don Juan de Austria”
+      page 81, “Valasco” changed to “Velasco”
+      page 85, quote added before “Capt. Frank Wildes”
+      page 89, “flagship” changed to “flag-ship”
+      page 133, double “the” removed before “gunboat”
+      page 158, “first class” changed to “first-class”
+      page 166, “Albermarle” changed to “Albemarle”
+      page 194, “armored” changed to “armoured”
+      page 264, double quote removed after “dying.’”
+      page 270, “of” changed to “off”
+      page 309, “organized” changed to “organised”
+      page 321, “flag-staff” changed to “flagstaff”
+      page 370, “WARSHIPS” changed to “WAR-SHIPS”
+      page 383, “Mono” changed to “Morro”
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been
+changed.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF ’98***
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+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boys of '98 by James Otis
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The Boys of '98
+
+Author: James Otis
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2009 [Ebook #30684]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '98***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF '98
+
+
+
+
+
+                              *STORIES of*
+                            *AMERICAN HISTORY*
+
+                             *By James Otis*
+
+               1. When We Destroyed the Gaspee
+               2. Boston Boys of 1775
+               3. When Dewey Came to Manila
+               4. Off Santiago with Sampson
+               5. When Israel Putnam Served the King
+               6. The Signal Boys of '75
+                        (A Tale of the Siege of Boston)
+               7. Under the Liberty Tree
+                        (A Story of the Boston Massacre)
+               8. The Boys of 1745
+                        (The Capture of Louisburg)
+               9. An Island Refuge
+                        (Casco Bay in 1676)
+              10. Neal the Miller
+                        (A Son of Liberty)
+              11. Ezra Jordan's Escape
+                        (The Massacre at Fort Loyall)
+
+                         *DANA ESTES & COMPANY*
+                              *Publishers*
+                    *Estes Press, Summer St., Boston*
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                            THE BOYS OF '98
+
+
+                                   BY
+                               JAMES OTIS
+                                AUTHOR OF
+              "TOBY TYLER," "JENNY WREN'S BOARDING HOUSE,"
+                    "THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER," ETC.
+
+
+_Illustrated by_
+J. STEEPLE DAVIS
+FRANK T. MERRILL
+_And with Reproductions of Photographs_
+
+_ELEVENTH THOUSAND_
+
+
+BOSTON
+DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+
+                            _Copyright, 1898_
+                         BY DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS.
+
+
+ CHAPTER                                              PAGE
+      I.   THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE                         1
+     II.   THE PRELIMINARIES                            19
+    III.   A DECLARATION OF WAR                         38
+     IV.   THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                     64
+      V.   NEWS OF THE DAY                              92
+     VI.   CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN                       117
+    VII.   FROM ALL QUARTERS                           130
+   VIII.   HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC                     149
+     IX.   BY WIRE                                     171
+      X.   SANTIAGO DE CUBA                            194
+     XI.   EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS               224
+    XII.   THE SPANISH FLEET                           254
+   XIII.   THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO                   290
+    XIV.   MINOR EVENTS                                302
+     XV.   THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN                    320
+    XVI.   THE FALL OF MANILA                          335
+   XVII.   PEACE                                       345
+           APPENDIX A--THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS           355
+           APPENDIX B--WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS            370
+           APPENDIX C--SANTIAGO DE CUBA                 379
+           APPENDIX D--PORTO RICO                       383
+           APPENDIX E--THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO            386
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                              PAGE
+    THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY                          _Frontispiece_
+    U. S. S. MAINE                                               7
+    CAPTAIN C. D. SIGSBEE                                       12
+    EX-MINISTER DE LOME                                         20
+    U. S. S. MONTGOMERY                                         24
+    MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE                                  30
+    U. S. S. COLUMBIA                                           38
+    CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO                                      44
+    PREMIER SAGASTA                                             49
+    PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY                                  55
+    U. S. S. PURITAN                                            58
+    ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY                                        64
+    U. S. S. OLYMPIA                                            69
+    U. S. S. BALTIMORE                                          72
+    BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                                        75
+    U. S. S. BOSTON                                             77
+    U. S. S. CONCORD                                            82
+    U. S. S. TERROR                                             99
+    JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY                            107
+    U. S. S. CHICAGO                                           117
+    THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW                                 119
+    U. S. S. AMPHITRITE                                        123
+    THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO                    127
+    U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH                                       130
+    ADMIRAL SCHLEY                                             135
+    U. S. S. MONTEREY                                          144
+    U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS                                     151
+    LIEUTENANT HOBSON                                          156
+    U. S. S. NEW YORK                                          161
+    HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT                             166
+    ADMIRAL CERVERA                                            169
+    QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN                     171
+    GENERAL GARCIA                                             181
+    ADMIRAL CAMARA                                             186
+    GENERAL AUGUSTI                                            192
+    U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD                                        201
+    U. S. S. VESUVIUS                                          207
+    U. S. S. TEXAS                                             215
+    COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT                                 218
+    MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER                                      224
+    THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL                                229
+    VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART                                      234
+    U. S. S. NEWARK                                            239
+    ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON                                      243
+    GENERAL WEYLER                                             254
+    CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS                                        256
+    U. S. S. IOWA                                              262
+    THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA'S FLEET                         266
+    U. S. S. INDIANA                                           269
+    U. S. S. OREGON                                            275
+    U. S. S. BROOKLYN                                          282
+    MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER                               292
+    KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN                               300
+    GENERAL GOMEZ                                              311
+    U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS                                       314
+    U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO                                     318
+    MAJOR-GENERAL MILES                                        320
+    MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE                                       327
+    GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE                   333
+      PROTOCOL
+    GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR                 334
+    MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT                               344
+    DON CARLOS                                                 349
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF '98.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER I.
+
+
+                          THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.
+
+
+At or about eleven o'clock on the morning of January 25th the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ steamed through the narrow channel which gives
+entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and came to anchor at Buoy No. 4,
+in obedience to orders from the captain of the port, in from five and
+one-half to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables within five
+hundred yards of the arsenal, and about two hundred yards distant from the
+floating dock.
+
+Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her bow roared out a
+salute as the Spanish colours were run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this
+thunderous announcement of friendliness was first answered by Morro
+Castle, followed a few moments later by the Spanish cruiser _Alphonso
+XII._ and a German school-ship.
+
+The reverberations had hardly ceased before the captain of the port and an
+officer from the Spanish war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came
+alongside the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of naval etiquette.
+
+Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received the visitors at the
+head of the gangway and escorted them to the captain's cabin. A few
+moments later came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies of
+welcoming the Americans were at an end.
+
+The _Maine_ was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of the second class,
+318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth, with a draught of 21 feet, 6
+inches; of 6,648 tons displacement, with engines of 9,293 indicated
+horse-power, giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in the
+Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress, August 3, 1886. Work on
+her was commenced October 11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890,
+and put into commission September 17, 1895. She was built after the
+designs of chief constructor T. D. Wilson. The delay in going into
+commission is said to have been due to the difficulty in getting
+satisfactory armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick; the two
+steel barbettes were each of the same thickness, and the walls of the
+turrets were eight inches thick.
+
+In her main battery were four 10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading
+rifles; in the secondary battery seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder
+rapid-fire guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of 370 men, and
+the following officers: Capt. C. D. Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R.
+Wainwright, Lieut. G. F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen,
+Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J. Blandin, Surgeon S.
+G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M. Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain
+J. P. Chidwick, Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant of
+Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R. Morris, Assistant Engineer
+Darwin R. Merritt, Naval Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius,
+Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington, Naval Cadet A.
+Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd, Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill,
+Carpenter J. Helm, Paymaster's Clerk B. McCarthy.
+
+Why had the _Maine_ been sent to this port?
+
+The official reason given by the Secretary of the Navy when he notified
+the Spanish minister, Se�or Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the
+_Maine_ was simply intended as a friendly call, according to the
+recognised custom of nations.
+
+The United States minister at Madrid, General Woodford, also announced the
+same in substance to the Spanish Minister of State.
+
+It having been repeatedly declared by the government at Madrid that a
+state of war did not exist in Cuba, and that the relations between the
+United States and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing less
+could be done than accept the official construction put upon the visit.
+
+The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to view the matter in the
+same light, as may be seen by the following extracts from newspapers:
+
+"If the government of the United States sends one war-ship to Cuba, a
+thing it is no longer likely to do, Spain would act with energy and
+without vacillation."--_El Heraldo, January 16th._
+
+"We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize Cuba."--_The Imparcial,
+January 23d._
+
+The same paper, on the 27th, declared:
+
+"If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence in sending the
+_Maine_, do some rash, disagreeable thing, the civilised world will know
+too well who is responsible. The American government must know that the
+road it has taken leads to war between both nations."
+
+On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general comment upon the official
+explanation of the _Maine's_ visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the
+opinion that her visit is "inopportune and calculated to encourage the
+insurgents." It was announced that, "following Washington's example," the
+Spanish government will "instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a few
+American ports."
+
+The _Imparcial_ expresses fear that the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana
+will provoke a conflict, and adds:
+
+"Europe cannot doubt America's attitude towards Spain. But the Spanish
+people, if necessary, will do their duty with honour."
+
+The _Epocha_ asks if the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana is "intended as
+a sop to the Jingoes," and adds:
+
+"We cannot suppose the American government so na�ve or badly informed as
+to imagine that the presence of American war-vessels at Havana will be a
+cause of satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship."
+
+The people of the United States generally believed that the battle-ship
+had been sent to Cuba because of the disturbances existing in the city of
+Havana, which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans there.
+
+On the morning of January 12th what is termed the "anti-liberal outbreak"
+occurred in the city of Havana.
+
+Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed the ultra-Spanish
+element in an attack upon the leading liberal newspaper offices, because,
+as alleged, of Captain-General Blanco's refusal to authorise the
+suppression of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous protest
+against Spain's policy of granting autonomy to the Cubans.
+
+The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the time being most
+formidable, indulged in open threats against Americans, and it was
+believed by the public generally that American interests, and the safety
+of citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the protection of a
+war-vessel.
+
+The people of Havana received the big fighting ship impassively. Soldiers,
+sailors, and civilians gathered at the water-front as spectators, but no
+word, either of threat or friendly greeting, was heard.
+
+In the city the American residents experienced a certain sense of relief
+because now a safe refuge was provided in case of more serious rioting.
+
+That the officers and crew of the _Maine_ were apprehensive regarding
+their situation there can be little doubt. During the first week after the
+arrival of the battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or
+relatives expressing fears as to what might be the result of the visit,
+and on the tenth of February one of the lieutenants is reported as having
+stated:
+
+"If we don't get away from here soon there will be trouble."
+
+The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made by the commander of the
+ship and his staff, and, so far as concerned the officials of the city,
+the Americans were seemingly welcome visitors.
+
+The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently content with
+seeing the _Maine_ in their harbour. Within a week after the arrival of
+the ship incendiary circulars were distributed in the streets, on the
+railway cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all Spaniards
+to avenge the "insult" of the battle-ship's visit.
+
+A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all:
+
+"Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MAINE.]
+
+"What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be insulted in this way?
+
+"Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing our brave and
+beloved Weyler, who at this very time would have finished with this
+unworthy rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and our honour?
+
+"Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to one side and to give
+posts of honour and authority to those who initiated this rebellion, these
+ill-born autonomists, ungrateful sons of our beloved country.
+
+"And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our affairs humiliate us to
+the last degree, and for still greater taunt order to us one of the ships
+of war of their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers
+and driving us from our homes.
+
+"Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived. Sleep not. Let us show these
+vile traitors that we have not yet lost shame and that we know how to
+protect ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy and strong as our
+Spain is and always will be.
+
+"Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.
+
+"Long live Spain!
+
+"Long live Weyler!"
+
+
+
+At eight o'clock on the evening of February 15th all the magazines aboard
+the battle-ship were closed, and the keys delivered to her commander
+according to the rules of the service.
+
+An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was on watch as officer of
+the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in his cabin writing letters; on the
+starboard side of the ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter,
+with her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten o'clock trip to the
+shore to bring off such of the officers or crew as were on leave of
+absence.
+
+The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick clouds hung over the
+city and harbour; the ripple of the waves against the hulls of the vessels
+at anchor, and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence. The
+lights here and there, together with the dark tracery of spar and cordage
+against the sky, was all that betokened the presence of war-ship or
+peaceful merchantman.
+
+Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the watch on board the
+steamer _City of Washington_, and some sailors ashore, saw what appeared
+to be a sheet of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the _Maine_,
+and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a mighty, confused
+rumble as of grinding and rending, followed an instant later by a roar as
+if a volcano had sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour.
+
+Then was flung high in the air what might be likened to a shaft of fire
+filled with fragments of iron, wood, and human flesh, rising higher and
+higher until its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a column
+of water broken by the wind.
+
+The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became heavy with stifling
+smoke. Electric lights on shore were extinguished; the tinkling of
+breaking glass could be heard everywhere in that portion of the city
+nearest the harbour.
+
+When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to fall a dense blackness
+enshrouded the harbour, from the midst of which could be heard cries of
+agony, appeals for help, and the shouts of those who, even while
+struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their comrades.
+
+After this, and no man could have said how many seconds passed while the
+confusing, bewildering blackness lay heavy over that scene of death and
+destruction, long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and splintered
+decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of distress, as well as a beacon
+for those who would succour the dying.
+
+Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of time from the
+bewilderment of the shock, ran out of the cabin toward the deck, groping
+his way as best he might in the darkness through the long passage until he
+came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony, who was at his post of duty
+near the captain's quarters.
+
+It was a moment full of horror all the more intense because unknown, but
+the soldier, mindful even then of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of
+one who makes an ordinary report:
+
+"Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been blown up, and is
+sinking."
+
+"Follow me," the captain replied, acknowledging his subordinate's salute,
+and the two pressed forward through the blackness and suffocating vapour.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting on the starboard side
+of the quarter-deck when the terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down
+by a piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of the ship's
+frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his feet, he ran to the poop that
+he might be at his proper station when the supreme moment came.
+
+Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers' mess-room when the
+first of a battle-ship's death-throes was felt, and as soon as possible
+made his way toward the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines
+to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his comrades.
+
+Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval Cadet Boyd together ran
+toward the hatch, but only to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through,
+and then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were vain, and the
+engineer went down with his ship.
+
+It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time elapsed before the
+uninjured survivors were gathered on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where
+a moment previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass looming up in
+the darkness like some threatening promontory.
+
+On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite her, on the port side,
+was the barge.
+
+During the first two or three seconds only muffled, gurgling, choking
+exclamations were heard indistinctly; and then, when the terrible
+vibrations of the air ceased, cries for help went up from every quarter.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but terrible moments:
+
+"Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the launch be lowered, and the
+officers and men, who by this time had assembled, got the boats out and
+rescued a number in the water.
+
+"Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright forward to see the
+extent of the damage, and if anything could be done to rescue those
+forward, or to extinguish the flames which followed close upon the
+explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were any combustibles above
+water to feed them.
+
+"Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported the total and awful
+character of the calamity, and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order,
+'Abandon ship,' to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm and
+apparently unexcited."
+
+The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of command from the captain
+aroused his officers from the stupefaction of horror which had begun to
+creep over them, and this handful of men, who even then were standing face
+to face with death, set about aiding their less fortunate companions.
+
+As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from the vessels in the
+harbour, and the work of rescue was continued until all the torn and
+mangled bodies in which life yet remained had been taken from the water.
+
+Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer _Thurston_, was among the first
+in this labour of mercy, and concerning it he says:
+
+"My vessel was within half a mile of the _Maine_, and my small boat was
+the first to gain the wreck. It is beyond my power to describe the
+explosion. It was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments. The
+cries that came over the water awakened us to a realisation that some
+great tragedy had occurred.
+
+"I made all haste to the wreck. There were very few men in the water. All
+told, I do not believe there were thirty. We picked up some of them and
+passed them on to other vessels, and then continued our work of rescue.
+
+"The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and trunks of bodies were
+floating about, together with pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all
+sorts of wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some poor suffering
+fellow could be heard above the tumult.
+
+"One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene. That was Captain
+Sigsbee. Every American has reason to be proud of that officer. He seemed
+to have realised in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did he
+show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool. Discipline? Why, man, the
+discipline was there as strong as ever, despite the fact that all around
+was death and disaster."
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.]
+
+The commander of the _Maine_ was the last to leave the wreck, and then all
+that was left of the mighty ship was beginning to settle in the slime and
+putrefaction which covers the bottom of Havana harbour.
+
+Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if they had been
+assisting at some social function, the officers took their respective
+places in the boats, and, amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a
+short distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their post of duty.
+
+A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand Hotel, was seated in front
+of the building when the explosion occurred.
+
+"It was followed by another and a much louder one," he said. "We thought
+the whole city had been blown to pieces. Some said the insurgents were
+entering Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was blown up.
+
+"On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute after the explosion was
+heard the cabmen cracked their whips and went rattling over the
+cobblestones like crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies of
+cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets. There was no sleep in
+Havana that night."
+
+
+
+Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and General Solano put off to
+the wreck, and offered their services to Captain Sigsbee.
+
+There were many wonderful escapes from death. One of the ward-room cooks
+was thrown outboard into the water.
+
+A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling in the sea, was
+picked up alive.
+
+One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the davits. The boat was
+crushed like an egg-shell; but the sailor fell overboard and was picked up
+unhurt.
+
+Three men were doing punishment watch on the port quarter-deck, and thus
+probably escaped death.
+
+One sailor swam about until help came, although both his legs were broken.
+Another had the bones of his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep
+afloat.
+
+Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged, wooden portion of the
+wreck had been consumed by the flames, and at 11.30 P. M. the smoke-stacks
+of the ill-fated ship fell.
+
+On board the steamer _City of Washington_, two boats were literally
+riddled by fragments of the _Maine_ which fell after the explosion, and
+among them was an iron truss which, crashing through the pantry,
+demolished the tableware.
+
+When morning came the wreck was the central figure of an otherwise bright
+picture, sad as it was terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred d�bris
+forward looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean storehouse
+of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron.
+
+Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight angle from the
+perpendicular, while the poop afforded a resting-place for the workmen or
+divers.
+
+Of the predominant white which distinguishes our war-vessels in time of
+peace, not a vestige remained. In its place was the blackness of
+desolating death, marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six brave
+men had gone over into the Beyond.
+
+The total loss to the government as a result of the disaster was
+officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31. This embraced the cost of hull,
+machinery, equipment, armour, gun protection and armament, both in main
+and secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition, shells,
+current supplies, coal, and, in short, the entire outfit.
+
+The pet of the _Maine's_ crew, a big cat, was found next morning, perched
+on a fragment of a truss which yet remained above the water, and near her,
+as if seeking companionship, was the captain's dog, Peggy.
+
+Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the afternoon of the sixteenth:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Profound sorrow is expressed by the government and municipal authorities,
+consuls of foreign nations, organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens
+generally.
+
+"Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general's palace, on shipping in
+the harbour, and in the city.
+
+"Business is suspended, and the theatres are closed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies which had been found up to
+that time were buried in Havana with military honours, two companies of
+Spanish sailors from the cruiser _Alphonso XII._ acting as escort.
+
+A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson of the U. S. S. _Iowa_
+as presiding officer, Commander Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F.
+E. Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the _New York_, was
+convened, and on March 28th President McKinley sent a message to Congress,
+the conclusion of which was as follows:
+
+"The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our country with crushing
+force, and for a brief time an intense excitement prevailed, which in a
+community less just and self-controlled than ours might have led to hasty
+acts of blind resentment.
+
+"This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer processes of reason, and to
+the resolve to investigate the facts and await material proof before
+forming a judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if the facts
+warranted, the remedy due. This course necessarily recommended itself from
+the outset to the executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately
+ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and measure of its full
+duty in the matter.
+
+"The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of casualty or disaster
+to national vessels of any maritime state.
+
+"A naval court of inquiry was at once organised, composed of officers well
+qualified by rank and practical experience to discharge the onerous duty
+imposed upon them.
+
+"Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, the court proceeded to
+make a thorough investigation on the spot, employing every available means
+for impartial and exact determination of the causes of the explosion. Its
+operations have been conducted with the utmost deliberation and judgment,
+and, while independently pursued, no source of information was neglected,
+and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a simultaneous investigation
+by the Spanish authorities.
+
+"The finding of the court of inquiry was reached, after twenty-three days
+of continuous labour, on the twenty-first of March instant, and, having
+been approved on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief of the United
+States naval force in the North Atlantic station, was transmitted to the
+executive.
+
+"It is herewith laid before the Congress, together with the voluminous
+testimony taken before the court.
+
+"The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of the _Maine_ was not in
+any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers
+or members of her crew.
+
+"That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which
+caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines; and
+that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for the
+destruction of the _Maine_ upon any person or persons.
+
+"I have directed that the finding of the court of inquiry and the views of
+this government thereon be communicated to the government of her majesty,
+the queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that the sense of
+justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a course of action suggested by
+honour and the friendly relations of the two governments.
+
+"It will be the duty of the executive to advise the Congress of the
+result, and in the meantime deliberate consideration is invoked."
+
+
+
+It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of '61 who had worn the blue
+or the gray, this tragedy in the harbour of Havana, and, when the
+government gave permission, the boys of '98 came forward many and many a
+thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their fathers--the boys of '61--who,
+although the hand of Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to
+participate in the punishment of those who were responsible for the
+slaughter of American sailors within the shadow of Morro Castle.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+
+                            THE PRELIMINARIES.
+
+
+War between two nations does not begin suddenly. The respective
+governments are exceedingly ceremonious before opening the "game of
+death," and it is not to be supposed that the United States commenced
+hostilities immediately after the disaster to the _Maine_ in the harbour
+of Havana.
+
+To tell the story of the war which ensued, without first giving in regular
+order the series of events which marked the preparations for hostilities,
+would be much like relating an adventure without explaining why the hero
+was brought into the situation.
+
+It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially those of a
+political nature, are dry reading; but once take into consideration the
+fact that they all aid in giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins
+hostilities with another, and much of the tediousness may be forgiven.
+
+Just previous to the disaster to the _Maine_, during the last days of
+January or the first of February, Se�or Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish
+minister at Washington, wrote a private letter to the editor of the Madrid
+_Herald_, Se�or Canalejas, who was his intimate friend, in which he made
+some uncomplimentary remarks regarding the President of the United States,
+and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain commercial
+negotiations which were then being carried on between the two countries.
+
+By some means, not yet fully explained, certain Cubans got possession of
+this letter, and caused it to be published in the newspapers. Se�or de
+Lome did not deny having written the objectionable matter; but claimed
+that, since it was a private communication, it should not affect him
+officially. The Secretary of State instructed General Woodford, our
+minister at Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately
+recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he was not relieved from
+duty within twenty-four hours, the President would issue to him his
+passports, which is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out of
+the country.
+
+_February 9._ Se�or de Lome made all haste to resign, and the resignation
+was accepted by his government before--so it was claimed by the Spanish
+authorities--President McKinley's demand for the recall was received.
+
+_February 15._ The de Lome incident was a political matter which caused
+considerable diplomatic correspondence; but it was overshadowed when the
+battle-ship _Maine_ was blown up in the harbour of Havana.
+
+  [Illustration: EX-MINISTER DE LOME.]
+
+As has already been said, the United States government at once ordered a
+court of inquiry to ascertain the cause of the disaster, and this,
+together with the search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was
+prosecuted with utmost vigour.
+
+Very many of the people in the United States believed that Spanish
+officials were chargeable with the terrible crime, while those who were
+not disposed to make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that the
+Spanish government was responsible for the safety of the vessel,--that she
+had been destroyed by outside agencies in a friendly harbour. In the
+newspapers, on the streets, in all public places, the American people
+spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the government set
+to work as if, so it would seem, they also were confident there would be
+an open rupture between the two nations.
+
+_February 28._ In Congress, Representative Gibson of Tennessee introduced
+a bill appropriating twenty million dollars "for the maintenance of
+national honour and defence." Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced
+a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount of money "to place the
+naval strength of the country upon a proper footing for immediate
+hostilities with any foreign power." On the same day orders were issued to
+the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida, directing him to send men to
+man the guns at Santa Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola.
+
+_February 28._ Se�or Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed minister in the place
+of Se�or de Lome, who resigned, sailed from Gibraltar.
+
+By the end of February the work of preparing the vessels at the different
+navy yards for sea was being pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and
+munitions of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and
+fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department believed that
+hostilities might be begun at any moment.
+
+Nor was it only within the borders of this country that such preparations
+were making. A despatch from Shanghai to London reported that the United
+States squadron, which included the cruisers _Olympia_, _Boston_,
+_Raleigh_, _Concord_, and _Petrel_, were concentrating at Hongkong, with a
+view of active operations against Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in
+event of war.
+
+At about the same time came news from Spain telling that the Spanish were
+making ready for hostilities. An exceptionally large number of artisans
+were at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and torpedo-boat
+destroyers. The cruisers _Oquendo_ and _Vizcaya_, with the torpedo-boat
+destroyers _Furor_ and _Terror_, were already on their way to Cuba, where
+were stationed the _Alphonso XII._, the _Infanta Isabel_, and the _Nueva
+Espana_, together with twelve gunboats of about three hundred tons each,
+and eighteen vessels of two hundred and fifty tons each.
+
+The United States naval authorities decided that heavy batteries should be
+placed on all the revenue cutters built within the previous twelve months,
+and large quantities of high explosives were shipped in every direction.
+
+During the early days of March, Se�or Gullon, Spanish Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, intimated to Minister Woodford that the Spanish government
+desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General Lee.
+
+Spain also intimated that the American war-ships, which had been
+designated to convey supplies to Cuba for the relief of the sufferers
+there, should be replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the
+assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official character.
+
+Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the government at Washington, to
+which it replied by refusing to recall General Lee under the present
+circumstances, or to countermand the orders for the despatch of
+war-vessels, making the representation that relief vessels are not
+fighting ships.
+
+_March 5._ Secretary Long closed a contract for the delivery at Key West,
+within forty days, of four hundred thousand tons of coal. Work was begun
+upon the old monitors, which for years had been lying at League Island
+navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to the Norfolk navy yard to
+concentrate all the energies and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser
+_Newark_, to the end that she might be ready for service within sixty
+days.
+
+_March 6._ The President made a public statement that under no
+circumstances would Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request
+of Spain. He had borne himself, so it was stated from the White House,
+throughout the crisis with judgment, fidelity, and courage, to the
+President's entire satisfaction. As to supplies for the relief of the
+Cuban people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments at once
+from Key West by one of the naval vessels, whichever might be best adapted
+and most available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua.
+
+_March 6._ Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations committee
+introduced a resolution that fifty millions of dollars be appropriated for
+the national defence. It was passed almost immediately, without a single
+negative vote.
+
+Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser _Montgomery_ had been
+ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General Wilson, chief of the engineers of the
+army, arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of men, who were in
+charge of locating and firing submarine mines.
+
+_March 10._ The newly appointed Spanish minister arrived at Washington.
+
+_March 11._ The House committee on naval affairs authorised the immediate
+construction of three battle-ships, one to be named the _Maine_, and
+provided for an increase of 473 men in the marine force.
+
+The despatch-boat _Fern_ sailed for Matanzas with supplies for the relief
+of starving Cubans.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.]
+
+News by cable was received from the Philippine Islands to the effect that
+the rebellion there had broken out once more; the whole of the northern
+province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to pay taxes, and the
+insurgents appeared to be well supplied with arms and ammunition.
+
+_March 12._ Se�or Bernabe was presented to President McKinley, and laid
+great stress upon the love which Spain bore for the United States.
+
+_March 14._ The Spanish flying squadron, composed of three torpedo-boats,
+set sail from Cadiz, bound for Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be
+good proof that the Spanish government anticipated war with the United
+States, Se�or Bernabe made two demands upon this government on the day
+following the receipt of such news. The first was that the United States
+fleet at Key West and Tortugas be withdrawn, and the second, that an
+explanation be given as to why two war-ships had been purchased abroad.
+
+_March 17._ A bill was submitted to both houses of Congress reorganising
+the army, and placing it on a war footing of one hundred and four thousand
+men. Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the Senate, on the
+condition of affairs in Cuba. He announced himself as being opposed to
+annexation, and declared that the Cubans were "suffering under the worst
+misgovernment in the world." The public generally accepted his remarks as
+having been sanctioned by the President, and understood them as indicating
+that this country should recognise the independence of Cuba on the ground
+that the people are capable of self-government, and that under no other
+conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the island.
+
+_March 17._ The more important telegraphic news from Spain was to the
+effect that the Minister of Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo
+flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana; that the government
+arsenal was being run night and day in the manufacture of small arms, and
+that infantry and cavalry rifles were being purchased in Germany.
+
+The United States revenue cutter cruiser _McCulloch_ was ordered to
+proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to Hongkong, in order that she might be
+attached to the Asiatic squadron, if necessary.
+
+_March 18._ The cruiser _Amazonas_, purchased from the Brazilian
+government, was formally transferred to the United States at Gravesend,
+England, to be known in the future as the _New Orleans_.
+
+_March 19._ The _Maine_ court of inquiry concluded its work. The general
+sentiments of the people, as voiced by the newspapers, were that war with
+Spain was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened March 24th, when
+authority was given by the Navy Department for unlimited enlistment in all
+grades of the service, when the revenue service was transferred from the
+Treasury to the Naval Department, and arrangements made for the quick
+employment of the National Guards of the States and Territories.
+
+_March 24._ The report of the _Maine_ court of inquiry arrived at
+Washington.
+
+_March 27._ Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers declared that war
+with the United States was next to certain. The United States cruisers
+_San Francisco_ and _New Orleans_ sailed from England for New York, and
+the active work of mining the harbours of the United States coast was
+begun.
+
+_March 28._ The President sent to Congress, with a message, the report of
+the _Maine_ court of inquiry, as has been stated in a previous chapter.
+
+_March 29._ Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and recognising the
+independence of Cuba, were introduced in both houses of Congress.
+
+With the beginning of April it was to the public generally as if the war
+had already begun.
+
+In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the country the newspapers were
+scanned eagerly for notes of warlike preparation, and from Washington,
+sent by those who were in position to know what steps were being taken by
+the government, came information which dashed the hopes of those who had
+been praying that peace might not be broken.
+
+There had been a conference between the President, the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and the chairman of the committee on ways and means, regarding
+the best methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war. A joint
+board of the army and navy had met to formulate plans of defence, and a
+speedy report was made to Secretary Long.
+
+Instructions were sent by the State Department to all United States
+consuls in Cuba to be prepared to leave the island at any moment, and to
+hold themselves in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to embark for
+the United States.
+
+_April 2._ A gentleman in touch with public affairs wrote from Washington
+as follows:
+
+"To-day's developments show that there is only the very faintest hope of
+peace. Unless Spain yields war must come. The administration realises that
+as fully as do members of Congress.
+
+"The orders sent by the State Department to all our consuls in Cuba,
+especially those in the interior, to hold themselves in readiness to leave
+their positions and proceed to Havana, show that the department looks upon
+war as a certainty, and has taken all proper precautions for the safety of
+its agents.
+
+"Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not have been issued
+unless a crisis was imminent, and the State Department, as well as other
+branches of the government, has now become convinced that peace cannot
+much longer be maintained, and that the safety of the consular agents is a
+first consideration.
+
+"General Lee has also been advised that he should be ready to leave as
+soon as notified, and that the American newspaper correspondents now in
+Havana must prepare themselves to receive the notification of instant
+departure.
+
+"The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the Boston Towboat Company,
+which corporation had charge of the wrecking operations on the U. S. S.
+_Maine_, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of War has authorised an
+allotment of one million dollars from the emergency fund for the office of
+the chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended in purchasing
+material for the torpedo defences connected with the seacoast
+fortifications. The United States naval attach� at London has purchased a
+cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable of a speed of
+sixteen knots, and the vessel will put to sea immediately. The Spanish
+torpedo flotilla is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde Islands."
+
+_April 4._ Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins spoke in the Senate,
+charging Spain with the murder of the sailors of the _Maine_, claiming
+that it was properly an act of war, and insisting that the United States
+should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed intervention.
+
+_April 5._ Senator Chandler announced as his belief that the United States
+was justified in beginning hostilities, and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and
+Turner made powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing Spain.
+General Woodford was instructed by cable to be prepared to ask of the
+Madrid government his passports at any moment.
+
+Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable, doubled their
+rates. The merchants and manufacturers' board of trade of New York
+notified Congress and the President that it believed Spain was responsible
+for the blowing up of the _Maine_; that the independence of Cuba should be
+recognised, and that it should be brought about by force of arms, if
+necessary.
+
+_April 7._ The representatives of six great powers met at the White House
+in the hope of being able to influence the President for peace. In closing
+his address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said:
+
+"The government of the United States appreciates the humanitarian and
+disinterested character of the communication now made in behalf of the
+powers named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation will
+be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavours to fulfil a duty to
+humanity by ending a situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has
+become insufferable."
+
+
+
+Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning that Consul-General Lee
+had received orders to set sail from Havana on or before the ninth. The
+American consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that city.
+
+Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary Islands, was, by the State
+Department, ordered not to proceed to his post, and he remained at New
+York.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]
+
+The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town for Washington, by
+order of his government.
+
+The following cablegram gives a good idea of the temper of the Spanish
+people:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"London, April 7.--A special dispatch from Madrid says that the ambassadors
+of France, Germany, Russia, and Italy waited together this evening upon
+Se�or Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint note in the
+interests of peace.
+
+"Se�or Gullon, replying, declared that the members of the Spanish Cabinet
+were unanimous in considering that Spain had reached the limit of
+international policy in the direction of conceding the demands and
+allowing the pretensions of the United States."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 9._ Guards about the United States legation in Madrid were trebled.
+General Blanco, captain-general of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on
+every able-bodied man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to register
+for immediate military duty. At ten o'clock in the morning, Consul-General
+Lee, accompanied by British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid
+him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to receive visitors.
+General Lee left the island at six o'clock in the evening.
+
+_April 11._ The President sent a message, together with Consul Lee's
+report, to the Congress, and Senator Chandler thus analysed it:
+
+_First_: A graphic and powerful description of the horrible condition of
+affairs in Cuba.
+
+_Second_: An assertion that the independence of the revolutionists should
+not be recognised until Cuba has achieved its own independence beyond the
+possibility of overthrow.
+
+_Third_: An argument against the recognition of the Cuban republic.
+
+_Fourth_: As to intervention in the interest of humanity, that is well
+enough, and also on account of the injury to commerce and peril to our
+citizens, and the generally uncomfortable conditions all around.
+
+_Fifth_: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions is the destruction
+of the _Maine_. It helps make the existing situation intolerable. But
+Spain proposes an arbitration, to which proposition the President has no
+reply.
+
+_Sixth_: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain cannot end it,
+mediation or intervention must take place. President Cleveland said
+"intervention would finally be necessary." The enforced pacification of
+Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore, the President should be
+authorised to terminate hostilities, secure peace, and establish a stable
+government, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States
+to accomplish these results, and food supplies should also be furnished by
+the United States.
+
+_April 12._ Consul-General Lee was summoned before the Senate committee on
+foreign relations. It was announced that the Republican members of the
+ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan for raising revenue in
+case of need to carry on war with Spain. The plan was intended to raise
+more than $100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was thus
+distributed:
+
+An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel, estimated to yield
+$35,000,000; a bank stamp tax on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated
+to yield $30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on coffee, and ten
+cents per pound on tea on hand in the United States, estimated to yield
+$28,000,000; additional tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000.
+
+The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing of $500,000,000 bonds.
+These bonds to be offered for sale at all post-offices in the United
+States in amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular loan to be
+absorbed by the people.
+
+To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury to be authorised
+to issue treasury certificates.
+
+These certificates or debentures to be used to pay running expenses when
+the revenues do not meet the expenditures.
+
+
+
+These preparations were distinctly war measures, and would be put in
+operation only should war occur.
+
+_April 13._ The House of Representatives passed the following resolutions:
+
+_Whereas_, the government of Spain for three years past has been waging
+war on the island of Cuba against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof,
+without making any substantial progress toward the suppression of said
+revolution, and has conducted the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws
+of nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing the death by
+starvation of more than two hundred thousand innocent non-combatants, the
+victims being for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting
+intolerable injury to the commercial interests of the United States,
+involving the destruction of the lives and property of many of our
+citizens, entailing the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our
+coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain our neutrality;
+and,
+
+_Whereas_, this long series of losses, injuries, and burdens for which
+Spain is responsible has culminated in the destruction of the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ in the harbour of Havana, and the death of two
+hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,--
+
+_Resolved_, That the President is hereby authorised and directed to
+intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba, to the end and with the purpose
+of securing permanent peace and order there, and establishing by the free
+action of the people there of a stable and independent government of their
+own in the island of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and
+empowered to use the land and naval forces of the United States to execute
+the purpose of this resolution.
+
+In the Senate the majority resolution reported:
+
+_Whereas_, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three
+years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace
+to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in the destruction of
+a United States battle-ship with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers
+and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot
+longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United
+States in his message to Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action
+of Congress was invited; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, First, that the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right
+ought to be, free and independent.
+
+_Second_, That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
+government of the United States does hereby demand, that the government of
+Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of
+Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
+
+_Third_, That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
+directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the
+United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States
+the militia of the several States to such extent as may be necessary, to
+carry these resolutions into effect.
+
+
+
+_April 14._ The Spanish minister at Washington sealed his archives and
+placed them in the charge of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen
+regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for the Cortes to
+meet on the twentieth of the month, and a decree opening a national
+subscription for increasing the navy and other war services.
+
+_April 15._ The United States consulate at Malaga, Spain, was attacked by
+a mob, and the shield torn down and trampled upon.
+
+_April 17._ The Spanish committee of inquiry into the destruction of the
+_Maine_ reported that the explosion could not have been caused by a
+torpedo or a mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was found to
+justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony of two eye-witnesses to
+the catastrophe, who swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on the
+surface of the harbour around the _Maine_. The committee gave great stress
+to the fact that the explosion did no damage to the quays, and none to the
+vessels moored close to the _Maine_, whose officers and crews noticed
+nothing that could lead them to suppose that the disaster was caused
+otherwise than by an accident inside the American vessel.
+
+_April 18._ Congress passed the Senate resolution, as given above, with an
+additional clause as follows:
+
+_Fourth_, That the United States hereby disclaim any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof; and asserts its
+determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and
+control of the island to its people.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER III.
+
+
+                          A DECLARATION OF WAR.
+
+
+All that had been done by the governments of the United States and of
+Spain was indicative of war,--it was virtually a declaration that an appeal
+would be made to arms.
+
+_April 20._ Preparations were making in each country for actual
+hostilities, and the American people were prepared to receive the
+statement made by a gentleman in close touch with high officials, when he
+wrote:
+
+"The United States has thrown down the gage of battle and Spain has picked
+it up.
+
+"The signing by the President of the joint resolutions instructing him to
+intervene in Cuba was no sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than
+he immediately asked the State Department to furnish him with his
+passports.
+
+"It was defiance, prompt and direct.
+
+"It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain to answer our
+ultimatum.
+
+"Nominally Spain has three days in which to make her reply. Actually that
+reply has already been delivered.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. COLUMBIA.]
+
+"When a nation withdraws her minister from the territory of another it is
+an open announcement to the world that all friendly relations have
+terminated.
+
+"Answers to ultimatums have before this been returned at the cannon's
+mouth. First the minister is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is
+ready to speak through shotted guns.
+
+"And the United States is ready to answer, gun for gun.
+
+"The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid yesterday, saying, in her
+speech from the throne: 'I have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights,
+whatever sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish people to
+gather behind my son's throne. With our glorious army, navy, and nation
+united before foreign aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome,
+without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust attacks made on us.'
+
+"Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at Key West to have all
+the vessels of his fleet under full steam, ready to move immediately upon
+orders."
+
+The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members of his staff, departed
+from Washington during the evening, after having made a hurried call at
+the French embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish interests were
+left in charge, having announced that he would spend several days in
+Toronto, Canada.
+
+_April 21._ The ultimatum of the United States was received at Madrid
+early in the morning, and the government immediately broke off diplomatic
+relations by sending the following communication to Minister Woodford,
+before he could present any note from Washington:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Dear Sir_:--In compliance with a painful duty, I have the honour to
+inform you that there has been sanctioned by the President of the republic
+a resolution of both chambers of the United States, which denies the
+legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens armed intervention in Cuba,
+which is equivalent to a declaration of war.
+
+"The government of her majesty have ordered her minister to return without
+loss of time from North American territory, together with all the
+personnel of the legation.
+
+"By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing between the two
+countries, and all official communication between their respective
+representatives, cease.
+
+"I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may make such arrangements
+as you think fit. I beg your excellency to acknowledge receipt of this
+note at such time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to reiterate
+to you the assurances of my distinguished consideration.
+
+                                                     (Signed) "H. GULLON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the government of this
+country gave out the following information:
+
+"On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o'clock P. M., the Department of
+State served notice of the purposes of this government by delivering to
+Minister Polo a copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also a
+copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant. After the receipt of this notice the Spanish minister
+forwarded to the State Department a request for his passports, which were
+furnished him on yesterday afternoon.
+
+"Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith appended. The United
+States minister at Madrid was at the same time instructed to make a like
+communication to the Spanish government.
+
+"This morning the Department received from General Woodford a telegram, a
+copy of which is hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government
+had broken off diplomatic relations with this government.
+
+"This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic action on the part
+of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         "'April 20, 1898.
+
+"'_Woodford, Minister, Madrid_:--You have been furnished with the text of a
+joint resolution, voted by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification of
+the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act, the President directs you to
+immediately communicate to the government of Spain said resolution, with
+the formal demand of the government of the United States, that the
+government of Spain at once relinquish her authority and government in the
+island of Cuba, and withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
+waters.
+
+"'In taking this step, the United States disclaims any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination
+when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the
+island to its people under such free and independent government as they
+may establish.
+
+"'If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the twenty-third day of April,
+there be not communicated to this government by that of Spain a full and
+satisfactory response to this demand and resolutions, whereby the ends of
+peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President will proceed without further
+notice to use the power and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by
+the said joint resolution to such an extent as may be necessary to carry
+the same into effect.
+
+                                                               "'SHERMAN.'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"This is Woodford's telegram of this morning:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              "'MADRID, April 21. (Received at 9.02 A. M.)
+
+"'_To Sherman, Washington_:--Early this morning (Tuesday), immediately
+after the receipt of your telegram, and before I communicated the same to
+the Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs notified
+me that diplomatic relations are broken between the two countries, and
+that all official communication between the respective representatives has
+ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have turned the legation
+over to the British embassy, and leave for Paris this afternoon. Have
+notified consuls.
+
+                                                             "'WOODFORD.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Spanish newspapers applauded the "energy" of their government, and
+printed the paragraph inserted below as a semi-official statement from the
+throne:
+
+"The Spanish government having received the ultimatum of the President of
+the United States, considers that the document constitutes a declaration
+of war against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted is not to
+make any further reply, but to await the expiration of the time mentioned
+in the ultimatum before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish
+authorities have placed their possessions in a state of defence, and their
+fleet is already on its way to meet that of the United States."
+
+_April 21._ General Woodford left Madrid late in the afternoon, and
+although an enormous throng of citizens were gathered at the railway
+station to witness his departure, no indignities were attempted. The
+people of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war, and the
+general opinion among the masses was that Spain would speedily vanquish
+the United States.
+
+In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the palace, the citizens
+began early to decorate the public buildings and many private residences,
+balconies, and windows with the national colours. A general illumination
+followed, as on the occasion of a great national festivity. Early in the
+evening no less than eight thousand demonstrators filled the square
+opposite the palace, a committee entering and tendering to the
+captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property, and lives in
+aid of the government, and pledging their readiness to fight the invader.
+
+General Blanco thanked them in the name of the king, the queen regent and
+the imperial and colonial governments, assuring them that he would do
+everything in his power to prevent the invaders from setting foot in Cuba.
+"Otherwise I shall not live," he said, in conclusion. "Do you swear to
+follow me to the fight?"
+
+"Yes, yes, we do!" the crowd answered.
+
+"Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in your veins before letting
+a foreigner step his foot on the land we discovered, and place his yoke
+upon the people we civilised?"
+
+"Yes, yes, we do!"
+
+"The enemy's fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost at the doors of
+Havana," General Blanco added. "They have money; but we have blood to
+shed, and we are ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!"
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.]
+
+The people interrupted him with cries of applause, and he finished his
+speech by shouting "_Viva Espana!_" "_Viva el Rey!_" "Long live the army,
+the navy, and the volunteers!"
+
+
+
+The Congress of the United States passed a joint resolution authorising
+the President, in his discretion, to prohibit the exportation of coal and
+other war material. The measure was of great importance, because through
+it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports in the West Indies where it
+might be used by Spain.
+
+_April 22._ At half past five o'clock in the morning the vessels composing
+the North Atlantic Squadron put to sea from Key West. The flag-ship _New
+York_ led the way. Close behind her steamed the _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_.
+Following the war-ships came the gunboat _Machias_, and then the
+_Newport_. The _Amphitrite_, the first of the fleet, lying close to shore,
+steamed out after the _Machias_, and then followed in order the
+_Nashville_, the _Wilmington_, the _Castine_, the _Cincinnati_, and the
+other boats of the fleet, save the monitors _Terror_ and _Puritan_, which
+were coaling, the cruiser _Marblehead_, the despatch-boat _Dolphin_, and
+the gunboat _Helena_.
+
+After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral was hoisted
+over the _New York_, indicating to the fleet that Captain Sampson was
+acting as a rear-admiral. When in the open sea the fleet was divided into
+three divisions. The _New York_, _Iowa_, and _Indiana_ had the position of
+honour. Stretching out to the right were the _Montgomery_, _Wilmington_,
+_Newport_, and smaller craft; to the left was the _Nashville_ in the lead,
+followed by the _Cincinnati_, _Castine_, _Machias_, _Mayflower_, and some
+of the torpedo-boats.
+
+At seven o'clock in the morning the first gun of the war was fired. The
+_Nashville_, which had been sailing at about six knots an hour, in
+obedience to orders, suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke
+poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually increased until
+the water ascended in fine spray on each side of the bow, and behind her
+trailed out a long, creamy streak on the quiet waters.
+
+She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which was then about half a mile
+away, apparently paying no heed to the monsters of war.
+
+A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across the stranger's bow, and
+then, no attention having been paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged.
+This last shot struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile or
+more, sending up great clouds of spray.
+
+The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and within five minutes a boat
+was lowered from the _Nashville_ to put on board the first prize a crew of
+six men, under command of Ensign Magruder.
+
+The captured vessel was the _Buena Ventura_, of 1,741 tons burthen; laden
+with lumber, valued at eleven thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load
+of cattle.
+
+The record of this first day of hostilities was not to end with one
+capture.
+
+Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the Cuban shore, while the
+United States fleet was standing toward Havana, with the _Mayflower_ a
+mile or more in advance of the flag-ship _New York_, the merchant
+steamship _Pedro_ hove in sight. The _Mayflower_ suddenly swung sharply to
+the westward, and a moment later a string of butterfly flags went
+fluttering to her masthead.
+
+The _New York_ flung her answering pennant to the breeze, and, making
+another signal to the fleet, which probably meant "Stay where you are
+until I get back," swung her bow to the westward and went racing for the
+game that the _Mayflower_ had sighted. The big cruiser dashed forward,
+smoke trailing in dense masses from each of her three big funnels, a hill
+of foam around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal wave. It was
+a winning pace, and a magnificent sight she presented as she dashed
+through the choppy seas with never an undulation of her long, graceful
+hull.
+
+When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came from the bow of the
+cruiser, followed by a dull report, then another and another, until four
+shots had been sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish
+steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried no heavier guns,
+was trying to keep at a safe distance until the friendly darkness of night
+should hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the big cruiser
+held her course in silence, and then her entire bow was hidden from the
+spectators in a swirl of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its
+demand.
+
+The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft, and had hardly more
+than flung up a column of water a hundred yards or less in front of the
+merchantman before she was hastily rounded to with her engines reversed.
+
+A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on board, and the steamer
+_Pedro_, twenty-eight hundred tons burthen, suddenly had a change of
+commanders.
+
+_April 22._ The President issued a proclamation announcing a blockade of
+Cuban ports, and also signed the bill providing for the utilising of
+volunteer forces in times of war.
+
+The foreign news of immediate interest to the people of the United States
+was, first, from Havana, that Captain-General Blanco had published a
+decree confirming his previous decree, and declaring the island to be in a
+state of war.
+
+He also annulled his former similar decrees granting pardon to insurgents,
+and placed under martial law all those who were guilty of treason,
+espionage, crimes against peace or against the independence of the nation,
+seditious revolts, attacks against the form of government or against the
+authorities, and against those who disturb public order, though only by
+means of printed matter.
+
+From Madrid came the information that during the evening a throng of no
+less than six thousand people, carrying flags and shouting "_Viva
+Espana!_" "We want war!" and "Down with the Yankees!" burned the stars and
+stripes in front of the residence of Se�or Sagasta, the premier, who was
+accorded an ovation. The mob then went to the residence of M. Patenotre,
+the French ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance,
+but the French ambassador was not at home.
+
+  [Illustration: PREMIER SAGASTA.]
+
+Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral Dewey had ordered the
+commanders of the vessels composing his squadron to be in readiness for an
+immediate movement against the Philippine Islands.
+
+_April 23._ The President issued a proclamation calling for one hundred
+and twenty-five thousand volunteer soldiers.
+
+In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was provided for in the
+form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds.
+
+The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early in the morning by the
+torpedo-boat _Ericsson_. The fishing-boat _Perdito_ was sighted making for
+Havana harbour, and overhauled only when she was directly under the guns
+of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the fortification might have
+sunk either craft. After a prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral
+Sampson decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted to return to
+Havana to spread the news of the blockade.
+
+During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner _Mathilde_ was taken, after a
+lively chase, by the torpedo-boat _Porter_. Between five and six o'clock
+in the evening the torpedo-boat _Foote_, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers commanding,
+received the first Spanish fire.
+
+She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas, and had approached
+within two or three hundred yards of the shore, when suddenly a masked
+battery on the east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the
+_Foote_, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The missiles went wide of
+the mark, and the _Foote_ leisurely returned to the _Cincinnati_ to report
+the result of her work.
+
+At Hongkong the United States consul notified Governor Blake of the
+British colony that the American fleet would leave the harbour in
+forty-eight hours, and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be
+necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port, would be shipped.
+
+The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner of the Cape Verde
+Islands, that, in accordance with international law, she send the Spanish
+war-ships away from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that port
+during the war.
+
+_April 24._ The following decree was gazetted in Madrid:
+
+"Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain and the United States,
+and a state of war being begun between the two countries, numerous
+questions of international law arise, which must be precisely defined
+chiefly because the injustice and provocation came from our adversaries,
+and it is they who by their detestable conduct have caused this great
+conflict."
+
+The royal decree then states that Spain maintains her right to have
+recourse to privateering, and announces that for the present only
+auxiliary cruisers will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States
+are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships to leave Spanish
+ports, and the rules Spain will observe during the war are outlined in
+five clauses, covering neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what
+will be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what constitutes
+contraband of war, ending with saying that foreign privateers will be
+regarded as pirates.
+
+Continuing, the decree declared: "We have observed with the strictest
+fidelity the principles of international law, and have shown the most
+scrupulous respect for morality and the right of government.
+
+"There is an opinion that the fact that we have not adhered to the
+declaration of Paris does not exempt us from the duty of respecting the
+principles therein enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused
+to admit then was the abolition of privateering.
+
+"The government now considers it most indispensable to make absolute
+reserve on this point, in order to maintain our liberty of action and
+uncontested right to have recourse to privateering when we consider it
+expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of cruisers, auxiliary
+to the navy, which will be composed of vessels of our mercantile marine,
+and with equal distinction in the work of our navy.
+
+"_Clause 1_: The state of war existing between Spain and the United States
+annuls the treaty of peace and amity of October 27, 1795, and the protocol
+of January 12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions in
+force between the two countries.
+
+"_Clause 2_: From the publication of these presents, thirty days are
+granted to all ships of the United States anchored in our harbours to take
+their departure free of hindrance.
+
+"_Clause 3_: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered to the declaration
+of Paris, the government, respecting the principles of the law of nations,
+proposes to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the following
+regulations of maritime laws:
+
+"_One_: Neutral flags cover the enemy's merchandise, except contraband of
+war.
+
+"_Two_: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of war, is not seizable
+under the enemy's flag.
+
+"_Three_: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be effective; viz., it must
+be maintained with sufficient force to prevent access to the enemy's
+littoral.
+
+"_Four_: The Spanish government, upholding its rights to grant letters of
+marque, will at present confine itself to organising, with the vessels of
+the mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which will co�perate
+with the navy, according to the needs of the campaign, and will be under
+naval control.
+
+"_Five_: In order to capture the enemy's ships, and confiscate the enemy's
+merchandise and contraband of war under whatever form, the auxiliary
+cruisers will exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in the
+waters under the enemy's jurisdiction, in accordance with international
+law and the regulations which will be published.
+
+"_Six_: Defines what is included in contraband of war, naming weapons,
+ammunition, equipments, engines, and, in general, all the appliances used
+in war.
+
+"_Seven_: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with all the rigour of the
+law, are captains, masters, officers, and two-thirds of the crew of
+vessels, which, not being American, shall commit acts of war against
+Spain, even if provided with letters of marque by the United States."
+
+_April 24._ The U. S. S. _Helena_ captured the steamer _Miguel Jover_. The
+U. S. S. _Detroit_ captured the steamer _Catalania_; the _Wilmington_ took
+the schooner _Candidor_; the _Winona_ made a prize of the steamer
+_Saturnia_, and the _Terror_ brought in the schooners _Saco_ and _Tres
+Hermanes_.
+
+_April 25._ Early in the day the President sent the following message to
+Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration and appropriate action,
+copies of correspondence recently had with the representatives of Spain
+and the United States, with the United States minister at Madrid, through
+the latter with government of Spain, showing the action taken under the
+joint resolution approved April 20, 1898, 'For the recognition of the
+independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain
+relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and
+withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and
+directing the President of the United States to carry these resolutions
+into effect.'
+
+"Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in Washington the demand,
+which it became the duty of the executive to address to the government of
+Spain in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for his
+passports and withdrew. The United States minister at Madrid was in turn
+notified by the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal
+of the Spanish representative from the United States had terminated
+diplomatic relations between the two countries, and that all official
+communications between their respective representatives ceased therewith.
+
+"I commend to your especial attention the note addressed to the United
+States minister at Madrid by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on
+the twenty-first instant, whereby the foregoing notification was conveyed.
+It will be perceived therefrom, that the government of Spain, having
+cognisance of the joint resolution of the United States Congress, and, in
+view of the things which the President is thereby required and authorised
+to do, responds by treating the reasonable demands of this government as
+measures of hostility, following with that instant and complete severance
+of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations accompanied an
+existing state of war between sovereign powers.
+
+"The position of Spain being thus made known, and the demands of the
+United States being denied, with a complete rupture of intercourse by the
+act of Spain, I have been constrained, in exercise of the power and
+authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim
+under date of April 22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north
+coast of Cuba, lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the port of
+Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and further in exercise of my
+constitutional powers, and using the authority conferred upon me by act of
+Congress, approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation, dated April
+23, 1898, calling for volunteers in order to carry into effect the said
+resolution of April 20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto
+appended.
+
+  [Illustration: PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.]
+
+"In view of the measures so taken, and other measures as may be necessary
+to enable me to carry out the express will of the Congress of the United
+States in the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body the
+adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists
+between the United States of America and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge
+speedy action thereon to the end that the definition of the international
+status of the United States as a belligerent power may be made known, and
+the assertion of all its rights and the maintenance of all its duties in
+the conduct of a public war may be assured.
+
+                                               (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+"_Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately after it had been
+signed the following notice was sent to the representatives of the foreign
+nations:
+
+"A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th, directed
+intervention for the pacification and independence of the island of Cuba.
+The Spanish government on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that
+it considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration of war, and that
+it had accordingly withdrawn its minister from Washington and terminated
+all diplomatic relations.
+
+"Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day, declared that a state
+of war exists between the two countries since and including April 21st.
+
+"You will inform the government to which you are accredited, so that its
+neutrality may be assured in the existing war."
+
+
+
+Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary of State, had
+resigned; Assistant Secretary William R. Day was appointed the head of the
+department, with John B. Moore as his successor.
+
+The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong, under orders to
+rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public attention was turned towards Manila, it
+being believed that there the first action would take place.
+
+During the evening the tiny steamer _Mangrove_, a lighthouse tender,
+captured the richest prize of the war thus far, when she hove to the
+_Panama_, a big transatlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the
+Spanish navy, which had been plying between New York and Havana.
+
+The _Mangrove_, Lieut.-Commander William H. Everett commanding, was
+cruising along the Cuban coast about twenty miles from Havana when she
+sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two 12-pounders. As the
+latter came within range the _Mangrove_ sent a shot across her bow; but
+the Spaniard gave no heed; another missile followed without result, and
+the third whistled in the air when the two vessels were hardly more than a
+hundred yards apart, Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun
+died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she would be sunk
+forthwith.
+
+The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the battle-ship _Indiana_,
+three miles to the rear. The _Mangrove's_ officers admit that they
+expected the enemy's 12-pounders to open on them in response to the
+threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to. Ensign Dayton boarded the
+prize.
+
+The _Indiana_ had seen the capture, and meanwhile drew up to the
+_Mangrove_, giving her a lusty cheer. Lieutenant-Commander Everett
+reported to Captain Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a
+prize-crew on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer and fifteen
+marines.
+
+_April 26._ The President issued a proclamation respecting the rights of
+Spanish vessels then in, or bound to, ports in the United States, and also
+with regard to the right of search.
+
+The United States gunboat _Newport_ carried into Key West the Spanish
+schooner _Piereno_ and the sloop _Paquette_, which she captured off
+Havana, while the monitor _Terror_ took to the same port the coasting
+steamer _Ambrosia Bolivar_. This last prize had on board silver specie to
+the amount of seventy thousand dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a
+cargo of bananas.
+
+_April 27._ The steamers _New York_, _Puritan_, and _Cincinnati_ bombarded
+the forts at the mouth of Matanzas Harbour. The engagement commenced at
+12.57, and ceased at 1.15 P. M. The object of the attack was to prevent
+the completion of the earthworks at Punta Gorda.
+
+A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened fire on the flag-ship, and
+this was also shelled. Twelve 8-inch shells were fired from the eastern
+forts, but all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired from
+the half completed batteries. Two of these whizzed over the _New York_,
+and one fell short.
+
+The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object of discovering the
+whereabouts of the batteries having been accomplished. In the
+neighbourhood of three hundred shots were put on land from the three ships
+at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand yards. No casualties on
+the American side.
+
+The little monitor _Terror_ captured her third prize, and the story of the
+chase is thus told by an eye-witness:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. PURITAN.]
+
+"The Spanish steamer _Guido_, Captain Armarechia, was bound for Havana.
+There was Spanish urgency that she should reach that port. Aboard was a
+large cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for the Spanish
+troops--or officers. The steamer had left Liverpool on April 2d, and
+Corunna on April 9th.
+
+"Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the _Guido_, setting her
+fastest pace, made for Havana and the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles
+off Cardenas plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed the
+fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.
+
+"Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would be a long chase. Men in
+the engine-room toiled like galley-slaves under the whip. There was
+prize-money to be gained. The _Guido_ fled fast. Every light aboard her
+was hid.
+
+"Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It was prize aim, and the shot
+found more than a billet in the _Guido's_ pilot-house. It tore a part
+away; the splinters flew.
+
+"Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable shooting. The
+pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits
+of wood floated in the steamer's wake.
+
+"The gunboat _Machias_, which was some distance away, heard the sound of
+the firing, came up, and brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one
+shot, which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however, brought her to, and
+Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew were put on board."
+
+A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture of the American bark
+_Saranac_ off Manila, by the Spanish gunboat _El Correo_.
+
+By a conference of both branches of Congress a naval bill of $49,277,558
+was agreed upon. It stands as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil
+war, providing for the construction of three battle-ships, four monitors,
+sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve torpedo-boats.
+
+The U. S. S. _Newport_ captured the Spanish sloop _Engracia_, and the
+U. S. S. _Dolphin_ made a prize of the Spanish schooner _Lola_.
+
+_April 29._ The flag-ship _New York_ was lying about two miles off the
+harbour of Cabanas, having just completed a cruise of inspection. With her
+were the torpedo-boats _Porter_ and _Ericsson_. On the shore could be seen
+the white ruins of what may have been the dwelling of a plantation. No
+signs of life were visible. It was as if war's alarms had never been heard
+on this portion of the island.
+
+Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated again and again, at
+regular intervals, and the tiny jets of water which were sent up by the
+bullets told that, concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop
+of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they may have believed to be
+an attack upon the big war-ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had
+set about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to have as little
+effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed it was necessary to teach the
+enemy that any playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to
+themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be manned.
+
+Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered sufficient,
+although there was no evidence any execution had been done, and the big
+vessel's bow was turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode
+rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as a target for a 4-inch
+gun in the starboard battery, and the troop dispersed in hot haste.
+
+While this mimic warfare was being carried on off Cabanas, a most
+important capture was made. The _Nashville_, _Marblehead_, and the _Eagle_
+left the station on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos,
+arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth.
+
+They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning, in order to get
+better information, steamed close to the mouth of the harbour of
+Cienfuegos. The _Eagle_ was to the eastward, and in the van. The
+_Marblehead_ was slightly in the rear, and the _Nashville_ to the
+westward.
+
+All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was seen rising on the western
+horizon, and the _Nashville_, because of her position, put on all steam in
+that direction. Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across the bow of
+the coming steamer, which promptly hove to. She was the _Argonauta_.
+Ensign Keunzli was sent with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of
+her.
+
+Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word was given to send them
+to the _Nashville_ immediately as prisoners of war, and when this had been
+done arrangements were made to transfer the passengers and non-combatants
+to the shore. The women and children were placed in the first boat, and
+under cover of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance to
+Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers and landed them about
+noon.
+
+The _Argonauta_ had on board Colonel Corijo of the Third Spanish Cavalry,
+his first lieutenant, sergeant-major, seven other lieutenants, and ten
+privates and non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried a large
+cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She was bound from Satabanao, Spain,
+for Cienfuegos, stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo.
+
+Half an hour later the _Eagle_ hoisted a signal conveying the intelligence
+that she had been fired upon by Spanish boats coming out of the river. She
+immediately returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and held her ground
+until the _Marblehead_ came up. Both vessels then fired broadside after
+broadside up the entrance to the river.
+
+The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and one torpedo-boat
+destroyer. After twenty minutes of firing by the _Eagle_, during the last
+five of which the _Marblehead_ participated, the Spanish vessels ceased
+firing.
+
+_April 29._ A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape Verde, reported the
+departure from that port of the Spanish squadron, consisting of the
+first-class cruisers _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_, _Terror_, and _Pluton_, bound westward, probably for Porto Rico.
+
+_April 30._ The American schooner _Ann Louisa Lockwood_ was taken by the
+Spaniards off Mole St. Nicolas.
+
+The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the _Mascota_, near Havana, by
+the torpedo-boat _Foote_, closed the record of the month of April.
+
+Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the people of the United
+States, and it was as if everything else was relegated to the background
+until information could be had regarding that American fleet which sailed
+from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon of April 27th.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 1._ "Manila, May 1.--The squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this
+morning. Immediately engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following
+Spanish vessels: _Isla de Cuba_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Reina Christina_,
+_Castilla_, _Don Antonio d'Ulloa_, _Don Juan d'Austria_, _Velasco_,
+_General Lezo_, _El Correo_, _Marques del Duero_, _Isla de Mindanao_, and
+the water-battery at Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were
+slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to American consulate,
+Hongkong. I shall communicate with him.
+
+                                                                  "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he performs his deeds of
+valour without too many preliminaries, and, therefore, when on the seventh
+of May the telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an
+anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country remembered but
+one name,--that of Dewey.
+
+_April 25._ It was known to the public that the Asiatic Squadron had
+sailed from Hongkong on the 25th of April to avoid possible complications
+such as might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in Mirs Bay,
+there to await orders from the government at Washington.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.]
+
+_April 26._ So also was it known that on the next day Commodore Dewey
+received the following cablegram.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                  "WASHINGTON, April 26th.
+
+"_Dewey, Asiatic Squadron_:--Commence operations at once, particularly
+against Spanish fleet. You must capture or destroy them.
+
+                                                               "MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 27._ On the twenty-seventh came information from Hongkong that the
+squadron had put to sea, and from that day until the seventh of May no
+word regarding the commodore's movements had been received, save through
+Spanish sources.
+
+Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts concerning the most
+complete naval victory the world had ever known. It was the first
+engagement of the war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not
+strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with joy, gave little heed
+to the movements of our forces elsewhere until the details of this
+marvellous fight could be sent under the oceans and across the countries,
+thousands of leagues in distance, describing the deeds of the heroes who
+had made their names famous so long as history shall exist.
+
+During such time of waiting all were eager to familiarise themselves with
+the theatre of this scene of action, and every source of information was
+applied to until the bay of Manila had become as well known as the nearest
+home waters.
+
+For a better understanding of the battle a rough diagram of the bay, from
+the entrance as far as the city of Manila, may not come amiss.(1)
+
+Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is situated the city of
+Manila, through which the river Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the
+old city from the new, and forming several small islands.
+
+Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal of Cavite, which,
+projecting as it does from the mainland, forms a most commodious and safe
+harbour. Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort, on the
+mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between the arsenal and the city was
+a Krupp battery, at what was known as the Luneta Fort, while further
+toward the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion of Limbones
+Point, were shore-batteries,--formidable forts, so it had been given out by
+the Spanish government, such as would render the city of Manila
+impregnable.
+
+Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands, Corregidor and Caballo,
+which divide the entrance of the bay into three channels. On each of these
+islands is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly fortified
+with modern guns. North of Corregidor, nearly opposite, but on the inner
+shore, is the point of San Jos�, where was another water-battery mounting
+formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor and San Jos� Point is
+known as the Boca Grande, and is nearly two miles wide. The middle
+channel, or the one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and but
+little used. The third, which separates Caballo Island from Limbones
+Point, is nearly three miles in width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and
+known as the Boca Chica.
+
+All of these channels, as well as the waters of the bay, were said to have
+been thickly mined, and the enemy had caused it to be reported that no
+ship could safely enter without the aid of a government pilot.
+
+In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as set down at the
+conclusion of this chapter, were two transports, the steamers _Nanshan_
+and _Zafiro_, which had come into the port of Hongkong laden with coal
+shortly before Commodore Dewey's departure, and had been purchased by him,
+together with their cargoes, in anticipation of the declaration of war.
+
+And now, the details having been set down in order that what follows may
+be the better understood, we will come to that sultry Sunday morning,
+shortly after midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the coast
+toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship _Olympia_ leading, with
+the _Baltimore_, the _Raleigh_, the _Petrel_, the _Concord_, and the
+_Boston_ following in the order named. In the rear of these came the two
+transports, the _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, convoyed by the despatch steamer
+_McCulloch_.
+
+The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca Grande channel, and the
+fleet kept well out from Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor
+came into view.
+
+Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned on deck, the men ordered
+to wash, and afterwards served with a cup of coffee. All lights were
+extinguished except one on the stern of each ship, and that was hooded.
+All hands were at quarters; all guns loaded, with extra charges ready at
+hand; every eye was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the
+slightest sound.
+
+Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to seaman, who believed it
+would be possible for the war-vessels to enter the bay without giving an
+alarm, and yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past Corregidor
+Island before a gun was fired.
+
+The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a four-knot speed, when
+from the smoke-stack of the little _McCulloch_ a column of sparks shot up
+high into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low, and it became
+necessary to replenish them. The firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should
+not be in at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and thus a
+signal was given to the sleepy garrison of Corregidor.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OLYMPIA.]
+
+"Perhaps they will see us now," the commodore remarked, quietly, as his
+attention was called to this indiscretion.
+
+A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull report, and in the
+air could be heard that peculiar singing and sighing of a flying
+projectile as a heavy missile passed over the _Olympia_ and the _Raleigh_.
+
+The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not until after the last
+vessel in that ominous procession had steamed past.
+
+It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and it neither worked
+harm nor caused alarm.
+
+Again and again in rapid succession came these flashes of light, dull
+reports, and sinister hummings in the air, before the American fleet gave
+heed that this signal to heave to had been heard.
+
+Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the _Concord_ directly inside of the
+fortification, where it exploded.
+
+The _Raleigh_ and the _Boston_ each threw a shell by way of salute, and
+then all was silent.
+
+The channel, which had been thickly mined, according to the Spanish
+reports, was passed in safety, and the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in
+the darkness, had yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish
+fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about the city.
+
+On the forward bridge of the _Olympia_ stood Commodore Dewey, his chief of
+staff, Commander Lamberton, Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an
+insurgent Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot.
+
+In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much against his will, was
+forced to take up his position in that partially sheltered place because
+the commander of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that all
+the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to death on the bridge.
+
+The word was given to "slow down," and the speed of the big ships
+decreased until they had barely steerageway.
+
+The men were allowed to sleep beside their guns.
+
+The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was almost profound, until
+suddenly day broke, as it does in the tropics, like unto a flash of light,
+and all that bay, with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first
+signal, was disclosed to view.
+
+From the masthead of the American vessels rose tiny balls of bunting, and
+then were broken out, disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes.
+
+Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and beyond, the city of
+Manila.
+
+The _Reina Christina_, flying the Spanish rear-admiral's flag, lay off the
+arsenal. Astern of her was moored the _Castilla_, her port battery ready
+for action. Slightly to seaward were the _Don Juan de Austria_, the _Don
+Antonio de Ulloa_, the _Isla de Cuba_ and _Isla de __Luzon_, the _El
+Correo_, the _Marques del Duero_, and the _General Lezo_.
+
+They were under steam and slowly moving about, apparently ready to receive
+the fire of the advancing squadron. The flag-ship _Reina Christina_ also
+was under way.
+
+"Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot speed!" were the signals
+which floated from the _Olympia_ as she led the fleet in, keeping well
+toward the shore opposite the city.
+
+The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when from the arsenal came
+a flame and report; but the missile was not to be seen. Another shot from
+Cavite, and then was strung aloft on the _Olympia_ a line of tiny flags,
+telling by the code what was to be the American battle-cry: "Remember the
+_Maine_," and from the throat of every man on the incoming ships went up a
+shout of defiance and exultation that the moment was near at hand when the
+dastardly deed done in the harbour of Havana might be avenged.
+
+Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels, dropping astern and beyond
+range the transports as they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having
+gained such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution, the
+fleet swung swiftly around until it held a course parallel with the
+westernmost shore, and distant from it mayhap six thousand yards.
+
+Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each man took a mental
+grip upon himself, believing that he stood face to face with death; but no
+cheek paled; no hand trembled save it might have been from excitement.
+
+The ships were coming down on their fighting course when a shell from one
+of the shore-batteries burst over the _Olympia_; the guns from the fort
+and from the water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming missiles
+with thunderous reports; every man on the American fleet save one believed
+the moment had come when they should act their part in the battle which
+had been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal:
+
+"Hold your fire until close in."
+
+Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of Manila would have
+been laid in ashes and thousands of non-combatants slain.
+
+The _Olympia_ was yet two miles from Cavite when, directly in front of the
+_Baltimore_, a huge shaft of water shot high into the air, and with a
+heavy booming that drowned the reports of the Spanish guns.
+
+"The torpedoes!" some one on the _Olympia_ said, in a low tone, with an
+indrawing of the breath; but it was as if Dewey did not hear. With
+Farragut in Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of
+destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to that which might
+in a single instant send his vessel to the bottom, even as the _Maine_ had
+been sent.
+
+Then, so near the _Raleigh_ as to send a flood across her decks, another
+spouting of water, another dull roar, and the much vaunted mines of the
+Spaniards in Manila Bay had been exploded.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BALTIMORE.]
+
+The roar and crackle of the enemy's guns still continued, yet Dewey
+withheld the order which every man was now most eager to hear.
+
+The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the shells which had passed
+over our fleet now fell close about them; the tension among officers and
+men was terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore would
+restrain them from firing. The heat was rapidly becoming intense. The
+guns' crews began to throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but
+their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their bodies.
+
+Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships steadily steamed on
+and drew nearer the fort. Orders were given by the officers in low voices,
+but they were perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was broken
+only by the throbbing of the engines. The men hugged their posts ready to
+open fire at the word.
+
+A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and came directly for the
+_Olympia_. High over the smoke-stack it burst with a mighty snap.
+Commodore Dewey did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a motion to
+a boatswain's mate who stood near the after 5-inch gun. With a voice of
+thunder the man bellowed an order along the decks.
+
+"Remember the _Maine_!" yelled a chorus of five hundred gallant sailors.
+Below decks in the engine-rooms the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance
+and revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and the threatening
+notes were swept across the bay to the other ships.
+
+"Remember the _Maine_!"
+
+In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of hundreds of American
+sailors who resented the cowardly death of their comrades. It bespoke the
+terrible vengeance that was about to be dealt out to the defenders of a
+detestable flag.
+
+"You may fire when you are ready, Gridley," was Commodore Dewey's quiet
+remark to the captain of the _Olympia_, who was still in the
+conning-tower.
+
+The _Olympia's_ 8-inch gun in the forward turret belched forth, and an
+instant later was run up the signal to the ships astern:
+
+"Fire as convenient."
+
+The other vessels in the squadron followed the example set by the
+_Olympia_. The big 8-inch guns of the _Baltimore_ and the _Boston_ hurled
+their two hundred and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and at
+the _Castilla_.
+
+The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns on Cavite hurled
+their shells at the swiftly moving vessels; the water-batteries added
+their din to the horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous with
+the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of smoke hung here and
+there, obscuring this vessel or that from view. It was the game of death
+with all its horrible accompaniments.
+
+One big shell came toward the _Olympia_ straight for the bridge. When a
+hundred feet away it suddenly burst, its fragments continuing onward. One
+piece struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander Lamberton. He
+did not wince.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.]
+
+The _Olympia_ continued on. It was evident Commodore Dewey was making
+straight for the centre of the enemy's line, which was the big cruiser
+_Reina Christina_.
+
+Being the nearest ship, the _Olympia_ received more attention from the
+Spaniards than any of the other vessels.
+
+The water was now getting shallow. Commodore Dewey did not wish to run
+aground. He altered his course when about four thousand yards from the
+Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his broadside.
+
+A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the shore near the arsenal,
+making for the coal-laden steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary
+batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear upon her; it was a
+veritable shower of shot and shell which fell ahead, astern, and either
+side of her. To continue on would have been certain destruction, and,
+turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had half disabled her, the
+craft was run high and dry on the beach, where she was at once abandoned,
+her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would explode.
+
+"Open with all guns," came the signal as the course of the American
+vessels was changed, and soon all the port guns were at work.
+
+The American fleet was steaming back and forth off Cavite Bay as if bent
+on leaving such a wake as would form a figure eight, delivering broadside
+after broadside with splendid results.
+
+All this time the enemy's vessels were keeping up a steady fire, the
+smaller ships retreating inside the mole several times during the action.
+The forts were not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with no
+noticeable effect. The enemy's fire seemed to be concentrated on the
+_Baltimore_, and she was hit several times.
+
+A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side on the main-deck line,
+tore up the wooden deck, and, striking the steel deck under this, glanced
+upward, went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging, struck
+the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the quarter-deck, temporarily
+rendering the gun unfit for use.
+
+In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder ammunition, exploding one
+shell, which in turn slightly wounded one of No. 4 gun's crew.
+
+One shell pierced her starboard side forward of No. 2 sponson, and lodged
+in a clothes-locker on the berth-deck; another struck her port beam a
+little above the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above this,
+another shell came crashing across the berth-deck, striking a steam-pipe
+and exploding behind the starboard blower-engine, but with no serious
+results. A fragment of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and
+the colours of the mainmast were shot through.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BOSTON.]
+
+The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop shattered the whaleboats,
+and they had to be cut adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the
+quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant Brumby held in his
+hand.
+
+On the _Boston_ a shell came through a port-hole in Ensign Doddridge's
+stateroom, and wrecked it badly. The explosion set a fire which was
+quickly put out. Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where it
+burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also soon extinguished.
+Still another shell struck the _Boston's_ foremast, cutting a great gash
+in it. It came within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge.
+
+The _Raleigh_ was forced inshore by the strong current, and carried
+directly upon the bows of two Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of
+warfare she should have been sunk; but instead, her commander delivered
+two raking broadsides as she steamed back into place.
+
+Three times the American ships passed back and forth, opening first with
+one broadside and then with another as the ship swung around, and then the
+_Reina Christina_, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a vapour as of
+wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly sallied out to meet the
+_Olympia_.
+
+Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which the Spaniard was
+speedily worsted to such a degree that she was literally forced to turn
+and make for the shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly
+toward the _Olympia_, an 8-inch shell struck her squarely, and the
+explosive must have travelled directly through the ill-fated craft until
+it reached the after boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and
+vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions of dismembered human
+bodies.
+
+A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier, and made directly for the
+_Olympia_. In less than five minutes she was in a sinking condition; as
+she turned, a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she
+disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some titanic force.
+
+Navigator Calkins of the _Olympia_ had soundings taken, and told Commodore
+Dewey that he could take the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet.
+
+"Take her in, then," the commodore replied.
+
+The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of the Spanish fleet. This
+brought the smaller guns into effective play.
+
+The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was terrific.
+
+The _Castilla_ was in flames from stem to stern. Black smoke poured up
+from the decks of the _Isla de Cuba_, and on the flag-ship fire was
+completing the work of destruction begun by the American shells.
+
+It was 7.35 A. M. when the battle, which began at 5.41, came to a
+temporary close. The first round was concluded.
+
+There was yet ample time in which to finish the work so well begun, and
+from the flag-ship _Olympia_ went up the signal:
+
+"Cease firing and follow."
+
+The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once partially beyond
+range, "mess-gear" was sounded.
+
+The only casualty worthy of mention which had occurred was the death of
+Chief Engineer Frank B. Randall, of the steamer _McCulloch_, who died from
+heart disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the fleet was
+passing Corregidor.
+
+There were handshakings and congratulations on every hand as
+smoke-begrimed friends, parted during the battle, met again, and loud were
+the cheers that went up from the various ships in passing.
+
+After breakfast had been served and the ships made ready for the second
+round, or, in other words, at 10.15 in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship
+_Reina Christina_ hauled down her colours, and the admiral's flag was
+transferred to the _Isla de Cuba_.
+
+At 10.45 a signal was made from the _Olympia_:
+
+"Get under way with men at quarters."
+
+Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the _Baltimore_ in the lead, but
+the latter vessel's course was quickly changed as a strange steamer was
+observed entering the bay.
+
+Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring; the signal flags soon told
+that the stranger was flying the English ensign.
+
+Then came the order for the _Baltimore_ to stand in and destroy the
+enemy's fortifications, and ten minutes later the battle was on once more.
+
+Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners taking careful aim, bent
+on expending the least amount of ammunition with the greatest possible
+execution.
+
+The _Baltimore_ suffered most at the beginning of this second round,
+because all the enemy's fire was concentrated upon her.
+
+Soon after this second half of the engagement had begun a Spanish shell
+exploded on the _Baltimore's_ deck, wounding five of the crew, and another
+partially disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface in
+that portion of the bay was covered by a missile from the enemy's guns,
+and yet no further damage to the American fleet was done.
+
+When the _Baltimore_ was within twenty-five hundred-yard range she poured
+a broadside into the _Reina Christina_ which literally blew that craft
+into fragments, and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud above
+the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath the waters of the bay.
+
+The _Don Juan de Austria_ was the next of the enemy's fleet to be sunk,
+and then a like fate overtook the _El Correo_.
+
+The _General Lezo_ was run on shore and abandoned to the flames.
+
+The cruiser _Castilla_ was scuttled by her crew lest the fire which was
+raging fiercely should explode her magazine.
+
+The _Velasco_ went down before all her men could escape to the boats. The
+guns of the _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ were fought with most desperate
+bravery, and even as she sank beneath the surface were the pieces
+discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at their posts of duty until
+death overtook them.
+
+The _Concord_ started after the _Mindanao_ lying close inshore, and was
+soon joined by the _Olympia_, who poured 8-inch shells into the transport
+until she was set on fire in a dozen places.
+
+The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a vessel remained afloat,
+and Commodore Dewey turned his attention to the Cavite battery.
+
+It was 12.45 P. M. when the magazine in the arsenal was exploded by a
+shell from the _Olympia_, or the _Petrel_, it is impossible to say which,
+and the battle of Manila had been fought and won.
+
+
+
+Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore Dewey's official report
+received at the Navy Department, and then it was given to the public
+without loss of time. It is copied below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   "FLAGSHIP OLYMPIA, CAVITE, May 4, 1898.
+
+"The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived off Bolinao on the
+morning of April 30th, and finding no vessels there proceeded down the
+coast and arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same afternoon.
+The _Boston_ and _Concord_ were sent to reconnoitre Point Subic.... A
+thorough search of the port was made by the _Boston_ and the _Concord_,
+but the Spanish fleet was not found....
+
+"Entered the south channel at 11.30 P. M., steaming in column at eight
+knots. After half the squadron had passed, a battery on the south side of
+the channel opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The _Boston_ and
+_McCulloch_ returned the fire.
+
+"The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow speed, and arrived off
+Manila at daybreak, and was fired upon at 5.15 A. M. by three batteries at
+Manila and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored in an
+approximately east and west line across the mouth of Baker Bay, with their
+left in shoal water in Canacoa Bay.
+
+"The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the flag-ship _Olympia_, under
+my personal direction, leading, followed at distance by the _Baltimore_,
+_Raleigh_, _Petrel_, _Concord_, and _Boston_, in the order named, which
+formation was maintained throughout the action. The squadron opened fire
+at 5.41 A. M.
+
+"While advancing to the attack two mines were exploded ahead of the
+flag-ship, too far to be effective. The squadron maintained a continuous
+and precise fire at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand
+yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel to that of the
+Spanish fleet. The enemy's fire was vigorous, but generally ineffective.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CONCORD.]
+
+"Early in the engagement two launches put out toward the _Olympia_, with
+the apparent intention of using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other
+disabled by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred to fire
+torpedoes.
+
+"At seven A. M. the Spanish flag-ship, _Reina Christina_, made a desperate
+attempt to leave the line and come out to engage at short range, but was
+received with such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the _Olympia_
+being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able to return to the
+shelter of the point. The fires started in her by our shell at this time
+were not extinguished until she sank.
+
+"The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous report from the
+beginning of the engagement, which fire was not returned by this squadron.
+
+"The first of these batteries was situated on the South Mole head, at the
+entrance to the Pasig River, the second on the south bastion of the walled
+city of Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile farther
+south. At this point I sent a message to the governor-general, in effect
+that if the batteries did not cease firing the city would be shelled. This
+had the effect of silencing them.
+
+"At 7.35 A. M. I ceased firing and withdrew the squadron for breakfast.
+
+"At 11.16 A. M. returned to the attack. By this time the Spanish flag-ship
+and almost the entire Spanish fleet were in flames. At 12.30 P. M. the
+squadron ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships sunk,
+burned, and destroyed.
+
+"At 12.40 P. M. the squadron returned and anchored off Manila, the
+_Petrel_ being left behind to complete the destruction of the smaller
+gunboats, which were behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed
+by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious and complete manner
+possible.
+
+"The Spanish lost the following vessels:
+
+"Sunk: _Reina Christina_, _Castilla_, _Don Antonio de Ulloa_.
+
+"Burned: _Don Juan de Austria_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Isla de Cuba_, _General
+Lezo_, _Marques del Duero_, _El Correo_, _Velasco_, and _Isla de
+Mindanao_, transport.
+
+"Captured: _Rapido_ and _Hercules_, tugs, and several small launches.
+
+"I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the enemy's killed and
+wounded, but believe their losses to be very heavy.
+
+"The _Reina Christina_ alone had 150 killed, including the captain, and
+ninety wounded.
+
+"I am happy to report that the damage done to the squadron under my
+command was inconsiderable. There were none killed, and only seven men in
+the squadron were slightly wounded.
+
+"Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated, but the damage
+was of the slightest, and the squadron is in as good condition now as
+before the battle.
+
+"I beg to state to the department that I doubt if any commander-in-chief
+was ever served by more loyal, efficient, and gallant captains than those
+of the squadron now under my command.
+
+"Capt. Frank Wildes, commanding the _Boston_, volunteered to remain in
+command of his vessel, although his relief arrived before leaving
+Hongkong. Assistant Surgeon Kindleberger of the _Olympia_ and Gunner J. C.
+Evans of the _Boston_ also volunteered to remain after orders detaching
+them had arrived.
+
+"The conduct of my personal staff was excellent. Commander B. P.
+Lamberton, chief of staff, was a volunteer for that position, and gave me
+most efficient aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign W. P.
+Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal officers in a highly
+creditable manner.
+
+"The _Olympia_ being short of officers for the battery, Ensign H. H.
+Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for and was assigned to a
+subdivision of 5-inch battery. Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in
+the United States navy, and now correspondent of the _New York Herald_,
+volunteered for duty as my aid, and did valuable service.
+
+"I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut. C. G. Calkins, the
+navigator of the _Olympia_, who came under my personal observation, being
+on the bridge with me throughout the entire action, and giving the ranges
+to the guns with an accuracy that was proved by the excellence of the
+firing.
+
+"On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the squadron again went to
+Cavite, where it remained.
+
+"On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite arsenal, which was
+taken possession of by a landing party. On the same day the _Raleigh_ and
+_Baltimore_ secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor Island,
+paroling the garrison and destroying the guns.
+
+"On the morning of May 4th the transport _Manila_, which had been aground
+in Baker Bay, was towed off and made a prize."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of Manila Bay, together with
+the officers of the American fleet:(2)
+
+                             AMERICAN FLEET.
+
+The U. S. S. _Olympia_, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons, speed, 21.6 knots.
+Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen
+6-pounder rapid-fire guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings,
+with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes.
+
+The U. S. S. _Baltimore_, protected cruiser, 4,600 tons, speed, 20.09
+knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two
+3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Boston_, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons, speed, 15.6 knots.
+Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Raleigh_, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons, speed, nineteen
+knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, four 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Concord_, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed, 16.8 knots. Battery:
+six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Petrel_, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7 knots. Battery: four
+6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss
+cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _McCulloch_, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons, speed, fourteen
+knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns.
+
+The _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, supply ships.
+
+                              SPANISH FLEET.
+
+The _Reina Maria Christina_, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen knots. Battery:
+six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two 2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire
+rifles, six 1.4-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Castilla_, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch Krupp rifles, two
+4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Velasco_, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch Armstrong rifles, two
+2.7-inch hontorias, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ and _Don Juan de Austria_, each 1,130 tons,
+speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch
+rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _General Lezo_, and _El Correo_, gun vessels, 524 tons, speed, 11.5
+knots. The _General Lezo_ had two hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one
+3.5-inch, two small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the _El Correo_ had
+three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Marques del Duero_, despatch-boat, 500 tons. Battery: one smooth
+bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two 4.7-inch and one machine gun.
+
+The _Isla de Cuba_ and the _Isla de Luzon_ were both small gunboats, 1,030
+tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, two small guns, and two machine
+guns.
+
+The _Isla de Mindanao_, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons, speed, 13.5 knots.
+
+Two torpedo-boats and two transports.
+
+Officers of the U. S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear Admiral George Dewey,
+commander-in-chief; Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T.
+M. Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell, secretary.
+
+U. S. S. _Olympia_, flag-ship: Captain, Charles V. Gridley;
+Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants, C. G. Calkins, V. S.
+Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller, S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M.
+Taylor, F. B. Upham, W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S.
+Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant Surgeon, C. P.
+Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A. Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle;
+Assistant Engineers, E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain, J. B.
+Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner, L. J. G. Kuhlwein;
+Carpenter, W. McDonald; Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott.
+
+U. S. S. _Raleigh_: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander, F.
+Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder, B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan;
+Ensigns, F. L. Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller; Assistant
+Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief
+Engineer, F. H. Bailey; Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead;
+Assistant Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines, T. C.
+Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone; Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley.
+
+U. S. S. _Boston_: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander, J. A. Norris;
+Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L. Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H.
+Everhart, J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant Surgeon, R.
+S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin; Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom;
+Assistant Engineer, L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R. McM.
+Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I. H. Hilton.
+
+U. S. S. _Baltimore_: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander, G.
+Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther, A. G. Winterhalter, F. W.
+Kellogg, J. M. Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward, M. D.
+McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh, I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer,
+T. A. Karney; Passed Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon,
+R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief Engineer, A. Kirby;
+Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price, H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt;
+Chaplain, T. S. K. Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams;
+Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner, L. J. Waller; Carpenter,
+O. Bath.
+
+U. S. S. _Concord_: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander, G. P.
+Colvocoresses; Lieutenants, T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A.
+Kiser, W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon, R. G.
+Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster, E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard
+Inch; Passed Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer, E. H.
+Dunn.
+
+U. S. S. _Petrel_: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants, E. M. Hughes, B. A.
+Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P. Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S.
+Montgomery; Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant Paymaster,
+G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer, R. T. Hall.
+
+Revenue Cutter _McCulloch_: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon.
+
+American loss: Two officers and six men wounded.
+
+Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER V.
+
+
+                             NEWS OF THE DAY.
+
+
+_May 2._ In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second of May, there was much to be
+done in order to complete the work so thoroughly begun the day previous.
+
+Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor, under flag of truce,
+to Commodore Dewey, with a proposal of surrender from the commandant of
+the fortifications. The _Baltimore_ was sent to attend to the business;
+but when she arrived at the island no one save the commanding officer was
+found. All his men had deserted him after overthrowing the guns.
+
+The _Baltimore_ had but just steamed away, when Commander Lamberton was
+ordered to go on board the _Petrel_ and run over to Cavite arsenal in
+order that he might take possession, for on the previous day a white flag
+had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender.
+
+To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing, that the troops were
+under arms, and Captain Sostoa, of the Spanish navy, was in anything
+rather than a surrendering mood. On being asked as to the meaning of
+affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted for a truce, not as
+a token of capitulation. He was given until noon to decide as to his
+course of action, and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white flag was
+again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on shore once more he found that
+the Spaniard had marched his men away, taking with them all their arms.
+
+This was the moment when the insurgents, who had gathered near the town,
+believed their opportunity had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began
+an indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to an end until the
+American marines were landed.
+
+The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about the entrance of Manila
+Bay were destroyed; the cable from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and
+Commodore Dewey began a blockade of the port.
+
+Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency war appropriation
+bill.
+
+Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten light batteries of
+artillery were concentrated at Tampa and Port Tampa. General Shafter
+assumed command on this date.
+
+The _Newport_ captured the Spanish schooner _Pace_.
+
+By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d, news regarding the
+condition of affairs in Madrid was received. The Spanish public was
+greatly excited by information from the Philippines, and the authorities
+found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document being couched in
+warlike language beginning:
+
+"_Whereas_, as Spain finds herself at war with the United States, the
+power of civil authorities in Spain is suspended.
+
+"_Whereas_, it is necessary to prevent an impairment of the patriotic
+efforts which are being made by the nation with manly energy and veritable
+enthusiasm;
+
+"_Article 1._ A state of siege in Madrid is hereby proclaimed.
+
+"_Article 2._ As a consequence of article one, all offences against public
+order, those of the press included, will be tried by the military
+tribunals.
+
+"_Article 3._ In article two are included offences committed by those who,
+without special authorisation, shall publish news relative to any
+operations of war whatsoever."
+
+Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings and public
+demonstrations.
+
+Commenting upon the defeat, the _El Nacional_, of Madrid, published the
+following article:
+
+"Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived, nothing better occurred
+to Admiral Bermejo (Minister of Marine) than to send to all newspapers
+comparative statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison he
+sought to direct public attention to the immense superiority over a
+squadron of wooden vessels dried up by the heat in those latitudes.
+
+"But in this document Spain can see nothing kind. Spain undoubtedly sees
+therein the heroism of our marines; but she sees also and above all the
+nefarious crime of the government.
+
+"It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing forces superior to ours;
+but what is worthy of being blamed with all possible vehemence is this
+infamous government, which allowed our inferiority without neutralising it
+by means of preparations. This is the truth. Our sailors have been basely
+delivered over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler and more
+worthy of respect than those baneful ministers, who brought about the
+first victory and its victims."
+
+_El Heraldo de Madrid_ said: "It was no caprice of the fortunes of war.
+From the very first cannon-shot our fragile ships were at the mercy of the
+formidable hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one after another
+under the fire of the American batteries, powerless to strike, and were
+defended only by the valour in the breasts of their sailors.
+
+"What has been gained by the illusion that Manila was fortified? What has
+been gained by the intimation that the broad and beautiful bay on whose
+bosom the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered inaccessible?
+What use was made of the famous island of Corregidor? What was done with
+its guns? Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive
+preparations concerning which we were requested to keep silence?"
+
+_May 2._ Late in the afternoon the _Wilmington_ destroyed a Spanish fort
+on the island of Cuba, near Cojimar.
+
+The government tug _Leyden_ left Key West, towing a Cuban expedition under
+government auspices to establish communication with the Cuban forces in
+Havana province. The expedition was accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Acosta. Under him were five other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly
+commanded a cavalry troop in Havana province.
+
+_May 4._ A telegram from Key West gave the following information:
+
+"Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning with all the big vessels
+of his blockading squadron on some mysterious mission.
+
+"In the fleet were the flag-ship _New York_, the battle-ships _Iowa_ and
+_Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_, _Marblehead_, and _Cincinnati_, the
+monitor _Puritan_, and the torpedo-gunboat _Mayflower_.
+
+"The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of their bunkers, and all
+available places on the decks are piled high with coal."
+
+On the same day the Norwegian steamer _Condor_ arrived with twelve
+American refugees and their immediate relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba.
+
+Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been practising his profession in
+Cienfuegos for eight months, after six years' study in the United States,
+was one of the passengers. He gave the following account of himself:
+
+"Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if I had been born in
+America, I was obliged to flee for my life. I left my mother, six sisters,
+and five brothers in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in
+danger. May heaven protect them! What was I to do?
+
+"There are now about two hundred Americans at Cienfuegos clamouring to get
+away. They are sending to Boston and New York for steamers, but without
+avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me on his departure that the
+Spanish law would protect me. Other Americans would have come on the
+_Condor_, but Captain Miller would not take them. There was not room for
+them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet become personally insulting on the
+streets, but a mob of Spanish residents marched through the city four days
+before the _Condor_ left, shouting, 'We want to kill all Americans.'
+
+"There are between four thousand and six thousand Spanish troops
+concentrating at Cienfuegos under command of Major-General Aguirre. They
+have thrown up some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries look
+toward the open sea."
+
+Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the Bay of Biscay, the
+rioters made a stand and were fired upon by the troops. Fourteen were
+killed or wounded, yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were
+they driven back until the artillery was ordered out. Then a portion of
+the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon with ammunition was seized, and
+directed against the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and an
+order issued that all the bread be baked in the government bakeries,
+because the mob had looted the shops.
+
+At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo, a mob attacked the
+railroad station, entirely destroying it, setting fire to the cars, and
+starting the engines wild upon the track. They burned several houses owned
+by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests to flee for
+their lives. Procuring wine from the inns, they grew more bold, and made
+an attack upon the prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at
+this point they were held in check by the guard.
+
+The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing by inciting riots.
+At Caceres several people were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the
+guards and looted the shops. The British steam yacht _Lady of Clonmel_,
+owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London, was attacked as she lay at the
+pier. Stones smashed her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did
+not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from Gibraltar reported
+the outrage to London.
+
+_May 5._ The government tug _Leyden_, which on the second day of May left
+Key West with a Cuban expedition, returned to port, giving the following
+account of her voyage:
+
+She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and landed five men, with
+four boxes of ammunition and two horses.
+
+General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he communicated with the
+forces of the insurgents.
+
+The _Leyden_ lay to outside the harbour until five o'clock in the morning,
+when, observing a troop of Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea
+and got safely away.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TERROR.]
+
+She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of the third landed
+another small party near there.
+
+Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the monitors _Terror_ and
+_Amphitrite_, which were on the blockade in that vicinity, but being
+unable to locate them the _Leyden_ returned to the original landing-place,
+reaching there early on the morning of the fourth.
+
+There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred Cubans, half of whom
+were armed with rifles. They united with the men on the tug, and an
+attempt was made to land the remaining arms and men, when two hundred of
+the Villa Viscosa cavalry swooped down on them, and an engagement of a
+half hour's duration followed.
+
+The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving them into the woods. The
+Spanish carried with them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the field.
+
+During the engagement the bullets went through the _Leyden's_ smoke-stack,
+but no one was injured.
+
+The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship, found her lying near
+Havana, and reported the facts.
+
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat _Wilmington_ back with the _Leyden_.
+
+The two vessels reached the scene of the landing on the afternoon of the
+fourth, and found the Spanish cavalry in waiting to welcome another
+attempted invasion.
+
+The _Wilmington_ promptly opened fire on a number of small houses marking
+the entrance to the place.
+
+The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back the Spaniards, and Captain
+Dorst, with the ammunition, landed safely, the _Leyden_ returning to Key
+West.
+
+_May 6._ Orders were given from Washington to release the French mail
+steamer, _Lafayette_, and to send her to Havana under escort. The capture
+of the Frenchman by the gunboat _Annapolis_ was an unfortunate incident,
+resulting from a mistake, but no protest was made by the representatives
+of the French government in the United States. It appeared that, before
+the _Lafayette_ sailed for Havana, the French legation in Washington was
+instructed to communicate with the State Department. This was done and
+permission was granted to the steamer to enter and discharge her
+passengers and cargo, with the understanding that she would take on
+nothing there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such agreement were sent
+from Washington to Admiral Sampson's squadron, and it was only learned
+after the capture was made that they were never delivered.
+
+The War Department issued an order organising the regular and volunteer
+forces into seven army corps.
+
+The following letter needs no explanation:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                              "597 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
+
+"TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES,
+  Washington, D. C.
+
+"_Dear Sir_:--Some days ago I wrote President McKinley offering the
+government the sum of $100,000 for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority to receive moneys in
+behalf of the United States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be
+served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer at New York to the
+credit of the treasurer of the United States, or by remitting my check
+direct to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check for the above
+amount, drawn payable to your order on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you
+kindly acknowledge the receipt of the same?
+
+                               "Very truly,
+                                                      "HELEN MILLER GOULD.
+"_May 6, 1898._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+It was replied to twenty-four hours later:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               "Treasury Department of the United States.
+                                                 "Office of the Treasury.
+                                          "WASHINGTON, D. C., May 7, 1898.
+
+"MISS HELEN MILLER GOULD,
+  597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
+
+"_Madam_:--It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your
+letter under date of May 6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000,
+according to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the
+government. This sum has been placed in the general fund of the treasury
+of the United States as a donation from you, for use in the present
+difficulty with Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism which
+prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the government. Certificates
+of deposit will follow in due course.     Respectfully yours,
+
+                                                       "ELLIS H. ROBERTS,
+                                       "_Treasurer of the United States._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 6._ The torpedo-boats _Dupont_ and _Hornet_ shelled the blockhouse
+near the lighthouse at Point Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of
+Matanzas, and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as a blockhouse,
+lying three and one-half miles to the east.
+
+As the _Dupont_ was leaving her position off the lighthouse point, a big
+shell was fired from the middle embrasure of a battery on the other side
+of the harbour, called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation was
+bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a thousand yards short. The
+_Hornet_ was ordered to use her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first
+shell failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target fairly, and the
+Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for shelter among the neighbouring
+trees.
+
+The _Hornet_ fired twelve shells, six of which struck the mark. The
+_Dupont_, after ascertaining that Point Maya was being made too warm for
+Spanish occupation, steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called Garcia
+Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward, and turned loose her
+1-pounders.
+
+Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent business behind the
+forest woods and hills. After making certain they had gone to stay, the
+_Dupont_ resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at Fortina, but
+remained there only long enough to see the torpedo-boat's menacing
+attitude.
+
+_May 6._ The cruiser _Montgomery_, Captain Converse, was the first ship of
+the American squadron to acquire the distinction of capturing two prizes
+in one day, which she did on the sixth. The captives were the _Frasquito_
+and the _Lorenzo_, both small vessels of no great value as compared with
+the big steamers taken during the first days of the war.
+
+The _Montgomery_ was cruising about fifty miles off Havana when the
+_Frasquito_, a two-master, came bowling along toward the Cuban capital.
+When the yellow flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in her
+direction, and a blank shot was put across her bow. The Spaniard hove to
+and the customary prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the
+_Frasquito_ was bound from Montevideo to Havana with a cargo of jerked
+beef. She was of about 140 tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The
+prize-crew took her to Havana waters, and the _Annapolis_ assigned the
+cutter _Hamilton_ to carry her into Key West.
+
+A few minutes afterwards the _Montgomery_ encountered the _Lorenzo_, a
+Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona to Havana with a cargo of dried beef.
+She was taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several "Jackies,"
+sailed her into port.
+
+_May 7._ Quite a sharp little affair occurred off Havana, in which the
+_Vicksburg_ and the cutter _Morrill_ were very nearly enticed to
+destruction.
+
+A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour shortly before daylight
+to draw some of the Americans into an ambuscade.
+
+She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with the wind on her
+starboard quarter. About three miles east of the entrance of the harbour
+she came over on the port tack.
+
+A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not discovered until three
+miles off shore, when the _Mayflower_ made her out and signalled the
+_Vicksburg_ and _Morrill_. Captain Smith of the _Vicksburg_ immediately
+clapped on all steam and started in pursuit.
+
+The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro Castle before the wind.
+On doing so, she would, according to the plot, lead the two American
+war-ships directly under the guns of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are a part of the defences
+of the harbour. There were two batteries, one at the shore, which had been
+recently thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures for 8-inch
+guns, and the other on the crest of the rocky eminence which juts out into
+the waters of the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted modern 10
+and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot stone parapet, in front of which
+were twenty feet of earthwork and belting of railroad iron.
+
+The American vessels were about six miles from the schooner when the chase
+began. They steamed after her at full speed, the _Morrill_ leading, until
+within a mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+Commander Smith of the _Vicksburg_ was the first to realise the danger
+into which the reckless pursuit had led them. He concluded it was time to
+haul off, and sent a shot across the bow of the schooner.
+
+The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel about, but while she was
+still rolling in the trough of the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch
+shrapnel shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery, a
+mile and a half away.
+
+It passed over the _Morrill_, between the pilot-house and the smoke-stack,
+and exploded less than fifty feet away on the port quarter.
+
+Two more shots followed in quick succession, both shrapnel. One burst
+close under the starboard quarter, filling the engine-room with the smoke
+of the exploding shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and
+exploded just beyond.
+
+The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time fuses were accurately
+set.
+
+The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant Craig, who was in
+charge of the bow 4-inch rapid-fire gun of the _Morrill_, asked for and
+obtained permission to return the fire.
+
+At the first shot the _Vicksburg_, which was in the wake of the _Morrill_,
+slightly inshore, sheered off and passed to windward under the _Morrill's_
+stern. In the meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and was
+none too soon, for as the _Morrill_ stood off a solid 8-inch shot grazed
+her starboard quarter and kicked up tons of water as it struck a wave one
+hundred yards beyond.
+
+All the guns of the water-battery were now at work. One of them cut the
+Jacob's-ladder of the _Vicksburg_ adrift, and another carried away a
+portion of the rigging.
+
+As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were used, but only a few shots
+were fired.
+
+The _Morrill's_ 6-inch gun was elevated for four thousand yards, and
+struck the earthwork repeatedly. The _Vicksburg_ discharged only three
+shots from her 6-pounder.
+
+The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for twenty minutes, but
+none of the latter shots came within one hundred yards.
+
+Later in the day the _Morrill_ captured the Spanish schooner _Espana_,
+bound for Havana, and towed the prize to Key West.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.]
+
+The _Newport_ added to the list of captures by bringing in the Spanish
+schooner _Padre de Dios_.
+
+_May 7._ The United States despatch-boat _McCulloch_ arrived at Hongkong
+from Manila, with details of Commodore Dewey's victory.
+
+Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from Hongkong had been
+received, sent the following despatch:
+
+"The President, in the name of the American people, thanks you and your
+officers and men for your splendid achievement and overwhelming victory.
+In recognition he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend a
+vote of thanks to you by Congress as a foundation for further promotion."
+
+_May 8._ A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was that in which the
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ engaged off Cardenas Bay.
+
+The _Winslow_ and gunboat _Machias_ were on the blockade off Cardenas.
+
+In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines and torpedoes, three
+small gunboats had been bottled up since the beginning of the war.
+Occasionally they stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond the
+inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the American torpedo
+boats.
+
+Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the entrance of the bay to
+mark the position for the entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on
+the shore opposite was instructed to notify the gunboats inside when the
+torpedo-boats were within the limit distance marked by the buoy.
+
+The scheme was that the gunboats could run out, open fire at a one-mile
+range thus marked off for them, and retreat without the chance of being
+cut off. The men of the _Winslow_ eyed this buoy and guessed its purpose,
+but did not attempt to remove it.
+
+On the afternoon of the eighth the _Machias_ stood away to the eastward
+for a jaunt, and the _Winslow_ was left alone to maintain the blockade.
+
+In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas Harbour. There was great
+excitement at the signal-station, and flags fluttered hysterically. The
+three gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to their safety
+limit.
+
+Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand yards. In a few minutes
+the shore signals told them that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every
+Spaniard aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of the water.
+
+Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw waterspouts around the
+_Winslow_, but she was not struck. Instead of running away, she upset
+calculations by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats, and
+Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white smoke puffs from the
+Spanish guns than he gave the word to the men already stationed at the two
+forward 1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot in the middle
+of the flotilla.
+
+On plunged the _Winslow_ to within fifteen hundred yards of the gunboats,
+while the row raised by the rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling
+tattoo.
+
+The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this fierce onslaught,
+single-handed, and fired wildly. The _Winslow_ swung around broadside to,
+to bring her two after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and
+lost formation.
+
+The _Winslow_ soon manoeuvred so that she was peppering at all three
+gunboats at once. The sea was very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat
+rolled so wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice, but
+despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire and the remarkable
+effectiveness of her guns demoralised all three opponents, which, after
+the _Winslow_ had fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back
+toward the shelter of the harbour.
+
+They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders, but were wild.
+Several shells passed over the _Winslow_. One exploded a hundred feet
+astern, but the others fell short.
+
+At last a 1-pounder from the _Winslow_ went fair and true, and struck the
+hull of the _Lopez_ a little aft of amidships, apparently exploding on the
+inside.
+
+The _Winslow_ men yelled. The _Lopez_ stopped, evidently disabled, while
+one of her comrades went to her assistance. By this time the Spanish boats
+had retreated nearly inside, where they could not be followed because of
+the mines. The _Lopez_ got under way slowly and limped homeward with the
+help of a towline from her consort.
+
+During this episode the _Machias_ had returned, and when within a two-mile
+range let fly two 4-inch shells from her starboard battery, which
+accelerated the Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back
+into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of the shore-battery.
+
+The Spanish gunboats that lured the _Winslow_ into the death-trap were the
+_Antonio Lopez_, _Lealtad_, and _Ligera_. During the fight the two former
+retreated behind the wharves, and the _Ligera_ behind the key. It was the
+_Antonio Lopez_ that opened fire on the _Winslow_ and decoyed her into the
+channel. The Spanish troops formed on the public square, not daring to go
+to the wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they furnished
+targets, and the women and children fled to Jovellanos.
+
+Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack _Santiago Apostal_ was
+captured by the U. S. S. _Newport_.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yale_ captured the Spanish steamer _Rita_ on the eighth, but
+did not succeed in getting the prize into port until the thirteenth. The
+_Rita_ was loaded with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico.
+
+The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the day. At Linates a crowd
+of women stormed the town hall and the civil guard fired upon them,
+killing twelve. _El Pais_, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid, was
+suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos and Alicante.
+
+_May 9._ Congress passed a joint resolution of thanks to Commodore Dewey;
+the House passed a bill increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to
+seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a sword, and a bronze
+memorative medal to each officer and man of his command.
+
+The record of the navy for the day was summed up in the capture of the
+fishing-smack _Fernandito_ by the U. S. S. _Vicksburg_, and the capture of
+the Spanish schooner _Severito_ by the U. S. S. _Dolphin_.
+
+The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was proclaimed in
+Catalonia.
+
+_May 10._ The steamer _Gussie_ sailed from Tampa, Florida, with two
+companies of the First Infantry, and munitions and supplies for Cuban
+insurgents.
+
+Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante the mob sacked and
+burned a bonded warehouse.
+
+_May 11._ Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak on the morning of May
+11th, were three telegraph cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood
+consisted of the cruiser _Marblehead_, which had been on the station three
+weeks, the gunboat _Nashville_, which had been there two weeks, and the
+converted revenue cutter _Windom_, which had arrived two days before. The
+station had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes with some Spanish
+gunboats, which occasionally ventured a very little way out of Cienfuegos
+Harbour. They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated, as usual,
+when fired on.
+
+Commander McCalla of the _Marblehead_, ranking officer, instructed
+Lieutenant Anderson to call for volunteers to cut the cable early on the
+morning of the eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser and
+the gunboat, and three times the desired number of men offered to serve.
+No one relented, even after repeated warnings that the service was
+especially dangerous.
+
+"I want you men to understand," Anderson said, "that you are not ordered
+to do this work, and are not obliged to."
+
+The men nearly tumbled over one another in their eagerness to be selected.
+In the end, the officer had simply the choice of the entire crew of the
+two ships.
+
+A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch containing six, were
+manned from each ship, and a guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder
+guns of the launches, were put on board. In the meantime the _Marblehead_
+had taken a position one thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado
+Point lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow entrance to
+Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable landing, and, with the
+_Nashville_ a little farther to the west, had begun shelling the beach.
+
+The shore there is low, and covered with a dense growth of high grass and
+reeds. The lighthouse stood on an elevation, behind which, as well as
+hidden in the long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits,
+some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders. These the Spaniards deserted as
+fast as the ships' fire reached them. As the enemy's fire slackened and
+died out, the boats were ordered inshore.
+
+They advanced in double column. The launches, under Lieutenant Anderson
+and Ensign McGruder of the _Nashville_, went ahead with their
+sharpshooters and gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters
+were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the men peering into the
+green water for a sight of the cables. At a distance of two hundred feet
+from shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent ahead.
+
+The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore. No sooner had
+the work of cutting it been begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the
+soldiers skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire guns
+through the high grass. The launches replied and the fire from the ships
+quickened, but although the Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every
+now and then they grew stronger.
+
+The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first cable, stowed it
+away for safety, and then grappled for the next. Meantime the Spaniards
+were firing low in an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of
+their shots fell short. The second cable was finally found, and the men
+with the pipe-cutters went to work on it.
+
+Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the cutters in position, and
+the first man wounded was one of these. No one else in the boat knew it,
+however, till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others took the
+cue from this, and there was not a groan or a complaint from the two
+boats, as the bullets, that were coming thicker and faster every minute,
+began to bite flesh.
+
+The men simply possessed themselves with heroic patience, and went on with
+the work. They did not even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish
+fire, but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard enough for all.
+
+The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a smaller one, was
+grappled and hoisted to the surface. The fire of the Spanish had reached
+its maximum. It was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were
+speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious, and exposed
+themselves in groups here and there.
+
+"Use shrapnel," came the signal, and can after can exploded over the
+Spaniards, causing them to break and run to cover.
+
+This cover was a sort of fortification behind the lighthouse, and to this
+place they dragged a number of their machine guns, and again opened fire
+on the cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could not be answered
+so well from the launches, and the encouraged Spaniards fired all the
+oftener.
+
+Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a sound escape him. Like
+silent machines they worked, grimly hacking and tearing at the third
+cable. During half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind the
+lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant Anderson's
+signal, the cable was dropped and the boats retreated.
+
+The work had lasted two hours and a half.
+
+The _Windom_, which had laid out of range with a collier, was now ordered
+in, and the surgeon called to attend the wounded. The _Windom_ was
+signalled to shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on before,
+according to the usages of international law. It had been used as a
+shelter by the Spaniards. The revenue cutter's rapid-fire guns riddled the
+structure in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun, which was
+in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it fair, exploded, and toppled it
+over.
+
+With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards broke and ran again,
+the screaming shrapnel bursting all around them.
+
+At the fall of the lighthouse the _Marblehead_ signalled, "Well done," and
+then a moment later, "Cease firing."
+
+The only man killed instantly was a marine named Eagan. A sailor from one
+of the boats died of his wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of the
+_Nashville_ was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant Winslow was
+wounded in the hand.
+
+The list of casualties resulting from this display of heroism was two
+killed, two fatally and four badly wounded. The Spanish loss could not be
+ascertained, but it must necessarily have been heavy.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CHICAGO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+                          CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.
+
+
+_May 11._ The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour were silenced on May
+11th, and at the same time there was a display of heroism, on the part of
+American sailors, such as has never been surpassed.
+
+A plan of action having been decided upon, the _Wilmington_ arrived at the
+blockading station from Key West on the morning of the eleventh. She found
+there, off Piedras Bay, the cruiser _Machias_, the torpedo-boat _Winslow_,
+and the revenue cutter _Hudson_, which last carried two 6-pounders.
+Shortly after noon the _Wilmington_, _Winslow_, and _Hudson_ moved into
+the inner harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of the
+Spanish batteries on the water-front. The _Wilmington_ took a range of
+about twenty-five hundred yards.
+
+The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery in a stone fortification
+on the mole or quay, a battery of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with
+long-range rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire guns.
+
+Firing commenced at one o'clock, and when the Cardenas batteries were
+silenced at two in the afternoon, the _Wilmington_ had sent 376 shells
+into them and the town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times. She had
+aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and 110 from her 1-pounders, over six
+shots a minute.
+
+When the _Wilmington_ ceased firing she had moved up to within one
+thousand yards range of the Spanish guns, and there were only six inches
+of water under her keel. The _Wilmington_ draws nine feet of water forward
+and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings showed that she was almost
+touching, her guns were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a
+beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must have miscalculated her
+distance and misjudged her draught, else they would have done more
+effective work at a range of two thousand yards.
+
+During the engagement, when the commander of the _Winslow_ found that he
+could not approach close enough to the Spanish gunboats to use his
+torpedo-tubes to any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time he
+could have got out of harm's way by taking shelter to the leeward of the
+_Wilmington_.
+
+Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower of the
+_Wilmington_, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for the torpedo-boat, do its
+deadly work. The shell struck the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on
+the deck of the _Winslow_. There is little room for men anywhere on a
+torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it is almost sure to hit a
+group. Such was the case in the _Winslow_. The exploding shell cost the
+lives of Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the craft by
+wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her captain and one of his crew
+were wounded by separate shots.
+
+  [Illustration: THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.]
+
+Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group of five died on the
+deck of the disabled torpedo-boat, and the other two died while being
+removed to the _Wilmington_.
+
+The signal, "Many wounded," went up from the staff of the _Winslow_, and
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of the _Wilmington_ boarded the
+torpedo-boat.
+
+The _Hudson_ tied up to the _Winslow_ and towed her out of danger,
+escaping unscathed. The wounded men were tenderly cared for on the
+cruiser, and that night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay,
+bearing the dead and wounded to Key West.
+
+William O'Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the _Winslow's_ crew, thus
+tells his story of the battle to a newspaper correspondent:
+
+"From the very beginning," he said, "I think every man on the boat
+believed that we could not escape being sunk, and that is what would have
+happened had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the _Hudson_, who
+worked for over an hour under the most terrific fire to get us out of
+range."
+
+"Were you ordered to go in there?" he was asked.
+
+"Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was given from the
+_Wilmington_."
+
+"Was it a signal order?"
+
+"No; we were near enough to the _Wilmington_ so that they shouted it to us
+from the deck, through the megaphone."
+
+"Do you remember the words of the commander who gave them?"
+
+"I don't know who shouted the order; but the words as I remember them
+were, 'Mr. Bagley, go in and see what gunboats there are.' We started at
+once towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon after.
+
+"The first thing I saw," continued O'Hearn, "was a shot fired from a
+window or door in the second story of the storehouse just back of the dock
+where the Spanish gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing over our
+heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat at the wharf, and from the
+shore. The effect of shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under
+fire is something terrible.
+
+"First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and then something seems
+to strike you in the face and head. I noticed that at first the boys threw
+their hands to their heads every time a shell went over; but they soon
+came so fast and so close that it was a roaring, shrieking, crashing hell.
+
+"I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but everybody went on deck
+when the battle began. John Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek,
+the firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained below they would
+not have been killed.
+
+"After the firing began I went below again to attend to the boiler, and a
+few minutes later a solid shot came crashing through the side of the boat
+and into the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy of the tubes.
+
+"At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in the boiler it threw both
+the furnace doors open, and the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was
+a terrible crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust and steam. For
+several seconds I was partially stunned, and my ears rang so I could hear
+nothing. I went up on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.
+
+"I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about with a towel wound
+around his left leg. He was shouting, and the noise of all the guns was
+like continuous thunder. 'Captain,' I cried, 'the forward boiler is
+disabled. A shell has gone through it.'
+
+"'Get out the hose,' he said, and turned to the gun again. I made my way
+to the boiler-room, in a few minutes went up on the deck again, and the
+fighting had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were missing, and
+I looked around.
+
+"Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the starboard quarter, near the
+after conning-tower, I saw five of our men where they had wilted down
+after the shell struck them. In other places were men lying groaning, or
+dragging themselves about, wounded and covered with blood. There were big
+red spots on the deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.
+
+"I went to where the five men were lying, and saw that all were not dead.
+John Meek could speak and move one hand slightly. I put my face down close
+to his.
+
+"'Can I do anything for you, John?' I asked, and he replied, 'No, Jack, I
+am dying; good-bye,' and he asked me to grasp his hand. 'Go help the
+rest,' he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where Captain Bernadou
+was still firing the forward gun. The next minute he was dead.
+
+"Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn to pieces, and the bodies
+of the other three were on top of him. The coloured cook was a little
+apart from the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We supposed he
+was dead, and covered him up the same as the others. Nearly half an hour
+after that we heard him calling, and saw that he was making a slight
+movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and he said:
+
+"'Oh, boys, for God's sake move me. I am lying over the boiler and burning
+up.'
+
+"The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been almost roasted. He
+complained that his neck was cramped, but did not seem to feel his
+terrible wound. We moved him into an easier position, and gave him some
+water.
+
+"'Thank you, sir,' he said, and in five seconds he was dead."
+
+Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a shot, which practically tore
+through his body. He sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the
+enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and placed him on the deck.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.]
+
+The young officer, realising that the wound was fatal, and that he had
+only a short time to live, allowed no murmur of complaint or cry of pain
+to escape him, but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply said:
+
+"Thank you, Reagan."
+
+These were the last words he spoke.
+
+_May 12._ The forts of San Juan, the capital of Porto Rico, were bombarded
+by a portion of Rear-Admiral Sampson's fleet on Thursday morning, May
+12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the battle-ships _New
+York_, _Iowa_, _Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_ and _Montgomery_, and the
+monitors _Terror_ and _Amphitrite_.
+
+The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15 A. M., resulting in a loss
+to the Americans of one killed and seven wounded, and the death of one
+from prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported by cable to
+Madrid, was five killed and forty-three wounded.
+
+Admiral Sampson's orders were to refrain from making any land attack so
+long as the batteries on shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in
+case the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the offending
+fortifications.
+
+These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire at different Cuban
+ports became so irritating to the American bluejackets that discipline
+was, in a measure, threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they
+were no longer to remain passive targets for the Spaniards, but were to
+return any shots against them, all grumbling against inaction ceased.
+
+It was not Admiral Sampson's original intention to attack San Juan. He was
+looking for bigger game than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His
+orders from the Navy Department were to find and capture or destroy the
+Spanish squadron that was en route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was
+this business that took him into the neighbourhood of San Juan, he being
+desirous of learning if the Spanish squadron were there.
+
+The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on Thursday. The tug
+_Wampatuck_ was ordered to take soundings in the channel, and at once
+proceeded to do so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when she
+entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept the lead going at a
+lively rate.
+
+It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention at that time of
+entering the harbour itself, his object, when he found that the Spanish
+squadron was not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly how
+much water there was in the channel, and if any attempt had been made to
+block the way.
+
+At all events, while the _Wampatuck_ was engaged in this work she was seen
+by the sentries at the Morro, and a few minutes later was fired on.
+
+Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson determine to teach the
+Spaniards a lesson regarding the danger of firing on the American flag.
+
+"Quarters!" rang out aboard the war-ships almost before the report of the
+Morro gun had died away, the flag-ship having signalled for action.
+
+The _Iowa_ opened the bombardment with her big 12-inch gun, the missile
+striking Morro Castle squarely, and knocking a great hole in the masonry.
+
+Then the _Indiana_ sent a 13-inch projectile from the forward turret, and
+one after the other, with but little loss of time, the remaining vessels
+of the fleet aided in the work of destruction.
+
+The French war-ship _Admiral Rigault de Genoailly_ was at anchor in the
+harbour, and a shell exploded within a few hundred feet of where she lay,
+but worked no injury.
+
+The French officers thus reported the action:
+
+"The American gunners were generally accurate in their firing, while the
+marksmanship of the Spaniards was inferior. Some of the American shells,
+however, passed over the fortifications into the city, where they did
+terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of buildings before
+exploding, and there killing many citizens.
+
+"The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly masses of masonry
+were blown skyward by the shells from the American guns. Fragments from
+one shell struck the commandante's residence, which was situated near the
+fortifications, damaging it terrifically."
+
+Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the guns of the fleet were
+turned on the land-batteries and the fortifications near the government
+buildings.
+
+The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the volunteers,
+panic-stricken, ran frantically in every direction, discharging their
+weapons at random, until they were a menace to all within possible range.
+The crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy guns, the
+shrieks of the terrified and groans of the wounded, formed a horrible
+accompaniment to the work of destruction.
+
+Three times the line of American ships passed from the entrance of the
+harbour to the extreme eastward battery, sending shot and shell into the
+crumbling forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles struck, but the
+smoke hung over everything. The shells screeching overhead and dropping
+around were the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their guns.
+
+At 7.45 A. M. Admiral Sampson signalled, "Cease firing."
+
+"Retire" was sounded on the _Iowa_, and she headed from the shore.
+
+The _Terror_ was the last ship in the line, and, failing to see the
+signal, banged away alone for about half an hour, the concert of shore
+guns roaring at her and the water flying high around her from the
+exploding shells. But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly
+retired at 8.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.]
+
+_May 13._ In the Spanish Cortes, Se�or Molinas, deputy for Porto Rico,
+protested against the bombardment of San Juan without notice, as an
+infringement of international usage.
+
+To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the conduct of the
+Americans was "vandalism," and that the government "will bring their
+outrageous action under the notice of the powers." He echoed Se�or
+Molinas's eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish troops and marines, and
+promised that the government would send its thanks.
+
+An authority on international law thus comments upon the bombardment, in
+the columns of the New York _Sun_:
+
+"There is nothing in the laws of war which requires notice of bombardment
+to be given to a fortified place, during the progress of war. When the
+Germans threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months ago, they gave
+a notice of a few hours, but in that case no state of war existed. Again,
+when Spain bombarded Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour's interval was allowed
+between the blank charge that gave the notice, and the actual bombardment.
+But that interval was intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the
+specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish flag, in atonement
+for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso was wholly unfortified, and the guns
+were directed, not at military works, but at public buildings.
+
+"The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities had been going on in
+Gulf waters for weeks, while, as Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on
+international law, says, 'In case of war, the very fact of a place being
+fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack, and the
+non-combatants residing within its limits must be prepared for a
+contingency of this kind.' This is true, also, of the investment of
+fortified places by armies, where 'if the assault is made, no notice is
+given, as surprise is essential to success.' In the same spirit Halleck
+says that 'every besieged place is for a time a military garrison; its
+inhabitants are converted into soldiers by the necessities of
+self-defence.'
+
+"Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson, we find him saying
+that, as soon as it was light enough, he began 'an attack upon the
+batteries defending the city. This attack lasted about three hours, and
+resulted in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a portion of
+the city adjacent to the batteries.' It is, therefore, clear that this
+latter damage was simply the result of the proximity of the defensive
+works to some of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding
+Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards, if they suddenly appeared
+in New York Bay, would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on
+Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that adjacent settlements
+would suffer from the fire? The advantage of suddenness in the attack upon
+a place, not only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot be
+renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works know what they risk in
+war.
+
+"In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were repeated instances, according
+to the authority already quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns
+instead of on their fortifications, and 'there were cases, like that of
+Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed while the ramparts were
+nearly intact.' The ground taken was that which a military writer, General
+Le Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the pressure for
+surrender exercised by the people becomes greater on subjecting them to
+the loss of life and property. 'The governor is made responsible for all
+the disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and his own troops
+seek to compel him to an immediate capitulation.' At San Juan there was no
+attempt of this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries, with
+the single view of destroying them. The likelihood that adjacent buildings
+and streets would suffer did not require previous notice of the
+bombardment, and, in fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without
+notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals, Bismarck
+simply replied that no such notification was required by the laws of war."
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+                            FROM ALL QUARTERS.
+
+
+_May 11._ A state of siege proclaimed throughout Spain. In a dozen cities
+or more continued rioting and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between
+Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division of the Spanish
+navy, consisting of the battle-ship _Pelayo_, the armoured cruiser _Carlos
+V._, the protected cruiser _Alphonso XIII._, the converted cruisers
+_Rapido_ and _Patria_, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz Harbour.
+
+_May 12._ The story of an attempt to land American troops in Cuba is thus
+told by one of the officers of the steamer _Gussie_, which vessel left
+Tampa on the tenth.
+
+"In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first U. S. Infantry on the
+shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon, with five hundred rifles, sixty
+thousand rounds of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents,
+the first land fight of the war took place. Each side may claim a victory,
+for if the Spaniards frustrated the effort to connect with the insurgents,
+the Americans got decidedly the better of the battle, killing twelve or
+more of the enemy, and on their own part suffering not a wound.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.]
+
+"After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel steamer _Gussie_ of
+the Morgan line, with troops and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban
+coast. At sunrise she fell in with the gunboat _Vicksburg_ on the blockade
+off Havana. Other blockading vessels came up also. The converted revenue
+cutter _Manning_, Captain Munger, was detailed to convoy the _Gussie_,
+and, three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.
+
+"The Cuban guides on the _Gussie_ took their machetes to a grindstone on
+the hurricane-deck. Our soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their
+long knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge of these
+barbarous instruments with his thumb.
+
+"By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish troops were gathered.
+Several shots were fired by the gunboat _Manning_, and presently no troops
+were visible. It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of
+water was not favourable.
+
+"Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the _Gussie_ anchored, the _Manning_
+covering the landing-place with her guns, and the torpedo-boat _Wasp_ came
+up eager to assist. The first American soldier to step on the Cuban shore
+from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton, Captain O'Connor with the
+first boatload having gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw the
+men out, and they stumbled through the water up to their breasts. When
+they reached dry land they immediately went into the bush to form a
+picket-line. Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when suddenly a
+rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp firing, warned the men that the
+enemy had been in waiting.
+
+"The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships, and the _Manning_
+fired into the woods beyond our picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the
+air like hot iron plunged in water. The _Wasp_ opened with her small guns.
+The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted a quarter of an hour; then our
+pickets appeared, the ships circled around, and, being told by Captain
+O'Connor, who had come from shore with the clothing torn from one leg,
+where the Spaniards were, a hundred shots more were fired in that
+direction.
+
+"'Anybody hurt, captain?' some one asked.
+
+"'None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,' he shouted back.
+
+"The soldiers on board the _Gussie_ heard the news without a word, but
+learning where the enemy were situated, gathered aft on the upper deck,
+and sent volleys toward the spot.
+
+"The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept along the beach, but the
+Spaniards had drawn back. It was decided that the soldiers should re�mbark
+on the _Gussie_, and that the guides take the horses, seek the insurgents,
+and make a new appointment. They rode off to the westward, and disappeared
+around a point.
+
+"'Say,' shouted a man from Company G after them, 'you forgot your
+grindstone.'"
+
+_May 12._ On Thursday morning, May 12th, the gunboat _Wilmington_ stood in
+close to the coast, off the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters.
+
+She had come for a specific purpose, which was to avenge the _Winslow_,
+and not until she was within range of the gunboats that had decoyed the
+_Winslow_ did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which had opened
+on the American boat with such deadly effect, was covered by the
+_Wilmington's_ guns.
+
+There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was there to teach the
+Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and set about the task without delay.
+
+The town is three miles distant from the gulf entrance to the harbour,
+therefore no time need be wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were
+in little or no danger.
+
+During two weeks troops had been gathering near about Cardenas to protect
+it against American invasion; masked batteries were being planted,
+earthworks thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no lack of
+targets.
+
+Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the _Wilmington_ opened fire from
+her 4-inch guns, throwing shells here, there, everywhere; but more
+particularly in the direction of that masked battery which had trained its
+guns on the _Winslow_, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken, hearing a
+death-knell in the sighing, whistling missiles, fled in mad terror, the
+gunboats' machine guns were called into play.
+
+It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the American sailors'
+vengeance was completely destroyed. Not a gun remained mounted, not a man
+was alive, save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment was
+terrible, but complete.
+
+Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had believed they might with
+impunity open fire on any craft flying the American flag; but now they
+began to understand that such sport was in the highest degree dangerous.
+
+During a full hour--and in that time nearly three hundred shells had been
+sent on errands of destruction--the _Wilmington_ continued her bombardment
+of the defences.
+
+When the work was completed two gunboats had been sunk so quickly that
+their crews had no more than sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were
+converted into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse was consumed by
+flames, and signal-stations, masked batteries, and forts were in ruins.
+
+While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did their best to bring it
+to a close; but despite all efforts the _Wilmington_ was unharmed. There
+was absolutely no evidence of conflict about her when she finally steamed
+away, save such as might have been read on the smoke-begrimed faces of the
+hard-worked but triumphant and satisfied crew.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL SCHLEY.]
+
+_May 13._ An English correspondent, cabling from Hongkong regarding the
+Spaniards in the Philippine Islands, made the following statement:
+
+"They are in a position to give the Americans a deal of trouble. There are
+twenty-five thousand Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one
+hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting steamers are
+imprisoned on the river Pasig, which is blocked at the mouth by some
+sunken schooners.
+
+"Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me that, according to his
+despatches, a flag of truce is flying over Manila, and the people are
+allowed to proceed freely to and from the ships in the harbour.
+
+"The Americans are on duty night and day on the lookout for boats which
+endeavour to run the blockade with food supplies. The hospital is
+supported by the Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big
+battle-ship _Pelayo_ is coming, and will demolish the Americans in ten
+minutes."
+
+On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron, Commodore W. S. Schley
+commanding, set sail from Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The
+following vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser _Brooklyn_, the
+flag-ship, the battle-ships _Massachusetts_ and _Texas_, and the
+torpedo-boat destroyer _Scorpion_. The _Sterling_, with 4,000 tons of
+coal, was the collier of the squadron. At eight o'clock in the evening the
+_Minneapolis_ followed, and Captain Sigsbee of the _St. Paul_ received
+orders to get under way at midnight.
+
+_May 14._ Eleven steamers, chartered by the government as troop-ships,
+sailed from New York for Key West. At San Francisco, the cruiser
+_Charleston_, with supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey's fleet
+at Manila, had been made ready for sea.
+
+At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy in preparing for the
+expected siege by American forces. The city and forts were reported as
+being provisioned sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was
+surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty miles. The troops in
+the garrison numbered seventy thousand, and a like number were in the
+interior fighting the insurgents.
+
+The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had grown steadily worse.
+The mortality increased among this wretched class, who had taken to
+begging morsels of food.
+
+Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew that the Spanish fleet
+was annihilated at Manila, and the story was believed that the Americans
+were beaten there.
+
+At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Se�or Bores asked the government to
+inform the house of the condition of the Philippines. After the
+pacification of the islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and
+Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion, he asked, or a
+continuation of the old one? If it was a continuation of the old
+rebellion, then General Prima de Rivera's pacification of the islands had
+been a perfect fraud. General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the
+old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one, he said, arose from
+the incitements of the Americans.
+
+Se�or Bores retorted that he had received a private letter from the
+Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to the arising of any fear of war
+with the United States, giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there,
+and passengers arriving by the steamer _Leon III._ had told similar
+stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops in the Philippines were in a
+terrible condition, being between two fires, the natives and the
+Americans. Se�or Bores's remarks created a profound sensation.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_ was reported as being ready to sail from San
+Francisco for Manila. Three hundred sailors and marines to reinforce
+Admiral Dewey's fleet were to be sent on the cruiser.
+
+The U. S. S. _Oregon_, _Marietta_, and _Nictheroy_ arrived at Bahia,
+Brazil.
+
+The Spanish torpedo-boat _Terror_, of the Cape Verde fleet, reported as
+yet remaining at Port de France, Martinique.
+
+A press correspondent gives the following spirited account, under the date
+of May 14th, of a second attempt to entice the American blockading
+squadron within range of the Santa Clara battery guns:
+
+"Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset to-night, attempted to
+execute a ruse, which, if successful, would have cleared the front of
+Havana of six ships on that blockading station.
+
+"Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the tactics of the spider,
+and cunningly planned to draw the prey into his net, but, though a clever
+and pretty scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a
+repetition of the trick by which the gunboat _Vicksburg_ and the little
+converted revenue cutter _Morrill_ were last week decoyed by a
+fishing-smack under the big Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.
+
+"Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion managed to get out of
+range without being sunk, though some of the shells burst close aboard,
+and the _Vicksburg's_ Jacob's-ladder was cut adrift.
+
+"Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station were dumfounded to
+see two vessels steam out of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was
+streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a glance showed that
+they were under full head of steam.
+
+"By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the _Mayflower_, which was flying
+the pennant, made out the larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred
+feet long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement, to be the
+cruiser _Alphonso XII._, and the small one to be the gunboat _Legaspi_,
+both of which were known to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.
+
+"At first he supposed that they were taking advantage of the absence of
+the heavy fighting-ships, and were making a bona-fide run for the open
+sea.
+
+"As superior officer, he immediately signalled the other war-ships on the
+station, the _Vicksburg_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, _Tecumseh_, and _Osceola_.
+The little squadron gave chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a
+running fire as they advanced. The _Alphonso_ and her consort circled
+inshore about five miles below Havana, and headed back for Morro Castle.
+
+"Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet did not follow them
+in. Commander Lilly saw that the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in
+under the guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery officers
+could plot out the exact range with their telemeters. So the return was
+made in line ahead, parallel with the shore.
+
+"Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his ships came abreast of Santa
+Clara battery the big guns opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance
+of about five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than half the
+missiles overshot the mark, and others fell short, some as much as a mile.
+
+"The big _Alphonso_ and her convoy steamed swiftly from the dark shadow of
+the harbour's mouth, and, turning sharply east, ran along the coast as
+though to slip through the cordon of blockade.
+
+"It was a bold trick and not at first transparent, although the folly of
+it created a suspicion.
+
+"The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood along the coast as long as
+they dared, to give zest to the chase. The _Mayflower_ signalled her
+consorts, 'Close in and charge.'
+
+"Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the Spaniards veered about,
+and, bringing their stern-chasers to bear on the Americans, doubled back
+for Morro.
+
+"Two of the shells from the _Vicksburg_ burst in the rigging of the
+_Alphonso_, and some of it came down, but it was, of course, impossible to
+know whether any fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more
+accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter fell short of
+their pursuers.
+
+"The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships fully four miles out,
+when flame leaped from the batteries of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds
+of white smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull, heavy
+roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason of an organ on high treble
+of smaller guns. It was from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there,
+and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half a mile inside of
+the American line, throwing up a tower of white spray. It ricochetted and
+struck again half a mile outside.
+
+"The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure of their plot, the
+Spaniards continued to fire at intervals of about ten minutes. In all,
+thirteen shots were fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of
+our ships.
+
+"As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly signalled, and his fleet
+stood offshore. Captain McKensie, on the bridge of the _Vicksburg_,
+watched the fall of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste
+ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire of the men at the
+guns, however, by letting go a final broadside at the Spanish ships, in
+the chance hope of making them pay for their daring before they gained the
+harbour, but they steamed under Morro's guns untouched, and, as they
+disappeared, discharged several guns.
+
+"Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that moment by the
+_Annapolis_, which dropped inside the harbour, probably creating
+consternation among scores of boats on the water-front."
+
+_May 15._ The Spanish cruisers _Maria Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante
+Oquendo_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and torpedo-boat destroyers, which
+arrived off the port of Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after
+having purchased coal and provisions.
+
+The flying squadron under command of Commodore Schley arrived off
+Charleston, S. C.
+
+Admiral Sampson's squadron passed Cape Haytien.
+
+All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have resigned.
+
+A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May 15th, describes the
+inhabitants of the island as living in constant fear of a renewal of the
+bombardment of San Juan by Admiral's Sampson's fleet. There are no
+submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally unprotected
+condition of the place is a cause of much anxiety.
+
+_May 16._ Freeman Halstead, an American newspaper correspondent, arrested
+at San Juan de Porto Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the
+fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal to nine years'
+imprisonment.
+
+In a general order issued at the War Department, the assignments to the
+different corps and other important commands were announced. The order is
+as follows:
+
+"The following assignments of general officers to command is hereby made
+by the President:
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., the Department of the Pacific.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., the first corps and the Department of
+the Gulf.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U. S. Volunteers, the second corps, with
+headquarters at Falls Church, Va.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U. S. Volunteers, the third corps, reporting to
+Major-General Brooke, Chickamauga.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U. S. Volunteers, the fourth corps, Mobile,
+Ala.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. Volunteers, the fifth corps, Tampa,
+Fla.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. Volunteers, to report to Major-General
+Merritt, U. S. A., for duty with troops in the Department of the Pacific.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. Volunteers, the sixth corps,
+Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General Brooke.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, the seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U. S. Volunteers, the cavalry division,
+Tampa, Fla."
+
+Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain Goodrich of the _St.
+Louis_, on May 15th, to take the fleet tender in tow and proceed to
+Santiago de Cuba to cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements
+were secured from the tug _Wampatuck_ on May 16th, and at eleven P. M. the
+expedition, in the small boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of
+Santiago. It was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago light was
+burning brightly. Moonrise was not until 3.45 A. M. At three A. M. on May
+17th the expedition returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to
+find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and was protected by
+two patrol-boats. Then a start was made to cut the cable on the other side
+of the island. At seven A. M. the _St. Louis_ fired her first gun at the
+forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and after a little time
+the fire was returned by what must have been a 2-pounder.
+
+At eight A. M. the _St. Louis_ was about two miles distant from the fort,
+which seemed to be unprovided with modern guns. After three hours
+grappling in over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been found. At
+12.15 P. M. the guns of Morro Castle opened fire, followed by the shore
+battery on the southerly point, and also the west battery. The _St.
+__Louis_ kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and soon succeeded in
+silencing the guns of Morro Castle, the Spaniards running in all
+directions.
+
+Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship. Shells from the
+mortar battery went over the cruiser and exploded in the water quite close
+to the _St. Louis_. The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 P. M., after a
+fusilade of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was grappled, hauled
+on board, and cut.
+
+_May 17._ The Spanish squadron reported as yet remaining at Cadiz.
+
+The U. S. S. _Wilmington_ had a slight action with a Spanish gunboat off
+the Cuban coast, during which the latter was disabled.
+
+_May 18._ The U. S. cruiser _Charleston_ left San Francisco for the
+Philippines with supplies for Commodore Dewey's fleet.
+
+_May 19._ By cable from Madrid it was learned that the Spanish fleet had
+arrived at Santiago de Cuba.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_, which sailed for Manila, returned to Mare Island
+navy yard with her condensers out of order.
+
+_May 21._ An order was despatched to San Francisco to prepare the
+_Monterey_ for a voyage to Manila, where she would join Commodore Dewey's
+fleet. The _Monterey_ is probably the most formidable monitor in the
+world; technically described she is a barbed turret, low freeboard monitor
+of four thousand tons displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam,
+and fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two turrets,
+surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and two 10-inch guns, while on her
+superstructure, between the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four
+1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven and one-half and eight
+inches thick, and the surrounding barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven
+and one-half inches of steel.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTEREY.]
+
+One of the most important prizes captured during the war was taken by the
+U. S. S. _Minneapolis_ off the eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the
+Spanish brig _Santa Maria de Lourdes_, loaded with coal, ammunition, arms,
+and supplies for Admiral Cervera.
+
+Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a large quantity of arms
+and ammunition, sailed for a point about twenty-five miles east of Havana,
+on the steamer _Florida_. These men and their equipment constituted an
+expedition able to operate independently, and to defend itself against any
+body of Spanish troops which might oppose it.
+
+The _Florida_ returned to Key West on the thirty-first, after having
+successfully landed the ammunition and men.
+
+_May 22._ The U. S. S. _Charleston_ again left San Francisco, bound for
+Manila.
+
+_May 25._ The U. S. S. _St. Paul_ captured the British steamer
+_Restormel_, loaded with coal, off Santiago de Cuba. The prize is a long,
+low tramp collier belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She
+left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared, with
+twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest grade of Cardiff coal consigned to
+a Spanish firm in San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was
+supposed to make its first stop.
+
+"When we reached San Juan," said the captain of the _Restormel_, "the
+consignees told me very curtly that the persons for whom the coal was
+destined were in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had been
+declared. I began to suspect that the coal was going to Cervera's fleet,
+but my Spanish consignees said it would be all right. They told me not to
+ask any questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I did so,
+placing my cargo under orders.
+
+"The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer. He said there had been
+another change of base, and that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba.
+I tried to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the cables had
+been cut. Under the circumstances there was nothing for me to do but to go
+to Santiago. By this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo was
+for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made a contraband of war, so I
+wasn't a bit surprised when the _St. Paul_ brought us to, with a shot,
+three and a half miles from shore."
+
+In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the coal, and release the
+steamer.
+
+The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand men.
+
+Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for
+Manila.
+
+_May 26._ The battle-ship _Oregon_, which left San Francisco March 19th,
+arrived at Key West.
+
+_May 27._ The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived at San Juan de Porto
+Rico.
+
+_May 28._ From Commodore Dewey the following cablegram was received:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "CAVITE, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.
+
+"_Secretary Navy, Washington_:--No change in the situation of the blockade.
+Is effective. It is impossible for the people of Manila to buy provisions,
+except rice.
+
+"The captain of the _Olympia_, Gridley, condemned by medical survey. Is
+ordered home. Leaves by Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong
+the twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander of the
+_Olympia_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 29._ Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order formally announcing
+that he had taken command of the Philippine forces and expeditions.
+
+_May 31._ United States troops board transports for Cuba.
+
+The beginning of June saw the opening of the first regular campaign of the
+war, and it is eminently proper the operations around and about Santiago
+de Cuba be told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any further
+attempt at giving the news from the various parts of the world in
+chronological order.
+
+Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign, as are worthy a
+place in history, will be set down in regular sequence after certain deeds
+of the boys of '98 have been related in such detail as is warranted by the
+heroism displayed.
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+                         HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.
+
+
+_May 29._ The blockading fleet, under command of Commodore Schley, off
+Santiago de Cuba, was composed of the _Brooklyn_, _Iowa_, _Massachusetts_,
+_Texas_, _New Orleans_, _Marblehead_, and _Vixen_.
+
+At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the deck on board the _Texas_
+saw, by aid of his night-glass, two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers
+stealing out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the shadows of
+the land.
+
+As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel's search-lights were turned
+full on, and at the same moment the sleeping crew were awakened.
+
+It was known beyond a question that the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was hidden within the harbour, not daring to come boldly out while
+the blockading squadron was so strong, and the first thought of men as
+well as officers, when these stealthily moving vessels were sighted, was
+that the Spaniards were making a desperate effort to escape from the trap
+they had voluntarily entered.
+
+The search-lights of the _Texas_ revealed the fact that the two strangers
+were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire was opened upon them instantly.
+
+With the report of the first gun the call to quarters was sounded on all
+the other ships, and a dozen rays of blinding light flashed here and there
+across the entrance to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly
+illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever set sail could not
+have come out unobserved.
+
+The same report which aroused the squadron told the Spaniards that their
+purpose was no longer a secret, and the two torpedo-boats were headed for
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Texas_, running at full speed in the hope of
+discharging their tubes before the fire should become too heavy.
+
+The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a warm and immediate
+reception. It was as if every gun on board both the _Brooklyn_ and _Texas_
+was in action within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted, and
+there remained nothing for the venturesome craft save to seek the shelter
+of the harbour again, fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed
+them.
+
+_May 31._ The U. S. S. _Marblehead_, cruising inshore to relieve the
+monotony of blockading duties, discovered that lying behind the batteries
+at the mouth of Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers.
+
+When this fact was reported to the commodore he decided to tempt the
+Spanish fleet into a fight, and at the same time discover the location of
+the masked batteries. In pursuance of this plan he transferred his flag
+from the _Brooklyn_ to the more heavily armed _Massachusetts_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.]
+
+Two hours after noon the _Massachusetts_, _New Orleans_, and _Iowa_, in
+the order named, and not more than a cable length apart, steamed up to the
+harbour mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle.
+
+Two miles out to sea lay the _Brooklyn_, _Texas_, and other ships of the
+blockading fleet awaiting the summons which should bring them into the
+fight; but none came.
+
+The _Massachusetts_ opened fire first, taking the Spanish flag-ship for
+its target. An 8-inch shell was the missile, and it fell far short of its
+mark. Then the big machine tried her 13-inch guns.
+
+The _Cristobal Colon_ and four batteries--two on the east side, one on the
+west, and one on an island in the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10
+and 12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes, eights and
+thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular, but not effective on either side.
+
+The American fleet steamed across before the batteries at full speed;
+circled, and passed again. Both sides had found the range by the time of
+the second passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots burst directly
+over the _Iowa_, three fell dangerously near the _New Orleans_, and one
+sprayed the bow of the _Massachusetts_.
+
+After half an hour both forts on the east and the one on the island were
+silenced. Five minutes later our ships ceased firing. The western battery
+and the Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes longer, but
+their work was ineffective.
+
+_June 1._ Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the _New York_ as his flag-ship, and
+accompanied by the _Oregon_, the _Mayflower_, and the torpedo-boat
+_Porter_, joined Commodore Schley's squadron off Santiago on the first of
+June.
+
+A naval officer with the squadron summed up the situation in a
+communication to his friend at home:
+
+"Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson's plan of campaign, our ships
+form a cordon about the entrance of Santiago Harbour to prevent the
+possible egress of the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy
+enough to attempt to cut his way out."
+
+The officers of the blockading squadron were well informed as to the
+situation ashore. Communication with the Cubans had been established, and
+it was known that a line of insurgents had been drawn around Santiago, in
+order that they might be of assistance when the big war-vessels had struck
+the first blow.
+
+The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known despite the vigilance
+of the enemy, and it was no secret that within the narrow neck of the
+channel, which at the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet
+wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted.
+
+A report from one of the newspaper correspondents, under date of June 1st,
+was as follows:
+
+"So far as has been ascertained, there are three new batteries on the west
+side of the entrance. These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.
+
+"The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned with the glasses.
+Cayo Smith, a small island which lies directly beyond the entrance, is
+fortified, and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences at the
+right of the entrance, are Estrella battery and St. Carolina fort. Further
+up the bay, guarding the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco
+battery.
+
+"The first are of stone, and were constructed in the early sixties. St.
+Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The guns in Morro Castle and Estrella
+are of old pattern, 18 and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered
+were it not for the great height of the fortifications, which would enable
+these weapons to deliver a plunging fire.
+
+"Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the left of the entrance. On
+Cayo Smith and at Blanco battery there are also four modern guns. The
+mines in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the forts and
+batteries, which must increase the effectiveness of the enemy's fire, and
+at the same time decrease that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the
+Spanish fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost
+impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it would be folly to
+attempt to force its passage with our ships.
+
+"But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is being considered to
+drive in the cork. If that is done, the next news may be a thrilling story
+of closing the harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave
+the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready to hoist the white
+flag."
+
+"To drive in the cork," was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral Sampson's
+heart, and he at once went into consultation with his officers as to how
+it could best be done. One plan after another was discussed and rejected,
+and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond Pearson Hobson proposed that
+the big collier _Merrimac_, which then had on board about six hundred tons
+of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a manner as to completely
+block it.
+
+The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain death for those who
+should attempt to carry it out as proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however,
+claimed that, if the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed to
+take command of the enterprise.
+
+The end to be attained was so great that Admiral Sampson decided that the
+lives of six or seven men could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage
+to be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that his services were
+accepted; the big steamer was at his disposal to do with as he saw fit.
+
+_June 11._ The preliminary work of this desperate undertaking was a strain
+upon the officers and men. On Wednesday morning the preparations to
+scuttle the _Merrimac_ in the channel were commenced. All day long crews
+from the _New York_ and _Brooklyn_ were on board the collier, never
+resting in their efforts to prepare her. She lay alongside the
+_Massachusetts_, discharging coal, when the work was first begun.
+
+The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly through the fleet,
+and it soon became known that volunteers were needed for a desperate
+undertaking. From the _Iowa's_ signal-yard quickly fluttered the
+announcement that she had 140 volunteers, and the other ships were not far
+behind. On the _New York_ the enthusiasm was intense. Over two hundred
+members of the crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and face
+death. The junior officers literally tumbled over each other in their
+eagerness to get their names on the volunteer list.
+
+When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant Hobson were to go,
+there was much disappointment on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews
+worked on board the _Merrimac_; and the other ships, as they passed the
+collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant Hobson paid a brief visit
+to the flag-ship shortly before midnight, and then returned to the
+_Merrimac_.
+
+While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson thus detailed his plan of
+action:
+
+"I shall go right into the harbour until about four hundred yards past the
+Estrella battery, which is behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can
+sink me before I reach somewhere near that point. The _Merrimac_ has seven
+thousand tons buoyancy, and I shall keep her full speed ahead. She can
+make about ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel is reached I
+shall put her helm hard aport, stop the engines, drop the anchors, open
+the sea connections, touch off the torpedoes, and leave the _Merrimac_ a
+wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as broad as the _Merrimac_
+is long. There are ten 8-inch improvised torpedoes below the water-line,
+on the _Merrimac's_ port-side. They are placed on her side against the
+bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with each other by a wire under the
+ship's keel. Each torpedo contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each
+torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should do their work in a
+minute, and it will be quick work even if done in a minute and a quarter.
+
+"On deck there will be four men and myself. In the engine-room there will
+be two other men. This is the total crew, and all of us will be in our
+underclothing, with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight packing
+strapped around our waists. Forward there will be a man on deck, and
+around his waist will be a line, the other end of the line being made fast
+to the bridge, where I will stand. By that man's side will be an axe. When
+I stop the engines I shall jerk this cord, and he will thus get the signal
+to cut the lashing which will be holding the forward anchor. He will then
+jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy, which we shall tow
+astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys, and is unsinkable. In it are
+rifles. It is to be held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one at
+her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in the tow-line and pull
+the dingy to starboard. The next to leave the ship are the rest of the
+crew. The quartermaster at the wheel will not leave until after having put
+it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump overboard.
+
+  [Illustration: LIEUTENANT HOBSON.]
+
+"Down below, the man at the reversing gear will stop the engines, scramble
+up on deck, and get over the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the
+engine-room will break open the sea connections with a sledge-hammer, and
+will follow his leader into the water. This last step ensures the sinking
+of the _Merrimac_ whether the torpedoes work or not. By this time I
+calculate the six men will be in the dingy and the _Merrimac_ will have
+swung athwart the channel, to the full length of her three hundred yards
+of cable, which will have been paid out before the anchors are cut loose.
+Then, all that is left for me is to touch the button. I shall stand on the
+starboard side of the bridge. The explosion will throw the _Merrimac_ on
+her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York City will be able to
+raise her after that."
+
+In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said:
+
+"I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us a bit, but the ships
+will throw their search-lights in the gunners' faces, and they won't see
+much of us. If we are torpedoed we should even then be able to make the
+desired position in the channel. It won't be easy to hit us, and I think
+the men should be able to swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown
+up. But I don't see that it makes much difference what I do. I have a fair
+chance of life either way. If our dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then
+try to swim for the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep together
+at all hazards. Then we may be able to make our way alongside, and perhaps
+get back to the ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the
+last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers, and our surrender
+will only take place as a last and almost uncontemplated emergency."
+
+The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous enterprise were, after
+Lieutenant Hobson: George F. Phillips, machinist on the _Merrimac_;
+Francis Kelly, water tender on the _Merrimac_; Randolph Clausen, coxswain
+on the _New York_; George Charette, first-class gunner's mate on the _New
+York_; Daniel Montague, first-class machinist on the _New York_; Osburn
+Deignan, coxswain on the _Merrimac_; J. C. Murphy, coxswain on the _Iowa_.
+
+_June 21._ At three o'clock in the morning the admiral and Flag Lieutenant
+Staunton got into the launch to make an inspection of the _Merrimac_. The
+working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers of the
+flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on the big black hull that was
+to form an impassable obstacle for Spain's best ships.
+
+The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed their work on the
+_Merrimac_, but at last a boatload of men, black and tired out, came over
+to the flag-ship. Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been
+delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch.
+
+Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and nearly everybody thought it
+was too late for the attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody cried:
+
+"She is going in."
+
+Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was seen heading straight
+for Morro Castle. A few moments later, however, she was recalled by
+Admiral Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to venture in at
+that hour. The _Merrimac_ did not return at once. Word came back:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on his course. He thinks he
+can make it."
+
+The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect that the _Merrimac_ must
+return at once, and in due course of time the doomed collier slowly
+steamed back, her commander evidently disappointed with the order. All day
+Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and more elaborate
+preparations were made to carry out the mission of the _Merrimac_
+successfully. During these preparations Hobson was cool and confident,
+supervising personally every little detail.
+
+When, finally, he went on board the _Merrimac_ Thursday night, he had been
+without sleep since Wednesday morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands
+were black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at work in and
+about an engine-room for a long time. As he said good-bye, the lieutenant
+remarked that his only regret was that all of the _New York's_ volunteers
+could not go with him.
+
+_June 3._ The hazardous voyage was begun at three o'clock Friday morning.
+The _Merrimac_ was lying to the westward. Under cover of the clouds over
+the moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her way to the eastward,
+followed by a steam launch from the _New York_, with the following crew on
+board: Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K. Peterson,
+coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the first class; J. Mullings, coal
+passer; G. L. Russell, machinist of the second class. In the launch were
+bandages and appliances for the wounded.
+
+From the crowded decks of the _New York_ nothing could be seen of the
+_Merrimac_ after she got under the shadow of the hills. For half an hour
+officers and men strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when,
+suddenly, the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro Castle, and then all
+on board the _New York_ knew the _Merrimac_ was nearing her end.
+
+The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro Castle answered quickly
+with more flashes, and for about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to
+leap across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too far away to hear
+the reports, and when the firing ceased it was judged that Hobson had
+blown up the _Merrimac_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW YORK.]
+
+During an hour the anxious watchers waited for daylight. Rear-Admiral
+Sampson and Captain Chadwick were on the bridge of the _New York_ during
+the entire time. At five o'clock thin streams of smoke were seen against
+the western shore, quite close to the Spanish batteries, and strong
+glasses made out the launch of the _New York_ returning to the flag-ship.
+
+Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a puff of smoke issued
+from a battery on the western arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far
+over the launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore kept up an
+irregular fire on the little craft. As the shells fell without hitting the
+object for which they were intended, the men on board the _New York_
+jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered their shipmates.
+
+At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but she did not have on
+board any of the _Merrimac's_ crew. Cadet Powell reported that he had been
+unable to see any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had gone
+directly under the batteries, and only returned when he found his efforts
+were useless.
+
+He also reported that he had clearly seen the _Merrimac's_ masts sticking
+up just where Hobson hoped to sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and
+well past the guns of Morro Castle.
+
+Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had with the officer whom
+it seemed certain had voluntarily gone to his death:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few hours, which was often
+interrupted. At a quarter before two he came on deck and made a final
+inspection, giving his last instructions. Then we had a little lunch.
+Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about half past two I took the men
+who were not going on the trip into the launch, and started for the
+_Texas_, the nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant
+engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I shook hands with
+Hobson last of all. He said:
+
+"'Powell, watch the boat's crew when we pull out of the harbour. We will
+be cracks, pulling thirty strokes to the minute.'
+
+"After leaving the _Texas_ I saw the _Merrimac_ steaming slowly in.
+
+"It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was quite visible. We
+followed about three-quarters of a mile astern. The _Merrimac_ stood about
+a mile to the westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning
+completely around, and finally heading to the east, she ran down and then
+turned in. We were then chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his
+bearings.
+
+"When Hobson was about two hundred yards from the harbour the first gun
+was fired, from the eastern bluff. We were then about half a mile
+offshore, and nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly. We
+steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the _Merrimac_ in the smoke which the
+wind carried offshore. It hung heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up
+the _Merrimac_ the western battery picked us up and commenced firing. They
+shot wild, however, and we ran in still farther to the shore until the
+gunners lost sight of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes on
+the _Merrimac_.
+
+"Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers, half a mile to the
+westward of Morro, keeping a sharp lookout for the boat or for swimmers,
+but saw nothing. Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but
+thinking that some one might have drifted out, we crossed in front of
+Morro and the mouth of the harbour, to the eastward.
+
+"At about five o'clock we crossed the harbour again, and stood to the
+westward. In passing we saw one spar of the _Merrimac_ sticking out of the
+water. We hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a mile, and
+then turned toward the _Texas_, when the batteries saw us and opened fire.
+It was then broad daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern,
+but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all she was worth,
+finally making the _New York_. The men behaved splendidly."
+
+_June 3._ Later in the day a boat with a white flag put out from the
+harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded
+the _New York_, and informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had been
+captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant Hobson was not hurt. The
+Spanish admiral was so impressed with the courage of the _Merrimac's_ crew
+that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact that they had not
+lost their lives, but were prisoners of war and could be exchanged.
+
+To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley said, as he stood on his
+flag-ship pointing towards Morro Castle:
+
+"History does not record an act of finer heroism than that of the gallant
+men who are prisoners over there. I watched the _Merrimac_ as she made her
+way to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I saw the perfect
+hell of fire that fell upon those devoted men. I did not think it possible
+one of them could have gone through it alive.
+
+"They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava over again without the
+means of defence which the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope
+without the power to cut his way out; but fortune once more favoured the
+brave, and I hope he will have the recognition and promotion he deserves.
+His name will live as long as the heroes of the world are remembered."
+
+Admiral Sampson made the following report to the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Permit me to call your especial attention to Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson.
+
+"As stated in a special telegram, before coming here I decided to make the
+harbour entrance secure against the possibility of egress by Spanish
+ships, by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier
+at that point.
+
+"Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional opinion as to a sure
+method of sinking the ship, he manifested the most lively interest in the
+problem. After several days' consideration, he presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she
+reached the desired point in the channel. This plan we prepared for
+execution when we reached Santiago.
+
+"The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men and Mr. Hobson, who begged
+that it might be entrusted to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck
+for both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including the anchoring of
+the ship automatically. As soon as I reached Santiago, and I had the
+collier to work upon, the details were completed and diligently
+prosecuted, hoping to complete them in one day, as the moon and tide
+served best the first night after our arrival.
+
+"Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four o'clock arrived, and the
+preparation was scarcely completed. After a careful inspection of the
+final preparations, I was forced to relinquish the plan for that morning,
+as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged to try it at all hazards.
+
+"This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt start could be made.
+Nothing could have been more gallantly executed.
+
+"We waited impatiently after the firing by the Spaniards had ceased. When
+they did not reappear from the harbour at six o'clock, I feared that they
+had all perished. A steam launch, which had been sent in charge of Naval
+Cadet Powell to rescue the men, appeared at this time, coming out under a
+persistent fire of the batteries, but brought none of the crew.
+
+"A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship showed that the vessel
+_Merrimac_ had been sunk in the channel.
+
+"This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral Cervera came out under a
+flag of truce, with a letter from the admiral, extolling the bravery of
+the crew in an unusual manner.
+
+"I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave or
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.
+
+"Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed to the officers at
+the beginning of the war, I am sure you will offer a suitable professional
+reward to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that Commander J. M.
+Miller relinquished his command with the very greatest reluctance,
+believing he should retain his command under all circumstances.
+
+  [Illustration: HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.]
+
+"He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt of another person to
+carry out the multitude of details which had been in preparation by Mr.
+Hobson might endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the liberty
+to relieve him, for this reason only.
+
+"There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious to participate. There
+were a hundred and fifty men from the _Iowa_, nearly as many from this
+ship, and large numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.
+
+                                                          "W. T. SAMPSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave comrades exchanged,
+and then to his messmates the gallant lieutenant told the story of his
+perilous voyage on that morning of June 4th:
+
+"I did not miss the entrance to the harbour," he said, "as Cadet Powell in
+the launch supposed. I headed east until I got my bearings, and then made
+for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was grand, flashing out first
+from one side of the harbour and then from the other, from those big guns
+on the hill, the _Vizcaya_, lying inside the harbour, joining in.
+
+"Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the news of the _Merrimac's_
+coming was telegraphed, and soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing
+wildly across, and killing each other with the cross-fire.
+
+"The _Merrimac's_ steering-gear broke as she got to Estrella Point. Only
+three of the torpedoes on her side exploded when I touched the button. A
+huge submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the water high in
+the air, and tearing a great rent in her side.
+
+"Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing to the work done by the
+mine, she began to sink slowly. At that time she was across the channel,
+but before she settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft, lying
+on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around. Six-inch shells from the
+_Vizcaya_ came tearing into the _Merrimac_, crashing into wood and iron,
+and passing clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts broke
+through her deck.
+
+"'Not a man must move,' I said, and it was only owing to the splendid
+discipline of the men that we all were not killed, as the shells rained
+over us, and the minutes became hours of suspense. The men's mouths became
+parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I told them. Now and again,
+one or the other of the men, lying with his face glued to the deck and
+wondering whether the next shell might not come our way, would say,
+'Hadn't we better drop off now, sir?' But I said, 'Wait till daylight.'
+
+"It would have been impossible to get the catamaran anywhere but on to the
+shore, where the soldiers stood shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we
+might be recognised and saved.
+
+"The grand old _Merrimac_ kept sinking. I wanted to go forward and see the
+damage done there, where nearly all the fire was directed. One man said
+that if I rose it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay
+motionless. It was splendid the way these men behaved.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CERVERA.]
+
+"The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the _Vizcaya_ was awful. When
+the water came up on the _Merrimac's_ deck the catamaran floated amid the
+wreckage, but she was still made fast to the boom, and we caught hold of
+the edges and clung on, our heads only being above water.
+
+"One man thought we were safer right there; it was quite light, the firing
+had ceased, except that on the _New York's_ launch, and I feared Cadet
+Powell and his men had been killed.
+
+"A Spanish launch came toward the _Merrimac_. We agreed to capture her and
+run. Just as she came close the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines
+jumped up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of the water.
+
+"'Is there any officer in that boat to receive a surrender of prisoners of
+war?' I shouted.
+
+"An old man leaned out under the awning and waved his hand. It was Admiral
+Cervera. The marines lowered their rifles and we were helped into the
+launch.
+
+"Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It was a grand sight a few
+days later to see the bombardment, the shells striking and bursting around
+El Morro. Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court martial room
+in the barracks. My men were kept prisoners in the hospital.
+
+"From my window I could see the army moving, and it was terrible to watch
+those poor lads coming across the opening and being shot down by the
+Spaniards in the rifle-pits in front of me.
+
+"Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could be. I knew something
+was coming, and then I was exchanged."
+
+  [Illustration: QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+                                 BY WIRE.
+
+
+_May 30._ The auxiliary cruisers _Leyden_ and _Uncas_ made an attack on
+one of the outlying blockhouses at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until
+the Spaniards deserted their batteries.
+
+_June 1._ The government of Paraguay represented to the American consul at
+Asuncion that the Spanish torpedo-boat _Temerario_ was disabled, and had
+been granted permission to remain at that port until the war between the
+United States and Spain had come to an end.
+
+In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding the conduct of
+the war, as evinced by a newspaper article to which was signed the name of
+Emilio Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman.
+
+Se�or Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching her with being a
+foreigner and unpopular, and with interfering unjustifiably in political
+affairs. He compared her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette on
+the eve of the French revolution.
+
+The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca demanded the prosecution
+of Castelar, and other Senators expressed in violent terms their
+indignation at Se�or Castelar's conduct.
+
+_June 2._ The British steamer _Restormel_, captured by the auxiliary
+cruiser _St. Paul_ off Santiago de Cuba, was released by the government.
+It was shown that the _Restormel_ sailed previous to the declaration of
+war, there being no evidence that the steamer's owners were wilfully and
+knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy's fleet, and she was ordered
+released. The cargo was condemned.
+
+The names of the captains and commanders of the ships in Admiral Dewey's
+squadron were sent to the Senate, by the President, for advancement
+because of their conspicuous conduct.
+
+The House of Representatives passed an urgency appropriation of nearly
+eighteen million dollars for war purposes.
+
+From Captain Clark's report, the Navy Department made public the following
+extract relative to the extraordinary voyage of the _Oregon_:
+
+"It is gratifying to call the department's attention to the spirit aboard
+this ship in both officers and men. This best can be described by
+referring to instances such as that of the engineer officers in
+voluntarily doubling their watches when high speed was to be made, to the
+attempt of men to return to the fire-room after being carried out of it
+insensible, and to the fact that most of the whole crew, who were working
+by watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to leave their
+hammocks in the nettings until they could get the ship coaled and ready to
+sail from Sandy Point."
+
+_June 3._ The collier _Merrimac_ was sunk in the channel of Santiago
+Harbour, as has already been told.
+
+_June 4._ Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander of the cruiser
+_Olympia_, and commanding her during the battle of Manila Bay, died at
+Kobe, Japan.
+
+_June 5._ An account of personal heroism which should be set down in every
+history, that future generations may know of what metal the boys of '98
+were made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida.
+
+Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse on Lafayette
+Street, near the brigade headquarters, and which was being used by the
+government as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the civil war,
+prevented what might have been a calamity.
+
+While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying boxes of ammunition from
+the warehouse and loading them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen
+issuing from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of fire went up,
+and soldiers and negro roustabouts piled over each other in their scramble
+for safety. McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up, and was
+staggering in the direction of the river, some distance away, when
+Lieutenant Parker, who had heard the warning cry, came to his assistance.
+Together they carried the smoking box until it was possible to throw it
+into the water.
+
+How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse were piled
+hundreds of boxes of ammunition, each containing one thousand cartridges.
+Had the cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of life might
+have resulted, as there were at least a score of soldiers working in and
+around the building.
+
+At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued orders that every one
+connected with the admiralty must abstain from giving information of any
+kind regarding naval affairs.
+
+General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting foreign newspaper
+correspondents from remaining in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated
+as spies.
+
+_June 6._ As is told in that chapter relating to Santiago de Cuba,
+American troops were landed a few miles east of the city, at a place known
+as Aguadores; the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were
+bombarded.
+
+The Navy Department made public a cablegram from Admiral Dewey:
+
+"The insurgents are acting energetically in the province of Cavite. During
+the past week they have won several victories, and have taken prisoners
+about eighteen hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish troops, not
+natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being prepared for occupation by United
+States troops on the arrival of the transports."
+
+Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the insurgents had cut the railway
+lines and were closing in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo's
+forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the foreign residents were
+making all haste to leave the city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent
+chief points to a desire to set up a native administration in the
+Philippines under an American protectorate. Aguinaldo, with an advisory
+council, would hold the dictatorship until the conquest of the islands,
+and would then establish a republican assembly.
+
+_June 7._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the collier _Brutus_ sailed from San
+Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted monitor _Monadnock_ has been
+ordered to set out for the same port within ten days.
+
+_June 9._ The Spanish bark _Maria Dolores_, laden with coal and patent
+fuel, was captured by the cruiser _Minneapolis_ twelve miles off San Juan
+de Porto Rico.
+
+_June 10._ A battalion of marines was landed in the harbour of Guantanamo,
+forty miles east of Santiago.(3)
+
+A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport steamer _Panther_.(4)
+
+_June 11-12._ Attack upon American marines in Guantanamo Bay by Spanish
+regulars and guerillas.(5)
+
+_June 11._ The British steamer _Twickenham_, laden with coal for Admiral
+Cervera's fleet, was captured off San Juan de Porto Rico by the U. S. S.
+_St. Louis_.
+
+_June 12._ Major-General Merritt issued orders to the officers assigned to
+the second Philippine expedition, to the effect that they must be ready to
+embark their troops not later than the fifteenth instant.
+
+The following cablegram was made public by the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Cavite, June 12.--The insurgents continue hostilities, and have
+practically surrounded Manila. They have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish
+prisoners, whom they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack the
+city at the present time.
+
+"Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay, with refugees on board,
+under guard of neutral men-of-war; this with my permission. Health of the
+squadron continues excellent. German commander-in-chief arrived to-day.
+Three Germans, two British, one French, one Japanese man-of-war in port.
+Another German man-of-war expected.
+
+"The following is a corrected list of vessels captured or destroyed: Two
+protected cruisers, five unprotected cruisers, one transport, one
+surveying vessel, both armed. The following are captured: Transport
+_Manila_, gunboat _Callao_.
+
+                                                                  "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H. Renjes, vice-consul for
+Spain, at Honolulu, sent the following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the American
+troops at Honolulu:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Sir_:--In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I have the honour to-day
+to enter formal protest with the Hawaiian government against the constant
+violation of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists between
+Spain and the United States of America."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 6._ On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Sir_:--In reply to your note of the first instant, I have the honour to
+say that, owing to the intimate relations now existing between this
+country and the United States, this government has not proclaimed a
+proclamation of neutrality having reference to the present conflict
+between the United States and Spain, but, on the contrary, has tendered to
+the United States privileges and assistance, for which reason your protest
+can receive no further consideration than to acknowledge its receipt."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 13._ American troops sailed from Tampa and Key West for Santiago.
+
+The Spaniards again attacked the American marines at Guantanamo Bay, and
+were repulsed after seven hours' hard fighting.(6)
+
+President McKinley signed the war revenue bill.
+
+Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions to the popular
+loan.
+
+The dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson's fleet.(7)
+
+While the U. S. S. _Yankee_ was off Cienfuegos on this day, a Spanish
+gunboat steamed out of the harbour, evidently mistaking the character of
+the newcomer; but on learning that the _Yankee_ was ready for business,
+put back in hot haste. Both vessels opened fire, and after the gunboat had
+gained the security of the harbour the _Yankee_ engaged the eastern and
+western batteries. During the brief action a shell burst over the American
+ship, its fragments wounding one man.
+
+_June 14._ The American marines at Guantanamo Bay again attacked by the
+Spaniards.(8)
+
+The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the _Merrimac_, rewarded by the Navy
+Department.(9)
+
+First trial of the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_.(10)
+
+The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes went into effect
+on this date.
+
+_June 14._ From Manila on June 14th much of interest was received. A
+severe engagement occurred, when one thousand insurgents attacked twice
+that number of Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had
+drawn their lines closely around the landward side of the city, and
+Captain-General Augusti published a decree ordering all the male
+population under arms. Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York
+_World_, thus summed up the situation:
+
+"Terrific fighting has been going on for six days between the Philippine
+insurgents and the Spaniards. The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held
+their ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents now hold
+three thousand prisoners, mostly Spanish soldiers.
+
+"I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was present at the taking
+of the garrisoned church at Old Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred
+insurgents captured a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days'
+bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous fighters. They have
+captured the entire provinces of Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the
+provinces of Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.
+
+"Aguinaldo's troops, in three divisions, have now surrounded Manila. They
+have the Spaniards hemmed in, and could capture the city if they wanted
+to, but will await the arrival of the American troops before doing so.
+
+"The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia Penas, of Cavite province,
+and Gov. Antonio Cardola, of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit
+suicide before surrendering. He shot himself three times in the head, but
+will recover. The insurgents behaved gallantly in the fight for the
+possession of the stone convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti
+sent two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to attack
+Aguinaldo's forces at Cavite. The fight lasted all day. The Spaniards were
+repulsed, and the officers led in retreat. They took refuge in the old
+convent, a substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for all
+time.
+
+"Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first plan was to starve out
+the beleaguered ones, but he found, June 6th, that provisions were being
+smuggled in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning by opening
+fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General Augusti, hearing of his
+soldiers' plight, sent four thousand regulars to relieve them.
+
+"Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand. But after the first
+brush he adopted another method. He sent detachments of three hundred or
+four hundred men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards, who
+constantly harassed them. In the first attack of these detachments one
+hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed.
+In the second onslaught four officers and sixty men were killed.
+
+"Again and again these attacks were repeated until nine hundred Spaniards
+had been killed, the insurgents report. The convent, too, became
+untenable. The Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made a
+stand at Bacoor.
+
+"Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there, and the Spanish fled
+again. The rebels pursued the enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning,
+Aguinaldo stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards who remained there
+he killed ninety and captured 250."
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GARCIA.]
+
+_June 15._ The second fleet of transports, comprised of the steamers
+_China_, _Colon_, _Senator_, and _Zealandia_, carrying 3,465 men, left San
+Francisco for Manila.
+
+The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed for twice over.
+
+Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo Bay.(11)
+
+The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian annexation resolution.
+
+_June 16._ Third bombardment of the batteries near Santiago.(12)
+
+The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired the damages inflicted
+by the American vessels when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th
+another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley and his brave
+comrades. Five blockhouses were completely demolished, the enemy beating a
+hasty retreat without having fired a shot.
+
+_June 17._ Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled by American naval
+force.(13)
+
+Capture of the Spanish sloop _Chato_ in Guantanamo Bay.(14)
+
+_June 18._ Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo Bay.(15)
+
+Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U. S. S. _Texas_.(16)
+
+_June 19._ First American troops landed on Cuban soil.(17)
+
+_June 20._ General Shafter and Admiral Sampson visit General Garcia in his
+camp.(18)
+
+_June 21._ Landing of General Shafter's army begun.(19)
+
+Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.(20)
+
+Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government that he, having been
+forced to take refuge in the walled city,(21) would be unable to continue
+communication.
+
+_June 22._ By a decision of the Attorney-General, the United States
+government will surrender to the ambassadors of France and Germany, as the
+diplomatic representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews of the
+prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the American navy since the
+declaration of war.
+
+Boats' crews from the U. S. S. _Marblehead_ and _Dolphin_ remove the mines
+from Guantanamo Bay.(22)
+
+Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.(23)
+
+Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.(24)
+
+The U. S. S. _Texas_ engages the west battery of Cabanas.(25)
+
+Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. S. _St. Paul_, in reporting his cruise of
+twenty-three days, gave the following account of a meeting with the enemy
+off San Juan de Porto Rico on the 22d of June:
+
+_June 22._ "We came off the port on the twenty-second. The weather was
+fair, the trade wind blowing fresh from the eastward and raising somewhat
+of a sea. At about 12.40 the third-class cruiser _Isabel III._ came out,
+and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast of the batteries,
+commenced edging out toward us, firing at such a long range that her shots
+were ineffective.
+
+"As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire of the batteries, we
+took but little notice of her, lying still and occasionally sending in our
+largest shell at her to try the range.
+
+"Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and the torpedo-boat
+destroyer _Terror_, or it may have been her sister ship, the _Furor_, was
+sighted steaming along shore under the batteries.
+
+"We watched her for awhile, and worked along with her, in order to
+separate her from the cruiser and keep her in trough if she came for us.
+She then circled to get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as
+far as direction went, but her shots fell short.
+
+"When within range of our guns, the signal 'commence firing' was made, and
+for several minutes we let fly our starboard battery at her at from
+fifty-five hundred to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around
+her.
+
+"This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us and her fire soon
+ceased. She then headed inshore, to the southward and westward, going
+slow, and it was evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off the
+Morro she flashed some signals to the shore, and afterward a tug came out
+and towed her into the harbour.
+
+"All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some of her shots and
+those of the _Terror_ fell pretty close. The cruiser followed the _Terror_
+back toward the port and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the
+two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but when the _St. Paul_,
+making an inshore turn, seemed to be going for them, they returned to the
+harbour, and we saw no more of them."
+
+_June 23._ The U. S. monitor _Monadnock_ left San Francisco for Manila.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ again shells the Santiago
+fortifications.(26)
+
+_June 24._ The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal decree. The Chamber of
+Deputies adjourned without the customary cheers for the throne.
+
+Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.(27)
+
+Action near Juragua.(28)
+
+_June 25._ Skirmish near Sevilla.
+
+The American government protested a draft drawn by its consul at St.
+Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances calculated to make an extremely
+dangerous precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne for the
+purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal, which arrived in St. Thomas
+in the _Ardenrose_ about the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it
+for ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered twenty dollars a
+ton for it. Van Horne apparently did the proper thing and did not exceed
+instructions.
+
+_June 26._ General Garcia with three thousand Cuban insurgents landed at
+Juragua by American transports.(29)
+
+The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila embarked at San
+Francisco.
+
+The sloop _Isabel_ arrived at Key West flying the Cuban flag. On her were
+Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut. Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban
+army, carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government to Se�or T.
+Estrada Palma, of the New York junta.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ shelled the fortifications at the
+entrance to Santiago harbour.(30)
+
+The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American forces.(31)
+
+A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said, Egypt, at the head of
+the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth. It was composed of:
+
+Battle-ship _Pelayo_, Admiral Camara's flag-ship.
+
+Armoured cruiser _Emperador Carlos V._
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Patriota_, equipped with twelve guns, and carrying
+troops and marines.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Buenos Ayres_, equipped with ten guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Audaz_.
+
+Armed merchantman _Isla de Pany_, equipped with two guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Rapido_, equipped with twelve guns.
+
+Steamship _Colon_, unarmed and with no troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Proserpina_.
+
+Torpedo-boat destroyer _Osada_.
+
+Transport _Covadonga_, carrying no guns.
+
+Collier _San Francisco_.
+
+_June 27._ The United States government, determined to delay, if possible,
+the progress of the fleet toward the Philippines, instructed its consul to
+protest to the English government against the coaling of the fleet at Port
+Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian government refused Admiral
+Camara's request to buy coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a
+hundred and fifty native stokers.
+
+The U. S. transport _Yale_, laden with troops, arrived at Daiquiri.(32)
+
+The President sent to Congress the following messages:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_To the Congress of the United States_:--On the morning of the third of
+June, 1898, Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U. S. N., with
+a volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially dismantled
+collier _Merrimac_, entered the fortified harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for
+the purpose of sinking the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel
+and thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of the Spanish
+fleet, which had recently entered that harbour.
+
+"This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and bravery amounting to
+heroism, was carried into successful execution in the face of a persistent
+fire from the hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore.
+Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our naval force in Cuban
+waters, in an official report addressed to the Secretary of the Navy,
+referring to Mr. Hobson's gallant exploit, says:
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CAMARA.]
+
+"'I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against the possibility of
+egress of the Spanish ships by obstructing the narrow part of the
+entrance, by sinking a collier at that point.
+
+"'Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she had
+reached the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated a crew of
+only seven men, and Mr. Hobson begged that it might be entrusted to him.
+
+"'I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave and
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.'
+
+"The members of the crew who were with Mr. Hobson on the memorable
+occasion have already been rewarded for their services by advancement,
+which, under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary of the
+Navy was authorised to make; and the nomination to the Senate of Naval
+Cadet Powell, who, in a steam launch, followed the _Merrimac_ on her
+perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force after the sinking of
+that vessel, to be advanced in rank to the grade of ensign, has been
+prepared and will be submitted.
+
+"Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the _Albemarle_, during the
+civil war, Admiral Sampson compares Mr. Hobson's sinking of the
+_Merrimac_, received the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the
+President, by name, and was in consequence, under the provisions of
+Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes, advanced one grade, such
+advancement embracing fifty-six numbers. The section cited applies,
+however, to line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of the
+staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be so advanced.
+
+"In considering the question of suitably rewarding Assistant Naval
+Constructor Hobson for his valiant conduct on the occasion referred to, I
+have deemed it proper to address this message to you with the
+recommendation that he receive the thanks of Congress, and further that he
+be transferred to the line of the navy and promoted to such position
+therein as the President, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, may determine.
+
+"Mr. Hobson's transfer from the construction corps to the line is fully
+warranted, he having received the necessary technical training as a
+graduate of the naval academy, where he stood number one in his class, and
+such action is recommended partly in deference to what is understood to be
+his own desire, although, he being a prisoner now in the hands of the
+enemy, no direct communication on the subject has been received from him,
+and partly for the reason that the abilities displayed by him at Santiago
+are of such a character as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of
+the line.
+
+                                                        "WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+"_Executive Mansion, June 27._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The second message was as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_To the Congress of the United States_:--On the eleventh day of May, 1898,
+there occurred a conflict in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ was disabled, her commander wounded, and one of her
+officers and a part of her crew killed by the enemy's fire.
+
+"In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy's guns the revenue
+cutter _Hudson_, commanded by First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue
+Cutter Service, rescued the disabled _Winslow_ and her wounded crew. The
+commander of the _Hudson_ kept his vessel in the very hottest fire of the
+action, although in constant danger of going ashore on account of the
+shallow water, until he finally got a line made fast to the _Winslow_, and
+towed that vessel out of range of the enemy's guns, a deed of special
+gallantry.
+
+"I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act of heroism of First
+Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth,
+the thanks of Congress be extended to him and to his officers and men of
+the _Hudson_, and that a gold medal of honour be presented to Lieutenant
+Newcomb, a silver medal of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze
+medal of honour to each member of his crew who served with him at
+Cardenas.
+
+                                              (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The President also sent the following special nomination to Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            "EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, June 27, 1898.
+
+"_To the Senate of the United States_:--I nominate Naval Cadet Joseph W.
+Powell to be advanced two numbers under the provisions of section 1,506 of
+the Revised Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary
+heroism while in charge of the steam launch which accompanied the collier
+_Merrimac_, for the purpose of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel
+was, under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run into the mouth of
+the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on the third instant, and dexterously sunk
+in the channel.
+
+                                              (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 27._ The third fleet of vessels, laden with soldiers, sailed from
+San Francisco for the Philippines.
+
+From London the following news was received from the Canary Islands:
+
+Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are still quite exposed to
+view. The earthworks are not nearly completed. It is reported that ten
+thousand more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these five thousand
+are for the Grand Canary, and the others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish
+government is determined to hold the islands at any cost.
+
+Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and many of the sugar
+mills are closed. If this state of uncertainty continues much longer it
+will mean starvation to the working classes. All lights that can be seen
+from the sea are ordered extinguished at night, though the lighthouse on
+Isletta is still lighted.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yankee_, off the Isle of Pines, captured and destroyed the
+Spanish sloops _Nemesia_, of Batabano, _Amistad_ and _Manuelita_, of
+Coloma, and the pilot-boats _Luz_ and _Jacinto_.
+
+_June 28._ The President issued a proclamation extending the blockade of
+Cuba to the southern coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and
+also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico.
+
+The proclamation was as follows:
+
+"_Whereas_, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation of April 22,
+1898, a blockade of ports on the northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to
+Bahia Honda, inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast
+of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and
+
+"_Whereas_, it has become desirable to extend the blockade to other
+southern ports,
+
+"Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do
+hereby declare and proclaim that, in addition to the blockade of the ports
+specified in my proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of
+America has instituted and will maintain an effective blockade of all of
+the ports on the south coast of Cuba, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz,
+inclusive, and also of the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.
+
+"Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which the blockade is by the
+present proclamation extended, will be allowed thirty days to issue
+therefrom with cargo."
+
+The Spanish cruiser _Antonio Lopez_, while trying to enter the river San
+Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico, secretly, with a cargo of provisions
+and war material, was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped by
+swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined to land his cargo,
+headed for the shore at Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the
+boiler. The Spanish gunboats _Concha_ and _Isabella_ issued to the
+assistance of the _Antonio Lopez_, whereupon the Americans withdrew, and
+the _Antonio Lopez_ landed her cargo.
+
+Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable from Manila to the
+government at Madrid:
+
+"The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain my position
+inside the line of blockhouses, but the enemy is increasing in numbers, as
+the rebels occupy the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains
+are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work of defence difficult.
+The number of sick among the troops is increasing, making the situation
+very distressing, and causing increased desertions of the native soldiers.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL AUGUSTI.]
+
+"It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty thousand armed with
+rifles, and one hundred thousand armed with swords, etc.
+
+"Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I have treated his proposals
+with disdain, for I am resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and
+the honour of the flag to the last extremity.
+
+"I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred wounded. The citadel
+has been invaded by the suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their
+homes, owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants constitute
+an embarrassment, aggravating the situation, in view of a bombardment,
+which, however, is not seriously apprehended for the moment."
+
+The captain-general's family was made prisoners by the insurgents several
+days prior to the sending of this despatch, and all efforts to effect
+their release had thus far been in vain.
+
+From all parts of the world the Spanish people, during the last days of
+June, looked toward Santiago de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned
+Cervera's fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the American
+arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER X.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was entirely destroyed, and which ended with the capture of the
+city, can best be told as a continuous story. The record of other events
+will be found elsewhere in regular order.
+
+Even though a repetition, it should be set down that the North Atlantic
+fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson
+and W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively, which
+blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted of the battle-ships
+_Massachusetts_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_; armoured cruisers
+_New York_, Admiral Sampson's flag-ship, _Brooklyn_, Commodore Schley's
+flag-ship; protected cruisers _New Orleans_, _Newark_, Commodore Watson's
+flag-ship; converted yachts _Vixen_, _Gloucester_.(33)
+
+Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of their own making, lay
+the Spanish fleet under command of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of
+the armoured cruisers _Cristobal Colon_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_,
+_Maria Teresa_, Admiral Cervera's flag-ship; torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence their prey
+should escape, and it may well be supposed that the Spaniards, knowing
+full well they were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a
+favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading squadron.
+
+_June 2._ The first detachment of troops, including heavy and light
+artillery and the engineer corps, embarked for Santiago on the second of
+June. Four days later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles east
+of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson's guns.
+
+_June 6._ The American fleet began the bombardment of the batteries
+guarding the entrance to the harbour at six o'clock in the morning, having
+steamed in to within three thousand yards of the shore, the _Brooklyn_ in
+advance of the first column, with the _Marblehead_, the _Texas_, and the
+_Massachusetts_ in line. The second column was led by the _New York_, with
+the _New Orleans_, _Yankee_, _Iowa_, and _Oregon_ in the order named. On
+the left flank were the _Vixen_ and the _Suwanee_, and on the right the
+_Dolphin_ and the _Porter_ kept watchful eyes upon the riflemen ashore.
+The first column took station opposite the Estrella and Catalina
+batteries,(34) while the second was stationed off the new earthworks near
+Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no shots should be thrown into El
+Morro, because of the fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were
+imprisoned there.
+
+The fleet continued the bombardment without moving from the stations
+originally taken. It was the _Iowa_ which opened the action with a 12-inch
+shell, and the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of stone which
+spouted up from the base of the Estrella battery. As if this shot was the
+signal agreed upon, the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy
+answering promptly but ineffectively.
+
+Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Texas_. Estrella Fort was soon on fire; the Catalina battery gave up the
+struggle in less than an hour, and the _Vixen_ and _Suwanee_ engaged with
+some light inshore works, speedily reducing them to ruins. Until nine
+o'clock the bombardment continued without interruption, and then the
+American fire ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that their
+port batteries might be brought into play.
+
+One hour more, that is to say, until ten o'clock, this terrible rain of
+iron was sent from the fleet to the shore, and then on the flag-ship was
+hoisted the signal: "Cease firing."
+
+The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,--not a ship had been hit
+by the Spaniards nor a man wounded.
+
+On board the Spanish ship _Reina Mercedes_, a lieutenant and five seamen
+had been killed, and seventeen wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less
+than three times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles. Near
+about Morro Castle, although none of the American guns were aimed at that
+structure, two were killed and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great
+havoc was wrought.
+
+Admiral Cervera made the following report to his government:
+
+"Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications at Santiago and
+along the adjacent coast.
+
+"Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on board the _Reina Mercedes_;
+three officers were killed and an officer and seventeen men were wounded
+among the troops.
+
+"The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different calibres. The
+damage inflicted upon the batteries of La Socapa and Morro Castle were
+unimportant. The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.
+
+"The enemy had noticeable losses."
+
+_June 8._ Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand men were embarked at
+Tampa for Santiago on the eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen.
+William R. Shafter.
+
+Fire was opened by the _Marblehead_ and the _Yankee_ of the blockading
+squadron upon the fortifications of Camianera, a port on Cumberland
+Harbour fifteen miles distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to
+retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted.
+
+The _Vixen_ entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of truce from Admiral
+Sampson, to arrange for an exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his men.
+Admiral Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred to General
+Blanco.
+
+The _Suwanee_ landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions for the
+insurgents at a point fifteen miles west of Santiago.
+
+In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish soldiers, mostly infantry;
+but with cavalry and artillery that may be drawn from the surrounding
+country. On the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed, watched
+for a favourable opportunity to make a descent upon the city.
+
+Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral Sampson to notify
+Admiral Cervera that, if the latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers
+and two torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain, at the
+end of the war, would be made to pay an additional indemnity at least
+equivalent to the value of these vessels.
+
+_June 10._ The American troops made a landing on the eastern side of
+Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles east of Santiago, at two P. M. on the
+tenth of June. The debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns of
+the _Oregon_, _Marblehead_, _Dolphin_, and _Vixen_.
+
+The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire on the earthworks which
+lined the shore, a blockhouse, and a cable station which was occupied by
+Spanish soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated in hot haste
+after firing a few shots. A small gunboat came down from Guantanamo, four
+miles away, at the beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with all
+speed after having approached within range.
+
+Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the steamer _Panther_ arrived
+with a battalion of marines under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Huntington. She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri, ten
+miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any reply.
+
+Colonel Huntington's force took possession of the heights overlooking the
+bay, where was a fortified camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards.
+There was nothing to betoken the presence of the enemy in strong numbers,
+and the men soon settled down to ordinary camp duties, believing their
+first serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo.
+
+_June 11._ It was three o'clock on Saturday afternoon; Colonel
+Huntington's marines were disposed about the camp according to duty or
+fancy; some were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of carrying
+water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket was heard, followed by
+another and another until the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of
+considerable importance was in progress on the picket-line.
+
+The principal portion of the enemy's fire appeared to come from a small
+island about a thousand yards away, and a squad of men was detailed with a
+3-inch field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction, while the
+main force defended the camp.
+
+After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time the boys of '98 were
+virtually firing at random, the men on the picket-line fell back on the
+camp. Two of their number were missing. The battalion was formed on three
+sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to resist an attack which was
+not to be made until considerably later.
+
+The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers were sent out
+and failed to find anything save a broad trail, marked here and there by
+blood, which came to an end at the water's edge.
+
+There were no longer detonations to be heard from the island. The 3-inch
+gun had been well served.
+
+The skirmishers which had been sent out returned, bearing the bodies of
+two boys in blue who had been killed by the first shots, and, after death,
+mutilated by blows from Spanish machetes.
+
+Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the force of the wind had
+increased almost to a gale; below in the bay the war-ships were anchored,
+their search-lights streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold on a
+pall of black velvet.
+
+No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for those two cold,
+lifeless forms on the heights, one might have believed the previous rattle
+of musketry had been heard only by the imagination.
+
+Until nine o'clock in the evening the occupants of the camp kept careful
+watch, and then without warning, as before, the crack of repeating rifles
+broke the almost painful stillness.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.]
+
+The enemy was making his presence known once more, and this time it became
+evident he was in larger force.
+
+Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch from the _Marblehead_,
+with a Colt machine gun in her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened
+fire; skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of foliage, and
+only when a dark form was seen, which might have been that of a Spaniard,
+or only the swaying branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a
+target.
+
+It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test the nerves of the
+young soldiers who were receiving their "baptism of blood."
+
+Until midnight this random firing continued, and then a large body of
+Spanish troops charged up the hill until they were face to face with the
+defenders of the camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost
+immediately in the blackness of the night.
+
+_June 12._ Again and again the firing was renewed from this quarter or
+that, but the enemy did not show himself until the morning came like a
+flash of light, as it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of
+Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket.
+
+Now more guns were brought into play at the camp; the war-ships began
+shelling the shore, and the action was speedily brought to an end. Four
+Americans had been killed, and among them one of the surgeons.
+
+At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would tell that Spanish
+sharpshooters were hovering around the camp; but not until eight o'clock
+in the evening did the enemy approach in any great numbers.
+
+Then the battle was on once more; again did the little band of bluejackets
+stand to their posts, fighting against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships
+flashed their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the thicket,
+and all the while the Spanish fire was continued with deadly effect.
+
+Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of ten men, were sent out
+to dislodge the advance line of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung
+around into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the Spaniards gave
+way, firing rapidly while so doing.
+
+The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued, following the foe nearly
+to a small stone house near the coast, which had been used as a fort. They
+were well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon them in every
+direction from out the darkness. Sergeant Goode fell fatally wounded, and
+the Spaniards charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a cliff,
+over which one man fell and was killed; another fell, but with no further
+injury than a broken leg. A third was shot through the arm, after which he
+and the man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on their own
+account. One more was wounded, and then the Americans made a desperate
+charge, forcing the enemy back into the stone house, and then out again,
+after fifteen had been killed.
+
+Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity of the camp; but
+six field-pieces were brought up, and the second battle was ended after
+two Americans had been killed and seven wounded.
+
+_June 13._ The camp was moved to a less exposed position, while the
+war-ships poured shell and shrapnel into the woods, and then the marines
+filed solemnly out to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were
+six newly made graves.
+
+All the marines could not attend the funeral, many having to continue the
+work of moving camp, or to rest on their guns, keeping a constant watch
+for the lurking Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the stumbling
+bearers of the dead over the loose gravel, and grouped themselves about
+the graves.
+
+The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted to its place, and
+Chaplain Jones of the _Texas_ was about to begin the reading of the burial
+service, when the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the western
+chaparral.
+
+"Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall in!"
+
+"Fall in!" was the word from one end of the camp to the other. The graves
+were deserted by all save the chaplain and escort, who still stood
+unmoved.
+
+The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves behind the rolled
+tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in the hollows, boxes and piles of
+stones, their rifles ready, their eyes strained into the brush.
+
+Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells struck and burst in
+the chaparral, and rifles sounded angrily.
+
+The _Texas_ fired seven shots at the place from which the shooting came,
+and the Spaniards, as usual, fled out of sight.
+
+The funeral services had hardly been resumed when there was another
+attack; but this time the pits near the old blockhouse got the range of
+the malignant marksmen and shattered them with a few shots. The _Texas_
+and _Panther_ shelled the brush to the eastward, but the chaplain kept
+right on with the service, and from that time until night there was little
+shooting from the cover.
+
+On this day the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson's
+fleet, and the weary marines, holding their posts on shore against
+overwhelming odds, hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of
+the soldiers who were so sadly needed.
+
+_June 14._ Substantial recognition was given by the Navy Department to the
+members of the gallant crew who took the _Merrimac_ into the entrance of
+Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel under the very muzzles of
+the Spanish guns.
+
+The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the promotion of the men as
+follows:
+
+Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain, from fifty dollars a
+month to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+George Charette, gunner's mate, to be a gunner, from fifty dollars a month
+to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and ---- Murphy, coxswains, to be chief
+boatswain's mates, an increase of twenty dollars a month.
+
+George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a month to seventy
+dollars a month.
+
+Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist, from thirty-seven
+dollars a month to seventy dollars a month.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson's reward would come through Congress.
+
+While a grateful people were discussing the manner in which their heroes
+should be crowned, that little band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo
+Bay, worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the enemy during
+seventy-two hours, was once more battling against a vastly superior force
+in point of numbers.
+
+From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until this morning of the
+fourteenth, the Americans had remained on the defensive,--seven hundred
+against two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics were to be
+used. Colonel Huntington had decided that it was time to turn the tables,
+and before the night was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of
+the hill had been avenged.
+
+A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two hundred and eighty
+marines, and forty-one Cubans, was divided into four divisions, the first
+of which had orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy drew
+supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish camp beyond the first range
+of hills. The third had for its objective point a signal-station from
+which information as to the movements of the American fleet had been
+flashed into Santiago. The fourth division was to act as the reserve.
+
+In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the signal-station was in
+the hands of the Americans, and the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy.
+The boys of '98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with faces
+upturned to the rays of the burning sun.
+
+At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a loss of two Cubans killed,
+one American and four Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead.
+
+The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken, was fleeing
+here and there, yet further harassed by a heavy fire from the _Dolphin_,
+who sent her shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view.
+
+When the day drew near its close, and the weary but triumphant marines
+returned to camp, a hundred of the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more
+than twice that number must have been wounded, and eighteen were being
+brought in as prisoners.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. VESUVIUS.]
+
+On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to Santiago Harbour, the
+dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_--that experimental engine of destruction--was
+given a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus graphically
+pictured by a correspondent of the New York _Herald_:
+
+"Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds of guncotton, were fired
+last night from the dynamite guns of the _Vesuvius_ at the hill at the
+western entrance to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.
+
+"The frightful execution done by those three shots will be historic.
+
+"Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the fleet drew off after the
+attack that followed the discovery of the presence of the Spanish fleet in
+the harbour.
+
+"In the intense darkness of last night the _Vesuvius_ steamed into close
+range and let go one of her mysterious missiles.
+
+"There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise at first. The pneumatic
+guns on the little cruiser did their work silently. It was only when they
+felt the shock that the men on the other war-ships knew the _Vesuvius_ was
+in action.
+
+"A few seconds after the gun was fired there was a frightful convulsion on
+the land. On the hill, where the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles
+of the ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in air. The
+land was smitten as by an earthquake.
+
+"Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken hills and mountains.
+Sampson's ships, far out at sea, trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose
+to the clouds and hid the scene of destruction.
+
+"Then came a long silence; next another frightful upheaval, and following
+it a third, so quickly that the results of the work of the two mingled in
+mid-air.
+
+"Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish battery, that, after the
+noise of the dynamite, sounded like the crackle of firecrackers.
+
+"The _Vesuvius_ had tested herself. She was found perfect as a destroyer.
+She proved that no fortification can withstand her terrible missiles.
+
+"Just what damage she did I could not tell from the sea. Whatever was
+within hundreds of feet of the point of impact must have gone to
+destruction."
+
+_June 16._ On the fifteenth of June the marines at Guantanamo Bay were
+given an opportunity to rest, for the lesson the Spaniards received on the
+fourteenth had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago remained
+inactive. It was but the lull before the storm of iron which was rained
+upon the Spanish on the sixteenth.
+
+The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago was a second trial of
+the _Vesuvius_ at midnight on the fifteenth, when she sent three more
+250-pound charges of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the
+fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective station, until
+half-past three o'clock on the morning of the sixteenth, when the
+bluejackets were aroused and served with coffee.
+
+Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared, the ships steamed in
+toward the fortifications of Santiago until within three thousand yards,
+and there, lying broadside on, three cables'-lengths apart, they waited
+for the day to break.
+
+It was 5.25 when the _New York_ opened with a broadside from her main
+battery, and the bombardment was begun.
+
+All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns roared and the smaller
+ones crackled and snapped, each piece throughout the entire squadron being
+worked with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous wave of
+crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion came projectiles of
+enormous weight, until it seemed as if all that line of shore must be rent
+and riven.
+
+Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was believed the brave
+Hobson and his gallant comrades were held prisoners.
+
+When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not a man had been
+wounded, nor a vessel struck by the fire from the shore.
+
+The governor of Santiago sent the following message to Madrid relative to
+the bombardment:
+
+"The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several Spanish shells hit the
+enemy's vessels. Our losses are three killed and twenty wounded, including
+two officers. The Spanish squadron was not damaged."
+
+While the Americans were making their presence felt at Santiago, those who
+held Guantanamo Bay were not idle. The _Texas_, _Marblehead_, and the
+_Suwanee_ bombarded the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at the
+terminus of the railroad leading to the city of Guantanamo, demolishing
+them entirely after an hour and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled
+from the fortifications, the _St. Paul_ shelled them until they were
+hidden in the surrounding forest.
+
+An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the _Marblehead's_ steam
+launch began dragging the harbour near the fort for mines. One was found
+and taken up, and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of
+Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed toward shore and began
+banging away, but the bow gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the
+gunner with it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat; the gunner
+was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets continued their interrupted work.
+
+_June 17._ Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point and Hospital Cay were
+shelled, the _Marblehead_ and the _St. Paul_ attending to the first, and
+the _Suwanee_ caring for the latter, while the _Dolphin_ and even the
+collier _Scindia_ fired a few shots for diversion. The task was concluded
+in less than half an hour, and had no more than come to an end when a
+small sloop was sighted off the entrance to the bay.
+
+The _Marblehead's_ steam launch was sent in pursuit, and an hour later
+returned with the prize, which proved to be the _Chato_. Her crew of five
+were taken on board the _Marblehead_ as prisoners.
+
+_June 18._ The active little steam launch made another capture next day
+while cruising outside the bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men
+who claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape Maysi to
+Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong reasons for believing this
+party had come to spy out the position of the American ships, and all were
+transferred to the _Marblehead_.
+
+The crew of the _Oregon_ had gun practice again on this day when they
+shelled and destroyed a blockhouse three miles up the bay, killing, so it
+was reported, no less than twenty of the enemy.
+
+The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports, carrying the
+second detachment of General Shafter's army, hove in sight of Admiral
+Sampson's squadron on the evening of June 18th, and next morning at
+daylight the launches of the _New York_ and _Massachusetts_ reconnoitred
+the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the entrance to Santiago Harbour,
+and Guayaganaco, two miles farther west, in search of a landing-place.
+
+Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition, made the following
+report:
+
+"The expedition consisted of a steam launch from the _Massachusetts_, in
+charge of Cadet Hart, and a launch from the _New York_, in charge of Cadet
+Powell. I took passage on the _Massachusetts'_ launch, leading the way.
+Soundings were taken on entering the bay close under the old fort, and we
+were preparing to circumnavigate the bay at full speed when fire was
+opened from the fort and rocks on the shore. The _Massachusetts'_ launch
+was some distance ahead and about forty yards off the fort. There was no
+room to turn, and our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We backed
+and turned under a heavy fire.
+
+"Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be brought to bear,
+sitting exposed in the bow, and working the gun as coolly and carefully as
+at target practice.
+
+"Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards opened. He was also
+perfectly cool. Both launches ran out under a heavy fire of from six to
+eight minutes. I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the
+parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was larger, but
+indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was practicable, sheered to give
+the _Vixen_ the range of the fort. The _Vixen_ and the _Texas_ silenced
+the shore fire promptly.
+
+"I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell for the cool management of
+the launches. One launch was struck seven times. Nobody in either was
+hurt. A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart's feet between the projectile
+and the powder, but failed to explode the latter.
+
+"Coxswain O'Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended, as is also the
+coolness with which the marines and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.
+
+"Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco it is evident a
+landing is practicable for ships' boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz,
+a small bay to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas, but
+useless without it.
+
+"I am informed that to the north and westward of Cabanas Bay there is a
+large clearing, with plenty of grass and water.
+
+"I think a simultaneous landing at the three places named would be
+practicable if the ships shelled the adjacent wood. A junction would
+naturally follow at the clearing."
+
+Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on Guantanamo Bay that the
+streets of Caimanera have been covered with straw saturated in oil, in
+order that the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince any
+disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat _Sandoval_, lying at
+one of the piers, has been loaded with inflammables, and will be burned
+with the city, her commander declaring that she shall never become an
+American prize.
+
+During this Sunday night the _Vesuvius_ again discharged her dynamite
+guns, with the western battery as a target, and because of the frightful
+report which followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had been
+exploded.
+
+_June 20._ The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago at noon on the
+twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon of war-vessels. General Shafter
+immediately went on board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an
+hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when the two officers sailed
+for Asserradero, seventeen miles from Santiago, where General Calixto
+Garcia was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans. Here a long
+conference was held with the insurgent general, after which the two
+commanders returned to the fleet.
+
+_June 21._ The despatch quoted below was sent by Admiral Sampson to the
+Navy Department, and gives in full the work of the day:
+
+"Landing of the army is progressing favorably at Daiquiri. There is very
+little, if any, resistance. The _New Orleans_, _Detroit_, _Castine_,
+_Wasp_, and _Suwanee_ shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a
+demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of the enemy. The _Texas_
+engaged the west battery for some hours. She had one man killed. Ten
+submarine mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo.
+Communication by telegraph has been established at Guantanamo."
+
+Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by General Shafter, and
+its only fortifications were a blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of
+an iron pier, together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear. From
+this town extends a good road to Santiago, and in the immediate vicinity
+of the port the water-supply is plentiful.
+
+_June 22._ Bombarding the coast as a cover for the troops which were being
+disembarked, was the principal work of the war-ships on the twenty-second
+of June, except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were called for
+from the _Marblehead_ and the _Dolphin_ to grapple for and remove the
+contact mines in the harbour. It was an undertaking as perilous as
+anything that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets showed no
+fear. Four times the designated number came forward in response to the
+call, and before nightfall seven mines had been removed.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TEXAS.]
+
+The battle-ship _Texas_ was assigned to duty off Matamoras, the works of
+which were to be bombarded as a portion of the general programme for this
+day while the troops were being landed. The men of the _Texas_ performed
+their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly silenced; but not quite
+soon enough to save the life of one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired
+by the retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet abaft the
+stem on the port side. It passed through the hull about three feet below
+the main-deck line, and failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion
+at the centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns' crews, and among
+them the fragments of the shell flew in a deadly shower, killing one and
+wounding eight. Later in the day the _Texas_ steamed out to sea to bury
+the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before nightfall to her
+station on the blockade.
+
+_June 23._ General Shafter thus reported to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Daiquiri, June 23.--Had very fine voyage; lost less than fifty animals,
+six or eight to-day; lost more putting them through the surf to land, than
+on transports.
+
+"Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men sick; only deaths, two men
+drowned in landing; landings difficult; coast quite similar to that in
+vicinity of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of bushes.
+Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points occupied by Spanish troops
+heavily bombarded by navy to clear them out.
+
+"Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua, a naturally strong
+place, this morning. Spanish troops retreating as soon as our advance was
+known. Had no mounted troops, or could have captured them, about six
+hundred all told.
+
+"Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in possession.
+
+"With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand men yesterday, and as
+many more to-day.
+
+"Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light artillery and greater
+portion of pack-train, probably all of it, with some of the wagons;
+animals have to be jumped to the water and towed ashore.
+
+"Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and Castillo, on afternoon
+of twentieth, twenty miles west of Santiago. These officers were
+unanimously of the opinion that the landing should be made east of
+Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.
+
+"General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua to-morrow with between
+three thousand and four thousand men, who will be brought from west of
+Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there disembarked.
+
+"This will give me between four thousand and five thousand Cubans, and
+leave one thousand under General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.
+
+"General Kent's division is being disembarked this afternoon at Juragua,
+and this will be continued during the night. The assistance of the navy
+has been of the greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them
+I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at all, as I believe
+I should have lost so many boats in the surf.
+
+"At present want nothing; weather has been good, no rain on land, and
+prospects of fair weather.
+
+                                                                 "SHAFTER,
+                                       "_Major-General U. S. Commanding._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The boys of '98 occupied the town of Aguadores before nightfall on the
+twenty-third of June, the Spaniards having applied the torch to many
+buildings before they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago,
+General Linares commanding in person, and close to his heels hung General
+Lawton and the advance of the American forces.
+
+_June 24._ It was evident that the Spanish intended to make a stand at
+Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and five miles from Santiago. The
+Americans were pressing them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining
+time to make preparations for an encounter, when the Rough Riders, as
+Colonel Wood's regiment was termed, and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell
+into an ambuscade. Then what will probably be known as the battle of La
+Quasina was fought.
+
+It is thus described by a correspondent of the Associated Press:
+
+That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to the route to be taken by
+the Americans in their movement toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by
+the careful preparations they had made.
+
+The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a hill, on the heavily wooded
+slopes of which had been erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular
+intrenchments of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of these hills run
+two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's men, and eight
+troops of the First and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers,
+advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies, rough and narrow,
+and at places almost impassable.
+
+In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a mile separated
+Roosevelt's men from the regulars, and between, and on both sides of the
+road in the thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards that must
+have been large, judging from the terrific and constant fire they poured
+in on the Americans.
+
+The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry, under General Young.
+A force of Spaniards was known to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and
+early in the morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's men started off up the
+precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack the enemy on his right
+flank. General Young at the same time took the road at the foot of the
+hill.
+
+  [Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.]
+
+About two and one-half miles out from Siboney some Cubans, breathless and
+excited, rushed into camp with the announcement that the Spaniards were
+but a little way in front, and were strongly entrenched. Quickly the
+Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought to the rear, while a strong
+scouting line was thrown out.
+
+Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward until a bend in
+the road disclosed a hill where the Spaniards were located. The guns were
+again brought to the front and placed in position, while the men crouched
+down in the road, waiting impatiently to give Roosevelt's men, who were
+toiling over the little trail along the crest of the hill, time to get up.
+
+At 7.30 A. M. General Young gave the command to the men at the Hotchkiss
+guns to open fire. That command was the signal for a fight that for
+stubbornness has seldom been equalled. The instant the Hotchkiss guns were
+fired, from the hillside commanding the road came volley after volley from
+the Mausers of the Spaniards.
+
+"Don't shoot until you see something to shoot at," yelled General Young,
+and the men, with set jaws and gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling
+along the edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as possible
+from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the troopers, some of them
+stripped to the waist, watching the base of the hill, and when any part of
+a Spaniard became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did they
+falter.
+
+One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a ragged wound in his thigh,
+coolly knelt behind a rock, loading and firing, and when told by one of
+his comrades that he was wounded, laughed and said:
+
+"Oh, that's all right. That's been there for some time."
+
+In the meantime, away off to the left could be heard the crack of the
+rifles of Colonel Wood's men, and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing
+of the Spaniards.
+
+Over there the American losses were the greatest. Colonel Wood's men, with
+an advance-guard well out in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but
+apparently with no flankers, went squarely into the trap set for them by
+the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering courage of the men in the face of
+a fire that would even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily
+have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard under the
+unfortunate Captain Capron, was almost surrounded, and but for the
+reinforcement hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have been
+killed or wounded.
+
+When the reserves came up there was no hesitation. Colonel Wood, with the
+right wing, charged straight at a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and
+Colonel Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up the men went,
+yelling like fiends, and never stopping to return the fire of the
+Spaniards, but keeping on with a grim determination to capture that
+blockhouse.
+
+That charge was the end. When within five hundred yards of the coveted
+point, the Spaniards broke and ran, and for the first time the boys of '98
+had the pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all through the
+engagement, of shooting with the enemy in sight.
+
+The losses among the Rough Riders were reported as thirteen killed and
+forty wounded; while the First Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward
+Marshall, a newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded.
+
+
+
+While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest of Juragua,
+Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that the Spaniards were endeavouring to
+destroy the railroad leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba.
+
+This road runs west along the seashore, under cover of the guns of the
+American fleet, until within three miles of El Morro, and then cuts
+through the mountains along the river into Santiago.
+
+When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered, the _New York_,
+_Scorpion_, and _Wasp_ closed in and cleared the hill and brush of
+Spaniards.
+
+_June 26._ The American lines were advanced to within four miles of
+Santiago, and the boys could look into the doomed city. It was possible to
+make accurate note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as
+men were astonished by the preparations which had been made.
+
+There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour batteries, sweeping
+in a semicircle to the eastward of the city, were rifle-pits and
+intrenchments skilfully arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line,
+completely shut off approach to the city, and in front of the
+entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences, or trochas.
+
+Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ throw
+into the batteries at the mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June
+26th, and next morning the evidences of her work could be seen on the
+western battery, a portion of which was in ruins. The water-mains which
+supplied the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and the doomed
+city thus brought so much nearer to capitulation.
+
+_July 1._ Knowing that with the close of June the American army was in
+readiness for a decisive action, the people waited anxiously, tearfully,
+for the first terrible word which should be received telling of slaughter
+and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of July 1st, when the
+cablegram given below was flashed over the wires to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                            "PLAYA DEL ESTE, July 1, 1898.
+
+"_A. G. O., U. S. Army, Washington_:
+
+"Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement to-day, which lasted from
+eight A. M. till sundown.
+
+"We have carried their outer works and are now in possession of them.
+
+"There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open country between my
+lines and city; by morning troops will be entrenched and considerable
+augmentation of forces will be there.
+
+"General Lawton's division and General Bates's brigade, which had been
+engaged all day in carrying El Caney, which was accomplished at four
+P. M., will be in line and in front of Santiago during the night.
+
+"I regret to say that our casualties will be above four hundred; of these
+not many are killed.
+
+                                (Signed) "W. R. SHAFTER, _Major-General_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI.
+
+
+                      EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.
+
+
+General W. R. Shafter, in his official report of the operations around
+Santiago, says:
+
+"On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about Santiago and made my plan
+of attack. From a high hill, from which the city was in plain view, I
+could see the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney. The roads were
+very poor and, indeed, little better than bridle-paths until the San Juan
+River and El Caney were reached. The position of El Caney, to the
+northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to the enemy, as holding
+the Guantanamo road, as well as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost
+that might be used to assail the right flank of any force operating
+against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided to begin the attack next
+day at El Caney with one division, while sending two divisions on the
+direct road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and as a diversion
+to direct a small force against Aguadores, from Siboney along the railroad
+by the sea, with a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards in
+the latter direction, and of preventing them from attacking our left
+flank.... But we were in a sickly climate; our supplies had to be brought
+forward by a narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time render
+impassable; fear was entertained that a storm might drive the vessels
+containing our stores to sea, thus separating us from our base of
+supplies, and, lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight
+thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route for Manzanillo, and
+might be expected in a few days. Under these conditions I determined to
+give battle without delay.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.]
+
+"Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in position around El Caney,
+Chaffee's brigade on the right across the Guantanamo road, Miles's brigade
+in the centre and Ludlow's on the left. The duty of cutting off the
+enemy's retreat along the Santiago road was assigned to the latter
+brigade. The artillery opened on the town at 6.15 A. M. The battle here
+soon became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy's position was
+naturally strong, and was rendered more so by blockhouses, a stone fort
+and entrenchments cut in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built
+stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy was greater than had
+been anticipated, and prevented Lawton from joining the right of the main
+line during the day, as had been intended. After the battle had continued
+for some time, Bates's brigade of two regiments reached my headquarters
+from Siboney. I directed him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if
+necessary. He did so, and was put in position between Miles and Chaffee.
+The battle continued with varying intensity during most of the day and
+until the place was carried by assault about 4.30 P. M. As the Spaniards
+endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road, Ludlow's position enabled
+him to do very effective work, and practically to cut off all retreat in
+that direction.
+
+"After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and the sound of the
+small-arms fire caused us to believe that Lawton was driving the enemy
+before him, I directed Grimes's battery to open fire from the heights of
+El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the enemy's entrenchments,
+extending along the crest of San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and
+the enemy could be seen running away from the vicinity of the blockhouse.
+The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon returned by the enemy's
+artillery. They evidently had the range of this hill, and their first
+shells killed and wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless
+powder, it was very difficult to locate the position of their pieces,
+while, on the contrary, the smoke caused by our black powder plainly
+indicated the position of our battery.
+
+"At this time the cavalry division, under General Sumner, which was lying
+concealed in the general vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered
+forward with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy to the
+right on the Santiago side, while Kent's division was to follow closely in
+its rear and deploy to the left. These troops moved forward in compliance
+with orders, but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable to
+retain the column of fours formation at all points, while the undergrowth
+on both sides was so dense as to preclude the possibility of deploying
+skirmishers. It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow, and
+the long-range rifles of the enemy's infantry killed and wounded a number
+of our men while marching along this road, and before there was any
+opportunity to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and Sumner
+were ordered to push forward with all possible haste, and place their
+troops in position to engage the enemy. General Kent, with this end in
+view, forced the head of his column alongside the cavalry column as far as
+the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried his arrival at the San Juan,
+and the formation beyond that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching
+the San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had approached well to the front
+in a war balloon. This information he furnished to the troops, resulting
+in Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was enabled to utilise
+the road to the left. General Wheeler, the permanent commander of the
+cavalry division, who had been ill, came forward during the morning, and
+later returned to duty and rendered most gallant and efficient service
+during the remainder of the day. After crossing the stream the cavalry
+moved to the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton's left when he
+would come up, with their left resting near the Santiago road.
+
+"In the meantime, Kent's division, with the exception of two regiments of
+Hawkins's brigade, being thus uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from
+the forks previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails, but
+more especially the one to the left, and, crossing the creek, formed for
+attack in the front of San Juan Hill. During this formation the Third
+Brigade suffered severely. While personally superintending this movement
+its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was killed. The command of the
+brigade then devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry,
+who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel Liscum,
+Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five minutes later, also fell under the
+terrible fire of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth Infantry.
+
+"While the formation just described was taking place, General Kent took
+measures to hurry forward his rear brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry
+were ordered to follow Wikoff's brigade, while the Twenty-first was sent
+on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade under General Hawkins,
+who had crossed the stream and formed on the right of the division. The
+Second and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding, moved forward
+in good order on the left of the division, passing over a green knoll, and
+drove the enemy back toward his trenches.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.]
+
+"After completing their formation under a destructive fire, advancing a
+short distance, both divisions found in their front a wide bottom, in
+which had been placed a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there
+was a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was strongly posted.
+Nothing daunted, these gallant men pushed on to drive the enemy from his
+chosen position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel
+Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed, and Colonel Carroll,
+Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all in the cavalry, were wounded. Great
+credit is due to Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself
+between his regiments, urged them on by voice and bugle-call to the attack
+so brilliantly executed.
+
+"In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to the gallant
+regimental commanders and their heroic men, for, while the generals
+indicated the formation and the points of attack, it was, after all, the
+intrepid bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted our
+colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the enemy from his
+trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining a position which sealed the fate of
+Santiago.
+
+"In the action on this part of the field, most efficient service was
+rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth Infantry, and the Gatling
+gun detachment under his command.
+
+"The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but our men held
+resolutely to the position gained at the cost of so much blood and toil.
+
+"On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield, at Siboney, to send
+forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of
+which had just arrived from the United States.
+
+"All day on the second the battle raged with more or less fury, but such
+of our troops as were in position at daylight held their ground, and
+Lawton gained a strong and commanding position on the right. About ten
+P. M. the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my lines, but he
+was repulsed at all points.
+
+"On the morning of the third the battle was renewed, but the enemy seemed
+to have expended his energy in the assault of the previous night, and the
+firing along the line was desultory."
+
+
+
+Such is the official report of the battle before Santiago, where were
+killed of the American forces twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded
+eighty officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total, 1,595.
+
+An account of any engagement is made more vivid by a recital of those who
+participated in the bloody work, since the commanding officer views the
+action as a whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the
+private, who may know little or nothing regarding the general outcome,
+understands full well what took place immediately around him. Mr. W. K.
+Hearst, the proprietor of the New York _Journal_, told the following
+graphic story in the columns of his paper:
+
+"I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback with Honore Laine,
+who is a colonel in the Cuban army. We rode over eight miles of difficult
+country which intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and the
+fighting line, which is being driven forward toward Santiago.
+
+"Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen. The Spaniards had
+formerly occupied it as a fort, and they knew precisely the distance to it
+from their guns, and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect
+knowledge of the range.
+
+"Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant way all over
+the tiled roof of the white house at the back of the ridge. It was the
+doors of this house which we were approaching for shelter, and later, when
+we came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel ball had passed
+clean through one of our cans of pressed beef which our pack-mule was
+carrying.
+
+"We turned here to the right toward our battery on the ridge. When we were
+half-way between the white house and the battery, the second shell which
+the Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not ten feet over
+the heads of our men. Six of our fellows were killed, and sixteen wounded.
+
+"The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then rallied and returned to
+their guns, and the firing went on. We passed from there to the right
+again, where General Shafter's war balloon was ascending. Six shells fell
+in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased firing.
+
+"The smoke clouds from our guns were forming altogether too plain a target
+for the Spaniards. There was no trace to be seen of the enemy's batteries,
+by reason of their use of smokeless powder.
+
+"Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain Capron's
+artillery, which had come through from Daiquiri without rest, could be
+heard banging away at Caney. We had started with a view of getting where
+we could observe artillery operations, so we directed our force thither.
+
+"We found Captain Capron blazing away with four guns, where he should have
+had a dozen. He had begun shelling Caney at four o'clock in the morning.
+It was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming to reduce the
+large stone fort which stood on the hill above the town and commanded it.
+Captain O'Connell had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the
+four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet. Since that time
+dozens of shells had struck the fort, but it was not yet reduced. It had
+been much weakened, however.
+
+"Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing toward this fort. As
+the cannon at our side would bang, and the shell would swish through the
+air with its querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its
+explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black specks of
+infantry dodging in and out among the groups of trees. Now they would
+disappear wholly from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying
+along the open spaces, over the grass-covered slopes, or across ploughed
+fields. The infantry firing was ceaseless, our men popping away
+continuously, as a string of firecrackers pops.
+
+"The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men. Many times we heard the
+volley fire, and saw the brave fellows pitch forward and lie still on the
+turf, while the others hurried on to the next protecting clump of bushes.
+
+"For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from slits in the stone
+fort, from their deep trenches, and from the windows of the town. For
+hours our men answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For hours
+cannon at our side banged and shells screamed through air and fell upon
+fort and town. Always our infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up
+on the village, till at last they formed under a group of mangrove-trees
+at the foot of the very hill on which the stone fort stood.
+
+"With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone fort was ours. Then you
+should have heard the yells that went up from the knoll on which our
+battery stood. Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their hats
+and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery stopped firing for fear
+we should hurt our own men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried
+across to take up a position near the infantry, who were now firing on
+Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery had not sent half a dozen
+shots from its new position before the musketry firing ceased, and the
+Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney in the direction of
+Santiago.
+
+"Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found that James Creelman, a
+_Journal_ correspondent with the infantry column, had been seriously
+wounded and was lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were still
+firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses and isolated trenches,
+from which the Spaniards could not safely retreat, flags of truce were
+waving.
+
+"Guns and side-arms were being taken away from such Spaniards as had
+outlived the pitiless fire, and their dead were being dumped without
+ceremony into the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.
+
+"When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found him, bloody and
+bandaged, lying on his back on a blanket on the ground, but shown all care
+and attention that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His first
+words to me were that he was afraid he could not write much of a story, as
+he was pretty well dazed, but if I would write for him he would dictate
+the best he could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman told me his
+story of the fight. Here it is:
+
+"'The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the fights I have seen, is
+the enormous amount of ammunition fired. There was a continuous roar of
+musketry from four o'clock in the morning until four in the afternoon.
+
+  [Illustration: VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.]
+
+"'Chaffee's brigade began the fight by moving along the extreme right,
+with Ludlow down in the low country to the left of Caney. General
+Chaffee's brigade consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth
+Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the extreme right.
+
+"'The formation was like two sides of an equilateral triangle, Ludlow to
+the south, and Chaffee to the east.
+
+"'Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we could see through the
+palm-trees and tangle of bushes the brown and blue figures of our soldiers
+in a line a mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush, firing as
+they went.
+
+"'Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing Caney, moved his troops
+very early in the morning, and the battle opened by Ludlow's artillery
+firing on the fort and knocking several holes in it.
+
+"'The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and town, and finally
+demolished the fort. Several times the Spaniards were driven from it, but
+each time they returned before our infantry could approach it.
+
+"'Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though they fired with great
+accuracy, it was ten hours before they finally reduced the stone fort on
+the hill and enabled our infantry to take possession.
+
+"'The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our attack, the Seventeenth
+held the right, while the Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied
+the centre.
+
+"'The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone houses of the town, and,
+furthermore, were massed in trenches on the east side of the fort. They
+fought like devils.
+
+"'From all the ridges round about the stream of fire was kept up on
+Chaffee's men, who were kept wondering how they were being wounded. For a
+time they thought General Ludlow's men were on the opposite side of the
+fort and were firing over it.
+
+"'The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks on the northwest
+corner of Caney, where the principal Spanish force lay, with their hats on
+sticks to deceive our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in a
+fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat under the pounding, but
+even then men were killed.
+
+"'General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the back of his head like a
+magnificent cowboy, urging his men on, crying to them to get in and help
+their country win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible to
+locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire comes from. When you stand
+up to see you get a bullet.
+
+"'We finally located the trenches, and could see the officers moving about
+urging their men. The enemy was making a turning movement to the right. To
+turn the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to get a
+blockhouse, which held the right of our line. General Chaffee detailed
+Captain Clark to approach and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the
+artillery had sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.
+
+"'Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope. I told them I had been
+on the ridge and knew the condition of affairs, so I would show them the
+way.
+
+"'We pushed right up to the trench around the fort, and, getting out our
+wire-cutters, severed the barbed wire in front of it. I jumped over the
+severed strand and got into the trench.
+
+"'It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an inferno of agony. Many
+men lay dead, with gleaming teeth, and hands clutching their throats.
+Others were crawling there alive.
+
+"'I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they held up their hands.
+
+"'Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish officer and four men
+alive, while seven lay dead in one room. The whole floor ran with blood.
+Blood splashed all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.
+
+"'Three poor wretches put their hands together in supplication. One had a
+white handkerchief tied on a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me.
+The other held up his hands, while the third began to pray and plead.
+
+"'I took the guns from all three and threw them outside the fort. Then I
+called some of our men and put them in charge of the prisoners.
+
+"'I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other side, and secured
+the Spanish flag. I displayed it to our troops, and they cheered lustily.
+
+"'Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was struck by a bullet
+from the trenches on the Spanish side.'"
+
+
+
+Before five o'clock, on the morning of July 2d, the crew of the flag-ship
+_New York_ was astir, eating a hurried breakfast.
+
+At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship headed in toward
+Aguadores, about three miles east of Morro Castle. The other ships
+retained their blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the smoke
+of an approaching train from Altares was seen. It was composed of open
+cars full of General Duffield's troops.
+
+At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train stopped, and the Cuban
+scouts proceeded along the railroad track. The troops got out of the cars,
+and soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly against the
+yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly above, shutting them off from the
+main body of the army, which was on the other side of the hill, several
+miles north.
+
+From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal, by a vigorously
+wigwagged letter, and a few minutes later, from a clump of green at the
+water's edge, came an answer from the army. This was the first co�peration
+for offensive purposes between the army and navy. The landing of the army
+at Daiquiri and Altares was purely a naval affair.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEWARK.]
+
+With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked like a butterfly.
+
+"Are you waiting for us to begin?" was the signal made by Rear-Admiral
+Sampson to the army.
+
+"General Duffield is ahead with the scouts," came the answer from the
+shore to the flag-ship.
+
+By this time it was seven A. M. The admiral ran the flag-ship's bow within
+three-quarters of a mile of the beach. She remained almost as near during
+the forenoon, and the daring way she was handled by Captain Chadwick,
+within sound of the breakers, made the Cuban pilot on board stare with
+astonishment.
+
+The _Suwanee_ was in company with the flag-ship, still closer inshore, and
+the _Gloucester_ was to the westward, near Morro Castle. From the
+southward the _Newark_ came up and took a position to the westward. Her
+decks were black with fifteen hundred or more troops.
+
+She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to disembark the troops
+at Altares.
+
+Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield:
+
+"When do you want us to commence firing?"
+
+In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the answer:
+
+"When the rest of the command arrives; then I will signal you."
+
+It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before the second fifty
+car-loads of troops came puffing along from Altares.
+
+By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open railroad tracks,
+disappearing in the thick brush that covered the eastern side of Aguadores
+inlet.
+
+The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of the big guns was
+growing hot in the burning sun.
+
+Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They were believed to be on the
+western bluff.
+
+Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into Santiago City. On the
+extremity of the western arm was an old castellated fort, from which the
+Spanish flag was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill,
+commanding the gully, two stretches of red earth could easily be seen
+against the brush. These were the rifle-pits.
+
+At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral Sampson to commence
+firing, and a minute later the _New York's_ guns blazed away at the
+rifle-pits and at the old fort.
+
+The _Suwanee_ and _Gloucester_ joined in the firing.
+
+Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be seen, but the ping,
+ping, of the small arms of the army floated out to sea during the
+occasional lull in the firing of the big guns, which peppered the
+rifle-pits until clouds of red earth rose above them.
+
+An 8-inch shell from the _Newark_ dropped in the massive old fort, and
+clouds of white dust and huge stones filled the air. When the small shells
+hit its battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments of masonry
+came tumbling down. A shot from the _Suwanee_ hit the eastern parapet, and
+it crumbled away. Amid the smoke and d�bris, the flagstaff was seen to
+fall forward.
+
+"The flag has been shot down!" shouted the ship's crew, but, when the
+smoke cleared away, the emblem of Spain was seen to be still flying and
+blazing brilliantly in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending toward
+the earth.
+
+A few more shots from the _Suwanee_ levelled the battlements until the old
+castle was a pitiful sight.
+
+When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the _Suwanee_ was anxious
+to finish his work, so he signalled to the _New York_, asking permission
+to knock down the Spanish flag.
+
+"Yes," replied Admiral Sampson, "if you can do it in three shots."
+
+The _Suwanee_ then lay about sixteen hundred yards from the old fort. She
+took her time. Lieutenant Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the
+crews of all the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement.
+
+When the smoke of the _Suwanee's_ first shot cleared away, only two red
+streamers of the flag were left. The shell had gone through the centre of
+the bunting.
+
+A delighted yell broke from the crew of the _Suwanee_.
+
+Two or three minutes later the _Suwanee_ fired again, and a huge cloud of
+d�bris rose from the base of the flagstaff.
+
+For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had been the effect of
+the shot. Then it was seen that the shell had only added to the ruin of
+the fort.
+
+The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence, and the _Suwanee_ only
+had one charge left. It seemed hardly possible for her to achieve her
+object with the big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target.
+
+There was breathless silence among the watching crews. They crowded on the
+ships' decks, and all eyes were on that tattered flag, bending toward the
+top of what had once been a grand old castle. But it was only bending, not
+yet down. Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their
+time. The _Suwanee_ changed her position slightly.
+
+Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up went a shooting cloud of
+d�bris from the parapet, and down fell the banner of Spain.
+
+Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be heard again. There
+was more excitement than witnessed at the finish of a college boat-race,
+or a popular race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big track.
+
+The _Suwanee's_ last shot had struck right at the base of the flagstaff,
+and had blown it clear of the wreckage, which had held it from finishing
+its fall.
+
+"Well done!" signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty.
+
+At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts reported that no
+damage had been done to the Spanish rifle-pits by the shells from the
+ships, and Admiral Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but
+that there was no one in the pits. However, the _Suwanee_ was ordered to
+fire a few more shots in their direction.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.]
+
+At 12.18 P. M. the _New York_ having discontinued fire at Aguadores,
+commenced firing 8-inch shells clear over the gully into the city of
+Santiago de Cuba. Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the
+hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible to tell, as the
+smoke hid everything. In reply to General Duffield's question:
+
+"What is the news?"
+
+Admiral Sampson replied:
+
+"There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits."
+
+Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts thought reinforcements
+were marching to the battered old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him:
+
+"There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the _Gloucester_ will take
+care of them."
+
+A little later the _Oregon_ joined the _New York_ intending 8-inch shells
+into the city of Santiago. This was kept up until 1.40 P. M. By that time
+General Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops could not cross
+the stream, but would return to Altares.
+
+On the report that some Spanish troops were still in the gully, the _New
+York_ and _Gloucester_ shelled it once more, and _Newark_, which had not
+fired, signalled:
+
+"Can I fire for target practice? Have had no previous opportunity."
+
+Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she blazed away, shooting
+well, her 6-inch shells exploding with remarkable force among the rocks.
+
+At 2.40 P. M. Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to cease firing, and the
+flag-ship returned to the blockading station.
+
+On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left for Altares.
+
+
+
+Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston _Globe_, thus relates his personal
+experience:
+
+"When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July 1st, every man was
+physically spent, and needed food and rest more than anything else. For a
+majority of the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make coffee;
+for the men of the hospital corps, the work of the day was commencing. At
+convenient points hospitals were established, and men from every company
+were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead and wounded.
+
+"It is the men of the hospital corps who have the ghastly side of war.
+There is never any popular glory for them; there is no passion of
+excitement to sustain them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under
+fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave. But all that is
+wanting when the surgeons go into action.
+
+"Men come staggering into the hospital with blood dripping from their
+wounds; squads of four follow one another rapidly, bearing stretchers and
+blankets, on which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.
+
+"To those of us at home who are in the habit of seeing our sick and
+injured treated with the utmost consideration and delicacy, who see the
+poor and outcast and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded with
+luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a battle-field are disposed of
+seems barbarous in the extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is
+nevertheless horrible.
+
+"As soon as men were brought in they were at once taken off the litters
+and placed on the bare ground. Time was too precious, and there were too
+many men needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher until
+the surgeon could reach him.
+
+"There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare ground with the sun
+streaming down on them, many of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet
+very few giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations for a
+time there was only one surgeon, who took every man in his turn, and
+necessarily had to make many of them wait a long time.
+
+"And yet these men were much more fortunate than many others, some of whom
+lay on the battle-field for twenty-four hours before they were found.
+There was no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain. Painful
+gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost roughly, until ambulances
+could be sent out to take the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.
+
+"It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were inadequate, and that
+many regiments went into action without a surgeon. From what I saw I think
+the criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were taken care of
+first,--the last duties to the dead could be performed later.
+
+"It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to come across an
+upturned face lying in a pool of blood, to see what was once a man, bent,
+and twisted, and doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight
+fell over the field, and at unexpected places one ran against this fruit
+of war and saw faces in the pallor of death made even more ghostlike by
+the light, while the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling
+vividness by the contrast.
+
+"We had won the battle, but our position was a somewhat precarious one.
+
+"Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger of the Spaniards
+breaking through and attacking us in the rear or left flank. To guard
+against this possibility, Lawton's division at El Caney was ordered to
+move on to El Pozo, and Kent's division was under orders to draw in its
+left. The men who had fought at El Caney were hoping to be allowed to
+sleep on the battle-field and obtain the rest which they so badly needed,
+but after supper they were placed under arms and the march commenced.
+
+"The Seventh U. S. Infantry led. It was a weird march. Immediately after
+leaving El Caney we crossed an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out,
+and the men were commanded to maintain absolute silence. We were in the
+heart of the enemy's country, and caution was necessary.
+
+"After crossing this field we came to a deep gully through which ran a
+swift stream almost knee-deep. Our way led across this stream, and there
+was only one means of getting over. That was to plunge in and splash
+through. Tired as we all were, after getting thoroughly wet our feet felt
+like lead, and marching was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.
+
+"We pressed steadily forward until we came to where the road forked off.
+Our directions had not been very explicit, we had no maps, and our
+commander took the road which he thought was the right one. It soon led
+between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on either side. The moon
+had disappeared behind the clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to
+ambuscade us we were at their mercy.
+
+"I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I think we would all
+rather have been out of that lane. The fear that your enemy may be
+crouching behind bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until he
+pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the nerves.
+
+"The command was frequently halted for the officers to consult, and after
+we had gone about a mile they concluded they were on the wrong road, and
+went to the right about. When we came out where we had started we found
+Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting silent on a big horse and watching a
+seemingly never-ending line of men marching past him. We fell into
+position and pushed on the road to Santiago.
+
+"How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It seemed interminable. My
+watch had run down and no one around me had the time. Finally we were
+ordered to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off their
+packs, and rest.
+
+"I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me weighed not less than two
+hundred pounds, on the muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing I
+knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was three o'clock, and I had
+been asleep for some hours. The regiment was again under arms, and was
+receiving ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from the rear. We
+pressed on until early dawn, when we were well in front of Santiago.
+Entrenchments were hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy. The
+enemy did not give us much time for rest. They made an assault upon our
+position early in the morning, which we repulsed....
+
+"While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us, they succeeded in forcing
+our artillery back, which had taken a position that subjected it to a
+withering infantry fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and
+entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made the position
+impregnable. The guns were so placed they could do tremendous destruction.
+
+"There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening the Spaniards opened
+up an attack along our entire line, with the intention, evidently, of
+taking us by surprise and rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their
+purpose was a failure."
+
+
+
+General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon and the capture of El
+Caney by his division during the first day's fighting, says:
+
+"It may not be out of place to call attention to this peculiar phase of
+the battle.
+
+"It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched within a compact
+town of stone and concrete houses, some with walls several feet thick, and
+supported by a number of covered solid stone forts, and the enemy
+continued to resist until nearly every man was killed or wounded, with a
+seemingly desperate resolution."
+
+
+
+It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth Infantry, who shot and
+disabled General Linares, the commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago.
+The Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan Hill was taken,
+during the first day's fighting. The American saw a Spaniard, evidently a
+general officer, followed by his staff, riding frantically about the
+Spanish position, rallying his men.
+
+Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser's permission to try a shot at
+the officer, and greatly regretted to find the request refused. Major Bole
+was consulted. He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else should
+fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into his rifle, adjusted the
+sights for one thousand yards, and fired. The shell fell short. Then he
+put in another, raised the sights for another one thousand yards, took
+careful aim, and let her go. The officer on the white horse threw up his
+arms and fell forward.
+
+"That is for Corporal Joyce," said McKinnery as he saw that his ball had
+reached the mark. The officer on the white horse was General Linares
+himself. It was afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder.
+He immediately relinquished the command to General Toral.
+
+
+
+On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent the following cablegram to
+the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                          "HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS,
+                                                           "NEAR SANTIAGO.
+
+"To-night my lines completely surrounded the town from beyond the north of
+the city to point of San Juan River on the south. The enemy holds from
+west bend San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city. General
+Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away, and will not get into
+Santiago.
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SHAFTER."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication given below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   "HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS, July 3.
+
+"The following is my demand for the surrender of the city of Santiago:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"'HEADQUARTERS U. S. FORCES, NEAR SAN JUAN RIVER, CUBA, July 3, 1898, 8.30
+                                                                     A. M.
+
+"'TO THE COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE SPANISH FORCES, Santiago de Cuba.
+
+"'_Sir_:--I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to shell Santiago de
+Cuba. Please inform the citizens of foreign countries and all women and
+children that they should leave the city before ten o'clock to-morrow
+morning. Very respectfully,
+
+                         "'Your obedient servant,
+                                                          "'W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                              "'_Major-General, U. S. A._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst has returned at 6.30
+P. M.:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "'SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 2 P. M., July 3, 1898.
+
+"'HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GENERAL COMMANDING FORCES OF UNITED STATES, San Juan
+River.
+
+"'_Sir_:--I have the honour to reply to your communication of to-day,
+written at 8.30 A. M. and received at 1 P. M., demanding the surrender of
+this city; on the contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard
+this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and children that they
+must leave the city before ten o'clock to-morrow morning. It is my duty to
+say to you that this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the
+foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your message.
+
+                           "'Very respectfully,
+                                                             "'JOSE TORAL,
+                                    "'_Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian consuls have come to my
+line with Colonel Dorst. They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of
+Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o'clock of fifth instant
+before city is fired on. They claim that there are between fifteen
+thousand and twenty thousand people, many of them old, who will leave.
+They ask if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for want of
+transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles from my landing. The
+following is my reply:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"'THE COMMANDING GENERAL SPANISH FORCES,
+"'Santiago de Cuba.
+
+"'_Sir_:--In consideration of the request of the consuls and officers in
+your city for delay in carrying out my intention to fire on the city, and
+in the interest of the poor women and children, who will suffer very
+greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the city, I have the
+honour to announce that I will delay such action solely in their interest
+until noon of the fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make
+no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I am, with great respect,
+
+                         "'Your obedient servant,
+                                                         "'W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                               "'_Major-General U. S. A._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SHAFTER,
+                                             "_Major-General Commanding_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+                            THE SPANISH FLEET.
+
+
+                               "_Don't cheer; the poor devils are dying._"
+
+
+It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American squadron lay off
+Santiago Harbour intent only on blockade duty. No signs of life were
+visible about old Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After
+two days of fighting the armies of both nations were resting in their
+trenches.
+
+The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the land. The battle-ship
+_Massachusetts_, the protected cruiser _New Orleans_, and Commodore
+Watson's flag-ship, the cruiser _Newark_, were absent, coaling fifty miles
+or more away.
+
+Shortly before nine o'clock Admiral Sampson, desiring to ascertain the
+exact condition of the Spanish coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the
+flag-ship to go that way, and after flying the signal, "Disregard the
+motions of the commander-in-chief," the _New York_ steamed leisurely off
+to the eastward.
+
+The little _Gloucester_ lay nearest the shore; the _Vixen_ was opposite in
+a straight line, and to the eastward of her about five miles. A mile or
+less from the _Gloucester_, to the seaward, was the _Indiana_. Nearly as
+far from the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the _Oregon_. The
+_Iowa_ was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying four miles from the
+harbour entrance; next her, to the eastward, each vessel slightly nearer
+inshore, were the _Texas_ and the _Brooklyn_ in the order named.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL WEYLER.]
+
+Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long line of black smoke.
+On board the fleet religious services were being held, but the lookouts of
+every ship were at their stations.
+
+Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was seen coming out past
+the point of the harbour, and instantly all was seemingly confusion on the
+big fighting machines.
+
+"The enemy is escaping," was the signal run up on Commodore Schley's
+flag-ship, and within a few seconds the roar of a 6-pounder on the _Iowa_
+broke the stillness of the Sabbath morning.
+
+It was as if every American vessel was put in motion at the same instant,
+and even as the flag-ship's signal appeared, the clouds of dense smoke
+from their stacks told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already begun
+their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for all the fleet.
+
+John R. Spear, author of "The History of our Navy," who was with Sampson's
+fleet, wrote this complete story of the marvellous naval battle off
+Santiago and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the _World_:
+
+"The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the men of the American
+batteries were standing erect and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting
+for the order to commence firing, and watching out of the corners of their
+eyes the boys who were still sprinkling the decks with sand that no one's
+foot might slip when blood began to flow across the planks.
+
+"But though silence prevailed among the guns, down in the sealed
+stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels that sprayed the coal over
+the glowing grate-bars, the song of the fans that raised the air pressure,
+and the throb of pump and engine made music for the whole crew, for the
+steam-gauges were climbing, and the engineers were standing by the
+wide-open throttles as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.
+
+"For, as it happened, the _Texas_ had been lying directly off the harbour,
+and a little more than two miles away the _Iowa_ was but a few lengths
+farther out and to the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and
+'Fighting Bob' Evans of the other, were both on deck when the cry was
+raised announcing the enemy. Hastening to their bridges, they headed away
+at once for the Spaniards, while the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ went
+flying to westward to intercept the leader.
+
+"The mightiest race known to the history of the world, and the most
+thrilling, was begun.
+
+"They were all away in less time than it has taken the reader to get thus
+far in the story, and in much less time still,--indeed, before the gongs in
+the engine-rooms of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate under the
+imperative order of 'Ahead, full speed!'--the _Almirante Oquendo_, fugitive
+as she was, had opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet
+more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of his long 11-inch
+hontoria rifles in the direction of the _Texas_ and pulled the lanyard.
+The shell came shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.]
+
+"Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet above the water, and
+those of the Socapa battery, lying higher still, with all the batteries
+beneath those two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with
+frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.
+
+"Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance of the first Spaniard
+to the firing of the first American gun.
+
+"In these three minutes the distance between the squadrons was lessened by
+at least a mile,--the range was not more than two thousand yards.
+
+"But while two thousand yards is the range (about one and one-sixth miles)
+selected for great gun target practice, it will never do for an eager
+fight, and as the trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to
+southward, the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to fifteen
+hundred yards before they were obliged to head a course parallel with the
+Spaniards.
+
+"Meantime the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_, as they were stretching away
+toward the coast, had opened fire also, and then the last of the big
+Spaniards, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_, having rounded the point, the
+magnificent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea--of a battle
+between four of the best modern armed cruisers on the Spanish side,
+against three battle-ships and an armoured cruiser on our side--was spread
+out to view.
+
+"And their best was the worst struggle the world ever saw, for it was a
+struggle to get out of range while firing with hysterical vehemence their
+unaimed guns.
+
+"The first shot from the American ships fell short, and a second, in like
+fashion, dropped into the sea. At that the gunner said things to himself
+under his breath (it was in the forward turret of the _Iowa_), and tried
+it once more.
+
+"For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke shrouded the turret, but as
+that thinned away the eager crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the
+hull of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_. Instantly it exploded with tremendous
+effect. Flame and smoke belched from the hole the shell had made, and
+puffed from port and hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast
+rolled up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the woodwork had
+taken fire and was burning fiercely all over the after part of the
+stricken ship.
+
+"The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that sight swelled to a
+roar of triumph a moment later, for as he saw that smoke, the captain of
+the _Teresa_ threw her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky
+beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.
+
+"And then came Wainwright of the _Maine_,--Lieut.-Commander Richard
+Wainwright, who for weeks conducted the weary search for the dead bodies
+of shipmates on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He was captain of the
+_Gloucester_, that was once known as the yacht _Corsair_. A swift and
+beautiful craft she, but only armed with lean 6-pounders.
+
+"'Ahead, full speed,' said Wainwright.
+
+"And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the wake of the mighty
+_Maria Teresa_ came Spain's two big torpedo-boats, called destroyers,
+because of their size,--the _Pluton_ and the _Furor_. Either was more than
+a match for the _Gloucester_, for one carried two 12-pounders, and the
+other two 14-pounders, besides the 6-pounders that both carried.
+
+"Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the _Gloucester_ by at least ten
+knots per hour. But both had thin-plated sides. The shells of the
+_Gloucester_ could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with the
+memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his mind.
+
+"The two boats--even the whole Spanish fleet--were still within easy range
+of the Spanish forts, and to reach his choice of enemies the _Gloucester_
+was obliged to risk not only the land fire, but that of the _Vizcaya_ and
+the _Teresa_. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats steered toward the
+_Brooklyn_, evidently bound to torpedo her, Wainwright headed them off,
+and they never got beyond range of the forts.
+
+"The shots they threw at him outweighed his three to one, but theirs flew
+wild, and his struck home.
+
+"The day of the destroyers was done. As the big _Maria Teresa_ turned
+toward the shore, these two destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled
+fluttering and splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as
+they fled.
+
+"While the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ was on fire, and running for the beach,
+her crew was still working their guns, and the big _Vizcaya_ was handily
+by to double the storm of projectiles she was hurling at the _Iowa_ and
+_Texas_.
+
+"It was not that the _Vizcaya's_ crew were manfully striving to protect
+the _Teresa_; they were making the snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime
+to escape the relentless Yankees that were closing upon them. For both the
+_Texas_ and the _Iowa_ had the range, and it was only when the smoke of
+their own guns blinded them that their fire was withheld, or a shot went
+astray.
+
+"The _Iowa_ and the _Texas_ had headed off both the _Vizcaya_ and the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_, while the _Indiana_ was coming with tremendous
+speed to join them.
+
+"And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch shell from the _Texas_ went
+crashing into the stoke-hole, and the _Vizcaya_,--the ship whose beauty and
+power once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled pleasure and
+fear--was mortally wounded. Hope was gone, and with helm aport she headed
+away for the beach, as her consort had done.
+
+"The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o'clock, and at 9.58 two of the
+magnificent armoured cruisers of the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming
+wrecks on the Cuban beach, with the _Texas_ rounding to less than a
+thousand yards away off the stern of the _Vizcaya_.
+
+"For a moment the _Texas_ tarried there to let the smoke clear, and to see
+accurately the condition of the enemy, but while her gunners were taking
+aim for a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the _Vizcaya_,
+with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down the fever-hued ensign
+from her peak and hoisted the white flag instead.
+
+"'Cease firing!' commanded Captain Jack Philip of the _Texas_.
+
+"So far as the _Vizcaya_ and the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ were concerned,
+the battle--and for that matter the war--was ended.
+
+"Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red flame, rolled from every port
+and shot hole of the _Vizcaya_, as from the _Teresa_. They were both
+furnaces of glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour to certain
+battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition in the quarters either of
+officers or men had been taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent
+ashore. Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden fixtures been
+prepared to resist fire. Apparently the crew had not even wet down the
+decks.
+
+"But the _Texas_ tarried at this gruesome scene only for a moment. They
+wished only to make sure that the two Spaniards were really out of the
+fight, and when they saw the _Iowa_ was going to stand by both, away they
+went to join the race between the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ on our side,
+and the _Cristobal Colon_ and _Almirante Oquendo_ on the other.
+
+"In spite of the original superior speed on the part of the Spaniards, and
+in spite of the delay on the part of the _Texas_, the Spaniards were not
+yet wholly out of range, though the _Cristobal Colon_ was reaching away at
+a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.
+
+"Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen, stripped to their trousers,
+plied their shovels and raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships
+were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were driven as never before
+since their trial trips. The Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had
+turned us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that neither tusks
+nor legs could save.
+
+"For while the _Colon_ was showing a speed that was the equal at least of
+our own _Brooklyn_, long-headed Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging
+the coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance to cut her off
+or drive her out to sea.
+
+"Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards, Schley headed straight
+for that point,--took the shortest cut for it, so to speak,--and in that way
+drew steadily ahead of the _Colon_, leaving to the _Oregon_ and _Texas_
+the task of holding the Spaniards from turning out across the _Brooklyn's_
+stern.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. IOWA.]
+
+"It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of the gallant officer,
+and it won.
+
+"The task of the battle-ships was well within their powers. It is not
+without reason that both the _Oregon_ and the _Texas_ are the pride of the
+nation as well as of their crews.
+
+"The _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ had hurled a relentless fire at the
+flying Spaniards, and it had told on the _Almirante Oquendo_ with
+increasing effect.
+
+"For the _Oregon_ was fair on the _Oquendo's_ beam, and there was not
+enough armour on any Spanish ship to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles
+the ship from the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.
+
+"At ten o'clock sharp the _Oquendo_ was apparently still fore and aft, but
+within five minutes she wavered and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship
+though she was, she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and
+fled for life to the beach.
+
+"The _Texas_ was coming with unflagging speed astern, and off to the east
+could be seen the flag-ship of Admiral Sampson racing as never before to
+get a shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by Commodore
+Schley to call her, and it had met her coming at the call of the guns of
+the Spanish fleet. She had overhauled and passed the _Indiana_ long since,
+and was well-nigh abreast of the _Texas_. So the _Oregon_, in order to vie
+with the _New York_ in the last of the mighty race, abandoned the
+_Oquendo_ to her fate and stretched away after the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"Some of the crew who looked back saw the _Texas_ bring to near the
+_Oquendo_, and then the sea trembled under the impulse of a tremendous
+explosion on board the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke
+filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they been near enough
+they would have heard the crew of the _Texas_ start in to cheer, and have
+heard as well the voice of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to
+check it:
+
+"'Don't cheer; the poor devils are dying.'
+
+"Only a man fit to command could have had that thought.
+
+"The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the Spanish squadron
+remained, and she was now in the last desperate struggle, the flurry of a
+monster of the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows through
+gilded glasses at the _Brooklyn_ forging ahead far off their port bow; at
+the _Oregon_ within range off the port quarter; at the _New York_ just
+getting the range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They shivered
+in unison with the quivering hulk as shot after shot struck home. They
+screamed at their crews and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews
+worked with drunken desperation, but down in the stoke-hole the firemen
+plied their shovels with a will and a skill that formed the most
+surprising feature of the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this
+was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put to the full test the
+powers of the men of the three ships in chase.
+
+"In the open sea they might have led the Yankees for an hour or more
+beyond, but the strategy of Schley had cut them off, and yet it was not
+until 1.15 o'clock--three hours and three-quarters after the first gun of
+the _Oquendo_--that the _Colon's_ gallant captain lost all hope, and, from
+a race to save the ship, turned to the work of destroying her, so that we
+should not be able to float the stars and stripes above her.
+
+"The _Oregon_ had drawn up abeam of her, and was about a mile away. The
+shots from the _New York_ astern were beginning to tell, and those from
+the _Brooklyn_ had all along been smiting her in the face.
+
+"Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard aground near
+Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago, and then hauled down her flag.
+
+"The most powerful sea force that ever fought under the American flag had
+triumphed; the most remarkable race in the history of the world was
+ended."
+
+On board the flag-ship _New York_ is published a tiny daily newspaper, 4 �
+7 inches in size, with the name "Squadron Bulletin" on the title-page.
+Following is the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as given
+in that publication:
+
+"This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as dating the entire
+destruction of Admiral Cervera's formidable fleet; the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Oquendo_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the deep-sea
+torpedo-boats _Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+"The flag-ship had started from her station about nine to go to Siboney,
+whence the admiral had proposed going for a consultation with General
+Shafter; the other ships, with the exception of the _Massachusetts_ and
+_Suwanee_, which had, unfortunately, gone this morning to Guantanamo for
+coal, were in their usual positions, viz., beginning at the east, the
+_Gloucester_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Brooklyn_, and
+_Vixen_.
+
+"When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and about four miles east of
+her usual position, the Spanish fleet was observed coming out and making
+westward in the following order: _Infanta Maria Teresa_ (flag), _Vizcaya_,
+_Cristobal Colon_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Furor_, and _Pluton_.
+
+"They were at once engaged by the ships nearest, and the result was
+practically established in a very short time. The heavy and rapid shell
+fire was very destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_, _Almirante Oquendo_, and _Vizcaya_ were run ashore in the
+order named, afire and burning fiercely. The first ship was beached at
+Nima, nine and one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan
+Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos, fifteen miles. The
+torpedo-boat destroyers were both sunk, one near the beach, the other in
+deep water about three miles west of the harbour entrance.
+
+"The remaining ship, the _Cristobal Colon_, stood on and gave a long chase
+of forty-eight miles, in which the _Brooklyn_, _Oregon_, _Texas_, _Vixen_,
+and _New York_ took part. The _Colon_ is reputed by her captain to have
+been going at times as much as seventeen and a half knots, but they could
+not keep this up, chiefly on account of the fatigue of her men, who, many
+of them, had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had been, while
+there, long without food; her average speed was actually thirteen and
+seven-tenths knots, the ship leaving the harbour at 9.43 A. M., and
+reaching Rio Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance) at 1.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA'S FLEET.]
+
+"She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and, seeing no chance of an
+escape from so overwhelming a force, the heavy shells of the _Oregon_
+already dropping around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino and
+hauled down her flag.
+
+"She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves were treacherously
+opened, and in spite of all efforts she gradually sank, and now lies near
+the beach in water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she may be
+floated, as she was far the finest ship of the squadron. All her breech
+plugs were thrown overboard after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of
+her Mauser rifles thrown away.
+
+"The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven P. M., and then
+returned to Santiago. The _Texas_, _Oregon_, and _Vixen_ remained by the
+prize. Commodore second in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first
+class, Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don Emilio Moreu,
+commanding the _Colon_, and Teniente de Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas,
+aid and secretary to the commodore, were taken on board the _New York_.
+The 525 men of the crew of the _Colon_ were placed aboard the _Resolute_,
+which came from Santiago to report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser,
+which turned out to be the Austrian _Maria Teresa_. The other officers
+were placed aboard the _Resolute_ and _Vixen_.
+
+"Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken off the shore by the
+_Gloucester_, and transferred to the _Iowa_, which ship had already taken
+off many from the _Vizcaya_; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on
+board the _Iowa_, and seven officers and 203 men were aboard the
+_Indiana_.
+
+"All these were in a perfectly destitute condition, having been saved by
+swimming, or having been taken from the water by our boats. Admiral
+Cervera was in a like plight. He was received with the usual honours when
+he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the _Iowa's_ crew."
+
+
+
+The Independence Day number is very brief. It announces that the prisoners
+are to be sent north on the _Harvard_ and _St. Louis_; that they number
+1,750; that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six hundred; that
+General Pando had reached Santiago with five thousand men; that the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Marblehead_ had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal,
+and then tells of the _Reina Mercedes's_ skirmish on that day, saying:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. INDIANA.]
+
+"Just before midnight of this date the _Massachusetts_, which was in front
+of the port with her search-light up to the entrance, reported an enemy's
+vessel coming out, and she and the _Texas_ fired a number of shots in the
+direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also opened, and a number of
+shell fell at various points, the attention paid by the batteries to the
+ships being general. The _Indiana_ was struck on the starboard side of the
+quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on reaching the second deck
+near the ward-room ladder; it caused a fire which was quickly
+extinguished. This was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The
+vessel inside turned out to be the _Reina Mercedes_, which was sunk on the
+east edge of the channel just by the Estrella battery. She heads north,
+and is canted over to port with her port rail under water. She does not
+appear to obstruct the channel."
+
+The issue of July 5th is of greater interest:
+
+"Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat _Ericsson_, on the third
+instant, was unfortunately omitted. She was in company with a flag-ship,
+and turned at once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing away from
+the _New York_ she signalled, asking permission to continue in chase, but
+she was directed to pick up two men in the water, which she did, and on
+reaching the _Vizcaya_ she was directed by the _Iowa_, the flag-ship
+having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of the _Vizcaya's_ crew. She
+took off eleven officers and ninety men. The guns of the _Vizcaya_ during
+the operation were going off from the heat, and explosions were frequent,
+so that the work was trying and perilous for the boats of the two vessels
+(_Iowa_ and _Ericsson_) engaged.
+
+"The former report from the army, which was official, regarding General
+Pando's entry into Santiago, was an error. General Shafter thought that he
+had been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his men only had been
+able to do so; the general himself and his remaining force, it is thought,
+will not be able.
+
+"The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint. The flag-ship went
+to the wrecks of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ and the _Almirante_. The
+former lies in an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal
+draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned out inside above
+her protective deck, but the shell of her hull seems very good, and her
+machinery is probably not seriously injured.
+
+"It looks very much as if she were salvable. The _Almirante_ was much
+worse off. She had been subjected to a much heavier gun fire, being racked
+and torn in every part; she is much more out of water, and the forward
+part is much distorted and torn by the explosion of her magazine and
+torpedoes. The loss of life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn
+everywhere, the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room, particularly,
+was almost covered. The torpedo exploded in the tube; it may be by a shot.
+This is a question which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The fact
+of so many bodies being about would seem to bear this out, but two of her
+crew, taken off the beach this afternoon, were questioned, and both stated
+that it was the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is just below, and that
+many wounded came up that far and were suffocated. The two men were
+intelligent young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the gun fire
+was such that it was impossible to keep the men at the guns. One was a
+powder passer, the other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two
+officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a 6-pounder shell
+between the top of the turret and the gun shield. Altogether the ship was
+a most striking instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may
+accomplish. She was terribly battered about.
+
+"While the flag-ship was lying near the _Almirante_, and her steam cutter
+was alongside, and a small boat from the press tug _Hercules_ lying on the
+starboard quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and a piece
+went through the tug's boat, cutting it in two; the man in the boat was
+not hurt. It is somewhat extraordinary that this shell should have waited
+so long to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well cooled
+off. There was still much heat and some flames about the bow. One
+extraordinary fact is the survival, in proper shape, of many powder
+grains, baked hard; several of these were picked up about the deck.
+
+"A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief to report in detail
+upon the stranded ships."
+
+
+
+On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his official report, which
+is given in full:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "U. S. FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, FIRST RATE, OFF
+                                    SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+"_Sir_:--I have the honour to make the following report upon the battle
+with and the destruction of the Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral
+Cervera, off Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:
+
+"2. The enemy's vessels came out of the harbour between 9.35 and 10 A. M.,
+the head of the column appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging
+from the channel five or six minutes later.
+
+"3. The positions of the vessels of my command off Santiago at that moment
+were as follows: The flag-ship _New York_ was four miles east of her
+blockading station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance. She
+had started for Siboney, where I had intended to land, accompanied by
+several of my staff, and go to the front to consult with General Shafter.
+A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding between
+us of the operations proposed, had been rendered necessary by the
+unexpectedly strong resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.
+
+"I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day before to arrange an
+interview with General Shafter, who had been suffering from heat
+prostration. I made arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my
+flag-ship was in the position mentioned above when the Spanish squadron
+appeared in the channel.
+
+"The remaining vessels were in or near their usual blockading positions,
+distributed in a semicircle about the harbour entrance, counting from the
+eastward to the westward in the following order: The _Indiana_, about a
+mile and a half from shore, the _Oregon_,--the _New York's_ place between
+these two,--the _Iowa_, _Texas_, and _Brooklyn_, the latter two miles from
+the shore west of Santiago.
+
+"The distance of the vessels from the harbour entrance was two and a half
+to four miles,--the latter being the limit of day blockading distance. The
+length of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.
+
+"The _Massachusetts_ had left at four A. M. for Guantanamo for coal. Her
+station was between the _Iowa_ and _Texas_. The auxiliaries, _Gloucester_
+and _Vixen_, lay close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than
+the large vessels, the _Gloucester_ to the eastward and the _Vixen_ to the
+westward.
+
+"The torpedo-boat _Ericsson_ was in company with the flag-ship, and
+remained with her during the chase until ordered to discontinue, when she
+rendered very efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning
+_Vizcaya_. I enclose a diagram showing approximately the positions of the
+vessels as described above.
+
+"4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the harbour, at a speed
+estimated at from eight to ten knots, and in the following order: _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ (flag-ship), _Vizcaya_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the
+_Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+"The distance between these ships was about eight hundred yards, which
+means that, from the time the first one became visible in the upper reach
+of the channel until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval of
+only about twelve minutes elapsed.
+
+"Following the _Oquendo_, at a distance of about twelve hundred yards,
+came the torpedo-boat destroyer _Pluton_, and after her came the _Furor_.
+The armoured cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to bear,
+opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels, and emerged from the
+channel shrouded in the smoke from their guns.
+
+"5. The men of our ships in front of the port were at Sunday 'quarters for
+inspection.' The signal was given simultaneously from several vessels,
+'Enemy's ships escaping,' and general quarters were sounded. The men
+cheered as they sprang to their guns, and fire was opened, probably within
+eight minutes, by the vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.
+
+"The _New York_ turned about and steamed for the escaping fleet, flying
+the signal, 'Close in toward harbour entrance and attack vessels,' and
+gradually increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she was
+making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly closing on the
+_Cristobal Colon_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OREGON.]
+
+"She was not, at any time, within the range of the heavy Spanish ships,
+and her only part in the firing was to receive the undivided fire from the
+forts in passing the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at one of
+the destroyers, thought at the moment to be attempting to escape from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+"6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour, turned to the westward
+in column, increasing their speed to the full power of their engines. The
+heavy blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the Morro, at the
+instant of the enemy's appearance, and at their best speed, delivered a
+rapid fire, well sustained and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed and
+silenced the Spanish fire.
+
+"The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them rapidly past the
+blockading vessels, and the battle developed into a chase in which the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Texas_ had at the start the advantage of position. The
+_Brooklyn_ maintained this lead.
+
+"The _Oregon_, steaming with amazing speed from the commencement of the
+action, took first place. The _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_ having done good
+work, and not having the speed of the other ships, were directed by me, in
+succession, at about the time the _Vizcaya_ was beached, to drop out of
+the chase and resume blockading stations. These vessels rescued many
+prisoners. The _Vixen_, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships would
+put her between two fires, ran outside of our own column and remained
+there during the battle and chase.
+
+"7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the _Gloucester_ excited
+the admiration of every one who witnessed it, and merits the commendation
+of the Navy Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected auxiliary
+vessel,--the yacht _Corsair_,--and has a good battery of light rapid-fire
+guns.
+
+"She was lying about two miles from the harbour entrance to the southward
+and eastward, and immediately steamed in, opening fire upon the large
+ships.
+
+"Anticipating the appearance of the _Pluton_ and _Furor_, the _Gloucester_
+was slowed, thereby gaining more rapidly a high pressure of steam, and
+when the destroyers came out she steamed for them at full speed and was
+able to close at short range, where her fire was accurate, deadly, and of
+great volume.
+
+"During this fight the _Gloucester_ was under the fire of the Socapa
+battery. Within twenty minutes from the time they emerged from Santiago
+Harbour the careers of the _Furor_ and the _Pluton_ were ended, and
+two-thirds of their people killed. The _Furor_ was beached and sunk in the
+surf; the _Pluton_ sank in deep water a few minutes later. The destroyer
+probably suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary batteries of
+the battle-ships _Iowa_, _Indiana_, and the _Texas_, yet I think a very
+considerable factor in their speedy destruction was the fire, at close
+range, of the _Gloucester's_ battery.
+
+"After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the _Gloucester_ did
+excellent service in landing and securing the crew of the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_.
+
+"8. The method of escape attempted by the Spaniards--all steering in the
+same direction, and in formation--removed all practical doubts or
+difficulties, and made plain the duty of every United States vessel to
+close in, immediately engage and pursue. This was promptly and effectively
+done.
+
+"As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish squadron carried it past
+a number of the blockading ships, which could not immediately work up to
+their best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and the _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ and the _Oquendo_ were probably set on fire by the shells
+fired during the first fifteen minutes of the engagement. It was afterward
+learned that the _Infanta Maria Teresa's_ fire main had been cut by one of
+our first shots, and that she was unable to extinguish the fire.
+
+"With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower deck aft these
+vessels gave up both fight and flight, and ran in on the beach, the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_ at about 10.15 A. M., at Nima, nine and one-half
+miles from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the _Almirante Oquendo_ at about
+10.30 A. M., at Juan Gonzales, seven miles from the port.
+
+"9. The _Vizcaya_ was still under the fire of the leading vessels. The
+_Cristobal Colon_ had drawn ahead, leading the chase, and soon passed
+beyond the range of the guns of the leading American ships. The
+_Viz__caya_ was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore and was
+beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles from Santiago, burning fiercely, and
+with her reserves of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.
+
+"When about ten miles west of Santiago the _Indiana_ had been signalled to
+go back to the harbour entrance, and at Acerraderos the _Iowa_ was
+signalled to 'resume blockading station.' The _Iowa_, assisted by the
+_Ericsson_ and the _Hist_, took off the crew of the _Vizcaya_, while the
+_Harvard_ and the _Gloucester_ rescued those of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+"This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded from the burning Spanish
+vessels, was the occasion of some of the most daring and gallant conduct
+of the day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns and reserve
+ammunition were exploding, and it was not known at what moment the fire
+would reach the main magazine.
+
+"In addition to this a heavy surf was running just inside of the Spanish
+ships. But no risk deterred our officers and men until their work of
+humanity was complete.
+
+"10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only the _Cristobal Colon_,
+but she was their best and fastest vessel. Forced by the situation to hug
+the Cuban coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and sustained
+speed.
+
+"When the _Vizcaya_ went ashore the _Colon_ was about six miles ahead of
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_, but her spurt was finished, and the
+American ships were now gaining upon her. Behind the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Oregon_ came the _Texas_, _Vixen_, and _New York_.
+
+"It was evident from the bridge of the _New York_ that all the American
+ships were gradually overhauling the chase, and that she had no chance of
+escape. At 12.50 the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ opened fire and got her
+range,--the _Oregon's_ heavy shells striking beyond her,--and at 1.20 she
+gave up without firing another shot, hauled down her colours and ran
+ashore at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.
+
+"Captain Cook of the _Brooklyn_ went on board to receive the surrender.
+While his boat was alongside I came up in the _New York_, receiving his
+report, and placed the _Oregon_ in charge of the wreck to save her, if
+possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred to the _Resolute_,
+which had followed the chase. Commodore Schley, whose chief of staff had
+gone on board to receive the surrender, had directed that all their
+personal effects should be retained by the officers. This order I did not
+modify.
+
+"The _Cristobal Colon_ was not injured by our firing, and probably is not
+injured by beaching, though she ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so
+steep that she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea valves were
+opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure, after her surrender, and
+despite all efforts she sank. When it became evident that she could not be
+kept afloat she was pushed by the _New York_ bodily upon the beach, the
+_New York's_ stem being placed against her for this purpose, the ship
+being handled by Captain Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in
+shoal water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she would have gone
+down in deep water, and would have been to a certainty a complete loss.
+
+"11. I regard this complete and important victory over the Spanish forces
+as the successful finish of several weeks of arduous and close blockade,
+so stringent and effective during the night that the enemy was deterred
+from making the attempt to escape at night, and deliberately elected to
+make the attempt in daylight. That this was the case I was informed by the
+commanding officer of the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the manner in which this was
+accomplished. The harbour of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there
+being but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep water extending
+close up to the shore line, presenting no difficulties of navigation
+outside of the entrance. At the time of my arrival before the port, June
+1st, the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light during the
+night to enable any movement outside of the entrance to be detected; but
+with the waning of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was
+opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats to make an
+attack upon the blockading vessels.
+
+"It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the _Merrimac_, so
+gallantly taken into the channel on June 3d, did not obstruct it. I
+therefore maintained the blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was
+assigned the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up to the
+port, at a distance of from one to two miles from the Morro,--dependent
+upon the condition of the atmosphere,--they threw a search-light beam
+directly up the channel and held it steadily there.
+
+"This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel for half a mile inside
+of the entrance so brilliantly that the movement of small boats could be
+detected.
+
+"Why the batteries never opened fire upon the search-light-ship was always
+a matter of surprise to me; but they never did. Stationed close to the
+entrance of the port were three picket-launches, and, at a little distance
+further out, three small picket-vessels--usually converted yachts--and, when
+they were available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.
+
+"With this arrangement there was at least a certainty that nothing could
+get out of the harbour undetected.
+
+"After the arrival of the army, when the situation forced upon the Spanish
+admiral a decision, our vigilance increased. The night blockading distance
+was reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship was placed
+alongside the search-light-ship, with her broadside trained upon the
+channel in readiness to fire the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The
+commanding officers merit great praise for the perfect manner in which
+they entered into this plan, and put it into execution. The
+_Massachusetts_, which, according to routine, was sent that morning to
+coal at Guantanamo, like the others, had spent weary nights upon this
+work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent that morning.
+
+"I enclose, for the information of the department, copies of orders and
+memorandums issued from time to time, relating to the manner of
+maintaining the blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is
+difficult to discriminate in praise.
+
+"The object of the blockade of Cervera's squadron was fully accomplished,
+and each individual bore well his part in it, the commodore in command of
+the second division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.
+
+"13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and destructive, and the
+resistance of the Spanish squadron was, in great part, broken almost
+before they had got beyond the range of their own force.
+
+"The fine speed of the _Oregon_ enabled her to take a front position in
+the chase, and the _Cristobal Colon_ did not give up until the _Oregon_
+had thrown a 13-inch shell beyond her. This performance adds to the
+already brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks highly of
+the skill and care with which her admirable efficiency has been maintained
+during a service unprecedented in the history of vessels of her class.
+
+"The _Brooklyn's_ westerly blockading position gave her an advantage in
+the chase which she maintained to the end, and she employed her fine
+battery with telling effect.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BROOKLYN.]
+
+"The _Texas_ and the _New York_ were gaining on the chase during the last
+hour, and, had any accident befallen the _Brooklyn_ or the _Oregon_, would
+have speedily overhauled the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her first burst of speed,
+the result was never in doubt. She fell, in fact, far below what might
+reasonably have been expected of her.
+
+"Careful measurements of time and distance give her an average speed, from
+the time she cleared the harbour mouth until the time she was run on shore
+at Rio Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.
+
+"Neither the _New York_ nor the _Brooklyn_ stopped to couple up their
+forward engines, but ran out of the chase with one pair, getting steam, of
+course, as rapidly as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the
+forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen minutes, or four miles
+in the chase.
+
+"14. Several of the ships were struck, the _Brooklyn_ more often than the
+others, but very light material injury was done, the greatest being aboard
+the _Iowa_.
+
+"Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both on the _Brooklyn_. It
+is difficult to explain the immunity from loss of life or injury to ships
+in a combat with modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery is
+poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy of our fire
+speedily drove the men from their guns and silenced their fire.
+
+"This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and by observation. The
+Spanish vessels, as they dashed out of the harbour, were covered with the
+smoke from their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume, and
+soon almost disappeared.
+
+"The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships appears to
+have been remarkably destructive. An examination of the stranded vessels
+shows that the _Almirante Oquendo_ especially had suffered terribly from
+this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her decks were strewn
+with the charred remains of those who had fallen.
+
+"15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and the commanding officers are
+enclosed.
+
+"16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has made a critical
+examination of the stranded vessels, both with a view of reporting upon
+the result of our fire and the military features involved, and of
+reporting upon the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the
+remainder. The report of the board will be speedily forwarded. Very
+respectfully,
+
+                                                           "W. T. SAMPSON,
+                           "_Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief_
+                              _U. S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station._
+
+"_The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship _New York_, to his wife,
+is an entertaining addition to the story of this most marvellous sea
+fight:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         "FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, July 4, 1898.
+
+"Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in a few hours after my
+writing this.
+
+"We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on account of a little note
+from Shafter. He wanted to know why the navy could not go under a
+destructive fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and have a
+consultation with him, explain the situation, and lay our plans before
+him, which were to countermine the harbour, going in at the same time, and
+also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one thousand marines landed
+in Estrella cove.
+
+"It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about 9.30, so Sampson,
+Staunton, and I put on our leggings, got some sandwiches, filled a flask,
+and the ship started to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to
+find horses and a cavalry escort.
+
+"We were within a mile or so of the place when a message came to me that a
+ship was coming out, and by the time I was on deck I found the _New York_
+turned around, and headed back, and there they were, coming out one after
+the other, and putting west as hard as they could go.
+
+"The situation was one which rather left us out of it. We were too far off
+to shoot, but could see the rest banging away. The last to come were the
+two torpedo-boat destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt on
+their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright in the _Gloucester_
+firing at them for all he was worth, and soon one evidently had a hole
+through her boiler, as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot
+into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the other, which was
+moving back toward the entrance, and then left him to Wainwright's mercy,
+as it was a clear case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to
+one and then the other, but a little way apart, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Oquendo_ afire and ashore.
+
+"As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought to have mentioned two
+men in the water, stripped, to whom we threw life-buoys, with which they
+expressed themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case, with two
+of the enemy's ships going ahead of us, to stop.
+
+"We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far, until we saw the
+_Vizcaya_ head in, and soon she was on the beach and aflame, at
+Ascerraderos, right under the old Cuban camp.
+
+"There was still the _Cristobal Colon_, a good way ahead, the newest and
+fastest and much more powerful. We had passed the _Iowa_ (which we left
+with the burning _Vizcaya_) and the _Indiana_, which we ordered to return
+off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession after the _Cristobal
+Colon_, which consisted of the _Oregon_, the _Brooklyn_, and _Texas_, and
+the _Vixen_. We got each of our extra boilers into operation until we were
+going a good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance somewhat.
+
+"The _Oregon_ and _Brooklyn_ kept well up, and soon the _Oregon_ began to
+fire, and we could see the _Cristobal Colon_ gradually edge inshore, so
+that we knew the game was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in,
+and went under one of the points which come down from the mountains, which
+here (some sixty miles west of Santiago) are close at the water's edge,
+and are the highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried
+forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag down, and was ashore.
+
+"The _Brooklyn_ had sent a boat, and Cook, who had gone in it, came
+alongside on his return, and stated he had received their surrender,
+stating he was not empowered to make any condition as to personal effects,
+etc., as to which they seemed anxious.
+
+"I then went on board and arranged things, the admiral allowing them, of
+course, to take with them all their personal belongings, so while we were
+dividing them up among the ships (525 men) along came the _Resolute_,
+reporting having been chased by a Spanish armoured ship, so we put all the
+prisoners in her. This was a long job.
+
+"The thing was to save the _Cristobal Colon_, as she is one of the finest
+modern ships of her class. We hurried a prize-crew aboard from the
+_Oregon_, closed all water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking
+somewhere, but for all we could do she settled down on the beach after
+floating with the rising tide. It was a great pity, but the rascally
+engineers' force had opened all the valves connecting with the sea, and we
+could not get at them.
+
+"We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her in charge of the
+_Texas_ and _Oregon_, and are now steaming back to our post off Santiago.
+The failure to save the _Colon_ was too bad. It is possible to do so, of
+course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but she was practically
+in an undamaged condition. She had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.
+
+"I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this morning. Poor
+Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo coaling, will be full of grief, as
+also Watson, in the _Newark_.
+
+"I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday we bombarded the
+forts very heavily, knocking off a good deal of the poor old Morro, and
+bringing down the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted in
+our eyes for more than a month.
+
+"We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration while they
+attacked. They did not, however, make the attack, as it turned out.
+
+"These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one reads lurid accounts of
+them in the papers, but nothing really is gained unless we strike the guns
+themselves, and this we have not done.
+
+"As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends of the western
+battery, who paid a great deal of attention to us yesterday, banged away
+at us in fine style, and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when
+I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention only to the
+torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous screech, and everybody on the
+forecastle dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred yards to
+our right. We did not reply as we came along. I thought it a waste of
+material, and thought they might have their amusement so long as they did
+no damage.
+
+"There--the engines have stopped and we are back at Santiago; it is 4.30,
+and I shall turn in again for a final nap. The captain of the _Colon_ is
+occupying my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as are most
+Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer said to me, are the flower
+of the Spanish blood.
+
+"We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom we took in the _Colon_,
+a nice old boy and very chirpy. The captain, of course, takes the loss of
+his ship to heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as cheerful
+as possible. I suppose they think 'it's none of their funeral.'
+
+"I stored the general in Staunton's room, Staunton going to Santiago in a
+torpedo-boat to send the news.
+
+"We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now loafing. It is a great
+relief to feel that there is nothing to look after to-night.
+
+"This goes in the _St. Louis_, so I hope you will have it before many
+days, and I hope, too, it won't be long before I get to see you. I think
+this terrific defeat must go far toward ending things."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+                        THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.
+
+
+With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill fresh in their minds, the
+American people believed that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information
+that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected.
+
+There was much to be done, however, before the enemy was willing to admit
+himself beaten. The city of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the
+Spaniards, Manila was still defiant; and until those two strongholds had
+been reduced, the boys of '98 must continue to struggle in the trenches
+and on the field.
+
+The end was not far away, however.
+
+_July 5._ General Shafter telegraphed to the War Department on the fifth
+of July to the effect that the people of Santiago were not only
+panic-stricken through fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack
+of actual necessaries of life. There was no food save rice, and the supply
+of that was exceedingly limited. The belief of the war officials, however,
+was that the Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only when
+it should become absolutely necessary.
+
+Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the close of the truce,
+and, as the hour set by General Shafter drew near, every nerve was
+strained to its utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was carried
+down the line, and all knew the truce had been prolonged.
+
+General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital and barracks of
+Santiago, was notified by the enemy that Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson and his companions were confined in the extreme northern building,
+over which two white flags were flying.
+
+The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral refused to consider
+the question of surrender, began to leave the city,--a mournful procession.
+
+General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington under date of July
+5th:
+
+"I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral, agreeing to exchange
+Hobson and men here; to make exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused
+my proposition of exchange."
+
+_July 7._ General Miles and staff left Washington en route for Santiago.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson and the other _Merrimac_ heroes were brought into the
+American lines on the morning of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners
+had been arranged to take place under a tree midway between the
+entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and the first lines of the
+Spanish position. Col. John Jacob Astor represented the American
+commander, and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish lieutenants
+and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles, a Spanish staff officer, acted
+for the enemy. The transfer was quickly effected, and once more the brave
+fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice on the altar of their
+country were free.
+
+_July 10._ The truce continued, with the exception of a brief time on the
+tenth, when the bombardment was resumed by the fleet, until the
+thirteenth, when Generals Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an
+interview with General Toral and his staff at a point about halfway
+between the lines.
+
+_July 13._ During this interview the situation was placed frankly before
+General Toral, and he was offered the alternative of being sent home with
+his garrison, or leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed
+being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications, and should
+leave his arms behind.
+
+_July 15._ Not until two days later were the details arranged, and then
+the Spanish commander sent the following letter:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         "SANTIAGO DE CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+"EXCELLENCY COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
+OF THE AMERICAN FORCES.
+
+"_Excellent Sir_:--I am now authorised by my government to capitulate. I
+have the honour to so advise you, requesting you to designate hour and
+place where my representatives should appear to compare with those of your
+excellency, to effect that article of capitulation on the basis of what
+has been agreed upon to this date.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.]
+
+"In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency that I desire to know
+the resolution of the United States government respecting the return of
+arms, so as to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and
+gentlemanly deportment of your great grace's representatives, and return
+for their generous and noble impulse for the Spanish soldiers, will allow
+them to return to the peninsula with the arms that the American army do
+them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully descended.
+
+                                                    (Signed) "JOSE TORAL,
+                                 "_Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 16._ Commissioners on behalf of the United States and of Spain were
+appointed, and after but little discussion an agreement between them was
+arrived at.
+
+The agreement consists of nine articles.
+
+The first declared that all hostilities cease pending the agreement of
+final capitulation.
+
+_Second_: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish forces and the
+surrender of all war material within the prescribed limits.
+
+_Third_: The transportation of the troops to Spain at the earliest
+possible moment, each force to be embarked at the nearest port.
+
+_Fourth_: That the Spanish officers shall retain their side-arms and the
+enlisted men their personal property.
+
+_Fifth_: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish forces shall
+assist in the removal of all obstructions to navigation in Santiago
+Harbour.
+
+_Sixth_: That after the final capitulation the commanding officers shall
+furnish a complete inventory of all arms and munitions of war, and a
+roster of all the soldiers in the district.
+
+_Seventh_: That the Spanish general shall be permitted to take the
+military archives and records with him.
+
+_Eighth_: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars shall be permitted to
+remain in Cuba if they so elect, giving a parole that they will not again
+take up arms against the United States unless properly paroled.
+
+_Ninth_: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted to march out with all
+the honours of war, depositing their arms to be disposed of by the United
+States in the future. The American commissioners to recommend to their
+government that the arms of the soldiers be returned to those "who so
+bravely defended them."
+
+General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the cheering news:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                             "CAMP NEAR SANTIAGO, July 16.
+
+"The surrender has been definitely settled and the arms will be turned
+over to-morrow morning, and the troops will be marched out as prisoners of
+war.
+
+"The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine o'clock, and the American
+flag hoisted.
+
+                                               "SHAFTER, _Major-General_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 17._ The ceremony of surrendering the city was impressive, and, as
+can well be imagined, thrilling for those boys of '98 who had been
+standing face to face with death in the trenches.
+
+At six o'clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of General Shafter's staff,
+entered the city, and all the arms in the arsenal were turned over to him.
+The work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation at the entrance
+of the harbour had been progressing all night. At about seven o'clock
+General Toral, the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General Shafter,
+as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 A. M. all the general officers
+and their staffs assembled at General Shafter's headquarters. Each
+regiment was drawn up along the crest of the heights.
+
+Shortly after nine o'clock the Ninth Infantry entered the city. This
+position of honour was given them as a reward for their heroic assault on
+San Juan Hill.
+
+The details of the surrender are thus described by a correspondent of the
+Associated Press, who accompanied General Shafter's staff:
+
+"General Shafter and his generals, with mounted escort of one hundred
+picked men of the Second Cavalry, then rode over our trenches to the open
+ground at the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway to the
+then deserted Spanish works. There they were met by General Toral and his
+staff, all in full uniform and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish
+troops.
+
+"What followed took place in full view of our troops.
+
+"The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General Shafter, with his
+generals and their staffs grouped immediately in their rear, and with the
+troops of dashing cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced to
+meet the vanquished foe.
+
+"After a few words of courteous greeting, General Shafter's first act was
+to return General Toral's sword. The Spanish general appeared to be
+touched by the complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied
+this action, and he thanked the American commander feelingly.
+
+"Then followed a short conversation as to the place selected for the
+Spanish forces to deposit their arms, and a Spanish infantry detachment
+marched forward to a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were
+halted. The latter were without their colours.
+
+"Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were saluted, in turn, by our
+trumpeters, both giving flourishes for lieutenant and major-generals.
+
+"General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish company, which in
+miniature represented the forces under his command, to ground arms. Next,
+by his direction, the company wheeled and marched across our lines to the
+rear, and thence to the place selected for camping them. The Spaniards
+moved rapidly, to the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the
+companies; but it impressed one like the 'Dead March' from Saul.
+
+"Although no attempt was made to humiliate them, the Spanish soldiers
+seemed to feel their disgrace keenly, and scarcely glanced at their
+conquerors as they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling was not
+displayed by the other regiments. Without being sullen, the Spaniards
+appeared to be utterly indifferent to the reverses suffered by the Spanish
+arms, and some of them, when not under the eyes of their officers, seemed
+to secretly rejoice at the prospect of food and an immediate return to
+Spain.
+
+"General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely dejected. When General
+Shafter introduced him by name to each member of his staff, the Spanish
+general appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be about sixty years
+of age, and of frail constitution, although stern resolution shone in
+every feature. The lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn,
+as if with physical pain.
+
+"General Toral replied with an air of abstraction to the words addressed
+to him, and when he accompanied General Shafter at the head of the escort
+into the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he spoke but few
+words. The appealing faces of the starving refugees streaming back into
+the city did not move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers lining
+the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned, stalwart-framed
+conquerors. Only once did a faint shadow of a smile lurk about the corners
+of his mouth.
+
+"This was when the cavalcade passed through a barbed-wire entanglement. No
+body of infantry could ever have got through this defence alive, and
+General Shafter's remark about its resisting power found the first
+gratifying echo in the defeated general's heart.
+
+"Farther along the desperate character of the Spanish resistance, as
+planned, amazed our officers. Although primitive, it was well done. Each
+approach to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the barricades
+were high enough and sufficiently strong to withstand shrapnel. The
+slaughter among our troops would have been frightful had it ever become
+necessary to storm the city.
+
+"Around the hospitals and public buildings and along the west side of the
+line there were additional works and emplacements for guns, though no guns
+were mounted in them.
+
+"The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow lines of one-storied
+houses, most of which are very dilapidated, but every veranda of every
+house was thronged by its curious inhabitants,--disarmed soldiers. These
+were mostly of the lower classes.
+
+"Few expressions of any kind were heard along the route. Here and there
+was a shout for free Cuba from some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there
+were only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards remained indoors,
+or satisfied their curiosity from behind drawn blinds.
+
+"Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages averted their faces as we
+passed. The squalor in the streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses
+and other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards, as tame as
+sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.
+
+"The windows of the hospitals, in which there are over fifteen hundred
+sick men, were crowded with invalids, who dragged themselves there to
+witness our incoming.
+
+"The palace was reached soon after ten o'clock. There General Toral
+introduced General Shafter and the other American generals to the alcalde,
+Se�or Feror, and to the chief of police, Se�or Guiltillerrez, as well as
+to the other municipal authorities.
+
+"Luncheon was then served at the palace. The meal consisted mainly of rum,
+wine, coffee, rice, and toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many
+apologies on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently of their
+heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city was absolutely exhausted,
+and the Spaniards had nothing to live on except rice, on which the
+soldiers in the trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve
+days."
+
+
+
+Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of hoisting the stars and
+stripes over the governor's palace in Santiago.
+
+A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would be difficult to
+imagine. The palace, a picturesque old dwelling in the Moorish style of
+architecture, faces the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square.
+Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On one side is a quaint,
+brilliantly painted building with broad verandas, the club of San Carlos;
+on the other a building of much the same description, the Caf� de la
+Venus.
+
+Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry, headed by the Sixth
+Cavalry band. In the street facing the palace stood a picked troop of the
+Second Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain Brett. Massed
+on the stone flagging between the band and the line of horsemen were the
+brigade commanders of General Shafter's division, with their staffs. On
+the red-tiled roof of the palace stood Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant
+Miles, and Lieutenant Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the
+flagstaff, was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend, "_Vive
+Alphonso XIII._"
+
+All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding to windows and
+doors, and lining the roofs, were the people of the town, principally
+women and non-combatants.
+
+As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour of twelve, the
+infantry and cavalry presented arms. Every American uncovered, and Captain
+McKittrick hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds unfurled
+in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky, the cavalry band broke
+into the strains of "The Star Spangled Banner," making the American pulse
+leap and the American heart thrill with joy.
+
+  [Illustration: KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.]
+
+At the same instant the sound of the distant booming of Captain Capron's
+battery, firing a salute of twenty-one guns, drifted in.
+
+When the music ceased, from all directions around our lines came flying
+across the plaza the strains of the regimental bands and the muffled,
+hoarse cheers of our troops.
+
+The infantry came to "order arms" a moment later, after the flag was up,
+and the band played "Rally Round the Flag, Boys."
+
+Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers for General Shafter,
+which were given with great enthusiasm, the band playing "The Stars and
+Stripes For Ever."
+
+The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff returned to the American
+lines, leaving the city in the possession of the municipal authorities
+subject to the control of General McKibben, who had been appointed
+temporary military governor.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+                              MINOR EVENTS.
+
+
+_June 24._ The details of the bloodless capture of the principal of the
+Ladrone Islands are thus told by a private letter from the naval officer
+who figured in the leading r�le of the exploit, Lieutenant William
+Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser _Charleston_:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                     "U. S. S. CHARLESTON, AT SEA AND ONE
+                                             "THOUSAND MILES FROM MANILA,
+                                                           "June 24, 1898.
+
+"We have just carried out our orders to capture the Spanish authorities at
+the capital of the Ladrone Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain
+to undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a starter.
+
+"I went ashore to have a talk with the governor about affairs, and the
+results were that I did not lose even a single man. The matter was all
+settled in one day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers
+(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles and nearly ten
+thousand pounds of ammunition.
+
+"I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The captain's instructions
+were to wait a half hour for his answer to our ultimatum, then use my
+troops. I waited, and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed me
+his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship out in the harbour
+about four or five miles off.
+
+"I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining time, and hence I
+broke the seal, read the contents, the governor protesting and saying that
+was a letter for my captain. I replied: 'I represent him here. You are now
+my prisoners, and will have to come on board ship with me.'
+
+"They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor said:
+
+"'You came on shore to talk over matters, and you make us prisoners
+instead.' I replied: 'I came on shore to hand you a letter and to get your
+reply; in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender all under
+your jurisdiction. If this means anything at all, it means that you will
+accede to any demands I may deem proper to make. You will at once write an
+order to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place was five
+miles distant), directing him to deliver at this place at four P. M. (it
+was 10.30 A. M., June 21st) all ammunition and flags in the island, each
+soldier to bring his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native
+and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.'
+
+"They protested and demurred, saying there was not time enough to do it,
+but I said: 'Se�ors, it must be done.'
+
+"The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I took all the officers
+with me in a boat, and at four P. M. went ashore again and rounded in the
+whole outfit. I was three miles away from my troops, and I had only four
+men with me. At four P. M., when I disarmed 108 men and two officers, I
+had forty-six men and three officers with me.
+
+"The key-note to the whole business was my breaking the seal of that
+letter and acting at once. They had no time to delay or prepare any
+treacherous tricks, and I got the 'drop' on the whole outfit, as they say
+out West.
+
+"The native troops I released and allowed to return to their homes
+unrestricted; they had manifested great joy in being relieved from Spanish
+rule. While it is harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish
+treachery it was all that could be done.
+
+"Twenty-four hours would have--yes, I believe even four hours with a leader
+such as the governor was, a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army--given
+them a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals in the
+dense tropical foliage they could have almost annihilated any force that
+could land.
+
+"The approaches to the landing over shallow coral reefs would have made a
+landing without a terrible loss of life almost an impossibility.
+
+"We have increased by conquest the population of the United States by
+nearly twelve thousand people. The capital has a population of six
+thousand people. This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of
+access, plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of a large number
+of vessels at the same time, and is an ideal place for a coaling station.
+
+"If our government decided to hold the Philippines it would then come in
+so well; San Francisco to Honolulu twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to
+island of Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen hundred
+miles. With a chain of supply stations like this, we could send troops the
+whole year round if necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of
+thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.
+
+"The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had the officers and
+soldiers dreamed for one moment that they were to be torn from their
+homes, there would, I feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am
+firmly convinced this letter would never have been written.
+
+"The captain, in extending to me his congratulations, remarked:
+'Braunerzruther, you'll never, as long as you live, have another
+experience such as this. I congratulate you on your work.'
+
+"All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I had an interpreter
+with me, but forgot all about using him. I did not want them to get a
+chance to think, even, before it was too late."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 25._ The _Florida_ and the _Fanita_ left Key West Saturday, June
+25th, under convoy of the _Peoria_, commanded by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On
+board the steamers were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty troopers
+of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry under Lieutenants Johnson and Ahearn, and
+twenty-five Rough Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col. William
+Astor Chanler.
+
+The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses of the cavalry and 167
+sacks of oats and 216 bales of hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms
+were two dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and two
+full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of regular
+ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with them, and 1,500 cartridges.
+In the matter of infantry rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with
+954,000 cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells.
+
+Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers, and the others had
+Springfields. For the insurgent officers were provided 200 army Colts and
+2,700 cartridges. Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry
+tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along. In the expedition were
+also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths, and 450 bridles. For the Cuban
+soldiers there were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275
+blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks.
+
+There were these commissary stores carried, calculated by pounds: Bacon,
+67,275; corn-meal, 31,250; roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250;
+sugar, 2,425; mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans
+18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250.
+
+_June 29._ The expectation was that the landing would be effected at San
+Juan Point, on the south coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and
+Trinidad. This place was reached Wednesday evening, June 29th. A scouting
+party put off in a small boat and sculled toward shore, but had made only
+half the distance when there came a lively fire from what had been taken
+to be an abandoned blockhouse near the point. The men were called back and
+the three ships moved to the eastward. About four o'clock the next
+afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away.
+
+Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, stood a
+large fort built of railroad iron and surrounded by earthworks. The
+_Peoria_ ran boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders, but
+brought no response and no signs of life. Here was thought to be the
+desired opportunity, and another scouting party was organised. This was
+made up of fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as many Cubans
+under Captain Nunez.
+
+The _Peoria_ took a position within short range of the fort to protect a
+landing or cover a retreat, and the small boats headed for the shore. They
+reached it five hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached,
+and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the brush. But at almost
+the very moment they set foot on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments
+around it burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the little
+band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping from his boat when a shot
+struck him between the eyes and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a
+broken arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied with a sharp
+fire directed at the entrenchments.
+
+Meanwhile the _Peoria_ set all her guns at work, and rained shells upon
+the fort until the enemy's fire ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened
+fire, however, the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it became
+evident that their forces were too large to allow a landing there. A
+retreat was ordered, and the party on shore rushed to the boats, but
+volley after volley came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw
+themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the boats with only their
+heads exposed, until the ships were reached. The Spaniards had the range,
+however, and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously. Returning to
+the _Peoria_, the men reported that a vicious fire had come from a grove
+of cocoanut palms to the eastward of the fort. The _Peoria_ opened her
+guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many Spaniards, for her
+shells dropped into the smoke and flash of the adversary's fire, silenced
+it at once, and forced them to send up rockets for help.
+
+A number of volleys were sent at the _Peoria_ with a view to disabling her
+gunners, but they were badly directed, and fell against her side and into
+the water. When the small boats reached the ship it was dark. Then the
+discovery was made that, besides Captain Nunez, whose body was left on the
+beach, there were missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant
+Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that Chanler had been mortally
+wounded, and was kept hidden in the bushes along the shore by the two
+doctors. Rescue parties were immediately organised, composed of
+volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore during the night.
+Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn, in charge of one of these, found Chanler
+and his companion.
+
+Chanler's wound proved to be in the right elbow. After sunrise Agramonte
+and his Cubans were discovered and brought off.
+
+_July 1._ The next day the gunboat _Helena_, under Captain Swynburn,
+arrived, and she and the _Peoria_ steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the
+Spaniards had been vigorously fortifying.
+
+Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a town of considerable
+size, and reinforcements and artillery had been rapidly coming in. Range
+buoys had been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships drew in to
+close range, and opened fire, the _Peoria_ at twelve hundred and the
+_Helena_ at fourteen hundred yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp
+field-pieces of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along the
+water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed reply with shell
+and shrapnel. The fire of the American ships was most accurate and
+terribly destructive. The Spanish gunners had not fired more than fifteen
+or twenty shots before their guns were flying in the air, their earthworks
+a mass of blood-stained dust, and their gunners running for their lives.
+Both the _Peoria_ and the _Helena_ were struck several times, chiefly by
+shrapnel, but no one on either ship was injured. As they withdrew, several
+buildings on shore were in flames.
+
+That afternoon both ships again turned their attention to the fort and the
+entrenchments at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour
+poured a wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been largely reinforced
+during the day, and some field-pieces had been mounted near the fort.
+These replied to the American fire, but without effect, and the shells of
+the two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse was struck
+repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially destroyed. No damage was
+done to the ships, and they again withdrew.
+
+That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and the adjacent buildings,
+evidently expecting a landing in force the next day.
+
+It was learned from various sources that reinforcements were pouring into
+Las Tunas from all directions; a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated
+that two thousand men had been despatched from the nearest trocha. It was
+determined to proceed during the night to Palo Alto, fifty miles to the
+eastward, the _Helena_ remaining at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in
+the belief that an attempt was to be made to land there.
+
+_July 2._ At ten o'clock Saturday night, while the _Helena_ lay offshore,
+making lively play with her search-lights toward shore, the _Peoria_, the
+_Florida_, and the _Fanita_, with all lights out, slipped silently away.
+Palo Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a Spaniard to be seen,
+and the men and cargo were put ashore without a single obstacle.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GOMEZ.]
+
+_July 4._ Gomez, with two thousand men, was known to be in the vicinity,
+and scouts hurried into his lines. On Monday the old warrior appeared in
+person at Palo Alto.
+
+_July 5._ A steamer was sighted about midnight by the U. S. S. _Hawk_,
+formerly the yacht _Hermione_, off the north coast of Pinar del Rio,
+steaming eastward, close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots
+across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The _Hawk_ then opened fire and
+gave chase.
+
+Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three were without effect. The
+vessel was soon on fire, and flew signals of distress while making full
+speed head on to the beach. The _Hawk_ ceased firing, and manned a
+relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on a reef, under cover
+of Fort Mariel.
+
+Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in response to the
+_Hawk's_ attack, and was burning signals calling for help, the American
+relief-boat was received with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer
+and the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed, By this
+time daylight was breaking, and another Yankee ship, the gunboat
+_Castine_, hove in sight, reinforcing the _Hawk_.
+
+The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and fort. A well-directed
+4-inch shell from the _Castine_ blew the steamer up.
+
+Most of the latter's crew and passengers by this time had, however,
+escaped by rowing or swimming ashore. Just at sunrise, while the _Castine_
+and _Hawk_ were reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big Spanish
+gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries on the two American
+boats. It was an exciting moment.
+
+The _Castine's_ 4-inchers opened promptly, and the Spaniard returned at
+full speed to cover, under Morro Castle.
+
+The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara, arrived at Suez, and was
+notified by the officials of the Egyptian government that it must leave
+the port within twenty-four hours.
+
+The government also notified Admiral Camara that he would not be allowed
+to coal.
+
+While the U. S. gunboat _Eagle_ was on the blockading route in the
+vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the south Cuban coast, about five miles
+from the shore, she sighted the schooner _Gallito_, provision laden. She
+immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until about a quarter of a
+mile from the shore, when she dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped
+over her side and swam ashore.
+
+Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from the _Eagle_ were sent in a
+small boat to board the schooner. They found her deserted, and while
+examining her were fired upon by her crew from the beach. Several
+rifle-shots went through the schooner's sails, but no one was injured. The
+_Eagle_ drew closer in, and sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from
+her 6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The _Gallito_ was
+taken into Key West.
+
+_July 7._ Congress having passed resolutions to the effect that Hawaii be
+annexed to the United States, the President added his signature, and a new
+territory was thus added to the American nation.
+
+Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the _Philadelphia_ from
+Mare Island for Hawaii. She was to carry the flag of the United States to
+those islands and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller,
+commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the function of hoisting
+the flag.
+
+_July 8._ Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish fleet, which was bound
+for the Philippines, informed the Egyptian government that he had been
+ordered to return home, and would, therefore, re�nter the Suez Canal.
+
+_July 12._ The auxiliary gunboat _Eagle_ sighted the Spanish steamer
+_Santo Domingo_, fifty-five hundred tons, aground near the Cuban coast,
+off Cape Francis, and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy
+shots at her, nearly all of which took effect.
+
+While this was going on, another steamer came out of the bay and took off
+the officers and crew of the _Santo Domingo_. When the men from the
+_Eagle_ boarded the latter they found that she carried two 5-inch and two
+12-inch guns, the latter being loaded and her magazines open. The steamer
+had been drawing twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground in twenty
+feet.
+
+The men from the _Eagle_ decided that the steamer could not be floated,
+and she was set on fire after fifty head of cattle, which were on board,
+had been shot.
+
+The _Santo Domingo_ carried a large cargo of grain, corn, etc. While the
+steamer was burning, the vessel which had previously taken off the crew
+emerged from the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but failed.
+The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and was totally destroyed.
+
+_July 17._ The cruiser _New Orleans_ captured the French steamer _Olinde
+Rodriguez_ off San Juan de Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port
+with passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco.
+
+The U. S. S. _Mayflower_ captured the British steamer _Newfoundland_ off
+Cienfuegos while the latter was trying to run the Cuban blockade.
+
+The Spanish sloop _Domingo Aurello_ was captured by the U. S. S. _Maple_
+as the former was leaving the port of Sagua de Tanamo, province of
+Santiago, with a cargo of tobacco.
+
+_July 22._ The following cablegram was received at the Navy Department:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                          "PLAYA, July 22.
+
+"Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful, although the mines have
+not been removed for want of time.
+
+"The Spanish cruiser _Jorge Juan_, defending the place, was destroyed,
+without loss on our part.
+
+"The _Annapolis_ and _Wasp_ afterward proceeded from Nipe to assist in the
+landing of the commanding general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SAMPSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 30._ Another "jackie" achieved the reputation of a hero. He is
+boatswain's mate Nevis of the gunboat _Bancroft_, and the tale of his
+valour is not unmixed with humour.
+
+The _Bancroft_, accompanied by the converted yacht _Eagle_, which had been
+covering the blockading station around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small
+Spanish schooner in Sigunea Bay.
+
+The _Bancroft's_ steam launch, in charge of Nevis and one seaman, each
+armed with a rifle, were sent in to take the schooner. This was only a
+task of minutes, and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to
+be the schooner _Nito_, little more than a smack, and with no cargo.
+
+Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor near the wreck of the
+Spanish transatlantic liner _Santo Domingo_, sunk by the _Eagle_ a few
+weeks ago. Then the _Bancroft_ and _Eagle_ cruised off to Mangle Point,
+where they happened to be put in communication with the insurgent camp.
+
+Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing could be seen of the
+launch or the prize. Suddenly Commander Clover, who was scanning the
+waters with his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the _Eagle_: "By
+heavens, they have recaptured my prize." The little schooner lay near the
+wrecked steamer, but the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and,
+instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was apparently filled with
+men.
+
+Meanwhile the gunboat _Maple_ had drawn up, and Commander Clover ordered
+her into the work of rescue. With guns ready she steamed toward the
+schooner, but the sight that greeted her was not what was expected.
+
+Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat attempting to navigate
+her out of the harbour. Each had his rifle across his knee and was keeping
+a wary eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards huddled in the
+other end of the boat.
+
+The _Maple_ asked for information, and offered Nevis a tow, but he replied
+with a joke and declined the proffered assistance. Then it developed that,
+in going in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish boats near
+the wreck of the _Santo Domingo_, and had resolved to capture them, too.
+He knew it was hazardous work, but "bluff" carried him through.
+
+He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran them up, and boldly
+sailed in. There were six men on the two other boats, and they watched the
+approach of their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily changed
+to consternation when Nevis and the other "jackie" suddenly whipped their
+rifles to their shoulders, and demanded an immediate surrender.
+
+The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying, and had the unique
+experience of surrendering to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid,
+Nevis took them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact manner
+reported the adventure to his astonished commander.
+
+The capture was no mean one, for these six men gave important information
+to the American ships.
+
+_August 1._ The Norwegian steamer _Franklin_, of about five hundred tons,
+bound from Vera Cruz with a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the
+converted yacht _Siren_ off Francis Key, near Caibarien.
+
+_August 6._ The Norwegian steamer _Aladdin_, sugar-laden, was captured by
+the auxiliary gunboat _Hawk_ off Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines.
+
+_August 7._ The auxiliary gunboat _Viking_ captured the Norwegian steamer
+_Bergen_ off Francis Key.
+
+_August 8._ General Shafter and the Spanish General Toral held a
+consultation at the palace in Santiago, with regard to the embarkation of
+the Spanish prisoners of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand
+of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on board the _Alicante_ next
+morning, to be sent to Spain as soon as the vessel was properly loaded.
+
+_August 10._ The President to-day promoted Sampson and Schley to be
+rear-admirals, ranking in the order named.
+
+A department of the army, to be known as the Department of Santiago, was
+created, and Maj.-Gen. Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command.
+
+The Norwegian steamers _Aladdin_ and _Bergen_ were released, by orders
+from Washington.
+
+_August 12._ The flag-ship _San Francisco_, the monitor _Miantonomah_, and
+the auxiliary yacht _Sylvia_ were fired upon by the Havana batteries. One
+10 or 12-inch shell struck the _San Francisco's_ stern as she turned to
+get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in diameter, completely
+wrecking Commodore Howell's quarters, and smashing his book-case to
+fragments. Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to attack the
+batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their engines could carry them.
+
+_August 13._ General Shafter, at Santiago, learned that Manzanillo had
+been bombarded for twenty hours.
+
+General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander at Manzanillo that
+peace had been declared,(35) and requesting him to advise the American
+commander of the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the
+shelling of the town ceased.
+
+_August 16._ The following message was the first received in this country
+from the territory so lately annexed:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                     "HONOLULU, August 16.
+
+"_Day, State Department_:--Flag raised Friday, the twelfth, at noon.
+Ceremonies of transfer produced excellent impression.
+
+                                                       (Signed)  "SEWALL."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XV.
+
+
+                        THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+
+_July 20._ With bands playing and thirty thousand people cheering, the
+first expedition to Porto Rico left Charleston, S. C., at seven o'clock in
+the evening, under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second and Third
+Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania regiments, and two companies of the
+Sixth Illinois, made up the list of troops.
+
+_July 21._ General Miles accompanied the expedition bound for Porto Rico,
+which left Guantanamo Bay, made up of eight transports convoyed by the
+_New Orleans_, _Annapolis_, _Cincinnati_, _Leyden_, and _Wasp_.
+
+_July 22._ An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen. Theo. Schwan left
+Tampa on five transports, bound for Porto Rico.
+
+_July 25._ The expedition under the command of Major-General Miles landed
+at Guanica de Porto Rico, the _Gloucester_, in charge of
+Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in order to
+reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting outside, the gallant little
+fighting yacht _Gloucester_ braved the mines which were supposed to be in
+this harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were five fathoms of
+water close inshore.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.]
+
+The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise. Almost the first they
+knew of the approach of the army of invasion was the firing of a gun from
+the _Gloucester_, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul down the flag
+of Spain, which was floating from the flagstaff in front of a blockhouse
+standing to the east of the village.
+
+The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right and left of the bay and
+in order to scare the enemy, the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing
+into the town.
+
+The _Gloucester_ then hove to within about six hundred yards of the shore,
+and lowered a launch, having on board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty
+men, under the command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore without
+encountering any opposition.
+
+Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey to haul down the Spanish
+flag, which was done, and then they raised the first United States flag to
+float over Porto Rican soil.
+
+Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with Mauser rifles upon the
+American party. Lieutenant Huse and his men responded with great
+gallantry, the Colt gun doing effective work.
+
+Norman, who received Admiral Cervera's surrender, and Wood, a volunteer
+lieutenant, shared the honours with Lieutenant Huse.
+
+Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the Americans, the
+_Gloucester_ opened fire on the enemy with all her 3 and 6-pounders which
+could be brought to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into
+the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of Spanish cavalry were
+to be seen hastening toward the spot where the Americans had landed.
+
+Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he named Fort
+Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the street in front of it in order to
+repel the expected cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt
+gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those who were fighting in
+the streets of Guanica, but the Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of
+them.
+
+Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen were seen climbing the
+hills to the westward, and the foot-soldiers were scurrying along the
+fences from the town.
+
+By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots, the town was won,
+and the enemy driven out of the neighbourhood.
+
+The troops from the transports were landed before nightfall.
+
+_July 26._ Near Yauco, while the Americans were pushing toward the
+mountains, the Spaniards ambushed eight companies of the Sixth
+Massachusetts and Sixth Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and
+driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry charged and were
+routed by our infantry.
+
+General Garretson led the fight with the men from Illinois and
+Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to Yauco, leaving three dead on the
+field and thirteen wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three
+were slightly wounded.
+
+_June 27._ The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered to Commander C. H.
+Davis of the auxiliary gunboat _Dixie_. There was no resistance, and the
+Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General Miles issued the
+following proclamation:
+
+"In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of Spain by the people
+of the United States, in the cause of liberty, justice, and humanity, its
+military forces have come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come
+bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble purpose, to seek the
+enemies of our government and of yours, and to destroy or capture all in
+armed resistance.
+
+"They bring you the fostering arms of a free people, whose greatest power
+is justice and humanity to all living within their fold. Hence they
+release you from your former political relations, and it is hoped your
+cheerful acceptance of the government of the United States will follow.
+
+"The chief object of the military forces will be to overthrow the armed
+authority of Spain, and give the people of your beautiful island the
+largest measure of liberty consistent with this military occupation.
+
+"They have not come to make war on the people of the country, who for
+centuries have been oppressed, but, on the contrary, they bring protection
+not only to yourselves, but to your property, will promote your prosperity
+and bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of our enlightened and
+liberal institutions and government.
+
+"It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing laws and customs
+which are wholesome and beneficial to the people, so long as they conform
+to the rules of the military administration, order, and justice. This is
+not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give all within the
+control of the military and naval forces the advantages and blessings of
+enlightened civilisation."
+
+_July 28._ The expedition destined for Porto Rico, under command of
+Major-General Brooke, left Newport News. Four transports and the auxiliary
+cruisers _St. Louis_ and _St. Paul_ comprises the fleet.
+
+The Navy Department made public the following telegram:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    "U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS, PONCE, PORTO
+                                                            RICO, July 28.
+
+"Commander Davis with _Dixie_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, and _Gloucester_ left
+Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce and capture lighters for United States
+army. City of Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis upon demand
+at 12.30 A. M., July 28th. American flag hoisted 6 A. M., 28th.
+
+"Spanish garrison evacuated.
+
+"Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by army: first,
+garrison to be allowed to retire; second, civil government to remain in
+force; third, police and fire brigade to be maintained without arms;
+fourth, captain of port not to be made prisoner.
+
+"Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with _Massachusetts_ and _Cincinnati_,
+General Miles and General Wilson and transport, at 6.40 A. M., 28th;
+commenced landing army in captured sugar lighters.
+
+"No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants; great enthusiasm.
+
+"Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and 120 tons of coal.
+
+                                                              "HIGGINSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The advance guard of General Henry's division, which landed at
+Guanica on Tuesday, arrived at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco,
+Tallaboa, Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas.
+
+Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and otherwise destroy the
+railroad between Yauco and Ponce failed, only a few flat cars being
+burned. At Yauco the Americans were welcomed in an address made by the
+alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated "Yauco, Porto Rico,
+United States of America, July 27th."
+
+_July 31._ In General Miles's despatches to the War Department, the
+following statements are made regarding the condition of affairs on the
+island:
+
+"Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms and ammunition.
+Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed at the arrival of the army. Two
+thousand from one place have volunteered to serve with it. They are
+bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed supplies.
+
+"The custom-house has already yielded fourteen thousand dollars. As soon
+as all the troops are disembarked they will be in readiness to move."
+
+Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania,
+occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles northeast of Ponce, on the road to
+San Juan. The American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm
+by the populace.
+
+_August 1._ The American scouts were within six miles of Coamo, and the
+Spanish rear guard was retiring fast. The Spanish had fled toward
+Aibonito, thirty miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified.
+There the road winds around among the mountains, and the artillery
+commanding it rendered the position impregnable. D�tours were to be made
+by the Americans from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding the
+main road, which had been mined for three miles. Captain Confields of the
+engineers went ahead to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in
+advance of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General Stone that it
+had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A signal-station was established,
+and the stars and stripes run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm.
+Yabricoa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas, Guayamo, and
+Salinas had all surrendered.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.]
+
+The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San Juan before an attack
+was made. The second fleet of transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the
+_Roumanian_ bringing the cavalry detachment, and the _Indiana_ and
+_Missouri_ the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan, and Haines, with their
+staffs, were on board. The troops carried included the Thirteenth
+Illinois, Seventh Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and
+Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry.
+
+There were also one thousand animals, thirty days' rations for thirty
+thousand men, a signal corps detachment, and an ambulance corps. The whole
+force, as well as the ammunition and quartermaster's stores, was landed,
+and the men were camping on the outskirts of the town.
+
+_August 2._ San Juan blockaded by the _New Orleans_, _Puritan_, _Prairie_,
+_Dixie_, and _Gloucester_, which kept out of range of the masked batteries
+ashore.
+
+The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of U. S. troops. Spanish
+volunteers continued to come into the American lines and give themselves
+up.
+
+_August 4._ A portion of General Grant's brigade, on the transport
+_Hudson_, sailed from Newport News.
+
+A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the invading army, thus
+wrote under date of August 4th:
+
+"The Americans have taken peaceful possession of the eastern portion of
+the island.
+
+"Small parties of marines have been landed, who have lighted the lamps in
+the lighthouse at Cape San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast.
+They met with no resistance.
+
+"Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens came out to meet them.
+
+"The war-ships now in this vicinity are the _Montgomery_, the _Annapolis_,
+the _Puritan_, and the _Amphitrite_. The two former are looking for the
+transports with troops which left the United States and have scattered all
+about the island.
+
+"The _Annapolis_ rounded up the _Whitney_, the _Florida_, and the
+_Raleigh_, yesterday, and they are now at Cape San Juan. There seems to
+have been a serious mistake as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to
+the same place, and it will take several days to overtake them and get
+them to Ponce, where General Miles is waiting.
+
+"Off San Juan the cruiser _New Orleans_ alone maintains the blockade. The
+city is grim and silent, but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty
+of determination to fight when the Americans fire.
+
+"Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation, in the course of which
+he says:
+
+"'Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off the American boats now
+as I did Sampson's attempt before.'
+
+"The daughter of the captain-general is helping to drill the gunners in
+the fort. Altogether there are ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the
+city. The troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce and the other
+towns on the south coast occupied by the Americans, have not yet arrived."
+
+_August 5._ General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio and the Third Illinois,
+left Arroyo for the Spanish stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was
+placed in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo its
+skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from ambush. There was a hot
+running fight from this time on until the American troops reached and
+captured Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo. The Americans lost
+three wounded, and the enemy, one killed and two wounded.
+
+_August 6._ The foreign consuls at San Juan de Porto Rico advised the
+Spanish authorities to surrender the island to the American troops. The
+Spaniards, however, in reply, announced that they had resolved to fight;
+thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish commander, Captain-General
+Macias, that they would establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio
+Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and their portable
+properties in order to ensure their safety in the event of a bombardment
+of the place by the American forces. The consul sent a similar
+notification to General Miles.
+
+_August 7._ A general advance of the American forces. The custom-house in
+the village of Farjardo was seized.
+
+_August 8._ The town of Coamo was taken by the Sixteenth Pennsylvania and
+the Second and Third Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying
+blockhouse, and under cover of this fire the advance was made.
+
+Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty killed, including the
+commander, Rafael Igleseas, and three other officers.
+
+Five Americans were wounded.
+
+_August 9._ Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six companies of the First
+Kentucky regiment sailed for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport
+_Alamo_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         "PONCE, August 9.
+
+"_Secretary of War, Washington_:--The following received from General
+Wilson:
+
+"'General Ernst's brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this morning. Sixteenth
+Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Biddle, of my staff, having made a turning movement through the mountains,
+striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond town, captured the entire
+garrison of Coamo, about 150 men.
+
+"'Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez killed. Our loss reported
+six wounded, only one severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.'
+
+"Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially to be commended. This
+is a very important capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as soon
+as received here.
+
+                                                         (Signed) "MILES."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing Spanish engineers, after
+the capture of Coamo, a distance of four miles along the road to Aibonito.
+
+The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River, where the Spaniards had
+blown up the bridge, and were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest
+of Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned the fire, receiving
+no damage, and holding the position. A battalion of the Third Wisconsin
+Volunteers went to their support.
+
+_August 11._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                           "PONCE, VIA BERMUDA, August 11.
+
+"_Secretary of War, Washington_:--The following message received from
+Schwan:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                      "'CAMP, NEAR HORMIGUEROS, August 10.
+
+"'Advance guard, including cavalry of this command, while reconnoitring
+northwest of Rosario River, near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish
+force, which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.
+
+"'In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant Byron, Eighth Cavalry,
+my aid-de-camp, was wounded in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D,
+Eleventh Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen
+enlisted men were wounded.
+
+"'It is reported that the most, if not the entire Spanish garrison of
+Mayaguez and surrounding country, consisting of one thousand regulars and
+two hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement. We drove enemy from
+his position, and it is believed inflicted heavy loss.
+
+"'A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the field and brought into our
+line. Conduct of officers and men was beyond all praise. I propose to
+continue my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.
+
+                                                                "'SCHWAN.'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         (Signed) "MILES."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_August 12._ General Wilson moved one Lancaster battery out to the front
+for the purpose of shelling the Spanish position on the crest of the
+mountain at the head of the pass through which the road winds.
+
+The enemy occupied a position of great natural strength, protected by
+seven lines of entrenchments, and a battery of two howitzers.
+
+The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in the day had fired upon
+Colonel Biddle of the engineer corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of
+New York, was reconnoitring on their right flank.
+
+As the American battery rounded a curve in the road, two thousand yards
+away, the enemy opened an artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of
+the Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to the right of the
+road, were not permitted to respond.
+
+The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a terrific fire, were
+unlimbered, and were soon hurling common shell and shrapnel at the enemy
+at a lively rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments
+with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.]
+
+The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued to serve the other at
+intervals for over an hour. They had the range, and their shrapnel burst
+repeatedly over the Americans.
+
+In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other gun, and the men began to
+flee from the entrenchments toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then
+the guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered to advance a
+position a quarter of a mile farther on. It had just reached the new
+position when Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches and
+began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling the battery to retire
+at a gallop. Then both the enemy's howitzers reopened, the shrapnel
+screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped from the rear, but the
+American ammunition was exhausted.
+
+Colonel Bliss of General Wilson's staff went forward to the enemy's lines
+with a flag of truce, and explained that peace negotiations were almost
+concluded, that their position was untenable, and demanded their
+surrender. The Spanish had had no communication with the outside world,
+and the commander asked until the next morning in order that he might
+communicate with General Macias at San Juan.
+
+_August 13._ Twelve hours later the Spanish commander gave the following
+command to one of his staff:
+
+"Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid further shedding of
+blood, to remain where he is."
+
+General Miles telegraphed the War Department that he was in receipt of
+Secretary Alger's order to suspend hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers
+of the American army generally received the news of peace with delight,
+although some were disappointed that there was to be no further fighting,
+and many officers expressed regrets at the suspension of hostilities in
+the midst of the campaign.
+
+_August 14._ General Schwan's column was attacked between Mayaguez and
+Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry under Colonel Burke was descending the
+valley of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside by a force
+of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were retreating toward the north. The
+fire was returned, and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed,
+considerable loss.
+
+Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez district, was wounded and
+afterward captured in a wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants,
+who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss. The artillery and cavalry
+were not engaged.
+
+General Schwan had not received news of the signing of the protocol when
+the action occurred, but obtained it later in the day.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XVI.
+
+
+                           THE FALL OF MANILA.
+
+
+With the opening of the month of July, affairs at Manila, so far as
+concerned the American forces, were at a standstill.
+
+_June 30._ Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the army, the first
+transports of the fleet having arrived at Cavite, June 30th, before
+beginning offensive operations.
+
+The situation on and around the island of Luzon was much the same as it
+had been nearly all the month of June, except that the gunboat _Leite_,
+which ran up a river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and
+surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy officers and
+ninety-four men. The _Leite_ has a battery of one 3 1-2-inch hontoria
+guns, and several 2.7-inch rapid-fire guns.
+
+_July 1._ Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of the Revolutionary
+Republic on the first of July. The progress of the insurgents can be
+readily understood by the following extract from a letter written by Mr.
+E. W. Harden:
+
+"There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of Governor-General
+Augusti to surrender Manila to the Americans, but the command of the
+Spanish troops is practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who
+opposes surrender.
+
+"The rebels have captured the water-works beyond Santa Mesa, which
+supplied Manila, and the Spanish fear that their water will be cut off.
+
+"The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified positions of San
+Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards were to make their last stand if
+Manila capitulated. The city is still surrounded by insurgents.
+
+_July 2._ "There was fierce fighting Saturday before Malate. The Spaniards
+had modern guns to command the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady
+fire throughout the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the
+natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards finally were driven
+back."
+
+_July 4._ Brigadier-General Green, in command of the second army
+detachment, on the way from San Francisco to Manila, rediscovered and took
+formal possession of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude 19� 15'
+and east longitude 166� 33'.
+
+_July 5._ To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General Augusti
+telegraphed:
+
+"The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded in miraculously
+escaping from Macabora in a boat, and, having passed through the American
+vessels, all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet's column is besieged
+and attacked at Macabora."
+
+_July 15._ The steamers _City of Puebla_ and _Peru_ sailed from San
+Francisco with the fourth Manila expedition, under command of
+Major-General Otis.
+
+_July 16._ The steamer _China_, of the second Manila expedition, arrived
+at Cavite, and was followed on the next day by the steamers _Zealandia_,
+_Colon_, and _Senator_.
+
+_July 19._ The work of surrounding Manila by American forces was begun by
+advancing the First California regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the
+Spanish lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at Paranaque,
+directly from the transports. Over fifteen hundred men encamped between
+Manila and Cavite. The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery,
+landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city.
+
+_July 23._ The transport steamer _Rio Janeiro_, bearing two battalions of
+South Dakota volunteers, recruits for the Utah Light Artillery, and a
+detachment of the signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 25._ Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite. Secretary Long
+forwarded to Admiral Dewey the joint resolution of Congress, extending the
+thanks of Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution was
+beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a formal attestation of its
+authenticity by Secretary of State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly
+ornamented Russia covers.
+
+Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes reference to a letter
+from the Secretary of State complimenting Admiral Dewey upon his direction
+of affairs since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that the State
+Department is thoroughly well satisfied with the diplomatic qualities the
+admiral has exhibited. The letter of Secretary Long is as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                        "NAVY DEPARTMENT,
+                                                WASHINGTON, July 25, 1898.
+
+"_Sir_:--The Department has received from the Secretary of State an
+engrossed and certified copy of a joint resolution of Congress, tendering
+the thanks of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the squadron
+under your command, for transmission to you, and herewith encloses the
+same.
+
+"Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the Department received a
+letter from the Secretary of State requesting that there be conveyed to
+you his high appreciation of your character as a naval officer, and of the
+good judgment and prudence you have shown in directing affairs since the
+date of your great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.
+
+"This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most heartily on behalf of
+the Navy Department, as well as personally, in the commendation of the
+Secretary of State. Very respectfully,
+
+                                               "JOHN D. LONG, _Secretary_.
+
+"_Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N., Commander-in-Chief U. S. Naval
+Force, Asiatic Station._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The transport steamer _St. Paul_, bearing the first battalion
+of North Dakota volunteers, the Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed
+from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 31._ The transports _Indiana_, _Ohio_, _Valencia_, _Para_, and
+_Morgan City_ arrived at Cavite with American troops.
+
+At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces in Manila attacked
+the American lines. A typhoon had set in, rain was falling in torrents,
+and the blackness of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand
+Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of not more than nine
+hundred Americans.
+
+The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack, and checked the
+Spanish advance until the Utah battery, the First California Volunteers,
+and two companies of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get
+up to strengthen the right of the line.
+
+The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards through and beyond the
+American right flank, when the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as
+infantrymen, pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians and Utah
+battery aiding gallantly in the work.
+
+_August 1._ After the attack on the right wing had been repulsed, the
+second Spanish attack at two in the morning was directed against the
+American left wing.
+
+After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was again beaten off, and the
+rain seemed to be so heavy as to make further attack impossible.
+
+But at 3.50 A. M. the battle was resumed at longer range, Spanish
+sharpshooters firing from the trees, and the batteries working constantly,
+using brass-coated bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained,
+stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief, and shortly after
+sunrise the Spanish retreated. The American loss was eight killed, ten
+seriously and thirty-eight slightly wounded.
+
+_August 4._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the convoyed collier _Brutus_
+arrived at Cavite.
+
+_August 7._ Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila within
+forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander replied that, the insurgents
+being outside the walls, he had no safe place for the women and children
+who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours additional delay.
+This Admiral Dewey granted.
+
+At the expiration of the specified time Admiral Dewey and General Merritt
+consulted and decided to postpone the attack.
+
+_August 13._ The American commanders decided to begin hostilities on the
+thirteenth of August, and the navy began the action at 9.30 A. M., the
+_Olympia_ opening fire, followed by the _Raleigh_, _Petrel_, and _Callao_.
+The latter showed great daring, approaching within eight hundred yards of
+the Malate forts and trenches, doing grand work and driving back the
+Spanish forces.
+
+The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the Spanish then
+retreating from Malate, where the fire was centred, and the American land
+forces stormed the trenches, sweeping all before them. The First Colorado
+Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second line of defence. Then the
+troops swept on, driving all the Spaniards into the inner fortification.
+
+The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen minutes after the
+Spaniards were driven to the second line of defences, they were forced to
+retreat to the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance,
+they surrendered, and soon afterward a white flag was hoisted over Manila.
+
+The total number of killed on the American side was forty-five, and
+wounded about one hundred. The Spanish losses were two hundred killed and
+four hundred wounded.
+
+Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the German ship _Kaiserin
+Augusta_, and was conveyed to Hongkong.
+
+The following official reports were made by cable:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"MANILA, August 13, 1898.
+
+"_Secretary of Navy, Washington_:--Manila surrendered to-day to the
+American land and naval forces, after a combined attack.
+
+"A division of the squadron shelled the forts and entrenchments at Malate,
+on the south side of the city, driving back the enemy, our army advancing
+from that side at the same time.
+
+"The city surrendered about five o'clock, the American flag being hoisted
+by Lieutenant Brumby.
+
+"About seven thousand prisoners were taken.
+
+"The squadron had no casualties, and none of the vessels were injured.
+
+"August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded the surrender of the
+city, which the Spanish governor-general refused.
+
+                                                         (Signed) "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   "HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+"_Adjutant-General, Washington_:--The following are the terms of the
+capitulation:
+
+"The undersigned, having been appointed a commission to determine the
+details of the capitulation of the city and defences of Manila and its
+suburbs and the Spanish forces stationed therein, in accordance with
+agreement entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt,
+U. S. A., American commander-in-chief in the Philippines, and His
+Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes, acting general-in-chief of the Spanish
+army in the Philippines, have agreed upon the following:
+
+"The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate with the city and
+defences, with all honours of war, depositing their arms in the places
+designated by the authorities of the United States, remaining in the
+quarters designated and under the orders of their officers and subject to
+control of the aforesaid United States authorities, until the conclusion
+of a treaty of peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons
+included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the officers remaining in
+their respective homes, which shall be respected as long as they observe
+the regulations prescribed for their government and the laws enforced.
+
+"2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses, and private property.
+All public horses and public property of all kinds shall be turned over to
+staff officers designated by the United States.
+
+"3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation, and full lists
+of public property and stores shall be rendered to the United States
+within ten days from this date.
+
+"4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the officers and men of
+the Spanish forces and of their families, and of the expense which said
+repatriation may occasion, shall be referred to the government of the
+United States at Washington. Spanish families may leave Manila at any time
+convenient to them. The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish
+forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or when the Americans
+evacuate.
+
+"5. Officers and men included in the capitulation shall be supplied by the
+United States according to rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though
+they were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty of peace
+between the United States and Spain. All the funds in the Spanish treasury
+and all other public funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the
+United States.
+
+"6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
+educational establishments, and its private property of all description,
+are placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the
+American army.
+
+                                                           "F. V. GREENE,
+                              "_Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A._
+                                                        "B. P. LAMBERTON,
+                                                    "_Captain U. S. Navy_.
+                                                   "CHARLES A. WHITTIER,
+                              "_Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General_.
+                                                         "E. H. CROWDER,
+                                 "_Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate_.
+                                                   "NICHOLAS DE LA PENA,
+                                               "_Auditor-General's excts._
+                                                          "CARLOS REYEO,
+                                                 "_Colonel de Ingenieros_.
+                                                     "JOSE MARIA OLQUEN,
+                                                "_Felia de Estado Majors_.
+                                                       (Signed) "MERRITT."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   "HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+"_Adjutant-General, Washington_:--Cablegram of the twelfth directing
+operations to be suspended received afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish
+commander notified. Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date,
+containing proclamation of President.
+
+                                                                "MERRITT."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XVII.
+
+
+                                  PEACE.
+
+
+On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three o'clock in the
+afternoon, the French ambassador, M. Cambon, accompanied by his first
+secretary, called at the White House, the interview having been previously
+arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been given. With the
+President at the time was Secretary of State Day.
+
+M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing the diplomatic
+interests of the kingdom of Spain, "with whom at the present time the
+United States is unhappily engaged in hostilities," he had been directed
+by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on what terms the
+United States would agree to a suspension of hostilities.
+
+The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain, realising the
+hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that she was unable to cope with the
+great power of her adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation
+of the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life and result
+in great misery to her people, on the ground of humanity appealed to the
+President to consider a proposition for peace.
+
+Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to fight to vindicate her
+honour, and having vindicated it, having fought bravely and been conquered
+by a more powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the victor to
+bring the war to an end.
+
+The President's reply showed that he was responsive to the appeal. He was
+evidently moved by the almost pathetic position which the once proud
+nation of Spain had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well
+under control and behaved with great dignity.
+
+The President frankly admitted that he was desirous of peace, that he
+would welcome a cessation of hostilities, but he delicately intimated that
+if Spain were really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer such
+terms as could be accepted by the United States. The President asked the
+French ambassador if he had been instructed to formally propose terms, or
+make any offer.
+
+M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed, that his
+instructions were to ask on what terms it would be possible to make peace.
+
+Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered by the Cabinet, and a
+formal answer returned at the earliest possible moment. The French
+ambassador thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with expressions
+of good-will on both sides, the historical interview was brought to a
+close.
+
+On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the United States was
+delivered to the ambassador of France, and, in plain words, it was
+substantially as follows:
+
+The President does not now put forward any claim for pecuniary indemnity,
+but requires the relinquishment of all claim of sovereignty over or title
+to the island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by Spain of the
+island, the cession to the United States and immediate evacuation of Porto
+Rico and other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and
+the like cession of an island in the Ladrones.
+
+The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbour of
+Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine
+the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.
+
+If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety, it is stated that
+the commissioners will be named by the United States to meet commissioners
+on the part of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace on
+the basis above indicated.
+
+
+
+August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally begun between the United
+States and Spain.
+
+A few minutes before four o'clock, in the midst of a drenching rain, M.
+Cambon, the French ambassador, attended by his secretary, entered the
+White House. They were immediately ushered to the library, where the
+President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant Secretaries of State
+Moore, Adee, and Cridler were awaiting them.
+
+The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who returned the
+salutation with equal warmth, and then shook hands with Secretary Day and
+the Assistant Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the French
+ambassador were discussing the weather,--and Washington has seldom known
+such a rain-storm as that which engulfed the city while peace was being
+signed,--M. Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were comparing the two
+copies of the protocol to see that they corresponded, and were identical
+in form.
+
+The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in French and English.
+In the copy retained by the American government the English text is in the
+first column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to Madrid, the
+French text leads the paper.
+
+The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol correct, Judge Day and
+the French ambassador moved over to the table to affix their signatures.
+Mr. Cridler lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression on
+the protocols.
+
+The striking of the match caused the French ambassador to stop, feel in
+his pocket, and then remember that he had come away from his embassy
+without his seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to seal such
+an important document with anything else but the ambassador's personal
+seal.
+
+A note was hastily written, and one of the White House messengers dashed
+out into the rain, and went to the French embassy. Until his return the
+distinguished party in the White House library continued to discuss the
+weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban rain would cease falling. In a
+few minutes the messenger returned. The ambassador drew from a small box
+his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to the table. The American
+copy of the protocol was placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then
+handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed his signature and
+seal.
+
+  [Illustration: DON CARLOS.]
+
+The second copy was then laid before the ambassador, who signed, and in
+turn handed back the pen to Judge Day.
+
+Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and last, and with the last
+stroke of his pen hostilities ceased.
+
+
+
+
+            BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+                            _A PROCLAMATION._
+
+
+_Whereas_, by a protocol concluded and signed August 12, 1898, by Wm. R.
+Day, Secretary of State of the United States, and His Excellency Jules
+Cambon, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of
+France, at Washington, respectively representing for this purpose the
+government of the United States and the government of Spain, the
+governments of the United States and Spain have formally agreed upon the
+terms on which negotiations for the establishment of peace between the two
+countries shall be undertaken; and,
+
+_Whereas_, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its conclusion and
+signature hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and
+that notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each
+government to the commanders of its military and naval forces;
+
+Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do,
+in accordance with the stipulations of the protocol, declare and proclaim
+on the part of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do
+hereby command that orders be immediately given through the proper
+channels to the commanders of the military and naval forces of the United
+States to abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
+United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of August, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-third.
+
+                                                         WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+                                                       By the President,
+                                                         WILLIAM R. DAY,
+                                                       SECRETARY OF STATE.
+
+
+                                 THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                APPENDICES
+
+
+                               APPENDICES.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX A.
+
+
+                         THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+
+The number of islands in the Philippine group are believed to be upwards
+of fourteen hundred, with an aggregate land area (estimated on Domann's
+map) of not less than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia,
+extending from 40� 40' to 20� north latitude, and from 116� 40' to 126�
+30' east longitude.
+
+The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March 12, 1521, and named by
+him the St. Lazarus Islands. The discoverer was a Portuguese, who had
+sought service under Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the
+court of his own country.
+
+By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493, which was then
+universally recognised as law, the earth was divided into two hemispheres.
+All lands thereafter discovered in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to
+belong to Portugal; all the Western to Spain.
+
+The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal's rights, but as the use
+of the log and the variation of the compass were unknown, an error of
+fifty-two degrees in longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were
+given on the basis of that error.
+
+By whom the name of Philippines was given to the archipelago it is
+impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to have been used for the first
+time.
+
+The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton, and pi�a fibres
+cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse pottery, and musical
+instruments.
+
+The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region of the typhoon,
+and have three seasons,--the cold, the hot, and the wet. The first extends
+from November to February or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather
+than cold. The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat becomes
+very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon.
+Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur during May and June. The wet
+season begins with heavy rains, known by the natives as "collas," and
+until the end of October the downpour is excessive.
+
+"Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the Philippines to
+affect the style adopted in the erection of buildings; in 1874, for
+instance, they were very numerous throughout the archipelago, and in
+Manila and the adjacent provinces shocks were felt daily for several
+weeks. The most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred
+in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was immense, both in the
+capital and in other important towns of central Luzon."
+
+Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations of the mountains
+give a range of climate that allows the production of a great variety of
+valuable crops. Tobacco, sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples
+produced. The swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the
+dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species. Rich deposits of
+gold are known to exist, but have been little developed.
+
+To quote from the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ of Paris:
+
+In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras, Malays,
+Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards, Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and
+other tribes. The Negritos (little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than
+a great many of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in
+isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining four feet nine
+inches in height, and with small, retreating skulls. This race forms a
+branch equal in importance to the Papuan. It is believed to be the first
+race inhabiting the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except
+in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed by the stronger
+races, and the result in the archipelago has been the formation of several
+tribes of half-breeds numbering considerably more than half a million.
+Side by side with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras, a
+cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate descendants of
+the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in
+1411. Then come the Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by
+their Sultan and their _datos_, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty of
+the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power.
+
+The soil is fully sufficient--indeed, more than sufficient--to support this
+population, whose wants are of the most limited character. The land is
+exceedingly fertile and bears in abundance all tropical products,
+particularly rice, sugar, and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The
+fibres of the abaca are employed in making the finest and most delicate
+fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars' worth are exported
+annually. The exports of sugar amount to about four millions and a half,
+of gold to two millions and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to
+a million and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It forms the
+staple food of the people, and nearly three million dollars' worth is
+imported yearly. The husbandman cannot complain that his toil is
+inadequately rewarded. A rice plantation will yield a return of at least
+fifteen per cent.; if he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise
+thirty per cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour is
+very low. An adult who gains a _real fuerte_ (about thirteen cents) a day,
+thinks he is doing well.
+
+In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners, and
+traditions are so often in collision, the religious fanaticism of the
+Spaniards has, more than once, come into conflict with a fanaticism fully
+as fierce as that of the Mussulman. At a distance of six thousand leagues
+from Toledo and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European
+Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless antagonism that
+swayed them in the days of the Cid and Ferdinand the Catholic. The island
+of Sulu, on account of its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the
+commercial, political, and religious centre of the followers of the
+Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre they spread
+over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded as merciless pirates and
+unflinching fanatics, they scattered everywhere terror, ruin, and death,
+sailing in their light proas up the narrow channels and animated with
+implacable hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never gave
+quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly beaten in pitched
+battle, they as constantly took again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the
+heavy Spanish vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one could
+follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising the villages, massacring
+the old men, leading away the women and the adults into slavery, pushing
+the audacious prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles
+of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand captives.
+
+Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade the struggle was
+unequal, but it did not last the less long on that account, nor, obscure
+though it was, was it the less bloody. On both sides there was the same
+bravery, the same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge
+these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not until after a
+conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish squadron was able to
+bring its broadside to bear on Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates,
+land a division of troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town
+and its inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it.
+The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a new city on the
+smoking ruins. This city is protected by a strong garrison. For a time, at
+least, it was all over with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which
+was exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the rovers of the
+seas succeeded the organisation known as _juramentados_.
+
+One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their contempt of
+death. They have transmitted it with their blood to the Polynesians, who
+see in it only one of the multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of
+existence, and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference.
+Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a mat, while in
+perfect health, and without any symptom of disease whatever, and there
+wait patiently for the end, convinced that it is near, and refuse all
+nourishment and die without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of
+him, "He feels he is going to die," and the imaginary patient dies, his
+mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious idea, some invisible
+wound through which life escapes. When to this absolute indifference to
+death is united Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a
+glimpse of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited senses
+revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a longing for extinction takes
+hold of him and throws him like a wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them
+and gladly invites their daggers in return. The _juramentado_ kills for
+the sake of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for a
+life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence promised by
+Mahomet to his followers.
+
+The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of his creditor, and
+not only the man himself, but his family also are enslaved. To free them
+there is only one means left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life.
+Reduced to this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable
+oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks of the
+_juramentados_, and has nothing to do but await the hour when the will of
+his superior shall let him loose upon the Christians. Meanwhile the
+_panditas_, or priests, subject him to a system of enthusiastic excitement
+that will turn him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They
+madden his already disordered brain, they make still more supple his oily
+limbs, until they have the strength of steel and the nervous force of the
+tiger or panther. They sing to him their rhythmic impassioned chants,
+which show to his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating
+houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the gleam of the
+moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual energies of the eternally
+young and beautiful companions who are calling him, opening their arms to
+receive him. Thus prepared, the _juramentado_ is ready for everything.
+Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil. He will accomplish
+prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten times he will remain on his feet,
+will strike back, borne along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until
+the moment when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions into
+the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that he will never leave
+it, but he knows also that he will not die alone, and he has but one
+aim,--to butcher as many Christians as he can.
+
+An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission to the Philippines
+by the French government, describes the entry of eleven _juramentados_
+into Tianggi. Divided into three or four bands, they managed to get
+through the gates of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle
+which they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had hidden their
+creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed the guards, then, in their
+frenzied course, they struck all whom they met.
+
+Hearing the cry of "_Los juramentados!_" the soldiers seized their arms.
+The _juramentados_ rushed on them fearlessly, their creeses clutched in
+their hands. The bullets fell like hail among them. They bent, crept,
+glided, and struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through and
+through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the troops. He was again
+transfixed by a bayonet; he remained erect, vainly trying to reach his
+enemy, who held him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up
+and blow the man's brains out before he let go his prey. When the last of
+the _juramentados_ had fallen, and the corpses were picked up from the
+street which consternation had rendered empty, it was found that these
+eleven men had, with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not
+to reckon the wounded.
+
+"And what wounds!" exclaims Doctor Montano; "the head of one corpse is cut
+off as clean as if it had been done with the sharpest razor; another
+soldier is almost cut in two! The first of the wounded to come under my
+hands was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting guard at the
+gate through which some of the assassins entered. His left arm was
+fractured in three places; his shoulder and breast were literally cut up
+like mince-meat; amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in
+that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which could be cut a
+shred."
+
+It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been Spanish rule on most
+of the islands of this vast archipelago. In the interior of the great
+island of Mindanao there is no system of control, no pretence even of
+maintaining order. It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and
+cruelty. There murder is a regular institution. A _bagani_, or man of
+might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The number is
+carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and the _bagani_ alone
+possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban. All the batos, or chiefs,
+are _baganis_. It is carnage organised, honoured, and consecrated; and so
+the depopulation is frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable.
+
+The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be _baganis_ by
+perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their aerial abodes do not
+always shelter them from their enemies. They build a hut on a trunk from
+forty to fifty feet in height, and huddle together in it to pass the
+night, and to be in sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The
+_baganis_ generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin their
+attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour to set on fire the
+bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers form a _testudo_, like the ancient
+Romans, with their locked shields, and advance under cover up to the
+posts, which they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down
+showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition is
+exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to do but witness, as
+impotent spectators, the work of destruction, until the moment comes when
+their habitation topples over and falls. Then the captives are divided
+among the assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are cut
+off, and the women and children are led away as slaves.
+
+The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this Malay race. The
+missionaries alone venture to travel among these ferocious tribes. They,
+too, have made the sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth
+nothing, they have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in
+evangelising and converting them. They work for God and for their country,
+and the poorest and most wretched among the natives are not unwilling to
+accept the faith and to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on
+their leaving their homes and going to another district, to which, for
+many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After several days' journey a
+pueblo is founded. These villages have multiplied for many years past,
+forming oases of comparative peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by
+which they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek a
+shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds, the less exposed it
+is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano gives a very striking account of
+one of these daring missionaries, Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society
+of Jesus, who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred
+people.
+
+There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the Philippine group.
+Their area exceeds that of Great Britain. Pine and fir-trees are abundant.
+Large areas are suitable for wheat. There are eight ports open to
+commerce. The principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars,
+coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual value of the sugar
+output was $30,000,000. Now it is almost nothing.
+
+The population of the islands is about eight million, of which more than
+three million are in Luzon, the insurgent stronghold.
+
+"Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were subject to a
+governor-general with supreme powers, assisted by a 'junta of authorities'
+instituted in 1850, and consisting of the archbishop, the commander of the
+forces, the admiral, the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central
+junta of agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and a
+council of administration. In the provinces and districts the chief power
+is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military governors. The
+chief magistrate of a commune is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain;
+the native who is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a
+certain group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian between
+the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was forced to pay tribute
+to the amount of $1.17, descendants of the first Christians of Cebu, new
+converts, gobernadorcillos, etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to
+special taxes, and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes were
+required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50."
+
+The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an area of 40,885
+square miles, and on which is situated the city of Manila.
+
+The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports for 1880, is in
+the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs from 250,000 to 300,000.
+
+The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the eastern shore of a
+circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference. It looks like a fragment
+of Spain transplanted to the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and
+convents, even on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863,
+time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the mother
+country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy, stretches interminably
+along its gloomy streets, bordered with convents whose flat fa�ades are
+only broken here and there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a
+new city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called the
+Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this city is alive with
+its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala women, shod in high-heeled
+shoes, and every nerve in their bodies quivering with excitement. They are
+almost all employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output
+inundates all Asia.
+
+Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,--Europeans, Chinese,
+Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some 260,000 people of every known race
+and of every known colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto,
+carriages and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians swarm in
+crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously picturesque
+square, lit up by the slanting rays of the setting sun, which purples the
+lofty peaks of the Sierra de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long,
+luminous train on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the
+sombre verdure of the city's sloping banks. This is the hour when all the
+inhabitants hold high festival, able at length to breathe freely after the
+heat of the noontide.
+
+The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive taxation by
+Spain to raise money to carry on the war in Cuba. The islands were already
+overburdened with assessments to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the
+native poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last straw.
+
+Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived from Spain with
+reinforcements. He did not undertake to penetrate the mountains, but
+massacred the native population in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del
+Laguna he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in the
+mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with fury, but they were
+helpless.
+
+It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten thousand dead
+prisoners had been taken from prison in a year.
+
+Three years ago it cost the government a little more than half a cent to
+collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it now costs ninety-five
+cents. The only taxes that can be profitably collected are those in
+Manila. The rich islands of Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically
+nothing.
+
+The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and Leyte. About one
+year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists appealed to the
+government at Washington to interfere in their behalf. The petition was
+received and filed.
+
+In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the heat is so
+intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat apoplexy. Even the
+Spaniards do their business in the early hours, whiling away the heat of
+the day in sleep. Late in the afternoon Manila begins to awaken.
+
+The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers of all ranks
+and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like behind his ear.
+Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled hooded cabriolets peculiar to the
+natives, crowd the roadway, together with the buggies and open carriages
+of the foreign element.
+
+At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand of
+employees turn out into the streets. They form a motley yet effective
+feature among the wayfarers. The Malay girls are usually very pretty, with
+languishing eyes, shaded by long lashes, and supple figures, whose
+graceful lines are revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their
+bare feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet weather
+they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates a very becoming
+swinging of the hips.
+
+There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better classes affect lace
+and flowers, those of the lower wear their own hair flowing down their
+backs, in a long, blue-black wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman
+sparkles with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males are
+similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen for a cent are
+in chief favour with the natives. Cigars at $1.50 a hundred are in favour
+with the foreigners. The handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are
+mostly bachelors, eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter
+surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large house at Sampalog,
+which is club and boarding-house combined, or in "chummeries," established
+in adjacent buildings.
+
+The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under three religious
+groups,--the infidels, who have held to their ancient heathen rights, the
+Moors, who retain the Mahometan religion of their first conquerors, and
+the infinitely larger class of Catholics.
+
+An important, though numerically small, element in the population of the
+larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds, the result of admixture
+either between the Chinese or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos
+occupy about the same social position as the mulattos of the United
+States. But they are the richest and most enterprising among the native
+population.
+
+The most important personage is the cura, or parish priest. He is in most
+instances a Spaniard by birth, and enrolled in one or other of the three
+great religious orders, Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established
+by the conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if not more,
+of a native than the natives themselves. He is bound for life to the land
+of his adoption. He has no social or domestic tie, no anticipated home
+return, to bind him to any other place.
+
+Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday resort in a Philippine
+village is the cock-pit, usually a large building wattled like a coarse
+basket and surrounded by a high paling of the same description, which
+forms a sort of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to come
+upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in arranging a
+satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a respectable Malay father has
+been seen escaping from amid the ruins of his burning home bearing away in
+his arms his favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift
+for themselves.
+
+The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly, with their
+gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They eschew opium and spirituous
+liquors. Their chief sustenance, morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice
+crop seldom fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a
+large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow which broods over so
+many a rice-subsisting population, is unknown here. Even scarcity is of
+rare occurrence. In the worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be
+imported. It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what the
+world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of the tropics,
+limits his labour by the measure of his requirements, and that measure is
+narrow indeed. Hence it is often difficult to obtain his services in the
+development of the tobacco, coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which
+might make the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
+portions of the earth's face.
+
+Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The English were its
+captors, although they held it only a few months. It was in 1762, a few
+weeks after the English capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to
+side with France in the war usually known in this country as the French
+and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.
+
+The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel William Draper; he
+was made a brigadier-general for the expedition and put in command, with
+Admiral Cornish as his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and
+frigates, several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
+including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.
+
+On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked just south of Manila.
+The Archbishop of Manila, who was also governor-general of the island,
+collected and armed some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
+Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of the siege some
+daring attempts were made by the British to prevent the further
+construction of defences, but the assailants were repulsed with great
+slaughter.
+
+A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives, who "ran furiously
+on the ranks of the besiegers and fought with almost incredible ferocity,
+and many of them died, like wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the
+bayonets by which they were transfixed."
+
+On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works, the English
+carried the city by storm, and gave it up for several hours to the ravages
+of a merciless soldiery. The Archbishop and his officers had retired to
+the citadel, but this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
+upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several ships and the
+military stores, were surrendered, while for their private property the
+Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom $2,000,000 in coin, and the same in
+bills on the treasury at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX B.
+
+
+                          WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS.
+
+
+There are ten principal classes of vessels in the United States navy,
+distinguished one from another by the differences in their uses and by
+their strength and speed. The general principle underlying their
+construction is that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of
+her own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel which is inferior
+in armament, and has no compensating superiority in speed, is outclassed.
+The same is true of any vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in
+speed to an adversary.
+
+The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement. This displacement is
+the number of tons of water she will push aside to make room for herself.
+A vessel of ten thousand tons will take engines of a certain weight and
+power to drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the larger
+the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required. Now, if it is
+necessary to give this vessel heavy protective armour and big guns, the
+additional weight of this equipment must be saved somewhere else, and
+usually in the engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following
+out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships carry the
+lightest armament, and that those which carry the biggest guns in their
+batteries and the thickest armour on their sides are comparatively slow,
+the extreme variation among vessels of the same displacement being about
+eight or nine miles an hour.
+
+In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished by the
+number and weight of the guns they carry, and by the distribution and
+thickness of their armour. Protective armour is of two kinds, that which
+surrounds the guns, so as to protect them from the enemy's fire, and that
+which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent the engines
+from being rendered useless.
+
+The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of speed are to be found in
+the first-class battle-ship, which is simply a floating fortress, so
+constructed that she need never run away, but can stand up and fight as
+long as her gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a
+battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines with a wall
+of Harveyized steel armour eighteen inches or so thick, and seven or eight
+feet high, which extends about four feet below the water-line and three
+feet above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the ship, but
+is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in front of and behind the
+space occupied by the engines and magazines, and the whole affair is
+covered with a solid steel roof three or four inches thick. Outside this
+central fortress, and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at each
+end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick, which is placed
+several feet below the water-line. Everything above this deck and outside
+this fortress might be shot away, and the vessel would still float and
+fight.
+
+On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing the big
+guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre, weigh about sixty tons
+each, and will carry a shell weighing eleven hundred pounds about twelve
+miles. The turrets are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns,
+and are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen inches thick.
+They revolve within a barbette or ring of steel eighteen inches thick,
+which protects the machinery by which the guns are trained. Farther back
+on the roof of the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch
+steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are stationed
+rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by thinner armour than that
+of the main belt.
+
+If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving nothing but the
+turrets with the big guns, and these are brought down close to the water,
+and the armour belt is reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the
+type of vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a battle-ship
+on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow and cannot stand rough
+weather, on account of their low freeboard. The speed of the monitors is
+seldom more than twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended
+to act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries. The
+best types in the navy are the _Terror_ and the _Puritan_.
+
+The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an hour. The best
+specimen in the navy is the _Indiana_, declared by its admirers to be the
+most powerful battle-ship afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the
+_Texas_, are smaller vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they
+have a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not carry so
+heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The _Maine_ was a
+second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns were of 10-inch calibre; her
+armour was twelve inches thick, and her turrets were eight inches thick
+only.
+
+The first step in reducing the armament from that of the battle-ship
+proper, at the same time increasing the speed, produces the armoured
+cruiser. This type of vessel may carry no guns of more than 8-inch
+calibre, and the armour belt is reduced to three or four inches in
+thickness. Instead of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck
+is carried all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal
+thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle it is three
+inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they slope abruptly to
+below the water-line. Between these sloping sides and the thin armour belt
+coal is stored, so that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt,
+six or eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches thick,
+the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal to a solid
+horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick.
+
+A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship, because it could
+not accomplish anything with its 8-inch guns against the 18-inch armour of
+its heavier rival, while one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a
+battle-ship or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat.
+For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship, so that
+she can run away, and the weight that is saved in the armour belt and big
+guns is therefore put into the engine-room. The average speed of an
+armoured cruiser is about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of
+this class in the navy are probably the _Brooklyn_ and _New York_.
+
+Some vessels, like the Spaniard _Vizcaya_, are about half way between a
+battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy guns of the former and the
+speed of the latter. The _Vizcaya_, although a cruiser, carried 11-inch
+guns with a 12-inch armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an
+hour.
+
+The next step in reducing armament and increasing speed, produced the
+protected cruiser, which carries no armour belt, but retains the
+protective deck, upon the sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The
+turrets disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch gun,
+the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire guns and 6, 4,
+and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel is not able to cope with the
+armoured cruiser, it must be faster, for the general principle holds good
+that the weaker the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or
+defensive armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to run
+away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the navy may be found in
+the _Columbia_ and _Minneapolis_, which have a speed of about twenty-seven
+miles an hour.
+
+The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected cruisers, which
+have neither armour-belt nor protective deck, and carry only light
+batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these vessels are slow, like the
+_Detroit_, they are intended for long voyages and for duty in foreign
+countries, and are of little use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected
+cruiser, like the American line steamers, _St. Paul_ and _St. Louis_,
+attach little importance to their armament, and rely for protection upon
+stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the armour belt in other
+vessels. All the beautiful wood-work, which was so much admired in these
+vessels, was ripped out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are
+sufficient to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns. On account
+of their extreme weakness as fighters, these cruisers are necessarily the
+fastest of all the large vessels, and can run away from anything. For this
+reason no concern was felt for the _Paris_ by those who knew the
+principles which govern the safety of modern vessels.
+
+The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight with any but
+vessels of their own class, which they may encounter in the discharge of
+similar duties, such as scouring the seas as the advance guard of the
+slower line of battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels,
+blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships. Gunboats are
+simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended for use in shallow waters
+and rivers.
+
+Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely upon the torpedo as
+the weapon of attack, and they carry no guns except a very few
+light-calibre rapid-fires to keep off small boats. Their success depends
+on their ability to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo,
+and retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their great
+requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the _Porter_ can speed thirty-two miles
+an hour. Naval experts consider their bark worse than their bite, because,
+with the modern system of lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and
+rapidity of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat
+to get within range without exposing itself to instant destruction, and
+after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a serious repulse, it is believed
+that it would be almost impossible to get the crews to go into action
+again.
+
+The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief, does not carry any
+heavy guns, but depends on its great speed and its ability to cripple a
+torpedo-boat with its 6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy's
+tubes. All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves, so that
+they can be used against the enemy's battle-ships or cruisers if the
+occasion offers. The fastest boat in the United States navy is the
+destroyer _Bailey_, which can steam thirty-four miles an hour.
+
+
+
+In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may depend on keeping
+open communication between the different vessels of the squadron engaged.
+Owing to the fact that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by
+the smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval experts
+have been kept busy devising some method by which the flag-ship can
+communicate with the other vessels of the squadron at all times and under
+all conditions. So far nothing has been put in general service which meets
+this demand, but lately there have been experiments with the telephone,
+which, it is said, can be used without wires, by which signals can be
+projected by a vibrator on one vessel against a receiver on another. The
+Navy Department is keeping the details of this new system carefully to
+itself, as it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our
+own ships of battle.
+
+The present method of communication is by the use of flags representing
+numerals which are displayed in the rigging; by the use of the Ardois
+system of lights for night work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and
+by the use of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that the
+enemy should not read the message, the signal books on board a vessel are
+protected with the greatest care, and are destroyed along with the cipher
+code whenever it is seen that capture is inevitable. The semaphore system
+in use in the British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our
+vessels, but it never became popular, and has been abandoned.
+
+In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is looked up in
+the code-book and its corresponding number is obtained. This number is
+never more than four figures, on account of the necessity of setting the
+signal with the least delay. The number having been obtained, the
+quartermaster in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the flags
+representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as to read from the
+top down. These flags represent the numerals from one to nine and cipher,
+and there is a triangular pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a
+combination where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to those
+found in the general signal-book, in which are printed all the words,
+phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an order, make an inquiry,
+indicate a geographical position, or signal a compass course. Answering,
+interrogatory, preparatory, and geographical pennants form part of this
+code; also telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags.
+
+The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left flying until the
+vessel to which the message has been sent signifies that it is understood
+by hoisting what is called the answering pennant. If the number hoisted by
+the flag-ship is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left
+flying until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is
+pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood as the
+command for the execution of the movement just communicated.
+
+It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate with a merchant
+vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging to a foreign country. For
+this purpose the international code is also carried in the signal-chest.
+These signals are those in general use by all the merchant navies of the
+world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen flags and a code
+pennant, corresponding to the consonants of the alphabet, omitting x and
+z. The code pennant is also used with these signals.
+
+If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of night signals,
+with which all our vessels carrying an electric plant are fitted, is
+employed. These signals consist essentially of five groups of double
+lamps, the two lamps in each group containing incandescent electric lamps,
+and showing white and red respectively. By the combination of these lights
+letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word, and hence an
+order, can be spelled out for the guidance of the ships of the squadron.
+These lamps are suspended on a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a
+keyboard from the upper bridge.
+
+On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not fitted with
+electric lighting, Very's night signals are used. This set includes the
+implements for firing and recharging the signals.
+
+The latter show green and red stars on being projected from pistols made
+for them. The combination in various ways is used to express the numbers
+from one to nine and cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits,
+contained in the signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is
+employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are employed. The
+official flag is a red field with a small white square in the centre; the
+unofficial flag is the same with the colours reversed. The operator,
+having attracted the attention of the ship which is to be signalled by
+waving the flag or torch from right to left, transmits his message by
+motions right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of the
+alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four motions.
+
+When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes used. The rays of
+the sun are thrown by a system of mirrors to the point with which it is
+desired to communicate, and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making
+dots and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system is used
+only when operations ashore are going on, as the rolling of the ship would
+prevent the concentration of the sun's rays.
+
+The present systems of flag signalling are products of experience in the
+past, and are the natural growth of the cruder flag system in use during
+the War of 1812, and in the Civil War. There have been some changes in the
+construction of flags, and the scope of communication has been enlarged,
+but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much the same way as we do
+now. Of course the Ardois light signal is something very modern. In old
+times they communicated at night either with coloured lights or by
+torches, and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the process
+was by means of flashes (representing numbers in the signal book), and it
+was long and tedious.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX C.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern coast of Cuba, second
+only to Havana in its strategic and political importance, and is the
+capital of the eastern department, as well as its most flourishing
+seaport.
+
+The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action where American
+heroism was displayed, is thus described by Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his
+entertaining work on Cuba:
+
+"Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but, looking landward,
+nothing is seen but the same continuous mountains which we have had for
+the last twelve hours, except where, low down on the shore, there seems to
+be a slight opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently,
+some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half hour more we
+discover the small opening to be the entrance to a valley, and the
+dwelling-house to be the fort of the Cabanas. Still, no town and no
+harbour; and yet ahead we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking
+old castle, with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated
+walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves dashing at
+their base. That is the Morro Castle, which, with the battery of
+Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella, and the above named Cabanas,
+commands the approaches to the harbour and town of Cuba.
+
+"The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered along it the
+remains of several vessels, whose captains, in trying to escape from the
+dangers of the storm, have vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour,
+and the bleaching timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter
+there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we are up to the
+castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us into a narrow channel and
+past the Morro and the battery adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as
+big as himself, hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find
+ourselves in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains are
+seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town, and no place where
+there will likely be one; but now a turn to the right, and there, rising
+from the water's side almost to the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago
+de Cuba, with its red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of
+its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a brilliant
+foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie behind the city....
+
+"Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside, to the high plain
+called the Campo del Marte, the city of Santiago reaches in its highest
+point 160 feet above the level of the sea, and commands from almost any
+portion superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic ranges of
+mountains that surround it. With a population of about fifty thousand
+inhabitants, it has regularly laid out streets and well-built houses of
+stone in most portions of the city; though being built as it is on the
+side of a hill, many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and
+from the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks, are
+anything but an agreeable promenade.
+
+"The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered the
+conqueror of the island, who landed here in that year on his first voyage;
+and it was from here that Juan de Grijalva, in 1518, started on his
+expedition for the conquest of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes,
+who, however, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called then), now
+Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of 'City' and 'Bishopric' were bestowed
+upon the town, having been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where
+they had been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European
+settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca, first bishop of
+the island, arrived and established here his headquarters.
+
+"In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his expedition for the
+conquest of Florida, where he met his fate and found a tomb.
+
+"In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly one thousand men,
+having been authorised, in addition to the command of his Florida
+expedition, to assume that of the whole island of Cuba.
+
+"In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French arquebusiers, who
+took possession of it until a ransom of $80,000 was paid, the invaders
+remaining nearly a month in the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent
+were the attacks of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was
+almost depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo, some
+distance in the interior.
+
+"In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake, the Bishop
+Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana, and almost all the diocesans, as
+well as the ecclesiastical chapter, did the same, which action created
+great excitement, the superior governor and chief of the island opposing
+it.
+
+"The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be made into a cathedral,
+through the efforts of the prelate, Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by
+the captain-general, Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief and
+all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession to curse and
+stone his house.
+
+"In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place by a squadron of
+fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose people landed at the place now
+known as the 'Aguadores,' and to the number of eight hundred men marched
+without opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after
+repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders, it appears,
+partook freely of the church-bells, carried off the guns from the forts,
+took charge of the slaves, and not finding the valuables they anticipated,
+which had been carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their
+disappointment, blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the cathedral,
+remaining nearly a month in possession of the city.
+
+"It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now known as the Morro
+was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and at the same time the fortresses of
+Santa Catalina, La Punta, and La Estrella.
+
+"In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city was ruined by
+earthquakes, more than one hundred persons being killed.
+
+"The town has the honour of having for its first mayor, or 'alcalde,'
+Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the remains of Diego Velasquez, the
+first explorer and conqueror, were buried there in the old cathedral. It
+is related in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November,
+1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the broken slab of
+his tomb was found, seven and a half feet under ground, the inscription
+upon which is illegible, with the exception of a few Latin words giving
+name and date."
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX D.
+
+
+                               PORTO RICO.
+
+
+Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November, 1493. In 1510 Ponce de
+Leon founded the town of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as
+Pureto Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan
+Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native inhabitants were
+soon subdued and swept away. In 1595 the capital was sacked by Drake, and
+in 1598 by the Earl of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman,
+lost his life in an attack on the Castello del Morro. The attempt of the
+English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful, and Abercrombie, in 1797, had
+to retire after a three days' strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward
+the declaration of independence on the part of the Porto Ricans, but
+Spanish supremacy was completely re�stablished by 1823. The last traces of
+slavery were abolished in 1873.
+
+San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island, saving that it is
+well fortified, for it is the coolest, the healthiest port, with
+thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour, and twenty-eight feet of water
+alongside the coal wharves. It is the only port on the island with
+fortifications. There are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but
+outside of the eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few
+fighting men on the island.
+
+The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor in fighting by those
+who know them, and are almost all Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up
+of the best of the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto
+Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless they please,
+and very few of them please.
+
+The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del Morro fortress is at
+the entrance of the harbour. It is the principal defence from the sea, and
+has three rows of batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the
+city, which lies at the back of it, but communication between the city and
+fort is had by a tunnel.
+
+The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad. There are some
+notable exceptions. There is a splendid road built by the Spanish
+government from Ponce to San Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and
+a young Porto Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his
+bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road from Guayama,
+meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been recently finished. The scenery
+is the most beautiful in the West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are
+all over the island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants
+everywhere abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild animals of any
+kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other tropical fruits thrive in Porto
+Rico, but they are not specially cultivated.
+
+Some years ago a railway around the island was projected, but only three
+sections have been built. There is one to the north from San Juan to
+Camuy, one on the west from Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south
+from Yauco to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from San
+Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their journey by stage-coaches,
+one from Camuy to Aguadilla, and one from Mayaguez to Yauco.
+
+San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce has almost thirty
+thousand. There are many towns of between twelve thousand and thirty
+thousand people. The buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few
+three-story buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples of
+modern construction.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX E.
+
+
+                          THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.
+
+
+On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance east of Santiago,
+is Guantanamo, or Cumberland Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of
+water, with a narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve
+miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and high hills on
+the north and east.
+
+Five miles from the entrance is the little town of Caimanera, from which
+runs a railroad to the town of Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its
+terminus at the town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles
+of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to be fully
+protected from the wind. For vessels drawing twenty-four feet or less
+there are about two more square miles of harbourage.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 See Appendix, Part A, for general description of the Philippine
+      Islands and their inhabitants.
+
+    2 See Appendix B for types of war-ships and methods of signalling
+      while in action.
+
+    3 See Chapter X.
+
+    4 See Chapter X.
+
+    5 See Chapter X.
+
+    6 See Chapter X.
+
+    7 See Chapter X.
+
+    8 See Chapter X.
+
+    9 See Chapter X.
+
+   10 See Chapter X.
+
+   11 See Chapter X.
+
+   12 See Chapter X.
+
+   13 See Chapter X.
+
+   14 See Chapter X.
+
+   15 See Chapter X.
+
+   16 See Chapter X.
+
+   17 See Chapter X.
+
+   18 See Chapter X.
+
+   19 See Chapter X.
+
+   20 See Chapter X.
+
+   21 See Appendix A for description of Manila.
+
+   22 See Chapter X.
+
+   23 See Chapter X.
+
+   24 See Chapter X.
+
+   25 See Chapter X.
+
+   26 See Chapter X.
+
+   27 See Chapter X.
+
+   28 See Chapter X.
+
+   29 See Chapter X.
+
+   30 See Chapter X.
+
+   31 See Chapter X.
+
+   32 See Chapter X.
+
+   33 For types of war-ships see Appendix B.
+
+   34 See Appendix C for description of Santiago Harbour.
+
+   35 See Chapter XVII.
+
+
+
+
+
+                            TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
+
+
+The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original
+edition, have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions,
+which can be seen in the list of illustrations.
+
+The following changes have been made to the text:
+
+      page 19, "last of March" changed to "last days of January"
+      page 22, "Viscaya" changed to "Vizcaya"
+      page 51, "procotol" changed to "protocol"
+      page 80, italics added to "Baltimore's"
+      page 80, "San Juan de Austria" changed to "Don Juan de Austria"
+      page 81, "Valasco" changed to "Velasco"
+      page 85, quote added before "Capt. Frank Wildes"
+      page 89, "flagship" changed to "flag-ship"
+      page 133, double "the" removed before "gunboat"
+      page 158, "first class" changed to "first-class"
+      page 166, "Albermarle" changed to "Albemarle"
+      page 194, "armored" changed to "armoured"
+      page 264, double quote removed after "dying.'"
+      page 270, "of" changed to "off"
+      page 309, "organized" changed to "organised"
+      page 321, "flag-staff" changed to "flagstaff"
+      page 370, "WARSHIPS" changed to "WAR-SHIPS"
+      page 383, "Mono" changed to "Morro"
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been
+changed.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '98***
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+<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
+<div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boys of ’98 by James Otis</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The Boys of ’98
+
+Author: James Otis
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2009 [Ebook #30684]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF ’98***
+</pre></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        
+    </div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-pb"></div>
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">THE BOYS OF ’98</span></p>
+    
+    </div><hr class="page" /><div class="boxed tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-pb"></div>
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-weight: 700">STORIES of</span><br /><span style="font-weight: 700">AMERICAN HISTORY</span></span></p>
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-weight: 700">By James Otis</span></span></p>
+        
+        <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 12.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">1.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">When We Destroyed the Gaspee</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">2.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">Boston Boys of 1775</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">3.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">When Dewey Came to Manila</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">4.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">Off Santiago with Sampson</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">5.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">When Israel Putnam Served the King</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">6.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">The Signal Boys of ’75<br />
+                      <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">(A Tale of the Siege of Boston)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">7.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">Under the Liberty Tree<br />
+                      <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">(A Story of the Boston Massacre)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">8.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">The Boys of 1745<br />
+                      <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">(The Capture of Louisburg)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">9.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">An Island Refuge<br />
+                      <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">(Casco Bay in 1676)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">10.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">Neal the Miller<br />
+                      <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">(A Son of Liberty)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">11.  </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ezra Jordan’s Escape<br />
+                      <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">(The Massacre at Fort Loyall)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
+        
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-weight: 700">DANA ESTES &amp; COMPANY</span><br /><span style="font-weight: 700">Publishers</span><br /><span style="font-weight: 700">Estes Press, Summer St., Boston</span></span></p>
+       
+    </div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-pb"></div>
+    
+    <div class="tei tei-pb"></div>
+    <a name="ill01" id="ill01" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+    
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill01.png" alt="THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY." title="THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</span></div></div> 
+    
+    </div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-titlePage" style="text-align: center">
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiii">[pg iii]</span><a name="Pgiii" id="Pgiii" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a>
+        
+        <span class="tei tei-docTitle" style="text-align: center">
+            <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style="text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE BOYS OF ’98</span></span></span>
+        </span>
+        <br /><br /><br />
+        <div class="tei tei-byline" style="text-align: center">BY<br />
+            <span class="tei tei-docAuthor" style="text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">JAMES OTIS</span></span></span><br />
+            <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">AUTHOR OF</span><br />
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">“</span><span style="font-size: 75%">TOBY TYLER,</span><span style="font-size: 75%">”</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">“</span><span style="font-size: 75%">JENNY WREN’S BOARDING HOUSE,</span><span style="font-size: 75%">”</span></span><br />
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">“</span><span style="font-size: 75%">THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER,</span><span style="font-size: 75%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 75%"> ETC.</span></span>
+        </div>
+        <br /><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style="text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Illustrated by</span></span><br />
+            J. STEEPLE DAVIS<br />
+            FRANK T. MERRILL<br />
+            <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">And with Reproductions of Photographs</span></span></span>
+        <br /><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-docEdition" style="text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">ELEVENTH THOUSAND</span></span></span>
+        
+        <br /><br /><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-docImprint" style="text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">BOSTON</span><br /><span style="font-size: 120%">
+            DANA ESTES &amp; COMPANY</span></span><br />
+            PUBLISHERS</span>
+    
+    </div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiv">[pg iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a>
+        
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Copyright, 1898</span></span><br />
+            <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">By Dana Estes &amp; Company</span></span></p>
+    
+    </div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+    
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CONTENTS.</span></h1>
+        
+        <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 75%"> CHAPTER</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 75%">PAGE</span></span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">I.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Battle-ship Maine</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">1</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">II.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Preliminaries</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">19</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">III.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Declaration of War</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">38</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">IV.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Battle of Manila Bay</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">64</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">V.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">News of the Day</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">92</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">VI.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cardenas and San Juan</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">117</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">VII.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">From All Quarters</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">130</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">VIII.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hobson and the Merrimac</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">149</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">IX.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">By Wire</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">171</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">X.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Santiago de Cuba</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">194</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XI.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">El Caney and San Juan Heights</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">224</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XII.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Spanish Fleet</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">254</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XIII.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Surrender of Santiago</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">290</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XIV.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Minor Events</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">302</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XV.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Porto Rican Campaign</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg320" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">320</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XVI.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Fall of Manila</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">335</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XVII.</td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peace</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg345" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">345</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Appendix A—The Philippine Islands</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">355</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Appendix B—War-ships and Signals</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">370</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Appendix C—Santiago de Cuba</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">379</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Appendix D—Porto Rico</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">383</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Appendix E—The Bay of Guantanamo</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#Pg386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">386</a></td>
+            </tr></tbody></table>    
+    
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevi">[pg vi]</span><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+    
+    </div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+    
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></h1>
+        
+        <a name="Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pgix" id="Pgix" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 75%">PAGE</span></span></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Charge at El Caney</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill01" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Frontispiece</span></a></span></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Maine</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill02" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">7</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Captain C. D. Sigsbee</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill03" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">12</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ex-Minister de Lome</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill04" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">20</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Montgomery</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill05" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">24</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Major-General Fitzhugh Lee</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill06" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">30</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Columbia</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill07" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">38</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Captain-General Blanco</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill08" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">44</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Premier Sagasta</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill09" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">49</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">President William Mckinley</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill10" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">55</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Puritan</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill11" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">58</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Admiral George Dewey</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill12" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">64</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Olympia</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill13" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">69</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Baltimore</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill14" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">72</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Battle of Manila Bay</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill15" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">75</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Boston</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill16" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">77</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Concord</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">82</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Terror</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">99</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John D. Long, Secretary of Navy</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill19" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">107</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Chicago</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">117</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Tragedy of the Winslow</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">119</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Amphitrite</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">123</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Bombardment of San Juan, Porto Rico</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">127</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Miantonomah</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">130</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Admiral Schley</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">135</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Monterey</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">144</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Massachusetts</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">151</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lieutenant Hobson</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">156</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. New York</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">161</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hobson and His Men on the Raft</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">166</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Admiral Cervera</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">169</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Spain</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill32" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">171</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">General Garcia</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill33" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">181</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Admiral Camara</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">186</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">General Augusti</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">192</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Marblehead</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">201</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Vesuvius</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">207</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Texas</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill38" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">215</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Colonel Theodore Roosevelt</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill39" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">218</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Major-General Shafter</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill40" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">224</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Attack on San Juan Hill</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">229</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vice-President Hobart</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">234</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Newark</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill43" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">239</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Admiral W. T. Sampson</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">243</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">General Weyler</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill45" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">254</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Captain R. D. Evans</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">256</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Iowa</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">262</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">266</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Indiana</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">269</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Oregon</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">275</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Brooklyn</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">282</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Major-General Joseph Wheeler</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill52" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">292</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">King Alphonso XIII. of Spain</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">300</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">General Gomez</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill54" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">311</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. New Orleans</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill55" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">314</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. San Francisco</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">318</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Major-General Miles</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">320</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Major-General Brooke</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">327</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">General Brooke Receiving the News of the</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">  Protocol</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill59" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">333</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">General Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">334</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Major-General Wesley Merritt</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">344</a></td>
+            </tr><tr class="tei tei-row">
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"> </td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Don Carlos</span></span></td>
+                <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href="#ill62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: right">349</a></td>
+            </tr></tbody></table>   
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagex">[pg x]</span><a name="Pgx" id="Pgx" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>    
+    
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page1">[pg 1]</span><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE BOYS OF ’98.</span></h1>
+ <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a><a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER I.</span></h2>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At or about eleven o’clock on the morning of
+January 25th the United States battle-ship
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> steamed through the narrow channel which
+gives entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and
+came to anchor at Buoy No. 4, in obedience to orders
+from the captain of the port, in from five and one-half
+to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables
+within five hundred yards of the arsenal, and about
+two hundred yards distant from the floating dock.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her
+bow roared out a salute as the Spanish colours were
+run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this thunderous
+announcement of friendliness was first answered by
+Morro Castle, followed a few moments later by the
+Spanish cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso XII.</span></span> and a German
+school-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The reverberations had hardly ceased before the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page2">[pg 2]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>captain of the port and an officer from the Spanish
+war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came alongside
+the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of
+naval etiquette.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received
+the visitors at the head of the gangway and escorted
+them to the captain’s cabin. A few moments later
+came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies
+of welcoming the Americans were at an end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of
+the second class, 318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth,
+with a draught of 21 feet, 6 inches; of 6,648 tons displacement,
+with engines of 9,293 indicated horse-power,
+giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in
+the Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress,
+August 3, 1886. Work on her was commenced October
+11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890,
+and put into commission September 17, 1895. She
+was built after the designs of chief constructor T. D.
+Wilson. The delay in going into commission is said
+to have been due to the difficulty in getting satisfactory
+armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick;
+the two steel barbettes were each of the same thickness,
+and the walls of the turrets were eight inches
+thick.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In her main battery were four 10-inch and six
+6-inch breech-loading rifles; in the secondary battery
+seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder rapid-fire
+guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page3">[pg 3]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>370 men, and the following officers: Capt. C. D.
+Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R. Wainwright, Lieut. G.
+F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen,
+Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J.
+Blandin, Surgeon S. G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M.
+Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain J. P. Chidwick,
+Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant
+of Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R.
+Morris, Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt, Naval
+Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius,
+Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington,
+Naval Cadet A. Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd,
+Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill, Carpenter J.
+Helm, Paymaster’s Clerk B. McCarthy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Why had the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> been sent to this port?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The official reason given by the Secretary of the
+Navy when he notified the Spanish minister, Señor
+Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> was
+simply intended as a friendly call, according to the
+recognised custom of nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States minister at Madrid, General
+Woodford, also announced the same in substance to
+the Spanish Minister of State.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It having been repeatedly declared by the government
+at Madrid that a state of war did not exist in
+Cuba, and that the relations between the United States
+and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing
+less could be done than accept the official construction
+put upon the visit.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page4">[pg 4]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to
+view the matter in the same light, as may be seen by
+the following extracts from newspapers:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If the government of the United States sends one
+war-ship to Cuba, a thing it is no longer likely to do,
+Spain would act with energy and without vacillation.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El
+Heraldo, January 16th.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize
+Cuba.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Imparcial, January 23d.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same paper, on the 27th, declared:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence
+in sending the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>, do some rash, disagreeable
+thing, the civilised world will know too well who
+is responsible. The American government must know
+that the road it has taken leads to war between both
+nations.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general
+comment upon the official explanation of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine’s</span></span>
+visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the opinion
+that her visit is <span class="tei tei-q">“inopportune and calculated to encourage
+the insurgents.”</span> It was announced that,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“following Washington’s example,”</span> the Spanish government
+will <span class="tei tei-q">“instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a
+few American ports.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Imparcial</span></span> expresses fear that the despatch of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> to Havana will provoke a conflict, and adds:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Europe cannot doubt America’s attitude towards
+Spain. But the Spanish people, if necessary, will do
+their duty with honour.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page5">[pg 5]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epocha</span></span> asks if the despatch of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> to
+Havana is <span class="tei tei-q">“intended as a sop to the Jingoes,”</span> and
+adds:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“We cannot suppose the American government so
+naïve or badly informed as to imagine that the presence
+of American war-vessels at Havana will be a cause of
+satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The people of the United States generally believed
+that the battle-ship had been sent to Cuba because
+of the disturbances existing in the city of Havana,
+which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the morning of January 12th what is termed
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“anti-liberal outbreak”</span> occurred in the city of
+Havana.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed
+the ultra-Spanish element in an attack upon the leading
+liberal newspaper offices, because, as alleged, of
+Captain-General Blanco’s refusal to authorise the suppression
+of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous
+protest against Spain’s policy of granting autonomy to
+the Cubans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the
+time being most formidable, indulged in open threats
+against Americans, and it was believed by the public
+generally that American interests, and the safety of
+citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the
+protection of a war-vessel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The people of Havana received the big fighting ship
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page6">[pg 6]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>impassively. Soldiers, sailors, and civilians gathered at
+the water-front as spectators, but no word, either of
+threat or friendly greeting, was heard.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the city the American residents experienced a
+certain sense of relief because now a safe refuge was
+provided in case of more serious rioting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the officers and crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> were apprehensive
+regarding their situation there can be little
+doubt. During the first week after the arrival of the
+battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or
+relatives expressing fears as to what might be the
+result of the visit, and on the tenth of February one of
+the lieutenants is reported as having stated:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If we don’t get away from here soon there will be
+trouble.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made
+by the commander of the ship and his staff, and, so
+far as concerned the officials of the city, the Americans
+were seemingly welcome visitors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently
+content with seeing the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> in their harbour.
+Within a week after the arrival of the ship incendiary
+circulars were distributed in the streets, on the railway
+cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all
+Spaniards to avenge the <span class="tei tei-q">“insult”</span> of the battle-ship’s
+visit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill02" id="ill02" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill02.jpg" alt="U. S. S. MAINE." title="U. S. S. MAINE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. MAINE.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page7">[pg 7]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be
+insulted in this way?</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing
+our brave and beloved Weyler, who at this
+very time would have finished with this unworthy
+rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and
+our honour?</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to
+one side and to give posts of honour and authority to
+those who initiated this rebellion, these ill-born autonomists,
+ungrateful sons of our beloved country.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our
+affairs humiliate us to the last degree, and for still
+greater taunt order to us one of the ships of war of
+their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers
+and driving us from our homes.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived.
+Sleep not. Let us show these vile traitors that we
+have not yet lost shame and that we know how to protect
+ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy
+and strong as our Spain is and always will be.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Long live Spain!</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Long live Weyler!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At eight o’clock on the evening of February 15th
+all the magazines aboard the battle-ship were closed,
+and the keys delivered to her commander according
+to the rules of the service.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page8">[pg 8]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was
+on watch as officer of the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in
+his cabin writing letters; on the starboard side of the
+ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter, with
+her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten
+o’clock trip to the shore to bring off such of the officers
+or crew as were on leave of absence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick
+clouds hung over the city and harbour; the ripple of
+the waves against the hulls of the vessels at anchor,
+and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence.
+The lights here and there, together with the dark tracery
+of spar and cordage against the sky, was all
+that betokened the presence of war-ship or peaceful
+merchantman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the
+watch on board the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">City of Washington</span></span>, and
+some sailors ashore, saw what appeared to be a sheet
+of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>,
+and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a
+mighty, confused rumble as of grinding and rending,
+followed an instant later by a roar as if a volcano had
+sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then was flung high in the air what might be
+likened to a shaft of fire filled with fragments of iron,
+wood, and human flesh, rising higher and higher until
+its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a
+column of water broken by the wind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page9">[pg 9]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>heavy with stifling smoke. Electric lights on shore were
+extinguished; the tinkling of breaking glass could be
+heard everywhere in that portion of the city nearest the
+harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to
+fall a dense blackness enshrouded the harbour, from the
+midst of which could be heard cries of agony, appeals
+for help, and the shouts of those who, even while
+struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their
+comrades.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After this, and no man could have said how many
+seconds passed while the confusing, bewildering blackness
+lay heavy over that scene of death and destruction,
+long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and
+splintered decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of
+distress, as well as a beacon for those who would
+succour the dying.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of
+time from the bewilderment of the shock, ran out of
+the cabin toward the deck, groping his way as best he
+might in the darkness through the long passage until
+he came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony,
+who was at his post of duty near the captain’s quarters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was a moment full of horror all the more intense
+because unknown, but the soldier, mindful even then
+of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of one who makes
+an ordinary report:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been
+blown up, and is sinking.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page10">[pg 10]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Follow me,”</span> the captain replied, acknowledging
+his subordinate’s salute, and the two pressed forward
+through the blackness and suffocating vapour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting
+on the starboard side of the quarter-deck when the
+terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down by a
+piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of
+the ship’s frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his
+feet, he ran to the poop that he might be at his proper
+station when the supreme moment came.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers’
+mess-room when the first of a battle-ship’s death-throes
+was felt, and as soon as possible made his way toward
+the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines
+to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his
+comrades.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval
+Cadet Boyd together ran toward the hatch, but only
+to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through, and
+then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were
+vain, and the engineer went down with his ship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time
+elapsed before the uninjured survivors were gathered
+on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where a moment
+previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass
+looming up in the darkness like some threatening
+promontory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite
+her, on the port side, was the barge.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page11">[pg 11]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the first two or three seconds only muffled,
+gurgling, choking exclamations were heard indistinctly;
+and then, when the terrible vibrations of the air ceased,
+cries for help went up from every quarter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but
+terrible moments:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the
+launch be lowered, and the officers and men, who by
+this time had assembled, got the boats out and rescued
+a number in the water.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright
+forward to see the extent of the damage, and if
+anything could be done to rescue those forward, or to
+extinguish the flames which followed close upon the
+explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were
+any combustibles above water to feed them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported
+the total and awful character of the calamity,
+and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Abandon
+ship,’</span> to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm
+and apparently unexcited.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of
+command from the captain aroused his officers from
+the stupefaction of horror which had begun to creep
+over them, and this handful of men, who even then
+were standing face to face with death, set about aiding
+their less fortunate companions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from
+the vessels in the harbour, and the work of rescue was
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page12">[pg 12]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>continued until all the torn and mangled bodies in
+which life yet remained had been taken from the water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Thurston</span></span>,
+was among the first in this labour of mercy, and concerning
+it he says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“My vessel was within half a mile of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>,
+and my small boat was the first to gain the wreck.
+It is beyond my power to describe the explosion. It
+was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments.
+The cries that came over the water awakened us to a
+realisation that some great tragedy had occurred.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I made all haste to the wreck. There were very
+few men in the water. All told, I do not believe there
+were thirty. We picked up some of them and passed
+them on to other vessels, and then continued our work
+of rescue.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and
+trunks of bodies were floating about, together with
+pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all sorts of
+wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some
+poor suffering fellow could be heard above the tumult.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene.
+That was Captain Sigsbee. Every American has reason
+to be proud of that officer. He seemed to have realised
+in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did
+he show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool.
+Discipline? Why, man, the discipline was there as
+strong as ever, despite the fact that all around was
+death and disaster.”</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill03" id="ill03" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill03.jpg" alt="CAPTAIN SIGSBEE." title="CAPTAIN SIGSBEE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page13">[pg 13]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The commander of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> was the last to leave
+the wreck, and then all that was left of the mighty ship
+was beginning to settle in the slime and putrefaction
+which covers the bottom of Havana harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if
+they had been assisting at some social function, the
+officers took their respective places in the boats, and,
+amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a short
+distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their
+post of duty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand
+Hotel, was seated in front of the building when the
+explosion occurred.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It was followed by another and a much louder one,”</span>
+    he said. <span class="tei tei-q">“We thought the whole city had been blown
+to pieces. Some said the insurgents were entering
+Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was
+blown up.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute
+after the explosion was heard the cabmen cracked their
+whips and went rattling over the cobblestones like
+crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies
+of cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets.
+There was no sleep in Havana that night.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and
+General Solano put off to the wreck, and offered their
+services to Captain Sigsbee.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were many wonderful escapes from death.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page14">[pg 14]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>One of the ward-room cooks was thrown outboard into
+the water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling
+in the sea, was picked up alive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the
+davits. The boat was crushed like an egg-shell; but
+the sailor fell overboard and was picked up unhurt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three men were doing punishment watch on the
+port quarter-deck, and thus probably escaped death.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One sailor swam about until help came, although
+both his legs were broken. Another had the bones of
+his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep afloat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged,
+wooden portion of the wreck had been consumed by
+the flames, and at 11.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> the smoke-stacks of the
+ill-fated ship fell.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On board the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">City of Washington</span></span>, two boats
+were literally riddled by fragments of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> which
+fell after the explosion, and among them was an iron
+truss which, crashing through the pantry, demolished
+the tableware.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When morning came the wreck was the central
+figure of an otherwise bright picture, sad as it was
+terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred débris forward
+looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean
+storehouse of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight
+angle from the perpendicular, while the poop afforded
+a resting-place for the workmen or divers.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page15">[pg 15]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of the predominant white which distinguishes our
+war-vessels in time of peace, not a vestige remained.
+In its place was the blackness of desolating death,
+marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six
+brave men had gone over into the Beyond.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The total loss to the government as a result of the
+disaster was officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31.
+This embraced the cost of hull, machinery, equipment,
+armour, gun protection and armament, both in main and
+secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition,
+shells, current supplies, coal, and, in short, the
+entire outfit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The pet of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine’s</span></span> crew, a big cat, was found
+next morning, perched on a fragment of a truss which
+yet remained above the water, and near her, as if seeking
+companionship, was the captain’s dog, Peggy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the
+afternoon of the sixteenth:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Profound sorrow is expressed by the government
+and municipal authorities, consuls of foreign nations,
+organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens generally.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general’s
+palace, on shipping in the harbour, and in the city.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Business is suspended, and the theatres are
+closed.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies
+which had been found up to that time were buried in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page16">[pg 16]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Havana with military honours, two companies of
+Spanish sailors from the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso XII.</span></span> acting
+as escort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson
+of the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> as presiding officer, Commander
+Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F. E.
+Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, was convened, and on March 28th President
+McKinley sent a message to Congress, the conclusion
+of which was as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our
+country with crushing force, and for a brief time an
+intense excitement prevailed, which in a community
+less just and self-controlled than ours might have led
+to hasty acts of blind resentment.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer
+processes of reason, and to the resolve to investigate
+the facts and await material proof before forming a
+judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if
+the facts warranted, the remedy due. This course
+necessarily recommended itself from the outset to the
+executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately
+ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and
+measure of its full duty in the matter.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of
+casualty or disaster to national vessels of any maritime
+state.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“A naval court of inquiry was at once organised,
+composed of officers well qualified by rank and
+prac<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page17">[pg 17]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>tical experience to discharge the onerous duty imposed
+upon them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers,
+the court proceeded to make a thorough investigation
+on the spot, employing every available means for impartial
+and exact determination of the causes of the
+explosion. Its operations have been conducted with
+the utmost deliberation and judgment, and, while independently
+pursued, no source of information was
+neglected, and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a
+simultaneous investigation by the Spanish authorities.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The finding of the court of inquiry was reached,
+after twenty-three days of continuous labour, on the
+twenty-first of March instant, and, having been approved
+on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief
+of the United States naval force in the North
+Atlantic station, was transmitted to the executive.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It is herewith laid before the Congress, together
+with the voluminous testimony taken before the court.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> was not in any respect due to fault or
+negligence on the part of any of the officers or members
+of her crew.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a
+submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of
+two or more of her forward magazines; and that no
+evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility
+for the destruction of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> upon any person or
+persons.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page18">[pg 18]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I have directed that the finding of the court of
+inquiry and the views of this government thereon be
+communicated to the government of her majesty, the
+queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that
+the sense of justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a
+course of action suggested by honour and the friendly
+relations of the two governments.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It will be the duty of the executive to advise the
+Congress of the result, and in the meantime deliberate
+consideration is invoked.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of ’61
+who had worn the blue or the gray, this tragedy in the
+harbour of Havana, and, when the government gave
+permission, the boys of ’98 came forward many and
+many a thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their
+fathers—the boys of ’61—who, although the hand of
+Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to participate
+in the punishment of those who were responsible
+for the slaughter of American sailors within the shadow
+of Morro Castle.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page19">[pg 19]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a><a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER II.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE PRELIMINARIES.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+War between two nations does not begin suddenly.
+The respective governments are exceedingly
+ceremonious before opening the <span class="tei tei-q">“game of death,”</span>
+and it is not to be supposed that the United States
+commenced hostilities immediately after the disaster to
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> in the harbour of Havana.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To tell the story of the war which ensued, without
+first giving in regular order the series of events which
+marked the preparations for hostilities, would be much
+like relating an adventure without explaining why the
+hero was brought into the situation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially
+those of a political nature, are dry reading; but once
+take into consideration the fact that they all aid in
+giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins hostilities
+with another, and much of the tediousness may be
+forgiven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Just previous to the disaster to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>, during
+the last <a name="corr019" id="corr019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">days</span> of <span class="tei tei-corr">January</span> or the first of February, Señor Enrique
+Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister at Washington,
+wrote a private letter to the editor of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page20">[pg 20]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Madrid <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, Señor Canalejas, who was his intimate
+friend, in which he made some uncomplimentary remarks
+regarding the President of the United States,
+and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain
+commercial negotiations which were then being carried
+on between the two countries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By some means, not yet fully explained, certain
+Cubans got possession of this letter, and caused it to
+be published in the newspapers. Señor de Lome did
+not deny having written the objectionable matter; but
+claimed that, since it was a private communication, it
+should not affect him officially. The Secretary of
+State instructed General Woodford, our minister at
+Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately
+recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he
+was not relieved from duty within twenty-four hours,
+the President would issue to him his passports, which
+is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out
+of the country.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">February 9.</span></span> Señor de Lome made all haste to resign,
+and the resignation was accepted by his government
+before—so it was claimed by the Spanish authorities—President
+McKinley’s demand for the recall was
+received.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">February 15.</span></span> The de Lome incident was a political
+matter which caused considerable diplomatic correspondence;
+but it was overshadowed when the battle-ship
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> was blown up in the harbour of
+Havana.
+</p>
+<a name="ill04" id="ill04" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill04.jpg" alt="EX-MINISTER DE LOME." title="EX-MINISTER DE LOME." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page21">[pg 21]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As has already been said, the United States government
+at once ordered a court of inquiry to ascertain
+the cause of the disaster, and this, together with the
+search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was prosecuted
+with utmost vigour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Very many of the people in the United States
+believed that Spanish officials were chargeable with the
+terrible crime, while those who were not disposed to
+make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that
+the Spanish government was responsible for the safety
+of the vessel,—that she had been destroyed by outside
+agencies in a friendly harbour. In the newspapers, on
+the streets, in all public places, the American people
+spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the
+government set to work as if, so it would seem, they also
+were confident there would be an open rupture between
+the two nations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">February 28.</span></span> In Congress, Representative Gibson
+of Tennessee introduced a bill appropriating twenty
+million dollars <span class="tei tei-q">“for the maintenance of national honour
+and defence.”</span> Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced
+a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount
+of money <span class="tei tei-q">“to place the naval strength of the country
+upon a proper footing for immediate hostilities with
+any foreign power.”</span> On the same day orders were
+issued to the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida,
+directing him to send men to man the guns at Santa
+Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">February 28.</span></span> Señor Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page22">[pg 22]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>minister in the place of Señor de Lome, who resigned,
+sailed from Gibraltar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the end of February the work of preparing the
+vessels at the different navy yards for sea was being
+pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and munitions
+of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and
+fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department
+believed that hostilities might be begun at any moment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nor was it only within the borders of this country
+that such preparations were making. A despatch from
+Shanghai to London reported that the United States
+squadron, which included the cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>, were concentrating at
+Hongkong, with a view of active operations against
+Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in event of war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At about the same time came news from Spain
+telling that the Spanish were making ready for hostilities.
+An exceptionally large number of artisans were
+at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and
+torpedo-boat destroyers. The cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span> and <a name="corr022" id="corr022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr"><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span></span>,
+with the torpedo-boat destroyers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, were already on their way to Cuba, where
+were stationed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso XII.</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Isabel</span></span>,
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nueva Espana</span></span>, together with twelve gunboats
+of about three hundred tons each, and eighteen vessels
+of two hundred and fifty tons each.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States naval authorities decided that
+heavy batteries should be placed on all the revenue
+cutters built within the previous twelve months, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page23">[pg 23]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>large quantities of high explosives were shipped in
+every direction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the early days of March, Señor Gullon,
+Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, intimated to
+Minister Woodford that the Spanish government
+desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General
+Lee.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Spain also intimated that the American war-ships,
+which had been designated to convey supplies to
+Cuba for the relief of the sufferers there, should be
+replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the
+assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official
+character.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the
+government at Washington, to which it replied by
+refusing to recall General Lee under the present circumstances,
+or to countermand the orders for the
+despatch of war-vessels, making the representation
+that relief vessels are not fighting ships.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 5.</span></span> Secretary Long closed a contract for the
+delivery at Key West, within forty days, of four hundred
+thousand tons of coal. Work was begun upon the
+old monitors, which for years had been lying at League
+Island navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to
+the Norfolk navy yard to concentrate all the energies
+and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span>, to the
+end that she might be ready for service within sixty
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 6.</span></span> The President made a public statement
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page24">[pg 24]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that under no circumstances would Consul-General
+Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request of Spain.
+He had borne himself, so it was stated from the
+White House, throughout the crisis with judgment,
+fidelity, and courage, to the President’s entire satisfaction.
+As to supplies for the relief of the Cuban
+people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments
+at once from Key West by one of the naval
+vessels, whichever might be best adapted and most
+available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 6.</span></span> Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations
+committee introduced a resolution that fifty
+millions of dollars be appropriated for the national defence.
+It was passed almost immediately, without a
+single negative vote.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span> had been ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General
+Wilson, chief of the engineers of the army,
+arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of
+men, who were in charge of locating and firing submarine
+mines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 10.</span></span> The newly appointed Spanish minister
+arrived at Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 11.</span></span> The House committee on naval affairs
+authorised the immediate construction of three battle-ships,
+one to be named the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>, and provided for an
+increase of 473 men in the marine force.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The despatch-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fern</span></span> sailed for Matanzas with
+supplies for the relief of starving Cubans.
+</p>
+<a name="ill05" id="ill05" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill05.jpg" alt="U. S. S. MONTGOMERY." title="U. S. S. MONTGOMERY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page25">[pg 25]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+News by cable was received from the Philippine
+Islands to the effect that the rebellion there had
+broken out once more; the whole of the northern
+province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to
+pay taxes, and the insurgents appeared to be well
+supplied with arms and ammunition.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 12.</span></span> Señor Bernabe was presented to President
+McKinley, and laid great stress upon the love
+which Spain bore for the United States.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 14.</span></span> The Spanish flying squadron, composed
+of three torpedo-boats, set sail from Cadiz, bound for
+Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be good
+proof that the Spanish government anticipated war
+with the United States, Señor Bernabe made two
+demands upon this government on the day following
+the receipt of such news. The first was that the
+United States fleet at Key West and Tortugas be
+withdrawn, and the second, that an explanation be
+given as to why two war-ships had been purchased
+abroad.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 17.</span></span> A bill was submitted to both houses of
+Congress reorganising the army, and placing it on a
+war footing of one hundred and four thousand men.
+Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the
+Senate, on the condition of affairs in Cuba. He
+announced himself as being opposed to annexation,
+and declared that the Cubans were <span class="tei tei-q">“suffering under
+the worst misgovernment in the world.”</span> The public
+generally accepted his remarks as having been
+sanc<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page26">[pg 26]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>tioned by the President, and understood them as
+indicating that this country should recognise the independence
+of Cuba on the ground that the people are
+capable of self-government, and that under no other
+conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the
+island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 17.</span></span> The more important telegraphic news
+from Spain was to the effect that the Minister of
+Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo
+flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana;
+that the government arsenal was being run night and
+day in the manufacture of small arms, and that infantry
+and cavalry rifles were being purchased in
+Germany.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States revenue cutter cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span>
+was ordered to proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to
+Hongkong, in order that she might be attached to the
+Asiatic squadron, if necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 18.</span></span> The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazonas</span></span>, purchased from
+the Brazilian government, was formally transferred to
+the United States at Gravesend, England, to be known
+in the future as the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 19.</span></span> The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> court of inquiry concluded
+its work. The general sentiments of the people, as
+voiced by the newspapers, were that war with Spain
+was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened
+March 24th, when authority was given by the Navy
+Department for unlimited enlistment in all grades of
+the service, when the revenue service was transferred
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page27">[pg 27]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from the Treasury to the Naval Department, and
+arrangements made for the quick employment of the
+National Guards of the States and Territories.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 24.</span></span> The report of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> court of inquiry
+arrived at Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 27.</span></span> Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers
+declared that war with the United States was
+next to certain. The United States cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">San
+Francisco</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span> sailed from England for
+New York, and the active work of mining the harbours
+of the United States coast was begun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 28.</span></span> The President sent to Congress, with a
+message, the report of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> court of inquiry, as
+has been stated in a previous chapter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March 29.</span></span> Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and
+recognising the independence of Cuba, were introduced
+in both houses of Congress.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the beginning of April it was to the public
+generally as if the war had already begun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the
+country the newspapers were scanned eagerly for notes
+of warlike preparation, and from Washington, sent by
+those who were in position to know what steps were
+being taken by the government, came information
+which dashed the hopes of those who had been praying
+that peace might not be broken.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There had been a conference between the President,
+the Secretary of the Treasury, and the chairman of
+the committee on ways and means, regarding the best
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page28">[pg 28]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war.
+A joint board of the army and navy had met to formulate
+plans of defence, and a speedy report was made to
+Secretary Long.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Instructions were sent by the State Department to
+all United States consuls in Cuba to be prepared
+to leave the island at any moment, and to hold themselves
+in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to
+embark for the United States.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 2.</span></span> A gentleman in touch with public affairs
+wrote from Washington as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“To-day’s developments show that there is only the
+very faintest hope of peace. Unless Spain yields war
+must come. The administration realises that as fully
+as do members of Congress.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The orders sent by the State Department to all
+our consuls in Cuba, especially those in the interior,
+to hold themselves in readiness to leave their positions
+and proceed to Havana, show that the department
+looks upon war as a certainty, and has taken all proper
+precautions for the safety of its agents.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not
+have been issued unless a crisis was imminent, and the
+State Department, as well as other branches of the
+government, has now become convinced that peace
+cannot much longer be maintained, and that the safety
+of the consular agents is a first consideration.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Lee has also been advised that he should
+be ready to leave as soon as notified, and that the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page29">[pg 29]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>American newspaper correspondents now in Havana
+must prepare themselves to receive the notification of
+instant departure.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the
+Boston Towboat Company, which corporation had
+charge of the wrecking operations on the U. S. S.
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of
+War has authorised an allotment of one million dollars
+from the emergency fund for the office of the
+chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended
+in purchasing material for the torpedo defences connected
+with the seacoast fortifications. The United
+States naval attaché at London has purchased a
+cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable
+of a speed of sixteen knots, and the vessel will
+put to sea immediately. The Spanish torpedo flotilla
+is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde
+Islands.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 4.</span></span> Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins
+spoke in the Senate, charging Spain with the murder
+of the sailors of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>, claiming that it was properly
+an act of war, and insisting that the United States
+should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed
+intervention.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 5.</span></span> Senator Chandler announced as his belief
+that the United States was justified in beginning hostilities,
+and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and Turner made
+powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing
+Spain. General Woodford was instructed by cable to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page30">[pg 30]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>be prepared to ask of the Madrid government his
+passports at any moment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable,
+doubled their rates. The merchants and manufacturers’
+board of trade of New York notified Congress
+and the President that it believed Spain was responsible
+for the blowing up of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>; that the independence
+of Cuba should be recognised, and that it should
+be brought about by force of arms, if necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 7.</span></span> The representatives of six great powers
+met at the White House in the hope of being able
+to influence the President for peace. In closing his
+address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The government of the United States appreciates
+the humanitarian and disinterested character of the
+communication now made in behalf of the powers
+named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation
+will be shown for its own earnest and unselfish
+endeavours to fulfil a duty to humanity by ending a
+situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has
+become insufferable.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning
+that Consul-General Lee had received orders to set sail
+from Havana on or before the ninth. The American
+consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that
+city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary
+Islands, was, by the State Department, ordered not
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page31">[pg 31]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to proceed to his post, and he remained at New
+York.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill06" id="ill06" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill06.jpg" alt="MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE." title="MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town
+for Washington, by order of his government.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following cablegram gives a good idea of the
+temper of the Spanish people:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“London, April 7.—A special dispatch from Madrid
+says that the ambassadors of France, Germany, Russia,
+and Italy waited together this evening upon Señor
+Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint
+note in the interests of peace.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Señor Gullon, replying, declared that the members
+of the Spanish Cabinet were unanimous in considering
+that Spain had reached the limit of international policy
+in the direction of conceding the demands and allowing
+the pretensions of the United States.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 9.</span></span> Guards about the United States legation
+in Madrid were trebled. General Blanco, captain-general
+of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on every able-bodied
+man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to
+register for immediate military duty. At ten o’clock
+in the morning, Consul-General Lee, accompanied by
+British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid
+him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to
+receive visitors. General Lee left the island at six
+o’clock in the evening.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 11.</span></span> The President sent a message, together
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page32">[pg 32]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>with Consul Lee’s report, to the Congress, and Senator
+Chandler thus analysed it:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">First</span></span>: A graphic and powerful description of the
+horrible condition of affairs in Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Second</span></span>: An assertion that the independence of the
+revolutionists should not be recognised until Cuba has
+achieved its own independence beyond the possibility
+of overthrow.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Third</span></span>: An argument against the recognition of the
+Cuban republic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fourth</span></span>: As to intervention in the interest of humanity,
+that is well enough, and also on account of
+the injury to commerce and peril to our citizens, and
+the generally uncomfortable conditions all around.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth</span></span>: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions
+is the destruction of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>. It helps make the
+existing situation intolerable. But Spain proposes an
+arbitration, to which proposition the President has no
+reply.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixth</span></span>: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain
+cannot end it, mediation or intervention must take
+place. President Cleveland said <span class="tei tei-q">“intervention would
+finally be necessary.”</span> The enforced pacification of
+Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore,
+the President should be authorised to terminate hostilities,
+secure peace, and establish a stable government,
+and to use the military and naval forces of the United
+States to accomplish these results, and food supplies
+should also be furnished by the United States.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page33">[pg 33]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 12.</span></span> Consul-General Lee was summoned before
+the Senate committee on foreign relations. It was
+announced that the Republican members of the
+ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan
+for raising revenue in case of need to carry on war
+with Spain. The plan was intended to raise more than
+$100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was
+thus distributed:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel,
+estimated to yield $35,000,000; a bank stamp tax
+on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated to yield
+$30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on
+coffee, and ten cents per pound on tea on hand in the
+United States, estimated to yield $28,000,000; additional
+tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing
+of $500,000,000 bonds. These bonds to be offered
+for sale at all post-offices in the United States in
+amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular
+loan to be absorbed by the people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury
+to be authorised to issue treasury certificates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These certificates or debentures to be used to pay
+running expenses when the revenues do not meet the
+expenditures.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These preparations were distinctly war measures,
+and would be put in operation only should war
+occur.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page34">[pg 34]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 13.</span></span> The House of Representatives passed the
+following resolutions:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, the government of Spain for three years
+past has been waging war on the island of Cuba
+against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof, without
+making any substantial progress toward the
+suppression of said revolution, and has conducted
+the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws of
+nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing
+the death by starvation of more than two hundred
+thousand innocent non-combatants, the victims being
+for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting
+intolerable injury to the commercial interests of
+the United States, involving the destruction of the
+lives and property of many of our citizens, entailing
+the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our
+coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain
+our neutrality; and,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, this long series of losses, injuries, and
+burdens for which Spain is responsible has culminated
+in the destruction of the United States battle-ship
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> in the harbour of Havana, and the death of
+two hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolved</span></span>, That the President is hereby authorised
+and directed to intervene at once to stop the war in
+Cuba, to the end and with the purpose of securing
+permanent peace and order there, and establishing by
+the free action of the people there of a stable and
+independent government of their own in the island
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page35">[pg 35]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and
+empowered to use the land and naval forces of the
+United States to execute the purpose of this
+resolution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the Senate the majority resolution reported:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, the abhorrent conditions which have
+existed for more than three years in the island of
+Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace
+to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in
+the destruction of a United States battle-ship with two
+hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on
+a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot
+longer be endured, as has been set forth by the
+President of the United States in his message to
+Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action
+of Congress was invited; therefore,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolved</span></span>, First, that the people of the island of
+Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Second</span></span>, That it is the duty of the United States to
+demand, and the government of the United States does
+hereby demand, that the government of Spain at once
+relinquish its authority and government in the island of
+Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from
+Cuba and Cuban waters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Third</span></span>, That the President of the United States be,
+and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the
+entire land and naval forces of the United States, and
+to call into the actual service of the United States the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page36">[pg 36]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>militia of the several States to such extent as may be
+necessary, to carry these resolutions into effect.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 14.</span></span> The Spanish minister at Washington
+sealed his archives and placed them in the charge
+of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen
+regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for
+the Cortes to meet on the twentieth of the month, and
+a decree opening a national subscription for increasing
+the navy and other war services.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 15.</span></span> The United States consulate at Malaga,
+Spain, was attacked by a mob, and the shield torn
+down and trampled upon.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 17.</span></span> The Spanish committee of inquiry into
+the destruction of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> reported that the explosion
+could not have been caused by a torpedo or a
+mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was
+found to justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony
+of two eye-witnesses to the catastrophe, who
+swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on
+the surface of the harbour around the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>. The
+committee gave great stress to the fact that the explosion
+did no damage to the quays, and none to the
+vessels moored close to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>, whose officers and
+crews noticed nothing that could lead them to suppose
+that the disaster was caused otherwise than by an accident
+inside the American vessel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 18.</span></span> Congress passed the Senate resolution,
+as given above, with an additional clause as follows:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page37">[pg 37]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fourth</span></span>, That the United States hereby disclaim any
+disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction
+or control over said island, except for the
+pacification thereof; and asserts its determination,
+when that is accomplished, to leave the government
+and control of the island to its people.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page38">[pg 38]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a><a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER III.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">A DECLARATION OF WAR.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All that had been done by the governments of the
+United States and of Spain was indicative of war,—it
+was virtually a declaration that an appeal would
+be made to arms.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 20.</span></span> Preparations were making in each country
+for actual hostilities, and the American people were
+prepared to receive the statement made by a gentleman
+in close touch with high officials, when he wrote:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The United States has thrown down the gage of
+battle and Spain has picked it up.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The signing by the President of the joint resolutions
+instructing him to intervene in Cuba was no
+sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than he
+immediately asked the State Department to furnish
+him with his passports.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was defiance, prompt and direct.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain
+to answer our ultimatum.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Nominally Spain has three days in which to make
+her reply. Actually that reply has already been
+delivered.</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill07" id="ill07" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill07.jpg" alt="U. S. S. COLUMBIA." title="U. S. S. COLUMBIA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. COLUMBIA.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page39">[pg 39]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When a nation withdraws her minister from the
+territory of another it is an open announcement to
+the world that all friendly relations have terminated.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Answers to ultimatums have before this been
+returned at the cannon’s mouth. First the minister
+is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is ready
+to speak through shotted guns.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And the United States is ready to answer, gun for
+gun.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid
+yesterday, saying, in her speech from the throne: <span class="tei tei-q">‘I
+have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights, whatever
+sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish
+people to gather behind my son’s throne. With our
+glorious army, navy, and nation united before foreign
+aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome,
+without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust
+attacks made on us.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at
+Key West to have all the vessels of his fleet under full
+steam, ready to move immediately upon orders.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members
+of his staff, departed from Washington during the
+evening, after having made a hurried call at the French
+embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish
+interests were left in charge, having announced that he
+would spend several days in Toronto, Canada.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 21.</span></span> The ultimatum of the United States was
+received at Madrid early in the morning, and the
+gov<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page40">[pg 40]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ernment immediately broke off diplomatic relations by
+sending the following communication to Minister
+Woodford, before he could present any note from
+Washington:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dear Sir</span></span>:—In compliance with a painful duty, I
+have the honour to inform you that there has been
+sanctioned by the President of the republic a resolution
+of both chambers of the United States, which
+denies the legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens
+armed intervention in Cuba, which is equivalent to
+a declaration of war.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The government of her majesty have ordered her
+minister to return without loss of time from North
+American territory, together with all the personnel of
+the legation.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing
+between the two countries, and all official communication
+between their respective representatives, cease.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may
+make such arrangements as you think fit. I beg your
+excellency to acknowledge receipt of this note at such
+time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to
+reiterate to you the assurances of my distinguished
+consideration.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+(Signed) <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">H. Gullon.</span></span>”</span>
+</div>
+    
+</div>    
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the
+government of this country gave out the following
+information:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page41">[pg 41]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o’clock <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>,
+the Department of State served notice of the purposes
+of this government by delivering to Minister Polo a
+copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also
+a copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the
+United States on the nineteenth instant. After the
+receipt of this notice the Spanish minister forwarded
+to the State Department a request for his passports,
+which were furnished him on yesterday afternoon.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith
+appended. The United States minister at Madrid
+was at the same time instructed to make a like communication
+to the Spanish government.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This morning the Department received from
+General Woodford a telegram, a copy of which is
+hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government
+had broken off diplomatic relations with this
+government.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic
+action on the part of the United States.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“ ‘April 20, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Woodford, Minister, Madrid</span></span>:—You have been
+furnished with the text of a joint resolution, voted by
+the Congress of the United States on the nineteenth
+instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification
+of the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act,
+the President directs you to immediately communicate
+to the government of Spain said resolution, with the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page42">[pg 42]</span><a name="Pg42" id="Pg42" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>formal demand of the government of the United States,
+that the government of Spain at once relinquish her
+authority and government in the island of Cuba, and
+withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and
+Cuban waters.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘In taking this step, the United States disclaims
+any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty,
+jurisdiction, or control over said island, except for the
+pacification thereof, and asserts its determination when
+that is accomplished to leave the government and control
+of the island to its people under such free and
+independent government as they may establish.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the
+twenty-third day of April, there be not communicated
+to this government by that of Spain a full and satisfactory
+response to this demand and resolutions, whereby
+the ends of peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President
+will proceed without further notice to use the power
+and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by the
+said joint resolution to such an extent as may be
+necessary to carry the same into effect.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sherman.</span></span>’</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This is Woodford’s telegram of this morning:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Madrid</span></span></span>, April 21. (Received at <span class="tei tei-date" style="text-align: right">9.02 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span></span>)</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To Sherman, Washington</span></span>:—Early this morning
+(Tuesday), immediately after the receipt of your telegram,
+and before I communicated the same to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page43">[pg 43]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign
+Affairs notified me that diplomatic relations are broken
+between the two countries, and that all official communication
+between the respective representatives has
+ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have
+turned the legation over to the British embassy, and
+leave for Paris this afternoon. Have notified consuls.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Woodford</span></span>.’ ”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish newspapers applauded the <span class="tei tei-q">“energy”</span> of
+their government, and printed the paragraph inserted
+below as a semi-official statement from the throne:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish government having received the ultimatum
+of the President of the United States, considers
+that the document constitutes a declaration of war
+against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted
+is not to make any further reply, but to await the
+expiration of the time mentioned in the ultimatum
+before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish
+authorities have placed their possessions in a state
+of defence, and their fleet is already on its way to meet
+that of the United States.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 21.</span></span> General Woodford left Madrid late in the
+afternoon, and although an enormous throng of citizens
+were gathered at the railway station to witness his
+departure, no indignities were attempted. The people
+of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war,
+and the general opinion among the masses was that
+Spain would speedily vanquish the United States.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page44">[pg 44]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the
+palace, the citizens began early to decorate the public
+buildings and many private residences, balconies, and
+windows with the national colours. A general illumination
+followed, as on the occasion of a great national
+festivity. Early in the evening no less than eight
+thousand demonstrators filled the square opposite the
+palace, a committee entering and tendering to the
+captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property,
+and lives in aid of the government, and pledging
+their readiness to fight the invader.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Blanco thanked them in the name of the
+king, the queen regent and the imperial and colonial
+governments, assuring them that he would do everything
+in his power to prevent the invaders from setting
+foot in Cuba. <span class="tei tei-q">“Otherwise I shall not live,”</span> he said, in
+conclusion. <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you swear to follow me to the fight?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, yes, we do!”</span> the crowd answered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in
+your veins before letting a foreigner step his foot on
+the land we discovered, and place his yoke upon the
+people we civilised?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, yes, we do!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The enemy’s fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost
+at the doors of Havana,”</span> General Blanco added. <span class="tei tei-q">“They
+have money; but we have blood to shed, and we are
+ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!”</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill08" id="ill08" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill08.jpg" alt="CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO." title="CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The people interrupted him with cries of applause,
+and he finished his speech by shouting <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">Viva Espana!</span></span>”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page45">[pg 45]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">Viva el Rey!</span></span>”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Long live the army, the navy, and the
+volunteers!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Congress of the United States passed a joint
+resolution authorising the President, in his discretion,
+to prohibit the exportation of coal and other war material.
+The measure was of great importance, because
+through it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports
+in the West Indies where it might be used by Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 22.</span></span> At half past five o’clock in the morning
+the vessels composing the North Atlantic Squadron put
+to sea from Key West. The flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> led
+the way. Close behind her steamed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>. Following the war-ships came the gunboat
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span>, and then the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span>. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amphitrite</span></span>, the
+first of the fleet, lying close to shore, steamed out after
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span>, and then followed in order the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span>, and the
+other boats of the fleet, save the monitors <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Puritan</span></span>, which were coaling, the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>,
+the despatch-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span>, and the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral
+was hoisted over the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, indicating to
+the fleet that Captain Sampson was acting as a rear-admiral.
+When in the open sea the fleet was divided
+into three divisions. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>
+had the position of honour. Stretching out to the
+right were the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span>, and
+smaller craft; to the left was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span> in the lead,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page46">[pg 46]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>followed by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span>,
+and some of the torpedo-boats.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At seven o’clock in the morning the first gun of the
+war was fired. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span>, which had been sailing
+at about six knots an hour, in obedience to orders,
+suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke
+poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually
+increased until the water ascended in fine spray
+on each side of the bow, and behind her trailed out a
+long, creamy streak on the quiet waters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which
+was then about half a mile away, apparently paying no
+heed to the monsters of war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across
+the stranger’s bow, and then, no attention having been
+paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged. This last shot
+struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile
+or more, sending up great clouds of spray.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and
+within five minutes a boat was lowered from the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span> to put on board the first prize a crew of
+six men, under command of Ensign Magruder.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The captured vessel was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Buena Ventura</span></span>, of 1,741
+tons burthen; laden with lumber, valued at eleven
+thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load of cattle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The record of this first day of hostilities was not to
+end with one capture.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the
+Cuban shore, while the United States fleet was
+stand<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page47">[pg 47]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ing toward Havana, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span> a mile or more
+in advance of the flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, the merchant
+steamship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pedro</span></span> hove in sight. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span> suddenly
+swung sharply to the westward, and a moment
+later a string of butterfly flags went fluttering to her
+masthead.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> flung her answering pennant to the
+breeze, and, making another signal to the fleet, which
+probably meant <span class="tei tei-q">“Stay where you are until I get back,”</span>
+swung her bow to the westward and went racing for
+the game that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span> had sighted. The big
+cruiser dashed forward, smoke trailing in dense masses
+from each of her three big funnels, a hill of foam
+around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal
+wave. It was a winning pace, and a magnificent sight
+she presented as she dashed through the choppy seas
+with never an undulation of her long, graceful hull.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came
+from the bow of the cruiser, followed by a dull report,
+then another and another, until four shots had been
+sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish
+steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried
+no heavier guns, was trying to keep at a safe
+distance until the friendly darkness of night should
+hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the
+big cruiser held her course in silence, and then her
+entire bow was hidden from the spectators in a swirl
+of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its
+demand.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page48">[pg 48]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft,
+and had hardly more than flung up a column of water
+a hundred yards or less in front of the merchantman
+before she was hastily rounded to with her engines
+reversed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on
+board, and the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pedro</span></span>, twenty-eight hundred
+tons burthen, suddenly had a change of commanders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 22.</span></span> The President issued a proclamation
+announcing a blockade of Cuban ports, and also signed
+the bill providing for the utilising of volunteer forces
+in times of war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The foreign news of immediate interest to the people
+of the United States was, first, from Havana, that
+Captain-General Blanco had published a decree confirming
+his previous decree, and declaring the island
+to be in a state of war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He also annulled his former similar decrees granting
+pardon to insurgents, and placed under martial law
+all those who were guilty of treason, espionage, crimes
+against peace or against the independence of the
+nation, seditious revolts, attacks against the form of
+government or against the authorities, and against
+those who disturb public order, though only by means
+of printed matter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From Madrid came the information that during the
+evening a throng of no less than six thousand people,
+carrying flags and shouting <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">Viva Espana!</span></span>”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“We want
+war!”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Down with the Yankees!”</span> burned the stars
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page49">[pg 49]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and stripes in front of the residence of Señor Sagasta,
+the premier, who was accorded an ovation. The mob
+then went to the residence of M. Patenotre, the French
+ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance,
+but the French ambassador was not at home.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill09" id="ill09" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill09.jpg" alt="PREMIER SAGASTA." title="PREMIER SAGASTA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">PREMIER SAGASTA.</span></div></div>
+    
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral
+Dewey had ordered the commanders of the vessels
+composing his squadron to be in readiness for an
+immediate movement against the Philippine Islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 23.</span></span> The President issued a proclamation calling
+for one hundred and twenty-five thousand volunteer
+soldiers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was
+provided for in the form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early
+in the morning by the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ericsson</span></span>. The fishing-boat
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Perdito</span></span> was sighted making for Havana harbour,
+and overhauled only when she was directly under
+the guns of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the
+fortification might have sunk either craft. After a
+prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral Sampson
+decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted
+to return to Havana to spread the news of the blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mathilde</span></span>
+was taken, after a lively chase, by the torpedo-boat
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Porter</span></span>. Between five and six o’clock in the
+evening the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Foote</span></span>, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers
+commanding, received the first Spanish fire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page50">[pg 50]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and had approached within two or three hundred yards
+of the shore, when suddenly a masked battery on the
+east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Foote</span></span>, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The
+missiles went wide of the mark, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Foote</span></span> leisurely
+returned to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span> to report the result of her
+work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Hongkong the United States consul notified
+Governor Blake of the British colony that the American
+fleet would leave the harbour in forty-eight hours,
+and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be
+necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port,
+would be shipped.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner
+of the Cape Verde Islands, that, in accordance with
+international law, she send the Spanish war-ships away
+from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that
+port during the war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 24.</span></span> The following decree was gazetted in
+Madrid:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain
+and the United States, and a state of war being begun
+between the two countries, numerous questions of
+international law arise, which must be precisely defined
+chiefly because the injustice and provocation came
+from our adversaries, and it is they who by their detestable
+conduct have caused this great conflict.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The royal decree then states that Spain maintains
+her right to have recourse to privateering, and
+an<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page51">[pg 51]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>nounces that for the present only auxiliary cruisers
+will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States
+are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships
+to leave Spanish ports, and the rules Spain will observe
+during the war are outlined in five clauses, covering
+neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what will
+be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what
+constitutes contraband of war, ending with saying that
+foreign privateers will be regarded as pirates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    Continuing, the decree declared: <span class="tei tei-q">“We have observed
+with the strictest fidelity the principles of international
+law, and have shown the most scrupulous
+respect for morality and the right of government.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There is an opinion that the fact that we have not
+adhered to the declaration of Paris does not exempt us
+from the duty of respecting the principles therein
+enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused
+to admit then was the abolition of privateering.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The government now considers it most indispensable
+to make absolute reserve on this point, in order to
+maintain our liberty of action and uncontested right
+to have recourse to privateering when we consider it
+expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of
+cruisers, auxiliary to the navy, which will be composed
+of vessels of our mercantile marine, and with equal
+distinction in the work of our navy.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clause 1</span></span>: The state of war existing between Spain
+and the United States annuls the treaty of peace and
+amity of October 27, 1795, and the <a name="corr051" id="corr051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">protocol</span> of January
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page52">[pg 52]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions
+in force between the two countries.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clause 2</span></span>: From the publication of these presents,
+thirty days are granted to all ships of the United States
+anchored in our harbours to take their departure free
+of hindrance.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clause 3</span></span>: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered
+to the declaration of Paris, the government,
+respecting the principles of the law of nations, proposes
+to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the
+following regulations of maritime laws:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">One</span></span>: Neutral flags cover the enemy’s merchandise,
+except contraband of war.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Two</span></span>: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of
+war, is not seizable under the enemy’s flag.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Three</span></span>: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be
+effective; viz., it must be maintained with sufficient
+force to prevent access to the enemy’s littoral.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Four</span></span>: The Spanish government, upholding its
+rights to grant letters of marque, will at present
+confine itself to organising, with the vessels of the
+mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which
+will coöperate with the navy, according to the needs of
+the campaign, and will be under naval control.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Five</span></span>: In order to capture the enemy’s ships, and
+confiscate the enemy’s merchandise and contraband of
+war under whatever form, the auxiliary cruisers will
+exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in
+the waters under the enemy’s jurisdiction, in accordance
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page53">[pg 53]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>with international law and the regulations which will
+be published.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Six</span></span>: Defines what is included in contraband of war,
+naming weapons, ammunition, equipments, engines, and,
+in general, all the appliances used in war.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seven</span></span>: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with
+all the rigour of the law, are captains, masters, officers,
+and two-thirds of the crew of vessels, which, not being
+American, shall commit acts of war against Spain, even
+if provided with letters of marque by the United States.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 24.</span></span> The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span> captured the steamer
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Miguel Jover</span></span>. The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Detroit</span></span> captured the steamer
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Catalania</span></span>; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> took the schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Candidor</span></span>;
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winona</span></span> made a prize of the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturnia</span></span>, and
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> brought in the schooners <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Saco</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Tres
+Hermanes</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 25.</span></span> Early in the day the President sent the
+following message to Congress:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration
+and appropriate action, copies of correspondence recently
+had with the representatives of Spain and the
+United States, with the United States minister at Madrid,
+through the latter with government of Spain, showing
+the action taken under the joint resolution approved
+April 20, 1898, <span class="tei tei-q">‘For the recognition of the independence
+of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government
+of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the
+island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page54">[pg 54]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President
+of the United States to carry these resolutions
+into effect.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in
+Washington the demand, which it became the duty of
+the executive to address to the government of Spain
+in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for
+his passports and withdrew. The United States minister
+at Madrid was in turn notified by the Spanish
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal of
+the Spanish representative from the United States
+had terminated diplomatic relations between the two
+countries, and that all official communications between
+their respective representatives ceased therewith.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I commend to your especial attention the note
+addressed to the United States minister at Madrid by
+the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on the twenty-first
+instant, whereby the foregoing notification was
+conveyed. It will be perceived therefrom, that the
+government of Spain, having cognisance of the joint
+resolution of the United States Congress, and, in view
+of the things which the President is thereby required
+and authorised to do, responds by treating the reasonable
+demands of this government as measures of hostility,
+following with that instant and complete severance
+of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations
+accompanied an existing state of war between sovereign
+powers.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The position of Spain being thus made known, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page55">[pg 55]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the demands of the United States being denied, with a
+complete rupture of intercourse by the act of Spain, I
+have been constrained, in exercise of the power and
+authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution
+aforesaid, to proclaim under date of April 22, 1898, a
+blockade of certain ports of the north coast of Cuba,
+lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the
+port of Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and
+further in exercise of my constitutional powers, and
+using the authority conferred upon me by act of Congress,
+approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation,
+dated April 23, 1898, calling for volunteers in
+order to carry into effect the said resolution of April
+20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto
+appended.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill10" id="ill10" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill10.jpg" alt="PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY." title="PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In view of the measures so taken, and other measures
+as may be necessary to enable me to carry out the
+express will of the Congress of the United States in
+the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body
+the adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state
+of war exists between the United States of America
+and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge speedy action
+thereon to the end that the definition of the international
+status of the United States as a belligerent
+power may be made known, and the assertion of all its
+rights and the maintenance of all its duties in the conduct
+of a public war may be assured.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William McKinley.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline">“<span class="tei tei-date"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898.</span></span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page56">[pg 56]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately
+after it had been signed the following notice was
+sent to the representatives of the foreign nations:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th,
+directed intervention for the pacification and independence
+of the island of Cuba. The Spanish government
+on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that it
+considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration
+of war, and that it had accordingly withdrawn its minister
+from Washington and terminated all diplomatic
+relations.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day,
+declared that a state of war exists between the two
+countries since and including April 21st.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You will inform the government to which you are
+accredited, so that its neutrality may be assured in the
+existing war.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary
+of State, had resigned; Assistant Secretary William
+R. Day was appointed the head of the department,
+with John B. Moore as his successor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong,
+under orders to rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public
+attention was turned towards Manila, it being believed
+that there the first action would take place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the evening the tiny steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangrove</span></span>, a
+lighthouse tender, captured the richest prize of the war
+thus far, when she hove to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Panama</span></span>, a big
+trans<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page57">[pg 57]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>atlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the Spanish
+navy, which had been plying between New York and
+Havana.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangrove</span></span>, Lieut.-Commander William H.
+Everett commanding, was cruising along the Cuban
+coast about twenty miles from Havana when she
+sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two
+12-pounders. As the latter came within range the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangrove</span></span> sent a shot across her bow; but the Spaniard
+gave no heed; another missile followed without
+result, and the third whistled in the air when the two
+vessels were hardly more than a hundred yards apart,
+Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun
+died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she
+would be sunk forthwith.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the
+battle-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, three miles to the rear. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangrove’s</span></span> officers admit that they expected the enemy’s
+12-pounders to open on them in response
+to the threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to.
+Ensign Dayton boarded the prize.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span> had seen the capture, and meanwhile
+drew up to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mangrove</span></span>, giving her a lusty cheer.
+Lieutenant-Commander Everett reported to Captain
+Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a prize-crew
+on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer
+and fifteen marines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 26.</span></span> The President issued a proclamation
+respecting the rights of Spanish vessels then in, or
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page58">[pg 58]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>bound to, ports in the United States, and also with
+regard to the right of search.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span> carried into
+Key West the Spanish schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Piereno</span></span> and the sloop
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Paquette</span></span>, which she captured off Havana, while the
+monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> took to the same port the coasting
+steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ambrosia Bolivar</span></span>. This last prize had on
+board silver specie to the amount of seventy thousand
+dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a cargo of
+bananas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 27.</span></span> The steamers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Puritan</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span> bombarded the forts at the mouth of Matanzas
+Harbour. The engagement commenced at 12.57,
+and ceased at 1.15 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> The object of the attack was
+to prevent the completion of the earthworks at Punta
+Gorda.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened
+fire on the flag-ship, and this was also shelled. Twelve
+8-inch shells were fired from the eastern forts, but
+all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired
+from the half completed batteries. Two of these
+whizzed over the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, and one fell short.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object
+of discovering the whereabouts of the batteries having
+been accomplished. In the neighbourhood of three
+hundred shots were put on land from the three ships
+at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand
+yards. No casualties on the American side.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The little monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> captured her third prize,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page59">[pg 59]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and the story of the chase is thus told by an eye-witness:
+</p>
+    <a name="ill11" id="ill11" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill11.jpg" alt="U. S. S. PURITAN." title="U. S. S. PURITAN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. PURITAN.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Guido</span></span>, Captain Armarechia,
+was bound for Havana. There was Spanish urgency
+that she should reach that port. Aboard was a large
+cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for
+the Spanish troops—or officers. The steamer had
+left Liverpool on April 2d, and Corunna on April 9th.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Guido</span></span>, setting her fastest pace, made for Havana and
+the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles off Cardenas
+plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed
+the fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would
+be a long chase. Men in the engine-room toiled like
+galley-slaves under the whip. There was prize-money
+to be gained. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Guido</span></span> fled fast. Every light aboard
+her was hid.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It
+was prize aim, and the shot found more than a billet in
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Guido’s</span></span> pilot-house. It tore a part away; the
+splinters flew.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable
+shooting. The pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece
+by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits of wood floated
+in the steamer’s wake.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span>, which was some distance
+away, heard the sound of the firing, came up, and
+brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one shot,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page60">[pg 60]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however,
+brought her to, and Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew
+were put on board.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture
+of the American bark <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Saranac</span></span> off Manila, by the
+Spanish gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El Correo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By a conference of both branches of Congress a
+naval bill of $49,277,558 was agreed upon. It stands
+as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil war, providing
+for the construction of three battle-ships, four
+monitors, sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve
+torpedo-boats.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span> captured the Spanish sloop
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Engracia</span></span>, and the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span> made a prize of
+the Spanish schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lola</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 29.</span></span> The flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> was lying about
+two miles off the harbour of Cabanas, having just completed
+a cruise of inspection. With her were the
+torpedo-boats <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Porter</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ericsson</span></span>. On the shore
+could be seen the white ruins of what may have been
+the dwelling of a plantation. No signs of life were
+visible. It was as if war’s alarms had never been
+heard on this portion of the island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated
+again and again, at regular intervals, and the tiny jets
+of water which were sent up by the bullets told that,
+concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop
+of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they
+may have believed to be an attack upon the big
+war-<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page61">[pg 61]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had set
+about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to
+have as little effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed
+it was necessary to teach the enemy that any
+playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to
+themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be
+manned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered
+sufficient, although there was no evidence any
+execution had been done, and the big vessel’s bow was
+turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode
+rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as
+a target for a 4-inch gun in the starboard battery,
+and the troop dispersed in hot haste.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While this mimic warfare was being carried on off
+Cabanas, a most important capture was made. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> left the station
+on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos,
+arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning,
+in order to get better information, steamed close
+to the mouth of the harbour of Cienfuegos. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span>
+was to the eastward, and in the van. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>
+was slightly in the rear, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span> to the
+westward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was
+seen rising on the western horizon, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span>,
+because of her position, put on all steam in that direction.
+Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page62">[pg 62]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the bow of the coming steamer, which promptly hove to.
+She was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Argonauta</span></span>. Ensign Keunzli was sent
+with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word
+was given to send them to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span> immediately
+as prisoners of war, and when this had been done
+arrangements were made to transfer the passengers
+and non-combatants to the shore. The women and
+children were placed in the first boat, and under cover
+of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance
+to Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers
+and landed them about noon.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Argonauta</span></span> had on board Colonel Corijo of the
+Third Spanish Cavalry, his first lieutenant, sergeant-major,
+seven other lieutenants, and ten privates and
+non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried
+a large cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She
+was bound from Satabanao, Spain, for Cienfuegos,
+stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Half an hour later the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> hoisted a signal conveying
+the intelligence that she had been fired upon by
+Spanish boats coming out of the river. She immediately
+returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and
+held her ground until the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> came up. Both
+vessels then fired broadside after broadside up the
+entrance to the river.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and
+one torpedo-boat destroyer. After twenty minutes of
+firing by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span>, during the last five of which the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page63">[pg 63]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> participated, the Spanish vessels ceased
+firing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 29.</span></span> A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape
+Verde, reported the departure from that port of the
+Spanish squadron, consisting of the first-class cruisers
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span>, bound westward, probably
+for Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 30.</span></span> The American schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ann Louisa
+Lockwood</span></span> was taken by the Spaniards off Mole St.
+Nicolas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mascota</span></span>,
+near Havana, by the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Foote</span></span>, closed
+the record of the month of April.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the
+people of the United States, and it was as if everything
+else was relegated to the background until information
+could be had regarding that American fleet which
+sailed from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon
+of April 27th.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page64">[pg 64]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a><a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</span></h2>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 1.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Manila, May 1.—The squadron arrived
+at Manila at daybreak this morning. Immediately
+engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following
+Spanish vessels: <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Cuba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Luzon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina
+    Christina</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Antonio d’Ulloa</span></span>, 
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Juan d’Austria</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Velasco</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">General Lezo</span></span>,
+    <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El Correo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marques
+del Duero</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Mindanao</span></span>, and the water-battery at
+Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were
+slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to
+American consulate, Hongkong. I shall communicate
+with him.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dewey.</span></span>”</div>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he
+performs his deeds of valour without too many preliminaries,
+and, therefore, when on the seventh of May the
+telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an
+anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country
+remembered but one name,—that of Dewey.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 25.</span></span> It was known to the public that the
+Asiatic Squadron had sailed from Hongkong on the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page65">[pg 65]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>25th of April to avoid possible complications such as
+might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in
+Mirs Bay, there to await orders from the government
+at Washington.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill12" id="ill12" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill12.jpg" alt="ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY." title="ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 26.</span></span> So also was it known that on the next
+day Commodore Dewey received the following cablegram.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Washington</span></span></span>, April 26th.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dewey, Asiatic Squadron</span></span>:—Commence operations
+at once, particularly against Spanish fleet. You must
+capture or destroy them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mckinley.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 27.</span></span> On the twenty-seventh came information
+from Hongkong that the squadron had put to sea, and
+from that day until the seventh of May no word regarding
+the commodore’s movements had been received,
+save through Spanish sources.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts
+concerning the most complete naval victory the world
+had ever known. It was the first engagement of the
+war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not
+strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with
+joy, gave little heed to the movements of our forces
+elsewhere until the details of this marvellous fight
+could be sent under the oceans and across the countries,
+thousands of leagues in distance, describing the
+deeds of the heroes who had made their names famous
+so long as history shall exist.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page66">[pg 66]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During such time of waiting all were eager to
+familiarise themselves with the theatre of this scene
+of action, and every source of information was applied
+to until the bay of Manila had become as well known
+as the nearest home waters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For a better understanding of the battle a rough
+diagram of the bay, from the entrance as far as the
+city of Manila, may not come amiss.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is
+situated the city of Manila, through which the river
+Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the old city from
+the new, and forming several small islands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal
+of Cavite, which, projecting as it does from the mainland,
+forms a most commodious and safe harbour.
+Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort,
+on the mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between
+the arsenal and the city was a Krupp battery, at what
+was known as the Luneta Fort, while further toward
+the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion
+of Limbones Point, were shore-batteries,—formidable
+forts, so it had been given out by the Spanish
+government, such as would render the city of Manila
+impregnable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands,
+Corregidor and Caballo, which divide the entrance of
+the bay into three channels. On each of these islands
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page67">[pg 67]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly
+fortified with modern guns. North of Corregidor,
+nearly opposite, but on the inner shore, is the point of
+San José, where was another water-battery mounting
+formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor
+and San José Point is known as the Boca Grande, and
+is nearly two miles wide. The middle channel, or the
+one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and
+but little used. The third, which separates Caballo
+Island from Limbones Point, is nearly three miles in
+width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and known as the
+Boca Chica.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All of these channels, as well as the waters of
+the bay, were said to have been thickly mined, and
+the enemy had caused it to be reported that no
+ship could safely enter without the aid of a government
+pilot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as
+set down at the conclusion of this chapter, were two
+transports, the steamers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nanshan</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Zafiro</span></span>, which
+had come into the port of Hongkong laden with
+coal shortly before Commodore Dewey’s departure, and
+had been purchased by him, together with their cargoes,
+in anticipation of the declaration of war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And now, the details having been set down in order
+that what follows may be the better understood, we
+will come to that sultry Sunday morning, shortly after
+midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the
+coast toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page68">[pg 68]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> leading, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> following in the
+order named. In the rear of these came the two
+transports, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nanshan</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Zafiro</span></span>, convoyed by the
+despatch steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca
+Grande channel, and the fleet kept well out from
+Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor came
+into view.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned
+on deck, the men ordered to wash, and afterwards
+served with a cup of coffee. All lights were extinguished
+except one on the stern of each ship, and that
+was hooded. All hands were at quarters; all guns
+loaded, with extra charges ready at hand; every eye
+was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the
+slightest sound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to
+seaman, who believed it would be possible for the war-vessels
+to enter the bay without giving an alarm, and
+yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past
+Corregidor Island before a gun was fired.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a
+four-knot speed, when from the smoke-stack of the
+little <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span> a column of sparks shot up high
+into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low,
+and it became necessary to replenish them. The
+firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should not be in
+at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page69">[pg 69]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>thus a signal was given to the sleepy garrison of
+Corregidor.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill13" id="ill13" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill13.jpg" alt="U. S. S. OLYMPIA." title="U. S. S. OLYMPIA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. OLYMPIA.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Perhaps they will see us now,”</span> the commodore
+remarked, quietly, as his attention was called to this
+indiscretion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull
+report, and in the air could be heard that peculiar singing
+and sighing of a flying projectile as a heavy missile
+passed over the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not
+until after the last vessel in that ominous procession
+had steamed past.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and
+it neither worked harm nor caused alarm.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Again and again in rapid succession came these
+flashes of light, dull reports, and sinister hummings in
+the air, before the American fleet gave heed that this
+signal to heave to had been heard.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>
+directly inside of the fortification, where it exploded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> each threw a shell by
+way of salute, and then all was silent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The channel, which had been thickly mined, according
+to the Spanish reports, was passed in safety, and
+the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in the darkness, had
+yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish
+fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about
+the city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the forward bridge of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> stood
+Commo<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page70">[pg 70]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>dore Dewey, his chief of staff, Commander Lamberton,
+Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an insurgent
+Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much
+against his will, was forced to take up his position in
+that partially sheltered place because the commander
+of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that
+all the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to
+death on the bridge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The word was given to <span class="tei tei-q">“slow down,”</span> and the speed
+of the big ships decreased until they had barely
+steerageway.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The men were allowed to sleep beside their
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was
+almost profound, until suddenly day broke, as it does in
+the tropics, like unto a flash of light, and all that bay,
+with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first
+signal, was disclosed to view.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the masthead of the American vessels rose
+tiny balls of bunting, and then were broken out,
+disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and
+beyond, the city of Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Christina</span></span>, flying the Spanish rear-admiral’s
+flag, lay off the arsenal. Astern of her was
+moored the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span>, her port battery ready for action.
+Slightly to seaward were the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Juan de Austria</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Antonio de Ulloa</span></span>,
+    the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Cuba</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page71">[pg 71]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">Luzon</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El Correo</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marques del Duero</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">General Lezo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They were under steam and slowly moving about,
+apparently ready to receive the fire of the advancing
+squadron. The flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Christina</span></span> also was
+under way.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot
+speed!”</span> were the signals which floated from the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> as she led the fleet in, keeping well toward
+the shore opposite the city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when
+from the arsenal came a flame and report; but the
+missile was not to be seen. Another shot from Cavite,
+and then was strung aloft on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> a line of tiny
+flags, telling by the code what was to be the American
+battle-cry: <span class="tei tei-q">“Remember the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>,”</span> and from the throat
+of every man on the incoming ships went up a shout
+of defiance and exultation that the moment was near
+at hand when the dastardly deed done in the harbour of
+Havana might be avenged.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels,
+dropping astern and beyond range the transports as
+they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having gained
+such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution,
+the fleet swung swiftly around until it held a
+course parallel with the westernmost shore, and distant
+from it mayhap six thousand yards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each
+man took a mental grip upon himself, believing that he
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page72">[pg 72]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>stood face to face with death; but no cheek paled; no
+hand trembled save it might have been from excitement.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ships were coming down on their fighting course
+when a shell from one of the shore-batteries burst over
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>; the guns from the fort and from the
+water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming
+missiles with thunderous reports; every man on the
+American fleet save one believed the moment had come
+when they should act their part in the battle which had
+been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hold your fire until close in.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of
+Manila would have been laid in ashes and thousands
+of non-combatants slain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> was yet two miles from Cavite when,
+directly in front of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>, a huge shaft of water
+shot high into the air, and with a heavy booming that
+drowned the reports of the Spanish guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The torpedoes!”</span> some one on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> said,
+in a low tone, with an indrawing of the breath; but
+it was as if Dewey did not hear. With Farragut in
+Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of
+destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to
+that which might in a single instant send his vessel
+to the bottom, even as the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> had been sent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then, so near the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span> as to send a flood across
+her decks, another spouting of water, another dull roar,
+and the much vaunted mines of the Spaniards in Manila
+Bay had been exploded.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill14" id="ill14" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill14.jpg" alt="U. S. S. BALTIMORE." title="U. S. S. BALTIMORE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. BALTIMORE.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page73">[pg 73]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The roar and crackle of the enemy’s guns still continued,
+yet Dewey withheld the order which every man
+was now most eager to hear.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the
+shells which had passed over our fleet now fell close
+about them; the tension among officers and men was
+terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore
+would restrain them from firing. The heat was
+rapidly becoming intense. The guns’ crews began to
+throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but
+their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their
+bodies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships
+steadily steamed on and drew nearer the fort. Orders
+were given by the officers in low voices, but they were
+perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was
+broken only by the throbbing of the engines. The men
+hugged their posts ready to open fire at the word.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and
+came directly for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>. High over the smoke-stack
+it burst with a mighty snap. Commodore Dewey
+did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a
+motion to a boatswain’s mate who stood near the
+after 5-inch gun. With a voice of thunder the man
+bellowed an order along the decks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Remember the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>!”</span> yelled a chorus of five
+hundred gallant sailors. Below decks in the engine-rooms
+the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance and
+revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page74">[pg 74]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the threatening notes were swept across the bay to the
+other ships.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Remember the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of
+hundreds of American sailors who resented the cowardly
+death of their comrades. It bespoke the terrible vengeance
+that was about to be dealt out to the defenders
+of a detestable flag.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You may fire when you are ready, Gridley,”</span> was
+Commodore Dewey’s quiet remark to the captain of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, who was still in the conning-tower.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia’s</span></span> 8-inch gun in the forward turret
+belched forth, and an instant later was run up the
+signal to the ships astern:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Fire as convenient.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The other vessels in the squadron followed the
+example set by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>. The big 8-inch guns
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> hurled their two hundred
+and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and
+at the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns
+on Cavite hurled their shells at the swiftly moving
+vessels; the water-batteries added their din to the
+horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous
+with the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of
+smoke hung here and there, obscuring this vessel or
+that from view. It was the game of death with all its
+horrible accompaniments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One big shell came toward the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> straight for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page75">[pg 75]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the bridge. When a hundred feet away it suddenly
+burst, its fragments continuing onward. One piece
+struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander
+Lamberton. He did not wince.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill15" id="ill15" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill15.png" alt="THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY." title="THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> continued on. It was evident Commodore
+Dewey was making straight for the centre
+of the enemy’s line, which was the big cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina
+Christina</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Being the nearest ship, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> received more
+attention from the Spaniards than any of the other
+vessels.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The water was now getting shallow. Commodore
+Dewey did not wish to run aground. He altered his
+course when about four thousand yards from the
+Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his
+broadside.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the
+shore near the arsenal, making for the coal-laden
+steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary
+batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear
+upon her; it was a veritable shower of shot and shell
+which fell ahead, astern, and either side of her. To
+continue on would have been certain destruction, and,
+turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had
+half disabled her, the craft was run high and dry
+on the beach, where she was at once abandoned,
+her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would
+explode.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Open with all guns,”</span> came the signal as the course
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page76">[pg 76]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of the American vessels was changed, and soon all the
+port guns were at work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American fleet was steaming back and forth off
+Cavite Bay as if bent on leaving such a wake as would
+form a figure eight, delivering broadside after broadside
+with splendid results.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All this time the enemy’s vessels were keeping up
+a steady fire, the smaller ships retreating inside the
+mole several times during the action. The forts were
+not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with
+no noticeable effect. The enemy’s fire seemed to be
+concentrated on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>, and she was hit several
+times.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side
+on the main-deck line, tore up the wooden deck, and,
+striking the steel deck under this, glanced upward,
+went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging,
+struck the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the
+quarter-deck, temporarily rendering the gun unfit for
+use.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder
+ammunition, exploding one shell, which in turn slightly
+wounded one of No. 4 gun’s crew.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One shell pierced her starboard side forward of
+No. 2 sponson, and lodged in a clothes-locker on the
+berth-deck; another struck her port beam a little above
+the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above
+this, another shell came crashing across the berth-deck,
+striking a steam-pipe and exploding behind the starboard
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page77">[pg 77]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>blower-engine, but with no serious results. A fragment
+of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and the
+colours of the mainmast were shot through.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill16" id="ill16" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill16.jpg" alt="U. S. S. BOSTON." title="U. S. S. BOSTON." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. BOSTON.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop
+shattered the whaleboats, and they had to be cut
+adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the
+quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant
+Brumby held in his hand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> a shell came through a port-hole in
+Ensign Doddridge’s stateroom, and wrecked it badly.
+The explosion set a fire which was quickly put out.
+Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where
+it burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also
+soon extinguished. Still another shell struck the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston’s</span></span> foremast, cutting a great gash in it. It came
+within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span> was forced inshore by the strong
+current, and carried directly upon the bows of two
+Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of warfare she
+should have been sunk; but instead, her commander
+delivered two raking broadsides as she steamed back
+into place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three times the American ships passed back and
+forth, opening first with one broadside and then with
+another as the ship swung around, and then the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina
+Christina</span></span>, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a
+vapour as of wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly
+sallied out to meet the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page78">[pg 78]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the Spaniard was speedily worsted to such a degree
+that she was literally forced to turn and make for the
+shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly
+toward the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, an 8-inch shell struck her
+squarely, and the explosive must have travelled directly
+through the ill-fated craft until it reached the after
+boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and
+vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions
+of dismembered human bodies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier,
+and made directly for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>. In less than five
+minutes she was in a sinking condition; as she turned,
+a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she
+disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some
+titanic force.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Navigator Calkins of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> had soundings
+taken, and told Commodore Dewey that he could take
+the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Take her in, then,”</span> the commodore replied.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of
+the Spanish fleet. This brought the smaller guns into
+effective play.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was
+terrific.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span> was in flames from stem to stern.
+Black smoke poured up from the decks of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de
+Cuba</span></span>, and on the flag-ship fire was completing the work
+of destruction begun by the American shells.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was 7.35 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> when the battle, which began at
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page79">[pg 79]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>5.41, came to a temporary close. The first round was
+concluded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There was yet ample time in which to finish the
+work so well begun, and from the flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>
+went up the signal:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Cease firing and follow.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once
+partially beyond range, <span class="tei tei-q">“mess-gear”</span> was sounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The only casualty worthy of mention which had
+occurred was the death of Chief Engineer Frank B.
+Randall, of the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span>, who died from heart
+disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the
+fleet was passing Corregidor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were handshakings and congratulations on
+every hand as smoke-begrimed friends, parted during
+the battle, met again, and loud were the cheers that
+went up from the various ships in passing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After breakfast had been served and the ships made
+ready for the second round, or, in other words, at 10.15
+in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Christina</span></span>
+hauled down her colours, and the admiral’s flag was
+transferred to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Cuba</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 10.45 a signal was made from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Get under way with men at quarters.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>
+in the lead, but the latter vessel’s course was quickly
+changed as a strange steamer was observed entering the
+bay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page80">[pg 80]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the signal flags soon told that the stranger was flying
+the English ensign.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then came the order for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> to stand in
+and destroy the enemy’s fortifications, and ten minutes
+later the battle was on once more.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners
+taking careful aim, bent on expending the least amount
+of ammunition with the greatest possible execution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> suffered most at the beginning of this
+second round, because all the enemy’s fire was concentrated
+upon her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Soon after this second half of the engagement had
+begun a Spanish shell exploded on the <a name="corr080a" id="corr080a" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore’s</span></span>
+deck, wounding five of the crew, and another partially
+disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface
+in that portion of the bay was covered by a missile
+from the enemy’s guns, and yet no further damage to
+the American fleet was done.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> was within twenty-five hundred-yard
+range she poured a broadside into the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina
+Christina</span></span> which literally blew that craft into fragments,
+and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud
+above the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath
+the waters of the bay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <a name="corr080" id="corr080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr"><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Juan de Austria</span></span></span> was the next of the enemy’s
+fleet to be sunk, and then a like fate overtook the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El
+Correo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">General Lezo</span></span> was run on shore and abandoned
+to the flames.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page81">[pg 81]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span> was scuttled by her crew lest
+the fire which was raging fiercely should explode her
+magazine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <a name="corr081" id="corr081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr"><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Velasco</span></span></span> went down before all her men could
+escape to the boats. The guns of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Antonio
+de Ulloa</span></span> were fought with most desperate bravery,
+and even as she sank beneath the surface were the
+pieces discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at
+their posts of duty until death overtook them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span> started after the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mindanao</span></span> lying close
+inshore, and was soon joined by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, who
+poured 8-inch shells into the transport until she was
+set on fire in a dozen places.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a
+vessel remained afloat, and Commodore Dewey turned
+his attention to the Cavite battery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was 12.45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> when the magazine in the arsenal
+was exploded by a shell from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, or the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>,
+it is impossible to say which, and the battle of
+Manila had been fought and won.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore
+Dewey’s official report received at the Navy Department,
+and then it was given to the public without loss
+of time. It is copied below:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flagship Olympia, Cavite</span></span></span>, May 4, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived
+off Bolinao on the morning of April 30th, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page82">[pg 82]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>finding no vessels there proceeded down the coast and
+arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same
+afternoon. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span> were sent to
+reconnoitre Point Subic.... A thorough search
+of the port was made by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>,
+but the Spanish fleet was not found....</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Entered the south channel at 11.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>, steaming
+in column at eight knots. After half the squadron
+had passed, a battery on the south side of the channel
+opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span> returned the fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow
+speed, and arrived off Manila at daybreak, and was
+fired upon at 5.15 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> by three batteries at Manila
+and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored
+in an approximately east and west line across the
+mouth of Baker Bay, with their left in shoal water in
+Canacoa Bay.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the
+flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, under my personal direction, leading,
+followed at distance by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span>, in the order named, which formation
+was maintained throughout the action. The
+squadron opened fire at 5.41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“While advancing to the attack two mines were
+exploded ahead of the flag-ship, too far to be effective.
+The squadron maintained a continuous and precise fire
+at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand
+yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page83">[pg 83]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to that of the Spanish fleet. The enemy’s fire was
+vigorous, but generally ineffective.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill17" id="ill17" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill17.jpg" alt="U. S. S. CONCORD." title="U. S. S. CONCORD." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. CONCORD.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Early in the engagement two launches put out
+toward the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, with the apparent intention of
+using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other disabled
+by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred
+to fire torpedoes.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At seven <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> the Spanish flag-ship, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Christina</span></span>,
+made a desperate attempt to leave the line and come
+out to engage at short range, but was received with
+such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>
+being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able
+to return to the shelter of the point. The fires started
+in her by our shell at this time were not extinguished
+until she sank.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous
+report from the beginning of the engagement,
+which fire was not returned by this squadron.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The first of these batteries was situated on the
+South Mole head, at the entrance to the Pasig River,
+the second on the south bastion of the walled city of
+Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile
+farther south. At this point I sent a message to the
+governor-general, in effect that if the batteries did not
+cease firing the city would be shelled. This had the
+effect of silencing them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At 7.35 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> I ceased firing and withdrew the
+squadron for breakfast.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At 11.16 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> returned to the attack. By this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page84">[pg 84]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>time the Spanish flag-ship and almost the entire Spanish
+fleet were in flames. At 12.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> the squadron
+ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships
+sunk, burned, and destroyed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At 12.40 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> the squadron returned and anchored
+off Manila, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span> being left behind to complete
+the destruction of the smaller gunboats, which were
+behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed
+by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious
+and complete manner possible.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish lost the following vessels:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Sunk: <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Christina</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Antonio de
+Ulloa</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Burned: <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Juan de Austria</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Luzon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla
+de Cuba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">General Lezo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marques del Duero</span></span>,
+    <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El Correo</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Velasco</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Mindanao</span></span>, transport.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captured: <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapido</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules</span></span>, tugs, and several
+small launches.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the
+enemy’s killed and wounded, but believe their losses to
+be very heavy.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Christina</span></span> alone had 150 killed, including
+the captain, and ninety wounded.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I am happy to report that the damage done to the
+squadron under my command was inconsiderable. There
+were none killed, and only seven men in the squadron
+were slightly wounded.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated,
+but the damage was of the slightest, and the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page85">[pg 85]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>squadron is in as good condition now as before the
+battle.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I beg to state to the department that I doubt if
+any commander-in-chief was ever served by more loyal,
+efficient, and gallant captains than those of the squadron
+now under my command.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<a name="corr085" id="corr085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">Capt.</span> Frank Wildes, commanding the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span>, volunteered
+to remain in command of his vessel, although his
+relief arrived before leaving Hongkong. Assistant
+Surgeon Kindleberger of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> and Gunner
+J. C. Evans of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span> also volunteered to remain
+after orders detaching them had arrived.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The conduct of my personal staff was excellent.
+Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff, was a
+volunteer for that position, and gave me most efficient
+aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign
+W. P. Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal
+officers in a highly creditable manner.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> being short of officers for the battery,
+Ensign H. H. Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for
+and was assigned to a subdivision of 5-inch battery.
+Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in the United
+States navy, and now correspondent of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New York
+Herald</span></span>, volunteered for duty as my aid, and did
+valuable service.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut.
+C. G. Calkins, the navigator of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, who came
+under my personal observation, being on the bridge
+with me throughout the entire action, and giving the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page86">[pg 86]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ranges to the guns with an accuracy that was proved
+by the excellence of the firing.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the
+squadron again went to Cavite, where it remained.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite
+arsenal, which was taken possession of by a landing
+party. On the same day the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>
+secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor
+Island, paroling the garrison and destroying the
+guns.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“On the morning of May 4th the transport <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manila</span></span>,
+which had been aground in Baker Bay, was towed off
+and made a prize.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of
+Manila Bay, together with the officers of the American
+fleet:<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+AMERICAN FLEET.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons,
+speed, 21.6 knots. Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten
+5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen 6-pounder rapid-fire
+guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings,
+with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>, protected cruiser, 4,600
+tons, speed, 20.09 knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six
+6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page87">[pg 87]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four 37-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span>, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons,
+speed, 15.6 knots. Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch
+rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns,
+two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons,
+speed, nineteen knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch
+rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, four
+1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed,
+16.8 knots. Battery: six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder,
+two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss
+cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7
+knots. Battery: four 6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire
+gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two
+Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span>, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons,
+speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nanshan</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Zafiro</span></span>, supply ships.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+SPANISH FLEET.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Maria Christina</span></span>, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen
+knots. Battery: six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two
+2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire rifles, six 1.4-inch,
+and two machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page88">[pg 88]</span><a name="Pg0882" id="Pg0882" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castilla</span></span>, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch
+Krupp rifles, two 4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch
+rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Velasco</span></span>, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch
+Armstrong rifles, two 2.7-inch hontorias, and two
+machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Antonio de Ulloa</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Juan de Austria</span></span>,
+each 1,130 tons, speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four
+4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch,
+and two machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">General Lezo</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El Correo</span></span>, gun vessels, 524
+tons, speed, 11.5 knots. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">General Lezo</span></span> had two
+hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one 3.5-inch, two
+small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">El Correo</span></span>
+had three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two
+machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marques del Duero</span></span>, despatch-boat, 500 tons.
+Battery: one smooth bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two
+4.7-inch and one machine gun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Cuba</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Luzon</span></span> were
+both small gunboats, 1,030 tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch
+hontorias, two small guns, and two machine
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Mindanao</span></span>, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons,
+speed, 13.5 knots.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two torpedo-boats and two transports.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Officers of the U. S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear
+Admiral George Dewey, commander-in-chief; Commander
+B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T. M.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page89">[pg 89]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell,
+secretary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, <a name="corr089" id="corr089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">flag-ship</span>: Captain, Charles V. Gridley;
+Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants,
+C. G. Calkins, V. S. Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller,
+S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M. Taylor, F. B. Upham,
+W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S.
+Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant
+Surgeon, C. P. Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A.
+Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle; Assistant Engineers,
+E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain,
+J. B. Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner,
+L. J. G. Kuhlwein; Carpenter, W. McDonald;
+Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander,
+F. Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder,
+B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan; Ensigns, F. L.
+Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller;
+Assistant Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant
+Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief Engineer, F. H. Bailey;
+Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead; Assistant
+Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines,
+T. C. Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone;
+Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston</span></span>: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander,
+J. A. Norris; Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L.
+Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H. Everhart,
+J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant
+Surgeon, R. S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page90">[pg 90]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom; Assistant Engineer,
+L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R.
+McM. Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I.
+H. Hilton.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span>: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander,
+G. Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther,
+A. G. Winterhalter, F. W. Kellogg, J. M.
+Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward,
+M. D. McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh,
+I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer, T. A. Karney; Passed
+Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon,
+R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief
+Engineer, A. Kirby; Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price,
+H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt; Chaplain, T. S. K.
+Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams;
+Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner,
+L. J. Waller; Carpenter, O. Bath.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concord</span></span>: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander,
+G. P. Colvocoresses; Lieutenants,
+T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A. Kiser,
+W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon,
+R. G. Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster,
+E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard Inch; Passed
+Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer,
+E. H. Dunn.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants,
+E. M. Hughes, B. A. Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P.
+Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S. Montgomery;
+Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page91">[pg 91]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Paymaster, G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer,
+R. T. Hall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Revenue Cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span>: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+American loss: Two officers and six men wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six
+hundred wounded.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page92">[pg 92]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a><a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER V.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">NEWS OF THE DAY.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 2.</span></span> In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second
+of May, there was much to be done in order to
+complete the work so thoroughly begun the day
+previous.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor,
+under flag of truce, to Commodore Dewey, with a
+proposal of surrender from the commandant of the fortifications.
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> was sent to attend to the
+business; but when she arrived at the island no one
+save the commanding officer was found. All his men
+had deserted him after overthrowing the guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Baltimore</span></span> had but just steamed away, when
+Commander Lamberton was ordered to go on board the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span> and run over to Cavite arsenal in order that he
+might take possession, for on the previous day a white
+flag had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing,
+that the troops were under arms, and Captain Sostoa,
+of the Spanish navy, was in anything rather than a surrendering
+mood. On being asked as to the meaning
+of affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted
+for a truce, not as a token of capitulation. He was
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page93">[pg 93]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>given until noon to decide as to his course of action,
+and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white
+flag was again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on
+shore once more he found that the Spaniard had
+marched his men away, taking with them all their
+arms.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This was the moment when the insurgents, who had
+gathered near the town, believed their opportunity
+had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began an
+indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to
+an end until the American marines were landed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about
+the entrance of Manila Bay were destroyed; the cable
+from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and Commodore
+Dewey began a blockade of the port.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency
+war appropriation bill.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten
+light batteries of artillery were concentrated at Tampa
+and Port Tampa. General Shafter assumed command
+on this date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span> captured the Spanish schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pace</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d,
+news regarding the condition of affairs in Madrid was
+received. The Spanish public was greatly excited by
+information from the Philippines, and the authorities
+found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document
+being couched in warlike language beginning:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, as Spain finds herself at war with the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page94">[pg 94]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>United States, the power of civil authorities in Spain
+is suspended.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, it is necessary to prevent an impairment
+of the patriotic efforts which are being made by the
+nation with manly energy and veritable enthusiasm;</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Article 1.</span></span> A state of siege in Madrid is hereby
+proclaimed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Article 2.</span></span> As a consequence of article one, all
+offences against public order, those of the press
+included, will be tried by the military tribunals.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Article 3.</span></span> In article two are included offences
+committed by those who, without special authorisation,
+shall publish news relative to any operations of
+war whatsoever.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings
+and public demonstrations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Commenting upon the defeat, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El Nacional</span></span>, of
+Madrid, published the following article:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived,
+nothing better occurred to Admiral Bermejo (Minister
+of Marine) than to send to all newspapers comparative
+statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison
+he sought to direct public attention to the immense
+superiority over a squadron of wooden vessels
+dried up by the heat in those latitudes.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“But in this document Spain can see nothing kind.
+Spain undoubtedly sees therein the heroism of our
+marines; but she sees also and above all the nefarious
+crime of the government.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page95">[pg 95]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing
+forces superior to ours; but what is worthy of being
+blamed with all possible vehemence is this infamous
+government, which allowed our inferiority without
+neutralising it by means of preparations. This is
+the truth. Our sailors have been basely delivered
+over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler
+and more worthy of respect than those baneful ministers,
+who brought about the first victory and its victims.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El Heraldo de Madrid</span></span> said: <span class="tei tei-q">“It was no caprice of
+the fortunes of war. From the very first cannon-shot
+our fragile ships were at the mercy of the formidable
+hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one
+after another under the fire of the American batteries,
+powerless to strike, and were defended only by the
+valour in the breasts of their sailors.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What has been gained by the illusion that Manila
+was fortified? What has been gained by the intimation
+that the broad and beautiful bay on whose bosom
+the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered
+inaccessible? What use was made of the famous
+island of Corregidor? What was done with its guns?
+Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive
+preparations concerning which we were requested
+to keep silence?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 2.</span></span> Late in the afternoon the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>
+destroyed a Spanish fort on the island of Cuba, near
+Cojimar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The government tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span> left Key West, towing
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page96">[pg 96]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a Cuban expedition under government auspices to
+establish communication with the Cuban forces in
+Havana province. The expedition was accompanied
+by Lieutenant-Colonel Acosta. Under him were five
+other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly commanded
+a cavalry troop in Havana province.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 4.</span></span> A telegram from Key West gave the following
+information:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning
+with all the big vessels of his blockading squadron on
+some mysterious mission.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the fleet were the flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, the battle-ships
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, the cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Detroit</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span>, the monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Puritan</span></span>, and the
+torpedo-gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of
+their bunkers, and all available places on the decks are
+piled high with coal.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the same day the Norwegian steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Condor</span></span>
+arrived with twelve American refugees and their immediate
+relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been
+practising his profession in Cienfuegos for eight
+months, after six years’ study in the United States,
+was one of the passengers. He gave the following
+account of himself:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if
+I had been born in America, I was obliged to flee for
+my life. I left my mother, six sisters, and five brothers
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page97">[pg 97]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in danger.
+May heaven protect them! What was I to do?</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There are now about two hundred Americans at
+Cienfuegos clamouring to get away. They are sending
+to Boston and New York for steamers, but without
+avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me
+on his departure that the Spanish law would protect
+me. Other Americans would have come on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Condor</span></span>,
+but Captain Miller would not take them. There was
+not room for them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet
+become personally insulting on the streets, but a mob
+of Spanish residents marched through the city four
+days before the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Condor</span></span> left, shouting, <span class="tei tei-q">‘We want to kill
+all Americans.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There are between four thousand and six thousand
+Spanish troops concentrating at Cienfuegos under command
+of Major-General Aguirre. They have thrown up
+some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries
+look toward the open sea.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the
+Bay of Biscay, the rioters made a stand and were fired
+upon by the troops. Fourteen were killed or wounded,
+yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were
+they driven back until the artillery was ordered out.
+Then a portion of the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon
+with ammunition was seized, and directed against
+the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and
+an order issued that all the bread be baked in the government
+bakeries, because the mob had looted the shops.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page98">[pg 98]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo,
+a mob attacked the railroad station, entirely destroying
+it, setting fire to the cars, and starting the engines wild
+upon the track. They burned several houses owned
+by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests
+to flee for their lives. Procuring wine from the inns,
+they grew more bold, and made an attack upon the
+prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at
+this point they were held in check by the guard.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing
+by inciting riots. At Caceres several people
+were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the guards
+and looted the shops. The British steam yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lady
+of Clonmel</span></span>, owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London,
+was attacked as she lay at the pier. Stones smashed
+her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did
+not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from
+Gibraltar reported the outrage to London.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 5.</span></span> The government tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span>, which on the
+second day of May left Key West with a Cuban expedition,
+returned to port, giving the following account
+of her voyage:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and
+landed five men, with four boxes of ammunition and
+two horses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he
+communicated with the forces of the insurgents.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span> lay to outside the harbour until five
+o’clock in the morning, when, observing a troop of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page99">[pg 99]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea and
+got safely away.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill18" id="ill18" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill18.jpg" alt="U. S. S. TERROR." title="U. S. S. TERROR." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. TERROR.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of
+the third landed another small party near there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the
+monitors <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amphitrite</span></span>, which were on the
+blockade in that vicinity, but being unable to locate
+them the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span> returned to the original landing-place,
+reaching there early on the morning of the
+fourth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred
+Cubans, half of whom were armed with rifles.
+They united with the men on the tug, and an
+attempt was made to land the remaining arms and
+men, when two hundred of the Villa Viscosa cavalry
+swooped down on them, and an engagement of a half
+hour’s duration followed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving
+them into the woods. The Spanish carried with
+them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the
+field.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the engagement the bullets went through
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden’s</span></span> smoke-stack, but no one was injured.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship,
+found her lying near Havana, and reported the
+facts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>
+back with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The two vessels reached the scene of the landing
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>on the afternoon of the fourth, and found the Spanish
+cavalry in waiting to welcome another attempted
+invasion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> promptly opened fire on a number
+of small houses marking the entrance to the place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back
+the Spaniards, and Captain Dorst, with the ammunition,
+landed safely, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span> returning to Key
+West.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 6.</span></span> Orders were given from Washington to
+release the French mail steamer, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lafayette</span></span>, and to
+send her to Havana under escort. The capture of
+the Frenchman by the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span> was an
+unfortunate incident, resulting from a mistake, but
+no protest was made by the representatives of the
+French government in the United States. It appeared
+that, before the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lafayette</span></span> sailed for Havana,
+the French legation in Washington was instructed
+to communicate with the State Department. This
+was done and permission was granted to the steamer
+to enter and discharge her passengers and cargo,
+with the understanding that she would take on nothing
+there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such
+agreement were sent from Washington to Admiral
+Sampson’s squadron, and it was only learned after the
+capture was made that they were never delivered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The War Department issued an order organising the
+regular and volunteer forces into seven army corps.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following letter needs no explanation:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">597 Fifth Avenue, New York</span></span></span>.</div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><address class="tei tei-address">
+<span class="tei tei-addrLine">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Treasurer of the United States</span></span></span>,
+</span><br />
+<span class="tei tei-addrLine">  Washington, D. C.</span><br />
+</address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dear Sir</span></span>:—Some days ago I wrote President
+McKinley offering the government the sum of
+$100,000 for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority
+to receive moneys in behalf of the United
+States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be
+served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer
+at New York to the credit of the treasurer of
+the United States, or by remitting my check direct
+to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check
+for the above amount, drawn payable to your order
+on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you kindly
+acknowledge the receipt of the same?</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: center">“Very truly,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Helen Miller Gould</span></span>.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-date" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">May 6, 1898.</span></span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was replied to twenty-four hours later:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“Treasury Department of the United States.<br />“Office
+        of the Treasury.<br />“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Washington, D. C.</span></span></span>, May 7, 1898.</div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    </p><address class="tei tei-address">
+<span class="tei tei-addrLine">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Miss Helen Miller Gould</span></span>,</span><br />
+<span class="tei tei-addrLine">  597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.</span><br />
+</address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madam</span></span>:—It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge
+the receipt of your letter under date of May
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000, according
+to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the
+government. This sum has been placed in the general
+fund of the treasury of the United States as a
+donation from you, for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism
+which prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the
+government. Certificates of deposit will follow in due
+course.     Respectfully yours,</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ellis H. Roberts</span></span>,<br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Treasurer of the United States.</span></span>”</div>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 6.</span></span> The torpedo-boats <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupont</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hornet</span></span>
+shelled the blockhouse near the lighthouse at Point
+Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of Matanzas,
+and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as
+a blockhouse, lying three and one-half miles to the
+east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupont</span></span> was leaving her position off the
+lighthouse point, a big shell was fired from the middle
+embrasure of a battery on the other side of the harbour,
+called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation
+was bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a
+thousand yards short. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hornet</span></span> was ordered to use
+her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first shell
+failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target
+fairly, and the Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for
+shelter among the neighbouring trees.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hornet</span></span> fired twelve shells, six of which struck
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the mark. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupont</span></span>, after ascertaining that Point
+Maya was being made too warm for Spanish occupation,
+steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called
+Garcia Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward,
+and turned loose her 1-pounders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent
+business behind the forest woods and hills. After
+making certain they had gone to stay, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dupont</span></span>
+resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at
+Fortina, but remained there only long enough to see
+the torpedo-boat’s menacing attitude.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 6.</span></span> The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span>, Captain Converse,
+was the first ship of the American squadron to acquire
+the distinction of capturing two prizes in one day, which
+she did on the sixth. The captives were the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Frasquito</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lorenzo</span></span>, both small vessels of no great value as
+compared with the big steamers taken during the first
+days of the war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span> was cruising about fifty miles off
+Havana when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Frasquito</span></span>, a two-master, came bowling
+along toward the Cuban capital. When the yellow
+flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in
+her direction, and a blank shot was put across her
+bow. The Spaniard hove to and the customary
+prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Frasquito</span></span> was bound from Montevideo to Havana
+with a cargo of jerked beef. She was of about 140
+tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The prize-crew
+took her to Havana waters, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>assigned the cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hamilton</span></span> to carry her into Key
+West.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few minutes afterwards the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span> encountered
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lorenzo</span></span>, a Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona
+to Havana with a cargo of dried beef. She was
+taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Jackies,”</span> sailed her into port.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 7.</span></span> Quite a sharp little affair occurred off
+Havana, in which the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> and the cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span>
+were very nearly enticed to destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour
+shortly before daylight to draw some of the Americans
+into an ambuscade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with
+the wind on her starboard quarter. About three miles
+east of the entrance of the harbour she came over on
+the port tack.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not
+discovered until three miles off shore, when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span>
+made her out and signalled the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span>. Captain Smith of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> immediately
+clapped on all steam and started in pursuit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro
+Castle before the wind. On doing so, she would,
+according to the plot, lead the two American war-ships
+directly under the guns of the Santa Clara
+batteries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are
+a part of the defences of the harbour. There were two
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>batteries, one at the shore, which had been recently
+thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures
+for 8-inch guns, and the other on the crest of the
+rocky eminence which juts out into the waters of
+the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted
+modern 10 and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot
+stone parapet, in front of which were twenty feet
+of earthwork and belting of railroad iron.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American vessels were about six miles from the
+schooner when the chase began. They steamed after
+her at full speed, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span> leading, until within a
+mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Commander Smith of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> was the first to
+realise the danger into which the reckless pursuit had
+led them. He concluded it was time to haul off, and
+sent a shot across the bow of the schooner.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel
+about, but while she was still rolling in the trough of
+the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch shrapnel
+shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery,
+a mile and a half away.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It passed over the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span>, between the pilot-house
+and the smoke-stack, and exploded less than fifty feet
+away on the port quarter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two more shots followed in quick succession, both
+shrapnel. One burst close under the starboard quarter,
+filling the engine-room with the smoke of the exploding
+shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and
+exploded just beyond.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time
+fuses were accurately set.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant
+Craig, who was in charge of the bow 4-inch
+rapid-fire gun of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span>, asked for and obtained
+permission to return the fire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the first shot the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span>, which was in the
+wake of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span>, slightly inshore, sheered off and
+passed to windward under the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill’s</span></span> stern. In the
+meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and
+was none too soon, for as the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span> stood off a solid
+8-inch shot grazed her starboard quarter and kicked
+up tons of water as it struck a wave one hundred yards
+beyond.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the guns of the water-battery were now at work.
+One of them cut the Jacob’s-ladder of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span>
+adrift, and another carried away a portion of the rigging.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were
+used, but only a few shots were fired.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill’s</span></span> 6-inch gun was elevated for four
+thousand yards, and struck the earthwork repeatedly.
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> discharged only three shots from her
+6-pounder.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for
+twenty minutes, but none of the latter shots came
+within one hundred yards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Later in the day the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span> captured the Spanish
+schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Espana</span></span>, bound for Havana, and towed the
+prize to Key West.
+</p>
+<a name="ill19" id="ill19" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill19.jpg" alt="JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY." title="JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span> added to the list of captures by bringing
+in the Spanish schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Padre de Dios</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 7.</span></span> The United States despatch-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">McCulloch</span></span>
+arrived at Hongkong from Manila, with details of
+Commodore Dewey’s victory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from
+Hongkong had been received, sent the following
+despatch:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The President, in the name of the American people,
+thanks you and your officers and men for your splendid
+achievement and overwhelming victory. In recognition
+he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend
+a vote of thanks to you by Congress as a
+foundation for further promotion.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 8.</span></span> A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was
+that in which the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> engaged off
+Cardenas Bay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> and gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span> were on the
+blockade off Cardenas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines
+and torpedoes, three small gunboats had been bottled
+up since the beginning of the war. Occasionally they
+stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond
+the inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the
+American torpedo boats.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the
+entrance of the bay to mark the position for the
+entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on
+the shore opposite was instructed to notify the
+gun<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>boats inside when the torpedo-boats were within the
+limit distance marked by the buoy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The scheme was that the gunboats could run out,
+open fire at a one-mile range thus marked off for them,
+and retreat without the chance of being cut off. The
+men of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> eyed this buoy and guessed its
+purpose, but did not attempt to remove it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the afternoon of the eighth the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span> stood
+away to the eastward for a jaunt, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> was
+left alone to maintain the blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas
+Harbour. There was great excitement at the signal-station,
+and flags fluttered hysterically. The three
+gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to
+their safety limit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand
+yards. In a few minutes the shore signals told them
+that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every Spaniard
+aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of
+the water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw
+waterspouts around the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>, but she was not
+struck. Instead of running away, she upset calculations
+by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats,
+and Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white
+smoke puffs from the Spanish guns than he gave the
+word to the men already stationed at the two forward
+1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot
+in the middle of the flotilla.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On plunged the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> to within fifteen hundred
+yards of the gunboats, while the row raised by the
+rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling tattoo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this
+fierce onslaught, single-handed, and fired wildly. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> swung around broadside to, to bring her two
+after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and
+lost formation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> soon manœuvred so that she was
+peppering at all three gunboats at once. The sea was
+very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat rolled so
+wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice,
+but despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire
+and the remarkable effectiveness of her guns demoralised
+all three opponents, which, after the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> had
+fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back
+toward the shelter of the harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders,
+but were wild. Several shells passed over
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>. One exploded a hundred feet astern,
+but the others fell short.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At last a 1-pounder from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> went fair
+and true, and struck the hull of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lopez</span></span> a little aft of
+amidships, apparently exploding on the inside.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> men yelled. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lopez</span></span> stopped, evidently
+disabled, while one of her comrades went to her
+assistance. By this time the Spanish boats had retreated
+nearly inside, where they could not be followed
+because of the mines. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lopez</span></span> got under way
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>slowly and limped homeward with the help of a towline
+from her consort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During this episode the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span> had returned, and
+when within a two-mile range let fly two 4-inch
+shells from her starboard battery, which accelerated the
+Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back
+into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of
+the shore-battery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish gunboats that lured the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> into
+the death-trap were the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Antonio Lopez</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lealtad</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ligera</span></span>. During the fight the two former retreated
+behind the wharves, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ligera</span></span> behind the key. It
+was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Antonio Lopez</span></span> that opened fire on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>
+and decoyed her into the channel. The Spanish troops
+formed on the public square, not daring to go to the
+wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they
+furnished targets, and the women and children fled to
+Jovellanos.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santiago Apostal</span></span> was captured by the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newport</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yale</span></span> captured the Spanish steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rita</span></span>
+on the eighth, but did not succeed in getting the prize
+into port until the thirteenth. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rita</span></span> was loaded
+with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the
+day. At Linates a crowd of women stormed the town
+hall and the civil guard fired upon them, killing twelve.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El Pais</span></span>, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos
+and Alicante.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 9.</span></span> Congress passed a joint resolution of
+thanks to Commodore Dewey; the House passed a bill
+increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to
+seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a
+sword, and a bronze memorative medal to each officer
+and man of his command.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The record of the navy for the day was summed up
+in the capture of the fishing-smack <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fernandito</span></span> by the
+U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span>, and the capture of the Spanish
+schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Severito</span></span> by the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was
+proclaimed in Catalonia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 10.</span></span> The steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span> sailed from Tampa,
+Florida, with two companies of the First Infantry, and
+munitions and supplies for Cuban insurgents.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante
+the mob sacked and burned a bonded warehouse.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 11.</span></span> Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak
+on the morning of May 11th, were three telegraph
+cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood consisted
+of the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, which had been on the
+station three weeks, the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span>, which had
+been there two weeks, and the converted revenue cutter
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Windom</span></span>, which had arrived two days before. The station
+had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes
+with some Spanish gunboats, which occasionally ventured
+a very little way out of Cienfuegos Harbour.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated,
+as usual, when fired on.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Commander McCalla of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, ranking
+officer, instructed Lieutenant Anderson to call for
+volunteers to cut the cable early on the morning of the
+eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser
+and the gunboat, and three times the desired number of
+men offered to serve. No one relented, even after
+repeated warnings that the service was especially
+dangerous.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I want you men to understand,”</span> Anderson said,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“that you are not ordered to do this work, and are not
+obliged to.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The men nearly tumbled over one another in their
+eagerness to be selected. In the end, the officer had
+simply the choice of the entire crew of the two ships.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch
+containing six, were manned from each ship, and a
+guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder
+guns of the launches, were put on board. In the
+meantime the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> had taken a position one
+thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado Point
+lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow
+entrance to Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable
+landing, and, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span> a little farther to the
+west, had begun shelling the beach.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The shore there is low, and covered with a dense
+growth of high grass and reeds. The lighthouse stood
+on an elevation, behind which, as well as hidden in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits,
+some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders.
+These the Spaniards deserted as fast as the ships’ fire
+reached them. As the enemy’s fire slackened and died
+out, the boats were ordered inshore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They advanced in double column. The launches,
+under Lieutenant Anderson and Ensign McGruder of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span>, went ahead with their sharpshooters and
+gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters
+were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the
+men peering into the green water for a sight of the
+cables. At a distance of two hundred feet from
+shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent
+ahead.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore.
+No sooner had the work of cutting it been
+begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the soldiers
+skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire
+guns through the high grass. The launches replied
+and the fire from the ships quickened, but although the
+Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every now and
+then they grew stronger.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first
+cable, stowed it away for safety, and then grappled for
+the next. Meantime the Spaniards were firing low in
+an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of
+their shots fell short. The second cable was finally
+found, and the men with the pipe-cutters went to work
+on it.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the
+cutters in position, and the first man wounded was one
+of these. No one else in the boat knew it, however,
+till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others
+took the cue from this, and there was not a groan or a
+complaint from the two boats, as the bullets, that were
+coming thicker and faster every minute, began to bite
+flesh.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The men simply possessed themselves with heroic
+patience, and went on with the work. They did not
+even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish fire,
+but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard
+enough for all.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a
+smaller one, was grappled and hoisted to the surface.
+The fire of the Spanish had reached its maximum. It
+was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were
+speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious,
+and exposed themselves in groups here and
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Use shrapnel,”</span> came the signal, and can after can
+exploded over the Spaniards, causing them to break
+and run to cover.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This cover was a sort of fortification behind the
+lighthouse, and to this place they dragged a number of
+their machine guns, and again opened fire on the
+cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could
+not be answered so well from the launches, and the
+encouraged Spaniards fired all the oftener.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a
+sound escape him. Like silent machines they worked,
+grimly hacking and tearing at the third cable. During
+half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind
+the lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant
+Anderson’s signal, the cable was dropped and
+the boats retreated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The work had lasted two hours and a half.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Windom</span></span>, which had laid out of range with a
+collier, was now ordered in, and the surgeon called to
+attend the wounded. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Windom</span></span> was signalled to
+shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on
+before, according to the usages of international law.
+It had been used as a shelter by the Spaniards. The
+revenue cutter’s rapid-fire guns riddled the structure
+in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun,
+which was in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it
+fair, exploded, and toppled it over.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards
+broke and ran again, the screaming shrapnel bursting
+all around them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the fall of the lighthouse the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> signalled,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well done,”</span> and then a moment later, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cease
+firing.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The only man killed instantly was a marine named
+Eagan. A sailor from one of the boats died of his
+wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville</span></span> was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant
+Winslow was wounded in the hand.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The list of casualties resulting from this display of
+heroism was two killed, two fatally and four badly
+wounded. The Spanish loss could not be ascertained,
+but it must necessarily have been heavy.
+</p>
+<a name="ill20" id="ill20" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill20.jpg" alt="U. S. S. CHICAGO." title="U. S. S. CHICAGO." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. CHICAGO.</span></div></div>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a><a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 11.</span></span> The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour
+were silenced on May 11th, and at the
+same time there was a display of heroism, on the part
+of American sailors, such as has never been surpassed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A plan of action having been decided upon, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> arrived at the blockading station from Key
+West on the morning of the eleventh. She found there,
+off Piedras Bay, the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Machias</span></span>, the torpedo-boat
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>, and the revenue cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span>, which last
+carried two 6-pounders. Shortly after noon the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span> moved into the inner
+harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of
+the Spanish batteries on the water-front. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>
+took a range of about twenty-five hundred
+yards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery
+in a stone fortification on the mole or quay, a battery
+of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with long-range
+rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Firing commenced at one o’clock, and when the
+Cardenas batteries were silenced at two in the afternoon,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> had sent 376 shells into them and the
+town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times.
+She had aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and
+110 from her 1-pounders, over six shots a minute.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> ceased firing she had moved
+up to within one thousand yards range of the Spanish
+guns, and there were only six inches of water under her
+keel. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> draws nine feet of water forward
+and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings
+showed that she was almost touching, her guns
+were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a
+beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must
+have miscalculated her distance and misjudged her
+draught, else they would have done more effective
+work at a range of two thousand yards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the engagement, when the commander of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> found that he could not approach close enough
+to the Spanish gunboats to use his torpedo-tubes to
+any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time
+he could have got out of harm’s way by taking shelter
+to the leeward of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for
+the torpedo-boat, do its deadly work. The shell struck
+the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on the deck
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>. There is little room for men anywhere
+on a torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it
+is almost sure to hit a group. Such was the case in
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>. The exploding shell cost the lives of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the
+craft by wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her
+captain and one of his crew were wounded by separate
+shots.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill21" id="ill21" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill21.png" alt="THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW." title="THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group
+of five died on the deck of the disabled torpedo-boat,
+and the other two died while being removed to the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The signal, <span class="tei tei-q">“Many wounded,”</span> went up from the staff
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>, and Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> boarded the torpedo-boat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span> tied up to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> and towed her
+out of danger, escaping unscathed. The wounded
+men were tenderly cared for on the cruiser, and that
+night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay,
+bearing the dead and wounded to Key West.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+William O’Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow’s</span></span> crew, thus tells his story of the battle to a
+newspaper correspondent:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“From the very beginning,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I think every
+man on the boat believed that we could not escape
+being sunk, and that is what would have happened
+had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span>, who worked for over an hour under the most
+terrific fire to get us out of range.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Were you ordered to go in there?”</span> he was asked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was
+given from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Was it a signal order?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No; we were near enough to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> so
+that they shouted it to us from the deck, through the
+megaphone.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Do you remember the words of the commander
+who gave them?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I don’t know who shouted the order; but the
+words as I remember them were, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Mr. Bagley, go in
+and see what gunboats there are.’</span> We started at once
+towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon
+after.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The first thing I saw,”</span> continued O’Hearn, <span class="tei tei-q">“was a
+shot fired from a window or door in the second story of
+the storehouse just back of the dock where the Spanish
+gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing
+over our heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat
+at the wharf, and from the shore. The effect of
+shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under fire
+is something terrible.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and
+then something seems to strike you in the face and
+head. I noticed that at first the boys threw their hands
+to their heads every time a shell went over; but they
+soon came so fast and so close that it was a roaring,
+shrieking, crashing hell.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but
+everybody went on deck when the battle began. John
+Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek, the
+firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained
+below they would not have been killed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After the firing began I went below again to attend
+to the boiler, and a few minutes later a solid shot
+came crashing through the side of the boat and into
+the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy
+of the tubes.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in
+the boiler it threw both the furnace doors open, and
+the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was a terrible
+crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust
+and steam. For several seconds I was partially stunned,
+and my ears rang so I could hear nothing. I went up
+on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about
+with a towel wound around his left leg. He was
+shouting, and the noise of all the guns was like continuous
+thunder. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Captain,’</span> I cried, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the forward
+boiler is disabled. A shell has gone through it.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Get out the hose,’</span> he said, and turned to the gun
+again. I made my way to the boiler-room, in a few
+minutes went up on the deck again, and the fighting
+had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were
+missing, and I looked around.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the
+starboard quarter, near the after conning-tower, I saw
+five of our men where they had wilted down after the
+shell struck them. In other places were men lying
+groaning, or dragging themselves about, wounded and
+covered with blood. There were big red spots on the
+deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I went to where the five men were lying, and saw
+that all were not dead. John Meek could speak and
+move one hand slightly. I put my face down close to
+his.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Can I do anything for you, John?’</span> I asked, and
+he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">‘No, Jack, I am dying; good-bye,’</span> and he
+asked me to grasp his hand. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Go help the rest,’</span>
+he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where
+Captain Bernadou was still firing the forward gun.
+The next minute he was dead.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn
+to pieces, and the bodies of the other three were on top
+of him. The coloured cook was a little apart from
+the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We
+supposed he was dead, and covered him up the same
+as the others. Nearly half an hour after that we heard
+him calling, and saw that he was making a slight
+movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and
+he said:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh, boys, for God’s sake move me. I am lying
+over the boiler and burning up.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been
+almost roasted. He complained that his neck was
+cramped, but did not seem to feel his terrible wound.
+We moved him into an easier position, and gave him
+some water.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thank you, sir,’</span> he said, and in five seconds he
+was dead.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>shot, which practically tore through his body. He
+sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the
+enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and
+placed him on the deck.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill22" id="ill22" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill22.jpg" alt="U. S. S. AMPHITRITE." title="U. S. S. AMPHITRITE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The young officer, realising that the wound was
+fatal, and that he had only a short time to live, allowed
+no murmur of complaint or cry of pain to escape him,
+but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply
+said:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thank you, Reagan.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These were the last words he spoke.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 12.</span></span> The forts of San Juan, the capital of
+Porto Rico, were bombarded by a portion of Rear-Admiral
+Sampson’s fleet on Thursday morning, May
+12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the
+battle-ships <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, the cruisers
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Detroit</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span>, and the monitors <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amphitrite</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, resulting in a loss to the Americans of one
+killed and seven wounded, and the death of one from
+prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported
+by cable to Madrid, was five killed and forty-three
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Admiral Sampson’s orders were to refrain from
+making any land attack so long as the batteries on
+shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in case
+the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the
+offending fortifications.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire
+at different Cuban ports became so irritating to the
+American bluejackets that discipline was, in a measure,
+threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they
+were no longer to remain passive targets for the
+Spaniards, but were to return any shots against them,
+all grumbling against inaction ceased.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was not Admiral Sampson’s original intention to
+attack San Juan. He was looking for bigger game
+than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His
+orders from the Navy Department were to find and
+capture or destroy the Spanish squadron that was en
+route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was this
+business that took him into the neighbourhood of San
+Juan, he being desirous of learning if the Spanish
+squadron were there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on
+Thursday. The tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wampatuck</span></span> was ordered to take
+soundings in the channel, and at once proceeded to do
+so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when
+she entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept
+the lead going at a lively rate.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention
+at that time of entering the harbour itself, his
+object, when he found that the Spanish squadron was
+not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly
+how much water there was in the channel, and if any
+attempt had been made to block the way.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At all events, while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wampatuck</span></span> was engaged in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>this work she was seen by the sentries at the Morro,
+and a few minutes later was fired on.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson
+determine to teach the Spaniards a lesson regarding
+the danger of firing on the American flag.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Quarters!”</span> rang out aboard the war-ships almost
+before the report of the Morro gun had died away, the
+flag-ship having signalled for action.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> opened the bombardment with her big
+12-inch gun, the missile striking Morro Castle squarely,
+and knocking a great hole in the masonry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span> sent a 13-inch projectile from
+the forward turret, and one after the other, with but
+little loss of time, the remaining vessels of the fleet
+aided in the work of destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The French war-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Admiral Rigault de Genoailly</span></span>
+was at anchor in the harbour, and a shell exploded
+within a few hundred feet of where she lay, but worked
+no injury.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The French officers thus reported the action:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The American gunners were generally accurate in
+their firing, while the marksmanship of the Spaniards
+was inferior. Some of the American shells, however,
+passed over the fortifications into the city, where they
+did terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of
+buildings before exploding, and there killing many
+citizens.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly
+masses of masonry were blown skyward by
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the shells from the American guns. Fragments from
+one shell struck the commandante’s residence, which
+was situated near the fortifications, damaging it
+terrifically.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the
+guns of the fleet were turned on the land-batteries
+and the fortifications near the government buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the
+volunteers, panic-stricken, ran frantically in every
+direction, discharging their weapons at random, until
+they were a menace to all within possible range. The
+crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy
+guns, the shrieks of the terrified and groans of the
+wounded, formed a horrible accompaniment to the work
+of destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three times the line of American ships passed from
+the entrance of the harbour to the extreme eastward
+battery, sending shot and shell into the crumbling
+forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles
+struck, but the smoke hung over everything. The
+shells screeching overhead and dropping around were
+the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 7.45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> Admiral Sampson signalled, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cease
+firing.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Retire”</span> was sounded on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, and she headed
+from the shore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> was the last ship in the line, and, failing
+to see the signal, banged away alone for about half an
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>hour, the concert of shore guns roaring at her and the
+water flying high around her from the exploding shells.
+But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly
+retired at 8.15.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill23" id="ill23" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill23.png" alt="THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO." title="THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 13.</span></span> In the Spanish Cortes, Señor Molinas,
+deputy for Porto Rico, protested against the bombardment
+of San Juan without notice, as an infringement of
+international usage.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that
+the conduct of the Americans was <span class="tei tei-q">“vandalism,”</span> and
+that the government <span class="tei tei-q">“will bring their outrageous
+action under the notice of the powers.”</span> He echoed
+Señor Molinas’s eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish
+troops and marines, and promised that the government
+would send its thanks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An authority on international law thus comments
+upon the bombardment, in the columns of the New
+York <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sun</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There is nothing in the laws of war which requires
+notice of bombardment to be given to a fortified place,
+during the progress of war. When the Germans
+threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months
+ago, they gave a notice of a few hours, but in that case
+no state of war existed. Again, when Spain bombarded
+Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour’s interval was allowed between
+the blank charge that gave the notice, and
+the actual bombardment. But that interval was
+intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the
+specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>flag, in atonement for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso
+was wholly unfortified, and the guns were directed,
+not at military works, but at public buildings.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities
+had been going on in Gulf waters for weeks, while, as
+Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on international
+law, says, <span class="tei tei-q">‘In case of war, the very fact of a place being
+fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack,
+and the non-combatants residing within its limits
+must be prepared for a contingency of this kind.’</span> This
+is true, also, of the investment of fortified places by
+armies, where <span class="tei tei-q">‘if the assault is made, no notice is given,
+as surprise is essential to success.’</span> In the same spirit
+Halleck says that <span class="tei tei-q">‘every besieged place is for a time a
+military garrison; its inhabitants are converted into
+soldiers by the necessities of self-defence.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson,
+we find him saying that, as soon as it was light enough,
+he began <span class="tei tei-q">‘an attack upon the batteries defending the
+city. This attack lasted about three hours, and resulted
+in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a
+portion of the city adjacent to the batteries.’</span> It is,
+therefore, clear that this latter damage was simply the
+result of the proximity of the defensive works to some
+of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding
+Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards,
+if they suddenly appeared in New York Bay,
+would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on
+Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>adjacent settlements would suffer from the fire? The
+advantage of suddenness in the attack upon a place, not
+only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot
+be renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works
+know what they risk in war.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were
+repeated instances, according to the authority already
+quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns instead
+of on their fortifications, and <span class="tei tei-q">‘there were cases, like
+that of Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed
+while the ramparts were nearly intact.’</span> The ground
+taken was that which a military writer, General Le
+Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the
+pressure for surrender exercised by the people becomes
+greater on subjecting them to the loss of life and property.
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘The governor is made responsible for all the
+disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and
+his own troops seek to compel him to an immediate
+capitulation.’</span> At San Juan there was no attempt of
+this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries,
+with the single view of destroying them. The likelihood
+that adjacent buildings and streets would suffer did not
+require previous notice of the bombardment, and, in
+fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without
+notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals,
+Bismarck simply replied that no such notification
+was required by the laws of war.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a><a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">FROM ALL QUARTERS.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 11.</span></span> A state of siege proclaimed throughout
+Spain. In a dozen cities or more continued rioting
+and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between
+Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division
+of the Spanish navy, consisting of the battle-ship
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelayo</span></span>, the armoured cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Carlos V.</span></span>, the protected
+cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso XIII.</span></span>, the converted cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapido</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Patria</span></span>, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz
+Harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 12.</span></span> The story of an attempt to land American
+troops in Cuba is thus told by one of the officers of
+the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span>, which vessel left Tampa on the
+tenth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first
+U. S. Infantry on the shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon,
+with five hundred rifles, sixty thousand rounds
+of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents,
+the first land fight of the war took place. Each
+side may claim a victory, for if the Spaniards frustrated
+the effort to connect with the insurgents, the Americans
+got decidedly the better of the battle, killing
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>twelve or more of the enemy, and on their own part
+suffering not a wound.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill24" id="ill24" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill24.jpg" alt="U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH." title="U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel
+steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span> of the Morgan line, with troops
+and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban coast. At
+sunrise she fell in with the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> on the
+blockade off Havana. Other blockading vessels came
+up also. The converted revenue cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manning</span></span>, Captain
+Munger, was detailed to convoy the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span>, and,
+three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Cuban guides on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span> took their machetes
+to a grindstone on the hurricane-deck. Our
+soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their long
+knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge
+of these barbarous instruments with his thumb.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish
+troops were gathered. Several shots were fired by the
+gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manning</span></span>, and presently no troops were visible.
+It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of
+water was not favourable.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span>
+anchored, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manning</span></span> covering the landing-place with
+her guns, and the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span> came up eager
+to assist. The first American soldier to step on the
+Cuban shore from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton,
+Captain O’Connor with the first boatload having
+gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw
+the men out, and they stumbled through the water up
+to their breasts. When they reached dry land they
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>immediately went into the bush to form a picket-line.
+Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when
+suddenly a rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp
+firing, warned the men that the enemy had been in
+waiting.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships,
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manning</span></span> fired into the woods beyond our
+picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the air like hot
+iron plunged in water. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span> opened with her
+small guns. The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted
+a quarter of an hour; then our pickets appeared, the
+ships circled around, and, being told by Captain O’Connor,
+who had come from shore with the clothing torn
+from one leg, where the Spaniards were, a hundred
+shots more were fired in that direction.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Anybody hurt, captain?’</span> some one asked.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,’</span>
+he shouted back.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The soldiers on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span> heard the news
+without a word, but learning where the enemy were
+situated, gathered aft on the upper deck, and sent volleys
+toward the spot.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept
+along the beach, but the Spaniards had drawn back.
+It was decided that the soldiers should reëmbark on
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gussie</span></span>, and that the guides take the horses, seek
+the insurgents, and make a new appointment. They
+rode off to the westward, and disappeared around a
+point.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Say,’</span> shouted a man from Company G after them,
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘you forgot your grindstone.’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 12.</span></span> On Thursday morning, May 12th, <a name="corr133" id="corr133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">the</span>
+gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> stood in close to the coast, off
+the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She had come for a specific purpose, which was to
+avenge the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>, and not until she was within
+range of the gunboats that had decoyed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>
+did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which
+had opened on the American boat with such deadly
+effect, was covered by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington’s</span></span> guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was
+there to teach the Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and
+set about the task without delay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The town is three miles distant from the gulf
+entrance to the harbour, therefore no time need be
+wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were in
+little or no danger.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During two weeks troops had been gathering near
+about Cardenas to protect it against American invasion;
+masked batteries were being planted, earthworks
+thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no
+lack of targets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span>
+opened fire from her 4-inch guns, throwing shells
+here, there, everywhere; but more particularly in the
+direction of that masked battery which had trained its
+guns on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken,
+hearing a death-knell in the sighing, whistling
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>missiles, fled in mad terror, the gunboats’ machine guns
+were called into play.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the
+American sailors’ vengeance was completely destroyed.
+Not a gun remained mounted, not a man was alive,
+save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment
+was terrible, but complete.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had
+believed they might with impunity open fire on any
+craft flying the American flag; but now they began to
+understand that such sport was in the highest degree
+dangerous.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During a full hour—and in that time nearly three
+hundred shells had been sent on errands of destruction—the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> continued her bombardment of the
+defences.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the work was completed two gunboats had
+been sunk so quickly that their crews had no more than
+sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were converted
+into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse
+was consumed by flames, and signal-stations, masked
+batteries, and forts were in ruins.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did
+their best to bring it to a close; but despite all efforts
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> was unharmed. There was absolutely
+no evidence of conflict about her when she finally
+steamed away, save such as might have been read
+on the smoke-begrimed faces of the hard-worked but
+triumphant and satisfied crew.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill25" id="ill25" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill25.jpg" alt="ADMIRAL SCHLEY." title="ADMIRAL SCHLEY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 13.</span></span> An English correspondent, cabling from
+Hongkong regarding the Spaniards in the Philippine
+Islands, made the following statement:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They are in a position to give the Americans
+a deal of trouble. There are twenty-five thousand
+Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one
+hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting
+steamers are imprisoned on the river Pasig, which
+is blocked at the mouth by some sunken schooners.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me
+that, according to his despatches, a flag of truce is flying
+over Manila, and the people are allowed to proceed
+freely to and from the ships in the harbour.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Americans are on duty night and day on the
+lookout for boats which endeavour to run the blockade
+with food supplies. The hospital is supported by the
+Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big
+battle-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelayo</span></span> is coming, and will demolish the
+Americans in ten minutes.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron,
+Commodore W. S. Schley commanding, set sail from
+Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The following
+vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, the
+flag-ship, the battle-ships <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, and
+the torpedo-boat destroyer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Scorpion</span></span>. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sterling</span></span>,
+with 4,000 tons of coal, was the collier of the squadron.
+At eight o’clock in the evening the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Minneapolis</span></span> followed,
+and Captain Sigsbee of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> received
+orders to get under way at midnight.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 14.</span></span> Eleven steamers, chartered by the government
+as troop-ships, sailed from New York for Key
+West. At San Francisco, the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charleston</span></span>, with
+supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey’s fleet
+at Manila, had been made ready for sea.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy
+in preparing for the expected siege by American forces.
+The city and forts were reported as being provisioned
+sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was
+surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty
+miles. The troops in the garrison numbered seventy
+thousand, and a like number were in the interior fighting
+the insurgents.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had
+grown steadily worse. The mortality increased among
+this wretched class, who had taken to begging morsels
+of food.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew
+that the Spanish fleet was annihilated at Manila, and the
+story was believed that the Americans were beaten there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Señor Bores
+asked the government to inform the house of the condition
+of the Philippines. After the pacification of the
+islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and
+Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion,
+he asked, or a continuation of the old one? If it was
+a continuation of the old rebellion, then General Prima
+de Rivera’s pacification of the islands had been a perfect
+fraud.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the
+old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one,
+he said, arose from the incitements of the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Señor Bores retorted that he had received a private
+letter from the Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to
+the arising of any fear of war with the United States,
+giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there, and
+passengers arriving by the steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leon III.</span></span> had told
+similar stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops
+in the Philippines were in a terrible condition, being
+between two fires, the natives and the Americans.
+Señor Bores’s remarks created a profound sensation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charleston</span></span> was reported as being ready
+to sail from San Francisco for Manila. Three hundred
+sailors and marines to reinforce Admiral Dewey’s fleet
+were to be sent on the cruiser.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marietta</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nictheroy</span></span> arrived
+at Bahia, Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, of the Cape Verde
+fleet, reported as yet remaining at Port de France,
+Martinique.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A press correspondent gives the following spirited
+account, under the date of May 14th, of a second
+attempt to entice the American blockading squadron
+within range of the Santa Clara battery guns:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset
+to-night, attempted to execute a ruse, which, if successful,
+would have cleared the front of Havana of six ships
+on that blockading station.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the
+tactics of the spider, and cunningly planned to draw
+the prey into his net, but, though a clever and pretty
+scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a
+repetition of the trick by which the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span>
+and the little converted revenue cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morrill</span></span> were
+last week decoyed by a fishing-smack under the big
+Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion
+managed to get out of range without being sunk, though
+some of the shells burst close aboard, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg’s</span></span>
+Jacob’s-ladder was cut adrift.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station
+were dumfounded to see two vessels steam out
+of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was
+streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a
+glance showed that they were under full head of steam.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span>,
+which was flying the pennant, made out the
+larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred feet
+long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement,
+to be the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso XII.</span></span>, and the small one to
+be the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Legaspi</span></span>, both of which were known
+to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At first he supposed that they were taking advantage
+of the absence of the heavy fighting-ships, and
+were making a bona-fide run for the open sea.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As superior officer, he immediately signalled the
+other war-ships on the station, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Tecumseh</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Osceola</span></span>. The little squadron gave
+chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a running
+fire as they advanced. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso</span></span> and her consort
+circled inshore about five miles below Havana, and
+headed back for Morro Castle.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet
+did not follow them in. Commander Lilly saw that
+the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in under the
+guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery
+officers could plot out the exact range with their telemeters.
+So the return was made in line ahead, parallel
+with the shore.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his
+ships came abreast of Santa Clara battery the big guns
+opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance of about
+five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than
+half the missiles overshot the mark, and others fell
+short, some as much as a mile.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The big <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso</span></span> and her convoy steamed swiftly
+from the dark shadow of the harbour’s mouth, and, turning
+sharply east, ran along the coast as though to slip
+through the cordon of blockade.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was a bold trick and not at first transparent,
+although the folly of it created a suspicion.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood
+along the coast as long as they dared, to give zest to
+the chase. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span> signalled her consorts,
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Close in and charge.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Spaniards veered about, and, bringing their stern-chasers
+to bear on the Americans, doubled back for
+Morro.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Two of the shells from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span> burst in the
+rigging of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alphonso</span></span>, and some of it came down,
+but it was, of course, impossible to know whether any
+fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more
+accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter
+fell short of their pursuers.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships
+fully four miles out, when flame leaped from the batteries
+of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds of white
+smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull,
+heavy roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason
+of an organ on high treble of smaller guns. It was
+from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there,
+and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half
+a mile inside of the American line, throwing up a tower
+of white spray. It ricochetted and struck again half
+a mile outside.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure
+of their plot, the Spaniards continued to fire at intervals
+of about ten minutes. In all, thirteen shots were
+fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of
+our ships.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly
+signalled, and his fleet stood offshore. Captain McKensie,
+on the bridge of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vicksburg</span></span>, watched the fall
+of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire
+of the men at the guns, however, by letting go a
+final broadside at the Spanish ships, in the chance
+hope of making them pay for their daring before they
+gained the harbour, but they steamed under Morro’s
+guns untouched, and, as they disappeared, discharged
+several guns.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that
+moment by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span>, which dropped inside the
+harbour, probably creating consternation among scores
+of boats on the water-front.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 15.</span></span> The Spanish cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maria Teresa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, and
+torpedo-boat destroyers, which arrived off the port of
+Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after having
+purchased coal and provisions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The flying squadron under command of Commodore
+Schley arrived off Charleston, S. C.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Admiral Sampson’s squadron passed Cape Haytien.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have
+resigned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May
+15th, describes the inhabitants of the island as living
+in constant fear of a renewal of the bombardment of
+San Juan by Admiral’s Sampson’s fleet. There are no
+submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally
+unprotected condition of the place is a cause of
+much anxiety.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 16.</span></span> Freeman Halstead, an American
+    news<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>paper correspondent, arrested at San Juan de Porto
+Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the
+fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal
+to nine years’ imprisonment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a general order issued at the War Department,
+the assignments to the different corps and other important
+commands were announced. The order is as
+follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The following assignments of general officers to
+command is hereby made by the President:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., the Department
+of the Pacific.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., the first corps
+and the Department of the Gulf.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U. S. Volunteers, the
+second corps, with headquarters at Falls Church, Va.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U. S. Volunteers, the
+third corps, reporting to Major-General Brooke,
+Chickamauga.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U. S. Volunteers, the
+fourth corps, Mobile, Ala.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. Volunteers,
+the fifth corps, Tampa, Fla.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. Volunteers, to
+report to Major-General Merritt, U. S. A., for duty
+with troops in the Department of the Pacific.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. Volunteers, the
+sixth corps, Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General
+Brooke.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, the
+seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U. S. Volunteers,
+the cavalry division, Tampa, Fla.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain
+Goodrich of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span>, on May 15th, to take the
+fleet tender in tow and proceed to Santiago de Cuba to
+cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements
+were secured from the tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wampatuck</span></span> on May
+16th, and at eleven <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> the expedition, in the small
+boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of Santiago. It
+was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago
+light was burning brightly. Moonrise was not until
+3.45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> At three <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> on May 17th the expedition
+returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to
+find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and
+was protected by two patrol-boats. Then a start was
+made to cut the cable on the other side of the island.
+At seven <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span> fired her first gun at the
+forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and
+after a little time the fire was returned by what must
+have been a 2-pounder.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At eight <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span> was about two miles
+distant from the fort, which seemed to be unprovided
+with modern guns. After three hours grappling in
+over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been
+found. At 12.15 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> the guns of Morro Castle
+opened fire, followed by the shore battery on the
+southerly point, and also the west battery. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">Louis</span></span> kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and
+soon succeeded in silencing the guns of Morro Castle,
+the Spaniards running in all directions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship.
+Shells from the mortar battery went over the cruiser
+and exploded in the water quite close to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span>.
+The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>, after a fusilade
+of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was
+grappled, hauled on board, and cut.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 17.</span></span> The Spanish squadron reported as yet
+remaining at Cadiz.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilmington</span></span> had a slight action with a
+Spanish gunboat off the Cuban coast, during which the
+latter was disabled.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 18.</span></span> The U. S. cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charleston</span></span> left San
+Francisco for the Philippines with supplies for Commodore
+Dewey’s fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 19.</span></span> By cable from Madrid it was learned that
+the Spanish fleet had arrived at Santiago de Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charleston</span></span>, which sailed for Manila,
+returned to Mare Island navy yard with her condensers
+out of order.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 21.</span></span> An order was despatched to San Francisco
+to prepare the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Monterey</span></span> for a voyage to Manila,
+where she would join Commodore Dewey’s fleet. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Monterey</span></span> is probably the most formidable monitor
+in the world; technically described she is a barbed
+turret, low freeboard monitor of four thousand tons
+displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two
+turrets, surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and
+two 10-inch guns, while on her superstructure, between
+the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four
+1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven
+and one-half and eight inches thick, and the surrounding
+barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven
+and one-half inches of steel.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill26" id="ill26" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill26.jpg" alt="U. S. S. MONTEREY." title="U. S. S. MONTEREY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. MONTEREY.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One of the most important prizes captured during
+the war was taken by the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Minneapolis</span></span> off the
+eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the Spanish
+brig <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santa Maria de Lourdes</span></span>, loaded with coal, ammunition,
+arms, and supplies for Admiral Cervera.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a
+large quantity of arms and ammunition, sailed for a
+point about twenty-five miles east of Havana, on the
+steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Florida</span></span>. These men and their equipment
+constituted an expedition able to operate independently,
+and to defend itself against any body of
+Spanish troops which might oppose it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Florida</span></span> returned to Key West on the thirty-first,
+after having successfully landed the ammunition and
+men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 22.</span></span> The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charleston</span></span> again left San
+Francisco, bound for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 25.</span></span> The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> captured the
+British steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Restormel</span></span>, loaded with coal, off Santiago
+de Cuba. The prize is a long, low tramp collier
+belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared,
+with twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest
+grade of Cardiff coal consigned to a Spanish firm in
+San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was
+supposed to make its first stop.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“When we reached San Juan,”</span> said the captain of
+    the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Restormel</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the consignees told me very curtly
+that the persons for whom the coal was destined were
+in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had
+been declared. I began to suspect that the coal was
+going to Cervera’s fleet, but my Spanish consignees
+said it would be all right. They told me not to ask any
+questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I
+did so, placing my cargo under orders.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer.
+He said there had been another change of base, and
+that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba. I tried
+to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the
+cables had been cut. Under the circumstances there
+was nothing for me to do but to go to Santiago. By
+this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo
+was for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made
+a contraband of war, so I wasn’t a bit surprised when
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> brought us to, with a shot, three and a
+half miles from shore.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the
+coal, and release the steamer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five
+thousand men.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from
+San Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 26.</span></span> The battle-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, which left San
+Francisco March 19th, arrived at Key West.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 27.</span></span> The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived
+at San Juan de Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 28.</span></span> From Commodore Dewey the following
+cablegram was received:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cavite</span></span></span>, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secretary Navy, Washington</span></span>:—No change in the
+situation of the blockade. Is effective. It is impossible
+for the people of Manila to buy provisions, except
+rice.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The captain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, Gridley, condemned
+by medical survey. Is ordered home. Leaves by
+Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong the
+twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>.”</span>
+
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 29.</span></span> Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order
+formally announcing that he had taken command of the
+Philippine forces and expeditions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 31.</span></span> United States troops board transports for
+Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The beginning of June saw the opening of the first
+regular campaign of the war, and it is eminently proper
+the operations around and about Santiago de Cuba be
+told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>further attempt at giving the news from the various
+parts of the world in chronological order.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign,
+as are worthy a place in history, will be set
+down in regular sequence after certain deeds of the
+boys of ’98 have been related in such detail as is
+warranted by the heroism displayed.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a><a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 29.</span></span> The blockading fleet, under command of
+Commodore Schley, off Santiago de Cuba, was
+composed of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the
+deck on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> saw, by aid of his night-glass,
+two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers stealing
+out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the
+shadows of the land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel’s
+search-lights were turned full on, and at the same
+moment the sleeping crew were awakened.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was known beyond a question that the Spanish
+fleet under Admiral Cervera was hidden within the
+harbour, not daring to come boldly out while the blockading
+squadron was so strong, and the first thought of
+men as well as officers, when these stealthily moving
+vessels were sighted, was that the Spaniards were
+making a desperate effort to escape from the trap they
+had voluntarily entered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The search-lights of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> revealed the fact that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the two strangers were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire
+was opened upon them instantly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the report of the first gun the call to quarters
+was sounded on all the other ships, and a dozen rays of
+blinding light flashed here and there across the entrance
+to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly
+illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever
+set sail could not have come out unobserved.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same report which aroused the squadron told
+the Spaniards that their purpose was no longer a secret,
+and the two torpedo-boats were headed for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, running at full speed in the hope of
+discharging their tubes before the fire should become
+too heavy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a
+warm and immediate reception. It was as if every gun
+on board both the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> was in action
+within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted,
+and there remained nothing for the venturesome
+craft save to seek the shelter of the harbour again,
+fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 31.</span></span> The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, cruising inshore
+to relieve the monotony of blockading duties, discovered
+that lying behind the batteries at the mouth of
+Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When this fact was reported to the commodore he
+decided to tempt the Spanish fleet into a fight, and at
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the same time discover the location of the masked batteries.
+In pursuance of this plan he transferred his
+flag from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> to the more heavily armed
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill27" id="ill27" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill27.jpg" alt="U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS." title="U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two hours after noon the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New
+Orleans</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, in the order named, and not more
+than a cable length apart, steamed up to the harbour
+mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two miles out to sea lay the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, and
+other ships of the blockading fleet awaiting the summons
+which should bring them into the fight; but
+none came.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span> opened fire first, taking the Spanish
+flag-ship for its target. An 8-inch shell was the
+missile, and it fell far short of its mark. Then the big
+machine tried her 13-inch guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span> and four batteries—two on the
+east side, one on the west, and one on an island in
+the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10 and
+12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes,
+eights and thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular,
+but not effective on either side.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American fleet steamed across before the batteries
+at full speed; circled, and passed again. Both
+sides had found the range by the time of the second
+passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots
+burst directly over the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, three fell dangerously
+near the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>, and one sprayed the bow of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After half an hour both forts on the east and the one
+on the island were silenced. Five minutes later our
+ships ceased firing. The western battery and the
+Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes
+longer, but their work was ineffective.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 1.</span></span> Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+as his flag-ship, and accompanied by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span>, and the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Porter</span></span>, joined Commodore
+Schley’s squadron off Santiago on the first
+of June.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A naval officer with the squadron summed up the
+situation in a communication to his friend at home:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson’s plan
+of campaign, our ships form a cordon about the entrance
+of Santiago Harbour to prevent the possible egress of
+the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy
+enough to attempt to cut his way out.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The officers of the blockading squadron were well
+informed as to the situation ashore. Communication
+with the Cubans had been established, and it was
+known that a line of insurgents had been drawn
+around Santiago, in order that they might be of
+assistance when the big war-vessels had struck the
+first blow.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known
+despite the vigilance of the enemy, and it was no secret
+that within the narrow neck of the channel, which at
+the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet
+wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A report from one of the newspaper correspondents,
+under date of June 1st, was as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“So far as has been ascertained, there are three
+new batteries on the west side of the entrance.
+These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned
+with the glasses. Cayo Smith, a small island
+which lies directly beyond the entrance, is fortified,
+and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences
+at the right of the entrance, are Estrella battery
+and St. Carolina fort. Further up the bay, guarding
+the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco
+battery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The first are of stone, and were constructed in the
+early sixties. St. Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The
+guns in Morro Castle and Estrella are of old pattern, 18
+and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered
+were it not for the great height of the fortifications,
+which would enable these weapons to deliver a plunging
+fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the
+left of the entrance. On Cayo Smith and at Blanco
+battery there are also four modern guns. The mines
+in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the
+forts and batteries, which must increase the effectiveness
+of the enemy’s fire, and at the same time decrease
+that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the Spanish
+fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost
+impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>would be folly to attempt to force its passage with our
+ships.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is
+being considered to drive in the cork. If that is done,
+the next news may be a thrilling story of closing the
+harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave
+the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready
+to hoist the white flag.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“To drive in the cork,”</span> was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral
+Sampson’s heart, and he at once went into
+consultation with his officers as to how it could best
+be done. One plan after another was discussed and
+rejected, and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond
+Pearson Hobson proposed that the big collier
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, which then had on board about six hundred
+tons of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a
+manner as to completely block it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain
+death for those who should attempt to carry it out as
+proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however, claimed that, if
+the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed
+to take command of the enterprise.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The end to be attained was so great that Admiral
+Sampson decided that the lives of six or seven men
+could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage to
+be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that
+his services were accepted; the big steamer was at his
+disposal to do with as he saw fit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 11.</span></span> The preliminary work of this desperate
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>undertaking was a strain upon the officers and men.
+On Wednesday morning the preparations to scuttle the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> in the channel were commenced. All day
+long crews from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> were
+on board the collier, never resting in their efforts
+to prepare her. She lay alongside the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>,
+discharging coal, when the work was first begun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly
+through the fleet, and it soon became known that
+volunteers were needed for a desperate undertaking.
+From the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa’s</span></span> signal-yard quickly fluttered the announcement
+that she had 140 volunteers, and the other
+ships were not far behind. On the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> the enthusiasm
+was intense. Over two hundred members of the
+crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and
+face death. The junior officers literally tumbled over
+each other in their eagerness to get their names on the
+volunteer list.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant
+Hobson were to go, there was much disappointment
+on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews worked
+on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>; and the other ships, as they
+passed the collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant
+Hobson paid a brief visit to the flag-ship shortly
+before midnight, and then returned to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson
+thus detailed his plan of action:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall go right into the harbour until about four
+hundred yards past the Estrella battery, which is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can sink
+me before I reach somewhere near that point. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> has seven thousand tons buoyancy, and I
+shall keep her full speed ahead. She can make about
+ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel
+is reached I shall put her helm hard aport, stop the
+engines, drop the anchors, open the sea connections,
+touch off the torpedoes, and leave the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> a
+wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as
+broad as the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> is long. There are ten 8-inch
+improvised torpedoes below the water-line, on the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span> port-side. They are placed on her side
+against the bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with
+each other by a wire under the ship’s keel. Each torpedo
+contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each
+torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should
+do their work in a minute, and it will be quick work
+even if done in a minute and a quarter.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“On deck there will be four men and myself. In
+the engine-room there will be two other men. This
+is the total crew, and all of us will be in our underclothing,
+with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight
+packing strapped around our waists. Forward there
+will be a man on deck, and around his waist will be
+a line, the other end of the line being made fast to the
+bridge, where I will stand. By that man’s side will be
+an axe. When I stop the engines I shall jerk this
+cord, and he will thus get the signal to cut the lashing
+which will be holding the forward anchor. He will
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>then jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy,
+which we shall tow astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys,
+and is unsinkable. In it are rifles. It is to be
+held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one
+at her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in
+the tow-line and pull the dingy to starboard. The next
+to leave the ship are the rest of the crew. The quartermaster
+at the wheel will not leave until after having
+put it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump
+overboard.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill28" id="ill28" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill28.jpg" alt="LIEUTENANT HOBSON." title="LIEUTENANT HOBSON." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Down below, the man at the reversing gear will
+stop the engines, scramble up on deck, and get over
+the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the
+engine-room will break open the sea connections with
+a sledge-hammer, and will follow his leader into the
+water. This last step ensures the sinking of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>
+whether the torpedoes work or not. By this
+time I calculate the six men will be in the dingy and
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> will have swung athwart the channel, to
+the full length of her three hundred yards of cable,
+which will have been paid out before the anchors are
+cut loose. Then, all that is left for me is to touch the
+button. I shall stand on the starboard side of the
+bridge. The explosion will throw the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> on
+her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York
+City will be able to raise her after that.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us
+a bit, but the ships will throw their search-lights in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>gunners’ faces, and they won’t see much of us. If
+we are torpedoed we should even then be able to
+make the desired position in the channel. It won’t be
+easy to hit us, and I think the men should be able to
+swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown up.
+But I don’t see that it makes much difference what I
+do. I have a fair chance of life either way. If our
+dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then try to swim for
+the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep
+together at all hazards. Then we may be able to
+make our way alongside, and perhaps get back to the
+ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the
+last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers,
+and our surrender will only take place as a last
+and almost uncontemplated emergency.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous
+enterprise were, after Lieutenant Hobson: George F.
+Phillips, machinist on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>; Francis Kelly,
+water tender on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>; Randolph Clausen,
+coxswain on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>; George Charette, first-class
+gunner’s mate on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>; Daniel Montague,
+<a name="corr158" id="corr158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">first-class</span> machinist on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>; Osburn
+Deignan, coxswain on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>; J. C. Murphy,
+coxswain on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 21.</span></span> At three o’clock in the morning the
+admiral and Flag Lieutenant Staunton got into the
+launch to make an inspection of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>. The
+working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers
+of the flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the big black hull that was to form an impassable
+obstacle for Spain’s best ships.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed
+their work on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, but at last a boatload of
+men, black and tired out, came over to the flag-ship.
+Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been
+delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and
+nearly everybody thought it was too late for the
+attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody
+cried:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“She is going in.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was
+seen heading straight for Morro Castle. A few moments
+later, however, she was recalled by Admiral
+Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to
+venture in at that hour. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> did not return
+at once. Word came back:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on
+his course. He thinks he can make it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect
+that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> must return at once, and in due
+course of time the doomed collier slowly steamed back,
+her commander evidently disappointed with the order.
+All day Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and
+more elaborate preparations were made to carry out the
+mission of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> successfully. During these
+preparations Hobson was cool and confident, supervising
+personally every little detail.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When, finally, he went on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> Thursday
+night, he had been without sleep since Wednesday
+morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands were
+black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at
+work in and about an engine-room for a long time.
+As he said good-bye, the lieutenant remarked that his
+only regret was that all of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York’s</span></span> volunteers
+could not go with him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 3.</span></span> The hazardous voyage was begun at three
+o’clock Friday morning. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> was lying to
+the westward. Under cover of the clouds over the
+moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her
+way to the eastward, followed by a steam launch
+from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, with the following crew on board:
+Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K.
+Peterson, coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the
+first class; J. Mullings, coal passer; G. L. Russell,
+machinist of the second class. In the launch were
+bandages and appliances for the wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the crowded decks of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> nothing
+could be seen of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> after she got under the
+shadow of the hills. For half an hour officers and men
+strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when, suddenly,
+the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro
+Castle, and then all on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> knew the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> was nearing her end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro
+Castle answered quickly with more flashes, and for
+about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to leap
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too
+far away to hear the reports, and when the firing
+ceased it was judged that Hobson had blown up the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill29" id="ill29" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill29.jpg" alt="U. S. S. NEW YORK." title="U. S. S. NEW YORK." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. NEW YORK.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During an hour the anxious watchers waited for
+daylight. Rear-Admiral Sampson and Captain Chadwick
+were on the bridge of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> during
+the entire time. At five o’clock thin streams of
+smoke were seen against the western shore, quite
+close to the Spanish batteries, and strong glasses
+made out the launch of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> returning to
+the flag-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a
+puff of smoke issued from a battery on the western
+arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far over the
+launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore
+kept up an irregular fire on the little craft. As the
+shells fell without hitting the object for which they
+were intended, the men on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered
+their shipmates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but
+she did not have on board any of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span> crew.
+Cadet Powell reported that he had been unable to see
+any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had
+gone directly under the batteries, and only returned
+when he found his efforts were useless.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He also reported that he had clearly seen the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span>
+masts sticking up just where Hobson hoped to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and well past
+the guns of Morro Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had
+with the officer whom it seemed certain had voluntarily
+gone to his death:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few
+hours, which was often interrupted. At a quarter
+before two he came on deck and made a final inspection,
+giving his last instructions. Then we had a little
+lunch. Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about
+half past two I took the men who were not going on
+the trip into the launch, and started for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, the
+nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant
+engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I
+shook hands with Hobson last of all. He said:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Powell, watch the boat’s crew when we pull out
+of the harbour. We will be cracks, pulling thirty strokes
+to the minute.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After leaving the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> I saw the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> steaming
+slowly in.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was
+quite visible. We followed about three-quarters of a
+mile astern. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> stood about a mile to the
+westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning
+completely around, and finally heading to the east,
+she ran down and then turned in. We were then
+chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his
+bearings.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When Hobson was about two hundred yards from
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the harbour the first gun was fired, from the eastern
+bluff. We were then about half a mile offshore, and
+nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly.
+We steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>
+in the smoke which the wind carried offshore. It hung
+heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> the western battery picked us up and commenced firing.
+They shot wild, however, and we ran
+in still farther to the shore until the gunners lost sight
+of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes
+on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers,
+half a mile to the westward of Morro, keeping a sharp
+lookout for the boat or for swimmers, but saw nothing.
+Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but
+thinking that some one might have drifted out, we
+crossed in front of Morro and the mouth of the harbour,
+to the eastward.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At about five o’clock we crossed the harbour again,
+and stood to the westward. In passing we saw one
+spar of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> sticking out of the water. We
+hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a
+mile, and then turned toward the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, when the
+batteries saw us and opened fire. It was then broad
+daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern,
+but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all
+she was worth, finally making the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>. The
+men behaved splendidly.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 3.</span></span> Later in the day a boat with a white flag put
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>out from the harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of
+staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, and
+informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had
+been captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant
+Hobson was not hurt. The Spanish admiral was
+so impressed with the courage of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span> crew
+that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact
+that they had not lost their lives, but were prisoners of
+war and could be exchanged.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley
+said, as he stood on his flag-ship pointing towards
+Morro Castle:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“History does not record an act of finer heroism
+than that of the gallant men who are prisoners over
+there. I watched the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> as she made her way
+to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I
+saw the perfect hell of fire that fell upon those devoted
+men. I did not think it possible one of them could
+have gone through it alive.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava
+over again without the means of defence which
+the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope
+without the power to cut his way out; but fortune
+once more favoured the brave, and I hope he will have
+the recognition and promotion he deserves. His name
+will live as long as the heroes of the world are
+remembered.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Admiral Sampson made the following report to the
+Navy Department:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Permit me to call your especial attention to
+Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As stated in a special telegram, before coming here
+I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against
+the possibility of egress by Spanish ships, by obstructing
+the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier
+at that point.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional
+opinion as to a sure method of sinking the ship, he
+manifested the most lively interest in the problem.
+After several days’ consideration, he presented a solution
+which he considered would ensure the immediate
+sinking of the ship when she reached the desired point
+in the channel. This plan we prepared for execution
+when we reached Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men
+and Mr. Hobson, who begged that it might be entrusted
+to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck for
+both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including
+the anchoring of the ship automatically. As soon
+as I reached Santiago, and I had the collier to work
+upon, the details were completed and diligently prosecuted,
+hoping to complete them in one day, as the
+moon and tide served best the first night after our
+arrival.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four
+o’clock arrived, and the preparation was scarcely completed.
+After a careful inspection of the final preparations,
+I was forced to relinquish the plan for that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>morning, as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged
+to try it at all hazards.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt
+start could be made. Nothing could have been more
+gallantly executed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We waited impatiently after the firing by the
+Spaniards had ceased. When they did not reappear
+from the harbour at six o’clock, I feared that they
+had all perished. A steam launch, which had been
+sent in charge of Naval Cadet Powell to rescue the
+men, appeared at this time, coming out under a persistent
+fire of the batteries, but brought none of the
+crew.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship
+showed that the vessel <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> had been sunk in the
+channel.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral
+Cervera came out under a flag of truce, with a letter
+from the admiral, extolling the bravery of the crew in
+an unusual manner.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation
+of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew.
+I venture to say that a more brave or daring thing has
+not been done since Cushing blew up the <a name="corr166" id="corr166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr"><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed
+to the officers at the beginning of the war,
+I am sure you will offer a suitable professional reward
+to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that
+Commander J. M. Miller relinquished his command with
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the very greatest reluctance, believing he should retain
+his command under all circumstances.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill30" id="ill30" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill30.png" alt="HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT." title="HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt
+of another person to carry out the multitude of details
+which had been in preparation by Mr. Hobson might
+endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the
+liberty to relieve him, for this reason only.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious
+to participate. There were a hundred and fifty men
+from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, nearly as many from this ship, and large
+numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“W. T. SAMPSON.”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave
+comrades exchanged, and then to his messmates the
+gallant lieutenant told the story of his perilous voyage
+on that morning of June 4th:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I did not miss the entrance to the harbour,”</span> he
+    said, <span class="tei tei-q">“as Cadet Powell in the launch supposed. I
+headed east until I got my bearings, and then made
+for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was
+grand, flashing out first from one side of the harbour
+and then from the other, from those big guns on the
+hill, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>, lying inside the harbour, joining in.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the
+news of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span> coming was telegraphed, and
+soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing wildly across,
+and killing each other with the cross-fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span> steering-gear broke as she got to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Estrella Point. Only three of the torpedoes on her
+side exploded when I touched the button. A huge
+submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the
+water high in the air, and tearing a great rent in her
+side.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing
+to the work done by the mine, she began to sink slowly.
+At that time she was across the channel, but before she
+settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft,
+lying on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around.
+Six-inch shells from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> came tearing into the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, crashing into wood and iron, and passing
+clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts
+broke through her deck.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Not a man must move,’</span> I said, and it was only
+owing to the splendid discipline of the men that we all
+were not killed, as the shells rained over us, and the
+minutes became hours of suspense. The men’s mouths
+became parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I
+told them. Now and again, one or the other of the
+men, lying with his face glued to the deck and wondering
+whether the next shell might not come our way,
+would say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Hadn’t we better drop off now, sir?’</span> But
+I said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Wait till daylight.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It would have been impossible to get the catamaran
+anywhere but on to the shore, where the soldiers stood
+shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we might be
+recognised and saved.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The grand old <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> kept sinking. I wanted to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>go forward and see the damage done there, where nearly
+all the fire was directed. One man said that if I rose
+it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay motionless.
+It was splendid the way these men behaved.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill31" id="ill31" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill31.jpg" alt="ADMIRAL CERVERA." title="ADMIRAL CERVERA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">ADMIRAL CERVERA.</span></div></div>
+    
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>
+was awful. When the water came up on the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac’s</span></span> deck the catamaran floated amid the wreckage,
+but she was still made fast to the boom, and we
+caught hold of the edges and clung on, our heads only
+being above water.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“One man thought we were safer right there; it was
+quite light, the firing had ceased, except that on the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York’s</span></span> launch, and I feared Cadet Powell and his
+men had been killed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“A Spanish launch came toward the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>. We
+agreed to capture her and run. Just as she came close
+the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines jumped
+up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of
+the water.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Is there any officer in that boat to receive a
+surrender of prisoners of war?’</span> I shouted.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“An old man leaned out under the awning and
+waved his hand. It was Admiral Cervera. The
+marines lowered their rifles and we were helped
+into the launch.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It
+was a grand sight a few days later to see the bombardment,
+the shells striking and bursting around El Morro.
+Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>martial room in the barracks. My men were kept
+prisoners in the hospital.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“From my window I could see the army moving,
+and it was terrible to watch those poor lads coming
+across the opening and being shot down by the Spaniards
+in the rifle-pits in front of me.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could
+be. I knew something was coming, and then I was
+exchanged.”</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill32" id="ill32" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill32.jpg" alt="QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN." title="QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</span></div></div>
+    
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a><a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IX.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">BY WIRE.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May 30.</span></span> The auxiliary cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Uncas</span></span>
+made an attack on one of the outlying blockhouses
+at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until the
+Spaniards deserted their batteries.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 1.</span></span> The government of Paraguay represented
+to the American consul at Asuncion that the Spanish
+torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Temerario</span></span> was disabled, and had been
+granted permission to remain at that port until the war
+between the United States and Spain had come to an
+end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding
+the conduct of the war, as evinced by a newspaper
+article to which was signed the name of Emilio
+Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Señor Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching
+her with being a foreigner and unpopular, and with
+interfering unjustifiably in political affairs. He compared
+her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette
+on the eve of the French revolution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca
+demanded the prosecution of Castelar, and other
+Sena<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>tors expressed in violent terms their indignation at
+Señor Castelar’s conduct.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 2.</span></span> The British steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Restormel</span></span>, captured by
+the auxiliary cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> off Santiago de Cuba,
+was released by the government. It was shown that
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Restormel</span></span> sailed previous to the declaration of war,
+there being no evidence that the steamer’s owners were
+wilfully and knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy’s
+fleet, and she was ordered released. The cargo was
+condemned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The names of the captains and commanders of the
+ships in Admiral Dewey’s squadron were sent to the
+Senate, by the President, for advancement because of
+their conspicuous conduct.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The House of Representatives passed an urgency
+appropriation of nearly eighteen million dollars for war
+purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From Captain Clark’s report, the Navy Department
+made public the following extract relative to the
+extraordinary voyage of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is gratifying to call the department’s attention
+to the spirit aboard this ship in both officers and men.
+This best can be described by referring to instances
+such as that of the engineer officers in voluntarily
+doubling their watches when high speed was to be
+made, to the attempt of men to return to the fire-room
+after being carried out of it insensible, and to the fact
+that most of the whole crew, who were working by
+watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>leave their hammocks in the nettings until they could
+get the ship coaled and ready to sail from Sandy
+Point.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 3.</span></span> The collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> was sunk in the
+channel of Santiago Harbour, as has already been told.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 4.</span></span> Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander
+of the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span>, and commanding her
+during the battle of Manila Bay, died at Kobe, Japan.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 5.</span></span> An account of personal heroism which
+should be set down in every history, that future generations
+may know of what metal the boys of ’98 were
+made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse
+on Lafayette Street, near the brigade headquarters,
+and which was being used by the government
+as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the
+civil war, prevented what might have been a calamity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying
+boxes of ammunition from the warehouse and loading
+them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen issuing
+from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of
+fire went up, and soldiers and negro roustabouts
+piled over each other in their scramble for safety.
+McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up,
+and was staggering in the direction of the river, some
+distance away, when Lieutenant Parker, who had heard
+the warning cry, came to his assistance. Together
+they carried the smoking box until it was possible to
+throw it into the water.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse
+were piled hundreds of boxes of ammunition,
+each containing one thousand cartridges. Had the
+cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of
+life might have resulted, as there were at least a score
+of soldiers working in and around the building.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued
+orders that every one connected with the admiralty
+must abstain from giving information of any kind
+regarding naval affairs.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting
+foreign newspaper correspondents from remaining
+in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated
+as spies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 6.</span></span> As is told in that chapter relating to
+Santiago de Cuba, American troops were landed a few
+miles east of the city, at a place known as Aguadores;
+the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were
+bombarded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Navy Department made public a cablegram
+from Admiral Dewey:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The insurgents are acting energetically in the province
+of Cavite. During the past week they have won
+several victories, and have taken prisoners about eighteen
+hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish
+troops, not natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being
+prepared for occupation by United States troops on
+the arrival of the transports.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>insurgents had cut the railway lines and were closing
+in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo’s
+forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the
+foreign residents were making all haste to leave the
+city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent chief
+points to a desire to set up a native administration
+in the Philippines under an American protectorate.
+Aguinaldo, with an advisory council, would hold the
+dictatorship until the conquest of the islands, and would
+then establish a republican assembly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 7.</span></span> The monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Monterey</span></span> and the collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brutus</span></span>
+sailed from San Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted
+monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Monadnock</span></span> has been ordered to set
+out for the same port within ten days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 9.</span></span> The Spanish bark <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maria Dolores</span></span>, laden with
+coal and patent fuel, was captured by the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Minneapolis</span></span>
+twelve miles off San Juan de Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 10.</span></span> A battalion of marines was landed in
+the harbour of Guantanamo, forty miles east of
+Santiago.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport
+steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Panther</span></span>.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 11–12.</span></span> Attack upon American marines in
+Guantanamo Bay by Spanish regulars and guerillas.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 11.</span></span> The British steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Twickenham</span></span>, laden
+with coal for Admiral Cervera’s fleet, was captured off
+San Juan de Porto Rico by the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 12.</span></span> Major-General Merritt issued orders to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>officers assigned to the second Philippine expedition, to
+the effect that they must be ready to embark their
+troops not later than the fifteenth instant.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following cablegram was made public by the
+Navy Department:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Cavite, June 12.—The insurgents continue hostilities,
+and have practically surrounded Manila. They
+have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish prisoners, whom
+they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack
+the city at the present time.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay,
+with refugees on board, under guard of neutral men-of-war;
+this with my permission. Health of the squadron
+continues excellent. German commander-in-chief
+arrived to-day. Three Germans, two British, one
+French, one Japanese man-of-war in port. Another
+German man-of-war expected.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The following is a corrected list of vessels captured
+or destroyed: Two protected cruisers, five unprotected
+cruisers, one transport, one surveying vessel,
+both armed. The following are captured: Transport
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manila</span></span>, gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Callao</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dewey.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H.
+Renjes, vice-consul for Spain, at Honolulu, sent the
+following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian Minister
+of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the
+American troops at Honolulu:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I
+have the honour to-day to enter formal protest with
+the Hawaiian government against the constant violation
+of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists
+between Spain and the United States of America.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 6.</span></span> On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as
+follows:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—In reply to your note of the first instant, I
+have the honour to say that, owing to the intimate relations
+now existing between this country and the United
+States, this government has not proclaimed a proclamation
+of neutrality having reference to the present
+conflict between the United States and Spain, but, on
+the contrary, has tendered to the United States privileges
+and assistance, for which reason your protest can
+receive no further consideration than to acknowledge
+its receipt.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 13.</span></span> American troops sailed from Tampa and
+Key West for Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards again attacked the American marines
+at Guantanamo Bay, and were repulsed after seven
+hours’ hard fighting.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+President McKinley signed the war revenue bill.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions
+to the popular loan.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The dynamite cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> joined Admiral
+Sampson’s fleet.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankee</span></span> was off Cienfuegos on
+this day, a Spanish gunboat steamed out of the harbour,
+evidently mistaking the character of the newcomer;
+but on learning that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankee</span></span> was ready
+for business, put back in hot haste. Both vessels
+opened fire, and after the gunboat had gained the
+security of the harbour the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankee</span></span> engaged the eastern
+and western batteries. During the brief action a
+shell burst over the American ship, its fragments
+wounding one man.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 14.</span></span> The American marines at Guantanamo
+Bay again attacked by the Spaniards.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>,
+rewarded by the Navy Department.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+First trial of the dynamite cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span>.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes
+went into effect on this date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 14.</span></span> From Manila on June 14th much of interest
+was received. A severe engagement occurred, when
+one thousand insurgents attacked twice that number of
+Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had
+drawn their lines closely around the landward side of
+the city, and Captain-General Augusti published a
+decree ordering all the male population under arms.
+Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">World</span></span>, thus summed up the situation:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Terrific fighting has been going on for six days
+between the Philippine insurgents and the Spaniards.
+The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held their
+ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents
+now hold three thousand prisoners, mostly
+Spanish soldiers.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was
+present at the taking of the garrisoned church at Old
+Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred insurgents captured
+a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days’
+bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous
+fighters. They have captured the entire provinces of
+Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the provinces of
+Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Aguinaldo’s troops, in three divisions, have now
+surrounded Manila. They have the Spaniards hemmed
+in, and could capture the city if they wanted to, but
+will await the arrival of the American troops before
+doing so.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia
+Penas, of Cavite province, and Gov. Antonio Cardola,
+of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit suicide
+before surrendering. He shot himself three times in
+the head, but will recover. The insurgents behaved
+gallantly in the fight for the possession of the stone
+convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti sent
+two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to
+attack Aguinaldo’s forces at Cavite. The fight lasted
+all day. The Spaniards were repulsed, and the officers
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>led in retreat. They took refuge in the old convent, a
+substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for
+all time.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first
+plan was to starve out the beleaguered ones, but he
+found, June 6th, that provisions were being smuggled
+in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning
+by opening fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General
+Augusti, hearing of his soldiers’ plight, sent four
+thousand regulars to relieve them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand.
+But after the first brush he adopted another method.
+He sent detachments of three hundred or four hundred
+men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards,
+who constantly harassed them. In the first attack
+of these detachments one hundred and fifty Spanish
+soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed. In the
+second onslaught four officers and sixty men were
+killed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Again and again these attacks were repeated until
+nine hundred Spaniards had been killed, the insurgents
+report. The convent, too, became untenable. The
+Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made
+a stand at Bacoor.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there,
+and the Spanish fled again. The rebels pursued the
+enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning, Aguinaldo
+stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards
+who remained there he killed ninety and captured 250.”</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill33" id="ill33" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill33.jpg" alt="GENERAL GARCIA." title="GENERAL GARCIA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">GENERAL GARCIA.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 15.</span></span> The second fleet of transports, comprised
+of the steamers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">China</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span>,
+    <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Senator</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Zealandia</span></span>,
+carrying 3,465 men, left San Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed
+for twice over.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo
+Bay.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian
+annexation resolution.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 16.</span></span> Third bombardment of the batteries near
+Santiago.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired
+the damages inflicted by the American vessels
+when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th
+another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley
+and his brave comrades. Five blockhouses were
+completely demolished, the enemy beating a hasty
+retreat without having fired a shot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 17.</span></span> Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled
+by American naval force.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Capture of the Spanish sloop <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Chato</span></span> in Guantanamo
+Bay.<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 18.</span></span> Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo
+Bay.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 19.</span></span> First American troops landed on Cuban soil.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 20.</span></span> General Shafter and Admiral Sampson
+visit General Garcia in his camp.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 21.</span></span> Landing of General Shafter’s army begun.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government
+that he, having been forced to take refuge in the
+walled city,<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> would be unable to continue communication.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 22.</span></span> By a decision of the Attorney-General,
+the United States government will surrender to the
+ambassadors of France and Germany, as the diplomatic
+representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews
+of the prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the
+American navy since the declaration of war.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Boats’ crews from the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span>
+remove the mines from Guantanamo Bay.<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> engages the west battery of
+Cabanas.<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span>, in reporting
+his cruise of twenty-three days, gave the following
+account of a meeting with the enemy off San Juan de
+Porto Rico on the 22d of June:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 22.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“We came off the port on the twenty-second.
+The weather was fair, the trade wind blowing fresh
+from the eastward and raising somewhat of a sea. At
+about 12.40 the third-class cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isabel III.</span></span> came out,
+and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of the batteries, commenced edging out toward us,
+firing at such a long range that her shots were ineffective.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire
+of the batteries, we took but little notice of her, lying
+still and occasionally sending in our largest shell at her
+to try the range.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and
+the torpedo-boat destroyer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, or it may have been
+her sister ship, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span>, was sighted steaming along
+shore under the batteries.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We watched her for awhile, and worked along with
+her, in order to separate her from the cruiser and keep
+her in trough if she came for us. She then circled to
+get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as far
+as direction went, but her shots fell short.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When within range of our guns, the signal <span class="tei tei-q">‘commence
+firing’</span> was made, and for several minutes we let
+fly our starboard battery at her at from fifty-five hundred
+to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around
+her.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us
+and her fire soon ceased. She then headed inshore,
+to the southward and westward, going slow, and it was
+evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off
+the Morro she flashed some signals to the shore,
+and afterward a tug came out and towed her into the
+harbour.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of her shots and those of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> fell pretty close.
+The cruiser followed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> back toward the port
+and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the
+two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but
+when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span>, making an inshore turn, seemed to
+be going for them, they returned to the harbour, and we
+saw no more of them.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 23.</span></span> The U. S. monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Monadnock</span></span> left San
+Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> again shells
+the Santiago fortifications.<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 24.</span></span> The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal
+decree. The Chamber of Deputies adjourned without
+the customary cheers for the throne.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Action near Juragua.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 25.</span></span> Skirmish near Sevilla.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American government protested a draft drawn
+by its consul at St. Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances
+calculated to make an extremely dangerous
+precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne
+for the purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal,
+which arrived in St. Thomas in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ardenrose</span></span> about
+the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it for
+ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered
+twenty dollars a ton for it. Van Horne apparently did
+the proper thing and did not exceed instructions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 26.</span></span> General Garcia with three thousand
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Cuban insurgents landed at Juragua by American
+transports.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila
+embarked at San Francisco.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sloop <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isabel</span></span> arrived at Key West flying the
+Cuban flag. On her were Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut.
+Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban army,
+carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government
+to Señor T. Estrada Palma, of the New York junta.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> shelled the
+fortifications at the entrance to Santiago harbour.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American
+forces.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said,
+Egypt, at the head of the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth.
+It was composed of:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Battle-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pelayo</span></span>, Admiral Camara’s flag-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Armoured cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Emperador Carlos V.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Auxiliary cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Patriota</span></span>, equipped with twelve
+guns, and carrying troops and marines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Auxiliary cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Buenos Ayres</span></span>, equipped with ten
+guns, and carrying stores and a few troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Torpedo destroyer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Audaz</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Armed merchantman <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isla de Pany</span></span>, equipped with
+two guns, and carrying stores and a few troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Auxiliary cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rapido</span></span>, equipped with twelve guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Steamship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span>, unarmed and with no troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Torpedo destroyer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Proserpina</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Torpedo-boat destroyer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Osada</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Transport <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Covadonga</span></span>, carrying no guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">San Francisco</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 27.</span></span> The United States government, determined
+to delay, if possible, the progress of the fleet toward
+the Philippines, instructed its consul to protest to the
+English government against the coaling of the fleet at
+Port Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian
+government refused Admiral Camara’s request to buy
+coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a hundred
+and fifty native stokers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. transport <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yale</span></span>, laden with troops, arrived
+at Daiquiri.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President sent to Congress the following messages:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To the Congress of the United States</span></span>:—On the
+morning of the third of June, 1898, Assistant Naval
+Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U. S. N., with a
+volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially
+dismantled collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, entered the fortified
+harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for the purpose of sinking
+the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel and
+thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of
+the Spanish fleet, which had recently entered that
+harbour.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and
+bravery amounting to heroism, was carried into
+success<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ful execution in the face of a persistent fire from the
+hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore.
+Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our
+naval force in Cuban waters, in an official report addressed
+to the Secretary of the Navy, referring to Mr.
+Hobson’s gallant exploit, says:</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill34" id="ill34" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill34.jpg" alt="ADMIRAL CAMARA." title="ADMIRAL CAMARA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">ADMIRAL CAMARA.</span></div></div>
+    
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I decided to make the harbour entrance secure
+against the possibility of egress of the Spanish ships
+by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance, by
+sinking a collier at that point.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+   <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented
+a solution which he considered would ensure the
+immediate sinking of the ship when she had reached
+the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated
+a crew of only seven men, and Mr. Hobson
+begged that it might be entrusted to him.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation
+of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant
+crew. I venture to say that a more brave and daring
+thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span>.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“The members of the crew who were with Mr.
+Hobson on the memorable occasion have already been
+rewarded for their services by advancement, which,
+under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary
+of the Navy was authorised to make; and the
+nomination to the Senate of Naval Cadet Powell, who,
+in a steam launch, followed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> on her
+perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>after the sinking of that vessel, to be advanced in rank
+to the grade of ensign, has been prepared and will be
+submitted.</span>
+</p>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span>, during the civil war, Admiral Sampson compares
+Mr. Hobson’s sinking of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, received
+the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the
+President, by name, and was in consequence, under
+the provisions of Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes,
+advanced one grade, such advancement embracing fifty-six
+numbers. The section cited applies, however, to
+line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of
+the staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be
+so advanced.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In considering the question of suitably rewarding
+Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson for his valiant
+conduct on the occasion referred to, I have deemed it
+proper to address this message to you with the recommendation
+that he receive the thanks of Congress, and
+further that he be transferred to the line of the navy
+and promoted to such position therein as the President,
+by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may
+determine.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Hobson’s transfer from the construction corps
+to the line is fully warranted, he having received the
+necessary technical training as a graduate of the naval
+academy, where he stood number one in his class, and
+such action is recommended partly in deference to
+what is understood to be his own desire, although, he
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>being a prisoner now in the hands of the enemy, no
+direct communication on the subject has been received
+from him, and partly for the reason that the abilities
+displayed by him at Santiago are of such a character
+as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of the line.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William McKinley.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline">
+“<span class="tei tei-name"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Executive Mansion, June 27.</span></span></span>”
+</div>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The second message was as follows:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To the Congress of the United States</span></span>:—On the
+eleventh day of May, 1898, there occurred a conflict
+in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval
+torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> was disabled, her commander
+wounded, and one of her officers and a part of her
+crew killed by the enemy’s fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy’s
+guns the revenue cutter <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span>, commanded by First
+Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue Cutter Service,
+rescued the disabled <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span> and her wounded
+crew. The commander of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span> kept his vessel
+in the very hottest fire of the action, although in constant
+danger of going ashore on account of the shallow
+water, until he finally got a line made fast to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Winslow</span></span>,
+and towed that vessel out of range of the enemy’s
+guns, a deed of special gallantry.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act
+of heroism of First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S.
+Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth, the thanks of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Congress be extended to him and to his officers and
+men of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span>, and that a gold medal of honour
+be presented to Lieutenant Newcomb, a silver medal
+of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze medal of
+honour to each member of his crew who served with
+him at Cardenas.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William McKinley</span></span>.”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President also sent the following special nomination
+to Congress:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Executive Mansion, Washington</span></span></span>, June 27, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To the Senate of the United States</span></span>:—I nominate
+Naval Cadet Joseph W. Powell to be advanced two numbers
+under the provisions of section 1,506 of the Revised
+Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary
+heroism while in charge of the steam launch
+which accompanied the collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, for the purpose
+of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel was,
+under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run
+into the mouth of the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on
+the third instant, and dexterously sunk in the channel.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William McKinley</span></span>.”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 27.</span></span> The third fleet of vessels, laden with
+soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for the Philippines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From London the following news was received from
+the Canary Islands:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>still quite exposed to view. The earthworks are not
+nearly completed. It is reported that ten thousand
+more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these
+five thousand are for the Grand Canary, and the
+others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish government is
+determined to hold the islands at any cost.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and
+many of the sugar mills are closed. If this state of
+uncertainty continues much longer it will mean starvation
+to the working classes. All lights that can be
+seen from the sea are ordered extinguished at night,
+though the lighthouse on Isletta is still lighted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankee</span></span>, off the Isle of Pines, captured
+and destroyed the Spanish sloops <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nemesia</span></span>, of Batabano,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amistad</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Manuelita</span></span>, of Coloma, and the pilot-boats
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Luz</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Jacinto</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 28.</span></span> The President issued a proclamation
+extending the blockade of Cuba to the southern
+coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive,
+and also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The proclamation was as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation
+of April 22, 1898, a blockade of ports on the
+northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to Bahia Honda,
+inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south
+coast of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, it has become desirable to extend the
+blockade to other southern ports,</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the United States, do hereby declare and proclaim that,
+in addition to the blockade of the ports specified in my
+proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of
+America has instituted and will maintain an effective
+blockade of all of the ports on the south coast of Cuba,
+from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and also of
+the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which
+the blockade is by the present proclamation extended,
+will be allowed thirty days to issue therefrom with
+cargo.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Antonio Lopez</span></span>, while trying to
+enter the river San Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico,
+secretly, with a cargo of provisions and war material,
+was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped
+by swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined
+to land his cargo, headed for the shore at
+Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the boiler.
+The Spanish gunboats <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Concha</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Isabella</span></span> issued to the
+assistance of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Antonio Lopez</span></span>, whereupon the Americans
+withdrew, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Antonio Lopez</span></span> landed her
+cargo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable
+from Manila to the government at Madrid:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain
+my position inside the line of blockhouses, but the
+enemy is increasing in numbers, as the rebels occupy
+the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains
+are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of defence difficult. The number of sick among the
+troops is increasing, making the situation very distressing,
+and causing increased desertions of the native
+soldiers.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill35" id="ill35" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill35.jpg" alt="GENERAL AUGUSTI." title="GENERAL AUGUSTI." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">GENERAL AUGUSTI.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty
+thousand armed with rifles, and one hundred thousand
+armed with swords, etc.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I
+have treated his proposals with disdain, for I am
+resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and the
+honour of the flag to the last extremity.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred
+wounded. The citadel has been invaded by the
+suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their homes,
+owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants
+constitute an embarrassment, aggravating the
+situation, in view of a bombardment, which, however,
+is not seriously apprehended for the moment.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The captain-general’s family was made prisoners by
+the insurgents several days prior to the sending of this
+despatch, and all efforts to effect their release had thus
+far been in vain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From all parts of the world the Spanish people,
+during the last days of June, looked toward Santiago
+de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned Cervera’s
+fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the
+American arms.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a><a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a><a name="chap10" id="chap10" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER X.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">SANTIAGO DE CUBA.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish
+fleet under Admiral Cervera was entirely destroyed,
+and which ended with the capture of the city,
+can best be told as a continuous story. The record
+of other events will be found elsewhere in regular
+order.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Even though a repetition, it should be set down that
+the North Atlantic fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson
+commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson and
+W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively,
+which blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted
+of the battle-ships <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>; <a name="corr194" id="corr194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">armoured</span> cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, Admiral Sampson’s
+flag-ship, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, Commodore Schley’s flag-ship;
+protected cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span>, Commodore
+Watson’s flag-ship; converted yachts <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of
+their own making, lay the Spanish fleet under command
+of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of the armoured
+cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maria Teresa</span></span>, Admiral Cervera’s flag-ship; torpedo-boat
+destroyers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence
+their prey should escape, and it may well be
+supposed that the Spaniards, knowing full well they
+were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a
+favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading
+squadron.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 2.</span></span> The first detachment of troops, including
+heavy and light artillery and the engineer corps, embarked
+for Santiago on the second of June. Four days
+later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles
+east of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson’s
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 6.</span></span> The American fleet began the bombardment
+of the batteries guarding the entrance to the harbour
+at six o’clock in the morning, having steamed in
+to within three thousand yards of the shore, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>
+in advance of the first column, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span> in line. The
+second column was led by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New
+Orleans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankee</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> in the order named.
+On the left flank were the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span>, and
+on the right the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Porter</span></span> kept watchful
+eyes upon the riflemen ashore. The first column took
+station opposite the Estrella and Catalina batteries,<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a>
+while the second was stationed off the new earthworks
+near Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>shots should be thrown into El Morro, because of the
+fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were imprisoned
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fleet continued the bombardment without moving
+from the stations originally taken. It was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>
+which opened the action with a 12-inch shell, and
+the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of
+stone which spouted up from the base of the Estrella
+battery. As if this shot was the signal agreed upon,
+the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy
+answering promptly but ineffectively.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>. Estrella Fort was soon on
+fire; the Catalina battery gave up the struggle in less
+than an hour, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> engaged
+with some light inshore works, speedily reducing them
+to ruins. Until nine o’clock the bombardment continued
+without interruption, and then the American fire
+ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that
+their port batteries might be brought into play.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One hour more, that is to say, until ten o’clock, this
+terrible rain of iron was sent from the fleet to the
+shore, and then on the flag-ship was hoisted the signal:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Cease firing.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,—not
+a ship had been hit by the Spaniards nor a man
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On board the Spanish ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Mercedes</span></span>, a lieutenant
+and five seamen had been killed, and seventeen
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less than three
+times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles.
+Near about Morro Castle, although none of the American
+guns were aimed at that structure, two were killed
+and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great havoc was
+wrought.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Admiral Cervera made the following report to his
+government:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications
+at Santiago and along the adjacent coast.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on
+board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Mercedes</span></span>; three officers were killed
+and an officer and seventeen men were wounded among
+the troops.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different
+calibres. The damage inflicted upon the batteries
+of La Socapa and Morro Castle were unimportant.
+The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The enemy had noticeable losses.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 8.</span></span> Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand
+men were embarked at Tampa for Santiago on the
+eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen.
+William R. Shafter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fire was opened by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Yankee</span></span>
+of the blockading squadron upon the fortifications of
+Camianera, a port on Cumberland Harbour fifteen miles
+distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to
+retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>truce from Admiral Sampson, to arrange for an exchange
+of Lieutenant Hobson and his men. Admiral
+Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred
+to General Blanco.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions
+for the insurgents at a point fifteen miles west
+of Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish
+soldiers, mostly infantry; but with cavalry and artillery
+that may be drawn from the surrounding country. On
+the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed,
+watched for a favourable opportunity to make a descent
+upon the city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral
+Sampson to notify Admiral Cervera that, if the
+latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain,
+at the end of the war, would be made to pay an additional
+indemnity at least equivalent to the value of
+these vessels.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 10.</span></span> The American troops made a landing on
+the eastern side of Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles
+east of Santiago, at two <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> on the tenth of June. The
+debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire
+on the earthworks which lined the shore, a blockhouse,
+and a cable station which was occupied by Spanish
+soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in hot haste after firing a few shots. A small gunboat
+came down from Guantanamo, four miles away, at the
+beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with
+all speed after having approached within range.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the
+steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Panther</span></span> arrived with a battalion of marines
+under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Huntington.
+She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri,
+ten miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any
+reply.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Colonel Huntington’s force took possession of the
+heights overlooking the bay, where was a fortified
+camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards.
+There was nothing to betoken the presence of the
+enemy in strong numbers, and the men soon settled
+down to ordinary camp duties, believing their first
+serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 11.</span></span> It was three o’clock on Saturday afternoon;
+Colonel Huntington’s marines were disposed
+about the camp according to duty or fancy; some
+were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of
+carrying water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket
+was heard, followed by another and another until
+the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of considerable
+importance was in progress on the picket-line.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The principal portion of the enemy’s fire appeared
+to come from a small island about a thousand yards
+away, and a squad of men was detailed with a 3-inch
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction,
+while the main force defended the camp.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time
+the boys of ’98 were virtually firing at random, the
+men on the picket-line fell back on the camp. Two of
+their number were missing. The battalion was formed
+on three sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to
+resist an attack which was not to be made until
+considerably later.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers
+were sent out and failed to find anything save
+a broad trail, marked here and there by blood, which
+came to an end at the water’s edge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were no longer detonations to be heard from
+the island. The 3-inch gun had been well served.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The skirmishers which had been sent out returned,
+bearing the bodies of two boys in blue who had been
+killed by the first shots, and, after death, mutilated by
+blows from Spanish machetes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the
+force of the wind had increased almost to a gale; below
+in the bay the war-ships were anchored, their search-lights
+streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold
+on a pall of black velvet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for
+those two cold, lifeless forms on the heights, one might
+have believed the previous rattle of musketry had been
+heard only by the imagination.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Until nine o’clock in the evening the occupants of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the camp kept careful watch, and then without warning,
+as before, the crack of repeating rifles broke the almost
+painful stillness.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill36" id="ill36" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill36.jpg" alt="U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD." title="U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The enemy was making his presence known once
+more, and this time it became evident he was in
+larger force.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch
+from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, with a Colt machine gun in
+her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened fire;
+skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of
+foliage, and only when a dark form was seen, which
+might have been that of a Spaniard, or only the swaying
+branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a
+target.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test
+the nerves of the young soldiers who were receiving
+their <span class="tei tei-q">“baptism of blood.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Until midnight this random firing continued, and
+then a large body of Spanish troops charged up the hill
+until they were face to face with the defenders of the
+camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost
+immediately in the blackness of the night.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 12.</span></span> Again and again the firing was renewed
+from this quarter or that, but the enemy did not show
+himself until the morning came like a flash of light, as
+it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of
+Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now more guns were brought into play at the camp;
+the war-ships began shelling the shore, and the action
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was speedily brought to an end. Four Americans had
+been killed, and among them one of the surgeons.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would
+tell that Spanish sharpshooters were hovering around
+the camp; but not until eight o’clock in the evening
+did the enemy approach in any great numbers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then the battle was on once more; again did the
+little band of bluejackets stand to their posts, fighting
+against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships flashed
+their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the
+thicket, and all the while the Spanish fire was continued
+with deadly effect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of
+ten men, were sent out to dislodge the advance line
+of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung around
+into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the
+Spaniards gave way, firing rapidly while so doing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued,
+following the foe nearly to a small stone house near
+the coast, which had been used as a fort. They were
+well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon
+them in every direction from out the darkness. Sergeant
+Goode fell fatally wounded, and the Spaniards
+charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a
+cliff, over which one man fell and was killed; another
+fell, but with no further injury than a broken leg. A
+third was shot through the arm, after which he and the
+man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on
+their own account. One more was wounded, and then
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the Americans made a desperate charge, forcing the
+enemy back into the stone house, and then out again,
+after fifteen had been killed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity
+of the camp; but six field-pieces were brought up,
+and the second battle was ended after two Americans
+had been killed and seven wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 13.</span></span> The camp was moved to a less exposed
+position, while the war-ships poured shell and shrapnel
+into the woods, and then the marines filed solemnly out
+to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were
+six newly made graves.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All the marines could not attend the funeral, many
+having to continue the work of moving camp, or to rest
+on their guns, keeping a constant watch for the lurking
+Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the
+stumbling bearers of the dead over the loose gravel,
+and grouped themselves about the graves.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted
+to its place, and Chaplain Jones of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> was
+about to begin the reading of the burial service, when
+the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the
+western chaparral.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall
+in!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Fall in!”</span> was the word from one end of the camp
+to the other. The graves were deserted by all save
+the chaplain and escort, who still stood unmoved.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>behind the rolled tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in
+the hollows, boxes and piles of stones, their rifles
+ready, their eyes strained into the brush.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells
+struck and burst in the chaparral, and rifles sounded
+angrily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> fired seven shots at the place from which
+the shooting came, and the Spaniards, as usual, fled
+out of sight.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The funeral services had hardly been resumed when
+there was another attack; but this time the pits near
+the old blockhouse got the range of the malignant marksmen
+and shattered them with a few shots. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Panther</span></span> shelled the brush to the eastward, but the
+chaplain kept right on with the service, and from that
+time until night there was little shooting from the
+cover.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On this day the dynamite cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> joined
+Admiral Sampson’s fleet, and the weary marines, holding
+their posts on shore against overwhelming odds,
+hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of
+the soldiers who were so sadly needed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 14.</span></span> Substantial recognition was given by the
+Navy Department to the members of the gallant
+crew who took the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> into the entrance of
+Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel
+under the very muzzles of the Spanish guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the
+promotion of the men as follows:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain,
+from fifty dollars a month to thirteen hundred dollars
+a year.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+George Charette, gunner’s mate, to be a gunner,
+from fifty dollars a month to thirteen hundred dollars a
+year.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and —— Murphy,
+coxswains, to be chief boatswain’s mates, an increase
+of twenty dollars a month.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a
+month to seventy dollars a month.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist,
+from thirty-seven dollars a month to seventy dollars
+a month.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Hobson’s reward would come through
+Congress.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While a grateful people were discussing the manner
+in which their heroes should be crowned, that little
+band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo Bay,
+worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the
+enemy during seventy-two hours, was once more battling
+against a vastly superior force in point of
+numbers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until
+this morning of the fourteenth, the Americans had
+remained on the defensive,—seven hundred against
+two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics
+were to be used. Colonel Huntington had decided
+that it was time to turn the tables, and before the night
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of
+the hill had been avenged.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two
+hundred and eighty marines, and forty-one Cubans, was
+divided into four divisions, the first of which had
+orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy
+drew supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish
+camp beyond the first range of hills. The third had
+for its objective point a signal-station from which information
+as to the movements of the American fleet
+had been flashed into Santiago. The fourth division
+was to act as the reserve.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the
+signal-station was in the hands of the Americans, and
+the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy. The boys of
+’98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with
+faces upturned to the rays of the burning sun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a
+loss of two Cubans killed, one American and four
+Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken,
+was fleeing here and there, yet further harassed
+by a heavy fire from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span>, who sent her
+shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the day drew near its close, and the weary but
+triumphant marines returned to camp, a hundred of
+the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more than twice
+that number must have been wounded, and eighteen
+were being brought in as prisoners.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill37" id="ill37" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill37.jpg" alt="U. S. S. VESUVIUS." title="U. S. S. VESUVIUS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. VESUVIUS.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to
+Santiago Harbour, the dynamite cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span>—that
+experimental engine of destruction—was given
+a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus
+graphically pictured by a correspondent of the New
+York <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds
+of guncotton, were fired last night from the dynamite
+guns of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> at the hill at the western entrance
+to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The frightful execution done by those three shots
+will be historic.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the
+fleet drew off after the attack that followed the discovery
+of the presence of the Spanish fleet in the
+harbour.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the intense darkness of last night the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span>
+steamed into close range and let go one of her
+mysterious missiles.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise
+at first. The pneumatic guns on the little cruiser did
+their work silently. It was only when they felt the
+shock that the men on the other war-ships knew
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> was in action.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“A few seconds after the gun was fired there was
+a frightful convulsion on the land. On the hill, where
+the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles of the
+ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in
+air. The land was smitten as by an earthquake.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken
+hills and mountains. Sampson’s ships, far out at sea,
+trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose to the
+clouds and hid the scene of destruction.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Then came a long silence; next another frightful
+upheaval, and following it a third, so quickly that the
+results of the work of the two mingled in mid-air.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish
+battery, that, after the noise of the dynamite, sounded
+like the crackle of firecrackers.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> had tested herself. She was found
+perfect as a destroyer. She proved that no fortification
+can withstand her terrible missiles.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Just what damage she did I could not tell from
+the sea. Whatever was within hundreds of feet of the
+point of impact must have gone to destruction.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 16.</span></span> On the fifteenth of June the marines at
+Guantanamo Bay were given an opportunity to rest, for
+the lesson the Spaniards received on the fourteenth
+had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago
+remained inactive. It was but the lull before the
+storm of iron which was rained upon the Spanish on
+the sixteenth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago
+was a second trial of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> at midnight on the
+fifteenth, when she sent three more 250-pound charges
+of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the
+fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective
+station, until half-past three o’clock on the morning
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of the sixteenth, when the bluejackets were aroused
+and served with coffee.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared,
+the ships steamed in toward the fortifications of Santiago
+until within three thousand yards, and there, lying
+broadside on, three cables’-lengths apart, they waited for
+the day to break.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was 5.25 when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> opened with a broadside
+from her main battery, and the bombardment was
+begun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns
+roared and the smaller ones crackled and snapped, each
+piece throughout the entire squadron being worked
+with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous
+wave of crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion
+came projectiles of enormous weight, until it seemed
+as if all that line of shore must be rent and riven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was
+believed the brave Hobson and his gallant comrades
+were held prisoners.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not
+a man had been wounded, nor a vessel struck by the
+fire from the shore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The governor of Santiago sent the following message
+to Madrid relative to the bombardment:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several
+Spanish shells hit the enemy’s vessels. Our losses are
+three killed and twenty wounded, including two officers.
+The Spanish squadron was not damaged.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While the Americans were making their presence
+felt at Santiago, those who held Guantanamo Bay were
+not idle. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> bombarded
+the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at
+the terminus of the railroad leading to the city of
+Guantanamo, demolishing them entirely after an hour
+and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled from
+the fortifications, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> shelled them until they
+were hidden in the surrounding forest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead’s</span></span> steam launch began dragging the harbour
+near the fort for mines. One was found and taken up,
+and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of
+Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed
+toward shore and began banging away, but the bow
+gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the gunner with
+it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat;
+the gunner was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets
+continued their interrupted work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 17.</span></span> Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point
+and Hospital Cay were shelled, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> attending to the first, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> caring
+for the latter, while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span> and even the
+collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Scindia</span></span> fired a few shots for diversion. The
+task was concluded in less than half an hour, and had
+no more than come to an end when a small sloop was
+sighted off the entrance to the bay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead’s</span></span> steam launch was sent in pursuit,
+and an hour later returned with the prize, which proved
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to be the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Chato</span></span>. Her crew of five were taken on
+board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> as prisoners.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 18.</span></span> The active little steam launch made
+another capture next day while cruising outside the
+bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men who
+claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape
+Maysi to Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong
+reasons for believing this party had come to spy out
+the position of the American ships, and all were transferred
+to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> had gun practice again on
+this day when they shelled and destroyed a blockhouse
+three miles up the bay, killing, so it was reported, no
+less than twenty of the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports,
+carrying the second detachment of General Shafter’s
+army, hove in sight of Admiral Sampson’s squadron on
+the evening of June 18th, and next morning at daylight
+the launches of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span> reconnoitred
+the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the
+entrance to Santiago Harbour, and Guayaganaco, two
+miles farther west, in search of a landing-place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition,
+made the following report:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The expedition consisted of a steam launch from
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>, in charge of Cadet Hart, and a
+launch from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, in charge of Cadet Powell.
+I took passage on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts’</span></span> launch, leading
+the way. Soundings were taken on entering the bay
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>close under the old fort, and we were preparing to circumnavigate
+the bay at full speed when fire was opened
+from the fort and rocks on the shore. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts’</span></span>
+launch was some distance ahead and about forty
+yards off the fort. There was no room to turn, and
+our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We
+backed and turned under a heavy fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be
+brought to bear, sitting exposed in the bow, and working
+the gun as coolly and carefully as at target
+practice.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards
+opened. He was also perfectly cool. Both launches
+ran out under a heavy fire of from six to eight minutes.
+I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the
+parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was
+larger, but indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was
+practicable, sheered to give the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> the range of the
+fort. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> silenced the shore fire
+promptly.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell
+for the cool management of the launches. One launch
+was struck seven times. Nobody in either was hurt.
+A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart’s feet between
+the projectile and the powder, but failed to explode the
+latter.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Coxswain O’Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended,
+as is also the coolness with which the marines
+and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco
+it is evident a landing is practicable for ships’
+boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz, a small bay
+to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas,
+but useless without it.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I am informed that to the north and westward of
+Cabanas Bay there is a large clearing, with plenty
+of grass and water.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I think a simultaneous landing at the three places
+named would be practicable if the ships shelled the
+adjacent wood. A junction would naturally follow at
+the clearing.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on
+Guantanamo Bay that the streets of Caimanera have
+been covered with straw saturated in oil, in order that
+the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince
+any disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sandoval</span></span>, lying at one of the piers, has been loaded
+with inflammables, and will be burned with the city, her
+commander declaring that she shall never become an
+American prize.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During this Sunday night the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> again discharged
+her dynamite guns, with the western battery
+as a target, and because of the frightful report which
+followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had
+been exploded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 20.</span></span> The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago
+at noon on the twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon
+of war-vessels. General Shafter immediately went on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an
+hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when
+the two officers sailed for Asserradero, seventeen
+miles from Santiago, where General Calixto Garcia
+was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans.
+Here a long conference was held with the insurgent
+general, after which the two commanders returned to
+the fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 21.</span></span> The despatch quoted below was sent by
+Admiral Sampson to the Navy Department, and gives
+in full the work of the day:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Landing of the army is progressing favorably at
+Daiquiri. There is very little, if any, resistance. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Detroit</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span>
+shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a
+demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of
+the enemy. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> engaged the west battery for
+some hours. She had one man killed. Ten submarine
+mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo.
+Communication by telegraph has been established
+at Guantanamo.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by
+General Shafter, and its only fortifications were a
+blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of an iron pier,
+together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear.
+From this town extends a good road to Santiago, and
+in the immediate vicinity of the port the water-supply
+is plentiful.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 22.</span></span> Bombarding the coast as a cover for the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>troops which were being disembarked, was the principal
+work of the war-ships on the twenty-second of June,
+except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were
+called for from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span> to
+grapple for and remove the contact mines in the harbour.
+It was an undertaking as perilous as anything
+that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets
+showed no fear. Four times the designated number
+came forward in response to the call, and before nightfall
+seven mines had been removed.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill38" id="ill38" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill38.jpg" alt="U. S. S. TEXAS." title="U. S. S. TEXAS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. TEXAS.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The battle-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> was assigned to duty off Matamoras,
+the works of which were to be bombarded as a
+portion of the general programme for this day while the
+troops were being landed. The men of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> performed
+their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly
+silenced; but not quite soon enough to save the life of
+one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired by the
+retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet
+abaft the stem on the port side. It passed through the
+hull about three feet below the main-deck line, and
+failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion at the
+centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns’
+crews, and among them the fragments of the shell flew
+in a deadly shower, killing one and wounding eight.
+Later in the day the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> steamed out to sea to bury
+the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before
+nightfall to her station on the blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 23.</span></span> General Shafter thus reported to the War
+Department:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Daiquiri, June 23.—Had very fine voyage; lost
+less than fifty animals, six or eight to-day; lost more
+putting them through the surf to land, than on
+transports.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men
+sick; only deaths, two men drowned in landing; landings
+difficult; coast quite similar to that in vicinity
+of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of
+bushes. Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points
+occupied by Spanish troops heavily bombarded by
+navy to clear them out.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua,
+a naturally strong place, this morning. Spanish troops
+retreating as soon as our advance was known. Had no
+mounted troops, or could have captured them, about
+six hundred all told.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in
+possession.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand
+men yesterday, and as many more to-day.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light
+artillery and greater portion of pack-train, probably all
+of it, with some of the wagons; animals have to be
+jumped to the water and towed ashore.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and
+Castillo, on afternoon of twentieth, twenty miles west
+of Santiago. These officers were unanimously of the
+opinion that the landing should be made east of
+Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua
+to-morrow with between three thousand and four
+thousand men, who will be brought from west of
+Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there
+disembarked.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This will give me between four thousand and five
+thousand Cubans, and leave one thousand under
+General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Kent’s division is being disembarked this
+afternoon at Juragua, and this will be continued during
+the night. The assistance of the navy has been of the
+greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them
+I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at
+all, as I believe I should have lost so many boats in the
+surf.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At present want nothing; weather has been good,
+no rain on land, and prospects of fair weather.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shafter</span></span>,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Major-General U. S. Commanding.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The boys of ’98 occupied the town of Aguadores
+before nightfall on the twenty-third of June, the Spaniards
+having applied the torch to many buildings before
+they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago,
+General Linares commanding in person, and
+close to his heels hung General Lawton and the
+advance of the American forces.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 24.</span></span> It was evident that the Spanish intended
+to make a stand at Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>five miles from Santiago. The Americans were pressing
+them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining
+time to make preparations for an encounter, when the
+Rough Riders, as Colonel Wood’s regiment was termed,
+and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell into an ambuscade.
+Then what will probably be known as the battle of
+La Quasina was fought.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is thus described by a correspondent of the
+Associated Press:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to
+the route to be taken by the Americans in their movement
+toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by the
+careful preparations they had made.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a
+hill, on the heavily wooded slopes of which had been
+erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular intrenchments
+of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of
+these hills run two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel
+Roosevelt’s men, and eight troops of the First
+and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers,
+advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies,
+rough and narrow, and at places almost impassable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a
+mile separated Roosevelt’s men from the regulars,
+and between, and on both sides of the road in the
+thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards
+that must have been large, judging from the terrific
+and constant fire they poured in on the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>under General Young. A force of Spaniards was known
+to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and early in the
+morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt’s men started off
+up the precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack
+the enemy on his right flank. General Young at the
+same time took the road at the foot of the hill.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill39" id="ill39" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill39.jpg" alt="COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT." title="COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About two and one-half miles out from Siboney
+some Cubans, breathless and excited, rushed into camp
+with the announcement that the Spaniards were but a
+little way in front, and were strongly entrenched.
+Quickly the Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought
+to the rear, while a strong scouting line was thrown
+out.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward
+until a bend in the road disclosed a hill where the
+Spaniards were located. The guns were again brought
+to the front and placed in position, while the men
+crouched down in the road, waiting impatiently to give
+Roosevelt’s men, who were toiling over the little trail
+along the crest of the hill, time to get up.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 7.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> General Young gave the command to
+the men at the Hotchkiss guns to open fire. That
+command was the signal for a fight that for stubbornness
+has seldom been equalled. The instant the
+Hotchkiss guns were fired, from the hillside commanding
+the road came volley after volley from the Mausers
+of the Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Don’t shoot until you see something to shoot at,”</span>
+yelled General Young, and the men, with set jaws and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling along the
+edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as
+possible from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the
+troopers, some of them stripped to the waist, watching
+the base of the hill, and when any part of a Spaniard
+became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did
+they falter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a
+ragged wound in his thigh, coolly knelt behind a rock,
+loading and firing, and when told by one of his comrades
+that he was wounded, laughed and said:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, that’s all right. That’s been there for some
+time.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the meantime, away off to the left could be
+heard the crack of the rifles of Colonel Wood’s men,
+and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing of the
+Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Over there the American losses were the greatest.
+Colonel Wood’s men, with an advance-guard well out
+in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but apparently
+with no flankers, went squarely into the trap
+set for them by the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering
+courage of the men in the face of a fire that would
+even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily
+have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard
+under the unfortunate Captain Capron, was
+almost surrounded, and but for the reinforcement
+hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have
+been killed or wounded.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the reserves came up there was no hesitation.
+Colonel Wood, with the right wing, charged straight at
+a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and Colonel
+Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up
+the men went, yelling like fiends, and never stopping to
+return the fire of the Spaniards, but keeping on with
+a grim determination to capture that blockhouse.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That charge was the end. When within five hundred
+yards of the coveted point, the Spaniards broke and
+ran, and for the first time the boys of ’98 had the
+pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all
+through the engagement, of shooting with the enemy
+in sight.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The losses among the Rough Riders were reported
+as thirteen killed and forty wounded; while the First
+Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward Marshall, a
+newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest
+of Juragua, Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that
+the Spaniards were endeavouring to destroy the railroad
+leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This road runs west along the seashore, under cover
+of the guns of the American fleet, until within three
+miles of El Morro, and then cuts through the mountains
+along the river into Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered,
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Scorpion</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span> closed in and cleared
+the hill and brush of Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 26.</span></span> The American lines were advanced to
+within four miles of Santiago, and the boys could look
+into the doomed city. It was possible to make accurate
+note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as
+men were astonished by the preparations which had
+been made.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour
+batteries, sweeping in a semicircle to the eastward
+of the city, were rifle-pits and intrenchments skilfully
+arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line, completely
+shut off approach to the city, and in front of the
+entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences,
+or trochas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite
+cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesuvius</span></span> throw into the batteries at the
+mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June
+26th, and next morning the evidences of her work
+could be seen on the western battery, a portion of
+which was in ruins. The water-mains which supplied
+the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and
+the doomed city thus brought so much nearer to
+capitulation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 1.</span></span> Knowing that with the close of June the
+American army was in readiness for a decisive action,
+the people waited anxiously, tearfully, for the first terrible
+word which should be received telling of slaughter
+and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of
+July 1st, when the cablegram given below was flashed
+over the wires to the War Department:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Playa del Este</span></span></span>, July 1, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><address class="tei tei-address"><span class="tei tei-addrLine">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A. G. O., U. S. Army, Washington</span></span>:</span></span><br /></address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement
+to-day, which lasted from eight <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> till sundown.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We have carried their outer works and are now in
+possession of them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open
+country between my lines and city; by morning troops
+will be entrenched and considerable augmentation of
+forces will be there.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Lawton’s division and General Bates’s
+brigade, which had been engaged all day in carrying
+El Caney, which was accomplished at four <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>, will be
+in line and in front of Santiago during the night.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I regret to say that our casualties will be above
+four hundred; of these not many are killed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">W. R. Shafter</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Major-General</span></span>.”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a><a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General W. R. Shafter, in his official
+report of the operations around Santiago, says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about
+Santiago and made my plan of attack. From a high
+hill, from which the city was in plain view, I could see
+the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney.
+The roads were very poor and, indeed, little better than
+bridle-paths until the San Juan River and El Caney
+were reached. The position of El Caney, to the
+northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to
+the enemy, as holding the Guantanamo road, as well
+as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost that might
+be used to assail the right flank of any force operating
+against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided
+to begin the attack next day at El Caney with one
+division, while sending two divisions on the direct
+road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and
+as a diversion to direct a small force against Aguadores,
+from Siboney along the railroad by the sea, with
+a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards
+in the latter direction, and of preventing them from
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>attacking our left flank.... But we were in a sickly
+climate; our supplies had to be brought forward by a
+narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time
+render impassable; fear was entertained that a storm
+might drive the vessels containing our stores to sea,
+thus separating us from our base of supplies, and,
+lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight
+thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route
+for Manzanillo, and might be expected in a few days.
+Under these conditions I determined to give battle
+without delay.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill40" id="ill40" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill40.jpg" alt="MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER." title="MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in
+position around El Caney, Chaffee’s brigade on the
+right across the Guantanamo road, Miles’s brigade in
+the centre and Ludlow’s on the left. The duty of
+cutting off the enemy’s retreat along the Santiago
+road was assigned to the latter brigade. The artillery
+opened on the town at 6.15 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> The battle here soon
+became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy’s
+position was naturally strong, and was rendered more
+so by blockhouses, a stone fort and entrenchments cut
+in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built
+stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy
+was greater than had been anticipated, and prevented
+Lawton from joining the right of the main line during
+the day, as had been intended. After the battle had
+continued for some time, Bates’s brigade of two regiments
+reached my headquarters from Siboney. I directed
+him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>necessary. He did so, and was put in position between
+Miles and Chaffee. The battle continued with varying
+intensity during most of the day and until the place
+was carried by assault about 4.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> As the Spaniards
+endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road,
+Ludlow’s position enabled him to do very effective
+work, and practically to cut off all retreat in that direction.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and
+the sound of the small-arms fire caused us to believe
+that Lawton was driving the enemy before him, I directed
+Grimes’s battery to open fire from the heights of
+El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the
+enemy’s entrenchments, extending along the crest of
+San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and the enemy
+could be seen running away from the vicinity of the
+blockhouse. The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon
+returned by the enemy’s artillery. They evidently had
+the range of this hill, and their first shells killed and
+wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless
+powder, it was very difficult to locate the position
+of their pieces, while, on the contrary, the smoke caused
+by our black powder plainly indicated the position of
+our battery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At this time the cavalry division, under General
+Sumner, which was lying concealed in the general
+vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered forward
+with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy
+to the right on the Santiago side, while Kent’s division
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was to follow closely in its rear and deploy to the left.
+These troops moved forward in compliance with orders,
+but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable
+to retain the column of fours formation at all points,
+while the undergrowth on both sides was so dense as
+to preclude the possibility of deploying skirmishers.
+It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow,
+and the long-range rifles of the enemy’s infantry killed
+and wounded a number of our men while marching
+along this road, and before there was any opportunity
+to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and
+Sumner were ordered to push forward with all possible
+haste, and place their troops in position to engage the
+enemy. General Kent, with this end in view, forced
+the head of his column alongside the cavalry column
+as far as the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried
+his arrival at the San Juan, and the formation beyond
+that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching the
+San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered
+by Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had
+approached well to the front in a war balloon. This
+information he furnished to the troops, resulting in
+Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was
+enabled to utilise the road to the left. General
+Wheeler, the permanent commander of the cavalry
+division, who had been ill, came forward during the
+morning, and later returned to duty and rendered most
+gallant and efficient service during the remainder of the
+day. After crossing the stream the cavalry moved to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton’s left
+when he would come up, with their left resting near
+the Santiago road.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the meantime, Kent’s division, with the exception
+of two regiments of Hawkins’s brigade, being thus
+uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from the forks
+previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails,
+but more especially the one to the left, and, crossing
+the creek, formed for attack in the front of San Juan
+Hill. During this formation the Third Brigade suffered
+severely. While personally superintending this movement
+its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was
+killed. The command of the brigade then devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry,
+who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel
+Liscum, Twenty-fourth Infantry, who,
+five minutes later, also fell under the terrible fire
+of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then
+devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth
+Infantry.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“While the formation just described was taking place,
+General Kent took measures to hurry forward his rear
+brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry were ordered
+to follow Wikoff’s brigade, while the Twenty-first was
+sent on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade
+under General Hawkins, who had crossed the stream
+and formed on the right of the division. The Second
+and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding,
+moved forward in good order on the left of the division,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>passing over a green knoll, and drove the enemy back
+toward his trenches.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill41" id="ill41" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill41.png" alt="THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL." title="THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After completing their formation under a destructive
+fire, advancing a short distance, both divisions found in
+their front a wide bottom, in which had been placed a
+barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there was
+a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was
+strongly posted. Nothing daunted, these gallant men
+pushed on to drive the enemy from his chosen position,
+both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel
+Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed,
+and Colonel Carroll, Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all
+in the cavalry, were wounded. Great credit is due to
+Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself
+between his regiments, urged them on by voice and
+bugle-call to the attack so brilliantly executed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to
+the gallant regimental commanders and their heroic
+men, for, while the generals indicated the formation
+and the points of attack, it was, after all, the intrepid
+bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted
+our colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the
+enemy from his trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining
+a position which sealed the fate of Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the action on this part of the field, most efficient
+service was rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth
+Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment under
+his command.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>our men held resolutely to the position gained at the
+cost of so much blood and toil.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield,
+at Siboney, to send forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan
+and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of which had just
+arrived from the United States.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“All day on the second the battle raged with more or
+less fury, but such of our troops as were in position at
+daylight held their ground, and Lawton gained a strong
+and commanding position on the right. About ten <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>
+the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my
+lines, but he was repulsed at all points.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“On the morning of the third the battle was renewed,
+but the enemy seemed to have expended his energy in
+the assault of the previous night, and the firing along
+the line was desultory.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such is the official report of the battle before
+Santiago, where were killed of the American forces
+twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded eighty
+officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total,
+1,595.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An account of any engagement is made more vivid by
+a recital of those who participated in the bloody work,
+since the commanding officer views the action as a
+whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the
+private, who may know little or nothing regarding the
+general outcome, understands full well what took place
+immediately around him. Mr. W. K. Hearst, the
+pro<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>prietor of the New York <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal</span></span>, told the following
+graphic story in the columns of his paper:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback
+with Honore Laine, who is a colonel in the Cuban army.
+We rode over eight miles of difficult country which
+intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and
+the fighting line, which is being driven forward toward
+Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen.
+The Spaniards had formerly occupied it as a fort, and
+they knew precisely the distance to it from their guns,
+and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect
+knowledge of the range.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant
+way all over the tiled roof of the white house at the
+back of the ridge. It was the doors of this house which
+we were approaching for shelter, and later, when we
+came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel
+ball had passed clean through one of our cans of pressed
+beef which our pack-mule was carrying.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We turned here to the right toward our battery on
+the ridge. When we were half-way between the white
+house and the battery, the second shell which the
+Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not
+ten feet over the heads of our men. Six of our fellows
+were killed, and sixteen wounded.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then
+rallied and returned to their guns, and the firing went
+on. We passed from there to the right again, where
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>General Shafter’s war balloon was ascending. Six
+shells fell in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased
+firing.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The smoke clouds from our guns were forming
+altogether too plain a target for the Spaniards. There
+was no trace to be seen of the enemy’s batteries, by
+reason of their use of smokeless powder.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain
+Capron’s artillery, which had come through from
+Daiquiri without rest, could be heard banging away at
+Caney. We had started with a view of getting where
+we could observe artillery operations, so we directed
+our force thither.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We found Captain Capron blazing away with four
+guns, where he should have had a dozen. He had begun
+shelling Caney at four o’clock in the morning. It
+was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming
+to reduce the large stone fort which stood on the hill
+above the town and commanded it. Captain O’Connell
+had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the
+four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet.
+Since that time dozens of shells had struck the fort,
+but it was not yet reduced. It had been much weakened,
+however.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing
+toward this fort. As the cannon at our side would
+bang, and the shell would swish through the air with its
+querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its
+explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>specks of infantry dodging in and out among the
+groups of trees. Now they would disappear wholly
+from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying
+along the open spaces, over the grass-covered
+slopes, or across ploughed fields. The infantry firing
+was ceaseless, our men popping away continuously, as
+a string of firecrackers pops.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men.
+Many times we heard the volley fire, and saw the brave
+fellows pitch forward and lie still on the turf, while the
+others hurried on to the next protecting clump of
+bushes.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from
+slits in the stone fort, from their deep trenches, and
+from the windows of the town. For hours our men
+answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For
+hours cannon at our side banged and shells screamed
+through air and fell upon fort and town. Always our
+infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up on
+the village, till at last they formed under a group of
+mangrove-trees at the foot of the very hill on which
+the stone fort stood.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone
+fort was ours. Then you should have heard the yells
+that went up from the knoll on which our battery stood.
+Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their
+hats and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery
+stopped firing for fear we should hurt our own
+men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried across
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to take up a position near the infantry, who were now
+firing on Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery
+had not sent half a dozen shots from its new
+position before the musketry firing ceased, and the
+Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney
+in the direction of Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found
+that James Creelman, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal</span></span> correspondent with the
+infantry column, had been seriously wounded and was
+lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were
+still firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses
+and isolated trenches, from which the Spaniards could
+not safely retreat, flags of truce were waving.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Guns and side-arms were being taken away from
+such Spaniards as had outlived the pitiless fire, and
+their dead were being dumped without ceremony into
+the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found
+him, bloody and bandaged, lying on his back on a
+blanket on the ground, but shown all care and attention
+that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His
+first words to me were that he was afraid he could not
+write much of a story, as he was pretty well dazed, but
+if I would write for him he would dictate the best he
+could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman
+told me his story of the fight. Here it is:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the
+fights I have seen, is the enormous amount of ammunition
+fired. There was a continuous roar of musketry
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from four o’clock in the morning until four in the
+afternoon.</span></span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill42" id="ill42" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill42.jpg" alt="VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART." title="VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Chaffee’s brigade began the fight by moving along
+the extreme right, with Ludlow down in the low country
+to the left of Caney. General Chaffee’s brigade
+consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth
+Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the
+extreme right.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The formation was like two sides of an equilateral
+triangle, Ludlow to the south, and Chaffee to the east.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we
+could see through the palm-trees and tangle of bushes
+the brown and blue figures of our soldiers in a line a
+mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush,
+firing as they went.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing
+Caney, moved his troops very early in the morning, and
+the battle opened by Ludlow’s artillery firing on the
+fort and knocking several holes in it.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and
+town, and finally demolished the fort. Several times
+the Spaniards were driven from it, but each time they
+returned before our infantry could approach it.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though
+they fired with great accuracy, it was ten hours before
+they finally reduced the stone fort on the hill and
+enabled our infantry to take possession.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our
+attack, the Seventeenth held the right, while the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied the
+centre.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone
+houses of the town, and, furthermore, were massed in
+trenches on the east side of the fort. They fought
+like devils.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘From all the ridges round about the stream of fire
+was kept up on Chaffee’s men, who were kept wondering
+how they were being wounded. For a time they
+thought General Ludlow’s men were on the opposite
+side of the fort and were firing over it.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks
+on the northwest corner of Caney, where the principal
+Spanish force lay, with their hats on sticks to deceive
+our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in
+a fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat
+under the pounding, but even then men were killed.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the
+back of his head like a magnificent cowboy, urging his
+men on, crying to them to get in and help their country
+win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible
+to locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire
+comes from. When you stand up to see you get a
+bullet.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘We finally located the trenches, and could see the
+officers moving about urging their men. The enemy
+was making a turning movement to the right. To turn
+the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to
+get a blockhouse, which held the right of our line.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>General Chaffee detailed Captain Clark to approach
+and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the artillery had
+sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope.
+I told them I had been on the ridge and knew the
+condition of affairs, so I would show them the way.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘We pushed right up to the trench around the fort,
+and, getting out our wire-cutters, severed the barbed
+wire in front of it. I jumped over the severed strand
+and got into the trench.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an
+inferno of agony. Many men lay dead, with gleaming
+teeth, and hands clutching their throats. Others were
+crawling there alive.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they
+held up their hands.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish
+officer and four men alive, while seven lay dead in one
+room. The whole floor ran with blood. Blood splashed
+all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Three poor wretches put their hands together in
+supplication. One had a white handkerchief tied on
+a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me. The
+other held up his hands, while the third began to pray
+and plead.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I took the guns from all three and threw them
+outside the fort. Then I called some of our men and
+put them in charge of the prisoners.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>side, and secured the Spanish flag. I displayed it to
+our troops, and they cheered lustily.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was
+struck by a bullet from the trenches on the Spanish
+side.’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before five o’clock, on the morning of July 2d, the
+crew of the flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> was astir, eating a
+hurried breakfast.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship
+headed in toward Aguadores, about three miles
+east of Morro Castle. The other ships retained their
+blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the
+smoke of an approaching train from Altares was seen.
+It was composed of open cars full of General Duffield’s
+troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train
+stopped, and the Cuban scouts proceeded along the
+railroad track. The troops got out of the cars, and
+soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly
+against the yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly
+above, shutting them off from the main body of the
+army, which was on the other side of the hill, several
+miles north.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal,
+by a vigorously wigwagged letter, and a few minutes
+later, from a clump of green at the water’s edge, came
+an answer from the army. This was the first coöperation
+for offensive purposes between the army and navy.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>The landing of the army at Daiquiri and Altares was
+purely a naval affair.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill43" id="ill43" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill43.jpg" alt="U. S. S. NEWARK." title="U. S. S. NEWARK." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. NEWARK.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked
+like a butterfly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Are you waiting for us to begin?”</span> was the signal
+made by Rear-Admiral Sampson to the army.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“General Duffield is ahead with the scouts,”</span> came
+the answer from the shore to the flag-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By this time it was seven <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> The admiral ran the
+flag-ship’s bow within three-quarters of a mile of the
+beach. She remained almost as near during the forenoon,
+and the daring way she was handled by Captain
+Chadwick, within sound of the breakers, made the
+Cuban pilot on board stare with astonishment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> was in company with the flag-ship,
+still closer inshore, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> was to the
+westward, near Morro Castle. From the southward
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span> came up and took a position to the westward.
+Her decks were black with fifteen hundred or
+more troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to
+disembark the troops at Altares.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“When do you want us to commence firing?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the
+answer:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“When the rest of the command arrives; then I
+will signal you.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the second fifty car-loads of troops came puffing along
+from Altares.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open
+railroad tracks, disappearing in the thick brush that
+covered the eastern side of Aguadores inlet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of
+the big guns was growing hot in the burning sun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They
+were believed to be on the western bluff.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into
+Santiago City. On the extremity of the western arm
+was an old castellated fort, from which the Spanish flag
+was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill, commanding
+the gully, two stretches of red earth could
+easily be seen against the brush. These were the
+rifle-pits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral
+Sampson to commence firing, and a minute later the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York’s</span></span> guns blazed away at the rifle-pits and at
+the old fort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> joined in the firing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be
+seen, but the ping, ping, of the small arms of the army
+floated out to sea during the occasional lull in the
+firing of the big guns, which peppered the rifle-pits
+until clouds of red earth rose above them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An 8-inch shell from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span> dropped in the
+massive old fort, and clouds of white dust and huge
+stones filled the air. When the small shells hit its
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments
+of masonry came tumbling down. A shot from
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> hit the eastern parapet, and it crumbled
+away. Amid the smoke and débris, the flagstaff was
+seen to fall forward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The flag has been shot down!”</span> shouted the ship’s
+crew, but, when the smoke cleared away, the emblem
+of Spain was seen to be still flying and blazing brilliantly
+in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending
+toward the earth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few more shots from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> levelled the
+battlements until the old castle was a pitiful sight.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> was anxious to finish his work, so he signalled
+to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, asking permission to knock down the
+Spanish flag.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes,”</span> replied Admiral Sampson, <span class="tei tei-q">“if you can do it
+in three shots.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> then lay about sixteen hundred yards
+from the old fort. She took her time. Lieutenant
+Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the crews of all
+the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the smoke of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee’s</span></span> first shot cleared
+away, only two red streamers of the flag were left. The
+shell had gone through the centre of the bunting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A delighted yell broke from the crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two or three minutes later the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> fired again,
+and a huge cloud of débris rose from the base of the
+flagstaff.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had
+been the effect of the shot. Then it was seen that the
+shell had only added to the ruin of the fort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence,
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> only had one charge left. It seemed
+hardly possible for her to achieve her object with the
+big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There was breathless silence among the watching
+crews. They crowded on the ships’ decks, and all eyes
+were on that tattered flag, bending toward the top of
+what had once been a grand old castle. But it was
+only bending, not yet down. Lieutenant-Commander
+Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their time. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> changed her position slightly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up
+went a shooting cloud of débris from the parapet, and
+down fell the banner of Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be
+heard again. There was more excitement than witnessed
+at the finish of a college boat-race, or a popular
+race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big
+track.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee’s</span></span> last shot had struck right at the
+base of the flagstaff, and had blown it clear of the
+wreckage, which had held it from finishing its fall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well done!”</span> signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander
+Delehanty.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts
+reported that no damage had been done to the Spanish
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rifle-pits by the shells from the ships, and Admiral
+Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but
+that there was no one in the pits. However, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span> was ordered to fire a few more shots in their
+direction.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill44" id="ill44" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill44.jpg" alt="ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON." title="ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 12.18 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> having discontinued
+fire at Aguadores, commenced firing 8-inch shells
+clear over the gully into the city of Santiago de Cuba.
+Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the
+hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible
+to tell, as the smoke hid everything. In reply
+to General Duffield’s question:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What is the news?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Admiral Sampson replied:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts
+thought reinforcements were marching to the battered
+old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> will take care of them.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A little later the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> joined the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> intending
+8-inch shells into the city of Santiago. This
+was kept up until 1.40 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> By that time General
+Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops
+could not cross the stream, but would return to Altares.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the report that some Spanish troops were still
+in the gully, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> shelled it
+once more, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span>, which had not fired,
+signalled:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Can I fire for target practice? Have had no
+previous opportunity.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she
+blazed away, shooting well, her 6-inch shells exploding
+with remarkable force among the rocks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 2.40 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to
+cease firing, and the flag-ship returned to the blockading
+station.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left
+for Altares.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globe</span></span>, thus relates
+his personal experience:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July
+1st, every man was physically spent, and needed food
+and rest more than anything else. For a majority of
+the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make
+coffee; for the men of the hospital corps, the work of
+the day was commencing. At convenient points hospitals
+were established, and men from every company
+were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead
+and wounded.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It is the men of the hospital corps who have the
+ghastly side of war. There is never any popular glory
+for them; there is no passion of excitement to sustain
+them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under
+fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave.
+But all that is wanting when the surgeons go into
+action.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Men come staggering into the hospital with blood
+dripping from their wounds; squads of four follow one
+another rapidly, bearing stretchers and blankets, on
+which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“To those of us at home who are in the habit of
+seeing our sick and injured treated with the utmost
+consideration and delicacy, who see the poor and outcast
+and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded
+with luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a
+battle-field are disposed of seems barbarous in the
+extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is nevertheless
+horrible.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As soon as men were brought in they were at once
+taken off the litters and placed on the bare ground.
+Time was too precious, and there were too many men
+needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher
+until the surgeon could reach him.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare
+ground with the sun streaming down on them, many
+of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet very few
+giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations
+for a time there was only one surgeon, who took
+every man in his turn, and necessarily had to make
+many of them wait a long time.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And yet these men were much more fortunate than
+many others, some of whom lay on the battle-field for
+twenty-four hours before they were found. There was
+no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain.
+Painful gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>roughly, until ambulances could be sent out to take
+the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were
+inadequate, and that many regiments went into action
+without a surgeon. From what I saw I think the
+criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were
+taken care of first,—the last duties to the dead could
+be performed later.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to
+come across an upturned face lying in a pool of blood,
+to see what was once a man, bent, and twisted, and
+doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight
+fell over the field, and at unexpected places one
+ran against this fruit of war and saw faces in the pallor
+of death made even more ghostlike by the light, while
+the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling
+vividness by the contrast.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We had won the battle, but our position was a
+somewhat precarious one.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger
+of the Spaniards breaking through and attacking us in
+the rear or left flank. To guard against this possibility,
+Lawton’s division at El Caney was ordered to move on
+to El Pozo, and Kent’s division was under orders to
+draw in its left. The men who had fought at El Caney
+were hoping to be allowed to sleep on the battle-field
+and obtain the rest which they so badly needed, but
+after supper they were placed under arms and the
+march commenced.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Seventh U. S. Infantry led. It was a weird
+march. Immediately after leaving El Caney we crossed
+an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out, and the
+men were commanded to maintain absolute silence.
+We were in the heart of the enemy’s country, and
+caution was necessary.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After crossing this field we came to a deep gully
+through which ran a swift stream almost knee-deep.
+Our way led across this stream, and there was only
+one means of getting over. That was to plunge in
+and splash through. Tired as we all were, after getting
+thoroughly wet our feet felt like lead, and marching
+was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We pressed steadily forward until we came to where
+the road forked off. Our directions had not been very
+explicit, we had no maps, and our commander took the
+road which he thought was the right one. It soon led
+between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on
+either side. The moon had disappeared behind the
+clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to ambuscade
+us we were at their mercy.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I
+think we would all rather have been out of that lane.
+The fear that your enemy may be crouching behind
+bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until
+he pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the
+nerves.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The command was frequently halted for the officers
+to consult, and after we had gone about a mile they
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>concluded they were on the wrong road, and went to
+the right about. When we came out where we had
+started we found Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting
+silent on a big horse and watching a seemingly never-ending
+line of men marching past him. We fell into
+position and pushed on the road to Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It
+seemed interminable. My watch had run down and no
+one around me had the time. Finally we were ordered
+to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off
+their packs, and rest.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me
+weighed not less than two hundred pounds, on the
+muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing
+I knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was
+three o’clock, and I had been asleep for some hours.
+The regiment was again under arms, and was receiving
+ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from
+the rear. We pressed on until early dawn, when we
+were well in front of Santiago. Entrenchments were
+hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy.
+The enemy did not give us much time for rest. They
+made an assault upon our position early in the morning,
+which we repulsed....</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us,
+they succeeded in forcing our artillery back, which had
+taken a position that subjected it to a withering infantry
+fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and
+entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the position impregnable. The guns were so placed
+they could do tremendous destruction.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening
+the Spaniards opened up an attack along our entire line,
+with the intention, evidently, of taking us by surprise and
+rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their purpose
+was a failure.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon
+and the capture of El Caney by his division during the
+first day’s fighting, says:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It may not be out of place to call attention to this
+peculiar phase of the battle.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched
+within a compact town of stone and concrete
+houses, some with walls several feet thick, and supported
+by a number of covered solid stone forts, and
+the enemy continued to resist until nearly every man
+was killed or wounded, with a seemingly desperate
+resolution.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth
+Infantry, who shot and disabled General Linares, the
+commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago. The
+Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan
+Hill was taken, during the first day’s fighting. The
+American saw a Spaniard, evidently a general officer,
+followed by his staff, riding frantically about the Spanish
+position, rallying his men.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser’s permission
+to try a shot at the officer, and greatly regretted
+to find the request refused. Major Bole was consulted.
+He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else
+should fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into
+his rifle, adjusted the sights for one thousand yards,
+and fired. The shell fell short. Then he put in
+another, raised the sights for another one thousand
+yards, took careful aim, and let her go. The officer on
+the white horse threw up his arms and fell forward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That is for Corporal Joyce,”</span> said McKinnery as he
+saw that his ball had reached the mark. The officer on
+the white horse was General Linares himself. It was
+afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder.
+He immediately relinquished the command to General
+Toral.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent
+the following cablegram to the War Department:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Headquarters Fifth Army Corps,</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">
+“Near Santiago</span></span></span>.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“To-night my lines completely surrounded the town
+from beyond the north of the city to point of San Juan
+River on the south. The enemy holds from west bend
+San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city.
+General Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away,
+and will not get into Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shafter</span></span>.”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication
+given below:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Headquarters Fifth Army Corps</span></span></span>, July 3.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The following is my demand for the surrender of
+the city of Santiago:</span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“ ‘<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Headquarters U. S. Forces, Near San Juan
+River, Cuba</span></span></span>, July 3, 1898, 8.30 <span class="tei tei-date" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span></span>
+</div>
+    
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><address class="tei tei-address"><span class="tei tei-addrLine">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To the Commanding General of the Spanish
+Forces</span></span>, Santiago de Cuba.</span><br /></address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to
+shell Santiago de Cuba. Please inform the citizens of
+foreign countries and all women and children that they
+should leave the city before ten o’clock to-morrow
+morning. Very respectfully,</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: center">“ ‘Your obedient servant,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">W. R. Shafter</span></span>,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Major-General, U. S. A.</span></span>’</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst
+has returned at 6.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>:</span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“ ‘<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Santiago de Cuba</span></span></span>, 2 <span class="tei tei-date" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span></span>, July 3, 1898.
+</div>
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><address class="tei tei-address"><span class="tei tei-addrLine">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">His Excellency, the General Commanding
+Forces of United States</span></span>, San Juan River.</span><br /></address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—I have the honour to reply to your communication
+of to-day, written at 8.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> and received
+at 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>, demanding the surrender of this city; on the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard
+this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and
+children that they must leave the city before ten o’clock
+to-morrow morning. It is my duty to say to you that
+this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the
+foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your
+message.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: center">“ ‘Very respectfully,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jose Toral</span></span>,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps.</span></span>’</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian
+consuls have come to my line with Colonel Dorst.
+They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of
+Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o’clock of
+fifth instant before city is fired on. They claim that
+there are between fifteen thousand and twenty thousand
+people, many of them old, who will leave. They ask
+if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for
+want of transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles
+from my landing. The following is my reply:</span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><address class="tei tei-address"><span class="tei tei-addrLine">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Commanding General Spanish Forces</span></span>,</span><br />
+    <span class="tei tei-addrLine">“ ‘Santiago de Cuba.</span><br /></address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—In consideration of the request of the
+consuls and officers in your city for delay in carrying
+out my intention to fire on the city, and in the interest
+of the poor women and children, who will suffer very
+greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>city, I have the honour to announce that I will delay
+such action solely in their interest until noon of the
+fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make
+no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I
+am, with great respect,</span></span>
+</p>
+    
+<div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: center">“ ‘Your obedient servant,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">W. R. Shafter</span></span>,<br />
+“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Major-General U. S. A.</span></span>’</div>
+</div></div>
+    <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shafter</span></span>,<br />
+“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Major-General Commanding</span></span>.”</div>
+</div></div>
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a><a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE SPANISH FLEET.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="tei tei-epigraph" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 9.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Don’t cheer; the poor devils are dying.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American
+squadron lay off Santiago Harbour intent only on
+blockade duty. No signs of life were visible about old
+Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After
+two days of fighting the armies of both nations were
+resting in their trenches.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the
+land. The battle-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>, the protected
+cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>, and Commodore Watson’s flag-ship,
+the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span>, were absent, coaling fifty
+miles or more away.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shortly before nine o’clock Admiral Sampson, desiring
+to ascertain the exact condition of the Spanish
+coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the flag-ship
+to go that way, and after flying the signal, <span class="tei tei-q">“Disregard
+the motions of the commander-in-chief,”</span> the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+steamed leisurely off to the eastward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The little <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> lay nearest the shore; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>
+was opposite in a straight line, and to the eastward of
+her about five miles. A mile or less from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to the seaward, was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>. Nearly as far from
+the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>.
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying
+four miles from the harbour entrance; next her, to the
+eastward, each vessel slightly nearer inshore, were the
+    <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> in the order named.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill45" id="ill45" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill45.jpg" alt="GENERAL WEYLER." title="GENERAL WEYLER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">GENERAL WEYLER.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long
+line of black smoke. On board the fleet religious
+services were being held, but the lookouts of every
+ship were at their stations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was
+seen coming out past the point of the harbour, and
+instantly all was seemingly confusion on the big fighting
+machines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The enemy is escaping,”</span> was the signal run up on
+Commodore Schley’s flag-ship, and within a few seconds
+the roar of a 6-pounder on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> broke the stillness
+of the Sabbath morning.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was as if every American vessel was put in motion
+at the same instant, and even as the flag-ship’s signal
+appeared, the clouds of dense smoke from their stacks
+told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already
+begun their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for
+all the fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+John R. Spear, author of <span class="tei tei-q">“The History of our
+Navy,”</span> who was with Sampson’s fleet, wrote this complete
+story of the marvellous naval battle off Santiago
+and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">World</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>men of the American batteries were standing erect
+and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting for the
+order to commence firing, and watching out of the
+corners of their eyes the boys who were still sprinkling
+the decks with sand that no one’s foot might slip when
+blood began to flow across the planks.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“But though silence prevailed among the guns, down
+in the sealed stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels
+that sprayed the coal over the glowing grate-bars, the
+song of the fans that raised the air pressure, and
+the throb of pump and engine made music for the
+whole crew, for the steam-gauges were climbing, and
+the engineers were standing by the wide-open throttles
+as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“For, as it happened, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> had been lying directly
+off the harbour, and a little more than two miles
+away the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> was but a few lengths farther out and to
+the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Fighting Bob’</span> Evans of the other, were both on
+deck when the cry was raised announcing the enemy.
+Hastening to their bridges, they headed away at once
+for the Spaniards, while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>
+went flying to westward to intercept the leader.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The mightiest race known to the history of the
+world, and the most thrilling, was begun.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They were all away in less time than it has taken the
+reader to get thus far in the story, and in much less
+time still,—indeed, before the gongs in the engine-rooms
+of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>under the imperative order of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Ahead, full speed!’</span>—the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>, fugitive as she was, had
+opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet
+more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of
+his long 11-inch hontoria rifles in the direction of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> and pulled the lanyard. The shell came
+shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill46" id="ill46" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill46.jpg" alt="CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS." title="CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet
+above the water, and those of the Socapa battery,
+lying higher still, with all the batteries beneath those
+two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with
+frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance
+of the first Spaniard to the firing of the first American
+gun.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In these three minutes the distance between the
+squadrons was lessened by at least a mile,—the range
+was not more than two thousand yards.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“But while two thousand yards is the range (about
+one and one-sixth miles) selected for great gun target
+practice, it will never do for an eager fight, and as the
+trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to southward,
+the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to
+fifteen hundred yards before they were obliged to head
+a course parallel with the Spaniards.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Meantime the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, as they were
+stretching away toward the coast, had opened fire also,
+and then the last of the big Spaniards, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta
+Maria Teresa</span></span>, having rounded the point, the
+    magnifi<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>cent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea—of
+a battle between four of the best modern armed
+cruisers on the Spanish side, against three battle-ships
+and an armoured cruiser on our side—was spread out
+to view.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And their best was the worst struggle the world
+ever saw, for it was a struggle to get out of range
+while firing with hysterical vehemence their unaimed
+guns.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The first shot from the American ships fell short,
+and a second, in like fashion, dropped into the sea. At
+that the gunner said things to himself under his breath
+(it was in the forward turret of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>), and tried it
+once more.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke
+shrouded the turret, but as that thinned away the eager
+crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the hull of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span>. Instantly it exploded with
+tremendous effect. Flame and smoke belched from
+the hole the shell had made, and puffed from port and
+hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast rolled
+up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the
+woodwork had taken fire and was burning fiercely all
+over the after part of the stricken ship.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that
+sight swelled to a roar of triumph a moment later, for
+as he saw that smoke, the captain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Teresa</span></span> threw
+her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky
+beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And then came Wainwright of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span>,—Lieut.-Commander
+Richard Wainwright, who for weeks conducted
+the weary search for the dead bodies of shipmates
+on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He
+was captain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, that was once known as
+the yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Corsair</span></span>. A swift and beautiful craft she, but
+only armed with lean 6-pounders.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Ahead, full speed,’</span> said Wainwright.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the
+wake of the mighty <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maria Teresa</span></span> came Spain’s two big
+torpedo-boats, called destroyers, because of their size,—the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span>. Either was more than a
+match for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, for one carried two 12-pounders,
+and the other two 14-pounders, besides the
+6-pounders that both carried.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> by at least ten knots per hour. But both
+had thin-plated sides. The shells of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>
+could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with
+the memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his
+mind.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The two boats—even the whole Spanish fleet—were
+still within easy range of the Spanish forts, and to
+reach his choice of enemies the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> was obliged
+to risk not only the land fire, but that of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Teresa</span></span>. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats
+steered toward the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, evidently bound to torpedo
+her, Wainwright headed them off, and they never
+got beyond range of the forts.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The shots they threw at him outweighed his three
+to one, but theirs flew wild, and his struck home.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The day of the destroyers was done. As the big
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maria Teresa</span></span> turned toward the shore, these two
+destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled fluttering and
+splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as
+they fled.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“While the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> was on fire, and
+running for the beach, her crew was still working their
+guns, and the big <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> was handily by to double the
+storm of projectiles she was hurling at the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was not that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya’s</span></span> crew were manfully
+striving to protect the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Teresa</span></span>; they were making the
+snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime to escape the relentless
+Yankees that were closing upon them. For both
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> had the range, and it was only
+when the smoke of their own guns blinded them that
+their fire was withheld, or a shot went astray.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> had headed off both the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span>, while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>
+was coming with tremendous speed to join them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch
+shell from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> went crashing into the stoke-hole,
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,—the ship whose beauty and power
+once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled
+pleasure and fear—was mortally wounded. Hope
+was gone, and with helm aport she headed away for the
+beach, as her consort had done.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o’clock,
+and at 9.58 two of the magnificent armoured cruisers of
+the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming wrecks on the
+Cuban beach, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> rounding to less than a
+thousand yards away off the stern of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“For a moment the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> tarried there to let the
+smoke clear, and to see accurately the condition of
+the enemy, but while her gunners were taking aim for
+a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,
+with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down
+the fever-hued ensign from her peak and hoisted the
+white flag instead.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Cease firing!’</span> commanded Captain Jack Philip of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“So far as the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span>
+were concerned, the battle—and for that matter the
+war—was ended.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red
+flame, rolled from every port and shot hole of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,
+as from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Teresa</span></span>. They were both furnaces of
+glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour
+to certain battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition
+in the quarters either of officers or men had been
+taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent ashore.
+Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden
+fixtures been prepared to resist fire. Apparently the
+crew had not even wet down the decks.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“But the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> tarried at this gruesome scene only
+for a moment. They wished only to make sure that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the two Spaniards were really out of the fight, and
+when they saw the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> was going to stand by both,
+away they went to join the race between the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> on our side, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span> on the other.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In spite of the original superior speed on the part
+of the Spaniards, and in spite of the delay on the part
+of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, the Spaniards were not yet wholly out of
+range, though the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span> was reaching away at
+a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen,
+stripped to their trousers, plied their shovels and
+raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships
+were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were
+driven as never before since their trial trips. The
+Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had turned
+us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that
+neither tusks nor legs could save.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“For while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span> was showing a speed that was
+the equal at least of our own <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, long-headed
+Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging the
+coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance
+to cut her off or drive her out to sea.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards,
+Schley headed straight for that point,—took the shortest
+cut for it, so to speak,—and in that way drew
+steadily ahead of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span>, leaving to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> the task of holding the Spaniards from turning
+out across the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn’s</span></span> stern.</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill47" id="ill47" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill47.jpg" alt="U. S. S. IOWA." title="U. S. S. IOWA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. IOWA.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of
+the gallant officer, and it won.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The task of the battle-ships was well within their
+powers. It is not without reason that both the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> are the pride of the nation as well as of
+their crews.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> had hurled a relentless
+fire at the flying Spaniards, and it had told on
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span> with increasing effect.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“For the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> was fair on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo’s</span></span> beam,
+and there was not enough armour on any Spanish ship
+to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles the ship from
+the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“At ten o’clock sharp the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span> was apparently
+still fore and aft, but within five minutes she wavered
+and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship though she was,
+she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and
+fled for life to the beach.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> was coming with unflagging speed astern,
+and off to the east could be seen the flag-ship of
+Admiral Sampson racing as never before to get a
+shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by
+Commodore Schley to call her, and it had met her
+coming at the call of the guns of the Spanish fleet.
+She had overhauled and passed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span> long since,
+and was well-nigh abreast of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>. So the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>,
+in order to vie with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> in the last of the
+mighty race, abandoned the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span> to her fate and
+stretched away after the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Some of the crew who looked back saw the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>
+bring to near the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span>, and then the sea trembled
+under the impulse of a tremendous explosion on board
+the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke
+filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they
+been near enough they would have heard the crew of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> start in to cheer, and have heard as well the voice
+of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to check it:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Don’t cheer; the poor devils are <a name="corr264" id="corr264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">dying.</span>’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Only a man fit to command could have had that
+thought.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the
+Spanish squadron remained, and she was now in the
+last desperate struggle, the flurry of a monster of
+the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows
+through gilded glasses at the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> forging ahead
+far off their port bow; at the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> within range off
+the port quarter; at the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> just getting the
+range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They
+shivered in unison with the quivering hulk as shot
+after shot struck home. They screamed at their crews
+and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews
+worked with drunken desperation, but down in the
+stoke-hole the firemen plied their shovels with a will
+and a skill that formed the most surprising feature of
+the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this
+was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put
+to the full test the powers of the men of the three
+ships in chase.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the open sea they might have led the Yankees
+for an hour or more beyond, but the strategy of Schley
+had cut them off, and yet it was not until 1.15 o’clock—three
+hours and three-quarters after the first gun of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span>—that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon’s</span></span> gallant captain lost all
+hope, and, from a race to save the ship, turned to the
+work of destroying her, so that we should not be able
+to float the stars and stripes above her.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> had drawn up abeam of her, and was
+about a mile away. The shots from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+astern were beginning to tell, and those from the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> had all along been smiting her in the face.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard
+aground near Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago,
+and then hauled down her flag.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The most powerful sea force that ever fought under
+the American flag had triumphed; the most remarkable
+race in the history of the world was ended.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On board the flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> is published a tiny
+daily newspaper, 4 × 7 inches in size, with the name
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Squadron Bulletin”</span> on the title-page. Following is
+the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as
+given in that publication:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as
+dating the entire destruction of Admiral Cervera’s formidable
+fleet; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, and the deep-sea torpedo-boats
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The flag-ship had started from her station about nine
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to go to Siboney, whence the admiral had proposed
+going for a consultation with General Shafter; the
+other ships, with the exception of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Suwanee</span></span>, which had, unfortunately, gone this
+morning to Guantanamo for coal, were in their usual
+positions, viz., beginning at the east, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, 
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and
+about four miles east of her usual position, the Spanish
+fleet was observed coming out and making westward in
+the following order: <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> (flag), <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They were at once engaged by the ships nearest,
+and the result was practically established in a very
+short time. The heavy and rapid shell fire was very
+destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta
+Maria Teresa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>
+were run ashore in the order named, afire and burning
+fiercely. The first ship was beached at Nima, nine and
+one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan
+Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos,
+fifteen miles. The torpedo-boat destroyers were both
+sunk, one near the beach, the other in deep water about
+three miles west of the harbour entrance.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The remaining ship, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, stood on
+and gave a long chase of forty-eight miles, in which
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+took part. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span> is reputed by her captain to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>have been going at times as much as seventeen and a
+half knots, but they could not keep this up, chiefly on
+account of the fatigue of her men, who, many of them,
+had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had
+been, while there, long without food; her average speed
+was actually thirteen and seven-tenths knots, the ship
+leaving the harbour at 9.43 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, and reaching Rio
+Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance)
+at 1.15.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill48" id="ill48" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill48.png" alt="THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET." title="THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and,
+seeing no chance of an escape from so overwhelming a
+force, the heavy shells of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> already dropping
+around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino
+and hauled down her flag.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves
+were treacherously opened, and in spite of all efforts
+she gradually sank, and now lies near the beach in
+water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she
+may be floated, as she was far the finest ship of the
+squadron. All her breech plugs were thrown overboard
+after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of her
+Mauser rifles thrown away.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>, and then returned to Santiago. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> remained by the prize. Commodore second
+in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first class,
+Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don
+Emilio Moreu, commanding the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span>, and Teniente de
+Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas, aid and secretary
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to the commodore, were taken on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>.
+The 525 men of the crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span> were placed
+aboard the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span>, which came from Santiago to
+report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser, which
+turned out to be the Austrian <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maria Teresa</span></span>. The
+other officers were placed aboard the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken
+off the shore by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, and transferred to the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, which ship had already taken off many from the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on
+board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, and seven officers and 203 men were
+aboard the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“All these were in a perfectly destitute condition,
+having been saved by swimming, or having been taken
+from the water by our boats. Admiral Cervera was in
+a like plight. He was received with the usual honours
+when he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa’s</span></span> crew.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Independence Day number is very brief. It
+announces that the prisoners are to be sent north on
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Harvard</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span>; that they number 1,750;
+that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six
+hundred; that General Pando had reached Santiago
+with five thousand men; that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marblehead</span></span>
+had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal,
+and then tells of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Mercedes’s</span></span> skirmish on that
+day, saying:
+</p>
+<a name="ill49" id="ill49" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill49.jpg" alt="U. S. S. INDIANA." title="U. S. S. INDIANA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. INDIANA.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Just before midnight of this date the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>,
+which was in front of the port with her search-light up
+to the entrance, reported an enemy’s vessel coming out,
+and she and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> fired a number of shots in the
+direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also
+opened, and a number of shell fell at various points, the
+attention paid by the batteries to the ships being general.
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span> was struck on the starboard side of
+the quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on
+reaching the second deck near the ward-room ladder;
+it caused a fire which was quickly extinguished. This
+was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The vessel
+inside turned out to be the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Reina Mercedes</span></span>, which
+was sunk on the east edge of the channel just by the
+Estrella battery. She heads north, and is canted over
+to port with her port rail under water. She does not
+appear to obstruct the channel.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The issue of July 5th is of greater interest:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ericsson</span></span>,
+on the third instant, was unfortunately omitted.
+She was in company with a flag-ship, and turned at
+once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing
+away from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> she signalled, asking permission
+to continue in chase, but she was directed to pick
+up two men in the water, which she did, and on reaching
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> she was directed by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, the
+flag-ship having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya’s</span></span> crew. She took off eleven officers and
+ninety men. The guns of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> during the
+    oper<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ation were going off from the heat, and explosions
+were frequent, so that the work was trying and perilous
+for the boats of the two vessels (<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ericsson</span></span>)
+engaged.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The former report from the army, which was official,
+regarding General Pando’s entry into Santiago,
+was an error. General Shafter thought that he had
+been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his
+men only had been able to do so; the general himself
+and his remaining force, it is thought, will not be
+able.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint.
+The flag-ship went to the wrecks of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta
+Maria Teresa</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante</span></span>. The former lies in
+an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal
+draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned
+out inside above her protective deck, but the shell of
+her hull seems very good, and her machinery is probably
+not seriously injured.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It looks very much as if she were salvable. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante</span></span> was much worse <a name="corr270" id="corr270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">off</span>. She had been subjected
+to a much heavier gun fire, being racked and
+torn in every part; she is much more out of water,
+and the forward part is much distorted and torn by the
+explosion of her magazine and torpedoes. The loss of
+life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn everywhere,
+the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room,
+particularly, was almost covered. The torpedo exploded
+in the tube; it may be by a shot. This is a question
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The
+fact of so many bodies being about would seem to bear
+this out, but two of her crew, taken off the beach this
+afternoon, were questioned, and both stated that it was
+the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to
+be accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is
+just below, and that many wounded came up that far
+and were suffocated. The two men were intelligent
+young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the
+gun fire was such that it was impossible to keep
+the men at the guns. One was a powder passer, the
+other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two
+officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a
+6-pounder shell between the top of the turret and the
+gun shield. Altogether the ship was a most striking
+instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may
+accomplish. She was terribly battered about.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“While the flag-ship was lying near the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante</span></span>,
+and her steam cutter was alongside, and a small boat
+from the press tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules</span></span> lying on the starboard
+quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and
+a piece went through the tug’s boat, cutting it in two;
+the man in the boat was not hurt. It is somewhat
+extraordinary that this shell should have waited so long
+to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well
+cooled off. There was still much heat and some flames
+about the bow. One extraordinary fact is the survival,
+in proper shape, of many powder grains, baked hard;
+several of these were picked up about the deck.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief
+to report in detail upon the stranded ships.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his
+official report, which is given in full:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. Flagship New York, First Rate, Off</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">
+Santiago de Cuba, Cuba</span></span></span>, July 15, 1898.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—I have the honour to make the following
+report upon the battle with and the destruction of the
+Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral Cervera, off
+Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“2. The enemy’s vessels came out of the harbour
+between 9.35 and 10 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, the head of the column
+appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging
+from the channel five or six minutes later.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“3. The positions of the vessels of my command
+off Santiago at that moment were as follows: The flag-ship
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> was four miles east of her blockading
+station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance.
+She had started for Siboney, where I had
+intended to land, accompanied by several of my staff,
+and go to the front to consult with General Shafter.
+A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding
+between us of the operations proposed, had
+been rendered necessary by the unexpectedly strong
+resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day
+before to arrange an interview with General Shafter,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>who had been suffering from heat prostration. I made
+arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my flag-ship
+was in the position mentioned above when the
+Spanish squadron appeared in the channel.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The remaining vessels were in or near their usual
+blockading positions, distributed in a semicircle about
+the harbour entrance, counting from the eastward to
+the westward in the following order: The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>,
+about a mile and a half from shore, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>,—the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York’s</span></span> place between these two,—the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, the latter two miles from the shore
+west of Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The distance of the vessels from the harbour
+entrance was two and a half to four miles,—the latter
+being the limit of day blockading distance. The length
+of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span> had left at four <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> for Guantanamo
+for coal. Her station was between the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>. The auxiliaries, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>, lay
+close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than
+the large vessels, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> to the eastward and
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span> to the westward.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The torpedo-boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ericsson</span></span> was in company with
+the flag-ship, and remained with her during the chase
+until ordered to discontinue, when she rendered very
+efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>. I enclose a diagram showing approximately
+the positions of the vessels as described above.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>harbour, at a speed estimated at from eight to ten knots,
+and in the following order: <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> (flag-ship),
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante
+Oquendo</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The distance between these ships was about eight
+hundred yards, which means that, from the time the
+first one became visible in the upper reach of the channel
+until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval
+of only about twelve minutes elapsed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Following the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span>, at a distance of about
+twelve hundred yards, came the torpedo-boat destroyer
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span>, and after her came the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span>. The armoured
+cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to
+bear, opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels,
+and emerged from the channel shrouded in the
+smoke from their guns.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“5. The men of our ships in front of the port were
+at Sunday <span class="tei tei-q">‘quarters for inspection.’</span> The signal was
+given simultaneously from several vessels, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Enemy’s
+ships escaping,’</span> and general quarters were sounded.
+The men cheered as they sprang to their guns, and
+fire was opened, probably within eight minutes, by the
+vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> turned about and steamed for the
+escaping fleet, flying the signal, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Close in toward
+harbour entrance and attack vessels,’</span> and gradually
+increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she
+was making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly
+closing on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill50" id="ill50" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill50.jpg" alt="U. S. S. OREGON." title="U. S. S. OREGON." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. OREGON.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“She was not, at any time, within the range of the
+heavy Spanish ships, and her only part in the firing was
+to receive the undivided fire from the forts in passing
+the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at
+one of the destroyers, thought at the moment to be
+attempting to escape from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour,
+turned to the westward in column, increasing their
+speed to the full power of their engines. The heavy
+blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the
+Morro, at the instant of the enemy’s appearance, and
+at their best speed, delivered a rapid fire, well sustained
+and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed
+and silenced the Spanish fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them
+rapidly past the blockading vessels, and the battle
+developed into a chase in which the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> had at the start the advantage of position. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> maintained this lead.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, steaming with amazing speed from the
+commencement of the action, took first place. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span> having done good work, and not
+having the speed of the other ships, were directed by
+me, in succession, at about the time the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> was
+beached, to drop out of the chase and resume blockading
+stations. These vessels rescued many prisoners.
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships
+would put her between two fires, ran outside of our own
+column and remained there during the battle and chase.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> excited the admiration of every one who
+witnessed it, and merits the commendation of the Navy
+Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected
+auxiliary vessel,—the yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Corsair</span></span>,—and has a good
+battery of light rapid-fire guns.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“She was lying about two miles from the harbour
+entrance to the southward and eastward, and immediately
+steamed in, opening fire upon the large
+ships.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Anticipating the appearance of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> was slowed, thereby gaining more
+rapidly a high pressure of steam, and when the destroyers
+came out she steamed for them at full speed and
+was able to close at short range, where her fire was
+accurate, deadly, and of great volume.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“During this fight the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> was under the fire
+of the Socapa battery. Within twenty minutes from
+the time they emerged from Santiago Harbour the
+careers of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span> were ended, and
+two-thirds of their people killed. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Furor</span></span> was
+beached and sunk in the surf; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pluton</span></span> sank in deep
+water a few minutes later. The destroyer probably
+suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary
+batteries of the battle-ships <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, yet I think a very considerable factor in their
+speedy destruction was the fire, at close range, of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester’s</span></span> battery.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> did excellent service in landing and securing
+the crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“8. The method of escape attempted by the
+Spaniards—all steering in the same direction, and
+in formation—removed all practical doubts or difficulties,
+and made plain the duty of every United States
+vessel to close in, immediately engage and pursue.
+This was promptly and effectively done.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish
+squadron carried it past a number of the blockading
+ships, which could not immediately work up to their
+best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span> were probably
+set on fire by the shells fired during the first fifteen
+minutes of the engagement. It was afterward learned
+that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa’s</span></span> fire main had been cut
+by one of our first shots, and that she was unable to
+extinguish the fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower
+deck aft these vessels gave up both fight and flight, and
+ran in on the beach, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> at
+about 10.15 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, at Nima, nine and one-half miles
+from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante
+Oquendo</span></span> at about 10.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, at Juan Gonzales, seven
+miles from the port.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“9. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> was still under the fire of the
+leading vessels. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span> had drawn ahead,
+leading the chase, and soon passed beyond the range
+of the guns of the leading American ships. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Viz</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">caya</span></span> was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore
+and was beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles
+from Santiago, burning fiercely, and with her reserves
+of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When about ten miles west of Santiago the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>
+had been signalled to go back to the harbour entrance,
+and at Acerraderos the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> was signalled to <span class="tei tei-q">‘resume
+blockading station.’</span> The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>, assisted by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ericsson</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist</span></span>, took off the crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>, while
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Harvard</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> rescued those of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded
+from the burning Spanish vessels, was the occasion of
+some of the most daring and gallant conduct of the
+day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns
+and reserve ammunition were exploding, and it was not
+known at what moment the fire would reach the main
+magazine.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In addition to this a heavy surf was running just
+inside of the Spanish ships. But no risk deterred our
+officers and men until their work of humanity was
+complete.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, but she was their best and fastest
+vessel. Forced by the situation to hug the Cuban
+coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and
+sustained speed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“When the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> went ashore the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span> was about
+six miles ahead of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, but
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>her spurt was finished, and the American ships were
+now gaining upon her. Behind the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> came the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>, 
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was evident from the bridge of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+that all the American ships were gradually overhauling
+the chase, and that she had no chance of escape. At
+12.50 the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> opened fire and
+got her range,—the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon’s</span></span> heavy shells striking
+beyond her,—and at 1.20 she gave up without firing
+another shot, hauled down her colours and ran ashore
+at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain Cook of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> went on board to
+receive the surrender. While his boat was alongside I
+came up in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, receiving his report, and
+placed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> in charge of the wreck to save her,
+if possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred
+to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span>, which had followed the chase. Commodore
+Schley, whose chief of staff had gone on board
+to receive the surrender, had directed that all their
+personal effects should be retained by the officers.
+This order I did not modify.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span> was not injured by our firing,
+and probably is not injured by beaching, though she
+ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so steep that
+she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea
+valves were opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure,
+after her surrender, and despite all efforts she sank.
+When it became evident that she could not be kept
+afloat she was pushed by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> bodily upon
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the beach, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York’s</span></span> stem being placed against
+her for this purpose, the ship being handled by Captain
+Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in shoal
+water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she
+would have gone down in deep water, and would have
+been to a certainty a complete loss.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“11. I regard this complete and important victory
+over the Spanish forces as the successful finish
+of several weeks of arduous and close blockade, so
+stringent and effective during the night that the enemy
+was deterred from making the attempt to escape at
+night, and deliberately elected to make the attempt in
+daylight. That this was the case I was informed by
+the commanding officer of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the
+manner in which this was accomplished. The harbour
+of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there being
+but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep
+water extending close up to the shore line, presenting
+no difficulties of navigation outside of the entrance.
+At the time of my arrival before the port, June 1st,
+the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light
+during the night to enable any movement outside of
+the entrance to be detected; but with the waning
+of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was
+opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats
+to make an attack upon the blockading vessels.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span>, so gallantly taken into the channel on June
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>3d, did not obstruct it. I therefore maintained the
+blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was assigned
+the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up
+to the port, at a distance of from one to two miles
+from the Morro,—dependent upon the condition of the
+atmosphere,—they threw a search-light beam directly
+up the channel and held it steadily there.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel
+for half a mile inside of the entrance so brilliantly that
+the movement of small boats could be detected.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Why the batteries never opened fire upon the
+search-light-ship was always a matter of surprise to
+me; but they never did. Stationed close to the entrance
+of the port were three picket-launches, and, at
+a little distance further out, three small picket-vessels—usually
+converted yachts—and, when they were
+available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“With this arrangement there was at least a certainty
+that nothing could get out of the harbour undetected.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After the arrival of the army, when the situation
+forced upon the Spanish admiral a decision, our vigilance
+increased. The night blockading distance was
+reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship
+was placed alongside the search-light-ship, with her
+broadside trained upon the channel in readiness to fire
+the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The commanding
+officers merit great praise for the perfect
+manner in which they entered into this plan, and put
+it into execution. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>, which, according
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to routine, was sent that morning to coal at Guantanamo,
+like the others, had spent weary nights upon
+this work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent
+that morning.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I enclose, for the information of the department,
+copies of orders and memorandums issued from time
+to time, relating to the manner of maintaining the
+blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is
+difficult to discriminate in praise.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The object of the blockade of Cervera’s squadron
+was fully accomplished, and each individual bore well
+his part in it, the commodore in command of the second
+division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and
+destructive, and the resistance of the Spanish squadron
+was, in great part, broken almost before they had
+got beyond the range of their own force.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The fine speed of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> enabled her to take a
+front position in the chase, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span> did
+not give up until the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> had thrown a 13-inch shell
+beyond her. This performance adds to the already
+brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks
+highly of the skill and care with which her admirable
+efficiency has been maintained during a service unprecedented
+in the history of vessels of her class.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn’s</span></span> westerly blockading position gave
+her an advantage in the chase which she maintained to
+the end, and she employed her fine battery with telling
+effect.</span>
+</p>
+<a name="ill51" id="ill51" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill51.jpg" alt="U. S. S. BROOKLYN." title="U. S. S. BROOKLYN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. BROOKLYN.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> were gaining on
+the chase during the last hour, and, had any accident
+befallen the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> or the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, would have speedily
+overhauled the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her
+first burst of speed, the result was never in doubt.
+She fell, in fact, far below what might reasonably have
+been expected of her.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Careful measurements of time and distance give her
+an average speed, from the time she cleared the harbour
+mouth until the time she was run on shore at Rio
+Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Neither the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span> nor the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> stopped to
+couple up their forward engines, but ran out of the
+chase with one pair, getting steam, of course, as rapidly
+as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the
+forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen
+minutes, or four miles in the chase.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“14. Several of the ships were struck, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>
+more often than the others, but very light material
+injury was done, the greatest being aboard the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both
+on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>. It is difficult to explain the immunity
+from loss of life or injury to ships in a combat with
+modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery
+is poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy
+of our fire speedily drove the men from their guns and
+silenced their fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>by observation. The Spanish vessels, as they dashed
+out of the harbour, were covered with the smoke from
+their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume,
+and soon almost disappeared.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships
+appears to have been remarkably destructive.
+An examination of the stranded vessels shows that the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Almirante Oquendo</span></span> especially had suffered terribly from
+this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her
+decks were strewn with the charred remains of those
+who had fallen.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and
+the commanding officers are enclosed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has
+made a critical examination of the stranded vessels, both
+with a view of reporting upon the result of our fire and
+the military features involved, and of reporting upon
+the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the
+remainder. The report of the board will be speedily
+forwarded. Very respectfully,</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">W. T. SAMPSON</span></span>,</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic">U. S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station.</span></span>
+</div>
+<br />
+<div class="tei tei-closer">
+“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.</span></span>”
+</div>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New
+York</span></span>, to his wife, is an entertaining addition to the story
+of this most marvellous sea fight:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flagship New York</span></span></span>, July 4, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in
+a few hours after my writing this.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on
+account of a little note from Shafter. He wanted to
+know why the navy could not go under a destructive
+fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and
+have a consultation with him, explain the situation,
+and lay our plans before him, which were to countermine
+the harbour, going in at the same time, and
+also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one
+thousand marines landed in Estrella cove.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about
+9.30, so Sampson, Staunton, and I put on our leggings,
+got some sandwiches, filled a flask, and the ship started
+to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to
+find horses and a cavalry escort.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We were within a mile or so of the place when a
+message came to me that a ship was coming out, and
+by the time I was on deck I found the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>
+turned around, and headed back, and there they were,
+coming out one after the other, and putting west as
+hard as they could go.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The situation was one which rather left us out of it.
+We were too far off to shoot, but could see the rest
+banging away. The last to come were the two torpedo-boat
+destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt
+on their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright
+in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> firing at them for all he was worth,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and soon one evidently had a hole through her boiler,
+as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot
+into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the
+other, which was moving back toward the entrance, and
+then left him to Wainwright’s mercy, as it was a clear
+case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to
+one and then the other, but a little way apart, the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Infanta Maria Teresa</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oquendo</span></span> afire and
+ashore.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought
+to have mentioned two men in the water, stripped, to
+whom we threw life-buoys, with which they expressed
+themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case,
+with two of the enemy’s ships going ahead of us, to
+stop.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far,
+until we saw the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span> head in, and soon she was on
+the beach and aflame, at Ascerraderos, right under the
+old Cuban camp.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There was still the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, a good way
+ahead, the newest and fastest and much more powerful.
+We had passed the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iowa</span></span> (which we left with the
+burning <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>) and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, which we ordered to
+return off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession
+after the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, which consisted of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vixen</span></span>. We got each
+of our extra boilers into operation until we were going a
+good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance
+somewhat.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> kept well up, and soon
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span> began to fire, and we could see the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal
+Colon</span></span> gradually edge inshore, so that we knew the game
+was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in,
+and went under one of the points which come down
+from the mountains, which here (some sixty miles west
+of Santiago) are close at the water’s edge, and are the
+highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried
+forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag
+down, and was ashore.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> had sent a boat, and Cook, who had
+gone in it, came alongside on his return, and stated he
+had received their surrender, stating he was not empowered
+to make any condition as to personal effects, etc.,
+as to which they seemed anxious.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I then went on board and arranged things, the
+admiral allowing them, of course, to take with them all
+their personal belongings, so while we were dividing
+them up among the ships (525 men) along came the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span>, reporting having been chased by a Spanish
+armoured ship, so we put all the prisoners in her. This
+was a long job.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The thing was to save the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cristobal Colon</span></span>, as she
+is one of the finest modern ships of her class. We
+hurried a prize-crew aboard from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, closed all
+water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking somewhere,
+but for all we could do she settled down on the
+beach after floating with the rising tide. It was a great
+pity, but the rascally engineers’ force had opened all
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the valves connecting with the sea, and we could not
+get at them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her
+in charge of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon</span></span>, and are now steaming
+back to our post off Santiago. The failure to save
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span> was too bad. It is possible to do so, of
+course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but
+she was practically in an undamaged condition. She
+had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this
+morning. Poor Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo
+coaling, will be full of grief, as also Watson, in
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newark</span></span>.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday
+we bombarded the forts very heavily, knocking off
+a good deal of the poor old Morro, and bringing down
+the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted
+in our eyes for more than a month.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration
+while they attacked. They did not, however,
+make the attack, as it turned out.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one
+reads lurid accounts of them in the papers, but nothing
+really is gained unless we strike the guns themselves,
+and this we have not done.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends
+of the western battery, who paid a great deal of attention
+to us yesterday, banged away at us in fine style,
+and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention
+only to the torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous
+screech, and everybody on the forecastle
+dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred
+yards to our right. We did not reply as we came
+along. I thought it a waste of material, and thought
+they might have their amusement so long as they did
+no damage.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There—the engines have stopped and we are
+back at Santiago; it is 4.30, and I shall turn in again
+for a final nap. The captain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span> is occupying
+my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as
+are most Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer
+said to me, are the flower of the Spanish blood.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom
+we took in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span>, a nice old boy and very chirpy.
+The captain, of course, takes the loss of his ship to
+heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as
+cheerful as possible. I suppose they think <span class="tei tei-q">‘it’s none
+of their funeral.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I stored the general in Staunton’s room, Staunton
+going to Santiago in a torpedo-boat to send the news.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now
+loafing. It is a great relief to feel that there is nothing
+to look after to-night.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“This goes in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span>, so I hope you will have
+it before many days, and I hope, too, it won’t be long
+before I get to see you. I think this terrific defeat
+must go far toward ending things.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a><a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill
+fresh in their minds, the American people believed
+that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information
+that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There was much to be done, however, before the
+enemy was willing to admit himself beaten. The city
+of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the Spaniards,
+Manila was still defiant; and until those two
+strongholds had been reduced, the boys of ’98 must
+continue to struggle in the trenches and on the field.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The end was not far away, however.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 5.</span></span> General Shafter telegraphed to the War
+Department on the fifth of July to the effect that the
+people of Santiago were not only panic-stricken through
+fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack of
+actual necessaries of life. There was no food save
+rice, and the supply of that was exceedingly limited.
+The belief of the war officials, however, was that the
+Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only
+when it should become absolutely necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>close of the truce, and, as the hour set by General
+Shafter drew near, every nerve was strained to its
+utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was
+carried down the line, and all knew the truce had been
+prolonged.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital
+and barracks of Santiago, was notified by the enemy
+that Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson and his companions
+were confined in the extreme northern building,
+over which two white flags were flying.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral
+refused to consider the question of surrender, began to
+leave the city,—a mournful procession.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington
+under date of July 5th:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral,
+agreeing to exchange Hobson and men here; to make
+exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused my
+proposition of exchange.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 7.</span></span> General Miles and staff left Washington en
+route for Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Hobson and the other <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> heroes
+were brought into the American lines on the morning
+of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners had been
+arranged to take place under a tree midway between
+the entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and
+the first lines of the Spanish position. Col. John
+Jacob Astor represented the American commander,
+and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lieutenants and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles,
+a Spanish staff officer, acted for the enemy. The
+transfer was quickly effected, and once more the
+brave fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice
+on the altar of their country were free.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 10.</span></span> The truce continued, with the exception of
+a brief time on the tenth, when the bombardment was
+resumed by the fleet, until the thirteenth, when Generals
+Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an
+interview with General Toral and his staff at a point
+about halfway between the lines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 13.</span></span> During this interview the situation was
+placed frankly before General Toral, and he was offered
+the alternative of being sent home with his garrison, or
+leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed
+being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications,
+and should leave his arms behind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 15.</span></span> Not until two days later were the details
+arranged, and then the Spanish commander sent the
+following letter:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+    
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Santiago de Cuba</span></span></span>, July 15, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><address class="tei tei-address"><span class="tei tei-addrLine">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Excellency Commander-in-Chief</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">
+of the American Forces</span></span>.</span><br /></address>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Excellent Sir</span></span>:—I am now authorised by my government
+to capitulate. I have the honour to so advise
+you, requesting you to designate hour and place where
+my representatives should appear to compare with those
+of your excellency, to effect that article of capitulation
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>on the basis of what has been agreed upon to this
+date.</span>
+</p>
+    <a name="ill52" id="ill52" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill52.jpg" alt="MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER." title="MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency
+that I desire to know the resolution of the United
+States government respecting the return of arms, so as
+to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and
+gentlemanly deportment of your great grace’s representatives,
+and return for their generous and noble impulse
+for the Spanish soldiers, will allow them to return
+to the peninsula with the arms that the American
+army do them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully
+descended.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jose Toral</span></span>,<br />
+“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 16.</span></span> Commissioners on behalf of the United
+States and of Spain were appointed, and after but little
+discussion an agreement between them was arrived at.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The agreement consists of nine articles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first declared that all hostilities cease pending
+the agreement of final capitulation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Second</span></span>: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish
+forces and the surrender of all war material within
+the prescribed limits.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Third</span></span>: The transportation of the troops to Spain at
+the earliest possible moment, each force to be embarked
+at the nearest port.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fourth</span></span>: That the Spanish officers shall retain their
+side-arms and the enlisted men their personal property.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth</span></span>: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish
+forces shall assist in the removal of all obstructions to
+navigation in Santiago Harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixth</span></span>: That after the final capitulation the commanding
+officers shall furnish a complete inventory of
+all arms and munitions of war, and a roster of all the
+soldiers in the district.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventh</span></span>: That the Spanish general shall be permitted
+to take the military archives and records with him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eighth</span></span>: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars
+shall be permitted to remain in Cuba if they so elect,
+giving a parole that they will not again take up arms
+against the United States unless properly paroled.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ninth</span></span>: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted
+to march out with all the honours of war, depositing
+their arms to be disposed of by the United States in
+the future. The American commissioners to recommend
+to their government that the arms of the soldiers
+be returned to those <span class="tei tei-q">“who so bravely defended them.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the
+cheering news:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Camp Near Santiago</span></span></span>, July 16.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The surrender has been definitely settled and the
+arms will be turned over to-morrow morning, and
+the troops will be marched out as prisoners of war.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine
+o’clock, and the American flag hoisted.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shafter</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Major-General</span></span>.”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 17.</span></span> The ceremony of surrendering the city was
+impressive, and, as can well be imagined, thrilling for
+those boys of ’98 who had been standing face to face
+with death in the trenches.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At six o’clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of
+General Shafter’s staff, entered the city, and all the
+arms in the arsenal were turned over to him. The
+work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation
+at the entrance of the harbour had been progressing
+all night. At about seven o’clock General Toral,
+the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General
+Shafter, as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>
+all the general officers and their staffs assembled at
+General Shafter’s headquarters. Each regiment was
+drawn up along the crest of the heights.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Shortly after nine o’clock the Ninth Infantry entered
+the city. This position of honour was given them as a
+reward for their heroic assault on San Juan Hill.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The details of the surrender are thus described by a
+correspondent of the Associated Press, who accompanied
+General Shafter’s staff:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Shafter and his generals, with mounted
+escort of one hundred picked men of the Second Cavalry,
+then rode over our trenches to the open ground at
+the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway
+to the then deserted Spanish works. There they
+were met by General Toral and his staff, all in full uniform
+and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish
+troops.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“What followed took place in full view of our troops.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General
+Shafter, with his generals and their staffs grouped
+immediately in their rear, and with the troops of dashing
+cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced
+to meet the vanquished foe.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“After a few words of courteous greeting, General
+Shafter’s first act was to return General Toral’s sword.
+The Spanish general appeared to be touched by the
+complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied
+this action, and he thanked the American
+commander feelingly.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Then followed a short conversation as to the place
+selected for the Spanish forces to deposit their arms,
+and a Spanish infantry detachment marched forward to
+a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were
+halted. The latter were without their colours.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were
+saluted, in turn, by our trumpeters, both giving flourishes
+for lieutenant and major-generals.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish
+company, which in miniature represented the forces
+under his command, to ground arms. Next, by his
+direction, the company wheeled and marched across
+our lines to the rear, and thence to the place selected
+for camping them. The Spaniards moved rapidly, to
+the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the
+companies; but it impressed one like the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Dead March’</span>
+from Saul.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Although no attempt was made to humiliate them,
+the Spanish soldiers seemed to feel their disgrace
+keenly, and scarcely glanced at their conquerors as
+they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling
+was not displayed by the other regiments. Without
+being sullen, the Spaniards appeared to be utterly indifferent
+to the reverses suffered by the Spanish arms,
+and some of them, when not under the eyes of their
+officers, seemed to secretly rejoice at the prospect of
+food and an immediate return to Spain.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely
+dejected. When General Shafter introduced him by
+name to each member of his staff, the Spanish general
+appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be
+about sixty years of age, and of frail constitution,
+although stern resolution shone in every feature. The
+lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn,
+as if with physical pain.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“General Toral replied with an air of abstraction
+to the words addressed to him, and when he accompanied
+General Shafter at the head of the escort into
+the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he
+spoke but few words. The appealing faces of the
+starving refugees streaming back into the city did not
+move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers
+lining the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned,
+stalwart-framed conquerors. Only once did a faint
+shadow of a smile lurk about the corners of his mouth.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This was when the cavalcade passed through a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>barbed-wire entanglement. No body of infantry could
+ever have got through this defence alive, and General
+Shafter’s remark about its resisting power found the
+first gratifying echo in the defeated general’s heart.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Farther along the desperate character of the
+Spanish resistance, as planned, amazed our officers.
+Although primitive, it was well done. Each approach
+to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the
+barricades were high enough and sufficiently strong to
+withstand shrapnel. The slaughter among our troops
+would have been frightful had it ever become necessary
+to storm the city.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Around the hospitals and public buildings and
+along the west side of the line there were additional
+works and emplacements for guns, though no guns
+were mounted in them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow
+lines of one-storied houses, most of which are very
+dilapidated, but every veranda of every house was
+thronged by its curious inhabitants,—disarmed soldiers.
+These were mostly of the lower classes.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Few expressions of any kind were heard along the
+route. Here and there was a shout for free Cuba from
+some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there were
+only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards
+remained indoors, or satisfied their curiosity from
+behind drawn blinds.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages
+averted their faces as we passed. The squalor in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses and
+other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards,
+as tame as sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The windows of the hospitals, in which there are
+over fifteen hundred sick men, were crowded with
+invalids, who dragged themselves there to witness our
+incoming.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The palace was reached soon after ten o’clock.
+There General Toral introduced General Shafter and
+the other American generals to the alcalde, Señor
+Feror, and to the chief of police, Señor Guiltillerrez,
+as well as to the other municipal authorities.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Luncheon was then served at the palace. The
+meal consisted mainly of rum, wine, coffee, rice, and
+toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many apologies
+on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently
+of their heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city
+was absolutely exhausted, and the Spaniards had nothing
+to live on except rice, on which the soldiers in the
+trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve
+days.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of
+hoisting the stars and stripes over the governor’s palace
+in Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would
+be difficult to imagine. The palace, a picturesque old
+dwelling in the Moorish style of architecture, faces
+the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On
+one side is a quaint, brilliantly painted building with
+broad verandas, the club of San Carlos; on the other
+a building of much the same description, the Café de
+la Venus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry,
+headed by the Sixth Cavalry band. In the street
+facing the palace stood a picked troop of the Second
+Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain
+Brett. Massed on the stone flagging between
+the band and the line of horsemen were the brigade
+commanders of General Shafter’s division, with their
+staffs. On the red-tiled roof of the palace stood
+Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant Miles, and Lieutenant
+Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the flagstaff,
+was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vive Alphonso XIII.</span></span>”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding
+to windows and doors, and lining the roofs, were
+the people of the town, principally women and non-combatants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour
+of twelve, the infantry and cavalry presented arms.
+Every American uncovered, and Captain McKittrick
+hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds
+unfurled in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky,
+the cavalry band broke into the strains of <span class="tei tei-q">“The Star
+Spangled Banner,”</span> making the American pulse leap and
+the American heart thrill with joy.
+</p>
+<a name="ill53" id="ill53" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill53.jpg" alt="KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN." title="KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg 301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the same instant the sound of the distant booming
+of Captain Capron’s battery, firing a salute of twenty-one
+guns, drifted in.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the music ceased, from all directions around
+our lines came flying across the plaza the strains of the
+regimental bands and the muffled, hoarse cheers of our
+troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The infantry came to <span class="tei tei-q">“order arms”</span> a moment later,
+after the flag was up, and the band played <span class="tei tei-q">“Rally
+Round the Flag, Boys.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers
+for General Shafter, which were given with great
+enthusiasm, the band playing <span class="tei tei-q">“The Stars and Stripes
+For Ever.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff
+returned to the American lines, leaving the city in the
+possession of the municipal authorities subject to the
+control of General McKibben, who had been appointed
+temporary military governor.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a><a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">MINOR EVENTS.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 24.</span></span> The details of the bloodless capture of
+the principal of the Ladrone Islands are thus told
+by a private letter from the naval officer who figured
+in the leading rôle of the exploit, Lieutenant William
+Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charleston</span></span>:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Charleston, at Sea and One</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">
+“Thousand Miles from Manila</span></span></span>,<br />
+“June 24, 1898.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We have just carried out our orders to capture
+the Spanish authorities at the capital of the Ladrone
+Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain to
+undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a
+starter.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I went ashore to have a talk with the governor
+about affairs, and the results were that I did not lose
+even a single man. The matter was all settled in one
+day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers
+(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles
+and nearly ten thousand pounds of ammunition.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>captain’s instructions were to wait a half hour for his
+answer to our ultimatum, then use my troops. I waited,
+and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed
+me his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship
+out in the harbour about four or five miles off.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining
+time, and hence I broke the seal, read the contents,
+the governor protesting and saying that was a letter for
+my captain. I replied: <span class="tei tei-q">‘I represent him here. You
+are now my prisoners, and will have to come on board
+ship with me.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor
+said:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘You came on shore to talk over matters, and you
+make us prisoners instead.’</span> I replied: <span class="tei tei-q">‘I came on
+shore to hand you a letter and to get your reply;
+in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender
+all under your jurisdiction. If this means anything at
+all, it means that you will accede to any demands I may
+deem proper to make. You will at once write an order
+to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place
+was five miles distant), directing him to deliver at this
+place at four <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span> (it was 10.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, June 21st) all ammunition
+and flags in the island, each soldier to bring
+his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native
+and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They protested and demurred, saying there was not
+time enough to do it, but I said: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Señors, it must be
+done.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I
+took all the officers with me in a boat, and at four <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>
+went ashore again and rounded in the whole outfit. I
+was three miles away from my troops, and I had only
+four men with me. At four <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P. M.</span></span>, when I disarmed 108
+men and two officers, I had forty-six men and three
+officers with me.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The key-note to the whole business was my breaking
+the seal of that letter and acting at once. They
+had no time to delay or prepare any treacherous tricks,
+and I got the <span class="tei tei-q">‘drop’</span> on the whole outfit, as they say
+out West.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The native troops I released and allowed to return
+to their homes unrestricted; they had manifested great
+joy in being relieved from Spanish rule. While it is
+harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish
+treachery it was all that could be done.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Twenty-four hours would have—yes, I believe
+even four hours with a leader such as the governor was,
+a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army—given them
+a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals
+in the dense tropical foliage they could have almost
+annihilated any force that could land.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The approaches to the landing over shallow coral
+reefs would have made a landing without a terrible loss
+of life almost an impossibility.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“We have increased by conquest the population of
+the United States by nearly twelve thousand people.
+The capital has a population of six thousand people.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of access,
+plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of
+a large number of vessels at the same time, and is an
+ideal place for a coaling station.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“If our government decided to hold the Philippines
+it would then come in so well; San Francisco to Honolulu
+twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to island of
+Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen
+hundred miles. With a chain of supply stations
+like this, we could send troops the whole year round if
+necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of
+thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had
+the officers and soldiers dreamed for one moment that
+they were to be torn from their homes, there would, I
+feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am
+firmly convinced this letter would never have been
+written.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The captain, in extending to me his congratulations,
+remarked: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Braunerzruther, you’ll never, as long as
+you live, have another experience such as this. I congratulate
+you on your work.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I
+had an interpreter with me, but forgot all about using
+him. I did not want them to get a chance to think,
+even, before it was too late.”</span>
+</p>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 25.</span></span> The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Florida</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fanita</span></span> left Key West
+Saturday, June 25th, under convoy of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span>, commanded
+by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On board the steamers
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty
+troopers of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry under Lieutenants
+Johnson and Ahearn, and twenty-five Rough
+Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col.
+William Astor Chanler.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses
+of the cavalry and 167 sacks of oats and 216 bales of
+hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms were two
+dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and
+two full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of
+regular ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with
+them, and 1,500 cartridges. In the matter of infantry
+rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with 954,000
+cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers,
+and the others had Springfields. For the insurgent officers
+were provided 200 army Colts and 2,700 cartridges.
+Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry
+tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along.
+In the expedition were also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths,
+and 450 bridles. For the Cuban soldiers there
+were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275
+blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were these commissary stores carried, calculated
+by pounds: Bacon, 67,275; corn-meal, 31,250;
+roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250; sugar, 2,425;
+mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans
+18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 29.</span></span> The expectation was that the landing
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>would be effected at San Juan Point, on the south
+coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and Trinidad.
+This place was reached Wednesday evening,
+June 29th. A scouting party put off in a small boat
+and sculled toward shore, but had made only half the
+distance when there came a lively fire from what had
+been taken to be an abandoned blockhouse near the
+point. The men were called back and the three ships
+moved to the eastward. About four o’clock the next
+afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the
+Tallabacoa River, stood a large fort built of railroad
+iron and surrounded by earthworks. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> ran
+boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders,
+but brought no response and no signs of life. Here
+was thought to be the desired opportunity, and another
+scouting party was organised. This was made up of
+fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as
+many Cubans under Captain Nunez.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> took a position within short range of the
+fort to protect a landing or cover a retreat, and the
+small boats headed for the shore. They reached it five
+hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached,
+and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the
+brush. But at almost the very moment they set foot
+on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments around it
+burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the
+little band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping
+from his boat when a shot struck him between the eyes
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a broken
+arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied
+with a sharp fire directed at the entrenchments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meanwhile the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> set all her guns at work, and
+rained shells upon the fort until the enemy’s fire
+ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened fire, however,
+the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it
+became evident that their forces were too large to allow
+a landing there. A retreat was ordered, and the party
+on shore rushed to the boats, but volley after volley
+came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw
+themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the
+boats with only their heads exposed, until the ships
+were reached. The Spaniards had the range, however,
+and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously.
+Returning to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span>, the men reported that a
+vicious fire had come from a grove of cocoanut palms
+to the eastward of the fort. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> opened her
+guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many
+Spaniards, for her shells dropped into the smoke and
+flash of the adversary’s fire, silenced it at once, and
+forced them to send up rockets for help.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A number of volleys were sent at the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> with a
+view to disabling her gunners, but they were badly
+directed, and fell against her side and into the water.
+When the small boats reached the ship it was dark.
+Then the discovery was made that, besides Captain
+Nunez, whose body was left on the beach, there were
+missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that
+Chanler had been mortally wounded, and was kept hidden
+in the bushes along the shore by the two doctors.
+Rescue parties were immediately <a name="corr309" id="corr309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">organised</span>, composed
+of volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore
+during the night. Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn,
+in charge of one of these, found Chanler and his
+companion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Chanler’s wound proved to be in the right elbow.
+After sunrise Agramonte and his Cubans were discovered
+and brought off.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 1.</span></span> The next day the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span>, under
+Captain Swynburn, arrived, and she and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span>
+steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the Spaniards
+had been vigorously fortifying.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a
+town of considerable size, and reinforcements and artillery
+had been rapidly coming in. Range buoys had
+been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships
+drew in to close range, and opened fire, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> at
+twelve hundred and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span> at fourteen hundred
+yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp field-pieces
+of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along
+the water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed
+reply with shell and shrapnel. The fire of the
+American ships was most accurate and terribly destructive.
+The Spanish gunners had not fired more than
+fifteen or twenty shots before their guns were flying
+in the air, their earthworks a mass of blood-stained
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>dust, and their gunners running for their lives. Both
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span> were struck several times,
+chiefly by shrapnel, but no one on either ship was
+injured. As they withdrew, several buildings on shore
+were in flames.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That afternoon both ships again turned their attention
+to the fort and the entrenchments at the mouth of
+the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour poured a
+wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been
+largely reinforced during the day, and some field-pieces
+had been mounted near the fort. These replied to the
+American fire, but without effect, and the shells of the
+two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse
+was struck repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially
+destroyed. No damage was done to the ships,
+and they again withdrew.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and
+the adjacent buildings, evidently expecting a landing in
+force the next day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was learned from various sources that reinforcements
+were pouring into Las Tunas from all directions;
+a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated that two thousand
+men had been despatched from the nearest trocha.
+It was determined to proceed during the night to Palo
+Alto, fifty miles to the eastward, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span> remaining
+at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in the belief
+that an attempt was to be made to land there.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 2.</span></span> At ten o’clock Saturday night, while the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Helena</span></span> lay offshore, making lively play with her
+    search-<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lights toward shore, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Florida</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fanita</span></span>, with all lights out, slipped silently away. Palo
+Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a
+Spaniard to be seen, and the men and cargo were put
+ashore without a single obstacle.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill54" id="ill54" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill54.jpg" alt="GENERAL GOMEZ." title="GENERAL GOMEZ." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">GENERAL GOMEZ.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 4.</span></span> Gomez, with two thousand men, was known
+to be in the vicinity, and scouts hurried into his lines.
+On Monday the old warrior appeared in person at Palo
+Alto.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 5.</span></span> A steamer was sighted about midnight by
+the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk</span></span>, formerly the yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hermione</span></span>, off
+the north coast of Pinar del Rio, steaming eastward,
+close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots
+across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk</span></span>
+then opened fire and gave chase.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three
+were without effect. The vessel was soon on fire, and
+flew signals of distress while making full speed head on
+to the beach. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk</span></span> ceased firing, and manned a
+relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on
+a reef, under cover of Fort Mariel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in
+response to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk’s</span></span> attack, and was burning signals
+calling for help, the American relief-boat was received
+with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer and
+the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed,
+By this time daylight was breaking, and
+another Yankee ship, the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine</span></span>, hove in sight,
+reinforcing the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and
+fort. A well-directed 4-inch shell from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine</span></span>
+blew the steamer up.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Most of the latter’s crew and passengers by this time
+had, however, escaped by rowing or swimming ashore.
+Just at sunrise, while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk</span></span> were
+reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big
+Spanish gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries
+on the two American boats. It was an exciting
+moment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Castine’s</span></span> 4-inchers opened promptly, and the
+Spaniard returned at full speed to cover, under Morro
+Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara,
+arrived at Suez, and was notified by the officials of the
+Egyptian government that it must leave the port within
+twenty-four hours.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The government also notified Admiral Camara that
+he would not be allowed to coal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While the U. S. gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> was on the blockading
+route in the vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the
+south Cuban coast, about five miles from the shore,
+she sighted the schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gallito</span></span>, provision laden. She
+immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until
+about a quarter of a mile from the shore, when she
+dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped over her
+side and swam ashore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> were sent in a small boat to board the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>schooner. They found her deserted, and while examining
+her were fired upon by her crew from the beach.
+Several rifle-shots went through the schooner’s sails,
+but no one was injured. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> drew closer in, and
+sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from her
+6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gallito</span></span> was taken into Key West.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 7.</span></span> Congress having passed resolutions to the
+effect that Hawaii be annexed to the United States,
+the President added his signature, and a new territory
+was thus added to the American nation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Philadelphia</span></span> from Mare Island for Hawaii. She was
+to carry the flag of the United States to those islands
+and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller,
+commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the
+function of hoisting the flag.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 8.</span></span> Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish
+fleet, which was bound for the Philippines, informed the
+Egyptian government that he had been ordered to
+return home, and would, therefore, reënter the Suez
+Canal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 12.</span></span> The auxiliary gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> sighted the
+Spanish steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santo Domingo</span></span>, fifty-five hundred
+tons, aground near the Cuban coast, off Cape Francis,
+and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy
+shots at her, nearly all of which took effect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While this was going on, another steamer came out
+of the bay and took off the officers and crew of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santo Domingo</span></span>. When the men from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span>
+boarded the latter they found that she carried two
+5-inch and two 12-inch guns, the latter being loaded
+and her magazines open. The steamer had been drawing
+twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground
+in twenty feet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The men from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> decided that the steamer
+could not be floated, and she was set on fire after
+fifty head of cattle, which were on board, had been
+shot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santo Domingo</span></span> carried a large cargo of grain,
+corn, etc. While the steamer was burning, the vessel
+which had previously taken off the crew emerged from
+the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but
+failed. The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and
+was totally destroyed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 17.</span></span> The cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span> captured the
+French steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olinde Rodriguez</span></span> off San Juan de
+Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port with
+passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mayflower</span></span> captured the British steamer
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Newfoundland</span></span> off Cienfuegos while the latter was trying
+to run the Cuban blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spanish sloop <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Domingo Aurello</span></span> was captured by
+the U. S. S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maple</span></span> as the former was leaving the port
+of Sagua de Tanamo, province of Santiago, with a
+cargo of tobacco.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 22.</span></span> The following cablegram was received at
+the Navy Department:
+</p>
+<a name="ill55" id="ill55" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill55.jpg" alt="U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS." title="U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Playa</span></span></span>, July 22.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful,
+although the mines have not been removed for want of
+time.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Jorge Juan</span></span>, defending the
+place, was destroyed, without loss on our part.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span> afterward proceeded
+from Nipe to assist in the landing of the commanding
+general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sampson.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 30.</span></span> Another <span class="tei tei-q">“jackie”</span> achieved the reputation
+of a hero. He is boatswain’s mate Nevis of the gunboat
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bancroft</span></span>, and the tale of his valour is not unmixed
+with humour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bancroft</span></span>, accompanied by the converted yacht
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span>, which had been covering the blockading station
+around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small Spanish
+schooner in Sigunea Bay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bancroft’s</span></span> steam launch, in charge of Nevis and
+one seaman, each armed with a rifle, were sent in to
+take the schooner. This was only a task of minutes,
+and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to
+be the schooner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nito</span></span>, little more than a smack, and
+with no cargo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor
+near the wreck of the Spanish transatlantic liner <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santo
+Domingo</span></span>, sunk by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> a few weeks ago. Then
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bancroft</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span> cruised off to Mangle Point,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>where they happened to be put in communication with
+the insurgent camp.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing
+could be seen of the launch or the prize. Suddenly
+Commander Clover, who was scanning the waters with
+his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eagle</span></span>:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“By heavens, they have recaptured my prize.”</span> The
+little schooner lay near the wrecked steamer, but
+the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and,
+instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was
+apparently filled with men.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meanwhile the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maple</span></span> had drawn up, and
+Commander Clover ordered her into the work of rescue.
+With guns ready she steamed toward the schooner, but
+the sight that greeted her was not what was expected.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat
+attempting to navigate her out of the harbour. Each
+had his rifle across his knee and was keeping a wary
+eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards
+huddled in the other end of the boat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maple</span></span> asked for information, and offered Nevis
+a tow, but he replied with a joke and declined the
+proffered assistance. Then it developed that, in going
+in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish
+boats near the wreck of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Santo Domingo</span></span>, and
+had resolved to capture them, too. He knew it was
+hazardous work, but <span class="tei tei-q">“bluff”</span> carried him through.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran
+them up, and boldly sailed in. There were six men on
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the two other boats, and they watched the approach of
+their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily
+changed to consternation when Nevis and the other
+<span class="tei tei-q">“jackie”</span> suddenly whipped their rifles to their shoulders,
+and demanded an immediate surrender.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying,
+and had the unique experience of surrendering
+to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid, Nevis took
+them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact
+manner reported the adventure to his astonished commander.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The capture was no mean one, for these six men
+gave important information to the American ships.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 1.</span></span> The Norwegian steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Franklin</span></span>, of
+about five hundred tons, bound from Vera Cruz with
+a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the converted
+yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Siren</span></span> off Francis Key, near Caibarien.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 6.</span></span> The Norwegian steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aladdin</span></span>, sugar-laden,
+was captured by the auxiliary gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hawk</span></span> off
+Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 7.</span></span> The auxiliary gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Viking</span></span> captured
+the Norwegian steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bergen</span></span> off Francis Key.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 8.</span></span> General Shafter and the Spanish General
+Toral held a consultation at the palace in Santiago,
+with regard to the embarkation of the Spanish prisoners
+of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand
+of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on
+board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alicante</span></span> next morning, to be sent to Spain as
+soon as the vessel was properly loaded.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 10.</span></span> The President to-day promoted Sampson
+and Schley to be rear-admirals, ranking in the
+order named.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A department of the army, to be known as the
+Department of Santiago, was created, and Maj.-Gen.
+Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Norwegian steamers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aladdin</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bergen</span></span> were
+released, by orders from Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 12.</span></span> The flag-ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">San Francisco</span></span>, the monitor
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Miantonomah</span></span>, and the auxiliary yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sylvia</span></span> were fired
+upon by the Havana batteries. One 10 or 12-inch
+shell struck the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">San Francisco’s</span></span> stern as she turned
+to get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in
+diameter, completely wrecking Commodore Howell’s
+quarters, and smashing his book-case to fragments.
+Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to
+attack the batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their
+engines could carry them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 13.</span></span> General Shafter, at Santiago, learned
+that Manzanillo had been bombarded for twenty hours.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander
+at Manzanillo that peace had been declared,<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> and
+requesting him to advise the American commander of
+the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the
+shelling of the town ceased.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 16.</span></span> The following message was the first
+received in this country from the territory so lately
+annexed:
+</p>
+<a name="ill56" id="ill56" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+    <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill56.jpg" alt="U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO." title="U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.</span></div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Honolulu</span></span></span>, August 16.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Day, State Department</span></span>:—Flag raised Friday, the
+twelfth, at noon. Ceremonies of transfer produced
+excellent impression.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed)  “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sewall.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a><a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XV.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 20.</span></span> With bands playing and thirty thousand
+people cheering, the first expedition to Porto Rico
+left Charleston, S. C., at seven o’clock in the evening,
+under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second
+and Third Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania
+regiments, and two companies of the Sixth Illinois,
+made up the list of troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 21.</span></span> General Miles accompanied the expedition
+bound for Porto Rico, which left Guantanamo Bay,
+made up of eight transports convoyed by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New
+Orleans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leyden</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 22.</span></span> An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen.
+Theo. Schwan left Tampa on five transports,
+bound for Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 25.</span></span> The expedition under the command of
+Major-General Miles landed at Guanica de Porto
+Rico, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, in charge of Lieutenant-Commander
+Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in
+order to reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting
+outside, the gallant little fighting yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>
+braved the mines which were supposed to be in this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg 321]</span><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were
+five fathoms of water close inshore.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill57" id="ill57" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill57.jpg" alt="MAJOR-GENERAL MILES." title="MAJOR-GENERAL MILES." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise.
+Almost the first they knew of the approach of the
+army of invasion was the firing of a gun from the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul
+down the flag of Spain, which was floating from the
+    <a name="corr321" id="corr321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">flagstaff</span> in front of a blockhouse standing to the east
+of the village.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right
+and left of the bay and in order to scare the enemy,
+the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing into the
+town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> then hove to within about six hundred
+yards of the shore, and lowered a launch, having on
+board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty men, under the
+command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore
+without encountering any opposition.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey
+to haul down the Spanish flag, which was done, and
+then they raised the first United States flag to float over
+Porto Rican soil.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with
+Mauser rifles upon the American party. Lieutenant
+Huse and his men responded with great gallantry, the
+Colt gun doing effective work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Norman, who received Admiral Cervera’s surrender,
+and Wood, a volunteer lieutenant, shared the honours
+with Lieutenant Huse.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the
+Americans, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> opened fire on the enemy
+with all her 3 and 6-pounders which could be brought
+to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into
+the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of
+Spanish cavalry were to be seen hastening toward the
+spot where the Americans had landed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he
+named Fort Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the
+street in front of it in order to repel the expected
+cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt
+gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent
+from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those
+who were fighting in the streets of Guanica, but the
+Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen
+were seen climbing the hills to the westward, and the
+foot-soldiers were scurrying along the fences from the
+town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots,
+the town was won, and the enemy driven out of the
+neighbourhood.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The troops from the transports were landed before
+nightfall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 26.</span></span> Near Yauco, while the Americans were
+pushing toward the mountains, the Spaniards ambushed
+eight companies of the Sixth Massachusetts and Sixth
+Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg 323]</span><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry
+charged and were routed by our infantry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Garretson led the fight with the men from
+Illinois and Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to
+Yauco, leaving three dead on the field and thirteen
+wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three
+were slightly wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 27.</span></span> The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered
+to Commander C. H. Davis of the auxiliary
+gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dixie</span></span>. There was no resistance, and the
+Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General
+Miles issued the following proclamation:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of
+Spain by the people of the United States, in the cause
+of liberty, justice, and humanity, its military forces have
+come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come
+bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble
+purpose, to seek the enemies of our government and of
+yours, and to destroy or capture all in armed resistance.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They bring you the fostering arms of a free people,
+whose greatest power is justice and humanity to all
+living within their fold. Hence they release you from
+your former political relations, and it is hoped your
+cheerful acceptance of the government of the United
+States will follow.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The chief object of the military forces will be to
+overthrow the armed authority of Spain, and give the
+people of your beautiful island the largest measure of
+liberty consistent with this military occupation.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“They have not come to make war on the people of
+the country, who for centuries have been oppressed,
+but, on the contrary, they bring protection not only to
+yourselves, but to your property, will promote your
+prosperity and bestow upon you the immunities and
+blessings of our enlightened and liberal institutions
+and government.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing
+laws and customs which are wholesome and beneficial
+to the people, so long as they conform to the rules of
+the military administration, order, and justice. This is
+not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give
+all within the control of the military and naval forces the
+advantages and blessings of enlightened civilisation.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 28.</span></span> The expedition destined for Porto Rico,
+under command of Major-General Brooke, left Newport
+News. Four transports and the auxiliary cruisers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+Louis</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> comprises the fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Navy Department made public the following telegram:
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">U. S. S. Massachusetts, Ponce, Porto</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">
+    Rico</span></span></span>, July 28.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Commander Davis with <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dixie</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasp</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> left Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce
+and capture lighters for United States army. City of
+Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis
+upon demand at 12.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, July 28th. American
+flag hoisted 6 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, 28th.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Spanish garrison evacuated.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page325">[pg 325]</span><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by
+army: first, garrison to be allowed to retire; second,
+civil government to remain in force; third, police and
+fire brigade to be maintained without arms; fourth,
+captain of port not to be made prisoner.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Massachusetts</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Cincinnati</span></span>, General Miles and General Wilson and
+transport, at 6.40 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, 28th; commenced landing army
+in captured sugar lighters.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants;
+great enthusiasm.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and
+120 tons of coal.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Higginson.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 29.</span></span> The advance guard of General Henry’s
+division, which landed at Guanica on Tuesday, arrived
+at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco, Tallaboa,
+Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and
+otherwise destroy the railroad between Yauco and Ponce
+failed, only a few flat cars being burned. At Yauco
+the Americans were welcomed in an address made by
+the alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yauco, Porto Rico, United States of America, July
+27th.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 31.</span></span> In General Miles’s despatches to the War
+Department, the following statements are made regarding
+the condition of affairs on the island:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms
+and ammunition. Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed
+at the arrival of the army. Two thousand from
+one place have volunteered to serve with it. They
+are bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed
+supplies.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The custom-house has already yielded fourteen
+thousand dollars. As soon as all the troops are disembarked
+they will be in readiness to move.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth
+Pennsylvania, occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles
+northeast of Ponce, on the road to San Juan. The
+American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm
+by the populace.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 1.</span></span> The American scouts were within six
+miles of Coamo, and the Spanish rear guard was retiring
+fast. The Spanish had fled toward Aibonito, thirty
+miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified.
+There the road winds around among the mountains, and
+the artillery commanding it rendered the position impregnable.
+Détours were to be made by the Americans
+from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding
+the main road, which had been mined for three
+miles. Captain Confields of the engineers went ahead
+to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in advance
+of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General
+Stone that it had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A
+signal-station was established, and the stars and stripes
+run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm.
+Yabri<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg 327]</span><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>coa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas,
+Guayamo, and Salinas had all surrendered.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill58" id="ill58" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill58.jpg" alt="MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE." title="MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San
+Juan before an attack was made. The second fleet of
+transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Roumanian</span></span>
+bringing the cavalry detachment, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Missouri</span></span> the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan,
+and Haines, with their staffs, were on board. The
+troops carried included the Thirteenth Illinois, Seventh
+Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and
+Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There were also one thousand animals, thirty days’
+rations for thirty thousand men, a signal corps detachment,
+and an ambulance corps. The whole force, as
+well as the ammunition and quartermaster’s stores, was
+landed, and the men were camping on the outskirts of
+the town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 2.</span></span> San Juan blockaded by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Puritan</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Prairie</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dixie</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, which kept out
+of range of the masked batteries ashore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of
+U. S. troops. Spanish volunteers continued to come
+into the American lines and give themselves up.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 4.</span></span> A portion of General Grant’s brigade, on
+the transport <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hudson</span></span>, sailed from Newport News.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the
+invading army, thus wrote under date of August 4th:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Americans have taken peaceful possession of
+the eastern portion of the island.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Small parties of marines have been landed, who
+have lighted the lamps in the lighthouse at Cape
+San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast.
+They met with no resistance.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens
+came out to meet them.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The war-ships now in this vicinity are the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Montgomery</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Puritan</span></span>, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amphitrite</span></span>.
+The two former are looking for the transports with
+troops which left the United States and have scattered
+all about the island.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Annapolis</span></span> rounded up the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Whitney</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Florida</span></span>,
+and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>, yesterday, and they are now at Cape
+San Juan. There seems to have been a serious mistake
+as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to the
+same place, and it will take several days to overtake
+them and get them to Ponce, where General Miles is
+waiting.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Off San Juan the cruiser <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New Orleans</span></span> alone
+maintains the blockade. The city is grim and silent,
+but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty of
+determination to fight when the Americans fire.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation,
+in the course of which he says:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off
+the American boats now as I did Sampson’s attempt
+before.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The daughter of the captain-general is helping to
+drill the gunners in the fort. Altogether there are
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the city. The
+troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce
+and the other towns on the south coast occupied by
+the Americans, have not yet arrived.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 5.</span></span> General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio
+and the Third Illinois, left Arroyo for the Spanish
+stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was placed
+in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo
+its skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from
+ambush. There was a hot running fight from this
+time on until the American troops reached and captured
+Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo.
+The Americans lost three wounded, and the enemy,
+one killed and two wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 6.</span></span> The foreign consuls at San Juan de
+Porto Rico advised the Spanish authorities to surrender
+the island to the American troops. The Spaniards,
+however, in reply, announced that they had resolved
+to fight; thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish
+commander, Captain-General Macias, that they would
+establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio
+Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and
+their portable properties in order to ensure their safety
+in the event of a bombardment of the place by the
+American forces. The consul sent a similar notification
+to General Miles.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 7.</span></span> A general advance of the American
+forces. The custom-house in the village of Farjardo
+was seized.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 8.</span></span> The town of Coamo was taken by the
+Sixteenth Pennsylvania and the Second and Third
+Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying blockhouse,
+and under cover of this fire the advance was
+made.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty
+killed, including the commander, Rafael Igleseas, and
+three other officers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Five Americans were wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 9.</span></span> Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six
+companies of the First Kentucky regiment sailed
+for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alamo</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ponce</span></span></span>, August 9.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secretary of War, Washington</span></span>:—The following
+received from General Wilson:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘General Ernst’s brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this
+morning. Sixteenth Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings
+commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Biddle, of my
+staff, having made a turning movement through the
+mountains, striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond
+town, captured the entire garrison of Coamo,
+about 150 men.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez
+killed. Our loss reported six wounded, only one
+severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially
+to be commended. This is a very important
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name="Pg331" id="Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as
+soon as received here.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Miles.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing
+Spanish engineers, after the capture of Coamo, a distance
+of four miles along the road to Aibonito.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River,
+where the Spaniards had blown up the bridge, and
+were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest of
+Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned
+the fire, receiving no damage, and holding the position.
+A battalion of the Third Wisconsin Volunteers went to
+their support.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 11.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+</p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ponce, Via Bermuda</span></span></span>, August 11.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secretary of War, Washington</span></span>:—The following
+message received from Schwan:</span>
+</p>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Camp, Near Hormigueros</span></span></span>, August 10.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Advance guard, including cavalry of this command,
+while reconnoitring northwest of Rosario River,
+near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish force,
+which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant
+Byron, Eighth Cavalry, my aid-de-camp, was wounded
+in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D, Eleventh
+Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen
+enlisted men were wounded.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is reported that the most, if not the entire
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name="Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Spanish garrison of Mayaguez and surrounding country,
+consisting of one thousand regulars and two
+hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement.
+We drove enemy from his position, and it is believed
+inflicted heavy loss.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the
+field and brought into our line. Conduct of officers
+and men was beyond all praise. I propose to continue
+my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“ ‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schwan.</span></span>’</div>
+    </div></div>
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Miles.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 12.</span></span> General Wilson moved one Lancaster
+battery out to the front for the purpose of shelling the
+Spanish position on the crest of the mountain at
+the head of the pass through which the road winds.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The enemy occupied a position of great natural
+strength, protected by seven lines of entrenchments,
+and a battery of two howitzers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in
+the day had fired upon Colonel Biddle of the engineer
+corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of New York,
+was reconnoitring on their right flank.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As the American battery rounded a curve in the
+road, two thousand yards away, the enemy opened an
+artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of the
+Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to
+the right of the road, were not permitted to respond.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page333">[pg 333]</span><a name="Pg333" id="Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>terrific fire, were unlimbered, and were soon hurling
+common shell and shrapnel at the enemy at a lively
+rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments
+with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill59" id="ill59" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill59.png" alt="GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL." title="GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued
+to serve the other at intervals for over an hour. They
+had the range, and their shrapnel burst repeatedly over
+the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other
+gun, and the men began to flee from the entrenchments
+toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then the
+guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered
+to advance a position a quarter of a mile farther
+on. It had just reached the new position when
+Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches
+and began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling
+the battery to retire at a gallop. Then
+both the enemy’s howitzers reopened, the shrapnel
+screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped
+from the rear, but the American ammunition was
+exhausted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Colonel Bliss of General Wilson’s staff went forward
+to the enemy’s lines with a flag of truce, and explained
+that peace negotiations were almost concluded, that
+their position was untenable, and demanded their surrender.
+The Spanish had had no communication with
+the outside world, and the commander asked until the
+next morning in order that he might communicate with
+General Macias at San Juan.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 13.</span></span> Twelve hours later the Spanish commander
+gave the following command to one of his
+staff:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid
+further shedding of blood, to remain where he is.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Miles telegraphed the War Department that
+he was in receipt of Secretary Alger’s order to suspend
+hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers of the American
+army generally received the news of peace with delight,
+although some were disappointed that there was to be
+no further fighting, and many officers expressed regrets
+at the suspension of hostilities in the midst of the
+campaign.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 14.</span></span> General Schwan’s column was attacked
+between Mayaguez and Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry
+under Colonel Burke was descending the valley
+of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside
+by a force of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were
+retreating toward the north. The fire was returned,
+and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed,
+considerable loss.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez
+district, was wounded and afterward captured in a
+wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants,
+who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss.
+The artillery and cavalry were not engaged.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+General Schwan had not received news of the signing
+of the protocol when the action occurred, but
+obtained it later in the day.
+</p>
+<a name="ill60" id="ill60" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill60.jpg" alt="GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR." title="GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</span></div></div>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name="Pg335" id="Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a><a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVI.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE FALL OF MANILA.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With the opening of the month of July, affairs at
+Manila, so far as concerned the American forces,
+were at a standstill.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">June 30.</span></span> Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the
+army, the first transports of the fleet having arrived
+at Cavite, June 30th, before beginning offensive
+operations.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The situation on and around the island of Luzon was
+much the same as it had been nearly all the month of
+June, except that the gunboat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leite</span></span>, which ran up a
+river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and
+surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy
+officers and ninety-four men. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Leite</span></span> has a battery
+of one 3 1-2-inch hontoria guns, and several 2.7-inch
+rapid-fire guns.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 1.</span></span> Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of
+the Revolutionary Republic on the first of July. The
+progress of the insurgents can be readily understood
+by the following extract from a letter written by Mr.
+E. W. Harden:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of
+Governor-General Augusti to surrender Manila to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Americans, but the command of the Spanish troops is
+practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who
+opposes surrender.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The rebels have captured the water-works beyond
+Santa Mesa, which supplied Manila, and the Spanish
+fear that their water will be cut off.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified
+positions of San Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards
+were to make their last stand if Manila capitulated.
+The city is still surrounded by insurgents.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 2.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“There was fierce fighting Saturday before
+Malate. The Spaniards had modern guns to command
+the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady fire throughout
+the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the
+natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards
+finally were driven back.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 4.</span></span> Brigadier-General Green, in command of the
+second army detachment, on the way from San Francisco
+to Manila, rediscovered and took formal possession
+of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude
+19° 15′ and east longitude 166° 33′.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 5.</span></span> To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General
+Augusti telegraphed:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded
+in miraculously escaping from Macabora in a
+boat, and, having passed through the American vessels,
+all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet’s column
+is besieged and attacked at Macabora.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 15.</span></span> The steamers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">City of Puebla</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peru</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>sailed from San Francisco with the fourth Manila
+expedition, under command of Major-General Otis.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 16.</span></span> The steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">China</span></span>, of the second Manila
+expedition, arrived at Cavite, and was followed on the
+next day by the steamers <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Zealandia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Colon</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Senator</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 19.</span></span> The work of surrounding Manila by American
+forces was begun by advancing the First California
+regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the Spanish
+lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at
+Paranaque, directly from the transports. Over fifteen
+hundred men encamped between Manila and Cavite.
+The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery,
+landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 23.</span></span> The transport steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rio Janeiro</span></span>, bearing
+two battalions of South Dakota volunteers, recruits for
+the Utah Light Artillery, and a detachment of the
+signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 25.</span></span> Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite.
+Secretary Long forwarded to Admiral Dewey the
+joint resolution of Congress, extending the thanks of
+Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution
+was beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a
+formal attestation of its authenticity by Secretary of
+State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly
+ornamented Russia covers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes
+reference to a letter from the Secretary of State complimenting
+Admiral Dewey upon his direction of affairs
+since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the State Department is thoroughly well satisfied
+with the diplomatic qualities the admiral has exhibited.
+The letter of Secretary Long is as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Navy Department,</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Washington</span></span></span>, July 25, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>:—The Department has received from the
+Secretary of State an engrossed and certified copy of
+a joint resolution of Congress, tendering the thanks
+of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the
+squadron under your command, for transmission to
+you, and herewith encloses the same.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the
+Department received a letter from the Secretary of
+State requesting that there be conveyed to you his
+high appreciation of your character as a naval officer,
+and of the good judgment and prudence you have
+shown in directing affairs since the date of your
+great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most
+heartily on behalf of the Navy Department, as well as
+personally, in the commendation of the Secretary of
+State. Very respectfully,</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John D. Long</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Secretary</span></span>.</div>
+    <br />
+    <div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: left">
+“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N., Commander-in-Chief U. S. Naval Force, Asiatic Station.</span></span>”</div>
+</div></div>
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 29.</span></span> The transport steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span>, bearing
+the first battalion of North Dakota volunteers, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg 339]</span><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed from San
+Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July 31.</span></span> The transports <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ohio</span></span>,
+    <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Valencia</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Para</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morgan City</span></span> arrived at Cavite with American
+troops.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces
+in Manila attacked the American lines. A typhoon had
+set in, rain was falling in torrents, and the blackness
+of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand
+Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of
+not more than nine hundred Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack,
+and checked the Spanish advance until the Utah battery,
+the First California Volunteers, and two companies
+of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get up
+to strengthen the right of the line.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards
+through and beyond the American right flank, when
+the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as infantrymen,
+pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians
+and Utah battery aiding gallantly in the work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 1.</span></span> After the attack on the right wing had
+been repulsed, the second Spanish attack at two in
+the morning was directed against the American left
+wing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was
+again beaten off, and the rain seemed to be so heavy as
+to make further attack impossible.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But at 3.50 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span> the battle was resumed at longer
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" id="Pg340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>range, Spanish sharpshooters firing from the trees, and
+the batteries working constantly, using brass-coated
+bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained,
+stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief,
+and shortly after sunrise the Spanish retreated. The
+American loss was eight killed, ten seriously and
+thirty-eight slightly wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 4.</span></span> The monitor <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Monterey</span></span> and the convoyed
+collier <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brutus</span></span> arrived at Cavite.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 7.</span></span> Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender
+of Manila within forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander
+replied that, the insurgents being outside the
+walls, he had no safe place for the women and children
+who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours
+additional delay. This Admiral Dewey granted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the expiration of the specified time Admiral
+Dewey and General Merritt consulted and decided to
+postpone the attack.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">August 13.</span></span> The American commanders decided to
+begin hostilities on the thirteenth of August, and the
+navy began the action at 9.30 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A. M.</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympia</span></span> opening
+fire, followed by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Raleigh</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Petrel</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Callao</span></span>.
+The latter showed great daring, approaching within
+eight hundred yards of the Malate forts and trenches,
+doing grand work and driving back the Spanish forces.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the
+Spanish then retreating from Malate, where the fire was
+centred, and the American land forces stormed the
+trenches, sweeping all before them. The First
+Colo<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg 341]</span><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rado Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second
+line of defence. Then the troops swept on, driving all
+the Spaniards into the inner fortification.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen
+minutes after the Spaniards were driven to the
+second line of defences, they were forced to retreat to
+the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance,
+they surrendered, and soon afterward a white
+flag was hoisted over Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The total number of killed on the American side was
+forty-five, and wounded about one hundred. The
+Spanish losses were two hundred killed and four hundred
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the
+German ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaiserin Augusta</span></span>, and was conveyed to
+Hongkong.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following official reports were made by cable:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Manila</span></span></span>, August 13, 1898.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Secretary of Navy, Washington</span></span>:—Manila surrendered
+to-day to the American land and naval forces,
+after a combined attack.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“A division of the squadron shelled the forts and
+entrenchments at Malate, on the south side of the city,
+driving back the enemy, our army advancing from that
+side at the same time.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The city surrendered about five o’clock, the American
+flag being hoisted by Lieutenant Brumby.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“About seven thousand prisoners were taken.</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The squadron had no casualties, and none of the
+vessels were injured.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded
+the surrender of the city, which the Spanish
+governor-general refused.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dewey.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hongkong</span></span></span>, August 20th.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adjutant-General, Washington</span></span>:—The following
+are the terms of the capitulation:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The undersigned, having been appointed a commission
+to determine the details of the capitulation of the city
+and defences of Manila and its suburbs and the Spanish
+forces stationed therein, in accordance with agreement
+entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley
+Merritt, U. S. A., American commander-in-chief in the
+Philippines, and His Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes,
+acting general-in-chief of the Spanish army in the Philippines,
+have agreed upon the following:</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate
+with the city and defences, with all honours of war,
+depositing their arms in the places designated by the
+authorities of the United States, remaining in the
+quarters designated and under the orders of their
+officers and subject to control of the aforesaid United
+States authorities, until the conclusion of a treaty of
+peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons
+included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the
+officers remaining in their respective homes, which
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name="Pg343" id="Pg343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>shall be respected as long as they observe the regulations
+prescribed for their government and the laws
+enforced.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses,
+and private property. All public horses and public
+property of all kinds shall be turned over to staff
+officers designated by the United States.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation,
+and full lists of public property and stores shall
+be rendered to the United States within ten days from
+this date.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the
+officers and men of the Spanish forces and of their
+families, and of the expense which said repatriation
+may occasion, shall be referred to the government of
+the United States at Washington. Spanish families
+may leave Manila at any time convenient to them.
+The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish
+forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or
+when the Americans evacuate.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“5. Officers and men included in the capitulation
+shall be supplied by the United States according to
+rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though they
+were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty
+of peace between the United States and Spain. All
+the funds in the Spanish treasury and all other public
+funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the
+United States.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and
+reli<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>gious worship, its educational establishments, and its
+private property of all description, are placed under
+the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the
+American army.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">F. V. Greene</span></span>,<br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">B. P. Lamberton</span></span>,<br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Captain U. S. Navy</span></span>.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles A. Whittier</span></span>,
+    <br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General</span></span>.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">E. H. Crowder</span></span>,
+    <br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate</span></span>.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nicholas de la Pena</span></span>,
+    <br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Auditor-General’s excts.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carlos Reyeo</span></span>,
+    <br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Colonel de Ingenieros</span></span>.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jose Maria Olquen</span></span>,
+    <br />“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-style: italic">Felia de Estado Majors</span></span>.</div>
+    <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">(Signed) “<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Merritt.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"><div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hongkong</span></span></span>, August 20th.</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adjutant-General, Washington</span></span>:—Cablegram of the
+twelfth directing operations to be suspended received
+afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish commander notified.
+Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date, containing
+proclamation of President.</span>
+</p>
+    <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Merritt.</span></span>”</div>
+
+</div></div>
+<a name="ill61" id="ill61" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill61.jpg" alt="MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT." title="MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</span></div></div>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg 345]</span><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a><a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a><a name="chap17" id="chap17" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVII.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">PEACE.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three
+o’clock in the afternoon, the French ambassador,
+M. Cambon, accompanied by his first secretary, called at
+the White House, the interview having been previously
+arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been
+given. With the President at the time was Secretary
+of State Day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing
+the diplomatic interests of the kingdom of Spain, <span class="tei tei-q">“with
+whom at the present time the United States is unhappily
+engaged in hostilities,”</span> he had been directed by
+the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on
+what terms the United States would agree to a suspension
+of hostilities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain,
+realising the hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that
+she was unable to cope with the great power of her
+adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation of
+the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life
+and result in great misery to her people, on the ground
+of humanity appealed to the President to consider a
+proposition for peace.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>fight to vindicate her honour, and having vindicated it,
+having fought bravely and been conquered by a more
+powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the
+victor to bring the war to an end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President’s reply showed that he was responsive
+to the appeal. He was evidently moved by the almost
+pathetic position which the once proud nation of Spain
+had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well
+under control and behaved with great dignity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President frankly admitted that he was desirous
+of peace, that he would welcome a cessation of hostilities,
+but he delicately intimated that if Spain were
+really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer
+such terms as could be accepted by the United States.
+The President asked the French ambassador if he had
+been instructed to formally propose terms, or make any
+offer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed,
+that his instructions were to ask on what
+terms it would be possible to make peace.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered
+by the Cabinet, and a formal answer returned at the
+earliest possible moment. The French ambassador
+thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with
+expressions of good-will on both sides, the historical
+interview was brought to a close.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the
+United States was delivered to the ambassador of France,
+and, in plain words, it was substantially as follows:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page347">[pg 347]</span><a name="Pg347" id="Pg347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President does not now put forward any claim
+for pecuniary indemnity, but requires the relinquishment
+of all claim of sovereignty over or title to the
+island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by
+Spain of the island, the cession to the United States
+and immediate evacuation of Porto Rico and other
+islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies,
+and the like cession of an island in the Ladrones.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay,
+and harbour of Manila, pending the conclusion of a
+treaty of peace, which shall determine the control,
+disposition, and government of the Philippines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety,
+it is stated that the commissioners will be named
+by the United States to meet commissioners on the part
+of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace
+on the basis above indicated.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally
+begun between the United States and Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few minutes before four o’clock, in the midst of a
+drenching rain, M. Cambon, the French ambassador,
+attended by his secretary, entered the White House.
+They were immediately ushered to the library, where
+the President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant
+Secretaries of State Moore, Adee, and Cridler were
+awaiting them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who
+returned the salutation with equal warmth, and then
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name="Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>shook hands with Secretary Day and the Assistant
+Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the
+French ambassador were discussing the weather,—and
+Washington has seldom known such a rain-storm as that
+which engulfed the city while peace was being signed,—M.
+Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were
+comparing the two copies of the protocol to see that
+they corresponded, and were identical in form.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in
+French and English. In the copy retained by the
+American government the English text is in the first
+column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to
+Madrid, the French text leads the paper.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol
+correct, Judge Day and the French ambassador moved
+over to the table to affix their signatures. Mr. Cridler
+lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression
+on the protocols.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The striking of the match caused the French ambassador
+to stop, feel in his pocket, and then remember
+that he had come away from his embassy without his
+seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to
+seal such an important document with anything else
+but the ambassador’s personal seal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A note was hastily written, and one of the White
+House messengers dashed out into the rain, and went
+to the French embassy. Until his return the distinguished
+party in the White House library continued to
+discuss the weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name="Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rain would cease falling. In a few minutes the messenger
+returned. The ambassador drew from a small
+box his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to
+the table. The American copy of the protocol was
+placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then
+handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed
+his signature and seal.
+</p>
+    <a name="ill62" id="ill62" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 100%; text-align: center"><img src="images/ill62.jpg" alt="DON CARLOS." title="DON CARLOS." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em"><span style="font-size: 75%">DON CARLOS.</span></div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The second copy was then laid before the ambassador,
+who signed, and in turn handed back the pen to Judge
+Day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and
+last, and with the last stroke of his pen hostilities
+ceased.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+STATES OF AMERICA.</span></h3>
+
+<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">A PROCLAMATION.</span></span></h3>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, by a protocol concluded and signed August
+12, 1898, by Wm. R. Day, Secretary of State of the
+United States, and His Excellency Jules Cambon,
+Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the
+Republic of France, at Washington, respectively representing
+for this purpose the government of the United
+States and the government of Spain, the governments
+of the United States and Spain have formally agreed
+upon the terms on which negotiations for the establishment
+of peace between the two countries shall be
+undertaken; and,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Whereas</span></span>, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its
+conclusion and signature hostilities between the two
+countries shall be suspended, and that notice to that
+effect shall be given as soon as possible by each government
+to the commanders of its military and naval
+forces;
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of
+the United States, do, in accordance with the stipulations
+of the protocol, declare and proclaim on the part
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name="Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do
+hereby command that orders be immediately given
+through the proper channels to the commanders of the
+military and naval forces of the United States to
+abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand
+and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of
+August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
+hundred and ninety-eight, and of the Independence of
+the United States the one hundred and twenty-third.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William McKinley.</span></span></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">By the President,
+<br /><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William R. Day,
+</span><br /><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Secretary of State</span></span>.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-trailer" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 2.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">THE END.</span></span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        </div></div>
+        <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">            
+                
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page353">[pg 353]</span><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a><a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">APPENDICES</span></h1>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page355">[pg 355]</span><a name="Pg355" id="Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">APPENDICES.</span></h1>
+                <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a><a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a><a name="appa" id="appa" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+                    <h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">APPENDIX A.</span></h2>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The number of islands in the Philippine group are
+believed to be upwards of fourteen hundred, with an
+aggregate land area (estimated on Domann’s map) of not less
+than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia, extending
+from 40° 40′ to 20° north latitude, and from 116° 40′
+to 126° 30′ east longitude.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March
+12, 1521, and named by him the St. Lazarus Islands. The
+discoverer was a Portuguese, who had sought service under
+Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the court of
+his own country.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493,
+which was then universally recognised as law, the earth was
+divided into two hemispheres. All lands thereafter discovered
+in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to belong
+to Portugal; all the Western to Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal’s
+rights, but as the use of the log and the variation of the
+compass were unknown, an error of fifty-two degrees in
+longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were given
+on the basis of that error.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By whom the name of Philippines was given to the
+archipelago it is impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to
+have been used for the first time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton,
+and piña fibres cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse
+pottery, and musical instruments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region
+of the typhoon, and have three seasons,—the cold, the hot,
+and the wet. The first extends from November to February
+or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather than cold.
+The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat
+becomes very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly
+monsoon. Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur
+during May and June. The wet season begins with heavy
+rains, known by the natives as <span class="tei tei-q">“collas,”</span> and until the end of
+October the downpour is excessive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the
+Philippines to affect the style adopted in the erection of
+buildings; in 1874, for instance, they were very numerous
+throughout the archipelago, and in Manila and the adjacent
+provinces shocks were felt daily for several weeks. The
+most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred
+in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was
+immense, both in the capital and in other important towns
+of central Luzon.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations
+of the mountains give a range of climate that allows the
+production of a great variety of valuable crops. Tobacco,
+sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples produced. The
+swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the
+dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species.
+Rich deposits of gold are known to exist, but have been
+little developed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To quote from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue des Deux Mondes</span></span> of Paris:
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page357">[pg 357]</span><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras,
+Malays, Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards,
+Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and other tribes. The Negritos
+(little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than a great many
+of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in
+isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining
+four feet nine inches in height, and with small, retreating
+skulls. This race forms a branch equal in importance to
+the Papuan. It is believed to be the first race inhabiting
+the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except
+in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed
+by the stronger races, and the result in the archipelago has
+been the formation of several tribes of half-breeds numbering
+considerably more than half a million. Side by side
+with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras,
+a cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate
+descendants of the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by
+the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in 1411. Then come the
+Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by their
+Sultan and their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">datos</span></span>, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty
+of the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The soil is fully sufficient—indeed, more than sufficient—to
+support this population, whose wants are of the most
+limited character. The land is exceedingly fertile and bears
+in abundance all tropical products, particularly rice, sugar,
+and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The fibres of
+the abaca are employed in making the finest and most
+delicate fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars’
+worth are exported annually. The exports of sugar amount
+to about four millions and a half, of gold to two millions
+and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to a million
+and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It
+forms the staple food of the people, and nearly three million
+dollars’ worth is imported yearly. The husbandman cannot
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>complain that his toil is inadequately rewarded. A rice
+plantation will yield a return of at least fifteen per cent.; if
+he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise thirty per
+cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour
+is very low. An adult who gains a <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">real fuerte</span></span> (about thirteen
+cents) a day, thinks he is doing well.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners,
+and traditions are so often in collision, the religious
+fanaticism of the Spaniards has, more than once, come into
+conflict with a fanaticism fully as fierce as that of the Mussulman.
+At a distance of six thousand leagues from Toledo
+and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European
+Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless
+antagonism that swayed them in the days of the Cid and
+Ferdinand the Catholic. The island of Sulu, on account of
+its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the commercial,
+political, and religious centre of the followers of the
+Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre
+they spread over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded
+as merciless pirates and unflinching fanatics, they scattered
+everywhere terror, ruin, and death, sailing in their light
+proas up the narrow channels and animated with implacable
+hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never
+gave quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly
+beaten in pitched battle, they as constantly took
+again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the heavy Spanish
+vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one
+could follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising
+the villages, massacring the old men, leading away the
+women and the adults into slavery, pushing the audacious
+prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles
+of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand
+captives.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg 359]</span><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the struggle was unequal, but it did not last the less long on
+that account, nor, obscure though it was, was it the less
+bloody. On both sides there was the same bravery, the
+same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge
+these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not
+until after a conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish
+squadron was able to bring its broadside to bear on
+Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates, land a division of
+troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town and its
+inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it.
+The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a
+new city on the smoking ruins. This city is protected
+by a strong garrison. For a time, at least, it was all over
+with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which was
+exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the
+rovers of the seas succeeded the organisation known as
+<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentados</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their
+contempt of death. They have transmitted it with their
+blood to the Polynesians, who see in it only one of the
+multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of existence,
+and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference.
+Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a
+mat, while in perfect health, and without any symptom of
+disease whatever, and there wait patiently for the end, convinced
+that it is near, and refuse all nourishment and die
+without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of him,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He feels he is going to die,”</span> and the imaginary patient
+dies, his mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious
+idea, some invisible wound through which life escapes.
+When to this absolute indifference to death is united
+Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a glimpse
+of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited
+senses revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a
+long<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ing for extinction takes hold of him and throws him like a
+wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them and gladly invites
+their daggers in return. The <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentado</span></span> kills for the sake
+of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for
+a life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence
+promised by Mahomet to his followers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of
+his creditor, and not only the man himself, but his family
+also are enslaved. To free them there is only one means
+left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life. Reduced to
+this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable
+oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks
+of the <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentados</span></span>, and has nothing to do but await the
+hour when the will of his superior shall let him loose upon
+the Christians. Meanwhile the <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">panditas</span></span>, or priests, subject
+him to a system of enthusiastic excitement that will turn
+him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They
+madden his already disordered brain, they make still more
+supple his oily limbs, until they have the strength of steel
+and the nervous force of the tiger or panther. They sing
+to him their rhythmic impassioned chants, which show to
+his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating
+houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the
+gleam of the moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual
+energies of the eternally young and beautiful companions
+who are calling him, opening their arms to receive
+him. Thus prepared, the <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentado</span></span> is ready for everything.
+Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil.
+He will accomplish prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten
+times he will remain on his feet, will strike back, borne
+along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until the moment
+when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions
+into the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that
+he will never leave it, but he knows also that he will not die
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page361">[pg 361]</span><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>alone, and he has but one aim,—to butcher as many
+Christians as he can.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission
+to the Philippines by the French government, describes the
+entry of eleven <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentados</span></span> into Tianggi. Divided into
+three or four bands, they managed to get through the gates
+of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle which
+they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had
+hidden their creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed
+the guards, then, in their frenzied course, they struck all
+whom they met.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hearing the cry of <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">Los juramentados!</span></span>”</span> the soldiers
+seized their arms. The <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentados</span></span> rushed on them fearlessly,
+their creeses clutched in their hands. The bullets
+fell like hail among them. They bent, crept, glided, and
+struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through
+and through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the
+troops. He was again transfixed by a bayonet; he remained
+erect, vainly trying to reach his enemy, who held
+him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up
+and blow the man’s brains out before he let go his prey.
+When the last of the <span lang="es" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="es"><span style="font-style: italic">juramentados</span></span> had fallen, and the corpses
+were picked up from the street which consternation had
+rendered empty, it was found that these eleven men had,
+with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not to
+reckon the wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And what wounds!”</span> exclaims Doctor Montano; <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+head of one corpse is cut off as clean as if it had been done
+with the sharpest razor; another soldier is almost cut in
+two! The first of the wounded to come under my hands
+was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting
+guard at the gate through which some of the assassins
+entered. His left arm was fractured in three places; his
+shoulder and breast were literally cut up like mince-meat;
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in
+that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which
+could be cut a shred.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been
+Spanish rule on most of the islands of this vast archipelago.
+In the interior of the great island of Mindanao there is no
+system of control, no pretence even of maintaining order.
+It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and cruelty.
+There murder is a regular institution. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bagani</span></span>, or man of
+might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The
+number is carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bagani</span></span> alone possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban.
+All the batos, or chiefs, are <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">baganis</span></span>. It is carnage organised,
+honoured, and consecrated; and so the depopulation is
+frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">baganis</span></span> by perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their
+aerial abodes do not always shelter them from their enemies.
+They build a hut on a trunk from forty to fifty feet in height,
+and huddle together in it to pass the night, and to be in
+sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">baganis</span></span>
+generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin
+their attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour
+to set on fire the bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers
+form a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">testudo</span></span>, like the ancient Romans, with their locked
+shields, and advance under cover up to the posts, which
+they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down
+showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition
+is exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to
+do but witness, as impotent spectators, the work of destruction,
+until the moment comes when their habitation topples
+over and falls. Then the captives are divided among the
+assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are
+cut off, and the women and children are led away as slaves.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this
+Malay race. The missionaries alone venture to travel
+among these ferocious tribes. They, too, have made the
+sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth nothing, they
+have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in
+evangelising and converting them. They work for God
+and for their country, and the poorest and most wretched
+among the natives are not unwilling to accept the faith and
+to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on their
+leaving their homes and going to another district, to which,
+for many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After
+several days’ journey a pueblo is founded. These villages
+have multiplied for many years past, forming oases of comparative
+peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by which
+they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek
+a shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds,
+the less exposed it is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano
+gives a very striking account of one of these daring missionaries,
+Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society of Jesus,
+who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred
+people.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the
+Philippine group. Their area exceeds that of Great Britain.
+Pine and fir-trees are abundant. Large areas are suitable
+for wheat. There are eight ports open to commerce. The
+principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars,
+coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual
+value of the sugar output was $30,000,000. Now it is
+almost nothing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The population of the islands is about eight million, of
+which more than three million are in Luzon, the insurgent
+stronghold.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were
+subject to a governor-general with supreme powers, assisted
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>by a <span class="tei tei-q">‘junta of authorities’</span> instituted in 1850, and consisting
+of the archbishop, the commander of the forces, the admiral,
+the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central junta of
+agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and
+a council of administration. In the provinces and districts
+the chief power is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military
+governors. The chief magistrate of a commune
+is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain; the native who
+is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a certain
+group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian
+between the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was
+forced to pay tribute to the amount of $1.17, descendants of
+the first Christians of Cebu, new converts, gobernadorcillos,
+etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to special taxes,
+and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes
+were required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an
+area of 40,885 square miles, and on which is situated the
+city of Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports
+for 1880, is in the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs
+from 250,000 to 300,000.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the
+eastern shore of a circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference.
+It looks like a fragment of Spain transplanted to
+the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and convents, even
+on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863,
+time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the
+mother country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy,
+stretches interminably along its gloomy streets, bordered
+with convents whose flat façades are only broken here and
+there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a new
+city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called
+the Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg 365]</span><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>city is alive with its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala
+women, shod in high-heeled shoes, and every nerve in their
+bodies quivering with excitement. They are almost all
+employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output
+inundates all Asia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,—Europeans,
+Chinese, Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some
+260,000 people of every known race and of every known
+colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto, carriages
+and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians
+swarm in crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously
+picturesque square, lit up by the slanting rays of
+the setting sun, which purples the lofty peaks of the Sierra
+de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long, luminous train
+on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the
+sombre verdure of the city’s sloping banks. This is the
+hour when all the inhabitants hold high festival, able at
+length to breathe freely after the heat of the noontide.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive
+taxation by Spain to raise money to carry on the war in
+Cuba. The islands were already overburdened with assessments
+to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the native
+poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last
+straw.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived
+from Spain with reinforcements. He did not undertake to
+penetrate the mountains, but massacred the native population
+in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del Laguna
+he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in
+the mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with
+fury, but they were helpless.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten
+thousand dead prisoners had been taken from prison in a
+year.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name="Pg366" id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Three years ago it cost the government a little more than
+half a cent to collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it
+now costs ninety-five cents. The only taxes that can be
+profitably collected are those in Manila. The rich islands of
+Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically nothing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and
+Leyte. About one year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists
+appealed to the government at Washington to
+interfere in their behalf. The petition was received and
+filed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the
+heat is so intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat
+apoplexy. Even the Spaniards do their business in the early
+hours, whiling away the heat of the day in sleep. Late in
+the afternoon Manila begins to awaken.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers
+of all ranks and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like
+behind his ear. Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled
+hooded cabriolets peculiar to the natives, crowd the roadway,
+together with the buggies and open carriages of the
+foreign element.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand
+of employees turn out into the streets. They form a
+motley yet effective feature among the wayfarers. The Malay
+girls are usually very pretty, with languishing eyes, shaded
+by long lashes, and supple figures, whose graceful lines are
+revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their bare
+feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet
+weather they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates
+a very becoming swinging of the hips.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better
+classes affect lace and flowers, those of the lower wear their
+own hair flowing down their backs, in a long, blue-black
+wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman sparkles
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page367">[pg 367]</span><a name="Pg367" id="Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males
+are similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen
+for a cent are in chief favour with the natives. Cigars
+at $1.50 a hundred are in favour with the foreigners. The
+handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are mostly bachelors,
+eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter
+surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large
+house at Sampalog, which is club and boarding-house combined,
+or in <span class="tei tei-q">“chummeries,”</span> established in adjacent buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under
+three religious groups,—the infidels, who have held to their
+ancient heathen rights, the Moors, who retain the Mahometan
+religion of their first conquerors, and the infinitely
+larger class of Catholics.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An important, though numerically small, element in the
+population of the larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds,
+the result of admixture either between the Chinese
+or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos occupy
+about the same social position as the mulattos of the United
+States. But they are the richest and most enterprising
+among the native population.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The most important personage is the cura, or parish
+priest. He is in most instances a Spaniard by birth, and
+enrolled in one or other of the three great religious orders,
+Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established by the
+conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if
+not more, of a native than the natives themselves. He is
+bound for life to the land of his adoption. He has no social
+or domestic tie, no anticipated home return, to bind him to
+any other place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday
+resort in a Philippine village is the cock-pit, usually a
+large building wattled like a coarse basket and surrounded
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span><a name="Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>by a high paling of the same description, which forms a sort
+of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to
+come upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in
+arranging a satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a
+respectable Malay father has been seen escaping from amid
+the ruins of his burning home bearing away in his arms his
+favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift for
+themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly,
+with their gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They
+eschew opium and spirituous liquors. Their chief sustenance,
+morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice crop seldom
+fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a
+large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow
+which broods over so many a rice-subsisting population, is
+unknown here. Even scarcity is of rare occurrence. In the
+worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be imported.
+It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what
+the world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of
+the tropics, limits his labour by the measure of his requirements,
+and that measure is narrow indeed. Hence it is often
+difficult to obtain his services in the development of the tobacco,
+coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which might make
+the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
+portions of the earth’s face.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The
+English were its captors, although they held it only a few
+months. It was in 1762, a few weeks after the English
+capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to side
+with France in the war usually known in this country as the
+French and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel
+William Draper; he was made a brigadier-general for the
+expedition and put in command, with Admiral Cornish as
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg 369]</span><a name="Pg369" id="Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and frigates,
+several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
+including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked
+just south of Manila. The Archbishop of Manila, who was
+also governor-general of the island, collected and armed
+some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
+Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of
+the siege some daring attempts were made by the British to
+prevent the further construction of defences, but the assailants
+were repulsed with great slaughter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives,
+who <span class="tei tei-q">“ran furiously on the ranks of the besiegers and fought
+with almost incredible ferocity, and many of them died, like
+wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the bayonets by
+which they were transfixed.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works,
+the English carried the city by storm, and gave it up for
+several hours to the ravages of a merciless soldiery. The
+Archbishop and his officers had retired to the citadel, but
+this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
+upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several
+ships and the military stores, were surrendered, while for
+their private property the Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom
+$2,000,000 in coin, and the same in bills on the treasury
+at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name="Pg370" id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a><a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a><a name="appb" id="appb" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">APPENDIX B.</span></h2>
+
+    <h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><a name="corr370" id="corr370" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a><span class="tei tei-corr" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">WAR-SHIPS</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%"> AND SIGNALS.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are ten principal classes of vessels in the
+United States navy, distinguished one from another
+by the differences in their uses and by their strength and
+speed. The general principle underlying their construction is
+that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of her
+own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel
+which is inferior in armament, and has no compensating
+superiority in speed, is outclassed. The same is true of any
+vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in speed to
+an adversary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement.
+This displacement is the number of tons of water she will
+push aside to make room for herself. A vessel of ten thousand
+tons will take engines of a certain weight and power to
+drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the
+larger the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required.
+Now, if it is necessary to give this vessel heavy protective
+armour and big guns, the additional weight of this equipment
+must be saved somewhere else, and usually in the
+engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following
+out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships
+carry the lightest armament, and that those which carry the
+biggest guns in their batteries and the thickest armour on
+their sides are comparatively slow, the extreme variation
+among vessels of the same displacement being about eight
+or nine miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg 371]</span><a name="Pg371" id="Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished
+by the number and weight of the guns they carry,
+and by the distribution and thickness of their armour.
+Protective armour is of two kinds, that which surrounds the
+guns, so as to protect them from the enemy’s fire, and that
+which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent
+the engines from being rendered useless.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of
+speed are to be found in the first-class battle-ship, which is
+simply a floating fortress, so constructed that she need
+never run away, but can stand up and fight as long as her
+gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a
+battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines
+with a wall of Harveyized steel armour eighteen
+inches or so thick, and seven or eight feet high, which
+extends about four feet below the water-line and three feet
+above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the
+ship, but is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in
+front of and behind the space occupied by the engines and
+magazines, and the whole affair is covered with a solid steel
+roof three or four inches thick. Outside this central fortress,
+and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at
+each end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick,
+which is placed several feet below the water-line. Everything
+above this deck and outside this fortress might be
+shot away, and the vessel would still float and fight.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing
+the big guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre,
+weigh about sixty tons each, and will carry a shell weighing
+eleven hundred pounds about twelve miles. The turrets
+are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns, and
+are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen
+inches thick. They revolve within a barbette or ring of
+steel eighteen inches thick, which protects the machinery by
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which the guns are trained. Farther back on the roof of
+the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch
+steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are
+stationed rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by
+thinner armour than that of the main belt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving
+nothing but the turrets with the big guns, and these are
+brought down close to the water, and the armour belt is
+reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the type of
+vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a
+battle-ship on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow
+and cannot stand rough weather, on account of their low
+freeboard. The speed of the monitors is seldom more than
+twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended to
+act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries.
+The best types in the navy are the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> and the
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Puritan</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an
+hour. The best specimen in the navy is the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, declared
+by its admirers to be the most powerful battle-ship
+afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Texas</span></span>, are smaller
+vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they have
+a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not
+carry so heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The
+<span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Maine</span></span> was a second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns
+were of 10-inch calibre; her armour was twelve inches thick,
+and her turrets were eight inches thick only.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first step in reducing the armament from that of the
+battle-ship proper, at the same time increasing the speed,
+produces the armoured cruiser. This type of vessel may
+carry no guns of more than 8-inch calibre, and the armour
+belt is reduced to three or four inches in thickness. Instead
+of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck is carried
+all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page373">[pg 373]</span><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle
+it is three inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they
+slope abruptly to below the water-line. Between these
+sloping sides and the thin armour belt coal is stored, so
+that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt, six or
+eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches
+thick, the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal
+to a solid horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship,
+because it could not accomplish anything with its 8-inch
+guns against the 18-inch armour of its heavier rival, while
+one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a battle-ship
+or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat.
+For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship,
+so that she can run away, and the weight that is saved
+in the armour belt and big guns is therefore put into the
+engine-room. The average speed of an armoured cruiser is
+about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of this
+class in the navy are probably the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">New York</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some vessels, like the Spaniard <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>, are about half
+way between a battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy
+guns of the former and the speed of the latter. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vizcaya</span></span>,
+although a cruiser, carried 11-inch guns with a 12-inch
+armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The next step in reducing armament and increasing
+speed, produced the protected cruiser, which carries no
+armour belt, but retains the protective deck, upon the
+sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The turrets
+disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch
+gun, the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire
+guns and 6, 4, and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel
+is not able to cope with the armoured cruiser, it must be
+faster, for the general principle holds good that the weaker
+the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or defensive
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span><a name="Pg374" id="Pg374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to
+run away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the
+navy may be found in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbia</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Minneapolis</span></span>, which
+have a speed of about twenty-seven miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected
+cruisers, which have neither armour-belt nor protective deck,
+and carry only light batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these
+vessels are slow, like the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Detroit</span></span>, they are intended for long
+voyages and for duty in foreign countries, and are of little
+use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected cruiser, like
+the American line steamers, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Paul</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Louis</span></span>, attach
+little importance to their armament, and rely for protection
+upon stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the
+armour belt in other vessels. All the beautiful wood-work,
+which was so much admired in these vessels, was ripped
+out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are sufficient
+to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns.
+On account of their extreme weakness as fighters, these
+cruisers are necessarily the fastest of all the large vessels,
+and can run away from anything. For this reason no
+concern was felt for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris</span></span> by those who knew the
+principles which govern the safety of modern vessels.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight
+with any but vessels of their own class, which they may
+encounter in the discharge of similar duties, such as scouring
+the seas as the advance guard of the slower line of
+battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels,
+blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships.
+Gunboats are simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended
+for use in shallow waters and rivers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely
+upon the torpedo as the weapon of attack, and they carry
+no guns except a very few light-calibre rapid-fires to keep
+off small boats. Their success depends on their ability
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg 375]</span><a name="Pg375" id="Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo, and
+retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their
+great requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Porter</span></span> can speed
+thirty-two miles an hour. Naval experts consider their bark
+worse than their bite, because, with the modern system of
+lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and rapidity
+of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat
+to get within range without exposing itself to instant
+destruction, and after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a
+serious repulse, it is believed that it would be almost
+impossible to get the crews to go into action again.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief,
+does not carry any heavy guns, but depends on its great
+speed and its ability to cripple a torpedo-boat with its
+6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy’s tubes.
+All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves,
+so that they can be used against the enemy’s battle-ships or
+cruisers if the occasion offers. The fastest boat in the
+United States navy is the destroyer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bailey</span></span>, which can steam
+thirty-four miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may
+depend on keeping open communication between the different
+vessels of the squadron engaged. Owing to the fact
+that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by the
+smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval
+experts have been kept busy devising some method by which
+the flag-ship can communicate with the other vessels of the
+squadron at all times and under all conditions. So far
+nothing has been put in general service which meets this
+demand, but lately there have been experiments with the
+telephone, which, it is said, can be used without wires, by
+which signals can be projected by a vibrator on one vessel
+against a receiver on another. The Navy Department is
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>keeping the details of this new system carefully to itself, as
+it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our
+own ships of battle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The present method of communication is by the use of
+flags representing numerals which are displayed in the rigging;
+by the use of the Ardois system of lights for night
+work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and by the use
+of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that
+the enemy should not read the message, the signal books on
+board a vessel are protected with the greatest care, and are
+destroyed along with the cipher code whenever it is seen that
+capture is inevitable. The semaphore system in use in the
+British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our vessels,
+but it never became popular, and has been abandoned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is
+looked up in the code-book and its corresponding number is
+obtained. This number is never more than four figures, on
+account of the necessity of setting the signal with the least
+delay. The number having been obtained, the quartermaster
+in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the
+flags representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as
+to read from the top down. These flags represent the numerals
+from one to nine and cipher, and there is a triangular
+pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a combination
+where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to
+those found in the general signal-book, in which are printed
+all the words, phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an
+order, make an inquiry, indicate a geographical position, or
+signal a compass course. Answering, interrogatory, preparatory,
+and geographical pennants form part of this code; also
+telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left
+flying until the vessel to which the message has been sent
+signifies that it is understood by hoisting what is called the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page377">[pg 377]</span><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>answering pennant. If the number hoisted by the flag-ship
+is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left flying
+until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is
+pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood
+as the command for the execution of the movement
+just communicated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate
+with a merchant vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging
+to a foreign country. For this purpose the international
+code is also carried in the signal-chest. These signals are
+those in general use by all the merchant navies of the
+world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen
+flags and a code pennant, corresponding to the consonants
+of the alphabet, omitting x and z. The code pennant
+is also used with these signals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of
+night signals, with which all our vessels carrying an electric
+plant are fitted, is employed. These signals consist essentially
+of five groups of double lamps, the two lamps in each
+group containing incandescent electric lamps, and showing
+white and red respectively. By the combination of these
+lights letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word,
+and hence an order, can be spelled out for the guidance of
+the ships of the squadron. These lamps are suspended on
+a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a keyboard from the
+upper bridge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not
+fitted with electric lighting, Very’s night signals are used.
+This set includes the implements for firing and recharging
+the signals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The latter show green and red stars on being projected
+from pistols made for them. The combination in various
+ways is used to express the numbers from one to nine and
+cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits, contained in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span><a name="Pg378" id="Pg378" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is
+employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are
+employed. The official flag is a red field with a small white
+square in the centre; the unofficial flag is the same with the
+colours reversed. The operator, having attracted the attention
+of the ship which is to be signalled by waving the flag
+or torch from right to left, transmits his message by motions
+right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of
+the alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four
+motions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes
+used. The rays of the sun are thrown by a system of
+mirrors to the point with which it is desired to communicate,
+and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making dots
+and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system
+is used only when operations ashore are going on, as the
+rolling of the ship would prevent the concentration of the
+sun’s rays.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The present systems of flag signalling are products of
+experience in the past, and are the natural growth of the
+cruder flag system in use during the War of 1812, and in
+the Civil War. There have been some changes in the construction
+of flags, and the scope of communication has been
+enlarged, but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much
+the same way as we do now. Of course the Ardois light
+signal is something very modern. In old times they communicated
+at night either with coloured lights or by torches,
+and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the
+process was by means of flashes (representing numbers in
+the signal book), and it was long and tedious.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg 379]</span><a name="Pg379" id="Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a><a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a><a name="appc" id="appc" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">APPENDIX C.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">SANTIAGO DE CUBA.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern
+coast of Cuba, second only to Havana in its strategic
+and political importance, and is the capital of the eastern
+department, as well as its most flourishing seaport.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action
+where American heroism was displayed, is thus described by
+Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his entertaining work on Cuba:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but,
+looking landward, nothing is seen but the same continuous
+mountains which we have had for the last twelve hours, except
+where, low down on the shore, there seems to be a slight
+opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently,
+some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half
+hour more we discover the small opening to be the entrance
+to a valley, and the dwelling-house to be the fort of the
+Cabanas. Still, no town and no harbour; and yet ahead
+we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking old castle,
+with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated
+walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves
+dashing at their base. That is the Morro Castle, which,
+with the battery of Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella,
+and the above named Cabanas, commands the approaches
+to the harbour and town of Cuba.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered
+along it the remains of several vessels, whose captains,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in trying to escape from the dangers of the storm, have
+vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour, and the bleaching
+timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter
+there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we
+are up to the castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us
+into a narrow channel and past the Morro and the battery
+adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as big as himself,
+hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find ourselves
+in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains
+are seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town,
+and no place where there will likely be one; but now a turn
+to the right, and there, rising from the water’s side almost to
+the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago de Cuba, with its
+red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of
+its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a
+brilliant foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie
+behind the city....</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside,
+to the high plain called the Campo del Marte, the city of
+Santiago reaches in its highest point 160 feet above the
+level of the sea, and commands from almost any portion
+superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic
+ranges of mountains that surround it. With a population
+of about fifty thousand inhabitants, it has regularly laid out
+streets and well-built houses of stone in most portions of
+the city; though being built as it is on the side of a hill,
+many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and from
+the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks,
+are anything but an agreeable promenade.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered
+the conqueror of the island, who landed here in that
+year on his first voyage; and it was from here that Juan de
+Grijalva, in 1518, started on his expedition for the conquest
+of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes, who,
+how<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg 381]</span><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ever, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called
+then), now Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of <span class="tei tei-q">‘City’</span>
+and <span class="tei tei-q">‘Bishopric’</span> were bestowed upon the town, having
+been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where they had
+been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European
+settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca,
+first bishop of the island, arrived and established here his
+headquarters.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his
+expedition for the conquest of Florida, where he met his
+fate and found a tomb.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly
+one thousand men, having been authorised, in addition to
+the command of his Florida expedition, to assume that of
+the whole island of Cuba.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French
+arquebusiers, who took possession of it until a ransom of
+$80,000 was paid, the invaders remaining nearly a month in
+the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent were the attacks
+of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was almost
+depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo,
+some distance in the interior.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake,
+the Bishop Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana,
+and almost all the diocesans, as well as the ecclesiastical
+chapter, did the same, which action created great excitement,
+the superior governor and chief of the island opposing it.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be
+made into a cathedral, through the efforts of the prelate,
+Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by the captain-general,
+Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief
+and all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession
+to curse and stone his house.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>by a squadron of fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose
+people landed at the place now known as the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Aguadores,’</span>
+and to the number of eight hundred men marched without
+opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after
+repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders,
+it appears, partook freely of the church-bells, carried
+off the guns from the forts, took charge of the slaves, and
+not finding the valuables they anticipated, which had been
+carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their disappointment,
+blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the
+cathedral, remaining nearly a month in possession of the
+city.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now
+known as the Morro was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and
+at the same time the fortresses of Santa Catalina, La Punta,
+and La Estrella.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+    <span class="tei tei-q">“In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city
+was ruined by earthquakes, more than one hundred persons
+being killed.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The town has the honour of having for its first mayor,
+or <span class="tei tei-q">‘alcalde,’</span> Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the
+remains of Diego Velasquez, the first explorer and conqueror,
+were buried there in the old cathedral. It is related
+in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November,
+1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the
+broken slab of his tomb was found, seven and a half feet
+under ground, the inscription upon which is illegible, with
+the exception of a few Latin words giving name and date.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg 383]</span><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a><a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a><a name="appd" id="appd" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">APPENDIX D.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">PORTO RICO.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November,
+1493. In 1510 Ponce de Leon founded the town
+of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as Pureto
+Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan
+Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native
+inhabitants were soon subdued and swept away. In 1595
+the capital was sacked by Drake, and in 1598 by the Earl
+of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman,
+lost his life in an attack on the Castello del <a name="corr383" id="corr383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">Morro</span>. The
+attempt of the English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful,
+and Abercrombie, in 1797, had to retire after a three
+days’ strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward the
+declaration of independence on the part of the Porto
+Ricans, but Spanish supremacy was completely reëstablished
+by 1823. The last traces of slavery were abolished
+in 1873.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island,
+saving that it is well fortified, for it is the coolest, the
+healthiest port, with thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour,
+and twenty-eight feet of water alongside the coal wharves.
+It is the only port on the island with fortifications. There
+are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but outside of the
+eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few
+fighting men on the island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in fighting by those who know them, and are almost all
+Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up of the best of
+the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto
+Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless
+they please, and very few of them please.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del
+Morro fortress is at the entrance of the harbour. It is
+the principal defence from the sea, and has three rows of
+batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the city,
+which lies at the back of it, but communication between the
+city and fort is had by a tunnel.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad.
+There are some notable exceptions. There is a splendid
+road built by the Spanish government from Ponce to San
+Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and a young Porto
+Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his
+bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road
+from Guayama, meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been
+recently finished. The scenery is the most beautiful in the
+West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are all over the
+island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants everywhere
+abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild
+animals of any kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other
+tropical fruits thrive in Porto Rico, but they are not specially
+cultivated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some years ago a railway around the island was projected,
+but only three sections have been built. There is one to
+the north from San Juan to Camuy, one on the west from
+Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south from Yauco
+to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from
+San Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their
+journey by stage-coaches, one from Camuy to Aguadilla,
+and one from Mayaguez to Yauco.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page385">[pg 385]</span><a name="Pg385" id="Pg385" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>has almost thirty thousand. There are many towns of
+between twelve thousand and thirty thousand people. The
+buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few three-story
+buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples
+of modern construction.
+</p>
+
+</div><hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a><a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a><a name="appe" id="appe" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">APPENDIX E.</span></h2>
+
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance
+east of Santiago, is Guantanamo, or Cumberland
+Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of water, with a
+narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve
+miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and
+high hills on the north and east.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Five miles from the entrance is the little town of
+Caimanera, from which runs a railroad to the town of
+Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its terminus at the
+town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles
+of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to
+be fully protected from the wind. For vessels drawing
+twenty-four feet or less there are about two more square
+miles of harbourage.
+</p>    
+</div>
+            </div> 
+            <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+            
+                
+                
+                    <hr class="doublepage" /><div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+                        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+                        <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#appa" class="tei tei-ref">Appendix, Part A</a>, for general description of the Philippine
+Islands and their inhabitants.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#appb" class="tei tei-ref">Appendix B</a> for types of war-ships and methods of signalling
+while in action.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#appa" class="tei tei-ref">Appendix A</a> for description of Manila.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap10" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter X</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">For types of war-ships see <a href="#appb" class="tei tei-ref">Appendix B</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#appc" class="tei tei-ref">Appendix C</a> for description of Santiago Harbour.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <a href="#chap17" class="tei tei-ref">Chapter XVII</a>.</dd></dl>
+                    </div>
+                
+            
+        </div>
+            <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="boxed tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+                <a name="pdf47" id="pdf47"></a><a name="toc48" id="toc48"></a>
+                <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Transcriber’s Note</span></h1>
+                <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original edition,
+                have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions, which
+                can be seen in the list of illustrations.</p>
+                <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following changes have been made to the text:</p>
+            <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr019" class="tei tei-ref">page 19</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“last of March”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“last days of January”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr022" class="tei tei-ref">page 22</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Viscaya”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“Vizcaya”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr051" class="tei tei-ref">page 51</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“procotol”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“protocol”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr080a" class="tei tei-ref">page 80</a>, italics added to <span class="tei tei-q">“Baltimore’s”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr080" class="tei tei-ref">page 80</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“San Juan de Austria”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“Don Juan de Austria”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr081" class="tei tei-ref">page 81</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Valasco”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“Velasco”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr085" class="tei tei-ref">page 85</a>, quote added before <span class="tei tei-q">“Capt. Frank Wildes”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr089" class="tei tei-ref">page 89</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“flagship”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“flag-ship”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr133" class="tei tei-ref">page 133</a>, double <span class="tei tei-q">“the”</span> removed before <span class="tei tei-q">“gunboat”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr158" class="tei tei-ref">page 158</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“first class”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“first-class”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr166" class="tei tei-ref">page 166</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Albermarle”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“Albemarle”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr194" class="tei tei-ref">page 194</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“armored”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“armoured”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr264" class="tei tei-ref">page 264</a>, double quote removed after <span class="tei tei-q">“dying.’”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr270" class="tei tei-ref">page 270</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“of”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“off”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr309" class="tei tei-ref">page 309</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“organized”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“organised”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr321" class="tei tei-ref">page 321</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“flag-staff”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“flagstaff”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr370" class="tei tei-ref">page 370</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“WARSHIPS”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“WAR-SHIPS”</span></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr383" class="tei tei-ref">page 383</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mono”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“Morro”</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
+                <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been changed.</p>
+            </div>
+            <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+                <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF ’98***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader49" id="rightpageheader49"></a><a name="pgtoc50" id="pgtoc50"></a><a name="pdf51" id="pdf51"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">December 15, 2009  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
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+    <teiHeader>
+        <fileDesc>
+            <titleStmt>
+                <title>The Boys of ’98</title>
+                <author><name reg="Otis, James">James Otis</name></author>
+            </titleStmt>
+            <publicationStmt>
+                <publisher>Project Gutenberg TEI edition</publisher>
+                <date value="2009-12-15">December 15, 2009</date>
+                <idno type='etext-no'>30684</idno>
+                <availability>
+                  <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere
+                  at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
+                  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+                  the terms of the Project Gutenberg License online at
+                  www.gutenberg.org/license</p>
+                </availability>
+            </publicationStmt>
+            <sourceDesc>
+                <p>Otis, James: The Boys of ’98. - Boston : Estes, 1898</p>
+            </sourceDesc>
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+          <change>
+            <date value="2009-12-15">December 15, 2009</date>
+            <respStmt>
+                <resp>Taavi Kalju, Stefan Cramme, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+                    (This file was produced from images generously made available by
+                    The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</resp>
+            </respStmt>
+            <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item>
+          </change>
+        </revisionDesc>
+    </teiHeader>
+
+    <pgExtensions>
+      <pgStyleSheet>
+        .ill         { margin-left: 2; margin-right: 2 }       
+        .italic      { font-style: italic }
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+        .small       { font-size: 75% }
+        figure.hoch { width: 75%; page-float: 'htp'; text-align: center}
+        figure.quer { width: 100%; page-float: 'htp'; text-align: center}
+        head       { text-align: center }
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+<text lang="en">
+<front>
+    <div>
+        <divGen type="pgheader" />
+    </div>
+    <div>
+        <divGen type="encodingDesc" />
+    </div>
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <pb/>
+    <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">THE BOYS OF ’98</p>
+    
+    </div><div rend="page-break-before: always; x-class: boxed">
+    <pb/>
+        <p rend="text-align: center: font-size: large"><hi rend="font-weight: bold">STORIES of<lb/>AMERICAN HISTORY</hi></p>
+        <p rend="text-align: center: font-size: large"><hi rend="font-weight: bold">By James Otis</hi></p>
+        
+        <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 12">
+            <item>When We Destroyed the Gaspee</item>
+            <item>Boston Boys of 1775</item>
+            <item>When Dewey Came to Manila</item>
+            <item>Off Santiago with Sampson</item>
+            <item>When Israel Putnam Served the King</item>
+            <item>The Signal Boys of ’75<lb/>
+                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<hi rend="font-size: small">(A Tale of the Siege of Boston)</hi></item>
+            <item>Under the Liberty Tree<lb/>
+                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<hi rend="font-size: small">(A Story of the Boston Massacre)</hi></item>
+            <item>The Boys of 1745<lb/>
+                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<hi rend="font-size: small">(The Capture of Louisburg)</hi></item>
+            <item>An Island Refuge<lb/>
+                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<hi rend="font-size: small">(Casco Bay in 1676)</hi></item>
+            <item>Neal the Miller<lb/>
+                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<hi rend="font-size: small">(A Son of Liberty)</hi></item>
+            <item>Ezra Jordan’s Escape<lb/>
+                &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<hi rend="font-size: small">(The Massacre at Fort Loyall)</hi></item>
+        </list>
+        
+        <p rend="text-align: center"><hi rend="font-weight: bold">DANA ESTES &amp; COMPANY<lb/>Publishers<lb/>Estes Press, Summer St., Boston</hi></p>
+       
+    </div><div rend="page-break-before: always">
+    <pb/>
+    
+    <pb/>
+    <anchor id="ill01"/>
+    <pgIf output='txt'><then>
+        <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.]</p>
+    </then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill01.png"><head rend="small">THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</head><figDesc>THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+        <else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill01.png"><head rend="small">THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</head><figDesc>THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf> 
+    </else></pgIf>
+    </div><titlePage rend="page-break-before: always; text-align: center">
+    <pb n='iii'/><anchor id='Pgiii'/>
+        
+        <docTitle>
+            <titlePart><hi rend="font-size: xx-large">THE BOYS OF ’98</hi></titlePart>
+        </docTitle>
+        <lb/><lb/><lb/>
+        <byline>BY<lb/>
+            <docAuthor><hi rend="font-size: large">JAMES OTIS</hi></docAuthor><lb/>
+            <hi rend="small">AUTHOR OF<lb/>
+            <q>TOBY TYLER,</q> <q>JENNY WREN’S BOARDING HOUSE,</q><lb/>
+            <q>THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER,</q> ETC.</hi>
+        </byline>
+        <lb/><lb/>
+        <titlePart><hi rend="italic">Illustrated by</hi><lb/>
+            J. STEEPLE DAVIS<lb/>
+            FRANK T. MERRILL<lb/>
+            <hi rend='italic'>And with Reproductions of Photographs</hi></titlePart>
+        <lb/><lb/>
+        <docEdition><hi rend='italic'>ELEVENTH THOUSAND</hi></docEdition>
+        
+        <lb/><lb/><lb/>
+        <docImprint><hi rend="font-size: large">BOSTON<lb/>
+            DANA ESTES &amp; COMPANY</hi><lb/>
+            PUBLISHERS</docImprint>
+    
+    </titlePage><div rend="page-break-before: always; text-align: center">
+    <pb n='iv'/><anchor id='Pgiv'/>
+        
+        <p><hi rend='italic'>Copyright, 1898</hi><lb/>
+            <hi rend='smallcaps'>By Dana Estes &amp; Company</hi></p>
+    
+    </div><div rend="page-break-before: always">
+    <pb n='v'/><anchor id='Pgv'/>
+    
+    <head>CONTENTS.</head>
+        
+        <table rend="tblcolumns: 'r lw(40m) r'; latexcolumns: 'rlr'">
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="small">&nbsp;CHAPTER</hi></cell>
+                <cell></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="small">PAGE</hi></cell></row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">I.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Battle-ship Maine</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg001">1</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">II.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Preliminaries</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg019">19</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">III.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>A Declaration of War</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg038">38</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">IV.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Battle of Manila Bay</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg064">64</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">V.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>News of the Day</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg092">92</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">VI.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cardenas and San Juan</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg117">117</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">VII.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>From All Quarters</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg130">130</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">VIII.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobson and the Merrimac</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg149">149</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">IX.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>By Wire</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg171">171</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">X.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Santiago de Cuba</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg194">194</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XI.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>El Caney and San Juan Heights</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg224">224</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XII.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Spanish Fleet</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg254">254</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XIII.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Surrender of Santiago</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg290">290</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XIV.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Minor Events</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg302">302</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XV.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Porto Rican Campaign</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg320">320</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XVI.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Fall of Manila</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg335">335</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right">XVII.</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Peace</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg345">345</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix A—The Philippine Islands</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg355">355</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix B—War-ships and Signals</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg370">370</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix C—Santiago de Cuba</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg379">379</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix D—Porto Rico</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg383">383</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"></cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Appendix E—The Bay of Guantanamo</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg386">386</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+        </table>    
+    
+    <pb n='vi'/><anchor id='Pgvi'/>
+    
+    </div><div rend="page-break-before: always">
+    <pb n='vii'/><anchor id='Pgvii'/>
+    
+    <head>ILLUSTRATIONS.</head>
+        
+        <table rend="tblcolumns: 'l lw(45m) r'; latexcolumns: 'lp{7cm}r'">
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="small">PAGE</hi></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Charge at El Caney</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend='italic'><ref target="ill01">Frontispiece</ref></hi></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Maine</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill02">7</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Captain C. D. Sigsbee</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill03">12</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ex-Minister de Lome</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill04">20</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Montgomery</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill05">24</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Fitzhugh Lee</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill06">30</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Columbia</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill07">38</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Captain-General Blanco</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill08">44</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Premier Sagasta</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill09">49</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>President William Mckinley</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill10">55</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Puritan</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill11">58</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral George Dewey</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill12">64</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Olympia</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill13">69</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Baltimore</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill14">72</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Battle of Manila Bay</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill15">75</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Boston</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill16">77</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Concord</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill17">82</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Terror</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill18">99</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>John D. Long, Secretary of Navy</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill19">107</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Chicago</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill20">117</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Tragedy of the Winslow</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill21">119</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Amphitrite</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill22">123</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Bombardment of San Juan, Porto Rico</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill23">127</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+                <pb n='viii'/><anchor id='Pgviii'/>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Miantonomah</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill24">130</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral Schley</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill25">135</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Monterey</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill26">144</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Massachusetts</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill27">151</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Lieutenant Hobson</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill28">156</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. New York</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill29">161</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobson and His Men on the Raft</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill30">166</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral Cervera</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill31">169</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Spain</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill32">171</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Garcia</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill33">181</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral Camara</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill34">186</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Augusti</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill35">192</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Marblehead</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill36">201</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Vesuvius</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill37">207</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Texas</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill38">215</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Colonel Theodore Roosevelt</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill39">218</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Shafter</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill40">224</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Attack on San Juan Hill</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill41">229</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Vice-President Hobart</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill42">234</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Newark</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill43">239</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Admiral W. T. Sampson</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill44">243</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Weyler</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill45">254</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Captain R. D. Evans</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill46">256</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Iowa</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill47">262</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill48">266</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Indiana</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill49">269</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Oregon</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill50">275</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Brooklyn</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill51">282</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Joseph Wheeler</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill52">292</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>King Alphonso XIII. of Spain</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill53">300</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Gomez</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill54">311</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. New Orleans</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill55">314</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. San Francisco</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill56">318</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <pb n='ix'/><anchor id='Pgix'/>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Miles</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill57">320</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Brooke</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill58">327</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Brooke Receiving the News of the<lb/>&nbsp;&nbsp;Protocol</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill59">333</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>General Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill60">334</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Major-General Wesley Merritt</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill61">344</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+                <cell>&nbsp;</cell>
+                <cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Don Carlos</hi></cell>
+                <cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="ill62">349</ref></cell>
+            </row>
+        </table>   
+    <pb n='x'/><anchor id='Pgx'/>    
+    
+</div>
+</front>
+<body rend="page-break-before: right">
+    <pb n='1'/><anchor id='Pg001'/>
+    <head>THE BOYS OF ’98.</head>
+ <div n="1" type="chapter">
+    <index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER I.</head>
+<head type="sub">THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.</head>
+
+<p>
+At or about eleven o’clock on the morning of
+January 25th the United States battle-ship
+<name type="ship">Maine</name> steamed through the narrow channel which
+gives entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and
+came to anchor at Buoy No. 4, in obedience to orders
+from the captain of the port, in from five and one-half
+to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables
+within five hundred yards of the arsenal, and about
+two hundred yards distant from the floating dock.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her
+bow roared out a salute as the Spanish colours were
+run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this thunderous
+announcement of friendliness was first answered by
+Morro Castle, followed a few moments later by the
+Spanish cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name> and a German
+school-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The reverberations had hardly ceased before the
+<pb n='2'/><anchor id='Pg002'/>captain of the port and an officer from the Spanish
+war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came alongside
+the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of
+naval etiquette.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received
+the visitors at the head of the gangway and escorted
+them to the captain’s cabin. A few moments later
+came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies
+of welcoming the Americans were at an end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Maine</name> was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of
+the second class, 318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth,
+with a draught of 21 feet, 6 inches; of 6,648 tons displacement,
+with engines of 9,293 indicated horse-power,
+giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in
+the Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress,
+August 3, 1886. Work on her was commenced October
+11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890,
+and put into commission September 17, 1895. She
+was built after the designs of chief constructor T. D.
+Wilson. The delay in going into commission is said
+to have been due to the difficulty in getting satisfactory
+armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick;
+the two steel barbettes were each of the same thickness,
+and the walls of the turrets were eight inches
+thick.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In her main battery were four 10-inch and six
+6-inch breech-loading rifles; in the secondary battery
+seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder rapid-fire
+guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of
+<pb n='3'/><anchor id='Pg003'/>370 men, and the following officers: Capt. C. D.
+Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R. Wainwright, Lieut. G.
+F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen,
+Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J.
+Blandin, Surgeon S. G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M.
+Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain J. P. Chidwick,
+Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant
+of Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R.
+Morris, Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt, Naval
+Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius,
+Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington,
+Naval Cadet A. Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd,
+Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill, Carpenter J.
+Helm, Paymaster’s Clerk B. McCarthy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Why had the <name type="ship">Maine</name> been sent to this port?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The official reason given by the Secretary of the
+Navy when he notified the Spanish minister, Señor
+Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> was
+simply intended as a friendly call, according to the
+recognised custom of nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States minister at Madrid, General
+Woodford, also announced the same in substance to
+the Spanish Minister of State.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It having been repeatedly declared by the government
+at Madrid that a state of war did not exist in
+Cuba, and that the relations between the United States
+and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing
+less could be done than accept the official construction
+put upon the visit.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='4'/><anchor id='Pg004'/>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to
+view the matter in the same light, as may be seen by
+the following extracts from newspapers:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>If the government of the United States sends one
+war-ship to Cuba, a thing it is no longer likely to do,
+Spain would act with energy and without vacillation.</q>—<hi rend='italic'>El
+Heraldo, January 16th.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize
+Cuba.</q>—<hi rend='italic'>The Imparcial, January 23d.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same paper, on the 27th, declared:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence
+in sending the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, do some rash, disagreeable
+thing, the civilised world will know too well who
+is responsible. The American government must know
+that the road it has taken leads to war between both
+nations.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general
+comment upon the official explanation of the <name type="ship">Maine’s</name>
+visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the opinion
+that her visit is <q>inopportune and calculated to encourage
+the insurgents.</q> It was announced that,
+<q>following Washington’s example,</q> the Spanish government
+will <q>instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a
+few American ports.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Imparcial</hi> expresses fear that the despatch of
+the <name type="ship">Maine</name> to Havana will provoke a conflict, and adds:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Europe cannot doubt America’s attitude towards
+Spain. But the Spanish people, if necessary, will do
+their duty with honour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='5'/><anchor id='Pg005'/>
+
+<p>
+The <hi rend='italic'>Epocha</hi> asks if the despatch of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> to
+Havana is <q>intended as a sop to the Jingoes,</q> and
+adds:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>We cannot suppose the American government so
+naïve or badly informed as to imagine that the presence
+of American war-vessels at Havana will be a cause of
+satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The people of the United States generally believed
+that the battle-ship had been sent to Cuba because
+of the disturbances existing in the city of Havana,
+which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the morning of January 12th what is termed
+the <q>anti-liberal outbreak</q> occurred in the city of
+Havana.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed
+the ultra-Spanish element in an attack upon the leading
+liberal newspaper offices, because, as alleged, of
+Captain-General Blanco’s refusal to authorise the suppression
+of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous
+protest against Spain’s policy of granting autonomy to
+the Cubans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the
+time being most formidable, indulged in open threats
+against Americans, and it was believed by the public
+generally that American interests, and the safety of
+citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the
+protection of a war-vessel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The people of Havana received the big fighting ship
+<pb n='6'/><anchor id='Pg006'/>impassively. Soldiers, sailors, and civilians gathered at
+the water-front as spectators, but no word, either of
+threat or friendly greeting, was heard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the city the American residents experienced a
+certain sense of relief because now a safe refuge was
+provided in case of more serious rioting.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the officers and crew of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> were apprehensive
+regarding their situation there can be little
+doubt. During the first week after the arrival of the
+battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or
+relatives expressing fears as to what might be the
+result of the visit, and on the tenth of February one of
+the lieutenants is reported as having stated:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>If we don’t get away from here soon there will be
+trouble.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made
+by the commander of the ship and his staff, and, so
+far as concerned the officials of the city, the Americans
+were seemingly welcome visitors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently
+content with seeing the <name type="ship">Maine</name> in their harbour.
+Within a week after the arrival of the ship incendiary
+circulars were distributed in the streets, on the railway
+cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all
+Spaniards to avenge the <q>insult</q> of the battle-ship’s
+visit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill02"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MAINE.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill02.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MAINE.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MAINE.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='7'/><anchor id='Pg007'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be
+insulted in this way?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing
+our brave and beloved Weyler, who at this
+very time would have finished with this unworthy
+rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and
+our honour?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to
+one side and to give posts of honour and authority to
+those who initiated this rebellion, these ill-born autonomists,
+ungrateful sons of our beloved country.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our
+affairs humiliate us to the last degree, and for still
+greater taunt order to us one of the ships of war of
+their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers
+and driving us from our homes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived.
+Sleep not. Let us show these vile traitors that we
+have not yet lost shame and that we know how to protect
+ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy
+and strong as our Spain is and always will be.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Long live Spain!</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q>Long live Weyler!</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+At eight o’clock on the evening of February 15th
+all the magazines aboard the battle-ship were closed,
+and the keys delivered to her commander according
+to the rules of the service.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='8'/><anchor id='Pg008'/>
+
+<p>
+An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was
+on watch as officer of the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in
+his cabin writing letters; on the starboard side of the
+ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter, with
+her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten
+o’clock trip to the shore to bring off such of the officers
+or crew as were on leave of absence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick
+clouds hung over the city and harbour; the ripple of
+the waves against the hulls of the vessels at anchor,
+and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence.
+The lights here and there, together with the dark tracery
+of spar and cordage against the sky, was all
+that betokened the presence of war-ship or peaceful
+merchantman.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the
+watch on board the steamer <name type="ship">City of Washington</name>, and
+some sailors ashore, saw what appeared to be a sheet
+of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the <name type="ship">Maine</name>,
+and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a
+mighty, confused rumble as of grinding and rending,
+followed an instant later by a roar as if a volcano had
+sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then was flung high in the air what might be
+likened to a shaft of fire filled with fragments of iron,
+wood, and human flesh, rising higher and higher until
+its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a
+column of water broken by the wind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became
+<pb n='9'/><anchor id='Pg009'/>heavy with stifling smoke. Electric lights on shore were
+extinguished; the tinkling of breaking glass could be
+heard everywhere in that portion of the city nearest the
+harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to
+fall a dense blackness enshrouded the harbour, from the
+midst of which could be heard cries of agony, appeals
+for help, and the shouts of those who, even while
+struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their
+comrades.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After this, and no man could have said how many
+seconds passed while the confusing, bewildering blackness
+lay heavy over that scene of death and destruction,
+long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and
+splintered decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of
+distress, as well as a beacon for those who would
+succour the dying.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of
+time from the bewilderment of the shock, ran out of
+the cabin toward the deck, groping his way as best he
+might in the darkness through the long passage until
+he came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony,
+who was at his post of duty near the captain’s quarters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was a moment full of horror all the more intense
+because unknown, but the soldier, mindful even then
+of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of one who makes
+an ordinary report:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been
+blown up, and is sinking.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='10'/><anchor id='Pg010'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Follow me,</q> the captain replied, acknowledging
+his subordinate’s salute, and the two pressed forward
+through the blackness and suffocating vapour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting
+on the starboard side of the quarter-deck when the
+terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down by a
+piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of
+the ship’s frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his
+feet, he ran to the poop that he might be at his proper
+station when the supreme moment came.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers’
+mess-room when the first of a battle-ship’s death-throes
+was felt, and as soon as possible made his way toward
+the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines
+to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his
+comrades.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval
+Cadet Boyd together ran toward the hatch, but only
+to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through, and
+then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were
+vain, and the engineer went down with his ship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time
+elapsed before the uninjured survivors were gathered
+on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where a moment
+previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass
+looming up in the darkness like some threatening
+promontory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite
+her, on the port side, was the barge.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='11'/><anchor id='Pg011'/>
+
+<p>
+During the first two or three seconds only muffled,
+gurgling, choking exclamations were heard indistinctly;
+and then, when the terrible vibrations of the air ceased,
+cries for help went up from every quarter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but
+terrible moments:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the
+launch be lowered, and the officers and men, who by
+this time had assembled, got the boats out and rescued
+a number in the water.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright
+forward to see the extent of the damage, and if
+anything could be done to rescue those forward, or to
+extinguish the flames which followed close upon the
+explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were
+any combustibles above water to feed them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported
+the total and awful character of the calamity,
+and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order, <q>Abandon
+ship,</q> to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm
+and apparently unexcited.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of
+command from the captain aroused his officers from
+the stupefaction of horror which had begun to creep
+over them, and this handful of men, who even then
+were standing face to face with death, set about aiding
+their less fortunate companions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from
+the vessels in the harbour, and the work of rescue was
+<pb n='12'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>continued until all the torn and mangled bodies in
+which life yet remained had been taken from the water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer <name type="ship">Thurston</name>,
+was among the first in this labour of mercy, and concerning
+it he says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">My vessel was within half a mile of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>,
+and my small boat was the first to gain the wreck.
+It is beyond my power to describe the explosion. It
+was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments.
+The cries that came over the water awakened us to a
+realisation that some great tragedy had occurred.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I made all haste to the wreck. There were very
+few men in the water. All told, I do not believe there
+were thirty. We picked up some of them and passed
+them on to other vessels, and then continued our work
+of rescue.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and
+trunks of bodies were floating about, together with
+pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all sorts of
+wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some
+poor suffering fellow could be heard above the tumult.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene.
+That was Captain Sigsbee. Every American has reason
+to be proud of that officer. He seemed to have realised
+in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did
+he show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool.
+Discipline? Why, man, the discipline was there as
+strong as ever, despite the fact that all around was
+death and disaster.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill03"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill03.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+    <else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill03.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='13'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>
+
+<p>
+The commander of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> was the last to leave
+the wreck, and then all that was left of the mighty ship
+was beginning to settle in the slime and putrefaction
+which covers the bottom of Havana harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if
+they had been assisting at some social function, the
+officers took their respective places in the boats, and,
+amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a short
+distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their
+post of duty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand
+Hotel, was seated in front of the building when the
+explosion occurred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It was followed by another and a much louder one,</q>
+    he said. <q rend="post: none">We thought the whole city had been blown
+to pieces. Some said the insurgents were entering
+Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was
+blown up.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute
+after the explosion was heard the cabmen cracked their
+whips and went rattling over the cobblestones like
+crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies
+of cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets.
+There was no sleep in Havana that night.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and
+General Solano put off to the wreck, and offered their
+services to Captain Sigsbee.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were many wonderful escapes from death.
+<pb n='14'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>One of the ward-room cooks was thrown outboard into
+the water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling
+in the sea, was picked up alive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the
+davits. The boat was crushed like an egg-shell; but
+the sailor fell overboard and was picked up unhurt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three men were doing punishment watch on the
+port quarter-deck, and thus probably escaped death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One sailor swam about until help came, although
+both his legs were broken. Another had the bones of
+his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep afloat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged,
+wooden portion of the wreck had been consumed by
+the flames, and at 11.30 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> the smoke-stacks of the
+ill-fated ship fell.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On board the steamer <name type="ship">City of Washington</name>, two boats
+were literally riddled by fragments of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> which
+fell after the explosion, and among them was an iron
+truss which, crashing through the pantry, demolished
+the tableware.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When morning came the wreck was the central
+figure of an otherwise bright picture, sad as it was
+terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred débris forward
+looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean
+storehouse of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight
+angle from the perpendicular, while the poop afforded
+a resting-place for the workmen or divers.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='15'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>
+
+<p>
+Of the predominant white which distinguishes our
+war-vessels in time of peace, not a vestige remained.
+In its place was the blackness of desolating death,
+marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six
+brave men had gone over into the Beyond.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The total loss to the government as a result of the
+disaster was officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31.
+This embraced the cost of hull, machinery, equipment,
+armour, gun protection and armament, both in main and
+secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition,
+shells, current supplies, coal, and, in short, the
+entire outfit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The pet of the <name type="ship">Maine’s</name> crew, a big cat, was found
+next morning, perched on a fragment of a truss which
+yet remained above the water, and near her, as if seeking
+companionship, was the captain’s dog, Peggy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the
+afternoon of the sixteenth:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Profound sorrow is expressed by the government
+and municipal authorities, consuls of foreign nations,
+organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens generally.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general’s
+palace, on shipping in the harbour, and in the city.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Business is suspended, and the theatres are
+closed.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies
+which had been found up to that time were buried in
+<pb n='16'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>Havana with military honours, two companies of
+Spanish sailors from the cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name> acting
+as escort.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson
+of the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Iowa</name> as presiding officer, Commander
+Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F. E.
+Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the
+<name type="ship">New York</name>, was convened, and on March 28th President
+McKinley sent a message to Congress, the conclusion
+of which was as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our
+country with crushing force, and for a brief time an
+intense excitement prevailed, which in a community
+less just and self-controlled than ours might have led
+to hasty acts of blind resentment.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer
+processes of reason, and to the resolve to investigate
+the facts and await material proof before forming a
+judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if
+the facts warranted, the remedy due. This course
+necessarily recommended itself from the outset to the
+executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately
+ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and
+measure of its full duty in the matter.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of
+casualty or disaster to national vessels of any maritime
+state.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">A naval court of inquiry was at once organised,
+composed of officers well qualified by rank and
+prac<pb n='17'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>tical experience to discharge the onerous duty imposed
+upon them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers,
+the court proceeded to make a thorough investigation
+on the spot, employing every available means for impartial
+and exact determination of the causes of the
+explosion. Its operations have been conducted with
+the utmost deliberation and judgment, and, while independently
+pursued, no source of information was
+neglected, and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a
+simultaneous investigation by the Spanish authorities.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The finding of the court of inquiry was reached,
+after twenty-three days of continuous labour, on the
+twenty-first of March instant, and, having been approved
+on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief
+of the United States naval force in the North
+Atlantic station, was transmitted to the executive.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It is herewith laid before the Congress, together
+with the voluminous testimony taken before the court.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of
+the <name type="ship">Maine</name> was not in any respect due to fault or
+negligence on the part of any of the officers or members
+of her crew.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a
+submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of
+two or more of her forward magazines; and that no
+evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility
+for the destruction of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> upon any person or
+persons.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='18'/><anchor id='Pg018'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I have directed that the finding of the court of
+inquiry and the views of this government thereon be
+communicated to the government of her majesty, the
+queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that
+the sense of justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a
+course of action suggested by honour and the friendly
+relations of the two governments.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It will be the duty of the executive to advise the
+Congress of the result, and in the meantime deliberate
+consideration is invoked.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of ’61
+who had worn the blue or the gray, this tragedy in the
+harbour of Havana, and, when the government gave
+permission, the boys of ’98 came forward many and
+many a thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their
+fathers—the boys of ’61—who, although the hand of
+Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to participate
+in the punishment of those who were responsible
+for the slaughter of American sailors within the shadow
+of Morro Castle.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="2" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='19'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER II.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE PRELIMINARIES.</head>
+
+<p>
+War between two nations does not begin suddenly.
+The respective governments are exceedingly
+ceremonious before opening the <q>game of death,</q>
+and it is not to be supposed that the United States
+commenced hostilities immediately after the disaster to
+the <name type="ship">Maine</name> in the harbour of Havana.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To tell the story of the war which ensued, without
+first giving in regular order the series of events which
+marked the preparations for hostilities, would be much
+like relating an adventure without explaining why the
+hero was brought into the situation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially
+those of a political nature, are dry reading; but once
+take into consideration the fact that they all aid in
+giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins hostilities
+with another, and much of the tediousness may be
+forgiven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Just previous to the disaster to the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, during
+the last <anchor id="corr019"/><corr sic="(missing)">days</corr> of <corr sic="March">January</corr> or the first of February, Señor Enrique
+Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister at Washington,
+wrote a private letter to the editor of the
+<pb n='20'/><anchor id='Pg020'/>Madrid <hi rend='italic'>Herald</hi>, Señor Canalejas, who was his intimate
+friend, in which he made some uncomplimentary remarks
+regarding the President of the United States,
+and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain
+commercial negotiations which were then being carried
+on between the two countries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By some means, not yet fully explained, certain
+Cubans got possession of this letter, and caused it to
+be published in the newspapers. Señor de Lome did
+not deny having written the objectionable matter; but
+claimed that, since it was a private communication, it
+should not affect him officially. The Secretary of
+State instructed General Woodford, our minister at
+Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately
+recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he
+was not relieved from duty within twenty-four hours,
+the President would issue to him his passports, which
+is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out
+of the country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>February 9.</hi> Señor de Lome made all haste to resign,
+and the resignation was accepted by his government
+before—so it was claimed by the Spanish authorities—President
+McKinley’s demand for the recall was
+received.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>February 15.</hi> The de Lome incident was a political
+matter which caused considerable diplomatic correspondence;
+but it was overshadowed when the battle-ship
+<name type="ship">Maine</name> was blown up in the harbour of
+Havana.
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill04"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: EX-MINISTER DE LOME.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill04.jpg"><head rend="small">EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</head><figDesc>EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill04.jpg"><head rend="small">EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</head><figDesc>EX-MINISTER DE LOME.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='21'/><anchor id='Pg021'/>
+
+<p>
+As has already been said, the United States government
+at once ordered a court of inquiry to ascertain
+the cause of the disaster, and this, together with the
+search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was prosecuted
+with utmost vigour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Very many of the people in the United States
+believed that Spanish officials were chargeable with the
+terrible crime, while those who were not disposed to
+make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that
+the Spanish government was responsible for the safety
+of the vessel,—that she had been destroyed by outside
+agencies in a friendly harbour. In the newspapers, on
+the streets, in all public places, the American people
+spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the
+government set to work as if, so it would seem, they also
+were confident there would be an open rupture between
+the two nations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>February 28.</hi> In Congress, Representative Gibson
+of Tennessee introduced a bill appropriating twenty
+million dollars <q>for the maintenance of national honour
+and defence.</q> Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced
+a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount
+of money <q>to place the naval strength of the country
+upon a proper footing for immediate hostilities with
+any foreign power.</q> On the same day orders were
+issued to the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida,
+directing him to send men to man the guns at Santa
+Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>February 28.</hi> Señor Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed
+<pb n='22'/><anchor id='Pg022'/>minister in the place of Señor de Lome, who resigned,
+sailed from Gibraltar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By the end of February the work of preparing the
+vessels at the different navy yards for sea was being
+pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and munitions
+of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and
+fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department
+believed that hostilities might be begun at any moment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nor was it only within the borders of this country
+that such preparations were making. A despatch from
+Shanghai to London reported that the United States
+squadron, which included the cruisers <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, <name type="ship">Boston</name>,
+<name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, <name type="ship">Concord</name>, and <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, were concentrating at
+Hongkong, with a view of active operations against
+Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in event of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At about the same time came news from Spain
+telling that the Spanish were making ready for hostilities.
+An exceptionally large number of artisans were
+at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and
+torpedo-boat destroyers. The cruisers <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> and <anchor id="corr022"/><corr sic="Viscaya"><name type="ship">Vizcaya</name></corr>,
+with the torpedo-boat destroyers <name type="ship">Furor</name> and
+<name type="ship">Terror</name>, were already on their way to Cuba, where
+were stationed the <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name>, the <name type="ship">Infanta Isabel</name>,
+and the <name type="ship">Nueva Espana</name>, together with twelve gunboats
+of about three hundred tons each, and eighteen vessels
+of two hundred and fifty tons each.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States naval authorities decided that
+heavy batteries should be placed on all the revenue
+cutters built within the previous twelve months, and
+<pb n='23'/><anchor id='Pg023'/>large quantities of high explosives were shipped in
+every direction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the early days of March, Señor Gullon,
+Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, intimated to
+Minister Woodford that the Spanish government
+desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General
+Lee.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spain also intimated that the American war-ships,
+which had been designated to convey supplies to
+Cuba for the relief of the sufferers there, should be
+replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the
+assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official
+character.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the
+government at Washington, to which it replied by
+refusing to recall General Lee under the present circumstances,
+or to countermand the orders for the
+despatch of war-vessels, making the representation
+that relief vessels are not fighting ships.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 5.</hi> Secretary Long closed a contract for the
+delivery at Key West, within forty days, of four hundred
+thousand tons of coal. Work was begun upon the
+old monitors, which for years had been lying at League
+Island navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to
+the Norfolk navy yard to concentrate all the energies
+and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser <name type="ship">Newark</name>, to the
+end that she might be ready for service within sixty
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 6.</hi> The President made a public statement
+<pb n='24'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>that under no circumstances would Consul-General
+Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request of Spain.
+He had borne himself, so it was stated from the
+White House, throughout the crisis with judgment,
+fidelity, and courage, to the President’s entire satisfaction.
+As to supplies for the relief of the Cuban
+people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments
+at once from Key West by one of the naval
+vessels, whichever might be best adapted and most
+available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 6.</hi> Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations
+committee introduced a resolution that fifty
+millions of dollars be appropriated for the national defence.
+It was passed almost immediately, without a
+single negative vote.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser
+<name type="ship">Montgomery</name> had been ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General
+Wilson, chief of the engineers of the army,
+arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of
+men, who were in charge of locating and firing submarine
+mines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 10.</hi> The newly appointed Spanish minister
+arrived at Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 11.</hi> The House committee on naval affairs
+authorised the immediate construction of three battle-ships,
+one to be named the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, and provided for an
+increase of 473 men in the marine force.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The despatch-boat <name type="ship">Fern</name> sailed for Matanzas with
+supplies for the relief of starving Cubans.
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill05"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MONTGOMERY.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill05.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MONTGOMERY.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='25'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>
+
+<p>
+News by cable was received from the Philippine
+Islands to the effect that the rebellion there had
+broken out once more; the whole of the northern
+province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to
+pay taxes, and the insurgents appeared to be well
+supplied with arms and ammunition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 12.</hi> Señor Bernabe was presented to President
+McKinley, and laid great stress upon the love
+which Spain bore for the United States.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 14.</hi> The Spanish flying squadron, composed
+of three torpedo-boats, set sail from Cadiz, bound for
+Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be good
+proof that the Spanish government anticipated war
+with the United States, Señor Bernabe made two
+demands upon this government on the day following
+the receipt of such news. The first was that the
+United States fleet at Key West and Tortugas be
+withdrawn, and the second, that an explanation be
+given as to why two war-ships had been purchased
+abroad.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 17.</hi> A bill was submitted to both houses of
+Congress reorganising the army, and placing it on a
+war footing of one hundred and four thousand men.
+Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the
+Senate, on the condition of affairs in Cuba. He
+announced himself as being opposed to annexation,
+and declared that the Cubans were <q>suffering under
+the worst misgovernment in the world.</q> The public
+generally accepted his remarks as having been
+sanc<pb n='26'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>tioned by the President, and understood them as
+indicating that this country should recognise the independence
+of Cuba on the ground that the people are
+capable of self-government, and that under no other
+conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the
+island.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 17.</hi> The more important telegraphic news
+from Spain was to the effect that the Minister of
+Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo
+flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana;
+that the government arsenal was being run night and
+day in the manufacture of small arms, and that infantry
+and cavalry rifles were being purchased in
+Germany.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States revenue cutter cruiser <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>
+was ordered to proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to
+Hongkong, in order that she might be attached to the
+Asiatic squadron, if necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 18.</hi> The cruiser <name type="ship">Amazonas</name>, purchased from
+the Brazilian government, was formally transferred to
+the United States at Gravesend, England, to be known
+in the future as the <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 19.</hi> The <name type="ship">Maine</name> court of inquiry concluded
+its work. The general sentiments of the people, as
+voiced by the newspapers, were that war with Spain
+was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened
+March 24th, when authority was given by the Navy
+Department for unlimited enlistment in all grades of
+the service, when the revenue service was transferred
+<pb n='27'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>from the Treasury to the Naval Department, and
+arrangements made for the quick employment of the
+National Guards of the States and Territories.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 24.</hi> The report of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> court of inquiry
+arrived at Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 27.</hi> Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers
+declared that war with the United States was
+next to certain. The United States cruisers <name type="ship">San
+Francisco</name> and <name type="ship">New Orleans</name> sailed from England for
+New York, and the active work of mining the harbours
+of the United States coast was begun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 28.</hi> The President sent to Congress, with a
+message, the report of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> court of inquiry, as
+has been stated in a previous chapter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>March 29.</hi> Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and
+recognising the independence of Cuba, were introduced
+in both houses of Congress.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the beginning of April it was to the public
+generally as if the war had already begun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the
+country the newspapers were scanned eagerly for notes
+of warlike preparation, and from Washington, sent by
+those who were in position to know what steps were
+being taken by the government, came information
+which dashed the hopes of those who had been praying
+that peace might not be broken.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There had been a conference between the President,
+the Secretary of the Treasury, and the chairman of
+the committee on ways and means, regarding the best
+<pb n='28'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war.
+A joint board of the army and navy had met to formulate
+plans of defence, and a speedy report was made to
+Secretary Long.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instructions were sent by the State Department to
+all United States consuls in Cuba to be prepared
+to leave the island at any moment, and to hold themselves
+in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to
+embark for the United States.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 2.</hi> A gentleman in touch with public affairs
+wrote from Washington as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">To-day’s developments show that there is only the
+very faintest hope of peace. Unless Spain yields war
+must come. The administration realises that as fully
+as do members of Congress.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The orders sent by the State Department to all
+our consuls in Cuba, especially those in the interior,
+to hold themselves in readiness to leave their positions
+and proceed to Havana, show that the department
+looks upon war as a certainty, and has taken all proper
+precautions for the safety of its agents.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not
+have been issued unless a crisis was imminent, and the
+State Department, as well as other branches of the
+government, has now become convinced that peace
+cannot much longer be maintained, and that the safety
+of the consular agents is a first consideration.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Lee has also been advised that he should
+be ready to leave as soon as notified, and that the
+<pb n='29'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>American newspaper correspondents now in Havana
+must prepare themselves to receive the notification of
+instant departure.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the
+Boston Towboat Company, which corporation had
+charge of the wrecking operations on the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S.
+<name type="ship">Maine</name>, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of
+War has authorised an allotment of one million dollars
+from the emergency fund for the office of the
+chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended
+in purchasing material for the torpedo defences connected
+with the seacoast fortifications. The United
+States naval attaché at London has purchased a
+cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable
+of a speed of sixteen knots, and the vessel will
+put to sea immediately. The Spanish torpedo flotilla
+is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde
+Islands.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 4.</hi> Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins
+spoke in the Senate, charging Spain with the murder
+of the sailors of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, claiming that it was properly
+an act of war, and insisting that the United States
+should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed
+intervention.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 5.</hi> Senator Chandler announced as his belief
+that the United States was justified in beginning hostilities,
+and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and Turner made
+powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing
+Spain. General Woodford was instructed by cable to
+<pb n='30'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>be prepared to ask of the Madrid government his
+passports at any moment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable,
+doubled their rates. The merchants and manufacturers’
+board of trade of New York notified Congress
+and the President that it believed Spain was responsible
+for the blowing up of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>; that the independence
+of Cuba should be recognised, and that it should
+be brought about by force of arms, if necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 7.</hi> The representatives of six great powers
+met at the White House in the hope of being able
+to influence the President for peace. In closing his
+address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The government of the United States appreciates
+the humanitarian and disinterested character of the
+communication now made in behalf of the powers
+named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation
+will be shown for its own earnest and unselfish
+endeavours to fulfil a duty to humanity by ending a
+situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has
+become insufferable.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning
+that Consul-General Lee had received orders to set sail
+from Havana on or before the ninth. The American
+consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that
+city.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary
+Islands, was, by the State Department, ordered not
+<pb n='31'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>to proceed to his post, and he remained at New
+York.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill06"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill06.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill06.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town
+for Washington, by order of his government.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following cablegram gives a good idea of the
+temper of the Spanish people:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">London, April 7.—A special dispatch from Madrid
+says that the ambassadors of France, Germany, Russia,
+and Italy waited together this evening upon Señor
+Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint
+note in the interests of peace.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Señor Gullon, replying, declared that the members
+of the Spanish Cabinet were unanimous in considering
+that Spain had reached the limit of international policy
+in the direction of conceding the demands and allowing
+the pretensions of the United States.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 9.</hi> Guards about the United States legation
+in Madrid were trebled. General Blanco, captain-general
+of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on every able-bodied
+man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to
+register for immediate military duty. At ten o’clock
+in the morning, Consul-General Lee, accompanied by
+British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid
+him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to
+receive visitors. General Lee left the island at six
+o’clock in the evening.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 11.</hi> The President sent a message, together
+<pb n='32'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>with Consul Lee’s report, to the Congress, and Senator
+Chandler thus analysed it:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>First</hi>: A graphic and powerful description of the
+horrible condition of affairs in Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Second</hi>: An assertion that the independence of the
+revolutionists should not be recognised until Cuba has
+achieved its own independence beyond the possibility
+of overthrow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Third</hi>: An argument against the recognition of the
+Cuban republic.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Fourth</hi>: As to intervention in the interest of humanity,
+that is well enough, and also on account of
+the injury to commerce and peril to our citizens, and
+the generally uncomfortable conditions all around.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Fifth</hi>: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions
+is the destruction of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>. It helps make the
+existing situation intolerable. But Spain proposes an
+arbitration, to which proposition the President has no
+reply.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Sixth</hi>: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain
+cannot end it, mediation or intervention must take
+place. President Cleveland said <q>intervention would
+finally be necessary.</q> The enforced pacification of
+Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore,
+the President should be authorised to terminate hostilities,
+secure peace, and establish a stable government,
+and to use the military and naval forces of the United
+States to accomplish these results, and food supplies
+should also be furnished by the United States.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='33'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 12.</hi> Consul-General Lee was summoned before
+the Senate committee on foreign relations. It was
+announced that the Republican members of the
+ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan
+for raising revenue in case of need to carry on war
+with Spain. The plan was intended to raise more than
+$100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was
+thus distributed:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel,
+estimated to yield $35,000,000; a bank stamp tax
+on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated to yield
+$30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on
+coffee, and ten cents per pound on tea on hand in the
+United States, estimated to yield $28,000,000; additional
+tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing
+of $500,000,000 bonds. These bonds to be offered
+for sale at all post-offices in the United States in
+amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular
+loan to be absorbed by the people.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury
+to be authorised to issue treasury certificates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These certificates or debentures to be used to pay
+running expenses when the revenues do not meet the
+expenditures.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+These preparations were distinctly war measures,
+and would be put in operation only should war
+occur.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='34'/><anchor id='Pg034'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 13.</hi> The House of Representatives passed the
+following resolutions:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, the government of Spain for three years
+past has been waging war on the island of Cuba
+against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof, without
+making any substantial progress toward the
+suppression of said revolution, and has conducted
+the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws of
+nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing
+the death by starvation of more than two hundred
+thousand innocent non-combatants, the victims being
+for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting
+intolerable injury to the commercial interests of
+the United States, involving the destruction of the
+lives and property of many of our citizens, entailing
+the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our
+coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain
+our neutrality; and,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, this long series of losses, injuries, and
+burdens for which Spain is responsible has culminated
+in the destruction of the United States battle-ship
+<name type="ship">Maine</name> in the harbour of Havana, and the death of
+two hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,—
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Resolved</hi>, That the President is hereby authorised
+and directed to intervene at once to stop the war in
+Cuba, to the end and with the purpose of securing
+permanent peace and order there, and establishing by
+the free action of the people there of a stable and
+independent government of their own in the island
+<pb n='35'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and
+empowered to use the land and naval forces of the
+United States to execute the purpose of this
+resolution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Senate the majority resolution reported:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, the abhorrent conditions which have
+existed for more than three years in the island of
+Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace
+to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in
+the destruction of a United States battle-ship with two
+hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on
+a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot
+longer be endured, as has been set forth by the
+President of the United States in his message to
+Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action
+of Congress was invited; therefore,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Resolved</hi>, First, that the people of the island of
+Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Second</hi>, That it is the duty of the United States to
+demand, and the government of the United States does
+hereby demand, that the government of Spain at once
+relinquish its authority and government in the island of
+Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from
+Cuba and Cuban waters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Third</hi>, That the President of the United States be,
+and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the
+entire land and naval forces of the United States, and
+to call into the actual service of the United States the
+<pb n='36'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>militia of the several States to such extent as may be
+necessary, to carry these resolutions into effect.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 14.</hi> The Spanish minister at Washington
+sealed his archives and placed them in the charge
+of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen
+regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for
+the Cortes to meet on the twentieth of the month, and
+a decree opening a national subscription for increasing
+the navy and other war services.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 15.</hi> The United States consulate at Malaga,
+Spain, was attacked by a mob, and the shield torn
+down and trampled upon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 17.</hi> The Spanish committee of inquiry into
+the destruction of the <name type="ship">Maine</name> reported that the explosion
+could not have been caused by a torpedo or a
+mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was
+found to justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony
+of two eye-witnesses to the catastrophe, who
+swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on
+the surface of the harbour around the <name type="ship">Maine</name>. The
+committee gave great stress to the fact that the explosion
+did no damage to the quays, and none to the
+vessels moored close to the <name type="ship">Maine</name>, whose officers and
+crews noticed nothing that could lead them to suppose
+that the disaster was caused otherwise than by an accident
+inside the American vessel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 18.</hi> Congress passed the Senate resolution,
+as given above, with an additional clause as follows:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='37'/><anchor id='Pg037'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Fourth</hi>, That the United States hereby disclaim any
+disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction
+or control over said island, except for the
+pacification thereof; and asserts its determination,
+when that is accomplished, to leave the government
+and control of the island to its people.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="3" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='38'/><anchor id='Pg038'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER III.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">A DECLARATION OF WAR.</head>
+
+<p>
+All that had been done by the governments of the
+United States and of Spain was indicative of war,—it
+was virtually a declaration that an appeal would
+be made to arms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 20.</hi> Preparations were making in each country
+for actual hostilities, and the American people were
+prepared to receive the statement made by a gentleman
+in close touch with high officials, when he wrote:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The United States has thrown down the gage of
+battle and Spain has picked it up.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The signing by the President of the joint resolutions
+instructing him to intervene in Cuba was no
+sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than he
+immediately asked the State Department to furnish
+him with his passports.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was defiance, prompt and direct.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain
+to answer our ultimatum.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Nominally Spain has three days in which to make
+her reply. Actually that reply has already been
+delivered.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill07"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. COLUMBIA.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill07.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. COLUMBIA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. COLUMBIA.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='39'/><anchor id='Pg039'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When a nation withdraws her minister from the
+territory of another it is an open announcement to
+the world that all friendly relations have terminated.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Answers to ultimatums have before this been
+returned at the cannon’s mouth. First the minister
+is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is ready
+to speak through shotted guns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And the United States is ready to answer, gun for
+gun.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid
+yesterday, saying, in her speech from the throne: <q>I
+have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights, whatever
+sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish
+people to gather behind my son’s throne. With our
+glorious army, navy, and nation united before foreign
+aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome,
+without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust
+attacks made on us.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at
+Key West to have all the vessels of his fleet under full
+steam, ready to move immediately upon orders.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members
+of his staff, departed from Washington during the
+evening, after having made a hurried call at the French
+embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish
+interests were left in charge, having announced that he
+would spend several days in Toronto, Canada.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 21.</hi> The ultimatum of the United States was
+received at Madrid early in the morning, and the
+gov<pb n='40'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>ernment immediately broke off diplomatic relations by
+sending the following communication to Minister
+Woodford, before he could present any note from
+Washington:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text>
+<body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Dear Sir</hi>:—In compliance with a painful duty, I
+have the honour to inform you that there has been
+sanctioned by the President of the republic a resolution
+of both chambers of the United States, which
+denies the legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens
+armed intervention in Cuba, which is equivalent to
+a declaration of war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The government of her majesty have ordered her
+minister to return without loss of time from North
+American territory, together with all the personnel of
+the legation.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing
+between the two countries, and all official communication
+between their respective representatives, cease.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may
+make such arrangements as you think fit. I beg your
+excellency to acknowledge receipt of this note at such
+time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to
+reiterate to you the assurances of my distinguished
+consideration.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>
+(Signed) <name>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>H. Gullon.</hi>”</name>
+</signed>
+    
+</body>    
+</text>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the
+government of this country gave out the following
+information:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='41'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o’clock <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>,
+the Department of State served notice of the purposes
+of this government by delivering to Minister Polo a
+copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also
+a copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the
+United States on the nineteenth instant. After the
+receipt of this notice the Spanish minister forwarded
+to the State Department a request for his passports,
+which were furnished him on yesterday afternoon.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith
+appended. The United States minister at Madrid
+was at the same time instructed to make a like communication
+to the Spanish government.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This morning the Department received from
+General Woodford a telegram, a copy of which is
+hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government
+had broken off diplomatic relations with this
+government.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic
+action on the part of the United States.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p><text><body>
+    <dateline rend="text-align: right">“&#x2009;‘April 20, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Woodford, Minister, Madrid</hi>:—You have been
+furnished with the text of a joint resolution, voted by
+the Congress of the United States on the nineteenth
+instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification
+of the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act,
+the President directs you to immediately communicate
+to the government of Spain said resolution, with the
+<pb n='42'/><anchor id='Pg42'/>formal demand of the government of the United States,
+that the government of Spain at once relinquish her
+authority and government in the island of Cuba, and
+withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and
+Cuban waters.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">In taking this step, the United States disclaims
+any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty,
+jurisdiction, or control over said island, except for the
+pacification thereof, and asserts its determination when
+that is accomplished to leave the government and control
+of the island to its people under such free and
+independent government as they may establish.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the
+twenty-third day of April, there be not communicated
+to this government by that of Spain a full and satisfactory
+response to this demand and resolutions, whereby
+the ends of peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President
+will proceed without further notice to use the power
+and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by the
+said joint resolution to such an extent as may be
+necessary to carry the same into effect.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sherman.</hi>’</signed>
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This is Woodford’s telegram of this morning:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“&#x2009;‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Madrid</hi></name>, April 21. (Received at <date>9.02 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi></date>)</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To Sherman, Washington</hi>:—Early this morning
+(Tuesday), immediately after the receipt of your telegram,
+and before I communicated the same to the
+<pb n='43'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign
+Affairs notified me that diplomatic relations are broken
+between the two countries, and that all official communication
+between the respective representatives has
+ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have
+turned the legation over to the British embassy, and
+leave for Paris this afternoon. Have notified consuls.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Woodford</hi>.’&#x2009;”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish newspapers applauded the <q>energy</q> of
+their government, and printed the paragraph inserted
+below as a semi-official statement from the throne:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Spanish government having received the ultimatum
+of the President of the United States, considers
+that the document constitutes a declaration of war
+against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted
+is not to make any further reply, but to await the
+expiration of the time mentioned in the ultimatum
+before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish
+authorities have placed their possessions in a state
+of defence, and their fleet is already on its way to meet
+that of the United States.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 21.</hi> General Woodford left Madrid late in the
+afternoon, and although an enormous throng of citizens
+were gathered at the railway station to witness his
+departure, no indignities were attempted. The people
+of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war,
+and the general opinion among the masses was that
+Spain would speedily vanquish the United States.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='44'/><anchor id='Pg044'/>
+
+<p>
+In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the
+palace, the citizens began early to decorate the public
+buildings and many private residences, balconies, and
+windows with the national colours. A general illumination
+followed, as on the occasion of a great national
+festivity. Early in the evening no less than eight
+thousand demonstrators filled the square opposite the
+palace, a committee entering and tendering to the
+captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property,
+and lives in aid of the government, and pledging
+their readiness to fight the invader.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Blanco thanked them in the name of the
+king, the queen regent and the imperial and colonial
+governments, assuring them that he would do everything
+in his power to prevent the invaders from setting
+foot in Cuba. <q>Otherwise I shall not live,</q> he said, in
+conclusion. <q>Do you swear to follow me to the fight?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Yes, yes, we do!</q> the crowd answered.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in
+your veins before letting a foreigner step his foot on
+the land we discovered, and place his yoke upon the
+people we civilised?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Yes, yes, we do!</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The enemy’s fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost
+at the doors of Havana,</q> General Blanco added. <q>They
+have money; but we have blood to shed, and we are
+ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill08"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill08.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill08.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The people interrupted him with cries of applause,
+and he finished his speech by shouting <q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Viva Espana!</foreign></q>
+<pb n='45'/><anchor id='Pg045'/><q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Viva el Rey!</foreign></q> <q>Long live the army, the navy, and the
+volunteers!</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+The Congress of the United States passed a joint
+resolution authorising the President, in his discretion,
+to prohibit the exportation of coal and other war material.
+The measure was of great importance, because
+through it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports
+in the West Indies where it might be used by Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 22.</hi> At half past five o’clock in the morning
+the vessels composing the North Atlantic Squadron put
+to sea from Key West. The flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> led
+the way. Close behind her steamed the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> and the
+<name type="ship">Indiana</name>. Following the war-ships came the gunboat
+<name type="ship">Machias</name>, and then the <name type="ship">Newport</name>. The <name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>, the
+first of the fleet, lying close to shore, steamed out after
+the <name type="ship">Machias</name>, and then followed in order the <name type="ship">Nashville</name>,
+the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, the <name type="ship">Castine</name>, the <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, and the
+other boats of the fleet, save the monitors <name type="ship">Terror</name> and
+<name type="ship">Puritan</name>, which were coaling, the cruiser <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>,
+the despatch-boat <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>, and the gunboat <name type="ship">Helena</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral
+was hoisted over the <name type="ship">New York</name>, indicating to
+the fleet that Captain Sampson was acting as a rear-admiral.
+When in the open sea the fleet was divided
+into three divisions. The <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and <name type="ship">Indiana</name>
+had the position of honour. Stretching out to the
+right were the <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, <name type="ship">Newport</name>, and
+smaller craft; to the left was the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> in the lead,
+<pb n='46'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>followed by the <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, <name type="ship">Castine</name>, <name type="ship">Machias</name>, <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>,
+and some of the torpedo-boats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At seven o’clock in the morning the first gun of the
+war was fired. The <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, which had been sailing
+at about six knots an hour, in obedience to orders,
+suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke
+poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually
+increased until the water ascended in fine spray
+on each side of the bow, and behind her trailed out a
+long, creamy streak on the quiet waters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which
+was then about half a mile away, apparently paying no
+heed to the monsters of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across
+the stranger’s bow, and then, no attention having been
+paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged. This last shot
+struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile
+or more, sending up great clouds of spray.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and
+within five minutes a boat was lowered from the
+<name type="ship">Nashville</name> to put on board the first prize a crew of
+six men, under command of Ensign Magruder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The captured vessel was the <name type="ship">Buena Ventura</name>, of 1,741
+tons burthen; laden with lumber, valued at eleven
+thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load of cattle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The record of this first day of hostilities was not to
+end with one capture.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the
+Cuban shore, while the United States fleet was
+stand<pb n='47'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>ing toward Havana, with the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> a mile or more
+in advance of the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name>, the merchant
+steamship <name type="ship">Pedro</name> hove in sight. The <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> suddenly
+swung sharply to the westward, and a moment
+later a string of butterfly flags went fluttering to her
+masthead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">New York</name> flung her answering pennant to the
+breeze, and, making another signal to the fleet, which
+probably meant <q>Stay where you are until I get back,</q>
+swung her bow to the westward and went racing for
+the game that the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> had sighted. The big
+cruiser dashed forward, smoke trailing in dense masses
+from each of her three big funnels, a hill of foam
+around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal
+wave. It was a winning pace, and a magnificent sight
+she presented as she dashed through the choppy seas
+with never an undulation of her long, graceful hull.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came
+from the bow of the cruiser, followed by a dull report,
+then another and another, until four shots had been
+sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish
+steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried
+no heavier guns, was trying to keep at a safe
+distance until the friendly darkness of night should
+hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the
+big cruiser held her course in silence, and then her
+entire bow was hidden from the spectators in a swirl
+of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its
+demand.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='48'/><anchor id='Pg048'/>
+
+<p>
+The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft,
+and had hardly more than flung up a column of water
+a hundred yards or less in front of the merchantman
+before she was hastily rounded to with her engines
+reversed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on
+board, and the steamer <name type="ship">Pedro</name>, twenty-eight hundred
+tons burthen, suddenly had a change of commanders.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 22.</hi> The President issued a proclamation
+announcing a blockade of Cuban ports, and also signed
+the bill providing for the utilising of volunteer forces
+in times of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The foreign news of immediate interest to the people
+of the United States was, first, from Havana, that
+Captain-General Blanco had published a decree confirming
+his previous decree, and declaring the island
+to be in a state of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He also annulled his former similar decrees granting
+pardon to insurgents, and placed under martial law
+all those who were guilty of treason, espionage, crimes
+against peace or against the independence of the
+nation, seditious revolts, attacks against the form of
+government or against the authorities, and against
+those who disturb public order, though only by means
+of printed matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Madrid came the information that during the
+evening a throng of no less than six thousand people,
+carrying flags and shouting <q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Viva Espana!</foreign></q> <q>We want
+war!</q> and <q>Down with the Yankees!</q> burned the stars
+<pb n='49'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>and stripes in front of the residence of Señor Sagasta,
+the premier, who was accorded an ovation. The mob
+then went to the residence of M. Patenotre, the French
+ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance,
+but the French ambassador was not at home.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill09"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: PREMIER SAGASTA.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill09.jpg"><head rend="small">PREMIER SAGASTA.</head><figDesc>PREMIER SAGASTA.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill09.jpg"><head rend="small">PREMIER SAGASTA.</head><figDesc>PREMIER SAGASTA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+    
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral
+Dewey had ordered the commanders of the vessels
+composing his squadron to be in readiness for an
+immediate movement against the Philippine Islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 23.</hi> The President issued a proclamation calling
+for one hundred and twenty-five thousand volunteer
+soldiers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was
+provided for in the form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early
+in the morning by the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>. The fishing-boat
+<name type="ship">Perdito</name> was sighted making for Havana harbour,
+and overhauled only when she was directly under
+the guns of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the
+fortification might have sunk either craft. After a
+prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral Sampson
+decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted
+to return to Havana to spread the news of the blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner <name type="ship">Mathilde</name>
+was taken, after a lively chase, by the torpedo-boat
+<name type="ship">Porter</name>. Between five and six o’clock in the
+evening the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Foote</name>, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers
+commanding, received the first Spanish fire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas,
+<pb n='50'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>and had approached within two or three hundred yards
+of the shore, when suddenly a masked battery on the
+east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the
+<name type="ship">Foote</name>, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The
+missiles went wide of the mark, and the <name type="ship">Foote</name> leisurely
+returned to the <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name> to report the result of her
+work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Hongkong the United States consul notified
+Governor Blake of the British colony that the American
+fleet would leave the harbour in forty-eight hours,
+and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be
+necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port,
+would be shipped.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner
+of the Cape Verde Islands, that, in accordance with
+international law, she send the Spanish war-ships away
+from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that
+port during the war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 24.</hi> The following decree was gazetted in
+Madrid:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain
+and the United States, and a state of war being begun
+between the two countries, numerous questions of
+international law arise, which must be precisely defined
+chiefly because the injustice and provocation came
+from our adversaries, and it is they who by their detestable
+conduct have caused this great conflict.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The royal decree then states that Spain maintains
+her right to have recourse to privateering, and
+an<pb n='51'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>nounces that for the present only auxiliary cruisers
+will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States
+are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships
+to leave Spanish ports, and the rules Spain will observe
+during the war are outlined in five clauses, covering
+neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what will
+be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what
+constitutes contraband of war, ending with saying that
+foreign privateers will be regarded as pirates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    Continuing, the decree declared: <q rend="post: none">We have observed
+with the strictest fidelity the principles of international
+law, and have shown the most scrupulous
+respect for morality and the right of government.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There is an opinion that the fact that we have not
+adhered to the declaration of Paris does not exempt us
+from the duty of respecting the principles therein
+enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused
+to admit then was the abolition of privateering.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The government now considers it most indispensable
+to make absolute reserve on this point, in order to
+maintain our liberty of action and uncontested right
+to have recourse to privateering when we consider it
+expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of
+cruisers, auxiliary to the navy, which will be composed
+of vessels of our mercantile marine, and with equal
+distinction in the work of our navy.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Clause 1</hi>: The state of war existing between Spain
+and the United States annuls the treaty of peace and
+amity of October 27, 1795, and the <anchor id="corr051"/><corr sic="procotol">protocol</corr> of January
+<pb n='52'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions
+in force between the two countries.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Clause 2</hi>: From the publication of these presents,
+thirty days are granted to all ships of the United States
+anchored in our harbours to take their departure free
+of hindrance.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Clause 3</hi>: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered
+to the declaration of Paris, the government,
+respecting the principles of the law of nations, proposes
+to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the
+following regulations of maritime laws:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>One</hi>: Neutral flags cover the enemy’s merchandise,
+except contraband of war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Two</hi>: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of
+war, is not seizable under the enemy’s flag.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Three</hi>: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be
+effective; viz., it must be maintained with sufficient
+force to prevent access to the enemy’s littoral.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Four</hi>: The Spanish government, upholding its
+rights to grant letters of marque, will at present
+confine itself to organising, with the vessels of the
+mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which
+will coöperate with the navy, according to the needs of
+the campaign, and will be under naval control.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Five</hi>: In order to capture the enemy’s ships, and
+confiscate the enemy’s merchandise and contraband of
+war under whatever form, the auxiliary cruisers will
+exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in
+the waters under the enemy’s jurisdiction, in accordance
+<pb n='53'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>with international law and the regulations which will
+be published.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Six</hi>: Defines what is included in contraband of war,
+naming weapons, ammunition, equipments, engines, and,
+in general, all the appliances used in war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q><hi rend='italic'>Seven</hi>: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with
+all the rigour of the law, are captains, masters, officers,
+and two-thirds of the crew of vessels, which, not being
+American, shall commit acts of war against Spain, even
+if provided with letters of marque by the United States.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 24.</hi> The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Helena</name> captured the steamer
+<name type="ship">Miguel Jover</name>. The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Detroit</name> captured the steamer
+<name type="ship">Catalania</name>; the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> took the schooner <name type="ship">Candidor</name>;
+the <name type="ship">Winona</name> made a prize of the steamer <name type="ship">Saturnia</name>, and
+the <name type="ship">Terror</name> brought in the schooners <name type="ship">Saco</name> and <name type="ship">Tres
+Hermanes</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 25.</hi> Early in the day the President sent the
+following message to Congress:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration
+and appropriate action, copies of correspondence recently
+had with the representatives of Spain and the
+United States, with the United States minister at Madrid,
+through the latter with government of Spain, showing
+the action taken under the joint resolution approved
+April 20, 1898, <q>For the recognition of the independence
+of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government
+of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the
+island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces
+<pb n='54'/><anchor id='Pg054'/>from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President
+of the United States to carry these resolutions
+into effect.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in
+Washington the demand, which it became the duty of
+the executive to address to the government of Spain
+in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for
+his passports and withdrew. The United States minister
+at Madrid was in turn notified by the Spanish
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal of
+the Spanish representative from the United States
+had terminated diplomatic relations between the two
+countries, and that all official communications between
+their respective representatives ceased therewith.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I commend to your especial attention the note
+addressed to the United States minister at Madrid by
+the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on the twenty-first
+instant, whereby the foregoing notification was
+conveyed. It will be perceived therefrom, that the
+government of Spain, having cognisance of the joint
+resolution of the United States Congress, and, in view
+of the things which the President is thereby required
+and authorised to do, responds by treating the reasonable
+demands of this government as measures of hostility,
+following with that instant and complete severance
+of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations
+accompanied an existing state of war between sovereign
+powers.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The position of Spain being thus made known, and
+<pb n='55'/><anchor id='Pg055'/>the demands of the United States being denied, with a
+complete rupture of intercourse by the act of Spain, I
+have been constrained, in exercise of the power and
+authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution
+aforesaid, to proclaim under date of April 22, 1898, a
+blockade of certain ports of the north coast of Cuba,
+lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the
+port of Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and
+further in exercise of my constitutional powers, and
+using the authority conferred upon me by act of Congress,
+approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation,
+dated April 23, 1898, calling for volunteers in
+order to carry into effect the said resolution of April
+20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto
+appended.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill10"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill10.jpg"><head rend="small">PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</head><figDesc>PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill10.jpg"><head rend="small">PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</head><figDesc>PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In view of the measures so taken, and other measures
+as may be necessary to enable me to carry out the
+express will of the Congress of the United States in
+the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body
+the adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state
+of war exists between the United States of America
+and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge speedy action
+thereon to the end that the definition of the international
+status of the United States as a belligerent
+power may be made known, and the assertion of all its
+rights and the maintenance of all its duties in the conduct
+of a public war may be assured.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley.</hi></signed>
+
+<dateline>“<date><hi rend='italic'>Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898.</hi></date>”</dateline>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<pb n='56'/><anchor id='Pg056'/>
+
+<p>
+The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately
+after it had been signed the following notice was
+sent to the representatives of the foreign nations:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th,
+directed intervention for the pacification and independence
+of the island of Cuba. The Spanish government
+on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that it
+considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration
+of war, and that it had accordingly withdrawn its minister
+from Washington and terminated all diplomatic
+relations.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day,
+declared that a state of war exists between the two
+countries since and including April 21st.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>You will inform the government to which you are
+accredited, so that its neutrality may be assured in the
+existing war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary
+of State, had resigned; Assistant Secretary William
+R. Day was appointed the head of the department,
+with John B. Moore as his successor.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong,
+under orders to rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public
+attention was turned towards Manila, it being believed
+that there the first action would take place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the evening the tiny steamer <name type="ship">Mangrove</name>, a
+lighthouse tender, captured the richest prize of the war
+thus far, when she hove to the <name type="ship">Panama</name>, a big
+trans<pb n='57'/><anchor id='Pg057'/>atlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the Spanish
+navy, which had been plying between New York and
+Havana.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Mangrove</name>, Lieut.-Commander William H.
+Everett commanding, was cruising along the Cuban
+coast about twenty miles from Havana when she
+sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two
+12-pounders. As the latter came within range the
+<name type="ship">Mangrove</name> sent a shot across her bow; but the Spaniard
+gave no heed; another missile followed without
+result, and the third whistled in the air when the two
+vessels were hardly more than a hundred yards apart,
+Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun
+died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she
+would be sunk forthwith.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the
+battle-ship <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, three miles to the rear. The
+<name type="ship">Mangrove’s</name> officers admit that they expected the enemy’s
+12-pounders to open on them in response
+to the threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to.
+Ensign Dayton boarded the prize.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Indiana</name> had seen the capture, and meanwhile
+drew up to the <name type="ship">Mangrove</name>, giving her a lusty cheer.
+Lieutenant-Commander Everett reported to Captain
+Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a prize-crew
+on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer
+and fifteen marines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 26.</hi> The President issued a proclamation
+respecting the rights of Spanish vessels then in, or
+<pb n='58'/><anchor id='Pg058'/>bound to, ports in the United States, and also with
+regard to the right of search.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States gunboat <name type="ship">Newport</name> carried into
+Key West the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Piereno</name> and the sloop
+<name type="ship">Paquette</name>, which she captured off Havana, while the
+monitor <name type="ship">Terror</name> took to the same port the coasting
+steamer <name type="ship">Ambrosia Bolivar</name>. This last prize had on
+board silver specie to the amount of seventy thousand
+dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a cargo of
+bananas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 27.</hi> The steamers <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Puritan</name>, and
+<name type="ship">Cincinnati</name> bombarded the forts at the mouth of Matanzas
+Harbour. The engagement commenced at 12.57,
+and ceased at 1.15 <hi rend="small">P.&nbsp;M.</hi> The object of the attack was
+to prevent the completion of the earthworks at Punta
+Gorda.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened
+fire on the flag-ship, and this was also shelled. Twelve
+8-inch shells were fired from the eastern forts, but
+all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired
+from the half completed batteries. Two of these
+whizzed over the <name type="ship">New York</name>, and one fell short.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object
+of discovering the whereabouts of the batteries having
+been accomplished. In the neighbourhood of three
+hundred shots were put on land from the three ships
+at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand
+yards. No casualties on the American side.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The little monitor <name type="ship">Terror</name> captured her third prize,
+<pb n='59'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>and the story of the chase is thus told by an eye-witness:
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill11"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. PURITAN.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill11.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. PURITAN.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. PURITAN.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spanish steamer <name type="ship">Guido</name>, Captain Armarechia,
+was bound for Havana. There was Spanish urgency
+that she should reach that port. Aboard was a large
+cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for
+the Spanish troops—or officers. The steamer had
+left Liverpool on April 2d, and Corunna on April 9th.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the
+<name type="ship">Guido</name>, setting her fastest pace, made for Havana and
+the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles off Cardenas
+plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed
+the fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would
+be a long chase. Men in the engine-room toiled like
+galley-slaves under the whip. There was prize-money
+to be gained. The <name type="ship">Guido</name> fled fast. Every light aboard
+her was hid.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It
+was prize aim, and the shot found more than a billet in
+the <name type="ship">Guido’s</name> pilot-house. It tore a part away; the
+splinters flew.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable
+shooting. The pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece
+by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits of wood floated
+in the steamer’s wake.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The gunboat <name type="ship">Machias</name>, which was some distance
+away, heard the sound of the firing, came up, and
+brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one shot,
+<pb n='60'/><anchor id='Pg060'/>which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however,
+brought her to, and Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew
+were put on board.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture
+of the American bark <name type="ship">Saranac</name> off Manila, by the
+Spanish gunboat <name type="ship">El Correo</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By a conference of both branches of Congress a
+naval bill of $49,277,558 was agreed upon. It stands
+as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil war, providing
+for the construction of three battle-ships, four
+monitors, sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve
+torpedo-boats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Newport</name> captured the Spanish sloop
+<name type="ship">Engracia</name>, and the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> made a prize of
+the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Lola</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 29.</hi> The flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> was lying about
+two miles off the harbour of Cabanas, having just completed
+a cruise of inspection. With her were the
+torpedo-boats <name type="ship">Porter</name> and <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>. On the shore
+could be seen the white ruins of what may have been
+the dwelling of a plantation. No signs of life were
+visible. It was as if war’s alarms had never been
+heard on this portion of the island.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated
+again and again, at regular intervals, and the tiny jets
+of water which were sent up by the bullets told that,
+concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop
+of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they
+may have believed to be an attack upon the big
+war-<pb n='61'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had set
+about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to
+have as little effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed
+it was necessary to teach the enemy that any
+playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to
+themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be
+manned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered
+sufficient, although there was no evidence any
+execution had been done, and the big vessel’s bow was
+turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode
+rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as
+a target for a 4-inch gun in the starboard battery,
+and the troop dispersed in hot haste.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While this mimic warfare was being carried on off
+Cabanas, a most important capture was made. The
+<name type="ship">Nashville</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, and the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> left the station
+on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos,
+arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning,
+in order to get better information, steamed close
+to the mouth of the harbour of Cienfuegos. The <name type="ship">Eagle</name>
+was to the eastward, and in the van. The <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>
+was slightly in the rear, and the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> to the
+westward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was
+seen rising on the western horizon, and the <name type="ship">Nashville</name>,
+because of her position, put on all steam in that direction.
+Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across
+<pb n='62'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>the bow of the coming steamer, which promptly hove to.
+She was the <name type="ship">Argonauta</name>. Ensign Keunzli was sent
+with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word
+was given to send them to the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> immediately
+as prisoners of war, and when this had been done
+arrangements were made to transfer the passengers
+and non-combatants to the shore. The women and
+children were placed in the first boat, and under cover
+of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance
+to Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers
+and landed them about noon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Argonauta</name> had on board Colonel Corijo of the
+Third Spanish Cavalry, his first lieutenant, sergeant-major,
+seven other lieutenants, and ten privates and
+non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried
+a large cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She
+was bound from Satabanao, Spain, for Cienfuegos,
+stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Half an hour later the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> hoisted a signal conveying
+the intelligence that she had been fired upon by
+Spanish boats coming out of the river. She immediately
+returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and
+held her ground until the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> came up. Both
+vessels then fired broadside after broadside up the
+entrance to the river.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and
+one torpedo-boat destroyer. After twenty minutes of
+firing by the <name type="ship">Eagle</name>, during the last five of which the
+<pb n='63'/><anchor id='Pg063'/><name type="ship">Marblehead</name> participated, the Spanish vessels ceased
+firing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 29.</hi> A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape
+Verde, reported the departure from that port of the
+Spanish squadron, consisting of the first-class cruisers
+<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>,
+and <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers
+<name type="ship">Furor</name>, <name type="ship">Terror</name>, and <name type="ship">Pluton</name>, bound westward, probably
+for Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 30.</hi> The American schooner <name type="ship">Ann Louisa
+Lockwood</name> was taken by the Spaniards off Mole St.
+Nicolas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the <name type="ship">Mascota</name>,
+near Havana, by the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Foote</name>, closed
+the record of the month of April.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the
+people of the United States, and it was as if everything
+else was relegated to the background until information
+could be had regarding that American fleet which
+sailed from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon
+of April 27th.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="4" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='64'/><anchor id='Pg064'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER IV.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</head>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <hi rend='italic'>May 1.</hi> <q rend="post: none">Manila, May 1.—The squadron arrived
+at Manila at daybreak this morning. Immediately
+engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following
+Spanish vessels: <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name>, <name type="ship">Isla de Luzon</name>, <name type="ship">Reina
+    Christina</name>, <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, <name type="ship">Don Antonio d’Ulloa</name>, 
+        <name type="ship">Don Juan d’Austria</name>, <name type="ship">Velasco</name>, <name type="ship">General Lezo</name>,
+    <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, <name type="ship">Marques
+del Duero</name>, <name type="ship">Isla de Mindanao</name>, and the water-battery at
+Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were
+slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to
+American consulate, Hongkong. I shall communicate
+with him.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewey.</hi>”</signed>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he
+performs his deeds of valour without too many preliminaries,
+and, therefore, when on the seventh of May the
+telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an
+anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country
+remembered but one name,—that of Dewey.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 25.</hi> It was known to the public that the
+Asiatic Squadron had sailed from Hongkong on the
+<pb n='65'/><anchor id='Pg065'/>25th of April to avoid possible complications such as
+might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in
+Mirs Bay, there to await orders from the government
+at Washington.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill12"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill12.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill12.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 26.</hi> So also was it known that on the next
+day Commodore Dewey received the following cablegram.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Washington</hi></name>, April 26th.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Dewey, Asiatic Squadron</hi>:—Commence operations
+at once, particularly against Spanish fleet. You must
+capture or destroy them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mckinley.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>April 27.</hi> On the twenty-seventh came information
+from Hongkong that the squadron had put to sea, and
+from that day until the seventh of May no word regarding
+the commodore’s movements had been received,
+save through Spanish sources.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts
+concerning the most complete naval victory the world
+had ever known. It was the first engagement of the
+war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not
+strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with
+joy, gave little heed to the movements of our forces
+elsewhere until the details of this marvellous fight
+could be sent under the oceans and across the countries,
+thousands of leagues in distance, describing the
+deeds of the heroes who had made their names famous
+so long as history shall exist.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='66'/><anchor id='Pg066'/>
+
+<p>
+During such time of waiting all were eager to
+familiarise themselves with the theatre of this scene
+of action, and every source of information was applied
+to until the bay of Manila had become as well known
+as the nearest home waters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For a better understanding of the battle a rough
+diagram of the bay, from the entrance as far as the
+city of Manila, may not come amiss.<note place="foot">See <ref target="appa">Appendix, Part A</ref>, for general description of the Philippine
+Islands and their inhabitants.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is
+situated the city of Manila, through which the river
+Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the old city from
+the new, and forming several small islands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal
+of Cavite, which, projecting as it does from the mainland,
+forms a most commodious and safe harbour.
+Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort,
+on the mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between
+the arsenal and the city was a Krupp battery, at what
+was known as the Luneta Fort, while further toward
+the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion
+of Limbones Point, were shore-batteries,—formidable
+forts, so it had been given out by the Spanish
+government, such as would render the city of Manila
+impregnable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands,
+Corregidor and Caballo, which divide the entrance of
+the bay into three channels. On each of these islands
+<pb n='67'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly
+fortified with modern guns. North of Corregidor,
+nearly opposite, but on the inner shore, is the point of
+San José, where was another water-battery mounting
+formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor
+and San José Point is known as the Boca Grande, and
+is nearly two miles wide. The middle channel, or the
+one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and
+but little used. The third, which separates Caballo
+Island from Limbones Point, is nearly three miles in
+width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and known as the
+Boca Chica.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All of these channels, as well as the waters of
+the bay, were said to have been thickly mined, and
+the enemy had caused it to be reported that no
+ship could safely enter without the aid of a government
+pilot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as
+set down at the conclusion of this chapter, were two
+transports, the steamers <name type="ship">Nanshan</name> and <name type="ship">Zafiro</name>, which
+had come into the port of Hongkong laden with
+coal shortly before Commodore Dewey’s departure, and
+had been purchased by him, together with their cargoes,
+in anticipation of the declaration of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And now, the details having been set down in order
+that what follows may be the better understood, we
+will come to that sultry Sunday morning, shortly after
+midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the
+coast toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship
+<pb n='68'/><anchor id='Pg068'/><name type="ship">Olympia</name> leading, with the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, the
+<name type="ship">Petrel</name>, the <name type="ship">Concord</name>, and the <name type="ship">Boston</name> following in the
+order named. In the rear of these came the two
+transports, the <name type="ship">Nanshan</name> and <name type="ship">Zafiro</name>, convoyed by the
+despatch steamer <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca
+Grande channel, and the fleet kept well out from
+Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor came
+into view.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned
+on deck, the men ordered to wash, and afterwards
+served with a cup of coffee. All lights were extinguished
+except one on the stern of each ship, and that
+was hooded. All hands were at quarters; all guns
+loaded, with extra charges ready at hand; every eye
+was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the
+slightest sound.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to
+seaman, who believed it would be possible for the war-vessels
+to enter the bay without giving an alarm, and
+yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past
+Corregidor Island before a gun was fired.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a
+four-knot speed, when from the smoke-stack of the
+little <name type="ship">McCulloch</name> a column of sparks shot up high
+into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low,
+and it became necessary to replenish them. The
+firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should not be in
+at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and
+<pb n='69'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>thus a signal was given to the sleepy garrison of
+Corregidor.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill13"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. OLYMPIA.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill13.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. OLYMPIA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. OLYMPIA.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+<q>Perhaps they will see us now,</q> the commodore
+remarked, quietly, as his attention was called to this
+indiscretion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull
+report, and in the air could be heard that peculiar singing
+and sighing of a flying projectile as a heavy missile
+passed over the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> and the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not
+until after the last vessel in that ominous procession
+had steamed past.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and
+it neither worked harm nor caused alarm.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Again and again in rapid succession came these
+flashes of light, dull reports, and sinister hummings in
+the air, before the American fleet gave heed that this
+signal to heave to had been heard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the <name type="ship">Concord</name>
+directly inside of the fortification, where it exploded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> and the <name type="ship">Boston</name> each threw a shell by
+way of salute, and then all was silent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The channel, which had been thickly mined, according
+to the Spanish reports, was passed in safety, and
+the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in the darkness, had
+yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish
+fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about
+the city.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the forward bridge of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> stood
+Commo<pb n='70'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>dore Dewey, his chief of staff, Commander Lamberton,
+Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an insurgent
+Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much
+against his will, was forced to take up his position in
+that partially sheltered place because the commander
+of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that
+all the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to
+death on the bridge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The word was given to <q>slow down,</q> and the speed
+of the big ships decreased until they had barely
+steerageway.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The men were allowed to sleep beside their
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was
+almost profound, until suddenly day broke, as it does in
+the tropics, like unto a flash of light, and all that bay,
+with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first
+signal, was disclosed to view.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the masthead of the American vessels rose
+tiny balls of bunting, and then were broken out,
+disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and
+beyond, the city of Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>, flying the Spanish rear-admiral’s
+flag, lay off the arsenal. Astern of her was
+moored the <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, her port battery ready for action.
+Slightly to seaward were the <name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name>, the
+<name type="ship">Don Antonio de Ulloa</name>,
+    the <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name> and <name type="ship">Isla de
+<pb n='71'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>Luzon</name>, the <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, the <name type="ship">Marques del Duero</name>, and the
+<name type="ship">General Lezo</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They were under steam and slowly moving about,
+apparently ready to receive the fire of the advancing
+squadron. The flag-ship <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name> also was
+under way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot
+speed!</q> were the signals which floated from the
+<name type="ship">Olympia</name> as she led the fleet in, keeping well toward
+the shore opposite the city.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when
+from the arsenal came a flame and report; but the
+missile was not to be seen. Another shot from Cavite,
+and then was strung aloft on the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> a line of tiny
+flags, telling by the code what was to be the American
+battle-cry: <q>Remember the <name type="ship">Maine</name>,</q> and from the throat
+of every man on the incoming ships went up a shout
+of defiance and exultation that the moment was near
+at hand when the dastardly deed done in the harbour of
+Havana might be avenged.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels,
+dropping astern and beyond range the transports as
+they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having gained
+such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution,
+the fleet swung swiftly around until it held a
+course parallel with the westernmost shore, and distant
+from it mayhap six thousand yards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each
+man took a mental grip upon himself, believing that he
+<pb n='72'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>stood face to face with death; but no cheek paled; no
+hand trembled save it might have been from excitement.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ships were coming down on their fighting course
+when a shell from one of the shore-batteries burst over
+the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>; the guns from the fort and from the
+water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming
+missiles with thunderous reports; every man on the
+American fleet save one believed the moment had come
+when they should act their part in the battle which had
+been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Hold your fire until close in.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of
+Manila would have been laid in ashes and thousands
+of non-combatants slain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Olympia</name> was yet two miles from Cavite when,
+directly in front of the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, a huge shaft of water
+shot high into the air, and with a heavy booming that
+drowned the reports of the Spanish guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The torpedoes!</q> some one on the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> said,
+in a low tone, with an indrawing of the breath; but
+it was as if Dewey did not hear. With Farragut in
+Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of
+destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to
+that which might in a single instant send his vessel
+to the bottom, even as the <name type="ship">Maine</name> had been sent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then, so near the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> as to send a flood across
+her decks, another spouting of water, another dull roar,
+and the much vaunted mines of the Spaniards in Manila
+Bay had been exploded.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill14"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BALTIMORE.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill14.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BALTIMORE.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. BALTIMORE.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='73'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>
+<p>
+The roar and crackle of the enemy’s guns still continued,
+yet Dewey withheld the order which every man
+was now most eager to hear.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the
+shells which had passed over our fleet now fell close
+about them; the tension among officers and men was
+terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore
+would restrain them from firing. The heat was
+rapidly becoming intense. The guns’ crews began to
+throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but
+their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their
+bodies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships
+steadily steamed on and drew nearer the fort. Orders
+were given by the officers in low voices, but they were
+perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was
+broken only by the throbbing of the engines. The men
+hugged their posts ready to open fire at the word.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and
+came directly for the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. High over the smoke-stack
+it burst with a mighty snap. Commodore Dewey
+did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a
+motion to a boatswain’s mate who stood near the
+after 5-inch gun. With a voice of thunder the man
+bellowed an order along the decks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Remember the <name type="ship">Maine</name>!</q> yelled a chorus of five
+hundred gallant sailors. Below decks in the engine-rooms
+the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance and
+revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and
+<pb n='74'/><anchor id='Pg074'/>the threatening notes were swept across the bay to the
+other ships.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Remember the <name type="ship">Maine</name>!</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of
+hundreds of American sailors who resented the cowardly
+death of their comrades. It bespoke the terrible vengeance
+that was about to be dealt out to the defenders
+of a detestable flag.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>You may fire when you are ready, Gridley,</q> was
+Commodore Dewey’s quiet remark to the captain of the
+<name type="ship">Olympia</name>, who was still in the conning-tower.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Olympia’s</name> 8-inch gun in the forward turret
+belched forth, and an instant later was run up the
+signal to the ships astern:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Fire as convenient.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The other vessels in the squadron followed the
+example set by the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. The big 8-inch guns
+of the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> and the <name type="ship">Boston</name> hurled their two hundred
+and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and
+at the <name type="ship">Castilla</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns
+on Cavite hurled their shells at the swiftly moving
+vessels; the water-batteries added their din to the
+horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous
+with the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of
+smoke hung here and there, obscuring this vessel or
+that from view. It was the game of death with all its
+horrible accompaniments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One big shell came toward the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> straight for
+<pb n='75'/><anchor id='Pg075'/>the bridge. When a hundred feet away it suddenly
+burst, its fragments continuing onward. One piece
+struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander
+Lamberton. He did not wince.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill15"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill15.png"><head rend="small">THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</head><figDesc>THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Olympia</name> continued on. It was evident Commodore
+Dewey was making straight for the centre
+of the enemy’s line, which was the big cruiser <name type="ship">Reina
+Christina</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Being the nearest ship, the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> received more
+attention from the Spaniards than any of the other
+vessels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The water was now getting shallow. Commodore
+Dewey did not wish to run aground. He altered his
+course when about four thousand yards from the
+Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his
+broadside.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the
+shore near the arsenal, making for the coal-laden
+steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary
+batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear
+upon her; it was a veritable shower of shot and shell
+which fell ahead, astern, and either side of her. To
+continue on would have been certain destruction, and,
+turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had
+half disabled her, the craft was run high and dry
+on the beach, where she was at once abandoned,
+her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would
+explode.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Open with all guns,</q> came the signal as the course
+<pb n='76'/><anchor id='Pg076'/>of the American vessels was changed, and soon all the
+port guns were at work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American fleet was steaming back and forth off
+Cavite Bay as if bent on leaving such a wake as would
+form a figure eight, delivering broadside after broadside
+with splendid results.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All this time the enemy’s vessels were keeping up
+a steady fire, the smaller ships retreating inside the
+mole several times during the action. The forts were
+not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with
+no noticeable effect. The enemy’s fire seemed to be
+concentrated on the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, and she was hit several
+times.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side
+on the main-deck line, tore up the wooden deck, and,
+striking the steel deck under this, glanced upward,
+went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging,
+struck the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the
+quarter-deck, temporarily rendering the gun unfit for
+use.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder
+ammunition, exploding one shell, which in turn slightly
+wounded one of No. 4 gun’s crew.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One shell pierced her starboard side forward of
+No. 2 sponson, and lodged in a clothes-locker on the
+berth-deck; another struck her port beam a little above
+the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above
+this, another shell came crashing across the berth-deck,
+striking a steam-pipe and exploding behind the starboard
+<pb n='77'/><anchor id='Pg077'/>blower-engine, but with no serious results. A fragment
+of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and the
+colours of the mainmast were shot through.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill16"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BOSTON.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill16.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BOSTON.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. BOSTON.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop
+shattered the whaleboats, and they had to be cut
+adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the
+quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant
+Brumby held in his hand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the <name type="ship">Boston</name> a shell came through a port-hole in
+Ensign Doddridge’s stateroom, and wrecked it badly.
+The explosion set a fire which was quickly put out.
+Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where
+it burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also
+soon extinguished. Still another shell struck the
+<name type="ship">Boston’s</name> foremast, cutting a great gash in it. It came
+within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> was forced inshore by the strong
+current, and carried directly upon the bows of two
+Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of warfare she
+should have been sunk; but instead, her commander
+delivered two raking broadsides as she steamed back
+into place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three times the American ships passed back and
+forth, opening first with one broadside and then with
+another as the ship swung around, and then the <name type="ship">Reina
+Christina</name>, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a
+vapour as of wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly
+sallied out to meet the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which
+<pb n='78'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>the Spaniard was speedily worsted to such a degree
+that she was literally forced to turn and make for the
+shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly
+toward the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, an 8-inch shell struck her
+squarely, and the explosive must have travelled directly
+through the ill-fated craft until it reached the after
+boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and
+vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions
+of dismembered human bodies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier,
+and made directly for the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>. In less than five
+minutes she was in a sinking condition; as she turned,
+a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she
+disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some
+titanic force.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Navigator Calkins of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> had soundings
+taken, and told Commodore Dewey that he could take
+the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Take her in, then,</q> the commodore replied.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of
+the Spanish fleet. This brought the smaller guns into
+effective play.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was
+terrific.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Castilla</name> was in flames from stem to stern.
+Black smoke poured up from the decks of the <name type="ship">Isla de
+Cuba</name>, and on the flag-ship fire was completing the work
+of destruction begun by the American shells.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was 7.35 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> when the battle, which began at
+<pb n='79'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>5.41, came to a temporary close. The first round was
+concluded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There was yet ample time in which to finish the
+work so well begun, and from the flag-ship <name type="ship">Olympia</name>
+went up the signal:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Cease firing and follow.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once
+partially beyond range, <q>mess-gear</q> was sounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The only casualty worthy of mention which had
+occurred was the death of Chief Engineer Frank B.
+Randall, of the steamer <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>, who died from heart
+disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the
+fleet was passing Corregidor.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were handshakings and congratulations on
+every hand as smoke-begrimed friends, parted during
+the battle, met again, and loud were the cheers that
+went up from the various ships in passing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After breakfast had been served and the ships made
+ready for the second round, or, in other words, at 10.15
+in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>
+hauled down her colours, and the admiral’s flag was
+transferred to the <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 10.45 a signal was made from the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Get under way with men at quarters.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>
+in the lead, but the latter vessel’s course was quickly
+changed as a strange steamer was observed entering the
+bay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring;
+<pb n='80'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>the signal flags soon told that the stranger was flying
+the English ensign.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then came the order for the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> to stand in
+and destroy the enemy’s fortifications, and ten minutes
+later the battle was on once more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners
+taking careful aim, bent on expending the least amount
+of ammunition with the greatest possible execution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> suffered most at the beginning of this
+second round, because all the enemy’s fire was concentrated
+upon her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soon after this second half of the engagement had
+begun a Spanish shell exploded on the <anchor id="corr080a"/><name type="ship">Baltimore’s</name>
+deck, wounding five of the crew, and another partially
+disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface
+in that portion of the bay was covered by a missile
+from the enemy’s guns, and yet no further damage to
+the American fleet was done.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> was within twenty-five hundred-yard
+range she poured a broadside into the <name type="ship">Reina
+Christina</name> which literally blew that craft into fragments,
+and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud
+above the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath
+the waters of the bay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <anchor id="corr080"/><corr sic="San"><name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name></corr> was the next of the enemy’s
+fleet to be sunk, and then a like fate overtook the <name type="ship">El
+Correo</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">General Lezo</name> was run on shore and abandoned
+to the flames.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='81'/><anchor id='Pg081'/>
+
+<p>
+The cruiser <name type="ship">Castilla</name> was scuttled by her crew lest
+the fire which was raging fiercely should explode her
+magazine.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <anchor id="corr081"/><corr sic="Valasco"><name type="ship">Velasco</name></corr> went down before all her men could
+escape to the boats. The guns of the <name type="ship">Don Antonio
+de Ulloa</name> were fought with most desperate bravery,
+and even as she sank beneath the surface were the
+pieces discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at
+their posts of duty until death overtook them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Concord</name> started after the <name type="ship">Mindanao</name> lying close
+inshore, and was soon joined by the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, who
+poured 8-inch shells into the transport until she was
+set on fire in a dozen places.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a
+vessel remained afloat, and Commodore Dewey turned
+his attention to the Cavite battery.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was 12.45 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> when the magazine in the arsenal
+was exploded by a shell from the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, or the <name type="ship">Petrel</name>,
+it is impossible to say which, and the battle of
+Manila had been fought and won.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore
+Dewey’s official report received at the Navy Department,
+and then it was given to the public without loss
+of time. It is copied below:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align:right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Flagship Olympia, Cavite</hi></name>, May 4, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived
+off Bolinao on the morning of April 30th, and
+<pb n='82'/><anchor id='Pg082'/>finding no vessels there proceeded down the coast and
+arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same
+afternoon. The <name type="ship">Boston</name> and <name type="ship">Concord</name> were sent to
+reconnoitre Point Subic.... A thorough search
+of the port was made by the <name type="ship">Boston</name> and the <name type="ship">Concord</name>,
+but the Spanish fleet was not found....</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Entered the south channel at 11.30 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>, steaming
+in column at eight knots. After half the squadron
+had passed, a battery on the south side of the channel
+opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The
+<name type="ship">Boston</name> and <name type="ship">McCulloch</name> returned the fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow
+speed, and arrived off Manila at daybreak, and was
+fired upon at 5.15 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> by three batteries at Manila
+and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored
+in an approximately east and west line across the
+mouth of Baker Bay, with their left in shoal water in
+Canacoa Bay.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the
+flag-ship <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, under my personal direction, leading,
+followed at distance by the <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, <name type="ship">Petrel</name>,
+<name type="ship">Concord</name>, and <name type="ship">Boston</name>, in the order named, which formation
+was maintained throughout the action. The
+squadron opened fire at 5.41 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">While advancing to the attack two mines were
+exploded ahead of the flag-ship, too far to be effective.
+The squadron maintained a continuous and precise fire
+at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand
+yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel
+<pb n='83'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>to that of the Spanish fleet. The enemy’s fire was
+vigorous, but generally ineffective.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill17"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. CONCORD.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill17.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. CONCORD.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. CONCORD.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Early in the engagement two launches put out
+toward the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, with the apparent intention of
+using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other disabled
+by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred
+to fire torpedoes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At seven <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> the Spanish flag-ship, <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>,
+made a desperate attempt to leave the line and come
+out to engage at short range, but was received with
+such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>
+being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able
+to return to the shelter of the point. The fires started
+in her by our shell at this time were not extinguished
+until she sank.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous
+report from the beginning of the engagement,
+which fire was not returned by this squadron.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The first of these batteries was situated on the
+South Mole head, at the entrance to the Pasig River,
+the second on the south bastion of the walled city of
+Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile
+farther south. At this point I sent a message to the
+governor-general, in effect that if the batteries did not
+cease firing the city would be shelled. This had the
+effect of silencing them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At 7.35 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> I ceased firing and withdrew the
+squadron for breakfast.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At 11.16 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> returned to the attack. By this
+<pb n='84'/><anchor id='Pg084'/>time the Spanish flag-ship and almost the entire Spanish
+fleet were in flames. At 12.30 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> the squadron
+ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships
+sunk, burned, and destroyed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At 12.40 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> the squadron returned and anchored
+off Manila, the <name type="ship">Petrel</name> being left behind to complete
+the destruction of the smaller gunboats, which were
+behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed
+by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious
+and complete manner possible.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spanish lost the following vessels:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Sunk: <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name>, <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, <name type="ship">Don Antonio de
+Ulloa</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Burned: <name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name>, <name type="ship">Isla de Luzon</name>, <name type="ship">Isla
+de Cuba</name>, <name type="ship">General Lezo</name>, <name type="ship">Marques del Duero</name>,
+    <name type="ship">El Correo</name>,
+<name type="ship">Velasco</name>, and <name type="ship">Isla de Mindanao</name>, transport.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captured: <name type="ship">Rapido</name> and <name type="ship">Hercules</name>, tugs, and several
+small launches.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the
+enemy’s killed and wounded, but believe their losses to
+be very heavy.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Reina Christina</name> alone had 150 killed, including
+the captain, and ninety wounded.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I am happy to report that the damage done to the
+squadron under my command was inconsiderable. There
+were none killed, and only seven men in the squadron
+were slightly wounded.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated,
+but the damage was of the slightest, and the
+<pb n='85'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>squadron is in as good condition now as before the
+battle.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I beg to state to the department that I doubt if
+any commander-in-chief was ever served by more loyal,
+efficient, and gallant captains than those of the squadron
+now under my command.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><anchor id="corr085"/><corr sic="no quote">Capt.</corr> Frank Wildes, commanding the <name type="ship">Boston</name>, volunteered
+to remain in command of his vessel, although his
+relief arrived before leaving Hongkong. Assistant
+Surgeon Kindleberger of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> and Gunner
+J. C. Evans of the <name type="ship">Boston</name> also volunteered to remain
+after orders detaching them had arrived.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The conduct of my personal staff was excellent.
+Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff, was a
+volunteer for that position, and gave me most efficient
+aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign
+W. P. Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal
+officers in a highly creditable manner.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Olympia</name> being short of officers for the battery,
+Ensign H. H. Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for
+and was assigned to a subdivision of 5-inch battery.
+Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in the United
+States navy, and now correspondent of the <hi rend='italic'>New York
+Herald</hi>, volunteered for duty as my aid, and did
+valuable service.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut.
+C. G. Calkins, the navigator of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, who came
+under my personal observation, being on the bridge
+with me throughout the entire action, and giving the
+<pb n='86'/><anchor id='Pg086'/>ranges to the guns with an accuracy that was proved
+by the excellence of the firing.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the
+squadron again went to Cavite, where it remained.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite
+arsenal, which was taken possession of by a landing
+party. On the same day the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name> and <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>
+secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor
+Island, paroling the garrison and destroying the
+guns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>On the morning of May 4th the transport <name type="ship">Manila</name>,
+which had been aground in Baker Bay, was towed off
+and made a prize.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of
+Manila Bay, together with the officers of the American
+fleet:<note place="foot">See <ref target="appb">Appendix B</ref> for types of war-ships and methods of signalling
+while in action.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: center">
+AMERICAN FLEET.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons,
+speed, 21.6 knots. Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten
+5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen 6-pounder rapid-fire
+guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings,
+with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>, protected cruiser, 4,600
+tons, speed, 20.09 knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six
+6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire
+<pb n='87'/><anchor id='Pg087'/>guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four 37-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Boston</name>, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons,
+speed, 15.6 knots. Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch
+rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns,
+two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons,
+speed, nineteen knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch
+rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, four
+1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Concord</name>, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed,
+16.8 knots. Battery: six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder,
+two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss
+cannon, and two Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7
+knots. Battery: four 6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire
+gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two
+Gatlings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons,
+speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Nanshan</name> and <name type="ship">Zafiro</name>, supply ships.
+</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: center">
+SPANISH FLEET.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Reina Maria Christina</name>, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen
+knots. Battery: six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two
+2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire rifles, six 1.4-inch,
+and two machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='88'/><anchor id='Pg0882'/>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Castilla</name>, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch
+Krupp rifles, two 4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch
+rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Velasco</name>, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch
+Armstrong rifles, two 2.7-inch hontorias, and two
+machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Don Antonio de Ulloa</name> and <name type="ship">Don Juan de Austria</name>,
+each 1,130 tons, speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four
+4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch,
+and two machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">General Lezo</name>, and <name type="ship">El Correo</name>, gun vessels, 524
+tons, speed, 11.5 knots. The <name type="ship">General Lezo</name> had two
+hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one 3.5-inch, two
+small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the <name type="ship">El Correo</name>
+had three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two
+machine guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Marques del Duero</name>, despatch-boat, 500 tons.
+Battery: one smooth bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two
+4.7-inch and one machine gun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Isla de Cuba</name> and the <name type="ship">Isla de Luzon</name> were
+both small gunboats, 1,030 tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch
+hontorias, two small guns, and two machine
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Isla de Mindanao</name>, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons,
+speed, 13.5 knots.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two torpedo-boats and two transports.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Officers of the U.&nbsp;S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear
+Admiral George Dewey, commander-in-chief; Commander
+B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T. M.
+<pb n='89'/><anchor id='Pg089'/>Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell,
+secretary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, <anchor id="corr089"/><corr sic="flagship">flag-ship</corr>: Captain, Charles V. Gridley;
+Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants,
+C. G. Calkins, V. S. Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller,
+S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M. Taylor, F. B. Upham,
+W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S.
+Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant
+Surgeon, C. P. Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A.
+Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle; Assistant Engineers,
+E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain,
+J. B. Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner,
+L. J. G. Kuhlwein; Carpenter, W. McDonald;
+Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander,
+F. Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder,
+B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan; Ensigns, F. L.
+Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller;
+Assistant Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant
+Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief Engineer, F. H. Bailey;
+Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead; Assistant
+Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines,
+T. C. Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone;
+Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Boston</name>: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander,
+J. A. Norris; Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L.
+Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H. Everhart,
+J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant
+Surgeon, R. S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin;
+<pb n='90'/><anchor id='Pg090'/>Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom; Assistant Engineer,
+L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R.
+McM. Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I.
+H. Hilton.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Baltimore</name>: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander,
+G. Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther,
+A. G. Winterhalter, F. W. Kellogg, J. M.
+Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward,
+M. D. McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh,
+I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer, T. A. Karney; Passed
+Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon,
+R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief
+Engineer, A. Kirby; Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price,
+H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt; Chaplain, T. S. K.
+Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams;
+Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner,
+L. J. Waller; Carpenter, O. Bath.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Concord</name>: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander,
+G. P. Colvocoresses; Lieutenants,
+T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A. Kiser,
+W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon,
+R. G. Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster,
+E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard Inch; Passed
+Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer,
+E. H. Dunn.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Petrel</name>: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants,
+E. M. Hughes, B. A. Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P.
+Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S. Montgomery;
+Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant
+<pb n='91'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>Paymaster, G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer,
+R. T. Hall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Revenue Cutter <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+American loss: Two officers and six men wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six
+hundred wounded.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="5" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='92'/><anchor id='Pg092'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER V.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">NEWS OF THE DAY.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 2.</hi> In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second
+of May, there was much to be done in order to
+complete the work so thoroughly begun the day
+previous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor,
+under flag of truce, to Commodore Dewey, with a
+proposal of surrender from the commandant of the fortifications.
+The <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> was sent to attend to the
+business; but when she arrived at the island no one
+save the commanding officer was found. All his men
+had deserted him after overthrowing the guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Baltimore</name> had but just steamed away, when
+Commander Lamberton was ordered to go on board the
+<name type="ship">Petrel</name> and run over to Cavite arsenal in order that he
+might take possession, for on the previous day a white
+flag had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing,
+that the troops were under arms, and Captain Sostoa,
+of the Spanish navy, was in anything rather than a surrendering
+mood. On being asked as to the meaning
+of affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted
+for a truce, not as a token of capitulation. He was
+<pb n='93'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>given until noon to decide as to his course of action,
+and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white
+flag was again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on
+shore once more he found that the Spaniard had
+marched his men away, taking with them all their
+arms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This was the moment when the insurgents, who had
+gathered near the town, believed their opportunity
+had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began an
+indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to
+an end until the American marines were landed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about
+the entrance of Manila Bay were destroyed; the cable
+from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and Commodore
+Dewey began a blockade of the port.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency
+war appropriation bill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten
+light batteries of artillery were concentrated at Tampa
+and Port Tampa. General Shafter assumed command
+on this date.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Newport</name> captured the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Pace</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d,
+news regarding the condition of affairs in Madrid was
+received. The Spanish public was greatly excited by
+information from the Philippines, and the authorities
+found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document
+being couched in warlike language beginning:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, as Spain finds herself at war with the
+<pb n='94'/><anchor id='Pg094'/>United States, the power of civil authorities in Spain
+is suspended.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, it is necessary to prevent an impairment
+of the patriotic efforts which are being made by the
+nation with manly energy and veritable enthusiasm;</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Article 1.</hi> A state of siege in Madrid is hereby
+proclaimed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Article 2.</hi> As a consequence of article one, all
+offences against public order, those of the press
+included, will be tried by the military tribunals.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q><hi rend='italic'>Article 3.</hi> In article two are included offences
+committed by those who, without special authorisation,
+shall publish news relative to any operations of
+war whatsoever.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings
+and public demonstrations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Commenting upon the defeat, the <hi rend='italic'>El Nacional</hi>, of
+Madrid, published the following article:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived,
+nothing better occurred to Admiral Bermejo (Minister
+of Marine) than to send to all newspapers comparative
+statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison
+he sought to direct public attention to the immense
+superiority over a squadron of wooden vessels
+dried up by the heat in those latitudes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">But in this document Spain can see nothing kind.
+Spain undoubtedly sees therein the heroism of our
+marines; but she sees also and above all the nefarious
+crime of the government.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='95'/><anchor id='Pg095'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing
+forces superior to ours; but what is worthy of being
+blamed with all possible vehemence is this infamous
+government, which allowed our inferiority without
+neutralising it by means of preparations. This is
+the truth. Our sailors have been basely delivered
+over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler
+and more worthy of respect than those baneful ministers,
+who brought about the first victory and its victims.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <hi rend='italic'>El Heraldo de Madrid</hi> said: <q rend="post: none">It was no caprice of
+the fortunes of war. From the very first cannon-shot
+our fragile ships were at the mercy of the formidable
+hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one
+after another under the fire of the American batteries,
+powerless to strike, and were defended only by the
+valour in the breasts of their sailors.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>What has been gained by the illusion that Manila
+was fortified? What has been gained by the intimation
+that the broad and beautiful bay on whose bosom
+the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered
+inaccessible? What use was made of the famous
+island of Corregidor? What was done with its guns?
+Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive
+preparations concerning which we were requested
+to keep silence?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 2.</hi> Late in the afternoon the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>
+destroyed a Spanish fort on the island of Cuba, near
+Cojimar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The government tug <name type="ship">Leyden</name> left Key West, towing
+<pb n='96'/><anchor id='Pg096'/>a Cuban expedition under government auspices to
+establish communication with the Cuban forces in
+Havana province. The expedition was accompanied
+by Lieutenant-Colonel Acosta. Under him were five
+other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly commanded
+a cavalry troop in Havana province.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 4.</hi> A telegram from Key West gave the following
+information:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning
+with all the big vessels of his blockading squadron on
+some mysterious mission.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the fleet were the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name>, the battle-ships
+<name type="ship">Iowa</name> and <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, the cruisers <name type="ship">Detroit</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>,
+and <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, the monitor <name type="ship">Puritan</name>, and the
+torpedo-gunboat <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of
+their bunkers, and all available places on the decks are
+piled high with coal.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the same day the Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Condor</name>
+arrived with twelve American refugees and their immediate
+relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been
+practising his profession in Cienfuegos for eight
+months, after six years’ study in the United States,
+was one of the passengers. He gave the following
+account of himself:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if
+I had been born in America, I was obliged to flee for
+my life. I left my mother, six sisters, and five brothers
+<pb n='97'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in danger.
+May heaven protect them! What was I to do?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There are now about two hundred Americans at
+Cienfuegos clamouring to get away. They are sending
+to Boston and New York for steamers, but without
+avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me
+on his departure that the Spanish law would protect
+me. Other Americans would have come on the <name type="ship">Condor</name>,
+but Captain Miller would not take them. There was
+not room for them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet
+become personally insulting on the streets, but a mob
+of Spanish residents marched through the city four
+days before the <name type="ship">Condor</name> left, shouting, <q>We want to kill
+all Americans.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>There are between four thousand and six thousand
+Spanish troops concentrating at Cienfuegos under command
+of Major-General Aguirre. They have thrown up
+some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries
+look toward the open sea.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the
+Bay of Biscay, the rioters made a stand and were fired
+upon by the troops. Fourteen were killed or wounded,
+yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were
+they driven back until the artillery was ordered out.
+Then a portion of the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon
+with ammunition was seized, and directed against
+the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and
+an order issued that all the bread be baked in the government
+bakeries, because the mob had looted the shops.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='98'/><anchor id='Pg098'/>
+
+<p>
+At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo,
+a mob attacked the railroad station, entirely destroying
+it, setting fire to the cars, and starting the engines wild
+upon the track. They burned several houses owned
+by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests
+to flee for their lives. Procuring wine from the inns,
+they grew more bold, and made an attack upon the
+prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at
+this point they were held in check by the guard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing
+by inciting riots. At Caceres several people
+were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the guards
+and looted the shops. The British steam yacht <name type="ship">Lady
+of Clonmel</name>, owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London,
+was attacked as she lay at the pier. Stones smashed
+her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did
+not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from
+Gibraltar reported the outrage to London.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 5.</hi> The government tug <name type="ship">Leyden</name>, which on the
+second day of May left Key West with a Cuban expedition,
+returned to port, giving the following account
+of her voyage:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and
+landed five men, with four boxes of ammunition and
+two horses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he
+communicated with the forces of the insurgents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Leyden</name> lay to outside the harbour until five
+o’clock in the morning, when, observing a troop of
+<pb n='99'/><anchor id='Pg099'/>Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea and
+got safely away.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill18"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. TERROR.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill18.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. TERROR.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. TERROR.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of
+the third landed another small party near there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the
+monitors <name type="ship">Terror</name> and <name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>, which were on the
+blockade in that vicinity, but being unable to locate
+them the <name type="ship">Leyden</name> returned to the original landing-place,
+reaching there early on the morning of the
+fourth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred
+Cubans, half of whom were armed with rifles.
+They united with the men on the tug, and an
+attempt was made to land the remaining arms and
+men, when two hundred of the Villa Viscosa cavalry
+swooped down on them, and an engagement of a half
+hour’s duration followed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving
+them into the woods. The Spanish carried with
+them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the
+field.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the engagement the bullets went through
+the <name type="ship">Leyden’s</name> smoke-stack, but no one was injured.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship,
+found her lying near Havana, and reported the
+facts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>
+back with the <name type="ship">Leyden</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The two vessels reached the scene of the landing
+<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/>on the afternoon of the fourth, and found the Spanish
+cavalry in waiting to welcome another attempted
+invasion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> promptly opened fire on a number
+of small houses marking the entrance to the place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back
+the Spaniards, and Captain Dorst, with the ammunition,
+landed safely, the <name type="ship">Leyden</name> returning to Key
+West.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 6.</hi> Orders were given from Washington to
+release the French mail steamer, <name type="ship">Lafayette</name>, and to
+send her to Havana under escort. The capture of
+the Frenchman by the gunboat <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> was an
+unfortunate incident, resulting from a mistake, but
+no protest was made by the representatives of the
+French government in the United States. It appeared
+that, before the <name type="ship">Lafayette</name> sailed for Havana,
+the French legation in Washington was instructed
+to communicate with the State Department. This
+was done and permission was granted to the steamer
+to enter and discharge her passengers and cargo,
+with the understanding that she would take on nothing
+there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such
+agreement were sent from Washington to Admiral
+Sampson’s squadron, and it was only learned after the
+capture was made that they were never delivered.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The War Department issued an order organising the
+regular and volunteer forces into seven army corps.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following letter needs no explanation:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/>
+<p><text><body>
+    <dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>597 Fifth Avenue, New York</hi></name>.</dateline>
+<p><address>
+<addrLine>“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Treasurer of the United States</hi></name>,
+</addrLine>
+<addrLine>&nbsp;&nbsp;Washington, D. C.</addrLine>
+</address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Dear Sir</hi>:—Some days ago I wrote President
+McKinley offering the government the sum of
+$100,000 for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority
+to receive moneys in behalf of the United
+States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be
+served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer
+at New York to the credit of the treasurer of
+the United States, or by remitting my check direct
+to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check
+for the above amount, drawn payable to your order
+on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you kindly
+acknowledge the receipt of the same?</q>
+</p>
+
+<salute rend="text-align: center">“Very truly,</salute>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Helen Miller Gould</hi>.</signed>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: left">“<date><hi rend='italic'>May 6, 1898.</hi></date>”</dateline>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+It was replied to twenty-four hours later:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+    <dateline rend="text-align: right">“Treasury Department of the United States.<lb/>“Office
+        of the Treasury.<lb/>“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Washington, D. C.</hi></name>, May 7, 1898.</dateline>
+<p>
+    <address>
+<addrLine>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Miss Helen Miller Gould</hi>,</addrLine>
+<addrLine>&nbsp;&nbsp;597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.</addrLine>
+</address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Madam</hi>:—It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge
+the receipt of your letter under date of May
+<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/>6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000, according
+to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the
+government. This sum has been placed in the general
+fund of the treasury of the United States as a
+donation from you, for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism
+which prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the
+government. Certificates of deposit will follow in due
+course.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Respectfully yours,</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ellis H. Roberts</hi>,<lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Treasurer of the United States.</hi>”</signed>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 6.</hi> The torpedo-boats <name type="ship">Dupont</name> and <name type="ship">Hornet</name>
+shelled the blockhouse near the lighthouse at Point
+Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of Matanzas,
+and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as
+a blockhouse, lying three and one-half miles to the
+east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the <name type="ship">Dupont</name> was leaving her position off the
+lighthouse point, a big shell was fired from the middle
+embrasure of a battery on the other side of the harbour,
+called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation
+was bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a
+thousand yards short. The <name type="ship">Hornet</name> was ordered to use
+her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first shell
+failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target
+fairly, and the Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for
+shelter among the neighbouring trees.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Hornet</name> fired twelve shells, six of which struck
+<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>the mark. The <name type="ship">Dupont</name>, after ascertaining that Point
+Maya was being made too warm for Spanish occupation,
+steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called
+Garcia Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward,
+and turned loose her 1-pounders.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent
+business behind the forest woods and hills. After
+making certain they had gone to stay, the <name type="ship">Dupont</name>
+resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at
+Fortina, but remained there only long enough to see
+the torpedo-boat’s menacing attitude.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 6.</hi> The cruiser <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, Captain Converse,
+was the first ship of the American squadron to acquire
+the distinction of capturing two prizes in one day, which
+she did on the sixth. The captives were the <name type="ship">Frasquito</name>
+and the <name type="ship">Lorenzo</name>, both small vessels of no great value as
+compared with the big steamers taken during the first
+days of the war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Montgomery</name> was cruising about fifty miles off
+Havana when the <name type="ship">Frasquito</name>, a two-master, came bowling
+along toward the Cuban capital. When the yellow
+flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in
+her direction, and a blank shot was put across her
+bow. The Spaniard hove to and the customary
+prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the
+<name type="ship">Frasquito</name> was bound from Montevideo to Havana
+with a cargo of jerked beef. She was of about 140
+tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The prize-crew
+took her to Havana waters, and the <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>
+<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/>assigned the cutter <name type="ship">Hamilton</name> to carry her into Key
+West.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few minutes afterwards the <name type="ship">Montgomery</name> encountered
+the <name type="ship">Lorenzo</name>, a Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona
+to Havana with a cargo of dried beef. She was
+taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several
+<q>Jackies,</q> sailed her into port.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 7.</hi> Quite a sharp little affair occurred off
+Havana, in which the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> and the cutter <name type="ship">Morrill</name>
+were very nearly enticed to destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour
+shortly before daylight to draw some of the Americans
+into an ambuscade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with
+the wind on her starboard quarter. About three miles
+east of the entrance of the harbour she came over on
+the port tack.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not
+discovered until three miles off shore, when the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>
+made her out and signalled the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> and
+<name type="ship">Morrill</name>. Captain Smith of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> immediately
+clapped on all steam and started in pursuit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro
+Castle before the wind. On doing so, she would,
+according to the plot, lead the two American war-ships
+directly under the guns of the Santa Clara
+batteries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are
+a part of the defences of the harbour. There were two
+<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/>batteries, one at the shore, which had been recently
+thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures
+for 8-inch guns, and the other on the crest of the
+rocky eminence which juts out into the waters of
+the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted
+modern 10 and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot
+stone parapet, in front of which were twenty feet
+of earthwork and belting of railroad iron.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American vessels were about six miles from the
+schooner when the chase began. They steamed after
+her at full speed, the <name type="ship">Morrill</name> leading, until within a
+mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Commander Smith of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> was the first to
+realise the danger into which the reckless pursuit had
+led them. He concluded it was time to haul off, and
+sent a shot across the bow of the schooner.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel
+about, but while she was still rolling in the trough of
+the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch shrapnel
+shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery,
+a mile and a half away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It passed over the <name type="ship">Morrill</name>, between the pilot-house
+and the smoke-stack, and exploded less than fifty feet
+away on the port quarter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two more shots followed in quick succession, both
+shrapnel. One burst close under the starboard quarter,
+filling the engine-room with the smoke of the exploding
+shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and
+exploded just beyond.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time
+fuses were accurately set.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant
+Craig, who was in charge of the bow 4-inch
+rapid-fire gun of the <name type="ship">Morrill</name>, asked for and obtained
+permission to return the fire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At the first shot the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, which was in the
+wake of the <name type="ship">Morrill</name>, slightly inshore, sheered off and
+passed to windward under the <name type="ship">Morrill’s</name> stern. In the
+meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and
+was none too soon, for as the <name type="ship">Morrill</name> stood off a solid
+8-inch shot grazed her starboard quarter and kicked
+up tons of water as it struck a wave one hundred yards
+beyond.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the guns of the water-battery were now at work.
+One of them cut the Jacob’s-ladder of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>
+adrift, and another carried away a portion of the rigging.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were
+used, but only a few shots were fired.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Morrill’s</name> 6-inch gun was elevated for four
+thousand yards, and struck the earthwork repeatedly.
+The <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> discharged only three shots from her
+6-pounder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for
+twenty minutes, but none of the latter shots came
+within one hundred yards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Later in the day the <name type="ship">Morrill</name> captured the Spanish
+schooner <name type="ship">Espana</name>, bound for Havana, and towed the
+prize to Key West.
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill19"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill19.jpg"><head rend="small">JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</head><figDesc>JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill19.jpg"><head rend="small">JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</head><figDesc>JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Newport</name> added to the list of captures by bringing
+in the Spanish schooner <name type="ship">Padre de Dios</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 7.</hi> The United States despatch-boat <name type="ship">McCulloch</name>
+arrived at Hongkong from Manila, with details of
+Commodore Dewey’s victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from
+Hongkong had been received, sent the following
+despatch:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The President, in the name of the American people,
+thanks you and your officers and men for your splendid
+achievement and overwhelming victory. In recognition
+he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend
+a vote of thanks to you by Congress as a
+foundation for further promotion.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 8.</hi> A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was
+that in which the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Winslow</name> engaged off
+Cardenas Bay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Winslow</name> and gunboat <name type="ship">Machias</name> were on the
+blockade off Cardenas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines
+and torpedoes, three small gunboats had been bottled
+up since the beginning of the war. Occasionally they
+stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond
+the inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the
+American torpedo boats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the
+entrance of the bay to mark the position for the
+entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on
+the shore opposite was instructed to notify the
+gun<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/>boats inside when the torpedo-boats were within the
+limit distance marked by the buoy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The scheme was that the gunboats could run out,
+open fire at a one-mile range thus marked off for them,
+and retreat without the chance of being cut off. The
+men of the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> eyed this buoy and guessed its
+purpose, but did not attempt to remove it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the afternoon of the eighth the <name type="ship">Machias</name> stood
+away to the eastward for a jaunt, and the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> was
+left alone to maintain the blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas
+Harbour. There was great excitement at the signal-station,
+and flags fluttered hysterically. The three
+gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to
+their safety limit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand
+yards. In a few minutes the shore signals told them
+that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every Spaniard
+aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of
+the water.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw
+waterspouts around the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, but she was not
+struck. Instead of running away, she upset calculations
+by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats,
+and Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white
+smoke puffs from the Spanish guns than he gave the
+word to the men already stationed at the two forward
+1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot
+in the middle of the flotilla.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/>
+
+<p>
+On plunged the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> to within fifteen hundred
+yards of the gunboats, while the row raised by the
+rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling tattoo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this
+fierce onslaught, single-handed, and fired wildly. The
+<name type="ship">Winslow</name> swung around broadside to, to bring her two
+after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and
+lost formation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Winslow</name> soon manœuvred so that she was
+peppering at all three gunboats at once. The sea was
+very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat rolled so
+wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice,
+but despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire
+and the remarkable effectiveness of her guns demoralised
+all three opponents, which, after the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> had
+fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back
+toward the shelter of the harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders,
+but were wild. Several shells passed over
+the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>. One exploded a hundred feet astern,
+but the others fell short.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At last a 1-pounder from the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> went fair
+and true, and struck the hull of the <name type="ship">Lopez</name> a little aft of
+amidships, apparently exploding on the inside.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Winslow</name> men yelled. The <name type="ship">Lopez</name> stopped, evidently
+disabled, while one of her comrades went to her
+assistance. By this time the Spanish boats had retreated
+nearly inside, where they could not be followed
+because of the mines. The <name type="ship">Lopez</name> got under way
+<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/>slowly and limped homeward with the help of a towline
+from her consort.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During this episode the <name type="ship">Machias</name> had returned, and
+when within a two-mile range let fly two 4-inch
+shells from her starboard battery, which accelerated the
+Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back
+into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of
+the shore-battery.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish gunboats that lured the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> into
+the death-trap were the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name>, <name type="ship">Lealtad</name>, and
+<name type="ship">Ligera</name>. During the fight the two former retreated
+behind the wharves, and the <name type="ship">Ligera</name> behind the key. It
+was the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name> that opened fire on the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>
+and decoyed her into the channel. The Spanish troops
+formed on the public square, not daring to go to the
+wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they
+furnished targets, and the women and children fled to
+Jovellanos.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack
+<name type="ship">Santiago Apostal</name> was captured by the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Newport</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Yale</name> captured the Spanish steamer <name type="ship">Rita</name>
+on the eighth, but did not succeed in getting the prize
+into port until the thirteenth. The <name type="ship">Rita</name> was loaded
+with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the
+day. At Linates a crowd of women stormed the town
+hall and the civil guard fired upon them, killing twelve.
+<hi rend='italic'>El Pais</hi>, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid,
+<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/>was suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos
+and Alicante.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 9.</hi> Congress passed a joint resolution of
+thanks to Commodore Dewey; the House passed a bill
+increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to
+seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a
+sword, and a bronze memorative medal to each officer
+and man of his command.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The record of the navy for the day was summed up
+in the capture of the fishing-smack <name type="ship">Fernandito</name> by the
+U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, and the capture of the Spanish
+schooner <name type="ship">Severito</name> by the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was
+proclaimed in Catalonia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 10.</hi> The steamer <name type="ship">Gussie</name> sailed from Tampa,
+Florida, with two companies of the First Infantry, and
+munitions and supplies for Cuban insurgents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante
+the mob sacked and burned a bonded warehouse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 11.</hi> Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak
+on the morning of May 11th, were three telegraph
+cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood consisted
+of the cruiser <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, which had been on the
+station three weeks, the gunboat <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, which had
+been there two weeks, and the converted revenue cutter
+<name type="ship">Windom</name>, which had arrived two days before. The station
+had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes
+with some Spanish gunboats, which occasionally ventured
+a very little way out of Cienfuegos Harbour.
+<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/>They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated,
+as usual, when fired on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Commander McCalla of the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, ranking
+officer, instructed Lieutenant Anderson to call for
+volunteers to cut the cable early on the morning of the
+eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser
+and the gunboat, and three times the desired number of
+men offered to serve. No one relented, even after
+repeated warnings that the service was especially
+dangerous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I want you men to understand,</q> Anderson said,
+<q>that you are not ordered to do this work, and are not
+obliged to.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The men nearly tumbled over one another in their
+eagerness to be selected. In the end, the officer had
+simply the choice of the entire crew of the two ships.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch
+containing six, were manned from each ship, and a
+guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder
+guns of the launches, were put on board. In the
+meantime the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> had taken a position one
+thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado Point
+lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow
+entrance to Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable
+landing, and, with the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> a little farther to the
+west, had begun shelling the beach.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The shore there is low, and covered with a dense
+growth of high grass and reeds. The lighthouse stood
+on an elevation, behind which, as well as hidden in the
+<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/>long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits,
+some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders.
+These the Spaniards deserted as fast as the ships’ fire
+reached them. As the enemy’s fire slackened and died
+out, the boats were ordered inshore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They advanced in double column. The launches,
+under Lieutenant Anderson and Ensign McGruder of
+the <name type="ship">Nashville</name>, went ahead with their sharpshooters and
+gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters
+were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the
+men peering into the green water for a sight of the
+cables. At a distance of two hundred feet from
+shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent
+ahead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore.
+No sooner had the work of cutting it been
+begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the soldiers
+skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire
+guns through the high grass. The launches replied
+and the fire from the ships quickened, but although the
+Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every now and
+then they grew stronger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first
+cable, stowed it away for safety, and then grappled for
+the next. Meantime the Spaniards were firing low in
+an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of
+their shots fell short. The second cable was finally
+found, and the men with the pipe-cutters went to work
+on it.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/>
+
+<p>
+Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the
+cutters in position, and the first man wounded was one
+of these. No one else in the boat knew it, however,
+till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others
+took the cue from this, and there was not a groan or a
+complaint from the two boats, as the bullets, that were
+coming thicker and faster every minute, began to bite
+flesh.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The men simply possessed themselves with heroic
+patience, and went on with the work. They did not
+even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish fire,
+but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard
+enough for all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a
+smaller one, was grappled and hoisted to the surface.
+The fire of the Spanish had reached its maximum. It
+was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were
+speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious,
+and exposed themselves in groups here and
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Use shrapnel,</q> came the signal, and can after can
+exploded over the Spaniards, causing them to break
+and run to cover.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This cover was a sort of fortification behind the
+lighthouse, and to this place they dragged a number of
+their machine guns, and again opened fire on the
+cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could
+not be answered so well from the launches, and the
+encouraged Spaniards fired all the oftener.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/>
+
+<p>
+Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a
+sound escape him. Like silent machines they worked,
+grimly hacking and tearing at the third cable. During
+half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind
+the lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant
+Anderson’s signal, the cable was dropped and
+the boats retreated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The work had lasted two hours and a half.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Windom</name>, which had laid out of range with a
+collier, was now ordered in, and the surgeon called to
+attend the wounded. The <name type="ship">Windom</name> was signalled to
+shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on
+before, according to the usages of international law.
+It had been used as a shelter by the Spaniards. The
+revenue cutter’s rapid-fire guns riddled the structure
+in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun,
+which was in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it
+fair, exploded, and toppled it over.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards
+broke and ran again, the screaming shrapnel bursting
+all around them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At the fall of the lighthouse the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> signalled,
+<q>Well done,</q> and then a moment later, <q>Cease
+firing.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The only man killed instantly was a marine named
+Eagan. A sailor from one of the boats died of his
+wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of
+the <name type="ship">Nashville</name> was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant
+Winslow was wounded in the hand.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/>
+
+<p>
+The list of casualties resulting from this display of
+heroism was two killed, two fatally and four badly
+wounded. The Spanish loss could not be ascertained,
+but it must necessarily have been heavy.
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill20"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. CHICAGO.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill20.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. CHICAGO.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. CHICAGO.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+</div><div n="6" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+    <pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER VI.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 11.</hi> The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour
+were silenced on May 11th, and at the
+same time there was a display of heroism, on the part
+of American sailors, such as has never been surpassed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A plan of action having been decided upon, the
+<name type="ship">Wilmington</name> arrived at the blockading station from Key
+West on the morning of the eleventh. She found there,
+off Piedras Bay, the cruiser <name type="ship">Machias</name>, the torpedo-boat
+<name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and the revenue cutter <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, which last
+carried two 6-pounders. Shortly after noon the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>,
+<name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and <name type="ship">Hudson</name> moved into the inner
+harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of
+the Spanish batteries on the water-front. The <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>
+took a range of about twenty-five hundred
+yards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery
+in a stone fortification on the mole or quay, a battery
+of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with long-range
+rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Firing commenced at one o’clock, and when the
+Cardenas batteries were silenced at two in the afternoon,
+<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/>the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> had sent 376 shells into them and the
+town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times.
+She had aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and
+110 from her 1-pounders, over six shots a minute.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> ceased firing she had moved
+up to within one thousand yards range of the Spanish
+guns, and there were only six inches of water under her
+keel. The <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> draws nine feet of water forward
+and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings
+showed that she was almost touching, her guns
+were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a
+beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must
+have miscalculated her distance and misjudged her
+draught, else they would have done more effective
+work at a range of two thousand yards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the engagement, when the commander of the
+<name type="ship">Winslow</name> found that he could not approach close enough
+to the Spanish gunboats to use his torpedo-tubes to
+any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time
+he could have got out of harm’s way by taking shelter
+to the leeward of the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower
+of the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for
+the torpedo-boat, do its deadly work. The shell struck
+the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on the deck
+of the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>. There is little room for men anywhere
+on a torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it
+is almost sure to hit a group. Such was the case in
+the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>. The exploding shell cost the lives of
+<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/>Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the
+craft by wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her
+captain and one of his crew were wounded by separate
+shots.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill21"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill21.png"><head rend="small">THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</head><figDesc>THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill21.png"><head rend="small">THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</head><figDesc>THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group
+of five died on the deck of the disabled torpedo-boat,
+and the other two died while being removed to the
+<name type="ship">Wilmington</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The signal, <q>Many wounded,</q> went up from the staff
+of the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of
+the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> boarded the torpedo-boat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Hudson</name> tied up to the <name type="ship">Winslow</name> and towed her
+out of danger, escaping unscathed. The wounded
+men were tenderly cared for on the cruiser, and that
+night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay,
+bearing the dead and wounded to Key West.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+William O’Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the
+<name type="ship">Winslow’s</name> crew, thus tells his story of the battle to a
+newspaper correspondent:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>From the very beginning,</q> he said, <q>I think every
+man on the boat believed that we could not escape
+being sunk, and that is what would have happened
+had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the
+<name type="ship">Hudson</name>, who worked for over an hour under the most
+terrific fire to get us out of range.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Were you ordered to go in there?</q> he was asked.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was
+given from the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Was it a signal order?</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>No; we were near enough to the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> so
+that they shouted it to us from the deck, through the
+megaphone.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Do you remember the words of the commander
+who gave them?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I don’t know who shouted the order; but the
+words as I remember them were, <q>Mr. Bagley, go in
+and see what gunboats there are.</q> We started at once
+towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon
+after.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q>The first thing I saw,</q> continued O’Hearn, <q rend="post: none">was a
+shot fired from a window or door in the second story of
+the storehouse just back of the dock where the Spanish
+gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing
+over our heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat
+at the wharf, and from the shore. The effect of
+shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under fire
+is something terrible.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and
+then something seems to strike you in the face and
+head. I noticed that at first the boys threw their hands
+to their heads every time a shell went over; but they
+soon came so fast and so close that it was a roaring,
+shrieking, crashing hell.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but
+everybody went on deck when the battle began. John
+Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek, the
+firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained
+below they would not have been killed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After the firing began I went below again to attend
+to the boiler, and a few minutes later a solid shot
+came crashing through the side of the boat and into
+the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy
+of the tubes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in
+the boiler it threw both the furnace doors open, and
+the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was a terrible
+crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust
+and steam. For several seconds I was partially stunned,
+and my ears rang so I could hear nothing. I went up
+on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about
+with a towel wound around his left leg. He was
+shouting, and the noise of all the guns was like continuous
+thunder. <q>Captain,</q> I cried, <q>the forward
+boiler is disabled. A shell has gone through it.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Get out the hose,</q> he said, and turned to the gun
+again. I made my way to the boiler-room, in a few
+minutes went up on the deck again, and the fighting
+had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were
+missing, and I looked around.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the
+starboard quarter, near the after conning-tower, I saw
+five of our men where they had wilted down after the
+shell struck them. In other places were men lying
+groaning, or dragging themselves about, wounded and
+covered with blood. There were big red spots on the
+deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I went to where the five men were lying, and saw
+that all were not dead. John Meek could speak and
+move one hand slightly. I put my face down close to
+his.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Can I do anything for you, John?</q> I asked, and
+he replied, <q>No, Jack, I am dying; good-bye,</q> and he
+asked me to grasp his hand. <q>Go help the rest,</q>
+he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where
+Captain Bernadou was still firing the forward gun.
+The next minute he was dead.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn
+to pieces, and the bodies of the other three were on top
+of him. The coloured cook was a little apart from
+the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We
+supposed he was dead, and covered him up the same
+as the others. Nearly half an hour after that we heard
+him calling, and saw that he was making a slight
+movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and
+he said:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Oh, boys, for God’s sake move me. I am lying
+over the boiler and burning up.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been
+almost roasted. He complained that his neck was
+cramped, but did not seem to feel his terrible wound.
+We moved him into an easier position, and gave him
+some water.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q><q>Thank you, sir,</q> he said, and in five seconds he
+was dead.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a
+<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/>shot, which practically tore through his body. He
+sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the
+enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and
+placed him on the deck.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill22"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. AMPHITRITE.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill22.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. AMPHITRITE.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The young officer, realising that the wound was
+fatal, and that he had only a short time to live, allowed
+no murmur of complaint or cry of pain to escape him,
+but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply
+said:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Thank you, Reagan.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These were the last words he spoke.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 12.</hi> The forts of San Juan, the capital of
+Porto Rico, were bombarded by a portion of Rear-Admiral
+Sampson’s fleet on Thursday morning, May
+12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the
+battle-ships <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, the cruisers
+<name type="ship">Detroit</name> and <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>, and the monitors <name type="ship">Terror</name> and
+<name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15
+<hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, resulting in a loss to the Americans of one
+killed and seven wounded, and the death of one from
+prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported
+by cable to Madrid, was five killed and forty-three
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Admiral Sampson’s orders were to refrain from
+making any land attack so long as the batteries on
+shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in case
+the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the
+offending fortifications.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/>
+
+<p>
+These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire
+at different Cuban ports became so irritating to the
+American bluejackets that discipline was, in a measure,
+threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they
+were no longer to remain passive targets for the
+Spaniards, but were to return any shots against them,
+all grumbling against inaction ceased.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was not Admiral Sampson’s original intention to
+attack San Juan. He was looking for bigger game
+than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His
+orders from the Navy Department were to find and
+capture or destroy the Spanish squadron that was en
+route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was this
+business that took him into the neighbourhood of San
+Juan, he being desirous of learning if the Spanish
+squadron were there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on
+Thursday. The tug <name type="ship">Wampatuck</name> was ordered to take
+soundings in the channel, and at once proceeded to do
+so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when
+she entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept
+the lead going at a lively rate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention
+at that time of entering the harbour itself, his
+object, when he found that the Spanish squadron was
+not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly
+how much water there was in the channel, and if any
+attempt had been made to block the way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At all events, while the <name type="ship">Wampatuck</name> was engaged in
+<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>this work she was seen by the sentries at the Morro,
+and a few minutes later was fired on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson
+determine to teach the Spaniards a lesson regarding
+the danger of firing on the American flag.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Quarters!</q> rang out aboard the war-ships almost
+before the report of the Morro gun had died away, the
+flag-ship having signalled for action.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Iowa</name> opened the bombardment with her big
+12-inch gun, the missile striking Morro Castle squarely,
+and knocking a great hole in the masonry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> sent a 13-inch projectile from
+the forward turret, and one after the other, with but
+little loss of time, the remaining vessels of the fleet
+aided in the work of destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The French war-ship <name type="ship">Admiral Rigault de Genoailly</name>
+was at anchor in the harbour, and a shell exploded
+within a few hundred feet of where she lay, but worked
+no injury.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The French officers thus reported the action:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The American gunners were generally accurate in
+their firing, while the marksmanship of the Spaniards
+was inferior. Some of the American shells, however,
+passed over the fortifications into the city, where they
+did terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of
+buildings before exploding, and there killing many
+citizens.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly
+masses of masonry were blown skyward by
+<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/>the shells from the American guns. Fragments from
+one shell struck the commandante’s residence, which
+was situated near the fortifications, damaging it
+terrifically.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the
+guns of the fleet were turned on the land-batteries
+and the fortifications near the government buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the
+volunteers, panic-stricken, ran frantically in every
+direction, discharging their weapons at random, until
+they were a menace to all within possible range. The
+crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy
+guns, the shrieks of the terrified and groans of the
+wounded, formed a horrible accompaniment to the work
+of destruction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three times the line of American ships passed from
+the entrance of the harbour to the extreme eastward
+battery, sending shot and shell into the crumbling
+forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles
+struck, but the smoke hung over everything. The
+shells screeching overhead and dropping around were
+the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 7.45 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> Admiral Sampson signalled, <q>Cease
+firing.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Retire</q> was sounded on the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and she headed
+from the shore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Terror</name> was the last ship in the line, and, failing
+to see the signal, banged away alone for about half an
+<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>hour, the concert of shore guns roaring at her and the
+water flying high around her from the exploding shells.
+But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly
+retired at 8.15.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill23"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill23.png"><head rend="small">THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.</head><figDesc>THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 13.</hi> In the Spanish Cortes, Señor Molinas,
+deputy for Porto Rico, protested against the bombardment
+of San Juan without notice, as an infringement of
+international usage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that
+the conduct of the Americans was <q>vandalism,</q> and
+that the government <q>will bring their outrageous
+action under the notice of the powers.</q> He echoed
+Señor Molinas’s eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish
+troops and marines, and promised that the government
+would send its thanks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An authority on international law thus comments
+upon the bombardment, in the columns of the New
+York <hi rend='italic'>Sun</hi>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There is nothing in the laws of war which requires
+notice of bombardment to be given to a fortified place,
+during the progress of war. When the Germans
+threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months
+ago, they gave a notice of a few hours, but in that case
+no state of war existed. Again, when Spain bombarded
+Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour’s interval was allowed between
+the blank charge that gave the notice, and
+the actual bombardment. But that interval was
+intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the
+specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish
+<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/>flag, in atonement for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso
+was wholly unfortified, and the guns were directed,
+not at military works, but at public buildings.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities
+had been going on in Gulf waters for weeks, while, as
+Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on international
+law, says, <q>In case of war, the very fact of a place being
+fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack,
+and the non-combatants residing within its limits
+must be prepared for a contingency of this kind.</q> This
+is true, also, of the investment of fortified places by
+armies, where <q>if the assault is made, no notice is given,
+as surprise is essential to success.</q> In the same spirit
+Halleck says that <q>every besieged place is for a time a
+military garrison; its inhabitants are converted into
+soldiers by the necessities of self-defence.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson,
+we find him saying that, as soon as it was light enough,
+he began <q>an attack upon the batteries defending the
+city. This attack lasted about three hours, and resulted
+in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a
+portion of the city adjacent to the batteries.</q> It is,
+therefore, clear that this latter damage was simply the
+result of the proximity of the defensive works to some
+of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding
+Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards,
+if they suddenly appeared in New York Bay,
+would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on
+Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that
+<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/>adjacent settlements would suffer from the fire? The
+advantage of suddenness in the attack upon a place, not
+only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot
+be renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works
+know what they risk in war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were
+repeated instances, according to the authority already
+quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns instead
+of on their fortifications, and <q>there were cases, like
+that of Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed
+while the ramparts were nearly intact.</q> The ground
+taken was that which a military writer, General Le
+Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the
+pressure for surrender exercised by the people becomes
+greater on subjecting them to the loss of life and property.
+<q>The governor is made responsible for all the
+disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and
+his own troops seek to compel him to an immediate
+capitulation.</q> At San Juan there was no attempt of
+this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries,
+with the single view of destroying them. The likelihood
+that adjacent buildings and streets would suffer did not
+require previous notice of the bombardment, and, in
+fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without
+notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals,
+Bismarck simply replied that no such notification
+was required by the laws of war.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="7" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER VII.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">FROM ALL QUARTERS.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 11.</hi> A state of siege proclaimed throughout
+Spain. In a dozen cities or more continued rioting
+and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between
+Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division
+of the Spanish navy, consisting of the battle-ship
+<name type="ship">Pelayo</name>, the armoured cruiser <name type="ship">Carlos V.</name>, the protected
+cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XIII.</name>, the converted cruisers <name type="ship">Rapido</name>
+and <name type="ship">Patria</name>, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz
+Harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 12.</hi> The story of an attempt to land American
+troops in Cuba is thus told by one of the officers of
+the steamer <name type="ship">Gussie</name>, which vessel left Tampa on the
+tenth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first
+U.&nbsp;S. Infantry on the shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon,
+with five hundred rifles, sixty thousand rounds
+of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents,
+the first land fight of the war took place. Each
+side may claim a victory, for if the Spaniards frustrated
+the effort to connect with the insurgents, the Americans
+got decidedly the better of the battle, killing
+<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>twelve or more of the enemy, and on their own part
+suffering not a wound.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill24"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MIANTONOMAH.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill24.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MIANTONOMAH.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel
+steamer <name type="ship">Gussie</name> of the Morgan line, with troops
+and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban coast. At
+sunrise she fell in with the gunboat <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> on the
+blockade off Havana. Other blockading vessels came
+up also. The converted revenue cutter <name type="ship">Manning</name>, Captain
+Munger, was detailed to convoy the <name type="ship">Gussie</name>, and,
+three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Cuban guides on the <name type="ship">Gussie</name> took their machetes
+to a grindstone on the hurricane-deck. Our
+soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their long
+knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge
+of these barbarous instruments with his thumb.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish
+troops were gathered. Several shots were fired by the
+gunboat <name type="ship">Manning</name>, and presently no troops were visible.
+It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of
+water was not favourable.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the <name type="ship">Gussie</name>
+anchored, the <name type="ship">Manning</name> covering the landing-place with
+her guns, and the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Wasp</name> came up eager
+to assist. The first American soldier to step on the
+Cuban shore from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton,
+Captain O’Connor with the first boatload having
+gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw
+the men out, and they stumbled through the water up
+to their breasts. When they reached dry land they
+<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/>immediately went into the bush to form a picket-line.
+Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when
+suddenly a rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp
+firing, warned the men that the enemy had been in
+waiting.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships,
+and the <name type="ship">Manning</name> fired into the woods beyond our
+picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the air like hot
+iron plunged in water. The <name type="ship">Wasp</name> opened with her
+small guns. The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted
+a quarter of an hour; then our pickets appeared, the
+ships circled around, and, being told by Captain O’Connor,
+who had come from shore with the clothing torn
+from one leg, where the Spaniards were, a hundred
+shots more were fired in that direction.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Anybody hurt, captain?</q> some one asked.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,</q>
+he shouted back.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The soldiers on board the <name type="ship">Gussie</name> heard the news
+without a word, but learning where the enemy were
+situated, gathered aft on the upper deck, and sent volleys
+toward the spot.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept
+along the beach, but the Spaniards had drawn back.
+It was decided that the soldiers should reëmbark on
+the <name type="ship">Gussie</name>, and that the guides take the horses, seek
+the insurgents, and make a new appointment. They
+rode off to the westward, and disappeared around a
+point.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/>
+
+<p>
+<q><q>Say,</q> shouted a man from Company G after them,
+<q>you forgot your grindstone.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 12.</hi> On Thursday morning, May 12th, <anchor id="corr133"/><corr sic="the the">the</corr>
+gunboat <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> stood in close to the coast, off
+the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+She had come for a specific purpose, which was to
+avenge the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and not until she was within
+range of the gunboats that had decoyed the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>
+did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which
+had opened on the American boat with such deadly
+effect, was covered by the <name type="ship">Wilmington’s</name> guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was
+there to teach the Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and
+set about the task without delay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The town is three miles distant from the gulf
+entrance to the harbour, therefore no time need be
+wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were in
+little or no danger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During two weeks troops had been gathering near
+about Cardenas to protect it against American invasion;
+masked batteries were being planted, earthworks
+thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no
+lack of targets.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name>
+opened fire from her 4-inch guns, throwing shells
+here, there, everywhere; but more particularly in the
+direction of that masked battery which had trained its
+guns on the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken,
+hearing a death-knell in the sighing, whistling
+<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/>missiles, fled in mad terror, the gunboats’ machine guns
+were called into play.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the
+American sailors’ vengeance was completely destroyed.
+Not a gun remained mounted, not a man was alive,
+save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment
+was terrible, but complete.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had
+believed they might with impunity open fire on any
+craft flying the American flag; but now they began to
+understand that such sport was in the highest degree
+dangerous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During a full hour—and in that time nearly three
+hundred shells had been sent on errands of destruction—the
+<name type="ship">Wilmington</name> continued her bombardment of the
+defences.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the work was completed two gunboats had
+been sunk so quickly that their crews had no more than
+sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were converted
+into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse
+was consumed by flames, and signal-stations, masked
+batteries, and forts were in ruins.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did
+their best to bring it to a close; but despite all efforts
+the <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> was unharmed. There was absolutely
+no evidence of conflict about her when she finally
+steamed away, save such as might have been read
+on the smoke-begrimed faces of the hard-worked but
+triumphant and satisfied crew.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill25"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL SCHLEY.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill25.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill25.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL SCHLEY.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 13.</hi> An English correspondent, cabling from
+Hongkong regarding the Spaniards in the Philippine
+Islands, made the following statement:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They are in a position to give the Americans
+a deal of trouble. There are twenty-five thousand
+Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one
+hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting
+steamers are imprisoned on the river Pasig, which
+is blocked at the mouth by some sunken schooners.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me
+that, according to his despatches, a flag of truce is flying
+over Manila, and the people are allowed to proceed
+freely to and from the ships in the harbour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Americans are on duty night and day on the
+lookout for boats which endeavour to run the blockade
+with food supplies. The hospital is supported by the
+Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big
+battle-ship <name type="ship">Pelayo</name> is coming, and will demolish the
+Americans in ten minutes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron,
+Commodore W. S. Schley commanding, set sail from
+Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The following
+vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, the
+flag-ship, the battle-ships <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> and <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and
+the torpedo-boat destroyer <name type="ship">Scorpion</name>. The <name type="ship">Sterling</name>,
+with 4,000 tons of coal, was the collier of the squadron.
+At eight o’clock in the evening the <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name> followed,
+and Captain Sigsbee of the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> received
+orders to get under way at midnight.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 14.</hi> Eleven steamers, chartered by the government
+as troop-ships, sailed from New York for Key
+West. At San Francisco, the cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name>, with
+supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey’s fleet
+at Manila, had been made ready for sea.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy
+in preparing for the expected siege by American forces.
+The city and forts were reported as being provisioned
+sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was
+surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty
+miles. The troops in the garrison numbered seventy
+thousand, and a like number were in the interior fighting
+the insurgents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had
+grown steadily worse. The mortality increased among
+this wretched class, who had taken to begging morsels
+of food.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew
+that the Spanish fleet was annihilated at Manila, and the
+story was believed that the Americans were beaten there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Señor Bores
+asked the government to inform the house of the condition
+of the Philippines. After the pacification of the
+islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and
+Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion,
+he asked, or a continuation of the old one? If it was
+a continuation of the old rebellion, then General Prima
+de Rivera’s pacification of the islands had been a perfect
+fraud.
+<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the
+old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one,
+he said, arose from the incitements of the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Señor Bores retorted that he had received a private
+letter from the Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to
+the arising of any fear of war with the United States,
+giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there, and
+passengers arriving by the steamer <name type="ship">Leon III.</name> had told
+similar stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops
+in the Philippines were in a terrible condition, being
+between two fires, the natives and the Americans.
+Señor Bores’s remarks created a profound sensation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name> was reported as being ready
+to sail from San Francisco for Manila. Three hundred
+sailors and marines to reinforce Admiral Dewey’s fleet
+were to be sent on the cruiser.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Marietta</name>, and <name type="ship">Nictheroy</name> arrived
+at Bahia, Brazil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Terror</name>, of the Cape Verde
+fleet, reported as yet remaining at Port de France,
+Martinique.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A press correspondent gives the following spirited
+account, under the date of May 14th, of a second
+attempt to entice the American blockading squadron
+within range of the Santa Clara battery guns:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset
+to-night, attempted to execute a ruse, which, if successful,
+would have cleared the front of Havana of six ships
+on that blockading station.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the
+tactics of the spider, and cunningly planned to draw
+the prey into his net, but, though a clever and pretty
+scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a
+repetition of the trick by which the gunboat <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>
+and the little converted revenue cutter <name type="ship">Morrill</name> were
+last week decoyed by a fishing-smack under the big
+Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion
+managed to get out of range without being sunk, though
+some of the shells burst close aboard, and the <name type="ship">Vicksburg’s</name>
+Jacob’s-ladder was cut adrift.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station
+were dumfounded to see two vessels steam out
+of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was
+streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a
+glance showed that they were under full head of steam.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the <name type="ship">Mayflower</name>,
+which was flying the pennant, made out the
+larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred feet
+long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement,
+to be the cruiser <name type="ship">Alphonso XII.</name>, and the small one to
+be the gunboat <name type="ship">Legaspi</name>, both of which were known
+to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At first he supposed that they were taking advantage
+of the absence of the heavy fighting-ships, and
+were making a bona-fide run for the open sea.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As superior officer, he immediately signalled the
+other war-ships on the station, the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>,
+<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/><name type="ship">Wasp</name>, <name type="ship">Tecumseh</name>, and <name type="ship">Osceola</name>. The little squadron gave
+chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a running
+fire as they advanced. The <name type="ship">Alphonso</name> and her consort
+circled inshore about five miles below Havana, and
+headed back for Morro Castle.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet
+did not follow them in. Commander Lilly saw that
+the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in under the
+guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery
+officers could plot out the exact range with their telemeters.
+So the return was made in line ahead, parallel
+with the shore.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his
+ships came abreast of Santa Clara battery the big guns
+opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance of about
+five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than
+half the missiles overshot the mark, and others fell
+short, some as much as a mile.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The big <name type="ship">Alphonso</name> and her convoy steamed swiftly
+from the dark shadow of the harbour’s mouth, and, turning
+sharply east, ran along the coast as though to slip
+through the cordon of blockade.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was a bold trick and not at first transparent,
+although the folly of it created a suspicion.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood
+along the coast as long as they dared, to give zest to
+the chase. The <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> signalled her consorts,
+<q>Close in and charge.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the
+<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/>Spaniards veered about, and, bringing their stern-chasers
+to bear on the Americans, doubled back for
+Morro.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Two of the shells from the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name> burst in the
+rigging of the <name type="ship">Alphonso</name>, and some of it came down,
+but it was, of course, impossible to know whether any
+fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more
+accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter
+fell short of their pursuers.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships
+fully four miles out, when flame leaped from the batteries
+of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds of white
+smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull,
+heavy roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason
+of an organ on high treble of smaller guns. It was
+from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there,
+and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half
+a mile inside of the American line, throwing up a tower
+of white spray. It ricochetted and struck again half
+a mile outside.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure
+of their plot, the Spaniards continued to fire at intervals
+of about ten minutes. In all, thirteen shots were
+fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of
+our ships.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly
+signalled, and his fleet stood offshore. Captain McKensie,
+on the bridge of the <name type="ship">Vicksburg</name>, watched the fall
+of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste
+<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire
+of the men at the guns, however, by letting go a
+final broadside at the Spanish ships, in the chance
+hope of making them pay for their daring before they
+gained the harbour, but they steamed under Morro’s
+guns untouched, and, as they disappeared, discharged
+several guns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that
+moment by the <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, which dropped inside the
+harbour, probably creating consternation among scores
+of boats on the water-front.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 15.</hi> The Spanish cruisers <name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name>, <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,
+<name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, and <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and
+torpedo-boat destroyers, which arrived off the port of
+Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after having
+purchased coal and provisions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The flying squadron under command of Commodore
+Schley arrived off Charleston, S. C.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Admiral Sampson’s squadron passed Cape Haytien.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have
+resigned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May
+15th, describes the inhabitants of the island as living
+in constant fear of a renewal of the bombardment of
+San Juan by Admiral’s Sampson’s fleet. There are no
+submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally
+unprotected condition of the place is a cause of
+much anxiety.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 16.</hi> Freeman Halstead, an American
+    news<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/>paper correspondent, arrested at San Juan de Porto
+Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the
+fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal
+to nine years’ imprisonment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In a general order issued at the War Department,
+the assignments to the different corps and other important
+commands were announced. The order is as
+follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The following assignments of general officers to
+command is hereby made by the President:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A., the Department
+of the Pacific.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A., the first corps
+and the Department of the Gulf.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers, the
+second corps, with headquarters at Falls Church, Va.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers, the
+third corps, reporting to Major-General Brooke,
+Chickamauga.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers, the
+fourth corps, Mobile, Ala.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers,
+the fifth corps, Tampa, Fla.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers, to
+report to Major-General Merritt, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A., for duty
+with troops in the Department of the Pacific.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers, the
+sixth corps, Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General
+Brooke.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers, the
+seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U.&nbsp;S. Volunteers,
+the cavalry division, Tampa, Fla.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain
+Goodrich of the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>, on May 15th, to take the
+fleet tender in tow and proceed to Santiago de Cuba to
+cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements
+were secured from the tug <name type="ship">Wampatuck</name> on May
+16th, and at eleven <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> the expedition, in the small
+boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of Santiago. It
+was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago
+light was burning brightly. Moonrise was not until
+3.45 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> At three <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> on May 17th the expedition
+returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to
+find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and
+was protected by two patrol-boats. Then a start was
+made to cut the cable on the other side of the island.
+At seven <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name> fired her first gun at the
+forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and
+after a little time the fire was returned by what must
+have been a 2-pounder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At eight <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name> was about two miles
+distant from the fort, which seemed to be unprovided
+with modern guns. After three hours grappling in
+over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been
+found. At 12.15 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> the guns of Morro Castle
+opened fire, followed by the shore battery on the
+southerly point, and also the west battery. The <name type="ship">St.
+<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/>Louis</name> kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and
+soon succeeded in silencing the guns of Morro Castle,
+the Spaniards running in all directions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship.
+Shells from the mortar battery went over the cruiser
+and exploded in the water quite close to the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>.
+The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>, after a fusilade
+of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was
+grappled, hauled on board, and cut.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 17.</hi> The Spanish squadron reported as yet
+remaining at Cadiz.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Wilmington</name> had a slight action with a
+Spanish gunboat off the Cuban coast, during which the
+latter was disabled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 18.</hi> The U.&nbsp;S. cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name> left San
+Francisco for the Philippines with supplies for Commodore
+Dewey’s fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 19.</hi> By cable from Madrid it was learned that
+the Spanish fleet had arrived at Santiago de Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The cruiser <name type="ship">Charleston</name>, which sailed for Manila,
+returned to Mare Island navy yard with her condensers
+out of order.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 21.</hi> An order was despatched to San Francisco
+to prepare the <name type="ship">Monterey</name> for a voyage to Manila,
+where she would join Commodore Dewey’s fleet. The
+<name type="ship">Monterey</name> is probably the most formidable monitor
+in the world; technically described she is a barbed
+turret, low freeboard monitor of four thousand tons
+displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam, and
+<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/>fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two
+turrets, surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and
+two 10-inch guns, while on her superstructure, between
+the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four
+1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven
+and one-half and eight inches thick, and the surrounding
+barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven
+and one-half inches of steel.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill26"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MONTEREY.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill26.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MONTEREY.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MONTEREY.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+One of the most important prizes captured during
+the war was taken by the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name> off the
+eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the Spanish
+brig <name type="ship">Santa Maria de Lourdes</name>, loaded with coal, ammunition,
+arms, and supplies for Admiral Cervera.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a
+large quantity of arms and ammunition, sailed for a
+point about twenty-five miles east of Havana, on the
+steamer <name type="ship">Florida</name>. These men and their equipment
+constituted an expedition able to operate independently,
+and to defend itself against any body of
+Spanish troops which might oppose it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Florida</name> returned to Key West on the thirty-first,
+after having successfully landed the ammunition and
+men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 22.</hi> The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Charleston</name> again left San
+Francisco, bound for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 25.</hi> The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> captured the
+British steamer <name type="ship">Restormel</name>, loaded with coal, off Santiago
+de Cuba. The prize is a long, low tramp collier
+belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She
+<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/>left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared,
+with twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest
+grade of Cardiff coal consigned to a Spanish firm in
+San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was
+supposed to make its first stop.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>When we reached San Juan,</q> said the captain of
+    the <name type="ship">Restormel</name>, <q rend="post: none">the consignees told me very curtly
+that the persons for whom the coal was destined were
+in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had
+been declared. I began to suspect that the coal was
+going to Cervera’s fleet, but my Spanish consignees
+said it would be all right. They told me not to ask any
+questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I
+did so, placing my cargo under orders.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer.
+He said there had been another change of base, and
+that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba. I tried
+to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the
+cables had been cut. Under the circumstances there
+was nothing for me to do but to go to Santiago. By
+this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo
+was for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made
+a contraband of war, so I wasn’t a bit surprised when
+the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> brought us to, with a shot, three and a
+half miles from shore.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the
+coal, and release the steamer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five
+thousand men.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/>
+
+<p>
+Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from
+San Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 26.</hi> The battle-ship <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, which left San
+Francisco March 19th, arrived at Key West.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 27.</hi> The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived
+at San Juan de Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 28.</hi> From Commodore Dewey the following
+cablegram was received:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cavite</hi></name>, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary Navy, Washington</hi>:—No change in the
+situation of the blockade. Is effective. It is impossible
+for the people of Manila to buy provisions, except
+rice.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The captain of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, Gridley, condemned
+by medical survey. Is ordered home. Leaves by
+Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong the
+twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander
+of the <name type="ship">Olympia</name>.</q>
+
+</p>
+</body></text>
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 29.</hi> Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order
+formally announcing that he had taken command of the
+Philippine forces and expeditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 31.</hi> United States troops board transports for
+Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The beginning of June saw the opening of the first
+regular campaign of the war, and it is eminently proper
+the operations around and about Santiago de Cuba be
+told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any
+<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/>further attempt at giving the news from the various
+parts of the world in chronological order.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign,
+as are worthy a place in history, will be set
+down in regular sequence after certain deeds of the
+boys of ’98 have been related in such detail as is
+warranted by the heroism displayed.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="8" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER VIII.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 29.</hi> The blockading fleet, under command of
+Commodore Schley, off Santiago de Cuba, was
+composed of the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>,
+<name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the
+deck on board the <name type="ship">Texas</name> saw, by aid of his night-glass,
+two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers stealing
+out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the
+shadows of the land.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel’s
+search-lights were turned full on, and at the same
+moment the sleeping crew were awakened.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was known beyond a question that the Spanish
+fleet under Admiral Cervera was hidden within the
+harbour, not daring to come boldly out while the blockading
+squadron was so strong, and the first thought of
+men as well as officers, when these stealthily moving
+vessels were sighted, was that the Spaniards were
+making a desperate effort to escape from the trap they
+had voluntarily entered.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The search-lights of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> revealed the fact that
+<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/>the two strangers were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire
+was opened upon them instantly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the report of the first gun the call to quarters
+was sounded on all the other ships, and a dozen rays of
+blinding light flashed here and there across the entrance
+to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly
+illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever
+set sail could not have come out unobserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same report which aroused the squadron told
+the Spaniards that their purpose was no longer a secret,
+and the two torpedo-boats were headed for the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>
+and the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, running at full speed in the hope of
+discharging their tubes before the fire should become
+too heavy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a
+warm and immediate reception. It was as if every gun
+on board both the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and <name type="ship">Texas</name> was in action
+within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted,
+and there remained nothing for the venturesome
+craft save to seek the shelter of the harbour again,
+fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 31.</hi> The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, cruising inshore
+to relieve the monotony of blockading duties, discovered
+that lying behind the batteries at the mouth of
+Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When this fact was reported to the commodore he
+decided to tempt the Spanish fleet into a fight, and at
+<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/>the same time discover the location of the masked batteries.
+In pursuance of this plan he transferred his
+flag from the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> to the more heavily armed
+<name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill27"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MASSACHUSETTS.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill27.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MASSACHUSETTS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+Two hours after noon the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, <name type="ship">New
+Orleans</name>, and <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, in the order named, and not more
+than a cable length apart, steamed up to the harbour
+mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two miles out to sea lay the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and
+other ships of the blockading fleet awaiting the summons
+which should bring them into the fight; but
+none came.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> opened fire first, taking the Spanish
+flag-ship for its target. An 8-inch shell was the
+missile, and it fell far short of its mark. Then the big
+machine tried her 13-inch guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> and four batteries—two on the
+east side, one on the west, and one on an island in
+the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10 and
+12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes,
+eights and thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular,
+but not effective on either side.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American fleet steamed across before the batteries
+at full speed; circled, and passed again. Both
+sides had found the range by the time of the second
+passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots
+burst directly over the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, three fell dangerously
+near the <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, and one sprayed the bow of
+the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/>
+
+<p>
+After half an hour both forts on the east and the one
+on the island were silenced. Five minutes later our
+ships ceased firing. The western battery and the
+Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes
+longer, but their work was ineffective.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 1.</hi> Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the <name type="ship">New York</name>
+as his flag-ship, and accompanied by the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, the
+<name type="ship">Mayflower</name>, and the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Porter</name>, joined Commodore
+Schley’s squadron off Santiago on the first
+of June.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A naval officer with the squadron summed up the
+situation in a communication to his friend at home:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson’s plan
+of campaign, our ships form a cordon about the entrance
+of Santiago Harbour to prevent the possible egress of
+the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy
+enough to attempt to cut his way out.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The officers of the blockading squadron were well
+informed as to the situation ashore. Communication
+with the Cubans had been established, and it was
+known that a line of insurgents had been drawn
+around Santiago, in order that they might be of
+assistance when the big war-vessels had struck the
+first blow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known
+despite the vigilance of the enemy, and it was no secret
+that within the narrow neck of the channel, which at
+the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet
+wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/>
+
+<p>
+A report from one of the newspaper correspondents,
+under date of June 1st, was as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">So far as has been ascertained, there are three
+new batteries on the west side of the entrance.
+These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned
+with the glasses. Cayo Smith, a small island
+which lies directly beyond the entrance, is fortified,
+and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences
+at the right of the entrance, are Estrella battery
+and St. Carolina fort. Further up the bay, guarding
+the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco
+battery.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The first are of stone, and were constructed in the
+early sixties. St. Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The
+guns in Morro Castle and Estrella are of old pattern, 18
+and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered
+were it not for the great height of the fortifications,
+which would enable these weapons to deliver a plunging
+fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the
+left of the entrance. On Cayo Smith and at Blanco
+battery there are also four modern guns. The mines
+in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the
+forts and batteries, which must increase the effectiveness
+of the enemy’s fire, and at the same time decrease
+that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the Spanish
+fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost
+impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it
+<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/>would be folly to attempt to force its passage with our
+ships.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is
+being considered to drive in the cork. If that is done,
+the next news may be a thrilling story of closing the
+harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave
+the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready
+to hoist the white flag.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>To drive in the cork,</q> was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral
+Sampson’s heart, and he at once went into
+consultation with his officers as to how it could best
+be done. One plan after another was discussed and
+rejected, and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond
+Pearson Hobson proposed that the big collier
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, which then had on board about six hundred
+tons of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a
+manner as to completely block it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain
+death for those who should attempt to carry it out as
+proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however, claimed that, if
+the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed
+to take command of the enterprise.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The end to be attained was so great that Admiral
+Sampson decided that the lives of six or seven men
+could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage to
+be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that
+his services were accepted; the big steamer was at his
+disposal to do with as he saw fit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 11.</hi> The preliminary work of this desperate
+<pb n='155'/><anchor id='Pg155'/>undertaking was a strain upon the officers and men.
+On Wednesday morning the preparations to scuttle the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> in the channel were commenced. All day
+long crews from the <name type="ship">New York</name> and <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> were
+on board the collier, never resting in their efforts
+to prepare her. She lay alongside the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>,
+discharging coal, when the work was first begun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly
+through the fleet, and it soon became known that
+volunteers were needed for a desperate undertaking.
+From the <name type="ship">Iowa’s</name> signal-yard quickly fluttered the announcement
+that she had 140 volunteers, and the other
+ships were not far behind. On the <name type="ship">New York</name> the enthusiasm
+was intense. Over two hundred members of the
+crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and
+face death. The junior officers literally tumbled over
+each other in their eagerness to get their names on the
+volunteer list.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant
+Hobson were to go, there was much disappointment
+on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews worked
+on board the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; and the other ships, as they
+passed the collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant
+Hobson paid a brief visit to the flag-ship shortly
+before midnight, and then returned to the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson
+thus detailed his plan of action:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I shall go right into the harbour until about four
+hundred yards past the Estrella battery, which is
+<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/>behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can sink
+me before I reach somewhere near that point. The
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> has seven thousand tons buoyancy, and I
+shall keep her full speed ahead. She can make about
+ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel
+is reached I shall put her helm hard aport, stop the
+engines, drop the anchors, open the sea connections,
+touch off the torpedoes, and leave the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> a
+wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as
+broad as the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> is long. There are ten 8-inch
+improvised torpedoes below the water-line, on the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> port-side. They are placed on her side
+against the bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with
+each other by a wire under the ship’s keel. Each torpedo
+contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each
+torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should
+do their work in a minute, and it will be quick work
+even if done in a minute and a quarter.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">On deck there will be four men and myself. In
+the engine-room there will be two other men. This
+is the total crew, and all of us will be in our underclothing,
+with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight
+packing strapped around our waists. Forward there
+will be a man on deck, and around his waist will be
+a line, the other end of the line being made fast to the
+bridge, where I will stand. By that man’s side will be
+an axe. When I stop the engines I shall jerk this
+cord, and he will thus get the signal to cut the lashing
+which will be holding the forward anchor. He will
+<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/>then jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy,
+which we shall tow astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys,
+and is unsinkable. In it are rifles. It is to be
+held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one
+at her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in
+the tow-line and pull the dingy to starboard. The next
+to leave the ship are the rest of the crew. The quartermaster
+at the wheel will not leave until after having
+put it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump
+overboard.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill28"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: LIEUTENANT HOBSON.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill28.jpg"><head rend="small">LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</head><figDesc>LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill28.jpg"><head rend="small">LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</head><figDesc>LIEUTENANT HOBSON.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+<q>Down below, the man at the reversing gear will
+stop the engines, scramble up on deck, and get over
+the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the
+engine-room will break open the sea connections with
+a sledge-hammer, and will follow his leader into the
+water. This last step ensures the sinking of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>
+whether the torpedoes work or not. By this
+time I calculate the six men will be in the dingy and
+the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> will have swung athwart the channel, to
+the full length of her three hundred yards of cable,
+which will have been paid out before the anchors are
+cut loose. Then, all that is left for me is to touch the
+button. I shall stand on the starboard side of the
+bridge. The explosion will throw the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> on
+her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York
+City will be able to raise her after that.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us
+a bit, but the ships will throw their search-lights in the
+<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/>gunners’ faces, and they won’t see much of us. If
+we are torpedoed we should even then be able to
+make the desired position in the channel. It won’t be
+easy to hit us, and I think the men should be able to
+swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown up.
+But I don’t see that it makes much difference what I
+do. I have a fair chance of life either way. If our
+dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then try to swim for
+the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep
+together at all hazards. Then we may be able to
+make our way alongside, and perhaps get back to the
+ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the
+last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers,
+and our surrender will only take place as a last
+and almost uncontemplated emergency.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous
+enterprise were, after Lieutenant Hobson: George F.
+Phillips, machinist on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; Francis Kelly,
+water tender on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; Randolph Clausen,
+coxswain on the <name type="ship">New York</name>; George Charette, first-class
+gunner’s mate on the <name type="ship">New York</name>; Daniel Montague,
+<anchor id="corr158"/><corr sic="first class">first-class</corr> machinist on the <name type="ship">New York</name>; Osburn
+Deignan, coxswain on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>; J. C. Murphy,
+coxswain on the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 21.</hi> At three o’clock in the morning the
+admiral and Flag Lieutenant Staunton got into the
+launch to make an inspection of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>. The
+working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers
+of the flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on
+<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/>the big black hull that was to form an impassable
+obstacle for Spain’s best ships.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed
+their work on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, but at last a boatload of
+men, black and tired out, came over to the flag-ship.
+Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been
+delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and
+nearly everybody thought it was too late for the
+attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody
+cried:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>She is going in.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was
+seen heading straight for Morro Castle. A few moments
+later, however, she was recalled by Admiral
+Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to
+venture in at that hour. The <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> did not return
+at once. Word came back:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on
+his course. He thinks he can make it.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect
+that the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> must return at once, and in due
+course of time the doomed collier slowly steamed back,
+her commander evidently disappointed with the order.
+All day Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and
+more elaborate preparations were made to carry out the
+mission of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> successfully. During these
+preparations Hobson was cool and confident, supervising
+personally every little detail.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/>
+
+<p>
+When, finally, he went on board the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> Thursday
+night, he had been without sleep since Wednesday
+morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands were
+black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at
+work in and about an engine-room for a long time.
+As he said good-bye, the lieutenant remarked that his
+only regret was that all of the <name type="ship">New York’s</name> volunteers
+could not go with him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 3.</hi> The hazardous voyage was begun at three
+o’clock Friday morning. The <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> was lying to
+the westward. Under cover of the clouds over the
+moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her
+way to the eastward, followed by a steam launch
+from the <name type="ship">New York</name>, with the following crew on board:
+Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K.
+Peterson, coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the
+first class; J. Mullings, coal passer; G. L. Russell,
+machinist of the second class. In the launch were
+bandages and appliances for the wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the crowded decks of the <name type="ship">New York</name> nothing
+could be seen of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> after she got under the
+shadow of the hills. For half an hour officers and men
+strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when, suddenly,
+the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro
+Castle, and then all on board the <name type="ship">New York</name> knew the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> was nearing her end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro
+Castle answered quickly with more flashes, and for
+about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to leap
+<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too
+far away to hear the reports, and when the firing
+ceased it was judged that Hobson had blown up the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill29"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEW YORK.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill29.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEW YORK.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. NEW YORK.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+During an hour the anxious watchers waited for
+daylight. Rear-Admiral Sampson and Captain Chadwick
+were on the bridge of the <name type="ship">New York</name> during
+the entire time. At five o’clock thin streams of
+smoke were seen against the western shore, quite
+close to the Spanish batteries, and strong glasses
+made out the launch of the <name type="ship">New York</name> returning to
+the flag-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a
+puff of smoke issued from a battery on the western
+arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far over the
+launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore
+kept up an irregular fire on the little craft. As the
+shells fell without hitting the object for which they
+were intended, the men on board the <name type="ship">New York</name>
+jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered
+their shipmates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but
+she did not have on board any of the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> crew.
+Cadet Powell reported that he had been unable to see
+any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had
+gone directly under the batteries, and only returned
+when he found his efforts were useless.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He also reported that he had clearly seen the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name>
+masts sticking up just where Hobson hoped to
+<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/>sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and well past
+the guns of Morro Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had
+with the officer whom it seemed certain had voluntarily
+gone to his death:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few
+hours, which was often interrupted. At a quarter
+before two he came on deck and made a final inspection,
+giving his last instructions. Then we had a little
+lunch. Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about
+half past two I took the men who were not going on
+the trip into the launch, and started for the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, the
+nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant
+engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I
+shook hands with Hobson last of all. He said:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Powell, watch the boat’s crew when we pull out
+of the harbour. We will be cracks, pulling thirty strokes
+to the minute.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After leaving the <name type="ship">Texas</name> I saw the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> steaming
+slowly in.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was
+quite visible. We followed about three-quarters of a
+mile astern. The <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> stood about a mile to the
+westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning
+completely around, and finally heading to the east,
+she ran down and then turned in. We were then
+chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his
+bearings.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When Hobson was about two hundred yards from
+<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>the harbour the first gun was fired, from the eastern
+bluff. We were then about half a mile offshore, and
+nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly.
+We steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>
+in the smoke which the wind carried offshore. It hung
+heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name> the western battery picked us up and commenced firing.
+They shot wild, however, and we ran
+in still farther to the shore until the gunners lost sight
+of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes
+on the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers,
+half a mile to the westward of Morro, keeping a sharp
+lookout for the boat or for swimmers, but saw nothing.
+Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but
+thinking that some one might have drifted out, we
+crossed in front of Morro and the mouth of the harbour,
+to the eastward.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>At about five o’clock we crossed the harbour again,
+and stood to the westward. In passing we saw one
+spar of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> sticking out of the water. We
+hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a
+mile, and then turned toward the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, when the
+batteries saw us and opened fire. It was then broad
+daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern,
+but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all
+she was worth, finally making the <name type="ship">New York</name>. The
+men behaved splendidly.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 3.</hi> Later in the day a boat with a white flag put
+<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/>out from the harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of
+staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded the <name type="ship">New York</name>, and
+informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had
+been captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant
+Hobson was not hurt. The Spanish admiral was
+so impressed with the courage of the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> crew
+that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact
+that they had not lost their lives, but were prisoners of
+war and could be exchanged.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley
+said, as he stood on his flag-ship pointing towards
+Morro Castle:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">History does not record an act of finer heroism
+than that of the gallant men who are prisoners over
+there. I watched the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> as she made her way
+to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I
+saw the perfect hell of fire that fell upon those devoted
+men. I did not think it possible one of them could
+have gone through it alive.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava
+over again without the means of defence which
+the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope
+without the power to cut his way out; but fortune
+once more favoured the brave, and I hope he will have
+the recognition and promotion he deserves. His name
+will live as long as the heroes of the world are
+remembered.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Admiral Sampson made the following report to the
+Navy Department:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Permit me to call your especial attention to
+Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As stated in a special telegram, before coming here
+I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against
+the possibility of egress by Spanish ships, by obstructing
+the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier
+at that point.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional
+opinion as to a sure method of sinking the ship, he
+manifested the most lively interest in the problem.
+After several days’ consideration, he presented a solution
+which he considered would ensure the immediate
+sinking of the ship when she reached the desired point
+in the channel. This plan we prepared for execution
+when we reached Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men
+and Mr. Hobson, who begged that it might be entrusted
+to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck for
+both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including
+the anchoring of the ship automatically. As soon
+as I reached Santiago, and I had the collier to work
+upon, the details were completed and diligently prosecuted,
+hoping to complete them in one day, as the
+moon and tide served best the first night after our
+arrival.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four
+o’clock arrived, and the preparation was scarcely completed.
+After a careful inspection of the final preparations,
+I was forced to relinquish the plan for that
+<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/>morning, as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged
+to try it at all hazards.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt
+start could be made. Nothing could have been more
+gallantly executed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We waited impatiently after the firing by the
+Spaniards had ceased. When they did not reappear
+from the harbour at six o’clock, I feared that they
+had all perished. A steam launch, which had been
+sent in charge of Naval Cadet Powell to rescue the
+men, appeared at this time, coming out under a persistent
+fire of the batteries, but brought none of the
+crew.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship
+showed that the vessel <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> had been sunk in the
+channel.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral
+Cervera came out under a flag of truce, with a letter
+from the admiral, extolling the bravery of the crew in
+an unusual manner.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation
+of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew.
+I venture to say that a more brave or daring thing has
+not been done since Cushing blew up the <anchor id="corr166"/><corr sic="Albermarle"><name type="ship">Albemarle</name></corr>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed
+to the officers at the beginning of the war,
+I am sure you will offer a suitable professional reward
+to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that
+Commander J. M. Miller relinquished his command with
+<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/>the very greatest reluctance, believing he should retain
+his command under all circumstances.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill30"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill30.png"><head rend="small">HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.</head><figDesc>HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt
+of another person to carry out the multitude of details
+which had been in preparation by Mr. Hobson might
+endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the
+liberty to relieve him, for this reason only.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious
+to participate. There were a hundred and fifty men
+from the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, nearly as many from this ship, and large
+numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“W. T. SAMPSON.”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave
+comrades exchanged, and then to his messmates the
+gallant lieutenant told the story of his perilous voyage
+on that morning of June 4th:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I did not miss the entrance to the harbour,</q> he
+    said, <q rend="post: none">as Cadet Powell in the launch supposed. I
+headed east until I got my bearings, and then made
+for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was
+grand, flashing out first from one side of the harbour
+and then from the other, from those big guns on the
+hill, the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, lying inside the harbour, joining in.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the
+news of the <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> coming was telegraphed, and
+soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing wildly across,
+and killing each other with the cross-fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> steering-gear broke as she got to
+<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/>Estrella Point. Only three of the torpedoes on her
+side exploded when I touched the button. A huge
+submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the
+water high in the air, and tearing a great rent in her
+side.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing
+to the work done by the mine, she began to sink slowly.
+At that time she was across the channel, but before she
+settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft,
+lying on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around.
+Six-inch shells from the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> came tearing into the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, crashing into wood and iron, and passing
+clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts
+broke through her deck.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Not a man must move,</q> I said, and it was only
+owing to the splendid discipline of the men that we all
+were not killed, as the shells rained over us, and the
+minutes became hours of suspense. The men’s mouths
+became parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I
+told them. Now and again, one or the other of the
+men, lying with his face glued to the deck and wondering
+whether the next shell might not come our way,
+would say, <q>Hadn’t we better drop off now, sir?</q> But
+I said, <q>Wait till daylight.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It would have been impossible to get the catamaran
+anywhere but on to the shore, where the soldiers stood
+shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we might be
+recognised and saved.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The grand old <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> kept sinking. I wanted to
+<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/>go forward and see the damage done there, where nearly
+all the fire was directed. One man said that if I rose
+it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay motionless.
+It was splendid the way these men behaved.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill31"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL CERVERA.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill31.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CERVERA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CERVERA.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill31.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CERVERA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CERVERA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+    
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>
+was awful. When the water came up on the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac’s</name> deck the catamaran floated amid the wreckage,
+but she was still made fast to the boom, and we
+caught hold of the edges and clung on, our heads only
+being above water.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">One man thought we were safer right there; it was
+quite light, the firing had ceased, except that on the
+<name type="ship">New York’s</name> launch, and I feared Cadet Powell and his
+men had been killed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">A Spanish launch came toward the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>. We
+agreed to capture her and run. Just as she came close
+the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines jumped
+up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of
+the water.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Is there any officer in that boat to receive a
+surrender of prisoners of war?</q> I shouted.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">An old man leaned out under the awning and
+waved his hand. It was Admiral Cervera. The
+marines lowered their rifles and we were helped
+into the launch.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It
+was a grand sight a few days later to see the bombardment,
+the shells striking and bursting around El Morro.
+Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court
+<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/>martial room in the barracks. My men were kept
+prisoners in the hospital.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">From my window I could see the army moving,
+and it was terrible to watch those poor lads coming
+across the opening and being shot down by the Spaniards
+in the rifle-pits in front of me.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could
+be. I knew something was coming, and then I was
+exchanged.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill32"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill32.jpg"><head rend="small">QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+    <else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill32.jpg"><head rend="small">QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+    
+</else></pgIf>
+</div><div n="9" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER IX.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">BY WIRE.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>May 30.</hi> The auxiliary cruisers <name type="ship">Leyden</name> and <name type="ship">Uncas</name>
+made an attack on one of the outlying blockhouses
+at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until the
+Spaniards deserted their batteries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 1.</hi> The government of Paraguay represented
+to the American consul at Asuncion that the Spanish
+torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Temerario</name> was disabled, and had been
+granted permission to remain at that port until the war
+between the United States and Spain had come to an
+end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding
+the conduct of the war, as evinced by a newspaper
+article to which was signed the name of Emilio
+Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Señor Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching
+her with being a foreigner and unpopular, and with
+interfering unjustifiably in political affairs. He compared
+her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette
+on the eve of the French revolution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca
+demanded the prosecution of Castelar, and other
+Sena<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/>tors expressed in violent terms their indignation at
+Señor Castelar’s conduct.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 2.</hi> The British steamer <name type="ship">Restormel</name>, captured by
+the auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> off Santiago de Cuba,
+was released by the government. It was shown that
+the <name type="ship">Restormel</name> sailed previous to the declaration of war,
+there being no evidence that the steamer’s owners were
+wilfully and knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy’s
+fleet, and she was ordered released. The cargo was
+condemned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The names of the captains and commanders of the
+ships in Admiral Dewey’s squadron were sent to the
+Senate, by the President, for advancement because of
+their conspicuous conduct.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The House of Representatives passed an urgency
+appropriation of nearly eighteen million dollars for war
+purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Captain Clark’s report, the Navy Department
+made public the following extract relative to the
+extraordinary voyage of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It is gratifying to call the department’s attention
+to the spirit aboard this ship in both officers and men.
+This best can be described by referring to instances
+such as that of the engineer officers in voluntarily
+doubling their watches when high speed was to be
+made, to the attempt of men to return to the fire-room
+after being carried out of it insensible, and to the fact
+that most of the whole crew, who were working by
+watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to
+<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>leave their hammocks in the nettings until they could
+get the ship coaled and ready to sail from Sandy
+Point.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 3.</hi> The collier <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> was sunk in the
+channel of Santiago Harbour, as has already been told.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 4.</hi> Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander
+of the cruiser <name type="ship">Olympia</name>, and commanding her
+during the battle of Manila Bay, died at Kobe, Japan.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 5.</hi> An account of personal heroism which
+should be set down in every history, that future generations
+may know of what metal the boys of ’98 were
+made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse
+on Lafayette Street, near the brigade headquarters,
+and which was being used by the government
+as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the
+civil war, prevented what might have been a calamity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying
+boxes of ammunition from the warehouse and loading
+them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen issuing
+from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of
+fire went up, and soldiers and negro roustabouts
+piled over each other in their scramble for safety.
+McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up,
+and was staggering in the direction of the river, some
+distance away, when Lieutenant Parker, who had heard
+the warning cry, came to his assistance. Together
+they carried the smoking box until it was possible to
+throw it into the water.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/>
+
+<p>
+How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse
+were piled hundreds of boxes of ammunition,
+each containing one thousand cartridges. Had the
+cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of
+life might have resulted, as there were at least a score
+of soldiers working in and around the building.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued
+orders that every one connected with the admiralty
+must abstain from giving information of any kind
+regarding naval affairs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting
+foreign newspaper correspondents from remaining
+in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated
+as spies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 6.</hi> As is told in that chapter relating to
+Santiago de Cuba, American troops were landed a few
+miles east of the city, at a place known as Aguadores;
+the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were
+bombarded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Navy Department made public a cablegram
+from Admiral Dewey:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The insurgents are acting energetically in the province
+of Cavite. During the past week they have won
+several victories, and have taken prisoners about eighteen
+hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish
+troops, not natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being
+prepared for occupation by United States troops on
+the arrival of the transports.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the
+<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>insurgents had cut the railway lines and were closing
+in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo’s
+forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the
+foreign residents were making all haste to leave the
+city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent chief
+points to a desire to set up a native administration
+in the Philippines under an American protectorate.
+Aguinaldo, with an advisory council, would hold the
+dictatorship until the conquest of the islands, and would
+then establish a republican assembly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 7.</hi> The monitor <name type="ship">Monterey</name> and the collier <name type="ship">Brutus</name>
+sailed from San Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted
+monitor <name type="ship">Monadnock</name> has been ordered to set
+out for the same port within ten days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 9.</hi> The Spanish bark <name type="ship">Maria Dolores</name>, laden with
+coal and patent fuel, was captured by the cruiser <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name>
+twelve miles off San Juan de Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 10.</hi> A battalion of marines was landed in
+the harbour of Guantanamo, forty miles east of
+Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport
+steamer <name type="ship">Panther</name>.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 11–12.</hi> Attack upon American marines in
+Guantanamo Bay by Spanish regulars and guerillas.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 11.</hi> The British steamer <name type="ship">Twickenham</name>, laden
+with coal for Admiral Cervera’s fleet, was captured off
+San Juan de Porto Rico by the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 12.</hi> Major-General Merritt issued orders to the
+<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/>officers assigned to the second Philippine expedition, to
+the effect that they must be ready to embark their
+troops not later than the fifteenth instant.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following cablegram was made public by the
+Navy Department:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Cavite, June 12.—The insurgents continue hostilities,
+and have practically surrounded Manila. They
+have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish prisoners, whom
+they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack
+the city at the present time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay,
+with refugees on board, under guard of neutral men-of-war;
+this with my permission. Health of the squadron
+continues excellent. German commander-in-chief
+arrived to-day. Three Germans, two British, one
+French, one Japanese man-of-war in port. Another
+German man-of-war expected.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The following is a corrected list of vessels captured
+or destroyed: Two protected cruisers, five unprotected
+cruisers, one transport, one surveying vessel,
+both armed. The following are captured: Transport
+<name type="ship">Manila</name>, gunboat <name type="ship">Callao</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewey.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H.
+Renjes, vice-consul for Spain, at Honolulu, sent the
+following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian Minister
+of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the
+American troops at Honolulu:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+<q><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I
+have the honour to-day to enter formal protest with
+the Hawaiian government against the constant violation
+of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists
+between Spain and the United States of America.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 6.</hi> On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as
+follows:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+<q><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—In reply to your note of the first instant, I
+have the honour to say that, owing to the intimate relations
+now existing between this country and the United
+States, this government has not proclaimed a proclamation
+of neutrality having reference to the present
+conflict between the United States and Spain, but, on
+the contrary, has tendered to the United States privileges
+and assistance, for which reason your protest can
+receive no further consideration than to acknowledge
+its receipt.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 13.</hi> American troops sailed from Tampa and
+Key West for Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards again attacked the American marines
+at Guantanamo Bay, and were repulsed after seven
+hours’ hard fighting.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+President McKinley signed the war revenue bill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions
+to the popular loan.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/>
+
+<p>
+The dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> joined Admiral
+Sampson’s fleet.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Yankee</name> was off Cienfuegos on
+this day, a Spanish gunboat steamed out of the harbour,
+evidently mistaking the character of the newcomer;
+but on learning that the <name type="ship">Yankee</name> was ready
+for business, put back in hot haste. Both vessels
+opened fire, and after the gunboat had gained the
+security of the harbour the <name type="ship">Yankee</name> engaged the eastern
+and western batteries. During the brief action a
+shell burst over the American ship, its fragments
+wounding one man.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 14.</hi> The American marines at Guantanamo
+Bay again attacked by the Spaniards.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>,
+rewarded by the Navy Department.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+First trial of the dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name>.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes
+went into effect on this date.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 14.</hi> From Manila on June 14th much of interest
+was received. A severe engagement occurred, when
+one thousand insurgents attacked twice that number of
+Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had
+drawn their lines closely around the landward side of
+the city, and Captain-General Augusti published a
+decree ordering all the male population under arms.
+Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York
+<hi rend='italic'>World</hi>, thus summed up the situation:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Terrific fighting has been going on for six days
+between the Philippine insurgents and the Spaniards.
+The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held their
+ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents
+now hold three thousand prisoners, mostly
+Spanish soldiers.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was
+present at the taking of the garrisoned church at Old
+Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred insurgents captured
+a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days’
+bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous
+fighters. They have captured the entire provinces of
+Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the provinces of
+Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo’s troops, in three divisions, have now
+surrounded Manila. They have the Spaniards hemmed
+in, and could capture the city if they wanted to, but
+will await the arrival of the American troops before
+doing so.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia
+Penas, of Cavite province, and Gov. Antonio Cardola,
+of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit suicide
+before surrendering. He shot himself three times in
+the head, but will recover. The insurgents behaved
+gallantly in the fight for the possession of the stone
+convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti sent
+two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to
+attack Aguinaldo’s forces at Cavite. The fight lasted
+all day. The Spaniards were repulsed, and the officers
+<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/>led in retreat. They took refuge in the old convent, a
+substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for
+all time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first
+plan was to starve out the beleaguered ones, but he
+found, June 6th, that provisions were being smuggled
+in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning
+by opening fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General
+Augusti, hearing of his soldiers’ plight, sent four
+thousand regulars to relieve them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand.
+But after the first brush he adopted another method.
+He sent detachments of three hundred or four hundred
+men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards,
+who constantly harassed them. In the first attack
+of these detachments one hundred and fifty Spanish
+soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed. In the
+second onslaught four officers and sixty men were
+killed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Again and again these attacks were repeated until
+nine hundred Spaniards had been killed, the insurgents
+report. The convent, too, became untenable. The
+Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made
+a stand at Bacoor.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there,
+and the Spanish fled again. The rebels pursued the
+enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning, Aguinaldo
+stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards
+who remained there he killed ninety and captured 250.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill33"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL GARCIA.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill33.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GARCIA.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GARCIA.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill33.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GARCIA.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GARCIA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 15.</hi> The second fleet of transports, comprised
+of the steamers <name type="ship">China</name>, <name type="ship">Colon</name>,
+    <name type="ship">Senator</name>, and <name type="ship">Zealandia</name>,
+carrying 3,465 men, left San Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed
+for twice over.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo
+Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian
+annexation resolution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 16.</hi> Third bombardment of the batteries near
+Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired
+the damages inflicted by the American vessels
+when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th
+another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley
+and his brave comrades. Five blockhouses were
+completely demolished, the enemy beating a hasty
+retreat without having fired a shot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 17.</hi> Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled
+by American naval force.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Capture of the Spanish sloop <name type="ship">Chato</name> in Guantanamo
+Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 18.</hi> Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo
+Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Texas</name>.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 19.</hi> First American troops landed on Cuban soil.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 20.</hi> General Shafter and Admiral Sampson
+visit General Garcia in his camp.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 21.</hi> Landing of General Shafter’s army begun.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government
+that he, having been forced to take refuge in the
+walled city,<note place="foot">See <ref target="appa">Appendix A</ref> for description of Manila.</note> would be unable to continue communication.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 22.</hi> By a decision of the Attorney-General,
+the United States government will surrender to the
+ambassadors of France and Germany, as the diplomatic
+representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews
+of the prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the
+American navy since the declaration of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Boats’ crews from the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>
+remove the mines from Guantanamo Bay.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Texas</name> engages the west battery of
+Cabanas.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain Sigsbee of the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">St. Paul</name>, in reporting
+his cruise of twenty-three days, gave the following
+account of a meeting with the enemy off San Juan de
+Porto Rico on the 22d of June:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <hi rend='italic'>June 22.</hi> <q rend="post: none">We came off the port on the twenty-second.
+The weather was fair, the trade wind blowing fresh
+from the eastward and raising somewhat of a sea. At
+about 12.40 the third-class cruiser <name type="ship">Isabel III.</name> came out,
+and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast
+<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/>of the batteries, commenced edging out toward us,
+firing at such a long range that her shots were ineffective.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire
+of the batteries, we took but little notice of her, lying
+still and occasionally sending in our largest shell at her
+to try the range.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and
+the torpedo-boat destroyer <name type="ship">Terror</name>, or it may have been
+her sister ship, the <name type="ship">Furor</name>, was sighted steaming along
+shore under the batteries.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We watched her for awhile, and worked along with
+her, in order to separate her from the cruiser and keep
+her in trough if she came for us. She then circled to
+get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as far
+as direction went, but her shots fell short.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When within range of our guns, the signal <q>commence
+firing</q> was made, and for several minutes we let
+fly our starboard battery at her at from fifty-five hundred
+to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around
+her.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us
+and her fire soon ceased. She then headed inshore,
+to the southward and westward, going slow, and it was
+evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off
+the Morro she flashed some signals to the shore,
+and afterward a tug came out and towed her into the
+harbour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some
+<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/>of her shots and those of the <name type="ship">Terror</name> fell pretty close.
+The cruiser followed the <name type="ship">Terror</name> back toward the port
+and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the
+two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but
+when the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name>, making an inshore turn, seemed to
+be going for them, they returned to the harbour, and we
+saw no more of them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 23.</hi> The U.&nbsp;S. monitor <name type="ship">Monadnock</name> left San
+Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S. dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> again shells
+the Santiago fortifications.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 24.</hi> The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal
+decree. The Chamber of Deputies adjourned without
+the customary cheers for the throne.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Action near Juragua.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 25.</hi> Skirmish near Sevilla.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American government protested a draft drawn
+by its consul at St. Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances
+calculated to make an extremely dangerous
+precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne
+for the purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal,
+which arrived in St. Thomas in the <name type="ship">Ardenrose</name> about
+the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it for
+ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered
+twenty dollars a ton for it. Van Horne apparently did
+the proper thing and did not exceed instructions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 26.</hi> General Garcia with three thousand
+<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>Cuban insurgents landed at Juragua by American
+transports.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila
+embarked at San Francisco.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sloop <name type="ship">Isabel</name> arrived at Key West flying the
+Cuban flag. On her were Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut.
+Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban army,
+carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government
+to Señor T. Estrada Palma, of the New York junta.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S. dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> shelled the
+fortifications at the entrance to Santiago harbour.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American
+forces.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said,
+Egypt, at the head of the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth.
+It was composed of:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Battle-ship <name type="ship">Pelayo</name>, Admiral Camara’s flag-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Armoured cruiser <name type="ship">Emperador Carlos V.</name>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">Patriota</name>, equipped with twelve
+guns, and carrying troops and marines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">Buenos Ayres</name>, equipped with ten
+guns, and carrying stores and a few troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Torpedo destroyer <name type="ship">Audaz</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Armed merchantman <name type="ship">Isla de Pany</name>, equipped with
+two guns, and carrying stores and a few troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Auxiliary cruiser <name type="ship">Rapido</name>, equipped with twelve guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Steamship <name type="ship">Colon</name>, unarmed and with no troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Torpedo destroyer <name type="ship">Proserpina</name>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/>
+
+<p>
+Torpedo-boat destroyer <name type="ship">Osada</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Transport <name type="ship">Covadonga</name>, carrying no guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Collier <name type="ship">San Francisco</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 27.</hi> The United States government, determined
+to delay, if possible, the progress of the fleet toward
+the Philippines, instructed its consul to protest to the
+English government against the coaling of the fleet at
+Port Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian
+government refused Admiral Camara’s request to buy
+coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a hundred
+and fifty native stokers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S. transport <name type="ship">Yale</name>, laden with troops, arrived
+at Daiquiri.<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap10">Chapter X</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The President sent to Congress the following messages:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To the Congress of the United States</hi>:—On the
+morning of the third of June, 1898, Assistant Naval
+Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U.&nbsp;S. N., with a
+volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially
+dismantled collier <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, entered the fortified
+harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for the purpose of sinking
+the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel and
+thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of
+the Spanish fleet, which had recently entered that
+harbour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and
+bravery amounting to heroism, was carried into
+success<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>ful execution in the face of a persistent fire from the
+hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore.
+Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our
+naval force in Cuban waters, in an official report addressed
+to the Secretary of the Navy, referring to Mr.
+Hobson’s gallant exploit, says:</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill34"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL CAMARA.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill34.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CAMARA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CAMARA.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill34.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL CAMARA.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL CAMARA.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+    
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I decided to make the harbour entrance secure
+against the possibility of egress of the Spanish ships
+by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance, by
+sinking a collier at that point.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+   <p> <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented
+a solution which he considered would ensure the
+immediate sinking of the ship when she had reached
+the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated
+a crew of only seven men, and Mr. Hobson
+begged that it might be entrusted to him.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+    <p><q rend="post: none"><q>I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation
+of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant
+crew. I venture to say that a more brave and daring
+thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the
+<name type="ship">Albemarle</name>.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+    <p><q rend="post: none">The members of the crew who were with Mr.
+Hobson on the memorable occasion have already been
+rewarded for their services by advancement, which,
+under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary
+of the Navy was authorised to make; and the
+nomination to the Senate of Naval Cadet Powell, who,
+in a steam launch, followed the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> on her
+perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force
+<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/>after the sinking of that vessel, to be advanced in rank
+to the grade of ensign, has been prepared and will be
+submitted.</q>
+</p>
+
+    <p><q rend="post: none">Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the
+<name type="ship">Albemarle</name>, during the civil war, Admiral Sampson compares
+Mr. Hobson’s sinking of the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, received
+the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the
+President, by name, and was in consequence, under
+the provisions of Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes,
+advanced one grade, such advancement embracing fifty-six
+numbers. The section cited applies, however, to
+line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of
+the staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be
+so advanced.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In considering the question of suitably rewarding
+Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson for his valiant
+conduct on the occasion referred to, I have deemed it
+proper to address this message to you with the recommendation
+that he receive the thanks of Congress, and
+further that he be transferred to the line of the navy
+and promoted to such position therein as the President,
+by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may
+determine.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Mr. Hobson’s transfer from the construction corps
+to the line is fully warranted, he having received the
+necessary technical training as a graduate of the naval
+academy, where he stood number one in his class, and
+such action is recommended partly in deference to
+what is understood to be his own desire, although, he
+<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>being a prisoner now in the hands of the enemy, no
+direct communication on the subject has been received
+from him, and partly for the reason that the abilities
+displayed by him at Santiago are of such a character
+as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of the line.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley.</hi></signed>
+
+<dateline>
+“<name><hi rend='italic'>Executive Mansion, June 27.</hi></name>”
+</dateline>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+The second message was as follows:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To the Congress of the United States</hi>:—On the
+eleventh day of May, 1898, there occurred a conflict
+in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval
+torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Winslow</name> was disabled, her commander
+wounded, and one of her officers and a part of her
+crew killed by the enemy’s fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy’s
+guns the revenue cutter <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, commanded by First
+Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U.&nbsp;S. Revenue Cutter Service,
+rescued the disabled <name type="ship">Winslow</name> and her wounded
+crew. The commander of the <name type="ship">Hudson</name> kept his vessel
+in the very hottest fire of the action, although in constant
+danger of going ashore on account of the shallow
+water, until he finally got a line made fast to the <name type="ship">Winslow</name>,
+and towed that vessel out of range of the enemy’s
+guns, a deed of special gallantry.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act
+of heroism of First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U.&nbsp;S.
+Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth, the thanks of
+<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/>Congress be extended to him and to his officers and
+men of the <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, and that a gold medal of honour
+be presented to Lieutenant Newcomb, a silver medal
+of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze medal of
+honour to each member of his crew who served with
+him at Cardenas.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley</hi>.”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+The President also sent the following special nomination
+to Congress:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Executive Mansion, Washington</hi></name>, June 27, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>To the Senate of the United States</hi>:—I nominate
+Naval Cadet Joseph W. Powell to be advanced two numbers
+under the provisions of section 1,506 of the Revised
+Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary
+heroism while in charge of the steam launch
+which accompanied the collier <name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, for the purpose
+of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel was,
+under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run
+into the mouth of the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on
+the third instant, and dexterously sunk in the channel.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley</hi>.”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 27.</hi> The third fleet of vessels, laden with
+soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for the Philippines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From London the following news was received from
+the Canary Islands:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are
+<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>still quite exposed to view. The earthworks are not
+nearly completed. It is reported that ten thousand
+more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these
+five thousand are for the Grand Canary, and the
+others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish government is
+determined to hold the islands at any cost.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and
+many of the sugar mills are closed. If this state of
+uncertainty continues much longer it will mean starvation
+to the working classes. All lights that can be
+seen from the sea are ordered extinguished at night,
+though the lighthouse on Isletta is still lighted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Yankee</name>, off the Isle of Pines, captured
+and destroyed the Spanish sloops <name type="ship">Nemesia</name>, of Batabano,
+<name type="ship">Amistad</name> and <name type="ship">Manuelita</name>, of Coloma, and the pilot-boats
+<name type="ship">Luz</name> and <name type="ship">Jacinto</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 28.</hi> The President issued a proclamation
+extending the blockade of Cuba to the southern
+coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive,
+and also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The proclamation was as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation
+of April 22, 1898, a blockade of ports on the
+northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to Bahia Honda,
+inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south
+coast of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, it has become desirable to extend the
+blockade to other southern ports,</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of
+<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/>the United States, do hereby declare and proclaim that,
+in addition to the blockade of the ports specified in my
+proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of
+America has instituted and will maintain an effective
+blockade of all of the ports on the south coast of Cuba,
+from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and also of
+the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which
+the blockade is by the present proclamation extended,
+will be allowed thirty days to issue therefrom with
+cargo.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish cruiser <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name>, while trying to
+enter the river San Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico,
+secretly, with a cargo of provisions and war material,
+was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped
+by swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined
+to land his cargo, headed for the shore at
+Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the boiler.
+The Spanish gunboats <name type="ship">Concha</name> and <name type="ship">Isabella</name> issued to the
+assistance of the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name>, whereupon the Americans
+withdrew, and the <name type="ship">Antonio Lopez</name> landed her
+cargo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable
+from Manila to the government at Madrid:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain
+my position inside the line of blockhouses, but the
+enemy is increasing in numbers, as the rebels occupy
+the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains
+are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work
+<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>of defence difficult. The number of sick among the
+troops is increasing, making the situation very distressing,
+and causing increased desertions of the native
+soldiers.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill35"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL AUGUSTI.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill35.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL AUGUSTI.</head><figDesc>GENERAL AUGUSTI.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill35.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL AUGUSTI.</head><figDesc>GENERAL AUGUSTI.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty
+thousand armed with rifles, and one hundred thousand
+armed with swords, etc.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I
+have treated his proposals with disdain, for I am
+resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and the
+honour of the flag to the last extremity.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred
+wounded. The citadel has been invaded by the
+suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their homes,
+owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants
+constitute an embarrassment, aggravating the
+situation, in view of a bombardment, which, however,
+is not seriously apprehended for the moment.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The captain-general’s family was made prisoners by
+the insurgents several days prior to the sending of this
+despatch, and all efforts to effect their release had thus
+far been in vain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From all parts of the world the Spanish people,
+during the last days of June, looked toward Santiago
+de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned Cervera’s
+fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the
+American arms.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="10" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="chap10"/>
+<head>CHAPTER X.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">SANTIAGO DE CUBA.</head>
+
+<p>
+The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish
+fleet under Admiral Cervera was entirely destroyed,
+and which ended with the capture of the city,
+can best be told as a continuous story. The record
+of other events will be found elsewhere in regular
+order.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Even though a repetition, it should be set down that
+the North Atlantic fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson
+commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson and
+W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively,
+which blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted
+of the battle-ships <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Indiana</name>,
+<name type="ship">Oregon</name>; <anchor id="corr194"/><corr sic="armored">armoured</corr> cruisers <name type="ship">New York</name>, Admiral Sampson’s
+flag-ship, <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, Commodore Schley’s flag-ship;
+protected cruisers <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Newark</name>, Commodore
+Watson’s flag-ship; converted yachts <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>.<note place="foot">For types of war-ships see <ref target="appb">Appendix B</ref>.</note>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of
+their own making, lay the Spanish fleet under command
+of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of the armoured
+cruisers <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>,
+<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/><name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name>, Admiral Cervera’s flag-ship; torpedo-boat
+destroyers <name type="ship">Furor</name> and <name type="ship">Pluton</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence
+their prey should escape, and it may well be
+supposed that the Spaniards, knowing full well they
+were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a
+favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading
+squadron.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 2.</hi> The first detachment of troops, including
+heavy and light artillery and the engineer corps, embarked
+for Santiago on the second of June. Four days
+later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles
+east of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson’s
+guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 6.</hi> The American fleet began the bombardment
+of the batteries guarding the entrance to the harbour
+at six o’clock in the morning, having steamed in
+to within three thousand yards of the shore, the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>
+in advance of the first column, with the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>,
+the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> in line. The
+second column was led by the <name type="ship">New York</name>, with the <name type="ship">New
+Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Yankee</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and <name type="ship">Oregon</name> in the order named.
+On the left flank were the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>, and
+on the right the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> and the <name type="ship">Porter</name> kept watchful
+eyes upon the riflemen ashore. The first column took
+station opposite the Estrella and Catalina batteries,<note place="foot">See <ref target="appc">Appendix C</ref> for description of Santiago Harbour.</note>
+while the second was stationed off the new earthworks
+near Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no
+<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/>shots should be thrown into El Morro, because of the
+fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were imprisoned
+there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fleet continued the bombardment without moving
+from the stations originally taken. It was the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>
+which opened the action with a 12-inch shell, and
+the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of
+stone which spouted up from the base of the Estrella
+battery. As if this shot was the signal agreed upon,
+the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy
+answering promptly but ineffectively.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the
+<name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the <name type="ship">Texas</name>. Estrella Fort was soon on
+fire; the Catalina battery gave up the struggle in less
+than an hour, and the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> and <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> engaged
+with some light inshore works, speedily reducing them
+to ruins. Until nine o’clock the bombardment continued
+without interruption, and then the American fire
+ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that
+their port batteries might be brought into play.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One hour more, that is to say, until ten o’clock, this
+terrible rain of iron was sent from the fleet to the
+shore, and then on the flag-ship was hoisted the signal:
+<q>Cease firing.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,—not
+a ship had been hit by the Spaniards nor a man
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On board the Spanish ship <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes</name>, a lieutenant
+and five seamen had been killed, and seventeen
+<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/>wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less than three
+times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles.
+Near about Morro Castle, although none of the American
+guns were aimed at that structure, two were killed
+and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great havoc was
+wrought.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Admiral Cervera made the following report to his
+government:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications
+at Santiago and along the adjacent coast.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on
+board the <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes</name>; three officers were killed
+and an officer and seventeen men were wounded among
+the troops.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different
+calibres. The damage inflicted upon the batteries
+of La Socapa and Morro Castle were unimportant.
+The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The enemy had noticeable losses.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 8.</hi> Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand
+men were embarked at Tampa for Santiago on the
+eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen.
+William R. Shafter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fire was opened by the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and the <name type="ship">Yankee</name>
+of the blockading squadron upon the fortifications of
+Camianera, a port on Cumberland Harbour fifteen miles
+distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to
+retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Vixen</name> entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of
+<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/>truce from Admiral Sampson, to arrange for an exchange
+of Lieutenant Hobson and his men. Admiral
+Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred
+to General Blanco.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions
+for the insurgents at a point fifteen miles west
+of Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish
+soldiers, mostly infantry; but with cavalry and artillery
+that may be drawn from the surrounding country. On
+the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed,
+watched for a favourable opportunity to make a descent
+upon the city.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral
+Sampson to notify Admiral Cervera that, if the
+latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain,
+at the end of the war, would be made to pay an additional
+indemnity at least equivalent to the value of
+these vessels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 10.</hi> The American troops made a landing on
+the eastern side of Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles
+east of Santiago, at two <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> on the tenth of June. The
+debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns
+of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>, and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire
+on the earthworks which lined the shore, a blockhouse,
+and a cable station which was occupied by Spanish
+soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated
+<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>in hot haste after firing a few shots. A small gunboat
+came down from Guantanamo, four miles away, at the
+beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with
+all speed after having approached within range.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the
+steamer <name type="ship">Panther</name> arrived with a battalion of marines
+under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Huntington.
+She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri,
+ten miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any
+reply.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Colonel Huntington’s force took possession of the
+heights overlooking the bay, where was a fortified
+camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards.
+There was nothing to betoken the presence of the
+enemy in strong numbers, and the men soon settled
+down to ordinary camp duties, believing their first
+serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 11.</hi> It was three o’clock on Saturday afternoon;
+Colonel Huntington’s marines were disposed
+about the camp according to duty or fancy; some
+were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of
+carrying water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket
+was heard, followed by another and another until
+the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of considerable
+importance was in progress on the picket-line.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The principal portion of the enemy’s fire appeared
+to come from a small island about a thousand yards
+away, and a squad of men was detailed with a 3-inch
+<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/>field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction,
+while the main force defended the camp.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time
+the boys of ’98 were virtually firing at random, the
+men on the picket-line fell back on the camp. Two of
+their number were missing. The battalion was formed
+on three sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to
+resist an attack which was not to be made until
+considerably later.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers
+were sent out and failed to find anything save
+a broad trail, marked here and there by blood, which
+came to an end at the water’s edge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were no longer detonations to be heard from
+the island. The 3-inch gun had been well served.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The skirmishers which had been sent out returned,
+bearing the bodies of two boys in blue who had been
+killed by the first shots, and, after death, mutilated by
+blows from Spanish machetes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the
+force of the wind had increased almost to a gale; below
+in the bay the war-ships were anchored, their search-lights
+streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold
+on a pall of black velvet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for
+those two cold, lifeless forms on the heights, one might
+have believed the previous rattle of musketry had been
+heard only by the imagination.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Until nine o’clock in the evening the occupants of
+<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>the camp kept careful watch, and then without warning,
+as before, the crack of repeating rifles broke the almost
+painful stillness.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill36"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MARBLEHEAD.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill36.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. MARBLEHEAD.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The enemy was making his presence known once
+more, and this time it became evident he was in
+larger force.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch
+from the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, with a Colt machine gun in
+her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened fire;
+skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of
+foliage, and only when a dark form was seen, which
+might have been that of a Spaniard, or only the swaying
+branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a
+target.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test
+the nerves of the young soldiers who were receiving
+their <q>baptism of blood.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Until midnight this random firing continued, and
+then a large body of Spanish troops charged up the hill
+until they were face to face with the defenders of the
+camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost
+immediately in the blackness of the night.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 12.</hi> Again and again the firing was renewed
+from this quarter or that, but the enemy did not show
+himself until the morning came like a flash of light, as
+it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of
+Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now more guns were brought into play at the camp;
+the war-ships began shelling the shore, and the action
+<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/>was speedily brought to an end. Four Americans had
+been killed, and among them one of the surgeons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would
+tell that Spanish sharpshooters were hovering around
+the camp; but not until eight o’clock in the evening
+did the enemy approach in any great numbers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then the battle was on once more; again did the
+little band of bluejackets stand to their posts, fighting
+against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships flashed
+their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the
+thicket, and all the while the Spanish fire was continued
+with deadly effect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of
+ten men, were sent out to dislodge the advance line
+of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung around
+into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the
+Spaniards gave way, firing rapidly while so doing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued,
+following the foe nearly to a small stone house near
+the coast, which had been used as a fort. They were
+well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon
+them in every direction from out the darkness. Sergeant
+Goode fell fatally wounded, and the Spaniards
+charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a
+cliff, over which one man fell and was killed; another
+fell, but with no further injury than a broken leg. A
+third was shot through the arm, after which he and the
+man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on
+their own account. One more was wounded, and then
+<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>the Americans made a desperate charge, forcing the
+enemy back into the stone house, and then out again,
+after fifteen had been killed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity
+of the camp; but six field-pieces were brought up,
+and the second battle was ended after two Americans
+had been killed and seven wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 13.</hi> The camp was moved to a less exposed
+position, while the war-ships poured shell and shrapnel
+into the woods, and then the marines filed solemnly out
+to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were
+six newly made graves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the marines could not attend the funeral, many
+having to continue the work of moving camp, or to rest
+on their guns, keeping a constant watch for the lurking
+Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the
+stumbling bearers of the dead over the loose gravel,
+and grouped themselves about the graves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted
+to its place, and Chaplain Jones of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> was
+about to begin the reading of the burial service, when
+the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the
+western chaparral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall
+in!</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Fall in!</q> was the word from one end of the camp
+to the other. The graves were deserted by all save
+the chaplain and escort, who still stood unmoved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves
+<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/>behind the rolled tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in
+the hollows, boxes and piles of stones, their rifles
+ready, their eyes strained into the brush.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells
+struck and burst in the chaparral, and rifles sounded
+angrily.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Texas</name> fired seven shots at the place from which
+the shooting came, and the Spaniards, as usual, fled
+out of sight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The funeral services had hardly been resumed when
+there was another attack; but this time the pits near
+the old blockhouse got the range of the malignant marksmen
+and shattered them with a few shots. The <name type="ship">Texas</name>
+and <name type="ship">Panther</name> shelled the brush to the eastward, but the
+chaplain kept right on with the service, and from that
+time until night there was little shooting from the
+cover.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On this day the dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> joined
+Admiral Sampson’s fleet, and the weary marines, holding
+their posts on shore against overwhelming odds,
+hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of
+the soldiers who were so sadly needed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 14.</hi> Substantial recognition was given by the
+Navy Department to the members of the gallant
+crew who took the <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> into the entrance of
+Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel
+under the very muzzles of the Spanish guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the
+promotion of the men as follows:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/>
+
+<p>
+Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain,
+from fifty dollars a month to thirteen hundred dollars
+a year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+George Charette, gunner’s mate, to be a gunner,
+from fifty dollars a month to thirteen hundred dollars a
+year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and —— Murphy,
+coxswains, to be chief boatswain’s mates, an increase
+of twenty dollars a month.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a
+month to seventy dollars a month.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist,
+from thirty-seven dollars a month to seventy dollars
+a month.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Hobson’s reward would come through
+Congress.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While a grateful people were discussing the manner
+in which their heroes should be crowned, that little
+band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo Bay,
+worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the
+enemy during seventy-two hours, was once more battling
+against a vastly superior force in point of
+numbers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until
+this morning of the fourteenth, the Americans had
+remained on the defensive,—seven hundred against
+two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics
+were to be used. Colonel Huntington had decided
+that it was time to turn the tables, and before the night
+<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/>was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of
+the hill had been avenged.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two
+hundred and eighty marines, and forty-one Cubans, was
+divided into four divisions, the first of which had
+orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy
+drew supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish
+camp beyond the first range of hills. The third had
+for its objective point a signal-station from which information
+as to the movements of the American fleet
+had been flashed into Santiago. The fourth division
+was to act as the reserve.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the
+signal-station was in the hands of the Americans, and
+the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy. The boys of
+’98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with
+faces upturned to the rays of the burning sun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a
+loss of two Cubans killed, one American and four
+Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken,
+was fleeing here and there, yet further harassed
+by a heavy fire from the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name>, who sent her
+shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the day drew near its close, and the weary but
+triumphant marines returned to camp, a hundred of
+the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more than twice
+that number must have been wounded, and eighteen
+were being brought in as prisoners.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill37"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. VESUVIUS.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill37.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. VESUVIUS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. VESUVIUS.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/>
+
+<p>
+On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to
+Santiago Harbour, the dynamite cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name>—that
+experimental engine of destruction—was given
+a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus
+graphically pictured by a correspondent of the New
+York <hi rend='italic'>Herald</hi>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds
+of guncotton, were fired last night from the dynamite
+guns of the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> at the hill at the western entrance
+to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The frightful execution done by those three shots
+will be historic.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the
+fleet drew off after the attack that followed the discovery
+of the presence of the Spanish fleet in the
+harbour.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the intense darkness of last night the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name>
+steamed into close range and let go one of her
+mysterious missiles.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise
+at first. The pneumatic guns on the little cruiser did
+their work silently. It was only when they felt the
+shock that the men on the other war-ships knew
+the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> was in action.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">A few seconds after the gun was fired there was
+a frightful convulsion on the land. On the hill, where
+the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles of the
+ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in
+air. The land was smitten as by an earthquake.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken
+hills and mountains. Sampson’s ships, far out at sea,
+trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose to the
+clouds and hid the scene of destruction.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Then came a long silence; next another frightful
+upheaval, and following it a third, so quickly that the
+results of the work of the two mingled in mid-air.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish
+battery, that, after the noise of the dynamite, sounded
+like the crackle of firecrackers.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> had tested herself. She was found
+perfect as a destroyer. She proved that no fortification
+can withstand her terrible missiles.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Just what damage she did I could not tell from
+the sea. Whatever was within hundreds of feet of the
+point of impact must have gone to destruction.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 16.</hi> On the fifteenth of June the marines at
+Guantanamo Bay were given an opportunity to rest, for
+the lesson the Spaniards received on the fourteenth
+had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago
+remained inactive. It was but the lull before the
+storm of iron which was rained upon the Spanish on
+the sixteenth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago
+was a second trial of the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> at midnight on the
+fifteenth, when she sent three more 250-pound charges
+of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the
+fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective
+station, until half-past three o’clock on the morning
+<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/>of the sixteenth, when the bluejackets were aroused
+and served with coffee.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared,
+the ships steamed in toward the fortifications of Santiago
+until within three thousand yards, and there, lying
+broadside on, three cables’-lengths apart, they waited for
+the day to break.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was 5.25 when the <name type="ship">New York</name> opened with a broadside
+from her main battery, and the bombardment was
+begun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns
+roared and the smaller ones crackled and snapped, each
+piece throughout the entire squadron being worked
+with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous
+wave of crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion
+came projectiles of enormous weight, until it seemed
+as if all that line of shore must be rent and riven.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was
+believed the brave Hobson and his gallant comrades
+were held prisoners.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not
+a man had been wounded, nor a vessel struck by the
+fire from the shore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The governor of Santiago sent the following message
+to Madrid relative to the bombardment:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several
+Spanish shells hit the enemy’s vessels. Our losses are
+three killed and twenty wounded, including two officers.
+The Spanish squadron was not damaged.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/>
+
+<p>
+While the Americans were making their presence
+felt at Santiago, those who held Guantanamo Bay were
+not idle. The <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>, and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> bombarded
+the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at
+the terminus of the railroad leading to the city of
+Guantanamo, demolishing them entirely after an hour
+and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled from
+the fortifications, the <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> shelled them until they
+were hidden in the surrounding forest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the
+<name type="ship">Marblehead’s</name> steam launch began dragging the harbour
+near the fort for mines. One was found and taken up,
+and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of
+Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed
+toward shore and began banging away, but the bow
+gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the gunner with
+it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat;
+the gunner was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets
+continued their interrupted work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 17.</hi> Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point
+and Hospital Cay were shelled, the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and the
+<name type="ship">St. Paul</name> attending to the first, and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> caring
+for the latter, while the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> and even the
+collier <name type="ship">Scindia</name> fired a few shots for diversion. The
+task was concluded in less than half an hour, and had
+no more than come to an end when a small sloop was
+sighted off the entrance to the bay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Marblehead’s</name> steam launch was sent in pursuit,
+and an hour later returned with the prize, which proved
+<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/>to be the <name type="ship">Chato</name>. Her crew of five were taken on
+board the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> as prisoners.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 18.</hi> The active little steam launch made
+another capture next day while cruising outside the
+bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men who
+claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape
+Maysi to Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong
+reasons for believing this party had come to spy out
+the position of the American ships, and all were transferred
+to the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The crew of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> had gun practice again on
+this day when they shelled and destroyed a blockhouse
+three miles up the bay, killing, so it was reported, no
+less than twenty of the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports,
+carrying the second detachment of General Shafter’s
+army, hove in sight of Admiral Sampson’s squadron on
+the evening of June 18th, and next morning at daylight
+the launches of the <name type="ship">New York</name> and <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> reconnoitred
+the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the
+entrance to Santiago Harbour, and Guayaganaco, two
+miles farther west, in search of a landing-place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition,
+made the following report:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The expedition consisted of a steam launch from
+the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, in charge of Cadet Hart, and a
+launch from the <name type="ship">New York</name>, in charge of Cadet Powell.
+I took passage on the <name type="ship">Massachusetts’</name> launch, leading
+the way. Soundings were taken on entering the bay
+<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/>close under the old fort, and we were preparing to circumnavigate
+the bay at full speed when fire was opened
+from the fort and rocks on the shore. The <name type="ship">Massachusetts’</name>
+launch was some distance ahead and about forty
+yards off the fort. There was no room to turn, and
+our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We
+backed and turned under a heavy fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be
+brought to bear, sitting exposed in the bow, and working
+the gun as coolly and carefully as at target
+practice.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards
+opened. He was also perfectly cool. Both launches
+ran out under a heavy fire of from six to eight minutes.
+I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the
+parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was
+larger, but indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was
+practicable, sheered to give the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> the range of the
+fort. The <name type="ship">Vixen</name> and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> silenced the shore fire
+promptly.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell
+for the cool management of the launches. One launch
+was struck seven times. Nobody in either was hurt.
+A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart’s feet between
+the projectile and the powder, but failed to explode the
+latter.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Coxswain O’Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended,
+as is also the coolness with which the marines
+and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco
+it is evident a landing is practicable for ships’
+boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz, a small bay
+to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas,
+but useless without it.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I am informed that to the north and westward of
+Cabanas Bay there is a large clearing, with plenty
+of grass and water.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I think a simultaneous landing at the three places
+named would be practicable if the ships shelled the
+adjacent wood. A junction would naturally follow at
+the clearing.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on
+Guantanamo Bay that the streets of Caimanera have
+been covered with straw saturated in oil, in order that
+the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince
+any disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat
+<name type="ship">Sandoval</name>, lying at one of the piers, has been loaded
+with inflammables, and will be burned with the city, her
+commander declaring that she shall never become an
+American prize.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During this Sunday night the <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> again discharged
+her dynamite guns, with the western battery
+as a target, and because of the frightful report which
+followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had
+been exploded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 20.</hi> The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago
+at noon on the twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon
+of war-vessels. General Shafter immediately went on
+<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/>board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an
+hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when
+the two officers sailed for Asserradero, seventeen
+miles from Santiago, where General Calixto Garcia
+was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans.
+Here a long conference was held with the insurgent
+general, after which the two commanders returned to
+the fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 21.</hi> The despatch quoted below was sent by
+Admiral Sampson to the Navy Department, and gives
+in full the work of the day:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q>Landing of the army is progressing favorably at
+Daiquiri. There is very little, if any, resistance. The
+<name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Detroit</name>, <name type="ship">Castine</name>, <name type="ship">Wasp</name>, and <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>
+shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a
+demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of
+the enemy. The <name type="ship">Texas</name> engaged the west battery for
+some hours. She had one man killed. Ten submarine
+mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo.
+Communication by telegraph has been established
+at Guantanamo.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by
+General Shafter, and its only fortifications were a
+blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of an iron pier,
+together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear.
+From this town extends a good road to Santiago, and
+in the immediate vicinity of the port the water-supply
+is plentiful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 22.</hi> Bombarding the coast as a cover for the
+<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>troops which were being disembarked, was the principal
+work of the war-ships on the twenty-second of June,
+except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were
+called for from the <name type="ship">Marblehead</name> and the <name type="ship">Dolphin</name> to
+grapple for and remove the contact mines in the harbour.
+It was an undertaking as perilous as anything
+that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets
+showed no fear. Four times the designated number
+came forward in response to the call, and before nightfall
+seven mines had been removed.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill38"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. TEXAS.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill38.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. TEXAS.</head><figDesc>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. TEXAS.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The battle-ship <name type="ship">Texas</name> was assigned to duty off Matamoras,
+the works of which were to be bombarded as a
+portion of the general programme for this day while the
+troops were being landed. The men of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> performed
+their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly
+silenced; but not quite soon enough to save the life of
+one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired by the
+retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet
+abaft the stem on the port side. It passed through the
+hull about three feet below the main-deck line, and
+failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion at the
+centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns’
+crews, and among them the fragments of the shell flew
+in a deadly shower, killing one and wounding eight.
+Later in the day the <name type="ship">Texas</name> steamed out to sea to bury
+the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before
+nightfall to her station on the blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 23.</hi> General Shafter thus reported to the War
+Department:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/>
+<p><text><body>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Daiquiri, June 23.—Had very fine voyage; lost
+less than fifty animals, six or eight to-day; lost more
+putting them through the surf to land, than on
+transports.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men
+sick; only deaths, two men drowned in landing; landings
+difficult; coast quite similar to that in vicinity
+of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of
+bushes. Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points
+occupied by Spanish troops heavily bombarded by
+navy to clear them out.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua,
+a naturally strong place, this morning. Spanish troops
+retreating as soon as our advance was known. Had no
+mounted troops, or could have captured them, about
+six hundred all told.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in
+possession.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand
+men yesterday, and as many more to-day.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light
+artillery and greater portion of pack-train, probably all
+of it, with some of the wagons; animals have to be
+jumped to the water and towed ashore.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and
+Castillo, on afternoon of twentieth, twenty miles west
+of Santiago. These officers were unanimously of the
+opinion that the landing should be made east of
+Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua
+to-morrow with between three thousand and four
+thousand men, who will be brought from west of
+Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there
+disembarked.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This will give me between four thousand and five
+thousand Cubans, and leave one thousand under
+General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Kent’s division is being disembarked this
+afternoon at Juragua, and this will be continued during
+the night. The assistance of the navy has been of the
+greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them
+I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at
+all, as I believe I should have lost so many boats in the
+surf.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At present want nothing; weather has been good,
+no rain on land, and prospects of fair weather.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>,</signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='italic'>Major-General U.&nbsp;S. Commanding.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p>
+The boys of ’98 occupied the town of Aguadores
+before nightfall on the twenty-third of June, the Spaniards
+having applied the torch to many buildings before
+they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago,
+General Linares commanding in person, and
+close to his heels hung General Lawton and the
+advance of the American forces.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 24.</hi> It was evident that the Spanish intended
+to make a stand at Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and
+<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/>five miles from Santiago. The Americans were pressing
+them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining
+time to make preparations for an encounter, when the
+Rough Riders, as Colonel Wood’s regiment was termed,
+and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell into an ambuscade.
+Then what will probably be known as the battle of
+La Quasina was fought.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is thus described by a correspondent of the
+Associated Press:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to
+the route to be taken by the Americans in their movement
+toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by the
+careful preparations they had made.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a
+hill, on the heavily wooded slopes of which had been
+erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular intrenchments
+of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of
+these hills run two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel
+Roosevelt’s men, and eight troops of the First
+and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers,
+advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies,
+rough and narrow, and at places almost impassable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a
+mile separated Roosevelt’s men from the regulars,
+and between, and on both sides of the road in the
+thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards
+that must have been large, judging from the terrific
+and constant fire they poured in on the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry,
+<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/>under General Young. A force of Spaniards was known
+to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and early in the
+morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt’s men started off
+up the precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack
+the enemy on his right flank. General Young at the
+same time took the road at the foot of the hill.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill39"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill39.jpg"><head rend="small">COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</head><figDesc>COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill39.jpg"><head rend="small">COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</head><figDesc>COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+About two and one-half miles out from Siboney
+some Cubans, breathless and excited, rushed into camp
+with the announcement that the Spaniards were but a
+little way in front, and were strongly entrenched.
+Quickly the Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought
+to the rear, while a strong scouting line was thrown
+out.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward
+until a bend in the road disclosed a hill where the
+Spaniards were located. The guns were again brought
+to the front and placed in position, while the men
+crouched down in the road, waiting impatiently to give
+Roosevelt’s men, who were toiling over the little trail
+along the crest of the hill, time to get up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 7.30 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> General Young gave the command to
+the men at the Hotchkiss guns to open fire. That
+command was the signal for a fight that for stubbornness
+has seldom been equalled. The instant the
+Hotchkiss guns were fired, from the hillside commanding
+the road came volley after volley from the Mausers
+of the Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Don’t shoot until you see something to shoot at,</q>
+yelled General Young, and the men, with set jaws and
+<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/>gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling along the
+edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as
+possible from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the
+troopers, some of them stripped to the waist, watching
+the base of the hill, and when any part of a Spaniard
+became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did
+they falter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a
+ragged wound in his thigh, coolly knelt behind a rock,
+loading and firing, and when told by one of his comrades
+that he was wounded, laughed and said:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Oh, that’s all right. That’s been there for some
+time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the meantime, away off to the left could be
+heard the crack of the rifles of Colonel Wood’s men,
+and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing of the
+Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Over there the American losses were the greatest.
+Colonel Wood’s men, with an advance-guard well out
+in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but apparently
+with no flankers, went squarely into the trap
+set for them by the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering
+courage of the men in the face of a fire that would
+even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily
+have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard
+under the unfortunate Captain Capron, was
+almost surrounded, and but for the reinforcement
+hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have
+been killed or wounded.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/>
+
+<p>
+When the reserves came up there was no hesitation.
+Colonel Wood, with the right wing, charged straight at
+a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and Colonel
+Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up
+the men went, yelling like fiends, and never stopping to
+return the fire of the Spaniards, but keeping on with
+a grim determination to capture that blockhouse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That charge was the end. When within five hundred
+yards of the coveted point, the Spaniards broke and
+ran, and for the first time the boys of ’98 had the
+pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all
+through the engagement, of shooting with the enemy
+in sight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The losses among the Rough Riders were reported
+as thirteen killed and forty wounded; while the First
+Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward Marshall, a
+newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest
+of Juragua, Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that
+the Spaniards were endeavouring to destroy the railroad
+leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This road runs west along the seashore, under cover
+of the guns of the American fleet, until within three
+miles of El Morro, and then cuts through the mountains
+along the river into Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered,
+the <name type="ship">New York</name>, <name type="ship">Scorpion</name>, and <name type="ship">Wasp</name> closed in and cleared
+the hill and brush of Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 26.</hi> The American lines were advanced to
+within four miles of Santiago, and the boys could look
+into the doomed city. It was possible to make accurate
+note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as
+men were astonished by the preparations which had
+been made.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour
+batteries, sweeping in a semicircle to the eastward
+of the city, were rifle-pits and intrenchments skilfully
+arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line, completely
+shut off approach to the city, and in front of the
+entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences,
+or trochas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite
+cruiser <name type="ship">Vesuvius</name> throw into the batteries at the
+mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June
+26th, and next morning the evidences of her work
+could be seen on the western battery, a portion of
+which was in ruins. The water-mains which supplied
+the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and
+the doomed city thus brought so much nearer to
+capitulation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 1.</hi> Knowing that with the close of June the
+American army was in readiness for a decisive action,
+the people waited anxiously, tearfully, for the first terrible
+word which should be received telling of slaughter
+and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of
+July 1st, when the cablegram given below was flashed
+over the wires to the War Department:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Playa del Este</hi></name>, July 1, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p><address><addrLine>“<name><hi rend='italic'>A. G. O., U.&nbsp;S. Army, Washington</hi>:</name></addrLine></address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement
+to-day, which lasted from eight <hi rend="small">A.&nbsp;M.</hi> till sundown.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We have carried their outer works and are now in
+possession of them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open
+country between my lines and city; by morning troops
+will be entrenched and considerable augmentation of
+forces will be there.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Lawton’s division and General Bates’s
+brigade, which had been engaged all day in carrying
+El Caney, which was accomplished at four <hi rend="small">P.&nbsp;M.</hi>, will be
+in line and in front of Santiago during the night.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I regret to say that our casualties will be above
+four hundred; of these not many are killed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. R. Shafter</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Major-General</hi>.”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+</div><div n="11" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XI.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.</head>
+
+<p>
+General W. R. Shafter, in his official
+report of the operations around Santiago, says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about
+Santiago and made my plan of attack. From a high
+hill, from which the city was in plain view, I could see
+the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney.
+The roads were very poor and, indeed, little better than
+bridle-paths until the San Juan River and El Caney
+were reached. The position of El Caney, to the
+northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to
+the enemy, as holding the Guantanamo road, as well
+as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost that might
+be used to assail the right flank of any force operating
+against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided
+to begin the attack next day at El Caney with one
+division, while sending two divisions on the direct
+road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and
+as a diversion to direct a small force against Aguadores,
+from Siboney along the railroad by the sea, with
+a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards
+in the latter direction, and of preventing them from
+<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/>attacking our left flank.... But we were in a sickly
+climate; our supplies had to be brought forward by a
+narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time
+render impassable; fear was entertained that a storm
+might drive the vessels containing our stores to sea,
+thus separating us from our base of supplies, and,
+lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight
+thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route
+for Manzanillo, and might be expected in a few days.
+Under these conditions I determined to give battle
+without delay.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill40"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill40.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill40.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in
+position around El Caney, Chaffee’s brigade on the
+right across the Guantanamo road, Miles’s brigade in
+the centre and Ludlow’s on the left. The duty of
+cutting off the enemy’s retreat along the Santiago
+road was assigned to the latter brigade. The artillery
+opened on the town at 6.15 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> The battle here soon
+became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy’s
+position was naturally strong, and was rendered more
+so by blockhouses, a stone fort and entrenchments cut
+in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built
+stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy
+was greater than had been anticipated, and prevented
+Lawton from joining the right of the main line during
+the day, as had been intended. After the battle had
+continued for some time, Bates’s brigade of two regiments
+reached my headquarters from Siboney. I directed
+him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if
+<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/>necessary. He did so, and was put in position between
+Miles and Chaffee. The battle continued with varying
+intensity during most of the day and until the place
+was carried by assault about 4.30 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> As the Spaniards
+endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road,
+Ludlow’s position enabled him to do very effective
+work, and practically to cut off all retreat in that direction.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and
+the sound of the small-arms fire caused us to believe
+that Lawton was driving the enemy before him, I directed
+Grimes’s battery to open fire from the heights of
+El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the
+enemy’s entrenchments, extending along the crest of
+San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and the enemy
+could be seen running away from the vicinity of the
+blockhouse. The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon
+returned by the enemy’s artillery. They evidently had
+the range of this hill, and their first shells killed and
+wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless
+powder, it was very difficult to locate the position
+of their pieces, while, on the contrary, the smoke caused
+by our black powder plainly indicated the position of
+our battery.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At this time the cavalry division, under General
+Sumner, which was lying concealed in the general
+vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered forward
+with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy
+to the right on the Santiago side, while Kent’s division
+<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/>was to follow closely in its rear and deploy to the left.
+These troops moved forward in compliance with orders,
+but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable
+to retain the column of fours formation at all points,
+while the undergrowth on both sides was so dense as
+to preclude the possibility of deploying skirmishers.
+It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow,
+and the long-range rifles of the enemy’s infantry killed
+and wounded a number of our men while marching
+along this road, and before there was any opportunity
+to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and
+Sumner were ordered to push forward with all possible
+haste, and place their troops in position to engage the
+enemy. General Kent, with this end in view, forced
+the head of his column alongside the cavalry column
+as far as the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried
+his arrival at the San Juan, and the formation beyond
+that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching the
+San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered
+by Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had
+approached well to the front in a war balloon. This
+information he furnished to the troops, resulting in
+Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was
+enabled to utilise the road to the left. General
+Wheeler, the permanent commander of the cavalry
+division, who had been ill, came forward during the
+morning, and later returned to duty and rendered most
+gallant and efficient service during the remainder of the
+day. After crossing the stream the cavalry moved to
+<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/>the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton’s left
+when he would come up, with their left resting near
+the Santiago road.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the meantime, Kent’s division, with the exception
+of two regiments of Hawkins’s brigade, being thus
+uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from the forks
+previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails,
+but more especially the one to the left, and, crossing
+the creek, formed for attack in the front of San Juan
+Hill. During this formation the Third Brigade suffered
+severely. While personally superintending this movement
+its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was
+killed. The command of the brigade then devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry,
+who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel
+Liscum, Twenty-fourth Infantry, who,
+five minutes later, also fell under the terrible fire
+of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then
+devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth
+Infantry.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">While the formation just described was taking place,
+General Kent took measures to hurry forward his rear
+brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry were ordered
+to follow Wikoff’s brigade, while the Twenty-first was
+sent on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade
+under General Hawkins, who had crossed the stream
+and formed on the right of the division. The Second
+and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding,
+moved forward in good order on the left of the division,
+<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/>passing over a green knoll, and drove the enemy back
+toward his trenches.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill41"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill41.png"><head rend="small">THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</head><figDesc>THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill41.png"><head rend="small">THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</head><figDesc>THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After completing their formation under a destructive
+fire, advancing a short distance, both divisions found in
+their front a wide bottom, in which had been placed a
+barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there was
+a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was
+strongly posted. Nothing daunted, these gallant men
+pushed on to drive the enemy from his chosen position,
+both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel
+Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed,
+and Colonel Carroll, Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all
+in the cavalry, were wounded. Great credit is due to
+Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself
+between his regiments, urged them on by voice and
+bugle-call to the attack so brilliantly executed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to
+the gallant regimental commanders and their heroic
+men, for, while the generals indicated the formation
+and the points of attack, it was, after all, the intrepid
+bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted
+our colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the
+enemy from his trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining
+a position which sealed the fate of Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the action on this part of the field, most efficient
+service was rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth
+Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment under
+his command.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but
+<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/>our men held resolutely to the position gained at the
+cost of so much blood and toil.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield,
+at Siboney, to send forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan
+and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of which had just
+arrived from the United States.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">All day on the second the battle raged with more or
+less fury, but such of our troops as were in position at
+daylight held their ground, and Lawton gained a strong
+and commanding position on the right. About ten <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>
+the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my
+lines, but he was repulsed at all points.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>On the morning of the third the battle was renewed,
+but the enemy seemed to have expended his energy in
+the assault of the previous night, and the firing along
+the line was desultory.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Such is the official report of the battle before
+Santiago, where were killed of the American forces
+twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded eighty
+officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total,
+1,595.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An account of any engagement is made more vivid by
+a recital of those who participated in the bloody work,
+since the commanding officer views the action as a
+whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the
+private, who may know little or nothing regarding the
+general outcome, understands full well what took place
+immediately around him. Mr. W. K. Hearst, the
+pro<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/>prietor of the New York <hi rend='italic'>Journal</hi>, told the following
+graphic story in the columns of his paper:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback
+with Honore Laine, who is a colonel in the Cuban army.
+We rode over eight miles of difficult country which
+intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and
+the fighting line, which is being driven forward toward
+Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen.
+The Spaniards had formerly occupied it as a fort, and
+they knew precisely the distance to it from their guns,
+and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect
+knowledge of the range.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant
+way all over the tiled roof of the white house at the
+back of the ridge. It was the doors of this house which
+we were approaching for shelter, and later, when we
+came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel
+ball had passed clean through one of our cans of pressed
+beef which our pack-mule was carrying.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We turned here to the right toward our battery on
+the ridge. When we were half-way between the white
+house and the battery, the second shell which the
+Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not
+ten feet over the heads of our men. Six of our fellows
+were killed, and sixteen wounded.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then
+rallied and returned to their guns, and the firing went
+on. We passed from there to the right again, where
+<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/>General Shafter’s war balloon was ascending. Six
+shells fell in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased
+firing.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The smoke clouds from our guns were forming
+altogether too plain a target for the Spaniards. There
+was no trace to be seen of the enemy’s batteries, by
+reason of their use of smokeless powder.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain
+Capron’s artillery, which had come through from
+Daiquiri without rest, could be heard banging away at
+Caney. We had started with a view of getting where
+we could observe artillery operations, so we directed
+our force thither.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We found Captain Capron blazing away with four
+guns, where he should have had a dozen. He had begun
+shelling Caney at four o’clock in the morning. It
+was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming
+to reduce the large stone fort which stood on the hill
+above the town and commanded it. Captain O’Connell
+had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the
+four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet.
+Since that time dozens of shells had struck the fort,
+but it was not yet reduced. It had been much weakened,
+however.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing
+toward this fort. As the cannon at our side would
+bang, and the shell would swish through the air with its
+querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its
+explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black
+<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/>specks of infantry dodging in and out among the
+groups of trees. Now they would disappear wholly
+from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying
+along the open spaces, over the grass-covered
+slopes, or across ploughed fields. The infantry firing
+was ceaseless, our men popping away continuously, as
+a string of firecrackers pops.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men.
+Many times we heard the volley fire, and saw the brave
+fellows pitch forward and lie still on the turf, while the
+others hurried on to the next protecting clump of
+bushes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from
+slits in the stone fort, from their deep trenches, and
+from the windows of the town. For hours our men
+answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For
+hours cannon at our side banged and shells screamed
+through air and fell upon fort and town. Always our
+infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up on
+the village, till at last they formed under a group of
+mangrove-trees at the foot of the very hill on which
+the stone fort stood.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone
+fort was ours. Then you should have heard the yells
+that went up from the knoll on which our battery stood.
+Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their
+hats and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery
+stopped firing for fear we should hurt our own
+men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried across
+<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/>to take up a position near the infantry, who were now
+firing on Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery
+had not sent half a dozen shots from its new
+position before the musketry firing ceased, and the
+Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney
+in the direction of Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found
+that James Creelman, a <hi rend='italic'>Journal</hi> correspondent with the
+infantry column, had been seriously wounded and was
+lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were
+still firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses
+and isolated trenches, from which the Spaniards could
+not safely retreat, flags of truce were waving.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Guns and side-arms were being taken away from
+such Spaniards as had outlived the pitiless fire, and
+their dead were being dumped without ceremony into
+the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found
+him, bloody and bandaged, lying on his back on a
+blanket on the ground, but shown all care and attention
+that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His
+first words to me were that he was afraid he could not
+write much of a story, as he was pretty well dazed, but
+if I would write for him he would dictate the best he
+could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman
+told me his story of the fight. Here it is:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the
+fights I have seen, is the enormous amount of ammunition
+fired. There was a continuous roar of musketry
+<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/>from four o’clock in the morning until four in the
+afternoon.</q></q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill42"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill42.jpg"><head rend="small">VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</head><figDesc>VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill42.jpg"><head rend="small">VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</head><figDesc>VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Chaffee’s brigade began the fight by moving along
+the extreme right, with Ludlow down in the low country
+to the left of Caney. General Chaffee’s brigade
+consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth
+Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the
+extreme right.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The formation was like two sides of an equilateral
+triangle, Ludlow to the south, and Chaffee to the east.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we
+could see through the palm-trees and tangle of bushes
+the brown and blue figures of our soldiers in a line a
+mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush,
+firing as they went.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing
+Caney, moved his troops very early in the morning, and
+the battle opened by Ludlow’s artillery firing on the
+fort and knocking several holes in it.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and
+town, and finally demolished the fort. Several times
+the Spaniards were driven from it, but each time they
+returned before our infantry could approach it.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though
+they fired with great accuracy, it was ten hours before
+they finally reduced the stone fort on the hill and
+enabled our infantry to take possession.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our
+attack, the Seventeenth held the right, while the
+<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/>Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied the
+centre.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone
+houses of the town, and, furthermore, were massed in
+trenches on the east side of the fort. They fought
+like devils.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">From all the ridges round about the stream of fire
+was kept up on Chaffee’s men, who were kept wondering
+how they were being wounded. For a time they
+thought General Ludlow’s men were on the opposite
+side of the fort and were firing over it.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks
+on the northwest corner of Caney, where the principal
+Spanish force lay, with their hats on sticks to deceive
+our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in
+a fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat
+under the pounding, but even then men were killed.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the
+back of his head like a magnificent cowboy, urging his
+men on, crying to them to get in and help their country
+win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible
+to locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire
+comes from. When you stand up to see you get a
+bullet.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">We finally located the trenches, and could see the
+officers moving about urging their men. The enemy
+was making a turning movement to the right. To turn
+the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to
+get a blockhouse, which held the right of our line.
+<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/>General Chaffee detailed Captain Clark to approach
+and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the artillery had
+sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope.
+I told them I had been on the ridge and knew the
+condition of affairs, so I would show them the way.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">We pushed right up to the trench around the fort,
+and, getting out our wire-cutters, severed the barbed
+wire in front of it. I jumped over the severed strand
+and got into the trench.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an
+inferno of agony. Many men lay dead, with gleaming
+teeth, and hands clutching their throats. Others were
+crawling there alive.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they
+held up their hands.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish
+officer and four men alive, while seven lay dead in one
+room. The whole floor ran with blood. Blood splashed
+all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Three poor wretches put their hands together in
+supplication. One had a white handkerchief tied on
+a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me. The
+other held up his hands, while the third began to pray
+and plead.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I took the guns from all three and threw them
+outside the fort. Then I called some of our men and
+put them in charge of the prisoners.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other
+<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/>side, and secured the Spanish flag. I displayed it to
+our troops, and they cheered lustily.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q><q>Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was
+struck by a bullet from the trenches on the Spanish
+side.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Before five o’clock, on the morning of July 2d, the
+crew of the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> was astir, eating a
+hurried breakfast.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship
+headed in toward Aguadores, about three miles
+east of Morro Castle. The other ships retained their
+blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the
+smoke of an approaching train from Altares was seen.
+It was composed of open cars full of General Duffield’s
+troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train
+stopped, and the Cuban scouts proceeded along the
+railroad track. The troops got out of the cars, and
+soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly
+against the yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly
+above, shutting them off from the main body of the
+army, which was on the other side of the hill, several
+miles north.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal,
+by a vigorously wigwagged letter, and a few minutes
+later, from a clump of green at the water’s edge, came
+an answer from the army. This was the first coöperation
+for offensive purposes between the army and navy.
+<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/>The landing of the army at Daiquiri and Altares was
+purely a naval affair.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill43"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEWARK.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill43.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEWARK.</head><figDesc>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEWARK.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked
+like a butterfly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Are you waiting for us to begin?</q> was the signal
+made by Rear-Admiral Sampson to the army.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>General Duffield is ahead with the scouts,</q> came
+the answer from the shore to the flag-ship.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By this time it was seven <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> The admiral ran the
+flag-ship’s bow within three-quarters of a mile of the
+beach. She remained almost as near during the forenoon,
+and the daring way she was handled by Captain
+Chadwick, within sound of the breakers, made the
+Cuban pilot on board stare with astonishment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> was in company with the flag-ship,
+still closer inshore, and the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was to the
+westward, near Morro Castle. From the southward
+the <name type="ship">Newark</name> came up and took a position to the westward.
+Her decks were black with fifteen hundred or
+more troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to
+disembark the troops at Altares.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>When do you want us to commence firing?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the
+answer:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>When the rest of the command arrives; then I
+will signal you.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before
+<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/>the second fifty car-loads of troops came puffing along
+from Altares.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open
+railroad tracks, disappearing in the thick brush that
+covered the eastern side of Aguadores inlet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of
+the big guns was growing hot in the burning sun.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They
+were believed to be on the western bluff.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into
+Santiago City. On the extremity of the western arm
+was an old castellated fort, from which the Spanish flag
+was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill, commanding
+the gully, two stretches of red earth could
+easily be seen against the brush. These were the
+rifle-pits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral
+Sampson to commence firing, and a minute later the
+<name type="ship">New York’s</name> guns blazed away at the rifle-pits and at
+the old fort.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> and <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> joined in the firing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be
+seen, but the ping, ping, of the small arms of the army
+floated out to sea during the occasional lull in the
+firing of the big guns, which peppered the rifle-pits
+until clouds of red earth rose above them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An 8-inch shell from the <name type="ship">Newark</name> dropped in the
+massive old fort, and clouds of white dust and huge
+stones filled the air. When the small shells hit its
+<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/>battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments
+of masonry came tumbling down. A shot from
+the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> hit the eastern parapet, and it crumbled
+away. Amid the smoke and débris, the flagstaff was
+seen to fall forward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The flag has been shot down!</q> shouted the ship’s
+crew, but, when the smoke cleared away, the emblem
+of Spain was seen to be still flying and blazing brilliantly
+in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending
+toward the earth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few more shots from the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> levelled the
+battlements until the old castle was a pitiful sight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the
+<name type="ship">Suwanee</name> was anxious to finish his work, so he signalled
+to the <name type="ship">New York</name>, asking permission to knock down the
+Spanish flag.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Yes,</q> replied Admiral Sampson, <q>if you can do it
+in three shots.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> then lay about sixteen hundred yards
+from the old fort. She took her time. Lieutenant
+Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the crews of all
+the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the smoke of the <name type="ship">Suwanee’s</name> first shot cleared
+away, only two red streamers of the flag were left. The
+shell had gone through the centre of the bunting.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A delighted yell broke from the crew of the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two or three minutes later the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> fired again,
+and a huge cloud of débris rose from the base of the
+flagstaff.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/>
+
+<p>
+For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had
+been the effect of the shot. Then it was seen that the
+shell had only added to the ruin of the fort.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence,
+and the <name type="ship">Suwanee</name> only had one charge left. It seemed
+hardly possible for her to achieve her object with the
+big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There was breathless silence among the watching
+crews. They crowded on the ships’ decks, and all eyes
+were on that tattered flag, bending toward the top of
+what had once been a grand old castle. But it was
+only bending, not yet down. Lieutenant-Commander
+Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their time. The
+<name type="ship">Suwanee</name> changed her position slightly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up
+went a shooting cloud of débris from the parapet, and
+down fell the banner of Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be
+heard again. There was more excitement than witnessed
+at the finish of a college boat-race, or a popular
+race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big
+track.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Suwanee’s</name> last shot had struck right at the
+base of the flagstaff, and had blown it clear of the
+wreckage, which had held it from finishing its fall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Well done!</q> signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander
+Delehanty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts
+reported that no damage had been done to the Spanish
+<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/>rifle-pits by the shells from the ships, and Admiral
+Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but
+that there was no one in the pits. However, the
+<name type="ship">Suwanee</name> was ordered to fire a few more shots in their
+direction.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill44"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill44.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill44.jpg"><head rend="small">ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</head><figDesc>ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+At 12.18 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> the <name type="ship">New York</name> having discontinued
+fire at Aguadores, commenced firing 8-inch shells
+clear over the gully into the city of Santiago de Cuba.
+Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the
+hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible
+to tell, as the smoke hid everything. In reply
+to General Duffield’s question:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>What is the news?</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Admiral Sampson replied:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts
+thought reinforcements were marching to the battered
+old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the
+<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> will take care of them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A little later the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> joined the <name type="ship">New York</name> intending
+8-inch shells into the city of Santiago. This
+was kept up until 1.40 <hi rend="small">P.&nbsp;M.</hi> By that time General
+Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops
+could not cross the stream, but would return to Altares.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the report that some Spanish troops were still
+in the gully, the <name type="ship">New York</name> and <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> shelled it
+once more, and <name type="ship">Newark</name>, which had not fired,
+signalled:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Can I fire for target practice? Have had no
+previous opportunity.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she
+blazed away, shooting well, her 6-inch shells exploding
+with remarkable force among the rocks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 2.40 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to
+cease firing, and the flag-ship returned to the blockading
+station.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left
+for Altares.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston <hi rend='italic'>Globe</hi>, thus relates
+his personal experience:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July
+1st, every man was physically spent, and needed food
+and rest more than anything else. For a majority of
+the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make
+coffee; for the men of the hospital corps, the work of
+the day was commencing. At convenient points hospitals
+were established, and men from every company
+were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead
+and wounded.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It is the men of the hospital corps who have the
+ghastly side of war. There is never any popular glory
+for them; there is no passion of excitement to sustain
+them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under
+fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave.
+But all that is wanting when the surgeons go into
+action.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Men come staggering into the hospital with blood
+dripping from their wounds; squads of four follow one
+another rapidly, bearing stretchers and blankets, on
+which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">To those of us at home who are in the habit of
+seeing our sick and injured treated with the utmost
+consideration and delicacy, who see the poor and outcast
+and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded
+with luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a
+battle-field are disposed of seems barbarous in the
+extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is nevertheless
+horrible.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As soon as men were brought in they were at once
+taken off the litters and placed on the bare ground.
+Time was too precious, and there were too many men
+needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher
+until the surgeon could reach him.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare
+ground with the sun streaming down on them, many
+of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet very few
+giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations
+for a time there was only one surgeon, who took
+every man in his turn, and necessarily had to make
+many of them wait a long time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And yet these men were much more fortunate than
+many others, some of whom lay on the battle-field for
+twenty-four hours before they were found. There was
+no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain.
+Painful gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost
+<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/>roughly, until ambulances could be sent out to take
+the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were
+inadequate, and that many regiments went into action
+without a surgeon. From what I saw I think the
+criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were
+taken care of first,—the last duties to the dead could
+be performed later.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to
+come across an upturned face lying in a pool of blood,
+to see what was once a man, bent, and twisted, and
+doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight
+fell over the field, and at unexpected places one
+ran against this fruit of war and saw faces in the pallor
+of death made even more ghostlike by the light, while
+the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling
+vividness by the contrast.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We had won the battle, but our position was a
+somewhat precarious one.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger
+of the Spaniards breaking through and attacking us in
+the rear or left flank. To guard against this possibility,
+Lawton’s division at El Caney was ordered to move on
+to El Pozo, and Kent’s division was under orders to
+draw in its left. The men who had fought at El Caney
+were hoping to be allowed to sleep on the battle-field
+and obtain the rest which they so badly needed, but
+after supper they were placed under arms and the
+march commenced.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Seventh U.&nbsp;S. Infantry led. It was a weird
+march. Immediately after leaving El Caney we crossed
+an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out, and the
+men were commanded to maintain absolute silence.
+We were in the heart of the enemy’s country, and
+caution was necessary.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After crossing this field we came to a deep gully
+through which ran a swift stream almost knee-deep.
+Our way led across this stream, and there was only
+one means of getting over. That was to plunge in
+and splash through. Tired as we all were, after getting
+thoroughly wet our feet felt like lead, and marching
+was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We pressed steadily forward until we came to where
+the road forked off. Our directions had not been very
+explicit, we had no maps, and our commander took the
+road which he thought was the right one. It soon led
+between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on
+either side. The moon had disappeared behind the
+clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to ambuscade
+us we were at their mercy.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I
+think we would all rather have been out of that lane.
+The fear that your enemy may be crouching behind
+bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until
+he pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the
+nerves.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The command was frequently halted for the officers
+to consult, and after we had gone about a mile they
+<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/>concluded they were on the wrong road, and went to
+the right about. When we came out where we had
+started we found Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting
+silent on a big horse and watching a seemingly never-ending
+line of men marching past him. We fell into
+position and pushed on the road to Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It
+seemed interminable. My watch had run down and no
+one around me had the time. Finally we were ordered
+to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off
+their packs, and rest.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me
+weighed not less than two hundred pounds, on the
+muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing
+I knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was
+three o’clock, and I had been asleep for some hours.
+The regiment was again under arms, and was receiving
+ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from
+the rear. We pressed on until early dawn, when we
+were well in front of Santiago. Entrenchments were
+hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy.
+The enemy did not give us much time for rest. They
+made an assault upon our position early in the morning,
+which we repulsed....</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us,
+they succeeded in forcing our artillery back, which had
+taken a position that subjected it to a withering infantry
+fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and
+entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made
+<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/>the position impregnable. The guns were so placed
+they could do tremendous destruction.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening
+the Spaniards opened up an attack along our entire line,
+with the intention, evidently, of taking us by surprise and
+rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their purpose
+was a failure.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon
+and the capture of El Caney by his division during the
+first day’s fighting, says:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It may not be out of place to call attention to this
+peculiar phase of the battle.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched
+within a compact town of stone and concrete
+houses, some with walls several feet thick, and supported
+by a number of covered solid stone forts, and
+the enemy continued to resist until nearly every man
+was killed or wounded, with a seemingly desperate
+resolution.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth
+Infantry, who shot and disabled General Linares, the
+commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago. The
+Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan
+Hill was taken, during the first day’s fighting. The
+American saw a Spaniard, evidently a general officer,
+followed by his staff, riding frantically about the Spanish
+position, rallying his men.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/>
+
+<p>
+Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser’s permission
+to try a shot at the officer, and greatly regretted
+to find the request refused. Major Bole was consulted.
+He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else
+should fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into
+his rifle, adjusted the sights for one thousand yards,
+and fired. The shell fell short. Then he put in
+another, raised the sights for another one thousand
+yards, took careful aim, and let her go. The officer on
+the white horse threw up his arms and fell forward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>That is for Corporal Joyce,</q> said McKinnery as he
+saw that his ball had reached the mark. The officer on
+the white horse was General Linares himself. It was
+afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder.
+He immediately relinquished the command to General
+Toral.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent
+the following cablegram to the War Department:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Headquarters Fifth Army Corps,<lb/>
+“Near Santiago</hi></name>.
+</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">To-night my lines completely surrounded the town
+from beyond the north of the city to point of San Juan
+River on the south. The enemy holds from west bend
+San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city.
+General Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away,
+and will not get into Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>.”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/>
+
+<p>
+July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication
+given below:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Headquarters Fifth Army Corps</hi></name>, July 3.
+</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The following is my demand for the surrender of
+the city of Santiago:</q>
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“&#x2009;‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Headquarters U.&nbsp;S. Forces, Near San Juan
+River, Cuba</hi></name>, July 3, 1898, 8.30 <date><hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi></date>
+</dateline>
+    
+<p><address><addrLine>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>To the Commanding General of the Spanish
+Forces</hi>, Santiago de Cuba.</addrLine></address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to
+shell Santiago de Cuba. Please inform the citizens of
+foreign countries and all women and children that they
+should leave the city before ten o’clock to-morrow
+morning. Very respectfully,</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<salute rend="text-align: center">“&#x2009;‘Your obedient servant,</salute>
+
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. R. Shafter</hi>,</signed>
+
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='italic'>Major-General, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A.</hi>’</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst
+has returned at 6.30 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>:</q>
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“&#x2009;‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Santiago de Cuba</hi></name>, 2 <date><hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi></date>, July 3, 1898.
+</dateline>
+    <p><address><addrLine>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>His Excellency, the General Commanding
+Forces of United States</hi>, San Juan River.</addrLine></address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—I have the honour to reply to your communication
+of to-day, written at 8.30 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> and received
+at 1 <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>, demanding the surrender of this city; on the
+<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/>contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard
+this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and
+children that they must leave the city before ten o’clock
+to-morrow morning. It is my duty to say to you that
+this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the
+foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your
+message.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<salute rend="text-align: center">“&#x2009;‘Very respectfully,</salute>
+
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jose Toral</hi>,</signed>
+
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='italic'>Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps.</hi>’</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian
+consuls have come to my line with Colonel Dorst.
+They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of
+Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o’clock of
+fifth instant before city is fired on. They claim that
+there are between fifteen thousand and twenty thousand
+people, many of them old, who will leave. They ask
+if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for
+want of transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles
+from my landing. The following is my reply:</q>
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<p><address><addrLine>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>The Commanding General Spanish Forces</hi>,</addrLine>
+    <addrLine>“&#x2009;‘Santiago de Cuba.</addrLine></address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—In consideration of the request of the
+consuls and officers in your city for delay in carrying
+out my intention to fire on the city, and in the interest
+of the poor women and children, who will suffer very
+greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the
+<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/>city, I have the honour to announce that I will delay
+such action solely in their interest until noon of the
+fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make
+no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I
+am, with great respect,</q></q>
+</p>
+    
+<salute rend="text-align: center">“&#x2009;‘Your obedient servant,</salute>
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. R. Shafter</hi>,<lb/>
+“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='italic'>Major-General U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A.</hi>’</signed>
+</body></text></p>
+    <signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>,<lb/>
+“<hi rend='italic'>Major-General Commanding</hi>.”</signed>
+</body></text></p>
+</div><div n="12" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XII.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE SPANISH FLEET.</head>
+
+<epigraph>
+<p><q><hi rend='italic'>Don’t cheer; the poor devils are dying.</hi></q></p>
+</epigraph>
+
+<p>
+It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American
+squadron lay off Santiago Harbour intent only on
+blockade duty. No signs of life were visible about old
+Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After
+two days of fighting the armies of both nations were
+resting in their trenches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the
+land. The battle-ship <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, the protected
+cruiser <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>, and Commodore Watson’s flag-ship,
+the cruiser <name type="ship">Newark</name>, were absent, coaling fifty
+miles or more away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shortly before nine o’clock Admiral Sampson, desiring
+to ascertain the exact condition of the Spanish
+coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the flag-ship
+to go that way, and after flying the signal, <q>Disregard
+the motions of the commander-in-chief,</q> the <name type="ship">New York</name>
+steamed leisurely off to the eastward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The little <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> lay nearest the shore; the <name type="ship">Vixen</name>
+was opposite in a straight line, and to the eastward of
+her about five miles. A mile or less from the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>,
+<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/>to the seaward, was the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>. Nearly as far from
+the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>.
+The <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying
+four miles from the harbour entrance; next her, to the
+eastward, each vessel slightly nearer inshore, were the
+    <name type="ship">Texas</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> in the order named.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill45"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL WEYLER.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill45.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL WEYLER.</head><figDesc>GENERAL WEYLER.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill45.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL WEYLER.</head><figDesc>GENERAL WEYLER.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long
+line of black smoke. On board the fleet religious
+services were being held, but the lookouts of every
+ship were at their stations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was
+seen coming out past the point of the harbour, and
+instantly all was seemingly confusion on the big fighting
+machines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The enemy is escaping,</q> was the signal run up on
+Commodore Schley’s flag-ship, and within a few seconds
+the roar of a 6-pounder on the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> broke the stillness
+of the Sabbath morning.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was as if every American vessel was put in motion
+at the same instant, and even as the flag-ship’s signal
+appeared, the clouds of dense smoke from their stacks
+told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already
+begun their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for
+all the fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+John R. Spear, author of <q>The History of our
+Navy,</q> who was with Sampson’s fleet, wrote this complete
+story of the marvellous naval battle off Santiago
+and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the <hi rend='italic'>World</hi>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the
+<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/>men of the American batteries were standing erect
+and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting for the
+order to commence firing, and watching out of the
+corners of their eyes the boys who were still sprinkling
+the decks with sand that no one’s foot might slip when
+blood began to flow across the planks.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">But though silence prevailed among the guns, down
+in the sealed stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels
+that sprayed the coal over the glowing grate-bars, the
+song of the fans that raised the air pressure, and
+the throb of pump and engine made music for the
+whole crew, for the steam-gauges were climbing, and
+the engineers were standing by the wide-open throttles
+as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">For, as it happened, the <name type="ship">Texas</name> had been lying directly
+off the harbour, and a little more than two miles
+away the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was but a few lengths farther out and to
+the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and
+<q>Fighting Bob</q> Evans of the other, were both on
+deck when the cry was raised announcing the enemy.
+Hastening to their bridges, they headed away at once
+for the Spaniards, while the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>
+went flying to westward to intercept the leader.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The mightiest race known to the history of the
+world, and the most thrilling, was begun.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They were all away in less time than it has taken the
+reader to get thus far in the story, and in much less
+time still,—indeed, before the gongs in the engine-rooms
+of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate
+<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/>under the imperative order of <q>Ahead, full speed!</q>—the
+<name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, fugitive as she was, had
+opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet
+more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of
+his long 11-inch hontoria rifles in the direction of
+the <name type="ship">Texas</name> and pulled the lanyard. The shell came
+shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill46"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill46.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill46.jpg"><head rend="small">CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</head><figDesc>CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet
+above the water, and those of the Socapa battery,
+lying higher still, with all the batteries beneath those
+two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with
+frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance
+of the first Spaniard to the firing of the first American
+gun.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In these three minutes the distance between the
+squadrons was lessened by at least a mile,—the range
+was not more than two thousand yards.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">But while two thousand yards is the range (about
+one and one-sixth miles) selected for great gun target
+practice, it will never do for an eager fight, and as the
+trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to southward,
+the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to
+fifteen hundred yards before they were obliged to head
+a course parallel with the Spaniards.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Meantime the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, as they were
+stretching away toward the coast, had opened fire also,
+and then the last of the big Spaniards, the <name type="ship">Infanta
+Maria Teresa</name>, having rounded the point, the
+    magnifi<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/>cent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea—of
+a battle between four of the best modern armed
+cruisers on the Spanish side, against three battle-ships
+and an armoured cruiser on our side—was spread out
+to view.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And their best was the worst struggle the world
+ever saw, for it was a struggle to get out of range
+while firing with hysterical vehemence their unaimed
+guns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The first shot from the American ships fell short,
+and a second, in like fashion, dropped into the sea. At
+that the gunner said things to himself under his breath
+(it was in the forward turret of the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>), and tried it
+once more.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke
+shrouded the turret, but as that thinned away the eager
+crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the hull of the
+<name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>. Instantly it exploded with
+tremendous effect. Flame and smoke belched from
+the hole the shell had made, and puffed from port and
+hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast rolled
+up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the
+woodwork had taken fire and was burning fiercely all
+over the after part of the stricken ship.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that
+sight swelled to a roar of triumph a moment later, for
+as he saw that smoke, the captain of the <name type="ship">Teresa</name> threw
+her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky
+beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And then came Wainwright of the <name type="ship">Maine</name>,—Lieut.-Commander
+Richard Wainwright, who for weeks conducted
+the weary search for the dead bodies of shipmates
+on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He
+was captain of the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, that was once known as
+the yacht <name type="ship">Corsair</name>. A swift and beautiful craft she, but
+only armed with lean 6-pounders.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Ahead, full speed,</q> said Wainwright.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the
+wake of the mighty <name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name> came Spain’s two big
+torpedo-boats, called destroyers, because of their size,—the
+<name type="ship">Pluton</name> and the <name type="ship">Furor</name>. Either was more than a
+match for the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, for one carried two 12-pounders,
+and the other two 14-pounders, besides the
+6-pounders that both carried.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the
+<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> by at least ten knots per hour. But both
+had thin-plated sides. The shells of the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>
+could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with
+the memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his
+mind.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The two boats—even the whole Spanish fleet—were
+still within easy range of the Spanish forts, and to
+reach his choice of enemies the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was obliged
+to risk not only the land fire, but that of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>
+and the <name type="ship">Teresa</name>. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats
+steered toward the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, evidently bound to torpedo
+her, Wainwright headed them off, and they never
+got beyond range of the forts.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The shots they threw at him outweighed his three
+to one, but theirs flew wild, and his struck home.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The day of the destroyers was done. As the big
+<name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name> turned toward the shore, these two
+destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled fluttering and
+splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as
+they fled.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">While the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> was on fire, and
+running for the beach, her crew was still working their
+guns, and the big <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> was handily by to double the
+storm of projectiles she was hurling at the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> and
+<name type="ship">Texas</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was not that the <name type="ship">Vizcaya’s</name> crew were manfully
+striving to protect the <name type="ship">Teresa</name>; they were making the
+snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime to escape the relentless
+Yankees that were closing upon them. For both
+the <name type="ship">Texas</name> and the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> had the range, and it was only
+when the smoke of their own guns blinded them that
+their fire was withheld, or a shot went astray.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Iowa</name> and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> had headed off both the
+<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> and the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>, while the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>
+was coming with tremendous speed to join them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch
+shell from the <name type="ship">Texas</name> went crashing into the stoke-hole,
+and the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,—the ship whose beauty and power
+once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled
+pleasure and fear—was mortally wounded. Hope
+was gone, and with helm aport she headed away for the
+beach, as her consort had done.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='261'/><anchor id='Pg261'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o’clock,
+and at 9.58 two of the magnificent armoured cruisers of
+the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming wrecks on the
+Cuban beach, with the <name type="ship">Texas</name> rounding to less than a
+thousand yards away off the stern of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">For a moment the <name type="ship">Texas</name> tarried there to let the
+smoke clear, and to see accurately the condition of
+the enemy, but while her gunners were taking aim for
+a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,
+with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down
+the fever-hued ensign from her peak and hoisted the
+white flag instead.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Cease firing!</q> commanded Captain Jack Philip of
+the <name type="ship">Texas</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">So far as the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> and the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>
+were concerned, the battle—and for that matter the
+war—was ended.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red
+flame, rolled from every port and shot hole of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,
+as from the <name type="ship">Teresa</name>. They were both furnaces of
+glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour
+to certain battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition
+in the quarters either of officers or men had been
+taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent ashore.
+Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden
+fixtures been prepared to resist fire. Apparently the
+crew had not even wet down the decks.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">But the <name type="ship">Texas</name> tarried at this gruesome scene only
+for a moment. They wished only to make sure that
+<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/>the two Spaniards were really out of the fight, and
+when they saw the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was going to stand by both,
+away they went to join the race between the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>
+and the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> on our side, and the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>
+and <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name> on the other.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In spite of the original superior speed on the part
+of the Spaniards, and in spite of the delay on the part
+of the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, the Spaniards were not yet wholly out of
+range, though the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> was reaching away at
+a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen,
+stripped to their trousers, plied their shovels and
+raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships
+were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were
+driven as never before since their trial trips. The
+Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had turned
+us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that
+neither tusks nor legs could save.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">For while the <name type="ship">Colon</name> was showing a speed that was
+the equal at least of our own <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, long-headed
+Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging the
+coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance
+to cut her off or drive her out to sea.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards,
+Schley headed straight for that point,—took the shortest
+cut for it, so to speak,—and in that way drew
+steadily ahead of the <name type="ship">Colon</name>, leaving to the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and
+<name type="ship">Texas</name> the task of holding the Spaniards from turning
+out across the <name type="ship">Brooklyn’s</name> stern.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill47"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. IOWA.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill47.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. IOWA.</head><figDesc>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. IOWA.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='263'/><anchor id='Pg263'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of
+the gallant officer, and it won.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The task of the battle-ships was well within their
+powers. It is not without reason that both the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>
+and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> are the pride of the nation as well as of
+their crews.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> had hurled a relentless
+fire at the flying Spaniards, and it had told on
+the <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name> with increasing effect.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">For the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> was fair on the <name type="ship">Oquendo’s</name> beam,
+and there was not enough armour on any Spanish ship
+to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles the ship from
+the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">At ten o’clock sharp the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> was apparently
+still fore and aft, but within five minutes she wavered
+and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship though she was,
+she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and
+fled for life to the beach.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Texas</name> was coming with unflagging speed astern,
+and off to the east could be seen the flag-ship of
+Admiral Sampson racing as never before to get a
+shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by
+Commodore Schley to call her, and it had met her
+coming at the call of the guns of the Spanish fleet.
+She had overhauled and passed the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> long since,
+and was well-nigh abreast of the <name type="ship">Texas</name>. So the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>,
+in order to vie with the <name type="ship">New York</name> in the last of the
+mighty race, abandoned the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> to her fate and
+stretched away after the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Some of the crew who looked back saw the <name type="ship">Texas</name>
+bring to near the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name>, and then the sea trembled
+under the impulse of a tremendous explosion on board
+the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke
+filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they
+been near enough they would have heard the crew of the
+<name type="ship">Texas</name> start in to cheer, and have heard as well the voice
+of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to check it:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Don’t cheer; the poor devils are <anchor id="corr264"/><corr sic="superfluous double quote">dying.</corr></q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Only a man fit to command could have had that
+thought.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the
+Spanish squadron remained, and she was now in the
+last desperate struggle, the flurry of a monster of
+the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows
+through gilded glasses at the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> forging ahead
+far off their port bow; at the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> within range off
+the port quarter; at the <name type="ship">New York</name> just getting the
+range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They
+shivered in unison with the quivering hulk as shot
+after shot struck home. They screamed at their crews
+and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews
+worked with drunken desperation, but down in the
+stoke-hole the firemen plied their shovels with a will
+and a skill that formed the most surprising feature of
+the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this
+was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put
+to the full test the powers of the men of the three
+ships in chase.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='265'/><anchor id='Pg265'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the open sea they might have led the Yankees
+for an hour or more beyond, but the strategy of Schley
+had cut them off, and yet it was not until 1.15 o’clock—three
+hours and three-quarters after the first gun of
+the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name>—that the <name type="ship">Colon’s</name> gallant captain lost all
+hope, and, from a race to save the ship, turned to the
+work of destroying her, so that we should not be able
+to float the stars and stripes above her.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name> had drawn up abeam of her, and was
+about a mile away. The shots from the <name type="ship">New York</name>
+astern were beginning to tell, and those from the
+<name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> had all along been smiting her in the face.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard
+aground near Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago,
+and then hauled down her flag.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The most powerful sea force that ever fought under
+the American flag had triumphed; the most remarkable
+race in the history of the world was ended.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On board the flag-ship <name type="ship">New York</name> is published a tiny
+daily newspaper, 4 × 7 inches in size, with the name
+<q>Squadron Bulletin</q> on the title-page. Following is
+the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as
+given in that publication:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as
+dating the entire destruction of Admiral Cervera’s formidable
+fleet; the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>, <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,
+<name type="ship">Oquendo</name>, <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and the deep-sea torpedo-boats
+<name type="ship">Furor</name> and <name type="ship">Pluton</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The flag-ship had started from her station about nine
+<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/>to go to Siboney, whence the admiral had proposed
+going for a consultation with General Shafter; the
+other ships, with the exception of the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>
+and <name type="ship">Suwanee</name>, which had, unfortunately, gone this
+morning to Guantanamo for coal, were in their usual
+positions, viz., beginning at the east, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>,
+<name type="ship">Indiana</name>, <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, 
+        <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and
+about four miles east of her usual position, the Spanish
+fleet was observed coming out and making westward in
+the following order: <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> (flag), <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,
+<name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, <name type="ship">Furor</name>, and
+<name type="ship">Pluton</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They were at once engaged by the ships nearest,
+and the result was practically established in a very
+short time. The heavy and rapid shell fire was very
+destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers <name type="ship">Infanta
+Maria Teresa</name>, <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>, and <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>
+were run ashore in the order named, afire and burning
+fiercely. The first ship was beached at Nima, nine and
+one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan
+Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos,
+fifteen miles. The torpedo-boat destroyers were both
+sunk, one near the beach, the other in deep water about
+three miles west of the harbour entrance.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The remaining ship, the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, stood on
+and gave a long chase of forty-eight miles, in which
+the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, and <name type="ship">New York</name>
+took part. The <name type="ship">Colon</name> is reputed by her captain to
+<pb n='267'/><anchor id='Pg267'/>have been going at times as much as seventeen and a
+half knots, but they could not keep this up, chiefly on
+account of the fatigue of her men, who, many of them,
+had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had
+been, while there, long without food; her average speed
+was actually thirteen and seven-tenths knots, the ship
+leaving the harbour at 9.43 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, and reaching Rio
+Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance)
+at 1.15.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill48"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill48.png"><head rend="small">THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.</head><figDesc>THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA’S FLEET.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and,
+seeing no chance of an escape from so overwhelming a
+force, the heavy shells of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> already dropping
+around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino
+and hauled down her flag.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves
+were treacherously opened, and in spite of all efforts
+she gradually sank, and now lies near the beach in
+water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she
+may be floated, as she was far the finest ship of the
+squadron. All her breech plugs were thrown overboard
+after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of her
+Mauser rifles thrown away.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven
+<hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>, and then returned to Santiago. The <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Oregon</name>,
+and <name type="ship">Vixen</name> remained by the prize. Commodore second
+in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first class,
+Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don
+Emilio Moreu, commanding the <name type="ship">Colon</name>, and Teniente de
+Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas, aid and secretary
+<pb n='268'/><anchor id='Pg268'/>to the commodore, were taken on board the <name type="ship">New York</name>.
+The 525 men of the crew of the <name type="ship">Colon</name> were placed
+aboard the <name type="ship">Resolute</name>, which came from Santiago to
+report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser, which
+turned out to be the Austrian <name type="ship">Maria Teresa</name>. The
+other officers were placed aboard the <name type="ship">Resolute</name> and
+<name type="ship">Vixen</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken
+off the shore by the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, and transferred to the
+<name type="ship">Iowa</name>, which ship had already taken off many from the
+<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on
+board the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, and seven officers and 203 men were
+aboard the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>All these were in a perfectly destitute condition,
+having been saved by swimming, or having been taken
+from the water by our boats. Admiral Cervera was in
+a like plight. He was received with the usual honours
+when he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the
+<name type="ship">Iowa’s</name> crew.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+The Independence Day number is very brief. It
+announces that the prisoners are to be sent north on
+the <name type="ship">Harvard</name> and <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>; that they number 1,750;
+that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six
+hundred; that General Pando had reached Santiago
+with five thousand men; that the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and <name type="ship">Marblehead</name>
+had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal,
+and then tells of the <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes’s</name> skirmish on that
+day, saying:
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill49"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. INDIANA.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill49.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. INDIANA.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. INDIANA.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='269'/><anchor id='Pg269'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>Just before midnight of this date the <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>,
+which was in front of the port with her search-light up
+to the entrance, reported an enemy’s vessel coming out,
+and she and the <name type="ship">Texas</name> fired a number of shots in the
+direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also
+opened, and a number of shell fell at various points, the
+attention paid by the batteries to the ships being general.
+The <name type="ship">Indiana</name> was struck on the starboard side of
+the quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on
+reaching the second deck near the ward-room ladder;
+it caused a fire which was quickly extinguished. This
+was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The vessel
+inside turned out to be the <name type="ship">Reina Mercedes</name>, which
+was sunk on the east edge of the channel just by the
+Estrella battery. She heads north, and is canted over
+to port with her port rail under water. She does not
+appear to obstruct the channel.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The issue of July 5th is of greater interest:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>,
+on the third instant, was unfortunately omitted.
+She was in company with a flag-ship, and turned at
+once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing
+away from the <name type="ship">New York</name> she signalled, asking permission
+to continue in chase, but she was directed to pick
+up two men in the water, which she did, and on reaching
+the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> she was directed by the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, the
+flag-ship having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of
+the <name type="ship">Vizcaya’s</name> crew. She took off eleven officers and
+ninety men. The guns of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> during the
+    oper<pb n='270'/><anchor id='Pg270'/>ation were going off from the heat, and explosions
+were frequent, so that the work was trying and perilous
+for the boats of the two vessels (<name type="ship">Iowa</name> and <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>)
+engaged.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The former report from the army, which was official,
+regarding General Pando’s entry into Santiago,
+was an error. General Shafter thought that he had
+been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his
+men only had been able to do so; the general himself
+and his remaining force, it is thought, will not be
+able.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint.
+The flag-ship went to the wrecks of the <name type="ship">Infanta
+Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Almirante</name>. The former lies in
+an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal
+draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned
+out inside above her protective deck, but the shell of
+her hull seems very good, and her machinery is probably
+not seriously injured.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It looks very much as if she were salvable. The
+<name type="ship">Almirante</name> was much worse <anchor id="corr270"/><corr sic="of">off</corr>. She had been subjected
+to a much heavier gun fire, being racked and
+torn in every part; she is much more out of water,
+and the forward part is much distorted and torn by the
+explosion of her magazine and torpedoes. The loss of
+life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn everywhere,
+the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room,
+particularly, was almost covered. The torpedo exploded
+in the tube; it may be by a shot. This is a question
+<pb n='271'/><anchor id='Pg271'/>which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The
+fact of so many bodies being about would seem to bear
+this out, but two of her crew, taken off the beach this
+afternoon, were questioned, and both stated that it was
+the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to
+be accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is
+just below, and that many wounded came up that far
+and were suffocated. The two men were intelligent
+young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the
+gun fire was such that it was impossible to keep
+the men at the guns. One was a powder passer, the
+other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two
+officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a
+6-pounder shell between the top of the turret and the
+gun shield. Altogether the ship was a most striking
+instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may
+accomplish. She was terribly battered about.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">While the flag-ship was lying near the <name type="ship">Almirante</name>,
+and her steam cutter was alongside, and a small boat
+from the press tug <name type="ship">Hercules</name> lying on the starboard
+quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and
+a piece went through the tug’s boat, cutting it in two;
+the man in the boat was not hurt. It is somewhat
+extraordinary that this shell should have waited so long
+to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well
+cooled off. There was still much heat and some flames
+about the bow. One extraordinary fact is the survival,
+in proper shape, of many powder grains, baked hard;
+several of these were picked up about the deck.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='272'/><anchor id='Pg272'/>
+
+<p>
+<q>A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief
+to report in detail upon the stranded ships.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his
+official report, which is given in full:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S. Flagship New York, First Rate, Off<lb/>
+Santiago de Cuba, Cuba</hi></name>, July 15, 1898.
+</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—I have the honour to make the following
+report upon the battle with and the destruction of the
+Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral Cervera, off
+Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">2. The enemy’s vessels came out of the harbour
+between 9.35 and 10 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, the head of the column
+appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging
+from the channel five or six minutes later.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">3. The positions of the vessels of my command
+off Santiago at that moment were as follows: The flag-ship
+<name type="ship">New York</name> was four miles east of her blockading
+station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance.
+She had started for Siboney, where I had
+intended to land, accompanied by several of my staff,
+and go to the front to consult with General Shafter.
+A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding
+between us of the operations proposed, had
+been rendered necessary by the unexpectedly strong
+resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day
+before to arrange an interview with General Shafter,
+<pb n='273'/><anchor id='Pg273'/>who had been suffering from heat prostration. I made
+arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my flag-ship
+was in the position mentioned above when the
+Spanish squadron appeared in the channel.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The remaining vessels were in or near their usual
+blockading positions, distributed in a semicircle about
+the harbour entrance, counting from the eastward to
+the westward in the following order: The <name type="ship">Indiana</name>,
+about a mile and a half from shore, the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>,—the
+<name type="ship">New York’s</name> place between these two,—the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>,
+<name type="ship">Texas</name>, and <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, the latter two miles from the shore
+west of Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The distance of the vessels from the harbour
+entrance was two and a half to four miles,—the latter
+being the limit of day blockading distance. The length
+of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name> had left at four <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> for Guantanamo
+for coal. Her station was between the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>
+and <name type="ship">Texas</name>. The auxiliaries, <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> and <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, lay
+close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than
+the large vessels, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> to the eastward and
+the <name type="ship">Vixen</name> to the westward.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The torpedo-boat <name type="ship">Ericsson</name> was in company with
+the flag-ship, and remained with her during the chase
+until ordered to discontinue, when she rendered very
+efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning
+<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>. I enclose a diagram showing approximately
+the positions of the vessels as described above.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the
+<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/>harbour, at a speed estimated at from eight to ten knots,
+and in the following order: <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> (flag-ship),
+<name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, and the <name type="ship">Almirante
+Oquendo</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The distance between these ships was about eight
+hundred yards, which means that, from the time the
+first one became visible in the upper reach of the channel
+until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval
+of only about twelve minutes elapsed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Following the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name>, at a distance of about
+twelve hundred yards, came the torpedo-boat destroyer
+<name type="ship">Pluton</name>, and after her came the <name type="ship">Furor</name>. The armoured
+cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to
+bear, opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels,
+and emerged from the channel shrouded in the
+smoke from their guns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">5. The men of our ships in front of the port were
+at Sunday <q>quarters for inspection.</q> The signal was
+given simultaneously from several vessels, <q>Enemy’s
+ships escaping,</q> and general quarters were sounded.
+The men cheered as they sprang to their guns, and
+fire was opened, probably within eight minutes, by the
+vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">New York</name> turned about and steamed for the
+escaping fleet, flying the signal, <q>Close in toward
+harbour entrance and attack vessels,</q> and gradually
+increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she
+was making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly
+closing on the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill50"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. OREGON.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill50.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. OREGON.</head><figDesc>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. OREGON.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='275'/><anchor id='Pg275'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">She was not, at any time, within the range of the
+heavy Spanish ships, and her only part in the firing was
+to receive the undivided fire from the forts in passing
+the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at
+one of the destroyers, thought at the moment to be
+attempting to escape from the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour,
+turned to the westward in column, increasing their
+speed to the full power of their engines. The heavy
+blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the
+Morro, at the instant of the enemy’s appearance, and
+at their best speed, delivered a rapid fire, well sustained
+and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed
+and silenced the Spanish fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them
+rapidly past the blockading vessels, and the battle
+developed into a chase in which the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and
+<name type="ship">Texas</name> had at the start the advantage of position. The
+<name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> maintained this lead.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, steaming with amazing speed from the
+commencement of the action, took first place. The
+<name type="ship">Iowa</name> and the <name type="ship">Indiana</name> having done good work, and not
+having the speed of the other ships, were directed by
+me, in succession, at about the time the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> was
+beached, to drop out of the chase and resume blockading
+stations. These vessels rescued many prisoners.
+The <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships
+would put her between two fires, ran outside of our own
+column and remained there during the battle and chase.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the
+<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> excited the admiration of every one who
+witnessed it, and merits the commendation of the Navy
+Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected
+auxiliary vessel,—the yacht <name type="ship">Corsair</name>,—and has a good
+battery of light rapid-fire guns.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">She was lying about two miles from the harbour
+entrance to the southward and eastward, and immediately
+steamed in, opening fire upon the large
+ships.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Anticipating the appearance of the <name type="ship">Pluton</name> and
+<name type="ship">Furor</name>, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was slowed, thereby gaining more
+rapidly a high pressure of steam, and when the destroyers
+came out she steamed for them at full speed and
+was able to close at short range, where her fire was
+accurate, deadly, and of great volume.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">During this fight the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> was under the fire
+of the Socapa battery. Within twenty minutes from
+the time they emerged from Santiago Harbour the
+careers of the <name type="ship">Furor</name> and the <name type="ship">Pluton</name> were ended, and
+two-thirds of their people killed. The <name type="ship">Furor</name> was
+beached and sunk in the surf; the <name type="ship">Pluton</name> sank in deep
+water a few minutes later. The destroyer probably
+suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary
+batteries of the battle-ships <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, and the
+<name type="ship">Texas</name>, yet I think a very considerable factor in their
+speedy destruction was the fire, at close range, of the
+<name type="ship">Gloucester’s</name> battery.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the
+<pb n='277'/><anchor id='Pg277'/><name type="ship">Gloucester</name> did excellent service in landing and securing
+the crew of the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">8. The method of escape attempted by the
+Spaniards—all steering in the same direction, and
+in formation—removed all practical doubts or difficulties,
+and made plain the duty of every United States
+vessel to close in, immediately engage and pursue.
+This was promptly and effectively done.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish
+squadron carried it past a number of the blockading
+ships, which could not immediately work up to their
+best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and
+the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> were probably
+set on fire by the shells fired during the first fifteen
+minutes of the engagement. It was afterward learned
+that the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa’s</name> fire main had been cut
+by one of our first shots, and that she was unable to
+extinguish the fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower
+deck aft these vessels gave up both fight and flight, and
+ran in on the beach, the <name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> at
+about 10.15 <hi rend="small">A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, at Nima, nine and one-half miles
+from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the <name type="ship">Almirante
+Oquendo</name> at about 10.30 <hi rend="small">A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, at Juan Gonzales, seven
+miles from the port.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">9. The <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> was still under the fire of the
+leading vessels. The <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> had drawn ahead,
+leading the chase, and soon passed beyond the range
+of the guns of the leading American ships. The <name type="ship">Viz<pb n='278'/><anchor id='Pg278'/>caya</name> was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore
+and was beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles
+from Santiago, burning fiercely, and with her reserves
+of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When about ten miles west of Santiago the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>
+had been signalled to go back to the harbour entrance,
+and at Acerraderos the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> was signalled to <q>resume
+blockading station.</q> The <name type="ship">Iowa</name>, assisted by the <name type="ship">Ericsson</name>
+and the <name type="ship">Hist</name>, took off the crew of the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, while
+the <name type="ship">Harvard</name> and the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> rescued those of the
+<name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded
+from the burning Spanish vessels, was the occasion of
+some of the most daring and gallant conduct of the
+day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns
+and reserve ammunition were exploding, and it was not
+known at what moment the fire would reach the main
+magazine.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In addition to this a heavy surf was running just
+inside of the Spanish ships. But no risk deterred our
+officers and men until their work of humanity was
+complete.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only
+the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, but she was their best and fastest
+vessel. Forced by the situation to hug the Cuban
+coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and
+sustained speed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">When the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> went ashore the <name type="ship">Colon</name> was about
+six miles ahead of the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, but
+<pb n='279'/><anchor id='Pg279'/>her spurt was finished, and the American ships were
+now gaining upon her. Behind the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the
+<name type="ship">Oregon</name> came the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, <name type="ship">Vixen</name>, 
+        and <name type="ship">New York</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was evident from the bridge of the <name type="ship">New York</name>
+that all the American ships were gradually overhauling
+the chase, and that she had no chance of escape. At
+12.50 the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> opened fire and
+got her range,—the <name type="ship">Oregon’s</name> heavy shells striking
+beyond her,—and at 1.20 she gave up without firing
+another shot, hauled down her colours and ran ashore
+at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captain Cook of the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> went on board to
+receive the surrender. While his boat was alongside I
+came up in the <name type="ship">New York</name>, receiving his report, and
+placed the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> in charge of the wreck to save her,
+if possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred
+to the <name type="ship">Resolute</name>, which had followed the chase. Commodore
+Schley, whose chief of staff had gone on board
+to receive the surrender, had directed that all their
+personal effects should be retained by the officers.
+This order I did not modify.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> was not injured by our firing,
+and probably is not injured by beaching, though she
+ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so steep that
+she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea
+valves were opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure,
+after her surrender, and despite all efforts she sank.
+When it became evident that she could not be kept
+afloat she was pushed by the <name type="ship">New York</name> bodily upon
+<pb n='280'/><anchor id='Pg280'/>the beach, the <name type="ship">New York’s</name> stem being placed against
+her for this purpose, the ship being handled by Captain
+Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in shoal
+water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she
+would have gone down in deep water, and would have
+been to a certainty a complete loss.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">11. I regard this complete and important victory
+over the Spanish forces as the successful finish
+of several weeks of arduous and close blockade, so
+stringent and effective during the night that the enemy
+was deterred from making the attempt to escape at
+night, and deliberately elected to make the attempt in
+daylight. That this was the case I was informed by
+the commanding officer of the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the
+manner in which this was accomplished. The harbour
+of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there being
+but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep
+water extending close up to the shore line, presenting
+no difficulties of navigation outside of the entrance.
+At the time of my arrival before the port, June 1st,
+the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light
+during the night to enable any movement outside of
+the entrance to be detected; but with the waning
+of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was
+opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats
+to make an attack upon the blockading vessels.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the
+<name type="ship">Merrimac</name>, so gallantly taken into the channel on June
+<pb n='281'/><anchor id='Pg281'/>3d, did not obstruct it. I therefore maintained the
+blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was assigned
+the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up
+to the port, at a distance of from one to two miles
+from the Morro,—dependent upon the condition of the
+atmosphere,—they threw a search-light beam directly
+up the channel and held it steadily there.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel
+for half a mile inside of the entrance so brilliantly that
+the movement of small boats could be detected.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Why the batteries never opened fire upon the
+search-light-ship was always a matter of surprise to
+me; but they never did. Stationed close to the entrance
+of the port were three picket-launches, and, at
+a little distance further out, three small picket-vessels—usually
+converted yachts—and, when they were
+available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">With this arrangement there was at least a certainty
+that nothing could get out of the harbour undetected.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After the arrival of the army, when the situation
+forced upon the Spanish admiral a decision, our vigilance
+increased. The night blockading distance was
+reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship
+was placed alongside the search-light-ship, with her
+broadside trained upon the channel in readiness to fire
+the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The commanding
+officers merit great praise for the perfect
+manner in which they entered into this plan, and put
+it into execution. The <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>, which, according
+<pb n='282'/><anchor id='Pg282'/>to routine, was sent that morning to coal at Guantanamo,
+like the others, had spent weary nights upon
+this work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent
+that morning.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I enclose, for the information of the department,
+copies of orders and memorandums issued from time
+to time, relating to the manner of maintaining the
+blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is
+difficult to discriminate in praise.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The object of the blockade of Cervera’s squadron
+was fully accomplished, and each individual bore well
+his part in it, the commodore in command of the second
+division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and
+destructive, and the resistance of the Spanish squadron
+was, in great part, broken almost before they had
+got beyond the range of their own force.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The fine speed of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> enabled her to take a
+front position in the chase, and the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name> did
+not give up until the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> had thrown a 13-inch shell
+beyond her. This performance adds to the already
+brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks
+highly of the skill and care with which her admirable
+efficiency has been maintained during a service unprecedented
+in the history of vessels of her class.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Brooklyn’s</name> westerly blockading position gave
+her an advantage in the chase which she maintained to
+the end, and she employed her fine battery with telling
+effect.</q>
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill51"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BROOKLYN.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill51.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BROOKLYN.</head><figDesc>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. BROOKLYN.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='283'/><anchor id='Pg283'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Texas</name> and the <name type="ship">New York</name> were gaining on
+the chase during the last hour, and, had any accident
+befallen the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> or the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, would have speedily
+overhauled the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her
+first burst of speed, the result was never in doubt.
+She fell, in fact, far below what might reasonably have
+been expected of her.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Careful measurements of time and distance give her
+an average speed, from the time she cleared the harbour
+mouth until the time she was run on shore at Rio
+Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Neither the <name type="ship">New York</name> nor the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> stopped to
+couple up their forward engines, but ran out of the
+chase with one pair, getting steam, of course, as rapidly
+as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the
+forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen
+minutes, or four miles in the chase.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">14. Several of the ships were struck, the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>
+more often than the others, but very light material
+injury was done, the greatest being aboard the <name type="ship">Iowa</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both
+on the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>. It is difficult to explain the immunity
+from loss of life or injury to ships in a combat with
+modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery
+is poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy
+of our fire speedily drove the men from their guns and
+silenced their fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and
+<pb n='284'/><anchor id='Pg284'/>by observation. The Spanish vessels, as they dashed
+out of the harbour, were covered with the smoke from
+their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume,
+and soon almost disappeared.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships
+appears to have been remarkably destructive.
+An examination of the stranded vessels shows that the
+<name type="ship">Almirante Oquendo</name> especially had suffered terribly from
+this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her
+decks were strewn with the charred remains of those
+who had fallen.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and
+the commanding officers are enclosed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has
+made a critical examination of the stranded vessels, both
+with a view of reporting upon the result of our fire and
+the military features involved, and of reporting upon
+the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the
+remainder. The report of the board will be speedily
+forwarded. Very respectfully,</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>W. T. SAMPSON</hi>,</signed>
+
+<signed>
+“<hi rend='italic'>Rear-Admiral U.&nbsp;S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief<lb/>U.&nbsp;S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station.</hi>
+</signed>
+<lb/>
+<closer>
+“<hi rend='italic'>The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.</hi>”
+</closer>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship <name type="ship">New
+York</name>, to his wife, is an entertaining addition to the story
+of this most marvellous sea fight:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='285'/><anchor id='Pg285'/>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Flagship New York</hi></name>, July 4, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in
+a few hours after my writing this.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on
+account of a little note from Shafter. He wanted to
+know why the navy could not go under a destructive
+fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and
+have a consultation with him, explain the situation,
+and lay our plans before him, which were to countermine
+the harbour, going in at the same time, and
+also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one
+thousand marines landed in Estrella cove.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about
+9.30, so Sampson, Staunton, and I put on our leggings,
+got some sandwiches, filled a flask, and the ship started
+to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to
+find horses and a cavalry escort.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We were within a mile or so of the place when a
+message came to me that a ship was coming out, and
+by the time I was on deck I found the <name type="ship">New York</name>
+turned around, and headed back, and there they were,
+coming out one after the other, and putting west as
+hard as they could go.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The situation was one which rather left us out of it.
+We were too far off to shoot, but could see the rest
+banging away. The last to come were the two torpedo-boat
+destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt
+on their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright
+in the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> firing at them for all he was worth,
+<pb n='286'/><anchor id='Pg286'/>and soon one evidently had a hole through her boiler,
+as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot
+into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the
+other, which was moving back toward the entrance, and
+then left him to Wainwright’s mercy, as it was a clear
+case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to
+one and then the other, but a little way apart, the
+<name type="ship">Infanta Maria Teresa</name> and the <name type="ship">Oquendo</name> afire and
+ashore.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought
+to have mentioned two men in the water, stripped, to
+whom we threw life-buoys, with which they expressed
+themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case,
+with two of the enemy’s ships going ahead of us, to
+stop.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far,
+until we saw the <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name> head in, and soon she was on
+the beach and aflame, at Ascerraderos, right under the
+old Cuban camp.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There was still the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, a good way
+ahead, the newest and fastest and much more powerful.
+We had passed the <name type="ship">Iowa</name> (which we left with the
+burning <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>) and the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, which we ordered to
+return off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession
+after the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, which consisted of the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>,
+the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name>, and <name type="ship">Texas</name>, and the <name type="ship">Vixen</name>. We got each
+of our extra boilers into operation until we were going a
+good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance
+somewhat.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='287'/><anchor id='Pg287'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Oregon</name> and <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> kept well up, and soon
+the <name type="ship">Oregon</name> began to fire, and we could see the <name type="ship">Cristobal
+Colon</name> gradually edge inshore, so that we knew the game
+was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in,
+and went under one of the points which come down
+from the mountains, which here (some sixty miles west
+of Santiago) are close at the water’s edge, and are the
+highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried
+forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag
+down, and was ashore.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> had sent a boat, and Cook, who had
+gone in it, came alongside on his return, and stated he
+had received their surrender, stating he was not empowered
+to make any condition as to personal effects, etc.,
+as to which they seemed anxious.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I then went on board and arranged things, the
+admiral allowing them, of course, to take with them all
+their personal belongings, so while we were dividing
+them up among the ships (525 men) along came the
+<name type="ship">Resolute</name>, reporting having been chased by a Spanish
+armoured ship, so we put all the prisoners in her. This
+was a long job.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The thing was to save the <name type="ship">Cristobal Colon</name>, as she
+is one of the finest modern ships of her class. We
+hurried a prize-crew aboard from the <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, closed all
+water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking somewhere,
+but for all we could do she settled down on the
+beach after floating with the rising tide. It was a great
+pity, but the rascally engineers’ force had opened all
+<pb n='288'/><anchor id='Pg288'/>the valves connecting with the sea, and we could not
+get at them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her
+in charge of the <name type="ship">Texas</name> and <name type="ship">Oregon</name>, and are now steaming
+back to our post off Santiago. The failure to save
+the <name type="ship">Colon</name> was too bad. It is possible to do so, of
+course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but
+she was practically in an undamaged condition. She
+had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this
+morning. Poor Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo
+coaling, will be full of grief, as also Watson, in
+the <name type="ship">Newark</name>.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday
+we bombarded the forts very heavily, knocking off
+a good deal of the poor old Morro, and bringing down
+the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted
+in our eyes for more than a month.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration
+while they attacked. They did not, however,
+make the attack, as it turned out.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one
+reads lurid accounts of them in the papers, but nothing
+really is gained unless we strike the guns themselves,
+and this we have not done.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends
+of the western battery, who paid a great deal of attention
+to us yesterday, banged away at us in fine style,
+and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when
+<pb n='289'/><anchor id='Pg289'/>I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention
+only to the torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous
+screech, and everybody on the forecastle
+dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred
+yards to our right. We did not reply as we came
+along. I thought it a waste of material, and thought
+they might have their amusement so long as they did
+no damage.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There—the engines have stopped and we are
+back at Santiago; it is 4.30, and I shall turn in again
+for a final nap. The captain of the <name type="ship">Colon</name> is occupying
+my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as
+are most Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer
+said to me, are the flower of the Spanish blood.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom
+we took in the <name type="ship">Colon</name>, a nice old boy and very chirpy.
+The captain, of course, takes the loss of his ship to
+heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as
+cheerful as possible. I suppose they think <q>it’s none
+of their funeral.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I stored the general in Staunton’s room, Staunton
+going to Santiago in a torpedo-boat to send the news.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now
+loafing. It is a great relief to feel that there is nothing
+to look after to-night.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>This goes in the <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>, so I hope you will have
+it before many days, and I hope, too, it won’t be long
+before I get to see you. I think this terrific defeat
+must go far toward ending things.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text></p>
+</div><div n="13" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='290'/><anchor id='Pg290'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XIII.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.</head>
+
+<p>
+With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill
+fresh in their minds, the American people believed
+that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information
+that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There was much to be done, however, before the
+enemy was willing to admit himself beaten. The city
+of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the Spaniards,
+Manila was still defiant; and until those two
+strongholds had been reduced, the boys of ’98 must
+continue to struggle in the trenches and on the field.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The end was not far away, however.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 5.</hi> General Shafter telegraphed to the War
+Department on the fifth of July to the effect that the
+people of Santiago were not only panic-stricken through
+fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack of
+actual necessaries of life. There was no food save
+rice, and the supply of that was exceedingly limited.
+The belief of the war officials, however, was that the
+Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only
+when it should become absolutely necessary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the
+<pb n='291'/><anchor id='Pg291'/>close of the truce, and, as the hour set by General
+Shafter drew near, every nerve was strained to its
+utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was
+carried down the line, and all knew the truce had been
+prolonged.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital
+and barracks of Santiago, was notified by the enemy
+that Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson and his companions
+were confined in the extreme northern building,
+over which two white flags were flying.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral
+refused to consider the question of surrender, began to
+leave the city,—a mournful procession.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington
+under date of July 5th:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral,
+agreeing to exchange Hobson and men here; to make
+exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused my
+proposition of exchange.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 7.</hi> General Miles and staff left Washington en
+route for Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Hobson and the other <name type="ship">Merrimac</name> heroes
+were brought into the American lines on the morning
+of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners had been
+arranged to take place under a tree midway between
+the entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and
+the first lines of the Spanish position. Col. John
+Jacob Astor represented the American commander,
+and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish
+<pb n='292'/><anchor id='Pg292'/>lieutenants and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles,
+a Spanish staff officer, acted for the enemy. The
+transfer was quickly effected, and once more the
+brave fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice
+on the altar of their country were free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 10.</hi> The truce continued, with the exception of
+a brief time on the tenth, when the bombardment was
+resumed by the fleet, until the thirteenth, when Generals
+Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an
+interview with General Toral and his staff at a point
+about halfway between the lines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 13.</hi> During this interview the situation was
+placed frankly before General Toral, and he was offered
+the alternative of being sent home with his garrison, or
+leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed
+being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications,
+and should leave his arms behind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 15.</hi> Not until two days later were the details
+arranged, and then the Spanish commander sent the
+following letter:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+    
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Santiago de Cuba</hi></name>, July 15, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p><address><addrLine>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Excellency Commander-in-Chief<lb/>
+of the American Forces</hi>.</addrLine></address></p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Excellent Sir</hi>:—I am now authorised by my government
+to capitulate. I have the honour to so advise
+you, requesting you to designate hour and place where
+my representatives should appear to compare with those
+of your excellency, to effect that article of capitulation
+<pb n='293'/><anchor id='Pg293'/>on the basis of what has been agreed upon to this
+date.</q>
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill52"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill52.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill52.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency
+that I desire to know the resolution of the United
+States government respecting the return of arms, so as
+to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and
+gentlemanly deportment of your great grace’s representatives,
+and return for their generous and noble impulse
+for the Spanish soldiers, will allow them to return
+to the peninsula with the arms that the American
+army do them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully
+descended.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jose Toral</hi>,<lb/>
+“<hi rend='italic'>Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 16.</hi> Commissioners on behalf of the United
+States and of Spain were appointed, and after but little
+discussion an agreement between them was arrived at.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The agreement consists of nine articles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first declared that all hostilities cease pending
+the agreement of final capitulation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Second</hi>: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish
+forces and the surrender of all war material within
+the prescribed limits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Third</hi>: The transportation of the troops to Spain at
+the earliest possible moment, each force to be embarked
+at the nearest port.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Fourth</hi>: That the Spanish officers shall retain their
+side-arms and the enlisted men their personal property.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='294'/><anchor id='Pg294'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Fifth</hi>: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish
+forces shall assist in the removal of all obstructions to
+navigation in Santiago Harbour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Sixth</hi>: That after the final capitulation the commanding
+officers shall furnish a complete inventory of
+all arms and munitions of war, and a roster of all the
+soldiers in the district.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Seventh</hi>: That the Spanish general shall be permitted
+to take the military archives and records with him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Eighth</hi>: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars
+shall be permitted to remain in Cuba if they so elect,
+giving a parole that they will not again take up arms
+against the United States unless properly paroled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Ninth</hi>: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted
+to march out with all the honours of war, depositing
+their arms to be disposed of by the United States in
+the future. The American commissioners to recommend
+to their government that the arms of the soldiers
+be returned to those <q>who so bravely defended them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the
+cheering news:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Camp Near Santiago</hi></name>, July 16.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The surrender has been definitely settled and the
+arms will be turned over to-morrow morning, and
+the troops will be marched out as prisoners of war.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine
+o’clock, and the American flag hoisted.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shafter</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Major-General</hi>.”</signed>
+
+</body></text>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='295'/><anchor id='Pg295'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 17.</hi> The ceremony of surrendering the city was
+impressive, and, as can well be imagined, thrilling for
+those boys of ’98 who had been standing face to face
+with death in the trenches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At six o’clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of
+General Shafter’s staff, entered the city, and all the
+arms in the arsenal were turned over to him. The
+work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation
+at the entrance of the harbour had been progressing
+all night. At about seven o’clock General Toral,
+the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General
+Shafter, as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 <hi rend="small">A.&nbsp;M.</hi>
+all the general officers and their staffs assembled at
+General Shafter’s headquarters. Each regiment was
+drawn up along the crest of the heights.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shortly after nine o’clock the Ninth Infantry entered
+the city. This position of honour was given them as a
+reward for their heroic assault on San Juan Hill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The details of the surrender are thus described by a
+correspondent of the Associated Press, who accompanied
+General Shafter’s staff:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Shafter and his generals, with mounted
+escort of one hundred picked men of the Second Cavalry,
+then rode over our trenches to the open ground at
+the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway
+to the then deserted Spanish works. There they
+were met by General Toral and his staff, all in full uniform
+and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish
+troops.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='296'/><anchor id='Pg296'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">What followed took place in full view of our troops.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General
+Shafter, with his generals and their staffs grouped
+immediately in their rear, and with the troops of dashing
+cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced
+to meet the vanquished foe.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">After a few words of courteous greeting, General
+Shafter’s first act was to return General Toral’s sword.
+The Spanish general appeared to be touched by the
+complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied
+this action, and he thanked the American
+commander feelingly.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Then followed a short conversation as to the place
+selected for the Spanish forces to deposit their arms,
+and a Spanish infantry detachment marched forward to
+a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were
+halted. The latter were without their colours.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were
+saluted, in turn, by our trumpeters, both giving flourishes
+for lieutenant and major-generals.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish
+company, which in miniature represented the forces
+under his command, to ground arms. Next, by his
+direction, the company wheeled and marched across
+our lines to the rear, and thence to the place selected
+for camping them. The Spaniards moved rapidly, to
+the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the
+companies; but it impressed one like the <q>Dead March</q>
+from Saul.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='297'/><anchor id='Pg297'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Although no attempt was made to humiliate them,
+the Spanish soldiers seemed to feel their disgrace
+keenly, and scarcely glanced at their conquerors as
+they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling
+was not displayed by the other regiments. Without
+being sullen, the Spaniards appeared to be utterly indifferent
+to the reverses suffered by the Spanish arms,
+and some of them, when not under the eyes of their
+officers, seemed to secretly rejoice at the prospect of
+food and an immediate return to Spain.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely
+dejected. When General Shafter introduced him by
+name to each member of his staff, the Spanish general
+appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be
+about sixty years of age, and of frail constitution,
+although stern resolution shone in every feature. The
+lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn,
+as if with physical pain.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">General Toral replied with an air of abstraction
+to the words addressed to him, and when he accompanied
+General Shafter at the head of the escort into
+the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he
+spoke but few words. The appealing faces of the
+starving refugees streaming back into the city did not
+move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers
+lining the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned,
+stalwart-framed conquerors. Only once did a faint
+shadow of a smile lurk about the corners of his mouth.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This was when the cavalcade passed through a
+<pb n='298'/><anchor id='Pg298'/>barbed-wire entanglement. No body of infantry could
+ever have got through this defence alive, and General
+Shafter’s remark about its resisting power found the
+first gratifying echo in the defeated general’s heart.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Farther along the desperate character of the
+Spanish resistance, as planned, amazed our officers.
+Although primitive, it was well done. Each approach
+to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the
+barricades were high enough and sufficiently strong to
+withstand shrapnel. The slaughter among our troops
+would have been frightful had it ever become necessary
+to storm the city.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Around the hospitals and public buildings and
+along the west side of the line there were additional
+works and emplacements for guns, though no guns
+were mounted in them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow
+lines of one-storied houses, most of which are very
+dilapidated, but every veranda of every house was
+thronged by its curious inhabitants,—disarmed soldiers.
+These were mostly of the lower classes.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Few expressions of any kind were heard along the
+route. Here and there was a shout for free Cuba from
+some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there were
+only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards
+remained indoors, or satisfied their curiosity from
+behind drawn blinds.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages
+averted their faces as we passed. The squalor in the
+<pb n='299'/><anchor id='Pg299'/>streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses and
+other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards,
+as tame as sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The windows of the hospitals, in which there are
+over fifteen hundred sick men, were crowded with
+invalids, who dragged themselves there to witness our
+incoming.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The palace was reached soon after ten o’clock.
+There General Toral introduced General Shafter and
+the other American generals to the alcalde, Señor
+Feror, and to the chief of police, Señor Guiltillerrez,
+as well as to the other municipal authorities.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Luncheon was then served at the palace. The
+meal consisted mainly of rum, wine, coffee, rice, and
+toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many apologies
+on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently
+of their heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city
+was absolutely exhausted, and the Spaniards had nothing
+to live on except rice, on which the soldiers in the
+trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve
+days.</q>
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of
+hoisting the stars and stripes over the governor’s palace
+in Santiago.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would
+be difficult to imagine. The palace, a picturesque old
+dwelling in the Moorish style of architecture, faces
+the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square.
+<pb n='300'/><anchor id='Pg300'/>Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On
+one side is a quaint, brilliantly painted building with
+broad verandas, the club of San Carlos; on the other
+a building of much the same description, the Café de
+la Venus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry,
+headed by the Sixth Cavalry band. In the street
+facing the palace stood a picked troop of the Second
+Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain
+Brett. Massed on the stone flagging between
+the band and the line of horsemen were the brigade
+commanders of General Shafter’s division, with their
+staffs. On the red-tiled roof of the palace stood
+Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant Miles, and Lieutenant
+Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the flagstaff,
+was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend,
+<q><hi rend='italic'>Vive Alphonso XIII.</hi></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding
+to windows and doors, and lining the roofs, were
+the people of the town, principally women and non-combatants.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour
+of twelve, the infantry and cavalry presented arms.
+Every American uncovered, and Captain McKittrick
+hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds
+unfurled in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky,
+the cavalry band broke into the strains of <q>The Star
+Spangled Banner,</q> making the American pulse leap and
+the American heart thrill with joy.
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill53"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill53.jpg"><head rend="small">KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill53.jpg"><head rend="small">KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</head><figDesc>KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='301'/><anchor id='Pg301'/>
+
+<p>
+At the same instant the sound of the distant booming
+of Captain Capron’s battery, firing a salute of twenty-one
+guns, drifted in.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the music ceased, from all directions around
+our lines came flying across the plaza the strains of the
+regimental bands and the muffled, hoarse cheers of our
+troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The infantry came to <q>order arms</q> a moment later,
+after the flag was up, and the band played <q>Rally
+Round the Flag, Boys.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers
+for General Shafter, which were given with great
+enthusiasm, the band playing <q>The Stars and Stripes
+For Ever.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff
+returned to the American lines, leaving the city in the
+possession of the municipal authorities subject to the
+control of General McKibben, who had been appointed
+temporary military governor.
+</p>
+
+</div><div n="14" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='302'/><anchor id='Pg302'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XIV.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">MINOR EVENTS.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 24.</hi> The details of the bloodless capture of
+the principal of the Ladrone Islands are thus told
+by a private letter from the naval officer who figured
+in the leading rôle of the exploit, Lieutenant William
+Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser
+<name type="ship">Charleston</name>:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Charleston, at Sea and One<lb/>
+“Thousand Miles from Manila</hi></name>,<lb/>
+“June 24, 1898.
+</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We have just carried out our orders to capture
+the Spanish authorities at the capital of the Ladrone
+Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain to
+undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a
+starter.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I went ashore to have a talk with the governor
+about affairs, and the results were that I did not lose
+even a single man. The matter was all settled in one
+day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers
+(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles
+and nearly ten thousand pounds of ammunition.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The
+<pb n='303'/><anchor id='Pg303'/>captain’s instructions were to wait a half hour for his
+answer to our ultimatum, then use my troops. I waited,
+and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed
+me his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship
+out in the harbour about four or five miles off.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining
+time, and hence I broke the seal, read the contents,
+the governor protesting and saying that was a letter for
+my captain. I replied: <q>I represent him here. You
+are now my prisoners, and will have to come on board
+ship with me.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor
+said:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>You came on shore to talk over matters, and you
+make us prisoners instead.</q> I replied: <q>I came on
+shore to hand you a letter and to get your reply;
+in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender
+all under your jurisdiction. If this means anything at
+all, it means that you will accede to any demands I may
+deem proper to make. You will at once write an order
+to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place
+was five miles distant), directing him to deliver at this
+place at four <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi> (it was 10.30 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, June 21st) all ammunition
+and flags in the island, each soldier to bring
+his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native
+and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They protested and demurred, saying there was not
+time enough to do it, but I said: <q>Señors, it must be
+done.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='304'/><anchor id='Pg304'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I
+took all the officers with me in a boat, and at four <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>
+went ashore again and rounded in the whole outfit. I
+was three miles away from my troops, and I had only
+four men with me. At four <hi rend='small'>P.&nbsp;M.</hi>, when I disarmed 108
+men and two officers, I had forty-six men and three
+officers with me.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The key-note to the whole business was my breaking
+the seal of that letter and acting at once. They
+had no time to delay or prepare any treacherous tricks,
+and I got the <q>drop</q> on the whole outfit, as they say
+out West.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The native troops I released and allowed to return
+to their homes unrestricted; they had manifested great
+joy in being relieved from Spanish rule. While it is
+harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish
+treachery it was all that could be done.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Twenty-four hours would have—yes, I believe
+even four hours with a leader such as the governor was,
+a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army—given them
+a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals
+in the dense tropical foliage they could have almost
+annihilated any force that could land.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The approaches to the landing over shallow coral
+reefs would have made a landing without a terrible loss
+of life almost an impossibility.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">We have increased by conquest the population of
+the United States by nearly twelve thousand people.
+The capital has a population of six thousand people.
+<pb n='305'/><anchor id='Pg305'/>This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of access,
+plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of
+a large number of vessels at the same time, and is an
+ideal place for a coaling station.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">If our government decided to hold the Philippines
+it would then come in so well; San Francisco to Honolulu
+twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to island of
+Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen
+hundred miles. With a chain of supply stations
+like this, we could send troops the whole year round if
+necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of
+thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had
+the officers and soldiers dreamed for one moment that
+they were to be torn from their homes, there would, I
+feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am
+firmly convinced this letter would never have been
+written.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The captain, in extending to me his congratulations,
+remarked: <q>Braunerzruther, you’ll never, as long as
+you live, have another experience such as this. I congratulate
+you on your work.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I
+had an interpreter with me, but forgot all about using
+him. I did not want them to get a chance to think,
+even, before it was too late.</q>
+</p>
+</body></text>
+</p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 25.</hi> The <name type="ship">Florida</name> and the <name type="ship">Fanita</name> left Key West
+Saturday, June 25th, under convoy of the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>, commanded
+by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On board the steamers
+<pb n='306'/><anchor id='Pg306'/>were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty
+troopers of the Tenth U.&nbsp;S. Cavalry under Lieutenants
+Johnson and Ahearn, and twenty-five Rough
+Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col.
+William Astor Chanler.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses
+of the cavalry and 167 sacks of oats and 216 bales of
+hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms were two
+dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and
+two full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of
+regular ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with
+them, and 1,500 cartridges. In the matter of infantry
+rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with 954,000
+cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers,
+and the others had Springfields. For the insurgent officers
+were provided 200 army Colts and 2,700 cartridges.
+Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry
+tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along.
+In the expedition were also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths,
+and 450 bridles. For the Cuban soldiers there
+were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275
+blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were these commissary stores carried, calculated
+by pounds: Bacon, 67,275; corn-meal, 31,250;
+roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250; sugar, 2,425;
+mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans
+18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 29.</hi> The expectation was that the landing
+<pb n='307'/><anchor id='Pg307'/>would be effected at San Juan Point, on the south
+coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and Trinidad.
+This place was reached Wednesday evening,
+June 29th. A scouting party put off in a small boat
+and sculled toward shore, but had made only half the
+distance when there came a lively fire from what had
+been taken to be an abandoned blockhouse near the
+point. The men were called back and the three ships
+moved to the eastward. About four o’clock the next
+afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the
+Tallabacoa River, stood a large fort built of railroad
+iron and surrounded by earthworks. The <name type="ship">Peoria</name> ran
+boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders,
+but brought no response and no signs of life. Here
+was thought to be the desired opportunity, and another
+scouting party was organised. This was made up of
+fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as
+many Cubans under Captain Nunez.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Peoria</name> took a position within short range of the
+fort to protect a landing or cover a retreat, and the
+small boats headed for the shore. They reached it five
+hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached,
+and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the
+brush. But at almost the very moment they set foot
+on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments around it
+burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the
+little band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping
+from his boat when a shot struck him between the eyes
+<pb n='308'/><anchor id='Pg308'/>and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a broken
+arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied
+with a sharp fire directed at the entrenchments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> set all her guns at work, and
+rained shells upon the fort until the enemy’s fire
+ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened fire, however,
+the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it
+became evident that their forces were too large to allow
+a landing there. A retreat was ordered, and the party
+on shore rushed to the boats, but volley after volley
+came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw
+themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the
+boats with only their heads exposed, until the ships
+were reached. The Spaniards had the range, however,
+and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously.
+Returning to the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>, the men reported that a
+vicious fire had come from a grove of cocoanut palms
+to the eastward of the fort. The <name type="ship">Peoria</name> opened her
+guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many
+Spaniards, for her shells dropped into the smoke and
+flash of the adversary’s fire, silenced it at once, and
+forced them to send up rockets for help.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A number of volleys were sent at the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> with a
+view to disabling her gunners, but they were badly
+directed, and fell against her side and into the water.
+When the small boats reached the ship it was dark.
+Then the discovery was made that, besides Captain
+Nunez, whose body was left on the beach, there were
+missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant
+<pb n='309'/><anchor id='Pg309'/>Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that
+Chanler had been mortally wounded, and was kept hidden
+in the bushes along the shore by the two doctors.
+Rescue parties were immediately <anchor id="corr309"/><corr sic="organized">organised</corr>, composed
+of volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore
+during the night. Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn,
+in charge of one of these, found Chanler and his
+companion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Chanler’s wound proved to be in the right elbow.
+After sunrise Agramonte and his Cubans were discovered
+and brought off.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 1.</hi> The next day the gunboat <name type="ship">Helena</name>, under
+Captain Swynburn, arrived, and she and the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>
+steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the Spaniards
+had been vigorously fortifying.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a
+town of considerable size, and reinforcements and artillery
+had been rapidly coming in. Range buoys had
+been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships
+drew in to close range, and opened fire, the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> at
+twelve hundred and the <name type="ship">Helena</name> at fourteen hundred
+yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp field-pieces
+of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along
+the water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed
+reply with shell and shrapnel. The fire of the
+American ships was most accurate and terribly destructive.
+The Spanish gunners had not fired more than
+fifteen or twenty shots before their guns were flying
+in the air, their earthworks a mass of blood-stained
+<pb n='310'/><anchor id='Pg310'/>dust, and their gunners running for their lives. Both
+the <name type="ship">Peoria</name> and the <name type="ship">Helena</name> were struck several times,
+chiefly by shrapnel, but no one on either ship was
+injured. As they withdrew, several buildings on shore
+were in flames.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That afternoon both ships again turned their attention
+to the fort and the entrenchments at the mouth of
+the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour poured a
+wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been
+largely reinforced during the day, and some field-pieces
+had been mounted near the fort. These replied to the
+American fire, but without effect, and the shells of the
+two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse
+was struck repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially
+destroyed. No damage was done to the ships,
+and they again withdrew.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and
+the adjacent buildings, evidently expecting a landing in
+force the next day.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was learned from various sources that reinforcements
+were pouring into Las Tunas from all directions;
+a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated that two thousand
+men had been despatched from the nearest trocha.
+It was determined to proceed during the night to Palo
+Alto, fifty miles to the eastward, the <name type="ship">Helena</name> remaining
+at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in the belief
+that an attempt was to be made to land there.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 2.</hi> At ten o’clock Saturday night, while the
+<name type="ship">Helena</name> lay offshore, making lively play with her
+    search-<pb n='311'/><anchor id='Pg311'/>lights toward shore, the <name type="ship">Peoria</name>, the <name type="ship">Florida</name>, and the
+<name type="ship">Fanita</name>, with all lights out, slipped silently away. Palo
+Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a
+Spaniard to be seen, and the men and cargo were put
+ashore without a single obstacle.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill54"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL GOMEZ.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill54.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GOMEZ.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GOMEZ.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill54.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL GOMEZ.</head><figDesc>GENERAL GOMEZ.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 4.</hi> Gomez, with two thousand men, was known
+to be in the vicinity, and scouts hurried into his lines.
+On Monday the old warrior appeared in person at Palo
+Alto.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 5.</hi> A steamer was sighted about midnight by
+the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Hawk</name>, formerly the yacht <name type="ship">Hermione</name>, off
+the north coast of Pinar del Rio, steaming eastward,
+close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots
+across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The <name type="ship">Hawk</name>
+then opened fire and gave chase.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three
+were without effect. The vessel was soon on fire, and
+flew signals of distress while making full speed head on
+to the beach. The <name type="ship">Hawk</name> ceased firing, and manned a
+relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on
+a reef, under cover of Fort Mariel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in
+response to the <name type="ship">Hawk’s</name> attack, and was burning signals
+calling for help, the American relief-boat was received
+with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer and
+the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed,
+By this time daylight was breaking, and
+another Yankee ship, the gunboat <name type="ship">Castine</name>, hove in sight,
+reinforcing the <name type="ship">Hawk</name>.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='312'/><anchor id='Pg312'/>
+
+<p>
+The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and
+fort. A well-directed 4-inch shell from the <name type="ship">Castine</name>
+blew the steamer up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most of the latter’s crew and passengers by this time
+had, however, escaped by rowing or swimming ashore.
+Just at sunrise, while the <name type="ship">Castine</name> and <name type="ship">Hawk</name> were
+reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big
+Spanish gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries
+on the two American boats. It was an exciting
+moment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Castine’s</name> 4-inchers opened promptly, and the
+Spaniard returned at full speed to cover, under Morro
+Castle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara,
+arrived at Suez, and was notified by the officials of the
+Egyptian government that it must leave the port within
+twenty-four hours.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The government also notified Admiral Camara that
+he would not be allowed to coal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While the U.&nbsp;S. gunboat <name type="ship">Eagle</name> was on the blockading
+route in the vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the
+south Cuban coast, about five miles from the shore,
+she sighted the schooner <name type="ship">Gallito</name>, provision laden. She
+immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until
+about a quarter of a mile from the shore, when she
+dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped over her
+side and swam ashore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from
+the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> were sent in a small boat to board the
+<pb n='313'/><anchor id='Pg313'/>schooner. They found her deserted, and while examining
+her were fired upon by her crew from the beach.
+Several rifle-shots went through the schooner’s sails,
+but no one was injured. The <name type="ship">Eagle</name> drew closer in, and
+sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from her
+6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The
+<name type="ship">Gallito</name> was taken into Key West.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 7.</hi> Congress having passed resolutions to the
+effect that Hawaii be annexed to the United States,
+the President added his signature, and a new territory
+was thus added to the American nation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the
+<name type="ship">Philadelphia</name> from Mare Island for Hawaii. She was
+to carry the flag of the United States to those islands
+and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller,
+commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the
+function of hoisting the flag.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 8.</hi> Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish
+fleet, which was bound for the Philippines, informed the
+Egyptian government that he had been ordered to
+return home, and would, therefore, reënter the Suez
+Canal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 12.</hi> The auxiliary gunboat <name type="ship">Eagle</name> sighted the
+Spanish steamer <name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name>, fifty-five hundred
+tons, aground near the Cuban coast, off Cape Francis,
+and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy
+shots at her, nearly all of which took effect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While this was going on, another steamer came out
+of the bay and took off the officers and crew of the
+<pb n='314'/><anchor id='Pg314'/><name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name>. When the men from the <name type="ship">Eagle</name>
+boarded the latter they found that she carried two
+5-inch and two 12-inch guns, the latter being loaded
+and her magazines open. The steamer had been drawing
+twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground
+in twenty feet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The men from the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> decided that the steamer
+could not be floated, and she was set on fire after
+fifty head of cattle, which were on board, had been
+shot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name> carried a large cargo of grain,
+corn, etc. While the steamer was burning, the vessel
+which had previously taken off the crew emerged from
+the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but
+failed. The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and
+was totally destroyed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 17.</hi> The cruiser <name type="ship">New Orleans</name> captured the
+French steamer <name type="ship">Olinde Rodriguez</name> off San Juan de
+Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port with
+passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Mayflower</name> captured the British steamer
+<name type="ship">Newfoundland</name> off Cienfuegos while the latter was trying
+to run the Cuban blockade.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spanish sloop <name type="ship">Domingo Aurello</name> was captured by
+the U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. <name type="ship">Maple</name> as the former was leaving the port
+of Sagua de Tanamo, province of Santiago, with a
+cargo of tobacco.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 22.</hi> The following cablegram was received at
+the Navy Department:
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill55"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEW ORLEANS.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill55.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. NEW ORLEANS.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='315'/><anchor id='Pg315'/>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Playa</hi></name>, July 22.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful,
+although the mines have not been removed for want of
+time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spanish cruiser <name type="ship">Jorge Juan</name>, defending the
+place, was destroyed, without loss on our part.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> and <name type="ship">Wasp</name> afterward proceeded
+from Nipe to assist in the landing of the commanding
+general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sampson.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 30.</hi> Another <q>jackie</q> achieved the reputation
+of a hero. He is boatswain’s mate Nevis of the gunboat
+<name type="ship">Bancroft</name>, and the tale of his valour is not unmixed
+with humour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Bancroft</name>, accompanied by the converted yacht
+<name type="ship">Eagle</name>, which had been covering the blockading station
+around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small Spanish
+schooner in Sigunea Bay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Bancroft’s</name> steam launch, in charge of Nevis and
+one seaman, each armed with a rifle, were sent in to
+take the schooner. This was only a task of minutes,
+and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to
+be the schooner <name type="ship">Nito</name>, little more than a smack, and
+with no cargo.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor
+near the wreck of the Spanish transatlantic liner <name type="ship">Santo
+Domingo</name>, sunk by the <name type="ship">Eagle</name> a few weeks ago. Then
+the <name type="ship">Bancroft</name> and <name type="ship">Eagle</name> cruised off to Mangle Point,
+<pb n='316'/><anchor id='Pg316'/>where they happened to be put in communication with
+the insurgent camp.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing
+could be seen of the launch or the prize. Suddenly
+Commander Clover, who was scanning the waters with
+his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the <name type="ship">Eagle</name>:
+<q>By heavens, they have recaptured my prize.</q> The
+little schooner lay near the wrecked steamer, but
+the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and,
+instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was
+apparently filled with men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile the gunboat <name type="ship">Maple</name> had drawn up, and
+Commander Clover ordered her into the work of rescue.
+With guns ready she steamed toward the schooner, but
+the sight that greeted her was not what was expected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat
+attempting to navigate her out of the harbour. Each
+had his rifle across his knee and was keeping a wary
+eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards
+huddled in the other end of the boat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Maple</name> asked for information, and offered Nevis
+a tow, but he replied with a joke and declined the
+proffered assistance. Then it developed that, in going
+in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish
+boats near the wreck of the <name type="ship">Santo Domingo</name>, and
+had resolved to capture them, too. He knew it was
+hazardous work, but <q>bluff</q> carried him through.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran
+them up, and boldly sailed in. There were six men on
+<pb n='317'/><anchor id='Pg317'/>the two other boats, and they watched the approach of
+their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily
+changed to consternation when Nevis and the other
+<q>jackie</q> suddenly whipped their rifles to their shoulders,
+and demanded an immediate surrender.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying,
+and had the unique experience of surrendering
+to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid, Nevis took
+them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact
+manner reported the adventure to his astonished commander.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The capture was no mean one, for these six men
+gave important information to the American ships.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 1.</hi> The Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Franklin</name>, of
+about five hundred tons, bound from Vera Cruz with
+a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the converted
+yacht <name type="ship">Siren</name> off Francis Key, near Caibarien.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 6.</hi> The Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Aladdin</name>, sugar-laden,
+was captured by the auxiliary gunboat <name type="ship">Hawk</name> off
+Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 7.</hi> The auxiliary gunboat <name type="ship">Viking</name> captured
+the Norwegian steamer <name type="ship">Bergen</name> off Francis Key.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 8.</hi> General Shafter and the Spanish General
+Toral held a consultation at the palace in Santiago,
+with regard to the embarkation of the Spanish prisoners
+of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand
+of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on
+board the <name type="ship">Alicante</name> next morning, to be sent to Spain as
+soon as the vessel was properly loaded.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='318'/><anchor id='Pg318'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 10.</hi> The President to-day promoted Sampson
+and Schley to be rear-admirals, ranking in the
+order named.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A department of the army, to be known as the
+Department of Santiago, was created, and Maj.-Gen.
+Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Norwegian steamers <name type="ship">Aladdin</name> and <name type="ship">Bergen</name> were
+released, by orders from Washington.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 12.</hi> The flag-ship <name type="ship">San Francisco</name>, the monitor
+<name type="ship">Miantonomah</name>, and the auxiliary yacht <name type="ship">Sylvia</name> were fired
+upon by the Havana batteries. One 10 or 12-inch
+shell struck the <name type="ship">San Francisco’s</name> stern as she turned
+to get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in
+diameter, completely wrecking Commodore Howell’s
+quarters, and smashing his book-case to fragments.
+Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to
+attack the batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their
+engines could carry them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 13.</hi> General Shafter, at Santiago, learned
+that Manzanillo had been bombarded for twenty hours.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander
+at Manzanillo that peace had been declared,<note place="foot">See <ref target="chap17">Chapter XVII</ref>.</note> and
+requesting him to advise the American commander of
+the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the
+shelling of the town ceased.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 16.</hi> The following message was the first
+received in this country from the territory so lately
+annexed:
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill56"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. SAN FRANCISCO.]</p>
+</then><else>
+    <p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill56.jpg"><head rend="small">U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. SAN FRANCISCO.</head><figDesc>U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.</figDesc></figure></p>
+</else></pgIf>
+<pb n='319'/><anchor id='Pg319'/>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Honolulu</hi></name>, August 16.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Day, State Department</hi>:—Flag raised Friday, the
+twelfth, at noon. Ceremonies of transfer produced
+excellent impression.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed)  “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sewall.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+</div><div n="15" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='320'/><anchor id='Pg320'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XV.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.</head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 20.</hi> With bands playing and thirty thousand
+people cheering, the first expedition to Porto Rico
+left Charleston, S. C., at seven o’clock in the evening,
+under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second
+and Third Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania
+regiments, and two companies of the Sixth Illinois,
+made up the list of troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 21.</hi> General Miles accompanied the expedition
+bound for Porto Rico, which left Guantanamo Bay,
+made up of eight transports convoyed by the <name type="ship">New
+Orleans</name>, <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, <name type="ship">Leyden</name>, and <name type="ship">Wasp</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 22.</hi> An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen.
+Theo. Schwan left Tampa on five transports,
+bound for Porto Rico.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 25.</hi> The expedition under the command of
+Major-General Miles landed at Guanica de Porto
+Rico, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, in charge of Lieutenant-Commander
+Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in
+order to reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting
+outside, the gallant little fighting yacht <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>
+braved the mines which were supposed to be in this
+<pb n='321'/><anchor id='Pg321'/>harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were
+five fathoms of water close inshore.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill57"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill57.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill57.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise.
+Almost the first they knew of the approach of the
+army of invasion was the firing of a gun from the
+<name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul
+down the flag of Spain, which was floating from the
+    <anchor id="corr321"/><corr sic="flag-staff">flagstaff</corr> in front of a blockhouse standing to the east
+of the village.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right
+and left of the bay and in order to scare the enemy,
+the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing into the
+town.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> then hove to within about six hundred
+yards of the shore, and lowered a launch, having on
+board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty men, under the
+command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore
+without encountering any opposition.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey
+to haul down the Spanish flag, which was done, and
+then they raised the first United States flag to float over
+Porto Rican soil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with
+Mauser rifles upon the American party. Lieutenant
+Huse and his men responded with great gallantry, the
+Colt gun doing effective work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Norman, who received Admiral Cervera’s surrender,
+and Wood, a volunteer lieutenant, shared the honours
+with Lieutenant Huse.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='322'/><anchor id='Pg322'/>
+
+<p>
+Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the
+Americans, the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name> opened fire on the enemy
+with all her 3 and 6-pounders which could be brought
+to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into
+the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of
+Spanish cavalry were to be seen hastening toward the
+spot where the Americans had landed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he
+named Fort Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the
+street in front of it in order to repel the expected
+cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt
+gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent
+from the <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those
+who were fighting in the streets of Guanica, but the
+Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen
+were seen climbing the hills to the westward, and the
+foot-soldiers were scurrying along the fences from the
+town.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots,
+the town was won, and the enemy driven out of the
+neighbourhood.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The troops from the transports were landed before
+nightfall.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 26.</hi> Near Yauco, while the Americans were
+pushing toward the mountains, the Spaniards ambushed
+eight companies of the Sixth Massachusetts and Sixth
+Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and
+<pb n='323'/><anchor id='Pg323'/>driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry
+charged and were routed by our infantry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Garretson led the fight with the men from
+Illinois and Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to
+Yauco, leaving three dead on the field and thirteen
+wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three
+were slightly wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 27.</hi> The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered
+to Commander C. H. Davis of the auxiliary
+gunboat <name type="ship">Dixie</name>. There was no resistance, and the
+Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General
+Miles issued the following proclamation:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of
+Spain by the people of the United States, in the cause
+of liberty, justice, and humanity, its military forces have
+come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come
+bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble
+purpose, to seek the enemies of our government and of
+yours, and to destroy or capture all in armed resistance.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They bring you the fostering arms of a free people,
+whose greatest power is justice and humanity to all
+living within their fold. Hence they release you from
+your former political relations, and it is hoped your
+cheerful acceptance of the government of the United
+States will follow.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The chief object of the military forces will be to
+overthrow the armed authority of Spain, and give the
+people of your beautiful island the largest measure of
+liberty consistent with this military occupation.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='324'/><anchor id='Pg324'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">They have not come to make war on the people of
+the country, who for centuries have been oppressed,
+but, on the contrary, they bring protection not only to
+yourselves, but to your property, will promote your
+prosperity and bestow upon you the immunities and
+blessings of our enlightened and liberal institutions
+and government.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing
+laws and customs which are wholesome and beneficial
+to the people, so long as they conform to the rules of
+the military administration, order, and justice. This is
+not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give
+all within the control of the military and naval forces the
+advantages and blessings of enlightened civilisation.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 28.</hi> The expedition destined for Porto Rico,
+under command of Major-General Brooke, left Newport
+News. Four transports and the auxiliary cruisers <name type="ship">St.
+Louis</name> and <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> comprises the fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Navy Department made public the following telegram:
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">
+“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;S. Massachusetts, Ponce, Porto<lb/>
+    Rico</hi></name>, July 28.
+</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Commander Davis with <name type="ship">Dixie</name>, <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, <name type="ship">Wasp</name>, and
+<name type="ship">Gloucester</name> left Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce
+and capture lighters for United States army. City of
+Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis
+upon demand at 12.30 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, July 28th. American
+flag hoisted 6 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, 28th.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Spanish garrison evacuated.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='325'/><anchor id='Pg325'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by
+army: first, garrison to be allowed to retire; second,
+civil government to remain in force; third, police and
+fire brigade to be maintained without arms; fourth,
+captain of port not to be made prisoner.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with <name type="ship">Massachusetts</name>
+and <name type="ship">Cincinnati</name>, General Miles and General Wilson and
+transport, at 6.40 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, 28th; commenced landing army
+in captured sugar lighters.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants;
+great enthusiasm.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and
+120 tons of coal.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Higginson.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 29.</hi> The advance guard of General Henry’s
+division, which landed at Guanica on Tuesday, arrived
+at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco, Tallaboa,
+Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and
+otherwise destroy the railroad between Yauco and Ponce
+failed, only a few flat cars being burned. At Yauco
+the Americans were welcomed in an address made by
+the alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated
+<q>Yauco, Porto Rico, United States of America, July
+27th.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 31.</hi> In General Miles’s despatches to the War
+Department, the following statements are made regarding
+the condition of affairs on the island:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='326'/><anchor id='Pg326'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms
+and ammunition. Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed
+at the arrival of the army. Two thousand from
+one place have volunteered to serve with it. They
+are bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed
+supplies.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The custom-house has already yielded fourteen
+thousand dollars. As soon as all the troops are disembarked
+they will be in readiness to move.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth
+Pennsylvania, occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles
+northeast of Ponce, on the road to San Juan. The
+American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm
+by the populace.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 1.</hi> The American scouts were within six
+miles of Coamo, and the Spanish rear guard was retiring
+fast. The Spanish had fled toward Aibonito, thirty
+miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified.
+There the road winds around among the mountains, and
+the artillery commanding it rendered the position impregnable.
+Détours were to be made by the Americans
+from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding
+the main road, which had been mined for three
+miles. Captain Confields of the engineers went ahead
+to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in advance
+of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General
+Stone that it had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A
+signal-station was established, and the stars and stripes
+run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm.
+Yabri<pb n='327'/><anchor id='Pg327'/>coa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas,
+Guayamo, and Salinas had all surrendered.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill58"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill58.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill58.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San
+Juan before an attack was made. The second fleet of
+transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the <name type="ship">Roumanian</name>
+bringing the cavalry detachment, and the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>
+and <name type="ship">Missouri</name> the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan,
+and Haines, with their staffs, were on board. The
+troops carried included the Thirteenth Illinois, Seventh
+Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and
+Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There were also one thousand animals, thirty days’
+rations for thirty thousand men, a signal corps detachment,
+and an ambulance corps. The whole force, as
+well as the ammunition and quartermaster’s stores, was
+landed, and the men were camping on the outskirts of
+the town.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 2.</hi> San Juan blockaded by the <name type="ship">New Orleans</name>,
+<name type="ship">Puritan</name>, <name type="ship">Prairie</name>, <name type="ship">Dixie</name>, and <name type="ship">Gloucester</name>, which kept out
+of range of the masked batteries ashore.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of
+U.&nbsp;S. troops. Spanish volunteers continued to come
+into the American lines and give themselves up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 4.</hi> A portion of General Grant’s brigade, on
+the transport <name type="ship">Hudson</name>, sailed from Newport News.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the
+invading army, thus wrote under date of August 4th:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Americans have taken peaceful possession of
+the eastern portion of the island.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='328'/><anchor id='Pg328'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Small parties of marines have been landed, who
+have lighted the lamps in the lighthouse at Cape
+San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast.
+They met with no resistance.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens
+came out to meet them.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The war-ships now in this vicinity are the <name type="ship">Montgomery</name>,
+the <name type="ship">Annapolis</name>, the <name type="ship">Puritan</name>, and the <name type="ship">Amphitrite</name>.
+The two former are looking for the transports with
+troops which left the United States and have scattered
+all about the island.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The <name type="ship">Annapolis</name> rounded up the <name type="ship">Whitney</name>, the <name type="ship">Florida</name>,
+and the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, yesterday, and they are now at Cape
+San Juan. There seems to have been a serious mistake
+as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to the
+same place, and it will take several days to overtake
+them and get them to Ponce, where General Miles is
+waiting.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Off San Juan the cruiser <name type="ship">New Orleans</name> alone
+maintains the blockade. The city is grim and silent,
+but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty of
+determination to fight when the Americans fire.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation,
+in the course of which he says:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off
+the American boats now as I did Sampson’s attempt
+before.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The daughter of the captain-general is helping to
+drill the gunners in the fort. Altogether there are
+<pb n='329'/><anchor id='Pg329'/>ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the city. The
+troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce
+and the other towns on the south coast occupied by
+the Americans, have not yet arrived.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 5.</hi> General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio
+and the Third Illinois, left Arroyo for the Spanish
+stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was placed
+in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo
+its skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from
+ambush. There was a hot running fight from this
+time on until the American troops reached and captured
+Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo.
+The Americans lost three wounded, and the enemy,
+one killed and two wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 6.</hi> The foreign consuls at San Juan de
+Porto Rico advised the Spanish authorities to surrender
+the island to the American troops. The Spaniards,
+however, in reply, announced that they had resolved
+to fight; thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish
+commander, Captain-General Macias, that they would
+establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio
+Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and
+their portable properties in order to ensure their safety
+in the event of a bombardment of the place by the
+American forces. The consul sent a similar notification
+to General Miles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 7.</hi> A general advance of the American
+forces. The custom-house in the village of Farjardo
+was seized.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='330'/><anchor id='Pg330'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 8.</hi> The town of Coamo was taken by the
+Sixteenth Pennsylvania and the Second and Third
+Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying blockhouse,
+and under cover of this fire the advance was
+made.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty
+killed, including the commander, Rafael Igleseas, and
+three other officers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Five Americans were wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 9.</hi> Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six
+companies of the First Kentucky regiment sailed
+for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport
+<name type="ship">Alamo</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ponce</hi></name>, August 9.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary of War, Washington</hi>:—The following
+received from General Wilson:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">General Ernst’s brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this
+morning. Sixteenth Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings
+commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Biddle, of my
+staff, having made a turning movement through the
+mountains, striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond
+town, captured the entire garrison of Coamo,
+about 150 men.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q>Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez
+killed. Our loss reported six wounded, only one
+severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially
+to be commended. This is a very important
+<pb n='331'/><anchor id='Pg331'/>capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as
+soon as received here.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Miles.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing
+Spanish engineers, after the capture of Coamo, a distance
+of four miles along the road to Aibonito.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River,
+where the Spaniards had blown up the bridge, and
+were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest of
+Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned
+the fire, receiving no damage, and holding the position.
+A battalion of the Third Wisconsin Volunteers went to
+their support.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 11.</hi>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ponce, Via Bermuda</hi></name>, August 11.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary of War, Washington</hi>:—The following
+message received from Schwan:</q>
+</p>
+<p><text><body>
+
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“&#x2009;‘<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Camp, Near Hormigueros</hi></name>, August 10.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">Advance guard, including cavalry of this command,
+while reconnoitring northwest of Rosario River,
+near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish force,
+which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant
+Byron, Eighth Cavalry, my aid-de-camp, was wounded
+in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D, Eleventh
+Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen
+enlisted men were wounded.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">It is reported that the most, if not the entire
+<pb n='332'/><anchor id='Pg332'/>Spanish garrison of Mayaguez and surrounding country,
+consisting of one thousand regulars and two
+hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement.
+We drove enemy from his position, and it is believed
+inflicted heavy loss.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><q rend="post: none">A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the
+field and brought into our line. Conduct of officers
+and men was beyond all praise. I propose to continue
+my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.</q></q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“&#x2009;‘<hi rend='smallcaps'>Schwan.</hi>’</signed>
+    </body></text></p>
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Miles.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 12.</hi> General Wilson moved one Lancaster
+battery out to the front for the purpose of shelling the
+Spanish position on the crest of the mountain at
+the head of the pass through which the road winds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The enemy occupied a position of great natural
+strength, protected by seven lines of entrenchments,
+and a battery of two howitzers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in
+the day had fired upon Colonel Biddle of the engineer
+corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of New York,
+was reconnoitring on their right flank.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the American battery rounded a curve in the
+road, two thousand yards away, the enemy opened an
+artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of the
+Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to
+the right of the road, were not permitted to respond.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a
+<pb n='333'/><anchor id='Pg333'/>terrific fire, were unlimbered, and were soon hurling
+common shell and shrapnel at the enemy at a lively
+rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments
+with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill59"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill59.png"><head rend="small">GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</head><figDesc>GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill59.png"><head rend="small">GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</head><figDesc>GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued
+to serve the other at intervals for over an hour. They
+had the range, and their shrapnel burst repeatedly over
+the Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other
+gun, and the men began to flee from the entrenchments
+toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then the
+guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered
+to advance a position a quarter of a mile farther
+on. It had just reached the new position when
+Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches
+and began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling
+the battery to retire at a gallop. Then
+both the enemy’s howitzers reopened, the shrapnel
+screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped
+from the rear, but the American ammunition was
+exhausted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Colonel Bliss of General Wilson’s staff went forward
+to the enemy’s lines with a flag of truce, and explained
+that peace negotiations were almost concluded, that
+their position was untenable, and demanded their surrender.
+The Spanish had had no communication with
+the outside world, and the commander asked until the
+next morning in order that he might communicate with
+General Macias at San Juan.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='334'/><anchor id='Pg334'/>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 13.</hi> Twelve hours later the Spanish commander
+gave the following command to one of his
+staff:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid
+further shedding of blood, to remain where he is.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Miles telegraphed the War Department that
+he was in receipt of Secretary Alger’s order to suspend
+hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers of the American
+army generally received the news of peace with delight,
+although some were disappointed that there was to be
+no further fighting, and many officers expressed regrets
+at the suspension of hostilities in the midst of the
+campaign.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 14.</hi> General Schwan’s column was attacked
+between Mayaguez and Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry
+under Colonel Burke was descending the valley
+of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside
+by a force of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were
+retreating toward the north. The fire was returned,
+and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed,
+considerable loss.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez
+district, was wounded and afterward captured in a
+wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants,
+who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss.
+The artillery and cavalry were not engaged.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+General Schwan had not received news of the signing
+of the protocol when the action occurred, but
+obtained it later in the day.
+</p>
+<anchor id="ill60"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill60.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</head><figDesc>GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill60.jpg"><head rend="small">GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</head><figDesc>GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+</div><div n="16" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='335'/><anchor id='Pg335'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XVI.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE FALL OF MANILA.</head>
+
+<p>
+With the opening of the month of July, affairs at
+Manila, so far as concerned the American forces,
+were at a standstill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>June 30.</hi> Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the
+army, the first transports of the fleet having arrived
+at Cavite, June 30th, before beginning offensive
+operations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The situation on and around the island of Luzon was
+much the same as it had been nearly all the month of
+June, except that the gunboat <name type="ship">Leite</name>, which ran up a
+river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and
+surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy
+officers and ninety-four men. The <name type="ship">Leite</name> has a battery
+of one 3&nbsp;1-2-inch hontoria guns, and several 2.7-inch
+rapid-fire guns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 1.</hi> Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of
+the Revolutionary Republic on the first of July. The
+progress of the insurgents can be readily understood
+by the following extract from a letter written by Mr.
+E. W. Harden:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of
+Governor-General Augusti to surrender Manila to the
+<pb n='336'/><anchor id='Pg336'/>Americans, but the command of the Spanish troops is
+practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who
+opposes surrender.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The rebels have captured the water-works beyond
+Santa Mesa, which supplied Manila, and the Spanish
+fear that their water will be cut off.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified
+positions of San Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards
+were to make their last stand if Manila capitulated.
+The city is still surrounded by insurgents.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 2.</hi> <q>There was fierce fighting Saturday before
+Malate. The Spaniards had modern guns to command
+the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady fire throughout
+the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the
+natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards
+finally were driven back.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 4.</hi> Brigadier-General Green, in command of the
+second army detachment, on the way from San Francisco
+to Manila, rediscovered and took formal possession
+of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude
+19° 15&#x2032; and east longitude 166° 33&#x2032;.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 5.</hi> To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General
+Augusti telegraphed:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded
+in miraculously escaping from Macabora in a
+boat, and, having passed through the American vessels,
+all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet’s column
+is besieged and attacked at Macabora.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 15.</hi> The steamers <name type="ship">City of Puebla</name> and <name type="ship">Peru</name>
+<pb n='337'/><anchor id='Pg337'/>sailed from San Francisco with the fourth Manila
+expedition, under command of Major-General Otis.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 16.</hi> The steamer <name type="ship">China</name>, of the second Manila
+expedition, arrived at Cavite, and was followed on the
+next day by the steamers <name type="ship">Zealandia</name>, <name type="ship">Colon</name>, and <name type="ship">Senator</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 19.</hi> The work of surrounding Manila by American
+forces was begun by advancing the First California
+regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the Spanish
+lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at
+Paranaque, directly from the transports. Over fifteen
+hundred men encamped between Manila and Cavite.
+The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery,
+landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 23.</hi> The transport steamer <name type="ship">Rio Janeiro</name>, bearing
+two battalions of South Dakota volunteers, recruits for
+the Utah Light Artillery, and a detachment of the
+signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 25.</hi> Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite.
+Secretary Long forwarded to Admiral Dewey the
+joint resolution of Congress, extending the thanks of
+Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution
+was beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a
+formal attestation of its authenticity by Secretary of
+State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly
+ornamented Russia covers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes
+reference to a letter from the Secretary of State complimenting
+Admiral Dewey upon his direction of affairs
+since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that
+<pb n='338'/><anchor id='Pg338'/>the State Department is thoroughly well satisfied
+with the diplomatic qualities the admiral has exhibited.
+The letter of Secretary Long is as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p><text><body>
+    <dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Navy Department,<lb/>Washington</hi></name>, July 25, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Sir</hi>:—The Department has received from the
+Secretary of State an engrossed and certified copy of
+a joint resolution of Congress, tendering the thanks
+of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the
+squadron under your command, for transmission to
+you, and herewith encloses the same.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the
+Department received a letter from the Secretary of
+State requesting that there be conveyed to you his
+high appreciation of your character as a naval officer,
+and of the good judgment and prudence you have
+shown in directing affairs since the date of your
+great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most
+heartily on behalf of the Navy Department, as well as
+personally, in the commendation of the Secretary of
+State. Very respectfully,</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>John D. Long</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Secretary</hi>.</signed>
+    <lb/>
+    <salute rend="text-align: left">
+“<hi rend='italic'>Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U.&nbsp;S. N., Commander-in-Chief U.&nbsp;S. Naval Force, Asiatic Station.</hi>”</salute>
+</body></text></p>
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 29.</hi> The transport steamer <name type="ship">St. Paul</name>, bearing
+the first battalion of North Dakota volunteers, the
+<pb n='339'/><anchor id='Pg339'/>Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed from San
+Francisco for Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>July 31.</hi> The transports <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, <name type="ship">Ohio</name>,
+    <name type="ship">Valencia</name>,
+<name type="ship">Para</name>, and <name type="ship">Morgan City</name> arrived at Cavite with American
+troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces
+in Manila attacked the American lines. A typhoon had
+set in, rain was falling in torrents, and the blackness
+of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand
+Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of
+not more than nine hundred Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack,
+and checked the Spanish advance until the Utah battery,
+the First California Volunteers, and two companies
+of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get up
+to strengthen the right of the line.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards
+through and beyond the American right flank, when
+the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as infantrymen,
+pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians
+and Utah battery aiding gallantly in the work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 1.</hi> After the attack on the right wing had
+been repulsed, the second Spanish attack at two in
+the morning was directed against the American left
+wing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was
+again beaten off, and the rain seemed to be so heavy as
+to make further attack impossible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But at 3.50 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi> the battle was resumed at longer
+<pb n='340'/><anchor id='Pg340'/>range, Spanish sharpshooters firing from the trees, and
+the batteries working constantly, using brass-coated
+bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained,
+stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief,
+and shortly after sunrise the Spanish retreated. The
+American loss was eight killed, ten seriously and
+thirty-eight slightly wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 4.</hi> The monitor <name type="ship">Monterey</name> and the convoyed
+collier <name type="ship">Brutus</name> arrived at Cavite.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 7.</hi> Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender
+of Manila within forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander
+replied that, the insurgents being outside the
+walls, he had no safe place for the women and children
+who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours
+additional delay. This Admiral Dewey granted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At the expiration of the specified time Admiral
+Dewey and General Merritt consulted and decided to
+postpone the attack.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>August 13.</hi> The American commanders decided to
+begin hostilities on the thirteenth of August, and the
+navy began the action at 9.30 <hi rend='small'>A.&nbsp;M.</hi>, the <name type="ship">Olympia</name> opening
+fire, followed by the <name type="ship">Raleigh</name>, <name type="ship">Petrel</name>, and <name type="ship">Callao</name>.
+The latter showed great daring, approaching within
+eight hundred yards of the Malate forts and trenches,
+doing grand work and driving back the Spanish forces.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the
+Spanish then retreating from Malate, where the fire was
+centred, and the American land forces stormed the
+trenches, sweeping all before them. The First
+Colo<pb n='341'/><anchor id='Pg341'/>rado Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second
+line of defence. Then the troops swept on, driving all
+the Spaniards into the inner fortification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen
+minutes after the Spaniards were driven to the
+second line of defences, they were forced to retreat to
+the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance,
+they surrendered, and soon afterward a white
+flag was hoisted over Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The total number of killed on the American side was
+forty-five, and wounded about one hundred. The
+Spanish losses were two hundred killed and four hundred
+wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the
+German ship <name type="ship">Kaiserin Augusta</name>, and was conveyed to
+Hongkong.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following official reports were made by cable:
+</p>
+
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="tect-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Manila</hi></name>, August 13, 1898.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Secretary of Navy, Washington</hi>:—Manila surrendered
+to-day to the American land and naval forces,
+after a combined attack.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">A division of the squadron shelled the forts and
+entrenchments at Malate, on the south side of the city,
+driving back the enemy, our army advancing from that
+side at the same time.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The city surrendered about five o’clock, the American
+flag being hoisted by Lieutenant Brumby.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">About seven thousand prisoners were taken.</q>
+</p>
+
+<pb n='342'/><anchor id='Pg342'/>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The squadron had no casualties, and none of the
+vessels were injured.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded
+the surrender of the city, which the Spanish
+governor-general refused.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewey.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p><text><body>
+<dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hongkong</hi></name>, August 20th.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Adjutant-General, Washington</hi>:—The following
+are the terms of the capitulation:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The undersigned, having been appointed a commission
+to determine the details of the capitulation of the city
+and defences of Manila and its suburbs and the Spanish
+forces stationed therein, in accordance with agreement
+entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley
+Merritt, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A., American commander-in-chief in the
+Philippines, and His Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes,
+acting general-in-chief of the Spanish army in the Philippines,
+have agreed upon the following:</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate
+with the city and defences, with all honours of war,
+depositing their arms in the places designated by the
+authorities of the United States, remaining in the
+quarters designated and under the orders of their
+officers and subject to control of the aforesaid United
+States authorities, until the conclusion of a treaty of
+peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons
+included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the
+officers remaining in their respective homes, which
+<pb n='343'/><anchor id='Pg343'/>shall be respected as long as they observe the regulations
+prescribed for their government and the laws
+enforced.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses,
+and private property. All public horses and public
+property of all kinds shall be turned over to staff
+officers designated by the United States.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation,
+and full lists of public property and stores shall
+be rendered to the United States within ten days from
+this date.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the
+officers and men of the Spanish forces and of their
+families, and of the expense which said repatriation
+may occasion, shall be referred to the government of
+the United States at Washington. Spanish families
+may leave Manila at any time convenient to them.
+The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish
+forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or
+when the Americans evacuate.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">5. Officers and men included in the capitulation
+shall be supplied by the United States according to
+rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though they
+were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty
+of peace between the United States and Spain. All
+the funds in the Spanish treasury and all other public
+funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the
+United States.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and
+reli<pb n='344'/><anchor id='Pg344'/>gious worship, its educational establishments, and its
+private property of all description, are placed under
+the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the
+American army.</q>
+</p>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>F. V. Greene</hi>,<lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;A.</hi></signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>B. P. Lamberton</hi>,<lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Captain U.&nbsp;S. Navy</hi>.</signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Charles A. Whittier</hi>,
+    <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General</hi>.</signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>E. H. Crowder</hi>,
+    <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate</hi>.</signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Nicholas de la Pena</hi>,
+    <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Auditor-General’s excts.</hi></signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Carlos Reyeo</hi>,
+    <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Colonel de Ingenieros</hi>.</signed>
+
+<signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jose Maria Olquen</hi>,
+    <lb/>“<hi rend='italic'>Felia de Estado Majors</hi>.</signed>
+    <signed>(Signed) “<hi rend='smallcaps'>Merritt.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+
+<p><text><body><dateline rend="text-align: right">“<name><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hongkong</hi></name>, August 20th.</dateline>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none"><hi rend='italic'>Adjutant-General, Washington</hi>:—Cablegram of the
+twelfth directing operations to be suspended received
+afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish commander notified.
+Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date, containing
+proclamation of President.</q>
+</p>
+    <signed>“<hi rend='smallcaps'>Merritt.</hi>”</signed>
+
+</body></text></p>
+<anchor id="ill61"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill61.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill61.jpg"><head rend="small">MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</head><figDesc>MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+</div><div n="17" type="chapter" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='345'/><anchor id='Pg345'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="chap17"/>
+<head>CHAPTER XVII.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">PEACE.</head>
+
+<p>
+On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three
+o’clock in the afternoon, the French ambassador,
+M. Cambon, accompanied by his first secretary, called at
+the White House, the interview having been previously
+arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been
+given. With the President at the time was Secretary
+of State Day.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing
+the diplomatic interests of the kingdom of Spain, <q>with
+whom at the present time the United States is unhappily
+engaged in hostilities,</q> he had been directed by
+the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on
+what terms the United States would agree to a suspension
+of hostilities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain,
+realising the hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that
+she was unable to cope with the great power of her
+adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation of
+the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life
+and result in great misery to her people, on the ground
+of humanity appealed to the President to consider a
+proposition for peace.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to
+<pb n='346'/><anchor id='Pg346'/>fight to vindicate her honour, and having vindicated it,
+having fought bravely and been conquered by a more
+powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the
+victor to bring the war to an end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The President’s reply showed that he was responsive
+to the appeal. He was evidently moved by the almost
+pathetic position which the once proud nation of Spain
+had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well
+under control and behaved with great dignity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The President frankly admitted that he was desirous
+of peace, that he would welcome a cessation of hostilities,
+but he delicately intimated that if Spain were
+really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer
+such terms as could be accepted by the United States.
+The President asked the French ambassador if he had
+been instructed to formally propose terms, or make any
+offer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed,
+that his instructions were to ask on what
+terms it would be possible to make peace.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered
+by the Cabinet, and a formal answer returned at the
+earliest possible moment. The French ambassador
+thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with
+expressions of good-will on both sides, the historical
+interview was brought to a close.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the
+United States was delivered to the ambassador of France,
+and, in plain words, it was substantially as follows:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='347'/><anchor id='Pg347'/>
+
+<p>
+The President does not now put forward any claim
+for pecuniary indemnity, but requires the relinquishment
+of all claim of sovereignty over or title to the
+island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by
+Spain of the island, the cession to the United States
+and immediate evacuation of Porto Rico and other
+islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies,
+and the like cession of an island in the Ladrones.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay,
+and harbour of Manila, pending the conclusion of a
+treaty of peace, which shall determine the control,
+disposition, and government of the Philippines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety,
+it is stated that the commissioners will be named
+by the United States to meet commissioners on the part
+of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace
+on the basis above indicated.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally
+begun between the United States and Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few minutes before four o’clock, in the midst of a
+drenching rain, M. Cambon, the French ambassador,
+attended by his secretary, entered the White House.
+They were immediately ushered to the library, where
+the President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant
+Secretaries of State Moore, Adee, and Cridler were
+awaiting them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who
+returned the salutation with equal warmth, and then
+<pb n='348'/><anchor id='Pg348'/>shook hands with Secretary Day and the Assistant
+Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the
+French ambassador were discussing the weather,—and
+Washington has seldom known such a rain-storm as that
+which engulfed the city while peace was being signed,—M.
+Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were
+comparing the two copies of the protocol to see that
+they corresponded, and were identical in form.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in
+French and English. In the copy retained by the
+American government the English text is in the first
+column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to
+Madrid, the French text leads the paper.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol
+correct, Judge Day and the French ambassador moved
+over to the table to affix their signatures. Mr. Cridler
+lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression
+on the protocols.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The striking of the match caused the French ambassador
+to stop, feel in his pocket, and then remember
+that he had come away from his embassy without his
+seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to
+seal such an important document with anything else
+but the ambassador’s personal seal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A note was hastily written, and one of the White
+House messengers dashed out into the rain, and went
+to the French embassy. Until his return the distinguished
+party in the White House library continued to
+discuss the weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban
+<pb n='349'/><anchor id='Pg349'/>rain would cease falling. In a few minutes the messenger
+returned. The ambassador drew from a small
+box his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to
+the table. The American copy of the protocol was
+placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then
+handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed
+his signature and seal.
+</p>
+    <anchor id="ill62"/>
+<pgIf output='txt'><then>
+  <p rend="ill">[Illustration: DON CARLOS.]</p>
+</then><else><pgIf output="pdf"><then><p><figure rend="hoch" url="images/ill62.jpg"><head rend="small">DON CARLOS.</head><figDesc>DON CARLOS.</figDesc></figure></p></then>
+<else><p><figure rend="quer" url="images/ill62.jpg"><head rend="small">DON CARLOS.</head><figDesc>DON CARLOS.</figDesc></figure></p></else></pgIf>
+</else></pgIf>
+<p>
+The second copy was then laid before the ambassador,
+who signed, and in turn handed back the pen to Judge
+Day.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and
+last, and with the last stroke of his pen hostilities
+ceased.
+</p>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always"><pb n='350'/><anchor id='Pg350'/>
+
+<head>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+STATES OF AMERICA.</head>
+
+<head type="sub"><hi rend='italic'>A PROCLAMATION.</hi></head>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, by a protocol concluded and signed August
+12, 1898, by Wm. R. Day, Secretary of State of the
+United States, and His Excellency Jules Cambon,
+Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the
+Republic of France, at Washington, respectively representing
+for this purpose the government of the United
+States and the government of Spain, the governments
+of the United States and Spain have formally agreed
+upon the terms on which negotiations for the establishment
+of peace between the two countries shall be
+undertaken; and,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<hi rend='italic'>Whereas</hi>, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its
+conclusion and signature hostilities between the two
+countries shall be suspended, and that notice to that
+effect shall be given as soon as possible by each government
+to the commanders of its military and naval
+forces;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of
+the United States, do, in accordance with the stipulations
+of the protocol, declare and proclaim on the part
+<pb n='351'/><anchor id='Pg351'/>of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do
+hereby command that orders be immediately given
+through the proper channels to the commanders of the
+military and naval forces of the United States to
+abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand
+and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of
+August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
+hundred and ninety-eight, and of the Independence of
+the United States the one hundred and twenty-third.
+</p>
+
+<signed><hi rend='smallcaps'>William McKinley.</hi></signed>
+
+<signed>By the President,
+<lb/><hi rend='smallcaps'>William R. Day,
+<lb/>Secretary of State</hi>.
+</signed>
+
+<trailer rend="text-align: center; margin-top: 2">
+<hi rend="small">THE END.</hi>
+</trailer>
+</div>
+
+<pb n='352'/><anchor id='Pg352'/>
+
+        </div></body>
+        <back rend="page-break-before: right">
+            <div>            
+                
+<pb n='353'/><anchor id='Pg353'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/>
+<head>APPENDICES</head>
+
+<pb n='355'/><anchor id='Pg355'/>
+
+<head>APPENDICES.</head>
+                <div type="appendix" n="A">
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appa"/>
+                    <head>APPENDIX A.</head>
+<head type="sub">THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.</head>
+
+<p>
+The number of islands in the Philippine group are
+believed to be upwards of fourteen hundred, with an
+aggregate land area (estimated on Domann’s map) of not less
+than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia, extending
+from 40° 40&#x2032; to 20° north latitude, and from 116° 40&#x2032;
+to 126° 30&#x2032; east longitude.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March
+12, 1521, and named by him the St. Lazarus Islands. The
+discoverer was a Portuguese, who had sought service under
+Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the court of
+his own country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493,
+which was then universally recognised as law, the earth was
+divided into two hemispheres. All lands thereafter discovered
+in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to belong
+to Portugal; all the Western to Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal’s
+rights, but as the use of the log and the variation of the
+compass were unknown, an error of fifty-two degrees in
+longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were given
+on the basis of that error.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='356'/><anchor id='Pg356'/>
+
+<p>
+By whom the name of Philippines was given to the
+archipelago it is impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to
+have been used for the first time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton,
+and piña fibres cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse
+pottery, and musical instruments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region
+of the typhoon, and have three seasons,—the cold, the hot,
+and the wet. The first extends from November to February
+or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather than cold.
+The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat
+becomes very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly
+monsoon. Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur
+during May and June. The wet season begins with heavy
+rains, known by the natives as <q>collas,</q> and until the end of
+October the downpour is excessive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the
+Philippines to affect the style adopted in the erection of
+buildings; in 1874, for instance, they were very numerous
+throughout the archipelago, and in Manila and the adjacent
+provinces shocks were felt daily for several weeks. The
+most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred
+in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was
+immense, both in the capital and in other important towns
+of central Luzon.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations
+of the mountains give a range of climate that allows the
+production of a great variety of valuable crops. Tobacco,
+sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples produced. The
+swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the
+dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species.
+Rich deposits of gold are known to exist, but have been
+little developed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To quote from the <hi rend='italic'>Revue des Deux Mondes</hi> of Paris:
+</p>
+
+<pb n='357'/><anchor id='Pg357'/>
+
+<p>
+In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras,
+Malays, Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards,
+Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and other tribes. The Negritos
+(little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than a great many
+of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in
+isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining
+four feet nine inches in height, and with small, retreating
+skulls. This race forms a branch equal in importance to
+the Papuan. It is believed to be the first race inhabiting
+the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except
+in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed
+by the stronger races, and the result in the archipelago has
+been the formation of several tribes of half-breeds numbering
+considerably more than half a million. Side by side
+with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras,
+a cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate
+descendants of the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by
+the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in 1411. Then come the
+Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by their
+Sultan and their <hi rend='italic'>datos</hi>, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty
+of the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The soil is fully sufficient—indeed, more than sufficient—to
+support this population, whose wants are of the most
+limited character. The land is exceedingly fertile and bears
+in abundance all tropical products, particularly rice, sugar,
+and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The fibres of
+the abaca are employed in making the finest and most
+delicate fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars’
+worth are exported annually. The exports of sugar amount
+to about four millions and a half, of gold to two millions
+and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to a million
+and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It
+forms the staple food of the people, and nearly three million
+dollars’ worth is imported yearly. The husbandman cannot
+<pb n='358'/><anchor id='Pg358'/>complain that his toil is inadequately rewarded. A rice
+plantation will yield a return of at least fifteen per cent.; if
+he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise thirty per
+cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour
+is very low. An adult who gains a <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>real fuerte</foreign> (about thirteen
+cents) a day, thinks he is doing well.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners,
+and traditions are so often in collision, the religious
+fanaticism of the Spaniards has, more than once, come into
+conflict with a fanaticism fully as fierce as that of the Mussulman.
+At a distance of six thousand leagues from Toledo
+and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European
+Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless
+antagonism that swayed them in the days of the Cid and
+Ferdinand the Catholic. The island of Sulu, on account of
+its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the commercial,
+political, and religious centre of the followers of the
+Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre
+they spread over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded
+as merciless pirates and unflinching fanatics, they scattered
+everywhere terror, ruin, and death, sailing in their light
+proas up the narrow channels and animated with implacable
+hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never
+gave quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly
+beaten in pitched battle, they as constantly took
+again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the heavy Spanish
+vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one
+could follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising
+the villages, massacring the old men, leading away the
+women and the adults into slavery, pushing the audacious
+prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles
+of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand
+captives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade
+<pb n='359'/><anchor id='Pg359'/>the struggle was unequal, but it did not last the less long on
+that account, nor, obscure though it was, was it the less
+bloody. On both sides there was the same bravery, the
+same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge
+these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not
+until after a conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish
+squadron was able to bring its broadside to bear on
+Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates, land a division of
+troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town and its
+inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it.
+The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a
+new city on the smoking ruins. This city is protected
+by a strong garrison. For a time, at least, it was all over
+with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which was
+exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the
+rovers of the seas succeeded the organisation known as
+<foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their
+contempt of death. They have transmitted it with their
+blood to the Polynesians, who see in it only one of the
+multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of existence,
+and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference.
+Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a
+mat, while in perfect health, and without any symptom of
+disease whatever, and there wait patiently for the end, convinced
+that it is near, and refuse all nourishment and die
+without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of him,
+<q>He feels he is going to die,</q> and the imaginary patient
+dies, his mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious
+idea, some invisible wound through which life escapes.
+When to this absolute indifference to death is united
+Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a glimpse
+of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited
+senses revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a
+long<pb n='360'/><anchor id='Pg360'/>ing for extinction takes hold of him and throws him like a
+wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them and gladly invites
+their daggers in return. The <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentado</foreign> kills for the sake
+of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for
+a life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence
+promised by Mahomet to his followers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of
+his creditor, and not only the man himself, but his family
+also are enslaved. To free them there is only one means
+left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life. Reduced to
+this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable
+oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks
+of the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign>, and has nothing to do but await the
+hour when the will of his superior shall let him loose upon
+the Christians. Meanwhile the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>panditas</foreign>, or priests, subject
+him to a system of enthusiastic excitement that will turn
+him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They
+madden his already disordered brain, they make still more
+supple his oily limbs, until they have the strength of steel
+and the nervous force of the tiger or panther. They sing
+to him their rhythmic impassioned chants, which show to
+his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating
+houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the
+gleam of the moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual
+energies of the eternally young and beautiful companions
+who are calling him, opening their arms to receive
+him. Thus prepared, the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentado</foreign> is ready for everything.
+Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil.
+He will accomplish prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten
+times he will remain on his feet, will strike back, borne
+along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until the moment
+when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions
+into the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that
+he will never leave it, but he knows also that he will not die
+<pb n='361'/><anchor id='Pg361'/>alone, and he has but one aim,—to butcher as many
+Christians as he can.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission
+to the Philippines by the French government, describes the
+entry of eleven <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign> into Tianggi. Divided into
+three or four bands, they managed to get through the gates
+of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle which
+they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had
+hidden their creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed
+the guards, then, in their frenzied course, they struck all
+whom they met.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Hearing the cry of <q><foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>Los juramentados!</foreign></q> the soldiers
+seized their arms. The <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign> rushed on them fearlessly,
+their creeses clutched in their hands. The bullets
+fell like hail among them. They bent, crept, glided, and
+struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through
+and through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the
+troops. He was again transfixed by a bayonet; he remained
+erect, vainly trying to reach his enemy, who held
+him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up
+and blow the man’s brains out before he let go his prey.
+When the last of the <foreign lang="es" rend='italic'>juramentados</foreign> had fallen, and the corpses
+were picked up from the street which consternation had
+rendered empty, it was found that these eleven men had,
+with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not to
+reckon the wounded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>And what wounds!</q> exclaims Doctor Montano; <q>the
+head of one corpse is cut off as clean as if it had been done
+with the sharpest razor; another soldier is almost cut in
+two! The first of the wounded to come under my hands
+was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting
+guard at the gate through which some of the assassins
+entered. His left arm was fractured in three places; his
+shoulder and breast were literally cut up like mince-meat;
+<pb n='362'/><anchor id='Pg362'/>amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in
+that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which
+could be cut a shred.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been
+Spanish rule on most of the islands of this vast archipelago.
+In the interior of the great island of Mindanao there is no
+system of control, no pretence even of maintaining order.
+It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and cruelty.
+There murder is a regular institution. A <hi rend='italic'>bagani</hi>, or man of
+might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The
+number is carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and
+the <hi rend='italic'>bagani</hi> alone possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban.
+All the batos, or chiefs, are <hi rend='italic'>baganis</hi>. It is carnage organised,
+honoured, and consecrated; and so the depopulation is
+frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be
+<hi rend='italic'>baganis</hi> by perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their
+aerial abodes do not always shelter them from their enemies.
+They build a hut on a trunk from forty to fifty feet in height,
+and huddle together in it to pass the night, and to be in
+sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The <hi rend='italic'>baganis</hi>
+generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin
+their attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour
+to set on fire the bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers
+form a <hi rend='italic'>testudo</hi>, like the ancient Romans, with their locked
+shields, and advance under cover up to the posts, which
+they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down
+showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition
+is exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to
+do but witness, as impotent spectators, the work of destruction,
+until the moment comes when their habitation topples
+over and falls. Then the captives are divided among the
+assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are
+cut off, and the women and children are led away as slaves.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='363'/><anchor id='Pg363'/>
+
+<p>
+The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this
+Malay race. The missionaries alone venture to travel
+among these ferocious tribes. They, too, have made the
+sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth nothing, they
+have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in
+evangelising and converting them. They work for God
+and for their country, and the poorest and most wretched
+among the natives are not unwilling to accept the faith and
+to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on their
+leaving their homes and going to another district, to which,
+for many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After
+several days’ journey a pueblo is founded. These villages
+have multiplied for many years past, forming oases of comparative
+peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by which
+they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek
+a shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds,
+the less exposed it is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano
+gives a very striking account of one of these daring missionaries,
+Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society of Jesus,
+who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred
+people.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the
+Philippine group. Their area exceeds that of Great Britain.
+Pine and fir-trees are abundant. Large areas are suitable
+for wheat. There are eight ports open to commerce. The
+principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars,
+coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual
+value of the sugar output was $30,000,000. Now it is
+almost nothing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The population of the islands is about eight million, of
+which more than three million are in Luzon, the insurgent
+stronghold.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were
+subject to a governor-general with supreme powers, assisted
+<pb n='364'/><anchor id='Pg364'/>by a <q>junta of authorities</q> instituted in 1850, and consisting
+of the archbishop, the commander of the forces, the admiral,
+the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central junta of
+agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and
+a council of administration. In the provinces and districts
+the chief power is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military
+governors. The chief magistrate of a commune
+is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain; the native who
+is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a certain
+group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian
+between the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was
+forced to pay tribute to the amount of $1.17, descendants of
+the first Christians of Cebu, new converts, gobernadorcillos,
+etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to special taxes,
+and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes
+were required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an
+area of 40,885 square miles, and on which is situated the
+city of Manila.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports
+for 1880, is in the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs
+from 250,000 to 300,000.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the
+eastern shore of a circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference.
+It looks like a fragment of Spain transplanted to
+the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and convents, even
+on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863,
+time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the
+mother country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy,
+stretches interminably along its gloomy streets, bordered
+with convents whose flat façades are only broken here and
+there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a new
+city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called
+the Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this
+<pb n='365'/><anchor id='Pg365'/>city is alive with its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala
+women, shod in high-heeled shoes, and every nerve in their
+bodies quivering with excitement. They are almost all
+employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output
+inundates all Asia.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,—Europeans,
+Chinese, Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some
+260,000 people of every known race and of every known
+colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto, carriages
+and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians
+swarm in crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously
+picturesque square, lit up by the slanting rays of
+the setting sun, which purples the lofty peaks of the Sierra
+de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long, luminous train
+on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the
+sombre verdure of the city’s sloping banks. This is the
+hour when all the inhabitants hold high festival, able at
+length to breathe freely after the heat of the noontide.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive
+taxation by Spain to raise money to carry on the war in
+Cuba. The islands were already overburdened with assessments
+to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the native
+poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last
+straw.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived
+from Spain with reinforcements. He did not undertake to
+penetrate the mountains, but massacred the native population
+in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del Laguna
+he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in
+the mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with
+fury, but they were helpless.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten
+thousand dead prisoners had been taken from prison in a
+year.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='366'/><anchor id='Pg366'/>
+
+<p>
+Three years ago it cost the government a little more than
+half a cent to collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it
+now costs ninety-five cents. The only taxes that can be
+profitably collected are those in Manila. The rich islands of
+Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically nothing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and
+Leyte. About one year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists
+appealed to the government at Washington to
+interfere in their behalf. The petition was received and
+filed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the
+heat is so intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat
+apoplexy. Even the Spaniards do their business in the early
+hours, whiling away the heat of the day in sleep. Late in
+the afternoon Manila begins to awaken.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers
+of all ranks and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like
+behind his ear. Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled
+hooded cabriolets peculiar to the natives, crowd the roadway,
+together with the buggies and open carriages of the
+foreign element.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand
+of employees turn out into the streets. They form a
+motley yet effective feature among the wayfarers. The Malay
+girls are usually very pretty, with languishing eyes, shaded
+by long lashes, and supple figures, whose graceful lines are
+revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their bare
+feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet
+weather they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates
+a very becoming swinging of the hips.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better
+classes affect lace and flowers, those of the lower wear their
+own hair flowing down their backs, in a long, blue-black
+wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman sparkles
+<pb n='367'/><anchor id='Pg367'/>with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males
+are similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen
+for a cent are in chief favour with the natives. Cigars
+at $1.50 a hundred are in favour with the foreigners. The
+handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are mostly bachelors,
+eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter
+surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large
+house at Sampalog, which is club and boarding-house combined,
+or in <q>chummeries,</q> established in adjacent buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under
+three religious groups,—the infidels, who have held to their
+ancient heathen rights, the Moors, who retain the Mahometan
+religion of their first conquerors, and the infinitely
+larger class of Catholics.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An important, though numerically small, element in the
+population of the larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds,
+the result of admixture either between the Chinese
+or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos occupy
+about the same social position as the mulattos of the United
+States. But they are the richest and most enterprising
+among the native population.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The most important personage is the cura, or parish
+priest. He is in most instances a Spaniard by birth, and
+enrolled in one or other of the three great religious orders,
+Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established by the
+conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if
+not more, of a native than the natives themselves. He is
+bound for life to the land of his adoption. He has no social
+or domestic tie, no anticipated home return, to bind him to
+any other place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday
+resort in a Philippine village is the cock-pit, usually a
+large building wattled like a coarse basket and surrounded
+<pb n='368'/><anchor id='Pg368'/>by a high paling of the same description, which forms a sort
+of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to
+come upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in
+arranging a satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a
+respectable Malay father has been seen escaping from amid
+the ruins of his burning home bearing away in his arms his
+favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift for
+themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly,
+with their gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They
+eschew opium and spirituous liquors. Their chief sustenance,
+morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice crop seldom
+fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a
+large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow
+which broods over so many a rice-subsisting population, is
+unknown here. Even scarcity is of rare occurrence. In the
+worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be imported.
+It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what
+the world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of
+the tropics, limits his labour by the measure of his requirements,
+and that measure is narrow indeed. Hence it is often
+difficult to obtain his services in the development of the tobacco,
+coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which might make
+the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
+portions of the earth’s face.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The
+English were its captors, although they held it only a few
+months. It was in 1762, a few weeks after the English
+capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to side
+with France in the war usually known in this country as the
+French and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel
+William Draper; he was made a brigadier-general for the
+expedition and put in command, with Admiral Cornish as
+<pb n='369'/><anchor id='Pg369'/>his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and frigates,
+several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
+including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked
+just south of Manila. The Archbishop of Manila, who was
+also governor-general of the island, collected and armed
+some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
+Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of
+the siege some daring attempts were made by the British to
+prevent the further construction of defences, but the assailants
+were repulsed with great slaughter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives,
+who <q>ran furiously on the ranks of the besiegers and fought
+with almost incredible ferocity, and many of them died, like
+wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the bayonets by
+which they were transfixed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works,
+the English carried the city by storm, and gave it up for
+several hours to the ravages of a merciless soldiery. The
+Archbishop and his officers had retired to the citadel, but
+this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
+upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several
+ships and the military stores, were surrendered, while for
+their private property the Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom
+$2,000,000 in coin, and the same in bills on the treasury
+at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.
+</p>
+
+</div><div type="appendix" n="B" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='370'/><anchor id='Pg370'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appb"/>
+<head>APPENDIX B.</head>
+
+    <head type="sub"><anchor id="corr370"/><corr sic="WARSHIPS">WAR-SHIPS</corr> AND SIGNALS.</head>
+
+<p>
+There are ten principal classes of vessels in the
+United States navy, distinguished one from another
+by the differences in their uses and by their strength and
+speed. The general principle underlying their construction is
+that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of her
+own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel
+which is inferior in armament, and has no compensating
+superiority in speed, is outclassed. The same is true of any
+vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in speed to
+an adversary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement.
+This displacement is the number of tons of water she will
+push aside to make room for herself. A vessel of ten thousand
+tons will take engines of a certain weight and power to
+drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the
+larger the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required.
+Now, if it is necessary to give this vessel heavy protective
+armour and big guns, the additional weight of this equipment
+must be saved somewhere else, and usually in the
+engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following
+out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships
+carry the lightest armament, and that those which carry the
+biggest guns in their batteries and the thickest armour on
+their sides are comparatively slow, the extreme variation
+among vessels of the same displacement being about eight
+or nine miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<pb n='371'/><anchor id='Pg371'/>
+
+<p>
+In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished
+by the number and weight of the guns they carry,
+and by the distribution and thickness of their armour.
+Protective armour is of two kinds, that which surrounds the
+guns, so as to protect them from the enemy’s fire, and that
+which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent
+the engines from being rendered useless.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of
+speed are to be found in the first-class battle-ship, which is
+simply a floating fortress, so constructed that she need
+never run away, but can stand up and fight as long as her
+gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a
+battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines
+with a wall of Harveyized steel armour eighteen
+inches or so thick, and seven or eight feet high, which
+extends about four feet below the water-line and three feet
+above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the
+ship, but is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in
+front of and behind the space occupied by the engines and
+magazines, and the whole affair is covered with a solid steel
+roof three or four inches thick. Outside this central fortress,
+and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at
+each end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick,
+which is placed several feet below the water-line. Everything
+above this deck and outside this fortress might be
+shot away, and the vessel would still float and fight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing
+the big guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre,
+weigh about sixty tons each, and will carry a shell weighing
+eleven hundred pounds about twelve miles. The turrets
+are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns, and
+are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen
+inches thick. They revolve within a barbette or ring of
+steel eighteen inches thick, which protects the machinery by
+<pb n='372'/><anchor id='Pg372'/>which the guns are trained. Farther back on the roof of
+the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch
+steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are
+stationed rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by
+thinner armour than that of the main belt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving
+nothing but the turrets with the big guns, and these are
+brought down close to the water, and the armour belt is
+reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the type of
+vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a
+battle-ship on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow
+and cannot stand rough weather, on account of their low
+freeboard. The speed of the monitors is seldom more than
+twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended to
+act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries.
+The best types in the navy are the <name type="ship">Terror</name> and the
+<name type="ship">Puritan</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an
+hour. The best specimen in the navy is the <name type="ship">Indiana</name>, declared
+by its admirers to be the most powerful battle-ship
+afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the <name type="ship">Texas</name>, are smaller
+vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they have
+a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not
+carry so heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The
+<name type="ship">Maine</name> was a second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns
+were of 10-inch calibre; her armour was twelve inches thick,
+and her turrets were eight inches thick only.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first step in reducing the armament from that of the
+battle-ship proper, at the same time increasing the speed,
+produces the armoured cruiser. This type of vessel may
+carry no guns of more than 8-inch calibre, and the armour
+belt is reduced to three or four inches in thickness. Instead
+of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck is carried
+all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal
+<pb n='373'/><anchor id='Pg373'/>thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle
+it is three inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they
+slope abruptly to below the water-line. Between these
+sloping sides and the thin armour belt coal is stored, so
+that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt, six or
+eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches
+thick, the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal
+to a solid horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship,
+because it could not accomplish anything with its 8-inch
+guns against the 18-inch armour of its heavier rival, while
+one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a battle-ship
+or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat.
+For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship,
+so that she can run away, and the weight that is saved
+in the armour belt and big guns is therefore put into the
+engine-room. The average speed of an armoured cruiser is
+about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of this
+class in the navy are probably the <name type="ship">Brooklyn</name> and <name type="ship">New York</name>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some vessels, like the Spaniard <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>, are about half
+way between a battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy
+guns of the former and the speed of the latter. The <name type="ship">Vizcaya</name>,
+although a cruiser, carried 11-inch guns with a 12-inch
+armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The next step in reducing armament and increasing
+speed, produced the protected cruiser, which carries no
+armour belt, but retains the protective deck, upon the
+sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The turrets
+disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch
+gun, the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire
+guns and 6, 4, and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel
+is not able to cope with the armoured cruiser, it must be
+faster, for the general principle holds good that the weaker
+the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or defensive
+<pb n='374'/><anchor id='Pg374'/>armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to
+run away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the
+navy may be found in the <name type="ship">Columbia</name> and <name type="ship">Minneapolis</name>, which
+have a speed of about twenty-seven miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected
+cruisers, which have neither armour-belt nor protective deck,
+and carry only light batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these
+vessels are slow, like the <name type="ship">Detroit</name>, they are intended for long
+voyages and for duty in foreign countries, and are of little
+use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected cruiser, like
+the American line steamers, <name type="ship">St. Paul</name> and <name type="ship">St. Louis</name>, attach
+little importance to their armament, and rely for protection
+upon stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the
+armour belt in other vessels. All the beautiful wood-work,
+which was so much admired in these vessels, was ripped
+out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are sufficient
+to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns.
+On account of their extreme weakness as fighters, these
+cruisers are necessarily the fastest of all the large vessels,
+and can run away from anything. For this reason no
+concern was felt for the <name type="ship">Paris</name> by those who knew the
+principles which govern the safety of modern vessels.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight
+with any but vessels of their own class, which they may
+encounter in the discharge of similar duties, such as scouring
+the seas as the advance guard of the slower line of
+battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels,
+blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships.
+Gunboats are simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended
+for use in shallow waters and rivers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely
+upon the torpedo as the weapon of attack, and they carry
+no guns except a very few light-calibre rapid-fires to keep
+off small boats. Their success depends on their ability
+<pb n='375'/><anchor id='Pg375'/>to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo, and
+retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their
+great requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the <name type="ship">Porter</name> can speed
+thirty-two miles an hour. Naval experts consider their bark
+worse than their bite, because, with the modern system of
+lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and rapidity
+of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat
+to get within range without exposing itself to instant
+destruction, and after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a
+serious repulse, it is believed that it would be almost
+impossible to get the crews to go into action again.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief,
+does not carry any heavy guns, but depends on its great
+speed and its ability to cripple a torpedo-boat with its
+6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy’s tubes.
+All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves,
+so that they can be used against the enemy’s battle-ships or
+cruisers if the occasion offers. The fastest boat in the
+United States navy is the destroyer <name type="ship">Bailey</name>, which can steam
+thirty-four miles an hour.
+</p>
+
+<milestone unit="tb"/>
+
+<p>
+In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may
+depend on keeping open communication between the different
+vessels of the squadron engaged. Owing to the fact
+that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by the
+smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval
+experts have been kept busy devising some method by which
+the flag-ship can communicate with the other vessels of the
+squadron at all times and under all conditions. So far
+nothing has been put in general service which meets this
+demand, but lately there have been experiments with the
+telephone, which, it is said, can be used without wires, by
+which signals can be projected by a vibrator on one vessel
+against a receiver on another. The Navy Department is
+<pb n='376'/><anchor id='Pg376'/>keeping the details of this new system carefully to itself, as
+it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our
+own ships of battle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The present method of communication is by the use of
+flags representing numerals which are displayed in the rigging;
+by the use of the Ardois system of lights for night
+work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and by the use
+of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that
+the enemy should not read the message, the signal books on
+board a vessel are protected with the greatest care, and are
+destroyed along with the cipher code whenever it is seen that
+capture is inevitable. The semaphore system in use in the
+British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our vessels,
+but it never became popular, and has been abandoned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is
+looked up in the code-book and its corresponding number is
+obtained. This number is never more than four figures, on
+account of the necessity of setting the signal with the least
+delay. The number having been obtained, the quartermaster
+in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the
+flags representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as
+to read from the top down. These flags represent the numerals
+from one to nine and cipher, and there is a triangular
+pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a combination
+where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to
+those found in the general signal-book, in which are printed
+all the words, phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an
+order, make an inquiry, indicate a geographical position, or
+signal a compass course. Answering, interrogatory, preparatory,
+and geographical pennants form part of this code; also
+telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left
+flying until the vessel to which the message has been sent
+signifies that it is understood by hoisting what is called the
+<pb n='377'/><anchor id='Pg377'/>answering pennant. If the number hoisted by the flag-ship
+is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left flying
+until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is
+pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood
+as the command for the execution of the movement
+just communicated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate
+with a merchant vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging
+to a foreign country. For this purpose the international
+code is also carried in the signal-chest. These signals are
+those in general use by all the merchant navies of the
+world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen
+flags and a code pennant, corresponding to the consonants
+of the alphabet, omitting x and z. The code pennant
+is also used with these signals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of
+night signals, with which all our vessels carrying an electric
+plant are fitted, is employed. These signals consist essentially
+of five groups of double lamps, the two lamps in each
+group containing incandescent electric lamps, and showing
+white and red respectively. By the combination of these
+lights letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word,
+and hence an order, can be spelled out for the guidance of
+the ships of the squadron. These lamps are suspended on
+a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a keyboard from the
+upper bridge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not
+fitted with electric lighting, Very’s night signals are used.
+This set includes the implements for firing and recharging
+the signals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The latter show green and red stars on being projected
+from pistols made for them. The combination in various
+ways is used to express the numbers from one to nine and
+cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits, contained in the
+<pb n='378'/><anchor id='Pg378'/>signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is
+employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are
+employed. The official flag is a red field with a small white
+square in the centre; the unofficial flag is the same with the
+colours reversed. The operator, having attracted the attention
+of the ship which is to be signalled by waving the flag
+or torch from right to left, transmits his message by motions
+right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of
+the alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four
+motions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes
+used. The rays of the sun are thrown by a system of
+mirrors to the point with which it is desired to communicate,
+and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making dots
+and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system
+is used only when operations ashore are going on, as the
+rolling of the ship would prevent the concentration of the
+sun’s rays.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The present systems of flag signalling are products of
+experience in the past, and are the natural growth of the
+cruder flag system in use during the War of 1812, and in
+the Civil War. There have been some changes in the construction
+of flags, and the scope of communication has been
+enlarged, but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much
+the same way as we do now. Of course the Ardois light
+signal is something very modern. In old times they communicated
+at night either with coloured lights or by torches,
+and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the
+process was by means of flashes (representing numbers in
+the signal book), and it was long and tedious.
+</p>
+
+</div><div type="appendix" n="C" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='379'/><anchor id='Pg379'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appc"/>
+<head>APPENDIX C.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">SANTIAGO DE CUBA.</head>
+
+<p>
+Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern
+coast of Cuba, second only to Havana in its strategic
+and political importance, and is the capital of the eastern
+department, as well as its most flourishing seaport.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action
+where American heroism was displayed, is thus described by
+Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his entertaining work on Cuba:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but,
+looking landward, nothing is seen but the same continuous
+mountains which we have had for the last twelve hours, except
+where, low down on the shore, there seems to be a slight
+opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently,
+some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half
+hour more we discover the small opening to be the entrance
+to a valley, and the dwelling-house to be the fort of the
+Cabanas. Still, no town and no harbour; and yet ahead
+we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking old castle,
+with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated
+walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves
+dashing at their base. That is the Morro Castle, which,
+with the battery of Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella,
+and the above named Cabanas, commands the approaches
+to the harbour and town of Cuba.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered
+along it the remains of several vessels, whose captains,
+<pb n='380'/><anchor id='Pg380'/>in trying to escape from the dangers of the storm, have
+vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour, and the bleaching
+timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter
+there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we
+are up to the castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us
+into a narrow channel and past the Morro and the battery
+adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as big as himself,
+hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find ourselves
+in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains
+are seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town,
+and no place where there will likely be one; but now a turn
+to the right, and there, rising from the water’s side almost to
+the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago de Cuba, with its
+red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of
+its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a
+brilliant foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie
+behind the city....</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside,
+to the high plain called the Campo del Marte, the city of
+Santiago reaches in its highest point 160 feet above the
+level of the sea, and commands from almost any portion
+superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic
+ranges of mountains that surround it. With a population
+of about fifty thousand inhabitants, it has regularly laid out
+streets and well-built houses of stone in most portions of
+the city; though being built as it is on the side of a hill,
+many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and from
+the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks,
+are anything but an agreeable promenade.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered
+the conqueror of the island, who landed here in that
+year on his first voyage; and it was from here that Juan de
+Grijalva, in 1518, started on his expedition for the conquest
+of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes, who,
+how<pb n='381'/><anchor id='Pg381'/>ever, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called
+then), now Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of <q>City</q>
+and <q>Bishopric</q> were bestowed upon the town, having
+been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where they had
+been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European
+settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca,
+first bishop of the island, arrived and established here his
+headquarters.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his
+expedition for the conquest of Florida, where he met his
+fate and found a tomb.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly
+one thousand men, having been authorised, in addition to
+the command of his Florida expedition, to assume that of
+the whole island of Cuba.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French
+arquebusiers, who took possession of it until a ransom of
+$80,000 was paid, the invaders remaining nearly a month in
+the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent were the attacks
+of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was almost
+depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo,
+some distance in the interior.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake,
+the Bishop Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana,
+and almost all the diocesans, as well as the ecclesiastical
+chapter, did the same, which action created great excitement,
+the superior governor and chief of the island opposing it.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be
+made into a cathedral, through the efforts of the prelate,
+Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by the captain-general,
+Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief
+and all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession
+to curse and stone his house.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place
+<pb n='382'/><anchor id='Pg382'/>by a squadron of fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose
+people landed at the place now known as the <q>Aguadores,</q>
+and to the number of eight hundred men marched without
+opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after
+repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders,
+it appears, partook freely of the church-bells, carried
+off the guns from the forts, took charge of the slaves, and
+not finding the valuables they anticipated, which had been
+carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their disappointment,
+blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the
+cathedral, remaining nearly a month in possession of the
+city.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now
+known as the Morro was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and
+at the same time the fortresses of Santa Catalina, La Punta,
+and La Estrella.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    <q rend="post: none">In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city
+was ruined by earthquakes, more than one hundred persons
+being killed.</q>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<q>The town has the honour of having for its first mayor,
+or <q>alcalde,</q> Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the
+remains of Diego Velasquez, the first explorer and conqueror,
+were buried there in the old cathedral. It is related
+in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November,
+1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the
+broken slab of his tomb was found, seven and a half feet
+under ground, the inscription upon which is illegible, with
+the exception of a few Latin words giving name and date.</q>
+</p>
+
+</div><div type="appendix" n="D" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='383'/><anchor id='Pg383'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appd"/>
+<head>APPENDIX D.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">PORTO RICO.</head>
+
+<p>
+Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November,
+1493. In 1510 Ponce de Leon founded the town
+of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as Pureto
+Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan
+Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native
+inhabitants were soon subdued and swept away. In 1595
+the capital was sacked by Drake, and in 1598 by the Earl
+of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman,
+lost his life in an attack on the Castello del <anchor id="corr383"/><corr sic="Mono">Morro</corr>. The
+attempt of the English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful,
+and Abercrombie, in 1797, had to retire after a three
+days’ strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward the
+declaration of independence on the part of the Porto
+Ricans, but Spanish supremacy was completely reëstablished
+by 1823. The last traces of slavery were abolished
+in 1873.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island,
+saving that it is well fortified, for it is the coolest, the
+healthiest port, with thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour,
+and twenty-eight feet of water alongside the coal wharves.
+It is the only port on the island with fortifications. There
+are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but outside of the
+eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few
+fighting men on the island.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor
+<pb n='384'/><anchor id='Pg384'/>in fighting by those who know them, and are almost all
+Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up of the best of
+the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto
+Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless
+they please, and very few of them please.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del
+Morro fortress is at the entrance of the harbour. It is
+the principal defence from the sea, and has three rows of
+batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the city,
+which lies at the back of it, but communication between the
+city and fort is had by a tunnel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad.
+There are some notable exceptions. There is a splendid
+road built by the Spanish government from Ponce to San
+Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and a young Porto
+Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his
+bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road
+from Guayama, meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been
+recently finished. The scenery is the most beautiful in the
+West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are all over the
+island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants everywhere
+abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild
+animals of any kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other
+tropical fruits thrive in Porto Rico, but they are not specially
+cultivated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some years ago a railway around the island was projected,
+but only three sections have been built. There is one to
+the north from San Juan to Camuy, one on the west from
+Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south from Yauco
+to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from
+San Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their
+journey by stage-coaches, one from Camuy to Aguadilla,
+and one from Mayaguez to Yauco.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce
+<pb n='385'/><anchor id='Pg385'/>has almost thirty thousand. There are many towns of
+between twelve thousand and thirty thousand people. The
+buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few three-story
+buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples
+of modern construction.
+</p>
+
+</div><div type="appendix" n="E" rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n='386'/><anchor id='Pg386'/>
+<index index="toc"/><index index="pdf"/><anchor id="appe"/>
+<head>APPENDIX E.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.</head>
+
+<p>
+On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance
+east of Santiago, is Guantanamo, or Cumberland
+Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of water, with a
+narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve
+miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and
+high hills on the north and east.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Five miles from the entrance is the little town of
+Caimanera, from which runs a railroad to the town of
+Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its terminus at the
+town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles
+of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to
+be fully protected from the wind. For vessels drawing
+twenty-four feet or less there are about two more square
+miles of harbourage.
+</p>    
+</div>
+            </div> 
+            <div>
+            <pgIf output="pdf">
+                <then/>
+                <else>
+                    <div id="footnotes" rend="page-break-before: right">
+                        <head>Footnotes</head>
+                        <divGen type="footnotes"/>
+                    </div>
+                </else>
+            </pgIf>
+        </div>
+            <div rend="page-break-before:right; x-class: boxed">
+                <index index="pdf"/><index index="toc"/>
+                <head>Transcriber’s Note</head>
+                <p>The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original edition,
+                have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions, which
+                can be seen in the list of illustrations.</p>
+                <p>The following changes have been made to the text:</p>
+            <list>
+                <item><ref target="corr019">page 19</ref>, <q>last of March</q> changed to <q>last days of January</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr022">page 22</ref>, <q>Viscaya</q> changed to <q>Vizcaya</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr051">page 51</ref>, <q>procotol</q> changed to <q>protocol</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr080a">page 80</ref>, italics added to <q>Baltimore’s</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr080">page 80</ref>, <q>San Juan de Austria</q> changed to <q>Don Juan de Austria</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr081">page 81</ref>, <q>Valasco</q> changed to <q>Velasco</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr085">page 85</ref>, quote added before <q>Capt. Frank Wildes</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr089">page 89</ref>, <q>flagship</q> changed to <q>flag-ship</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr133">page 133</ref>, double <q>the</q> removed before <q>gunboat</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr158">page 158</ref>, <q>first class</q> changed to <q>first-class</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr166">page 166</ref>, <q>Albermarle</q> changed to <q>Albemarle</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr194">page 194</ref>, <q>armored</q> changed to <q>armoured</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr264">page 264</ref>, double quote removed after <q>dying.’</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr270">page 270</ref>, <q>of</q> changed to <q>off</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr309">page 309</ref>, <q>organized</q> changed to <q>organised</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr321">page 321</ref>, <q>flag-staff</q> changed to <q>flagstaff</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr370">page 370</ref>, <q>WARSHIPS</q> changed to <q>WAR-SHIPS</q></item>
+                <item><ref target="corr383">page 383</ref>, <q>Mono</q> changed to <q>Morro</q></item>
+            </list>
+                <p>Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been changed.</p>
+            </div>
+            <div rend="page-break-before: right">
+                <divGen type="pgfooter" />
+            </div>
+        </back>
+    </text>
+</TEI.2>
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@@ -0,0 +1,11678 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boys of '98 by James Otis
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The Boys of '98
+
+Author: James Otis
+
+Release Date: December 15, 2009 [Ebook #30684]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '98***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF '98
+
+
+
+
+
+                              *STORIES of*
+                            *AMERICAN HISTORY*
+
+                             *By James Otis*
+
+               1. When We Destroyed the Gaspee
+               2. Boston Boys of 1775
+               3. When Dewey Came to Manila
+               4. Off Santiago with Sampson
+               5. When Israel Putnam Served the King
+               6. The Signal Boys of '75
+                        (A Tale of the Siege of Boston)
+               7. Under the Liberty Tree
+                        (A Story of the Boston Massacre)
+               8. The Boys of 1745
+                        (The Capture of Louisburg)
+               9. An Island Refuge
+                        (Casco Bay in 1676)
+              10. Neal the Miller
+                        (A Son of Liberty)
+              11. Ezra Jordan's Escape
+                        (The Massacre at Fort Loyall)
+
+                         *DANA ESTES & COMPANY*
+                              *Publishers*
+                    *Estes Press, Summer St., Boston*
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                            THE BOYS OF '98
+
+
+                                   BY
+                               JAMES OTIS
+                                AUTHOR OF
+              "TOBY TYLER," "JENNY WREN'S BOARDING HOUSE,"
+                    "THE BOYS OF FORT SCHUYLER," ETC.
+
+
+_Illustrated by_
+J. STEEPLE DAVIS
+FRANK T. MERRILL
+_And with Reproductions of Photographs_
+
+_ELEVENTH THOUSAND_
+
+
+BOSTON
+DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+PUBLISHERS
+
+
+
+
+
+                            _Copyright, 1898_
+                         BY DANA ESTES & COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CONTENTS.
+
+
+ CHAPTER                                              PAGE
+      I.   THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE                         1
+     II.   THE PRELIMINARIES                            19
+    III.   A DECLARATION OF WAR                         38
+     IV.   THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                     64
+      V.   NEWS OF THE DAY                              92
+     VI.   CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN                       117
+    VII.   FROM ALL QUARTERS                           130
+   VIII.   HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC                     149
+     IX.   BY WIRE                                     171
+      X.   SANTIAGO DE CUBA                            194
+     XI.   EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS               224
+    XII.   THE SPANISH FLEET                           254
+   XIII.   THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO                   290
+    XIV.   MINOR EVENTS                                302
+     XV.   THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN                    320
+    XVI.   THE FALL OF MANILA                          335
+   XVII.   PEACE                                       345
+           APPENDIX A--THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS           355
+           APPENDIX B--WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS            370
+           APPENDIX C--SANTIAGO DE CUBA                 379
+           APPENDIX D--PORTO RICO                       383
+           APPENDIX E--THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO            386
+
+
+
+
+
+                              ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                              PAGE
+    THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY                          _Frontispiece_
+    U. S. S. MAINE                                               7
+    CAPTAIN C. D. SIGSBEE                                       12
+    EX-MINISTER DE LOME                                         20
+    U. S. S. MONTGOMERY                                         24
+    MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE                                  30
+    U. S. S. COLUMBIA                                           38
+    CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO                                      44
+    PREMIER SAGASTA                                             49
+    PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY                                  55
+    U. S. S. PURITAN                                            58
+    ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY                                        64
+    U. S. S. OLYMPIA                                            69
+    U. S. S. BALTIMORE                                          72
+    BATTLE OF MANILA BAY                                        75
+    U. S. S. BOSTON                                             77
+    U. S. S. CONCORD                                            82
+    U. S. S. TERROR                                             99
+    JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY                            107
+    U. S. S. CHICAGO                                           117
+    THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW                                 119
+    U. S. S. AMPHITRITE                                        123
+    THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO                    127
+    U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH                                       130
+    ADMIRAL SCHLEY                                             135
+    U. S. S. MONTEREY                                          144
+    U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS                                     151
+    LIEUTENANT HOBSON                                          156
+    U. S. S. NEW YORK                                          161
+    HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT                             166
+    ADMIRAL CERVERA                                            169
+    QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN                     171
+    GENERAL GARCIA                                             181
+    ADMIRAL CAMARA                                             186
+    GENERAL AUGUSTI                                            192
+    U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD                                        201
+    U. S. S. VESUVIUS                                          207
+    U. S. S. TEXAS                                             215
+    COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT                                 218
+    MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER                                      224
+    THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL                                229
+    VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART                                      234
+    U. S. S. NEWARK                                            239
+    ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON                                      243
+    GENERAL WEYLER                                             254
+    CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS                                        256
+    U. S. S. IOWA                                              262
+    THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA'S FLEET                         266
+    U. S. S. INDIANA                                           269
+    U. S. S. OREGON                                            275
+    U. S. S. BROOKLYN                                          282
+    MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER                               292
+    KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN                               300
+    GENERAL GOMEZ                                              311
+    U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS                                       314
+    U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO                                     318
+    MAJOR-GENERAL MILES                                        320
+    MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE                                       327
+    GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE                   333
+      PROTOCOL
+    GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR                 334
+    MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT                               344
+    DON CARLOS                                                 349
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             THE BOYS OF '98.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER I.
+
+
+                          THE BATTLE-SHIP MAINE.
+
+
+At or about eleven o'clock on the morning of January 25th the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ steamed through the narrow channel which gives
+entrance to the inner harbour of Havana, and came to anchor at Buoy No. 4,
+in obedience to orders from the captain of the port, in from five and
+one-half to six fathoms of water. She swung at her cables within five
+hundred yards of the arsenal, and about two hundred yards distant from the
+floating dock.
+
+Very shortly afterward the rapid-firing guns on her bow roared out a
+salute as the Spanish colours were run up to the mizzenmast-head, and this
+thunderous announcement of friendliness was first answered by Morro
+Castle, followed a few moments later by the Spanish cruiser _Alphonso
+XII._ and a German school-ship.
+
+The reverberations had hardly ceased before the captain of the port and an
+officer from the Spanish war-vessel, each in his gaily decked launch, came
+alongside the battle-ship in accordance with the rules of naval etiquette.
+
+Lieut. John J. Blandin, officer of the deck, received the visitors at the
+head of the gangway and escorted them to the captain's cabin. A few
+moments later came an officer from the German ship, and the courtesies of
+welcoming the Americans were at an end.
+
+The _Maine_ was an armoured, twin-screw battle-ship of the second class,
+318 feet in length, 57 feet in breadth, with a draught of 21 feet, 6
+inches; of 6,648 tons displacement, with engines of 9,293 indicated
+horse-power, giving her a speed of 17.75 knots. She was built in the
+Brooklyn navy yard, according to act of Congress, August 3, 1886. Work on
+her was commenced October 11, 1888; she was launched November 18, 1890,
+and put into commission September 17, 1895. She was built after the
+designs of chief constructor T. D. Wilson. The delay in going into
+commission is said to have been due to the difficulty in getting
+satisfactory armour. The side armour was twelve inches thick; the two
+steel barbettes were each of the same thickness, and the walls of the
+turrets were eight inches thick.
+
+In her main battery were four 10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading
+rifles; in the secondary battery seven 6-pounder and eight 1-pounder
+rapid-fire guns and four Gatlings. Her crew was made up of 370 men, and
+the following officers: Capt. C. D. Sigsbee, Lieut.-Commander R.
+Wainwright, Lieut. G. F. W. Holman, Lieut. J. Hood, Lieut. C. W. Jungen,
+Lieut. G. P. Blow, Lieut. F. W. Jenkins, Lieut. J. J. Blandin, Surgeon S.
+G. Heneberger, Paymaster C. M. Ray, Chief Engineer C. P. Howell, Chaplain
+J. P. Chidwick, Passed Assistant Engineer F. C. Bowers, Lieutenant of
+Marines A. Catlin, Assistant Engineer J. R. Morris, Assistant Engineer
+Darwin R. Merritt, Naval Cadet J. H. Holden, Naval Cadet W. T. Cluverius,
+Naval Cadet R. Bronson, Naval Cadet P. Washington, Naval Cadet A.
+Crenshaw, Naval Cadet J. T. Boyd, Boatswain F. E. Larkin, Gunner J. Hill,
+Carpenter J. Helm, Paymaster's Clerk B. McCarthy.
+
+Why had the _Maine_ been sent to this port?
+
+The official reason given by the Secretary of the Navy when he notified
+the Spanish minister, Senor Dupuy de Lome, was that the visit of the
+_Maine_ was simply intended as a friendly call, according to the
+recognised custom of nations.
+
+The United States minister at Madrid, General Woodford, also announced the
+same in substance to the Spanish Minister of State.
+
+It having been repeatedly declared by the government at Madrid that a
+state of war did not exist in Cuba, and that the relations between the
+United States and Spain were of the most friendly character, nothing less
+could be done than accept the official construction put upon the visit.
+
+The Spanish public, however, were not disposed to view the matter in the
+same light, as may be seen by the following extracts from newspapers:
+
+"If the government of the United States sends one war-ship to Cuba, a
+thing it is no longer likely to do, Spain would act with energy and
+without vacillation."--_El Heraldo, January 16th._
+
+"We see now the eagerness of the Yankees to seize Cuba."--_The Imparcial,
+January 23d._
+
+The same paper, on the 27th, declared:
+
+"If Havana people, exasperated at American impudence in sending the
+_Maine_, do some rash, disagreeable thing, the civilised world will know
+too well who is responsible. The American government must know that the
+road it has taken leads to war between both nations."
+
+On January 25th Madrid newspapers made general comment upon the official
+explanation of the _Maine's_ visit to Havana, and agreed in expressing the
+opinion that her visit is "inopportune and calculated to encourage the
+insurgents." It was announced that, "following Washington's example," the
+Spanish government will "instruct Spanish war-ships to visit a few
+American ports."
+
+The _Imparcial_ expresses fear that the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana
+will provoke a conflict, and adds:
+
+"Europe cannot doubt America's attitude towards Spain. But the Spanish
+people, if necessary, will do their duty with honour."
+
+The _Epocha_ asks if the despatch of the _Maine_ to Havana is "intended as
+a sop to the Jingoes," and adds:
+
+"We cannot suppose the American government so naive or badly informed as
+to imagine that the presence of American war-vessels at Havana will be a
+cause of satisfaction to Spain or an indication of friendship."
+
+The people of the United States generally believed that the battle-ship
+had been sent to Cuba because of the disturbances existing in the city of
+Havana, which seemingly threatened the safety of Americans there.
+
+On the morning of January 12th what is termed the "anti-liberal outbreak"
+occurred in the city of Havana.
+
+Officers of the regular and volunteer forces headed the ultra-Spanish
+element in an attack upon the leading liberal newspaper offices, because,
+as alleged, of Captain-General Blanco's refusal to authorise the
+suppression of the liberal press. It was evidently a riotous protest
+against Spain's policy of granting autonomy to the Cubans.
+
+The mob, gathered in such numbers as to be for the time being most
+formidable, indulged in open threats against Americans, and it was
+believed by the public generally that American interests, and the safety
+of citizens of the United States in Havana, demanded the protection of a
+war-vessel.
+
+The people of Havana received the big fighting ship impassively. Soldiers,
+sailors, and civilians gathered at the water-front as spectators, but no
+word, either of threat or friendly greeting, was heard.
+
+In the city the American residents experienced a certain sense of relief
+because now a safe refuge was provided in case of more serious rioting.
+
+That the officers and crew of the _Maine_ were apprehensive regarding
+their situation there can be little doubt. During the first week after the
+arrival of the battle-ship several of the sailors wrote to friends or
+relatives expressing fears as to what might be the result of the visit,
+and on the tenth of February one of the lieutenants is reported as having
+stated:
+
+"If we don't get away from here soon there will be trouble."
+
+The customary ceremonial visits on shore were made by the commander of the
+ship and his staff, and, so far as concerned the officials of the city,
+the Americans were seemingly welcome visitors.
+
+The more radical of the citizens were not so apparently content with
+seeing the _Maine_ in their harbour. Within a week after the arrival of
+the ship incendiary circulars were distributed in the streets, on the
+railway cars, and in many other public places, calling upon all Spaniards
+to avenge the "insult" of the battle-ship's visit.
+
+A translation of one such circular serves as a specimen of all:
+
+"Spaniards: Long live Spain and honour.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MAINE.]
+
+"What are ye doing that ye allow yourselves to be insulted in this way?
+
+"Do you not see what they have done to us in withdrawing our brave and
+beloved Weyler, who at this very time would have finished with this
+unworthy rebellious rabble, who are trampling on our flag and our honour?
+
+"Autonomy is imposed on us so as to thrust us to one side and to give
+posts of honour and authority to those who initiated this rebellion, these
+ill-born autonomists, ungrateful sons of our beloved country.
+
+"And, finally, these Yankee hogs who meddle in our affairs humiliate us to
+the last degree, and for still greater taunt order to us one of the ships
+of war of their rotten squadron, after insulting us in their newspapers
+and driving us from our homes.
+
+"Spaniards, the moment of action has arrived. Sleep not. Let us show these
+vile traitors that we have not yet lost shame and that we know how to
+protect ourselves with energy befitting a nation worthy and strong as our
+Spain is and always will be.
+
+"Death to Americans. Death to autonomy.
+
+"Long live Spain!
+
+"Long live Weyler!"
+
+
+
+At eight o'clock on the evening of February 15th all the magazines aboard
+the battle-ship were closed, and the keys delivered to her commander
+according to the rules of the service.
+
+An hour and a half later Lieut. John J. Blandin was on watch as officer of
+the deck; Captain Sigsbee sat in his cabin writing letters; on the
+starboard side of the ship, made fast to the boom, was the steam cutter,
+with her crew on board waiting to make the regular ten o'clock trip to the
+shore to bring off such of the officers or crew as were on leave of
+absence.
+
+The night was unusually dark; great banks of thick clouds hung over the
+city and harbour; the ripple of the waves against the hulls of the vessels
+at anchor, and the subdued hum of voices, alone broke the silence. The
+lights here and there, together with the dark tracery of spar and cordage
+against the sky, was all that betokened the presence of war-ship or
+peaceful merchantman.
+
+Suddenly, and when the silence was most profound, the watch on board the
+steamer _City of Washington_, and some sailors ashore, saw what appeared
+to be a sheet of fire flash up in the water directly beneath the _Maine_,
+and even as the blinding glare was in their eyes came a mighty, confused
+rumble as of grinding and rending, followed an instant later by a roar as
+if a volcano had sprung into activity beneath the waves of the harbour.
+
+Then was flung high in the air what might be likened to a shaft of fire
+filled with fragments of iron, wood, and human flesh, rising higher and
+higher until its force was spent, when it fell outwardly as falls a column
+of water broken by the wind.
+
+The earth literally trembled; the air suddenly became heavy with stifling
+smoke. Electric lights on shore were extinguished; the tinkling of
+breaking glass could be heard everywhere in that portion of the city
+nearest the harbour.
+
+When the shower of fragments and of fire ceased to fall a dense blackness
+enshrouded the harbour, from the midst of which could be heard cries of
+agony, appeals for help, and the shouts of those who, even while
+struggling to save their own lives, would cheer their comrades.
+
+After this, and no man could have said how many seconds passed while the
+confusing, bewildering blackness lay heavy over that scene of death and
+destruction, long tongues of flame burst up from the torn and splintered
+decks of the doomed battle-ship, a signal of distress, as well as a beacon
+for those who would succour the dying.
+
+Captain Sigsbee, recovering in the briefest space of time from the
+bewilderment of the shock, ran out of the cabin toward the deck, groping
+his way as best he might in the darkness through the long passage until he
+came upon the marine orderly, William Anthony, who was at his post of duty
+near the captain's quarters.
+
+It was a moment full of horror all the more intense because unknown, but
+the soldier, mindful even then of his duty, saluting, said in the tone of
+one who makes an ordinary report:
+
+"Sir, I have to inform you that the ship has been blown up, and is
+sinking."
+
+"Follow me," the captain replied, acknowledging his subordinate's salute,
+and the two pressed forward through the blackness and suffocating vapour.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin, officer of the deck, was sitting on the starboard side
+of the quarter-deck when the terrible upheaval began, and was knocked down
+by a piece of cement hurled from the lowermost portion of the ship's
+frame, perhaps; but, leaping quickly to his feet, he ran to the poop that
+he might be at his proper station when the supreme moment came.
+
+Lieut. Friend W. Jenkins was in the junior officers' mess-room when the
+first of a battle-ship's death-throes was felt, and as soon as possible
+made his way toward the deck, encouraging some of the bewildered marines
+to make a brave fight for life; but he never joined his comrades.
+
+Assistant Engineer Darwin R. Merritt and Naval Cadet Boyd together ran
+toward the hatch, but only to find the ladder gone. Boyd climbed through,
+and then did his best to aid Merritt; but his efforts were vain, and the
+engineer went down with his ship.
+
+It seemed as if only the merest fraction of time elapsed before the
+uninjured survivors were gathered on the poop-deck. Forward of them, where
+a moment previous had been the main-deck, was a huge mass looming up in
+the darkness like some threatening promontory.
+
+On the starboard quarter hung the gig, and opposite her, on the port side,
+was the barge.
+
+During the first two or three seconds only muffled, gurgling, choking
+exclamations were heard indistinctly; and then, when the terrible
+vibrations of the air ceased, cries for help went up from every quarter.
+
+Lieutenant Blandin says, in describing those few but terrible moments:
+
+"Captain Sigsbee ordered that the gig and the launch be lowered, and the
+officers and men, who by this time had assembled, got the boats out and
+rescued a number in the water.
+
+"Captain Sigsbee ordered Lieut.-Commander Wainwright forward to see the
+extent of the damage, and if anything could be done to rescue those
+forward, or to extinguish the flames which followed close upon the
+explosion and burned fiercely as long as there were any combustibles above
+water to feed them.
+
+"Lieut.-Commander Wainwright on his return reported the total and awful
+character of the calamity, and Captain Sigsbee gave the last sad order,
+'Abandon ship,' to men overwhelmed with grief indeed, but calm and
+apparently unexcited."
+
+The quiet, yet at the same time sharp, words of command from the captain
+aroused his officers from the stupefaction of horror which had begun to
+creep over them, and this handful of men, who even then were standing face
+to face with death, set about aiding their less fortunate companions.
+
+As soon as they could be manned, boats put off from the vessels in the
+harbour, and the work of rescue was continued until all the torn and
+mangled bodies in which life yet remained had been taken from the water.
+
+Capt. H. H. Woods, of the British steamer _Thurston_, was among the first
+in this labour of mercy, and concerning it he says:
+
+"My vessel was within half a mile of the _Maine_, and my small boat was
+the first to gain the wreck. It is beyond my power to describe the
+explosion. It was awful. It paralysed the intellect for a few moments. The
+cries that came over the water awakened us to a realisation that some
+great tragedy had occurred.
+
+"I made all haste to the wreck. There were very few men in the water. All
+told, I do not believe there were thirty. We picked up some of them and
+passed them on to other vessels, and then continued our work of rescue.
+
+"The sight was appalling. Dismembered legs and trunks of bodies were
+floating about, together with pieces of clothing, boxes of meats, and all
+sorts of wreckage. Now and then the agonised cry of some poor suffering
+fellow could be heard above the tumult.
+
+"One grand figure stood out in all the terrible scene. That was Captain
+Sigsbee. Every American has reason to be proud of that officer. He seemed
+to have realised in an instant all that happened. Not for a moment did he
+show evidence of excitement. He alone was cool. Discipline? Why, man, the
+discipline was there as strong as ever, despite the fact that all around
+was death and disaster."
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN SIGSBEE.]
+
+The commander of the _Maine_ was the last to leave the wreck, and then all
+that was left of the mighty ship was beginning to settle in the slime and
+putrefaction which covers the bottom of Havana harbour.
+
+Calmly, with the same observance of etiquette as if they had been
+assisting at some social function, the officers took their respective
+places in the boats, and, amid a silence born of deepest grief, rowed a
+short distance from the rent and riven mass so lately their post of duty.
+
+A gentleman from Chicago, a guest at the Grand Hotel, was seated in front
+of the building when the explosion occurred.
+
+"It was followed by another and a much louder one," he said. "We thought
+the whole city had been blown to pieces. Some said the insurgents were
+entering Havana. Others cried out that Morro Castle was blown up.
+
+"On the Prado is a large cab-stand. One minute after the explosion was
+heard the cabmen cracked their whips and went rattling over the
+cobblestones like crazy men. The fire department turned out, and bodies of
+cavalry and infantry rushed through the streets. There was no sleep in
+Havana that night."
+
+
+
+Soon after the disaster Admiral Manterola and General Solano put off to
+the wreck, and offered their services to Captain Sigsbee.
+
+There were many wonderful escapes from death. One of the ward-room cooks
+was thrown outboard into the water.
+
+A Japanese sailor was blown into the air, and, falling in the sea, was
+picked up alive.
+
+One seaman was sleeping in a yawl hanging at the davits. The boat was
+crushed like an egg-shell; but the sailor fell overboard and was picked up
+unhurt.
+
+Three men were doing punishment watch on the port quarter-deck, and thus
+probably escaped death.
+
+One sailor swam about until help came, although both his legs were broken.
+Another had the bones of his ankle crushed, and yet managed to keep
+afloat.
+
+Two hours or more passed before the unsubmerged, wooden portion of the
+wreck had been consumed by the flames, and at 11.30 P. M. the smoke-stacks
+of the ill-fated ship fell.
+
+On board the steamer _City of Washington_, two boats were literally
+riddled by fragments of the _Maine_ which fell after the explosion, and
+among them was an iron truss which, crashing through the pantry,
+demolished the tableware.
+
+When morning came the wreck was the central figure of an otherwise bright
+picture, sad as it was terrible. The huge mass of flame-charred debris
+forward looked as if it had been thrown up from a subterranean storehouse
+of fused cement, steel, wood, and iron.
+
+Further aft, one military mast protruded at a slight angle from the
+perpendicular, while the poop afforded a resting-place for the workmen or
+divers.
+
+Of the predominant white which distinguishes our war-vessels in time of
+peace, not a vestige remained. In its place was the blackness of
+desolating death, marking the spot where two hundred and sixty-six brave
+men had gone over into the Beyond.
+
+The total loss to the government as a result of the disaster was
+officially pronounced to be $4,689,261.31. This embraced the cost of hull,
+machinery, equipment, armour, gun protection and armament, both in main
+and secondary batteries. It included the cost of ammunition, shells,
+current supplies, coal, and, in short, the entire outfit.
+
+The pet of the _Maine's_ crew, a big cat, was found next morning, perched
+on a fragment of a truss which yet remained above the water, and near her,
+as if seeking companionship, was the captain's dog, Peggy.
+
+Consul-General Lee cabled from Havana on the afternoon of the sixteenth:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Profound sorrow is expressed by the government and municipal authorities,
+consuls of foreign nations, organised bodies of all sorts, and citizens
+generally.
+
+"Flags are at half-mast on the governor-general's palace, on shipping in
+the harbour, and in the city.
+
+"Business is suspended, and the theatres are closed."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+On the afternoon of the seventeenth the bodies which had been found up to
+that time were buried in Havana with military honours, two companies of
+Spanish sailors from the cruiser _Alphonso XII._ acting as escort.
+
+A board of inquiry, composed of Capt. W. T. Sampson of the U. S. S. _Iowa_
+as presiding officer, Commander Adolph Marix as judge advocate, Capt. F.
+E. Chadwick, and Commander W. P. Potter, all of the _New York_, was
+convened, and on March 28th President McKinley sent a message to Congress,
+the conclusion of which was as follows:
+
+"The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our country with crushing
+force, and for a brief time an intense excitement prevailed, which in a
+community less just and self-controlled than ours might have led to hasty
+acts of blind resentment.
+
+"This spirit, however, soon gave way to calmer processes of reason, and to
+the resolve to investigate the facts and await material proof before
+forming a judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if the facts
+warranted, the remedy due. This course necessarily recommended itself from
+the outset to the executive, for only in the light of a dispassionately
+ascertained certainty will it determine the nature and measure of its full
+duty in the matter.
+
+"The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of casualty or disaster
+to national vessels of any maritime state.
+
+"A naval court of inquiry was at once organised, composed of officers well
+qualified by rank and practical experience to discharge the onerous duty
+imposed upon them.
+
+"Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, the court proceeded to
+make a thorough investigation on the spot, employing every available means
+for impartial and exact determination of the causes of the explosion. Its
+operations have been conducted with the utmost deliberation and judgment,
+and, while independently pursued, no source of information was neglected,
+and the fullest opportunity was allowed for a simultaneous investigation
+by the Spanish authorities.
+
+"The finding of the court of inquiry was reached, after twenty-three days
+of continuous labour, on the twenty-first of March instant, and, having
+been approved on the twenty-second by the commander-in-chief of the United
+States naval force in the North Atlantic station, was transmitted to the
+executive.
+
+"It is herewith laid before the Congress, together with the voluminous
+testimony taken before the court.
+
+"The conclusions of the court are: That the loss of the _Maine_ was not in
+any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers
+or members of her crew.
+
+"That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which
+caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines; and
+that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for the
+destruction of the _Maine_ upon any person or persons.
+
+"I have directed that the finding of the court of inquiry and the views of
+this government thereon be communicated to the government of her majesty,
+the queen regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that the sense of
+justice of the Spanish nation will dictate a course of action suggested by
+honour and the friendly relations of the two governments.
+
+"It will be the duty of the executive to advise the Congress of the
+result, and in the meantime deliberate consideration is invoked."
+
+
+
+It was the preface to a mustering of the boys of '61 who had worn the blue
+or the gray, this tragedy in the harbour of Havana, and, when the
+government gave permission, the boys of '98 came forward many and many a
+thousand strong to emulate the deeds of their fathers--the boys of '61--who,
+although the hand of Time had been laid heavily upon them, panted to
+participate in the punishment of those who were responsible for the
+slaughter of American sailors within the shadow of Morro Castle.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+
+                            THE PRELIMINARIES.
+
+
+War between two nations does not begin suddenly. The respective
+governments are exceedingly ceremonious before opening the "game of
+death," and it is not to be supposed that the United States commenced
+hostilities immediately after the disaster to the _Maine_ in the harbour
+of Havana.
+
+To tell the story of the war which ensued, without first giving in regular
+order the series of events which marked the preparations for hostilities,
+would be much like relating an adventure without explaining why the hero
+was brought into the situation.
+
+It is admitted that, as a rule, details, and especially those of a
+political nature, are dry reading; but once take into consideration the
+fact that they all aid in giving a clearer idea of how one nation begins
+hostilities with another, and much of the tediousness may be forgiven.
+
+Just previous to the disaster to the _Maine_, during the last days of
+January or the first of February, Senor Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish
+minister at Washington, wrote a private letter to the editor of the Madrid
+_Herald_, Senor Canalejas, who was his intimate friend, in which he made
+some uncomplimentary remarks regarding the President of the United States,
+and intimated that Spain was not sincere in certain commercial
+negotiations which were then being carried on between the two countries.
+
+By some means, not yet fully explained, certain Cubans got possession of
+this letter, and caused it to be published in the newspapers. Senor de
+Lome did not deny having written the objectionable matter; but claimed
+that, since it was a private communication, it should not affect him
+officially. The Secretary of State instructed General Woodford, our
+minister at Madrid, to demand that the Spanish government immediately
+recall Minister de Lome, and to state that, if he was not relieved from
+duty within twenty-four hours, the President would issue to him his
+passports, which is but another way of ordering a foreign minister out of
+the country.
+
+_February 9._ Senor de Lome made all haste to resign, and the resignation
+was accepted by his government before--so it was claimed by the Spanish
+authorities--President McKinley's demand for the recall was received.
+
+_February 15._ The de Lome incident was a political matter which caused
+considerable diplomatic correspondence; but it was overshadowed when the
+battle-ship _Maine_ was blown up in the harbour of Havana.
+
+  [Illustration: EX-MINISTER DE LOME.]
+
+As has already been said, the United States government at once ordered a
+court of inquiry to ascertain the cause of the disaster, and this,
+together with the search for the bodies of the drowned crew, was
+prosecuted with utmost vigour.
+
+Very many of the people in the United States believed that Spanish
+officials were chargeable with the terrible crime, while those who were
+not disposed to make such exceedingly serious accusation insisted that the
+Spanish government was responsible for the safety of the vessel,--that she
+had been destroyed by outside agencies in a friendly harbour. In the
+newspapers, on the streets, in all public places, the American people
+spoke of the possibility of war, and the officials of the government set
+to work as if, so it would seem, they also were confident there would be
+an open rupture between the two nations.
+
+_February 28._ In Congress, Representative Gibson of Tennessee introduced
+a bill appropriating twenty million dollars "for the maintenance of
+national honour and defence." Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, introduced
+a similar resolution, appropriating a like amount of money "to place the
+naval strength of the country upon a proper footing for immediate
+hostilities with any foreign power." On the same day orders were issued to
+the commandant at Fort Barrancas, Florida, directing him to send men to
+man the guns at Santa Rosa Island, opposite Pensacola.
+
+_February 28._ Senor Louis Polo y Bernabe, appointed minister in the place
+of Senor de Lome, who resigned, sailed from Gibraltar.
+
+By the end of February the work of preparing the vessels at the different
+navy yards for sea was being pushed forward with the utmost rapidity, and
+munitions of war were distributed hurriedly among the forts and
+fortifications, as if the officials of the War Department believed that
+hostilities might be begun at any moment.
+
+Nor was it only within the borders of this country that such preparations
+were making. A despatch from Shanghai to London reported that the United
+States squadron, which included the cruisers _Olympia_, _Boston_,
+_Raleigh_, _Concord_, and _Petrel_, were concentrating at Hongkong, with a
+view of active operations against Manila, in the Philippine Islands, in
+event of war.
+
+At about the same time came news from Spain telling that the Spanish were
+making ready for hostilities. An exceptionally large number of artisans
+were at work preparing for sea battle-ships, cruisers, and torpedo-boat
+destroyers. The cruisers _Oquendo_ and _Vizcaya_, with the torpedo-boat
+destroyers _Furor_ and _Terror_, were already on their way to Cuba, where
+were stationed the _Alphonso XII._, the _Infanta Isabel_, and the _Nueva
+Espana_, together with twelve gunboats of about three hundred tons each,
+and eighteen vessels of two hundred and fifty tons each.
+
+The United States naval authorities decided that heavy batteries should be
+placed on all the revenue cutters built within the previous twelve months,
+and large quantities of high explosives were shipped in every direction.
+
+During the early days of March, Senor Gullon, Spanish Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, intimated to Minister Woodford that the Spanish government
+desired the recall from Havana of Consul-General Lee.
+
+Spain also intimated that the American war-ships, which had been
+designated to convey supplies to Cuba for the relief of the sufferers
+there, should be replaced by merchant vessels, in order to deprive the
+assistance sent to the reconcentrados of an official character.
+
+Minister Woodford cabled such requests to the government at Washington, to
+which it replied by refusing to recall General Lee under the present
+circumstances, or to countermand the orders for the despatch of
+war-vessels, making the representation that relief vessels are not
+fighting ships.
+
+_March 5._ Secretary Long closed a contract for the delivery at Key West,
+within forty days, of four hundred thousand tons of coal. Work was begun
+upon the old monitors, which for years had been lying at League Island
+navy yard, Philadelphia. Orders were sent to the Norfolk navy yard to
+concentrate all the energies and fidelities of the yard on the cruiser
+_Newark_, to the end that she might be ready for service within sixty
+days.
+
+_March 6._ The President made a public statement that under no
+circumstances would Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee be recalled at the request
+of Spain. He had borne himself, so it was stated from the White House,
+throughout the crisis with judgment, fidelity, and courage, to the
+President's entire satisfaction. As to supplies for the relief of the
+Cuban people, all arrangements had been made to carry consignments at once
+from Key West by one of the naval vessels, whichever might be best adapted
+and most available for the purpose, to Matanzas and Sagua.
+
+_March 6._ Chairman Cannon of the House appropriations committee
+introduced a resolution that fifty millions of dollars be appropriated for
+the national defence. It was passed almost immediately, without a single
+negative vote.
+
+Significant was the news of the day. The cruiser _Montgomery_ had been
+ordered to Havana. Brigadier-General Wilson, chief of the engineers of the
+army, arrived at Key West from Tampa with his corps of men, who were in
+charge of locating and firing submarine mines.
+
+_March 10._ The newly appointed Spanish minister arrived at Washington.
+
+_March 11._ The House committee on naval affairs authorised the immediate
+construction of three battle-ships, one to be named the _Maine_, and
+provided for an increase of 473 men in the marine force.
+
+The despatch-boat _Fern_ sailed for Matanzas with supplies for the relief
+of starving Cubans.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTGOMERY.]
+
+News by cable was received from the Philippine Islands to the effect that
+the rebellion there had broken out once more; the whole of the northern
+province had revolted; the inhabitants refused to pay taxes, and the
+insurgents appeared to be well supplied with arms and ammunition.
+
+_March 12._ Senor Bernabe was presented to President McKinley, and laid
+great stress upon the love which Spain bore for the United States.
+
+_March 14._ The Spanish flying squadron, composed of three torpedo-boats,
+set sail from Cadiz, bound for Porto Rico. Although this would seem to be
+good proof that the Spanish government anticipated war with the United
+States, Senor Bernabe made two demands upon this government on the day
+following the receipt of such news. The first was that the United States
+fleet at Key West and Tortugas be withdrawn, and the second, that an
+explanation be given as to why two war-ships had been purchased abroad.
+
+_March 17._ A bill was submitted to both houses of Congress reorganising
+the army, and placing it on a war footing of one hundred and four thousand
+men. Senator Proctor made a significant speech in the Senate, on the
+condition of affairs in Cuba. He announced himself as being opposed to
+annexation, and declared that the Cubans were "suffering under the worst
+misgovernment in the world." The public generally accepted his remarks as
+having been sanctioned by the President, and understood them as indicating
+that this country should recognise the independence of Cuba on the ground
+that the people are capable of self-government, and that under no other
+conditions could peace or prosperity be restored in the island.
+
+_March 17._ The more important telegraphic news from Spain was to the
+effect that the Minister of Marine had cabled the commander of the torpedo
+flotilla at the Canaries not to proceed to Havana; that the government
+arsenal was being run night and day in the manufacture of small arms, and
+that infantry and cavalry rifles were being purchased in Germany.
+
+The United States revenue cutter cruiser _McCulloch_ was ordered to
+proceed from Aden, in the Red Sea, to Hongkong, in order that she might be
+attached to the Asiatic squadron, if necessary.
+
+_March 18._ The cruiser _Amazonas_, purchased from the Brazilian
+government, was formally transferred to the United States at Gravesend,
+England, to be known in the future as the _New Orleans_.
+
+_March 19._ The _Maine_ court of inquiry concluded its work. The general
+sentiments of the people, as voiced by the newspapers, were that war with
+Spain was near at hand, and this belief was strengthened March 24th, when
+authority was given by the Navy Department for unlimited enlistment in all
+grades of the service, when the revenue service was transferred from the
+Treasury to the Naval Department, and arrangements made for the quick
+employment of the National Guards of the States and Territories.
+
+_March 24._ The report of the _Maine_ court of inquiry arrived at
+Washington.
+
+_March 27._ Madrid correspondents of Berlin newspapers declared that war
+with the United States was next to certain. The United States cruisers
+_San Francisco_ and _New Orleans_ sailed from England for New York, and
+the active work of mining the harbours of the United States coast was
+begun.
+
+_March 28._ The President sent to Congress, with a message, the report of
+the _Maine_ court of inquiry, as has been stated in a previous chapter.
+
+_March 29._ Resolutions declaring war on Spain, and recognising the
+independence of Cuba, were introduced in both houses of Congress.
+
+With the beginning of April it was to the public generally as if the war
+had already begun.
+
+In every city, town, or hamlet throughout the country the newspapers were
+scanned eagerly for notes of warlike preparation, and from Washington,
+sent by those who were in position to know what steps were being taken by
+the government, came information which dashed the hopes of those who had
+been praying that peace might not be broken.
+
+There had been a conference between the President, the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and the chairman of the committee on ways and means, regarding
+the best methods of raising funds for the carrying on of a war. A joint
+board of the army and navy had met to formulate plans of defence, and a
+speedy report was made to Secretary Long.
+
+Instructions were sent by the State Department to all United States
+consuls in Cuba to be prepared to leave the island at any moment, and to
+hold themselves in readiness to proceed to Havana in order to embark for
+the United States.
+
+_April 2._ A gentleman in touch with public affairs wrote from Washington
+as follows:
+
+"To-day's developments show that there is only the very faintest hope of
+peace. Unless Spain yields war must come. The administration realises that
+as fully as do members of Congress.
+
+"The orders sent by the State Department to all our consuls in Cuba,
+especially those in the interior, to hold themselves in readiness to leave
+their positions and proceed to Havana, show that the department looks upon
+war as a certainty, and has taken all proper precautions for the safety of
+its agents.
+
+"Such an order, it is unnecessary to say, would not have been issued
+unless a crisis was imminent, and the State Department, as well as other
+branches of the government, has now become convinced that peace cannot
+much longer be maintained, and that the safety of the consular agents is a
+first consideration.
+
+"General Lee has also been advised that he should be ready to leave as
+soon as notified, and that the American newspaper correspondents now in
+Havana must prepare themselves to receive the notification of instant
+departure.
+
+"The Secretary of the Navy has instructed the Boston Towboat Company,
+which corporation had charge of the wrecking operations on the U. S. S.
+_Maine_, to suspend work at once. The Secretary of War has authorised an
+allotment of one million dollars from the emergency fund for the office of
+the chief of engineers, and this amount will be expended in purchasing
+material for the torpedo defences connected with the seacoast
+fortifications. The United States naval attache at London has purchased a
+cruiser of eighteen hundred tons displacement, capable of a speed of
+sixteen knots, and the vessel will put to sea immediately. The Spanish
+torpedo flotilla is reported as having arrived at the Cape Verde Islands."
+
+_April 4._ Senators Perkins, Mantle, and Rawlins spoke in the Senate,
+charging Spain with the murder of the sailors of the _Maine_, claiming
+that it was properly an act of war, and insisting that the United States
+should declare for the independence of Cuba and armed intervention.
+
+_April 5._ Senator Chandler announced as his belief that the United States
+was justified in beginning hostilities, and Senators Kenny, Turpie, and
+Turner made powerful speeches in the same line, fiercely denouncing Spain.
+General Woodford was instructed by cable to be prepared to ask of the
+Madrid government his passports at any moment.
+
+Marine underwriters, believing that war was inevitable, doubled their
+rates. The merchants and manufacturers' board of trade of New York
+notified Congress and the President that it believed Spain was responsible
+for the blowing up of the _Maine_; that the independence of Cuba should be
+recognised, and that it should be brought about by force of arms, if
+necessary.
+
+_April 7._ The representatives of six great powers met at the White House
+in the hope of being able to influence the President for peace. In closing
+his address to the diplomats, Mr. McKinley said:
+
+"The government of the United States appreciates the humanitarian and
+disinterested character of the communication now made in behalf of the
+powers named, and for its part is confident that equal appreciation will
+be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavours to fulfil a duty to
+humanity by ending a situation, the indefinite prolongation of which has
+become insufferable."
+
+
+
+Americans made haste to leave Cuba, after learning that Consul-General Lee
+had received orders to set sail from Havana on or before the ninth. The
+American consul at Santiago de Cuba closed the consulate in that city.
+
+Solomon Berlin, appointed consul at the Canary Islands, was, by the State
+Department, ordered not to proceed to his post, and he remained at New
+York.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]
+
+The Spanish consul at Tampa, Florida, left that town for Washington, by
+order of his government.
+
+The following cablegram gives a good idea of the temper of the Spanish
+people:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"London, April 7.--A special dispatch from Madrid says that the ambassadors
+of France, Germany, Russia, and Italy waited together this evening upon
+Senor Gullon, the Foreign Minister, and presented a joint note in the
+interests of peace.
+
+"Senor Gullon, replying, declared that the members of the Spanish Cabinet
+were unanimous in considering that Spain had reached the limit of
+international policy in the direction of conceding the demands and
+allowing the pretensions of the United States."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 9._ Guards about the United States legation in Madrid were trebled.
+General Blanco, captain-general of Cuba, issued a draft order calling on
+every able-bodied man, between the ages of nineteen and forty, to register
+for immediate military duty. At ten o'clock in the morning, Consul-General
+Lee, accompanied by British Consul Gollan, called on General Blanco to bid
+him good-bye. The captain-general was too busy to receive visitors.
+General Lee left the island at six o'clock in the evening.
+
+_April 11._ The President sent a message, together with Consul Lee's
+report, to the Congress, and Senator Chandler thus analysed it:
+
+_First_: A graphic and powerful description of the horrible condition of
+affairs in Cuba.
+
+_Second_: An assertion that the independence of the revolutionists should
+not be recognised until Cuba has achieved its own independence beyond the
+possibility of overthrow.
+
+_Third_: An argument against the recognition of the Cuban republic.
+
+_Fourth_: As to intervention in the interest of humanity, that is well
+enough, and also on account of the injury to commerce and peril to our
+citizens, and the generally uncomfortable conditions all around.
+
+_Fifth_: Illustrative of these uncomfortable conditions is the destruction
+of the _Maine_. It helps make the existing situation intolerable. But
+Spain proposes an arbitration, to which proposition the President has no
+reply.
+
+_Sixth_: On the whole, as the war goes on and Spain cannot end it,
+mediation or intervention must take place. President Cleveland said
+"intervention would finally be necessary." The enforced pacification of
+Cuba must come. The war must stop. Therefore, the President should be
+authorised to terminate hostilities, secure peace, and establish a stable
+government, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States
+to accomplish these results, and food supplies should also be furnished by
+the United States.
+
+_April 12._ Consul-General Lee was summoned before the Senate committee on
+foreign relations. It was announced that the Republican members of the
+ways and means committee had agreed upon a plan for raising revenue in
+case of need to carry on war with Spain. The plan was intended to raise
+more than $100,000,000 additional revenue annually, and was thus
+distributed:
+
+An additional tax on beer of one dollar per barrel, estimated to yield
+$35,000,000; a bank stamp tax on the lines of the law of 1866, estimated
+to yield $30,000,000; a duty of three cents per pound on coffee, and ten
+cents per pound on tea on hand in the United States, estimated to yield
+$28,000,000; additional tax on tobacco, expected to yield $15,000,000.
+
+The committee also agreed to authorise the issuing of $500,000,000 bonds.
+These bonds to be offered for sale at all post-offices in the United
+States in amounts of fifty dollars each, making a great popular loan to be
+absorbed by the people.
+
+To tide over emergencies, the Secretary of the Treasury to be authorised
+to issue treasury certificates.
+
+These certificates or debentures to be used to pay running expenses when
+the revenues do not meet the expenditures.
+
+
+
+These preparations were distinctly war measures, and would be put in
+operation only should war occur.
+
+_April 13._ The House of Representatives passed the following resolutions:
+
+_Whereas_, the government of Spain for three years past has been waging
+war on the island of Cuba against a revolution by the inhabitants thereof,
+without making any substantial progress toward the suppression of said
+revolution, and has conducted the warfare in a manner contrary to the laws
+of nations by methods inhuman and uncivilised, causing the death by
+starvation of more than two hundred thousand innocent non-combatants, the
+victims being for the most part helpless women and children, inflicting
+intolerable injury to the commercial interests of the United States,
+involving the destruction of the lives and property of many of our
+citizens, entailing the expenditure of millions of money in patrolling our
+coasts and policing the high seas in order to maintain our neutrality;
+and,
+
+_Whereas_, this long series of losses, injuries, and burdens for which
+Spain is responsible has culminated in the destruction of the United
+States battle-ship _Maine_ in the harbour of Havana, and the death of two
+hundred and sixty-six of our seamen,--
+
+_Resolved_, That the President is hereby authorised and directed to
+intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba, to the end and with the purpose
+of securing permanent peace and order there, and establishing by the free
+action of the people there of a stable and independent government of their
+own in the island of Cuba; and the President is hereby authorised and
+empowered to use the land and naval forces of the United States to execute
+the purpose of this resolution.
+
+In the Senate the majority resolution reported:
+
+_Whereas_, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three
+years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have been a disgrace
+to Christian civilisation, culminating as they have in the destruction of
+a United States battle-ship with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers
+and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbour of Havana, and cannot
+longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United
+States in his message to Congress on April 11, 1898, upon which the action
+of Congress was invited; therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, First, that the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right
+ought to be, free and independent.
+
+_Second_, That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
+government of the United States does hereby demand, that the government of
+Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of
+Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
+
+_Third_, That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
+directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the
+United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States
+the militia of the several States to such extent as may be necessary, to
+carry these resolutions into effect.
+
+
+
+_April 14._ The Spanish minister at Washington sealed his archives and
+placed them in the charge of the French ambassador, M. Cambon. The queen
+regent of Spain, at a Cabinet meeting, signed a call for the Cortes to
+meet on the twentieth of the month, and a decree opening a national
+subscription for increasing the navy and other war services.
+
+_April 15._ The United States consulate at Malaga, Spain, was attacked by
+a mob, and the shield torn down and trampled upon.
+
+_April 17._ The Spanish committee of inquiry into the destruction of the
+_Maine_ reported that the explosion could not have been caused by a
+torpedo or a mine of any kind, because no trace of anything was found to
+justify such a conclusion. It gave the testimony of two eye-witnesses to
+the catastrophe, who swore that there was absolutely no disturbance on the
+surface of the harbour around the _Maine_. The committee gave great stress
+to the fact that the explosion did no damage to the quays, and none to the
+vessels moored close to the _Maine_, whose officers and crews noticed
+nothing that could lead them to suppose that the disaster was caused
+otherwise than by an accident inside the American vessel.
+
+_April 18._ Congress passed the Senate resolution, as given above, with an
+additional clause as follows:
+
+_Fourth_, That the United States hereby disclaim any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof; and asserts its
+determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and
+control of the island to its people.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER III.
+
+
+                          A DECLARATION OF WAR.
+
+
+All that had been done by the governments of the United States and of
+Spain was indicative of war,--it was virtually a declaration that an appeal
+would be made to arms.
+
+_April 20._ Preparations were making in each country for actual
+hostilities, and the American people were prepared to receive the
+statement made by a gentleman in close touch with high officials, when he
+wrote:
+
+"The United States has thrown down the gage of battle and Spain has picked
+it up.
+
+"The signing by the President of the joint resolutions instructing him to
+intervene in Cuba was no sooner communicated to the Spanish minister than
+he immediately asked the State Department to furnish him with his
+passports.
+
+"It was defiance, prompt and direct.
+
+"It was the shortest and quickest manner for Spain to answer our
+ultimatum.
+
+"Nominally Spain has three days in which to make her reply. Actually that
+reply has already been delivered.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. COLUMBIA.]
+
+"When a nation withdraws her minister from the territory of another it is
+an open announcement to the world that all friendly relations have
+terminated.
+
+"Answers to ultimatums have before this been returned at the cannon's
+mouth. First the minister is withdrawn, then comes the firing. Spain is
+ready to speak through shotted guns.
+
+"And the United States is ready to answer, gun for gun.
+
+"The queen regent opened the Cortes in Madrid yesterday, saying, in her
+speech from the throne: 'I have summoned the Cortes to defend our rights,
+whatever sacrifice they may entail, trusting to the Spanish people to
+gather behind my son's throne. With our glorious army, navy, and nation
+united before foreign aggression, we trust in God that we shall overcome,
+without stain on our honour, the baseless and unjust attacks made on us.'
+
+"Orders were sent last night to Captain Sampson at Key West to have all
+the vessels of his fleet under full steam, ready to move immediately upon
+orders."
+
+The Spanish minister, accompanied by six members of his staff, departed
+from Washington during the evening, after having made a hurried call at
+the French embassy and the Austrian legation, where Spanish interests were
+left in charge, having announced that he would spend several days in
+Toronto, Canada.
+
+_April 21._ The ultimatum of the United States was received at Madrid
+early in the morning, and the government immediately broke off diplomatic
+relations by sending the following communication to Minister Woodford,
+before he could present any note from Washington:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Dear Sir_:--In compliance with a painful duty, I have the honour to
+inform you that there has been sanctioned by the President of the republic
+a resolution of both chambers of the United States, which denies the
+legitimate sovereignty of Spain and threatens armed intervention in Cuba,
+which is equivalent to a declaration of war.
+
+"The government of her majesty have ordered her minister to return without
+loss of time from North American territory, together with all the
+personnel of the legation.
+
+"By this act the diplomatic relations hitherto existing between the two
+countries, and all official communication between their respective
+representatives, cease.
+
+"I am obliged thus to inform you, so that you may make such arrangements
+as you think fit. I beg your excellency to acknowledge receipt of this
+note at such time as you deem proper, taking this opportunity to reiterate
+to you the assurances of my distinguished consideration.
+
+                                                     (Signed) "H. GULLON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Relative to the ultimatum and its reception, the government of this
+country gave out the following information:
+
+"On yesterday, April 20, 1898, about one o'clock P. M., the Department of
+State served notice of the purposes of this government by delivering to
+Minister Polo a copy of an instruction to Minister Woodford, and also a
+copy of the resolutions passed by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant. After the receipt of this notice the Spanish minister
+forwarded to the State Department a request for his passports, which were
+furnished him on yesterday afternoon.
+
+"Copies of the instructions to Woodford are herewith appended. The United
+States minister at Madrid was at the same time instructed to make a like
+communication to the Spanish government.
+
+"This morning the Department received from General Woodford a telegram, a
+copy of which is hereunto attached, showing that the Spanish government
+had broken off diplomatic relations with this government.
+
+"This course renders unnecessary any further diplomatic action on the part
+of the United States.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         "'April 20, 1898.
+
+"'_Woodford, Minister, Madrid_:--You have been furnished with the text of a
+joint resolution, voted by the Congress of the United States on the
+nineteenth instant, approved to-day, in relation to the pacification of
+the island of Cuba. In obedience to that act, the President directs you to
+immediately communicate to the government of Spain said resolution, with
+the formal demand of the government of the United States, that the
+government of Spain at once relinquish her authority and government in the
+island of Cuba, and withdraw her land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban
+waters.
+
+"'In taking this step, the United States disclaims any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said
+island, except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination
+when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the
+island to its people under such free and independent government as they
+may establish.
+
+"'If, by the hour of noon on Saturday next, the twenty-third day of April,
+there be not communicated to this government by that of Spain a full and
+satisfactory response to this demand and resolutions, whereby the ends of
+peace in Cuba shall be assured, the President will proceed without further
+notice to use the power and authority enjoined and conferred upon him by
+the said joint resolution to such an extent as may be necessary to carry
+the same into effect.
+
+                                                               "'SHERMAN.'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"This is Woodford's telegram of this morning:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              "'MADRID, April 21. (Received at 9.02 A. M.)
+
+"'_To Sherman, Washington_:--Early this morning (Tuesday), immediately
+after the receipt of your telegram, and before I communicated the same to
+the Spanish government, the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs notified
+me that diplomatic relations are broken between the two countries, and
+that all official communication between the respective representatives has
+ceased. I accordingly asked for my passports. Have turned the legation
+over to the British embassy, and leave for Paris this afternoon. Have
+notified consuls.
+
+                                                             "'WOODFORD.'"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Spanish newspapers applauded the "energy" of their government, and
+printed the paragraph inserted below as a semi-official statement from the
+throne:
+
+"The Spanish government having received the ultimatum of the President of
+the United States, considers that the document constitutes a declaration
+of war against Spain, and that the proper form to be adopted is not to
+make any further reply, but to await the expiration of the time mentioned
+in the ultimatum before opening hostilities. In the meantime the Spanish
+authorities have placed their possessions in a state of defence, and their
+fleet is already on its way to meet that of the United States."
+
+_April 21._ General Woodford left Madrid late in the afternoon, and
+although an enormous throng of citizens were gathered at the railway
+station to witness his departure, no indignities were attempted. The
+people of Madrid professed the greatest enthusiasm for war, and the
+general opinion among the masses was that Spain would speedily vanquish
+the United States.
+
+In Havana, in response to the manifesto from the palace, the citizens
+began early to decorate the public buildings and many private residences,
+balconies, and windows with the national colours. A general illumination
+followed, as on the occasion of a great national festivity. Early in the
+evening no less than eight thousand demonstrators filled the square
+opposite the palace, a committee entering and tendering to the
+captain-general, in the name of all, their estates, property, and lives in
+aid of the government, and pledging their readiness to fight the invader.
+
+General Blanco thanked them in the name of the king, the queen regent and
+the imperial and colonial governments, assuring them that he would do
+everything in his power to prevent the invaders from setting foot in Cuba.
+"Otherwise I shall not live," he said, in conclusion. "Do you swear to
+follow me to the fight?"
+
+"Yes, yes, we do!" the crowd answered.
+
+"Do you swear to give the last drop of blood in your veins before letting
+a foreigner step his foot on the land we discovered, and place his yoke
+upon the people we civilised?"
+
+"Yes, yes, we do!"
+
+"The enemy's fleet is almost at Morro Castle, almost at the doors of
+Havana," General Blanco added. "They have money; but we have blood to
+shed, and we are ready to shed it. We will throw them into the sea!"
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN-GENERAL BLANCO.]
+
+The people interrupted him with cries of applause, and he finished his
+speech by shouting "_Viva Espana!_" "_Viva el Rey!_" "Long live the army,
+the navy, and the volunteers!"
+
+
+
+The Congress of the United States passed a joint resolution authorising
+the President, in his discretion, to prohibit the exportation of coal and
+other war material. The measure was of great importance, because through
+it was prevented the shipment of coal to ports in the West Indies where it
+might be used by Spain.
+
+_April 22._ At half past five o'clock in the morning the vessels composing
+the North Atlantic Squadron put to sea from Key West. The flag-ship _New
+York_ led the way. Close behind her steamed the _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_.
+Following the war-ships came the gunboat _Machias_, and then the
+_Newport_. The _Amphitrite_, the first of the fleet, lying close to shore,
+steamed out after the _Machias_, and then followed in order the
+_Nashville_, the _Wilmington_, the _Castine_, the _Cincinnati_, and the
+other boats of the fleet, save the monitors _Terror_ and _Puritan_, which
+were coaling, the cruiser _Marblehead_, the despatch-boat _Dolphin_, and
+the gunboat _Helena_.
+
+After getting out of sight of land the flag of a rear-admiral was hoisted
+over the _New York_, indicating to the fleet that Captain Sampson was
+acting as a rear-admiral. When in the open sea the fleet was divided into
+three divisions. The _New York_, _Iowa_, and _Indiana_ had the position of
+honour. Stretching out to the right were the _Montgomery_, _Wilmington_,
+_Newport_, and smaller craft; to the left was the _Nashville_ in the lead,
+followed by the _Cincinnati_, _Castine_, _Machias_, _Mayflower_, and some
+of the torpedo-boats.
+
+At seven o'clock in the morning the first gun of the war was fired. The
+_Nashville_, which had been sailing at about six knots an hour, in
+obedience to orders, suddenly swung out of line. Clouds of black smoke
+poured from her long, slim stacks, her speed was gradually increased until
+the water ascended in fine spray on each side of the bow, and behind her
+trailed out a long, creamy streak on the quiet waters.
+
+She was headed for a Spanish merchantman, which was then about half a mile
+away, apparently paying no heed to the monsters of war.
+
+A shot from one of the 4-pounders was sent across the stranger's bow, and
+then, no attention having been paid to it, a 6-inch gun was discharged.
+This last shot struck the water and bounded along the surface a mile or
+more, sending up great clouds of spray.
+
+The Spaniard wisely concluded to heave to, and within five minutes a boat
+was lowered from the _Nashville_ to put on board the first prize a crew of
+six men, under command of Ensign Magruder.
+
+The captured vessel was the _Buena Ventura_, of 1,741 tons burthen; laden
+with lumber, valued at eleven thousand dollars, and carrying a deck-load
+of cattle.
+
+The record of this first day of hostilities was not to end with one
+capture.
+
+Late in the afternoon, almost within gunshot of the Cuban shore, while the
+United States fleet was standing toward Havana, with the _Mayflower_ a
+mile or more in advance of the flag-ship _New York_, the merchant
+steamship _Pedro_ hove in sight. The _Mayflower_ suddenly swung sharply to
+the westward, and a moment later a string of butterfly flags went
+fluttering to her masthead.
+
+The _New York_ flung her answering pennant to the breeze, and, making
+another signal to the fleet, which probably meant "Stay where you are
+until I get back," swung her bow to the westward and went racing for the
+game that the _Mayflower_ had sighted. The big cruiser dashed forward,
+smoke trailing in dense masses from each of her three big funnels, a hill
+of foam around her bow, and in her wake a swell like a tidal wave. It was
+a winning pace, and a magnificent sight she presented as she dashed
+through the choppy seas with never an undulation of her long, graceful
+hull.
+
+When she was well inshore a puff of smoke came from the bow of the
+cruiser, followed by a dull report, then another and another, until four
+shots had been sent from one of the small, rapid-fire guns. The Spanish
+steamer, probably believing the pursuing craft carried no heavier guns,
+was trying to keep at a safe distance until the friendly darkness of night
+should hide her from view. During sixty seconds or more the big cruiser
+held her course in silence, and then her entire bow was hidden from the
+spectators in a swirl of white smoke as a main battery gun roared out its
+demand.
+
+The whizzing shell spoke plainly to the Spanish craft, and had hardly more
+than flung up a column of water a hundred yards or less in front of the
+merchantman before she was hastily rounded to with her engines reversed.
+
+A prize crew under Ensign Marble was thrown on board, and the steamer
+_Pedro_, twenty-eight hundred tons burthen, suddenly had a change of
+commanders.
+
+_April 22._ The President issued a proclamation announcing a blockade of
+Cuban ports, and also signed the bill providing for the utilising of
+volunteer forces in times of war.
+
+The foreign news of immediate interest to the people of the United States
+was, first, from Havana, that Captain-General Blanco had published a
+decree confirming his previous decree, and declaring the island to be in a
+state of war.
+
+He also annulled his former similar decrees granting pardon to insurgents,
+and placed under martial law all those who were guilty of treason,
+espionage, crimes against peace or against the independence of the nation,
+seditious revolts, attacks against the form of government or against the
+authorities, and against those who disturb public order, though only by
+means of printed matter.
+
+From Madrid came the information that during the evening a throng of no
+less than six thousand people, carrying flags and shouting "_Viva
+Espana!_" "We want war!" and "Down with the Yankees!" burned the stars and
+stripes in front of the residence of Senor Sagasta, the premier, who was
+accorded an ovation. The mob then went to the residence of M. Patenotre,
+the French ambassador, and insisted that he should make his appearance,
+but the French ambassador was not at home.
+
+  [Illustration: PREMIER SAGASTA.]
+
+Correspondents at Hongkong announced that Admiral Dewey had ordered the
+commanders of the vessels composing his squadron to be in readiness for an
+immediate movement against the Philippine Islands.
+
+_April 23._ The President issued a proclamation calling for one hundred
+and twenty-five thousand volunteer soldiers.
+
+In the new war tariff bill a loan of $500,000,000 was provided for in the
+form of three per cent. 10-20 bonds.
+
+The third capture of a Spanish vessel was made early in the morning by the
+torpedo-boat _Ericsson_. The fishing-boat _Perdito_ was sighted making for
+Havana harbour, and overhauled only when she was directly under the guns
+of Morro Castle, where a single shot from the fortification might have
+sunk either craft. After a prize-crew had been put on board Rear-Admiral
+Sampson decided to turn her loose, and so she was permitted to return to
+Havana to spread the news of the blockade.
+
+During the afternoon the rum-laden schooner _Mathilde_ was taken, after a
+lively chase, by the torpedo-boat _Porter_. Between five and six o'clock
+in the evening the torpedo-boat _Foote_, Lieut. W. L. Rodgers commanding,
+received the first Spanish fire.
+
+She was taking soundings in the harbour of Matanzas, and had approached
+within two or three hundred yards of the shore, when suddenly a masked
+battery on the east side of the harbour, and not far distant from the
+_Foote_, fired three shots at the torpedo-boat. The missiles went wide of
+the mark, and the _Foote_ leisurely returned to the _Cincinnati_ to report
+the result of her work.
+
+At Hongkong the United States consul notified Governor Blake of the
+British colony that the American fleet would leave the harbour in
+forty-eight hours, and that no warlike stores, or more coal than would be
+necessary to carry the vessels to the nearest home port, would be shipped.
+
+The United States demanded of Portugal, the owner of the Cape Verde
+Islands, that, in accordance with international law, she send the Spanish
+war-ships away from St. Vincent, or require them to remain in that port
+during the war.
+
+_April 24._ The following decree was gazetted in Madrid:
+
+"Diplomatic relations are broken off between Spain and the United States,
+and a state of war being begun between the two countries, numerous
+questions of international law arise, which must be precisely defined
+chiefly because the injustice and provocation came from our adversaries,
+and it is they who by their detestable conduct have caused this great
+conflict."
+
+The royal decree then states that Spain maintains her right to have
+recourse to privateering, and announces that for the present only
+auxiliary cruisers will be fitted out. All treaties with the United States
+are annulled; thirty days are given to American ships to leave Spanish
+ports, and the rules Spain will observe during the war are outlined in
+five clauses, covering neutral flags and goods contraband of war; what
+will be considered a blockade; the right of search, and what constitutes
+contraband of war, ending with saying that foreign privateers will be
+regarded as pirates.
+
+Continuing, the decree declared: "We have observed with the strictest
+fidelity the principles of international law, and have shown the most
+scrupulous respect for morality and the right of government.
+
+"There is an opinion that the fact that we have not adhered to the
+declaration of Paris does not exempt us from the duty of respecting the
+principles therein enunciated. The principle Spain unquestionably refused
+to admit then was the abolition of privateering.
+
+"The government now considers it most indispensable to make absolute
+reserve on this point, in order to maintain our liberty of action and
+uncontested right to have recourse to privateering when we consider it
+expedient, first, by organising immediately a force of cruisers, auxiliary
+to the navy, which will be composed of vessels of our mercantile marine,
+and with equal distinction in the work of our navy.
+
+"_Clause 1_: The state of war existing between Spain and the United States
+annuls the treaty of peace and amity of October 27, 1795, and the protocol
+of January 12, 1877, and all other agreements, treaties, or conventions in
+force between the two countries.
+
+"_Clause 2_: From the publication of these presents, thirty days are
+granted to all ships of the United States anchored in our harbours to take
+their departure free of hindrance.
+
+"_Clause 3_: Notwithstanding that Spain has not adhered to the declaration
+of Paris, the government, respecting the principles of the law of nations,
+proposes to observe, and hereby orders to be observed, the following
+regulations of maritime laws:
+
+"_One_: Neutral flags cover the enemy's merchandise, except contraband of
+war.
+
+"_Two_: Neutral merchandise, except contraband of war, is not seizable
+under the enemy's flag.
+
+"_Three_: A blockade, to be obligatory, must be effective; viz., it must
+be maintained with sufficient force to prevent access to the enemy's
+littoral.
+
+"_Four_: The Spanish government, upholding its rights to grant letters of
+marque, will at present confine itself to organising, with the vessels of
+the mercantile marine, a force of auxiliary cruisers which will cooeperate
+with the navy, according to the needs of the campaign, and will be under
+naval control.
+
+"_Five_: In order to capture the enemy's ships, and confiscate the enemy's
+merchandise and contraband of war under whatever form, the auxiliary
+cruisers will exercise the right of search on the high seas, and in the
+waters under the enemy's jurisdiction, in accordance with international
+law and the regulations which will be published.
+
+"_Six_: Defines what is included in contraband of war, naming weapons,
+ammunition, equipments, engines, and, in general, all the appliances used
+in war.
+
+"_Seven_: To be regarded and judged as pirates, with all the rigour of the
+law, are captains, masters, officers, and two-thirds of the crew of
+vessels, which, not being American, shall commit acts of war against
+Spain, even if provided with letters of marque by the United States."
+
+_April 24._ The U. S. S. _Helena_ captured the steamer _Miguel Jover_. The
+U. S. S. _Detroit_ captured the steamer _Catalania_; the _Wilmington_ took
+the schooner _Candidor_; the _Winona_ made a prize of the steamer
+_Saturnia_, and the _Terror_ brought in the schooners _Saco_ and _Tres
+Hermanes_.
+
+_April 25._ Early in the day the President sent the following message to
+Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"I transmit to the Congress, for its consideration and appropriate action,
+copies of correspondence recently had with the representatives of Spain
+and the United States, with the United States minister at Madrid, through
+the latter with government of Spain, showing the action taken under the
+joint resolution approved April 20, 1898, 'For the recognition of the
+independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain
+relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and
+withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and
+directing the President of the United States to carry these resolutions
+into effect.'
+
+"Upon communicating with the Spanish minister in Washington the demand,
+which it became the duty of the executive to address to the government of
+Spain in obedience with said resolution, the minister asked for his
+passports and withdrew. The United States minister at Madrid was in turn
+notified by the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the withdrawal
+of the Spanish representative from the United States had terminated
+diplomatic relations between the two countries, and that all official
+communications between their respective representatives ceased therewith.
+
+"I commend to your especial attention the note addressed to the United
+States minister at Madrid by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs on
+the twenty-first instant, whereby the foregoing notification was conveyed.
+It will be perceived therefrom, that the government of Spain, having
+cognisance of the joint resolution of the United States Congress, and, in
+view of the things which the President is thereby required and authorised
+to do, responds by treating the reasonable demands of this government as
+measures of hostility, following with that instant and complete severance
+of relations by its action, which by the usage of nations accompanied an
+existing state of war between sovereign powers.
+
+"The position of Spain being thus made known, and the demands of the
+United States being denied, with a complete rupture of intercourse by the
+act of Spain, I have been constrained, in exercise of the power and
+authority conferred upon me by the joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim
+under date of April 22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north
+coast of Cuba, lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and of the port of
+Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba, and further in exercise of my
+constitutional powers, and using the authority conferred upon me by act of
+Congress, approved April 22, 1898, to issue my proclamation, dated April
+23, 1898, calling for volunteers in order to carry into effect the said
+resolution of April 20, 1898. Copies of these proclamations are hereto
+appended.
+
+  [Illustration: PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.]
+
+"In view of the measures so taken, and other measures as may be necessary
+to enable me to carry out the express will of the Congress of the United
+States in the premises, I now recommend to your honourable body the
+adoption of a joint resolution declaring that a state of war exists
+between the United States of America and the kingdom of Spain, and I urge
+speedy action thereon to the end that the definition of the international
+status of the United States as a belligerent power may be made known, and
+the assertion of all its rights and the maintenance of all its duties in
+the conduct of a public war may be assured.
+
+                                               (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+"_Executive Mansion, Washington, April 25, 1898._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The war bill was passed without delay, and immediately after it had been
+signed the following notice was sent to the representatives of the foreign
+nations:
+
+"A joint resolution of Congress, approved April 20th, directed
+intervention for the pacification and independence of the island of Cuba.
+The Spanish government on April 21st informed our minister at Madrid that
+it considered this resolution equivalent to a declaration of war, and that
+it had accordingly withdrawn its minister from Washington and terminated
+all diplomatic relations.
+
+"Congress has therefore, by an act approved to-day, declared that a state
+of war exists between the two countries since and including April 21st.
+
+"You will inform the government to which you are accredited, so that its
+neutrality may be assured in the existing war."
+
+
+
+Before the close of the day John Sherman, Secretary of State, had
+resigned; Assistant Secretary William R. Day was appointed the head of the
+department, with John B. Moore as his successor.
+
+The United States squadron sailed from Hongkong, under orders to
+rendezvous at Mirs Bay, and public attention was turned towards Manila, it
+being believed that there the first action would take place.
+
+During the evening the tiny steamer _Mangrove_, a lighthouse tender,
+captured the richest prize of the war thus far, when she hove to the
+_Panama_, a big transatlantic liner, and an auxiliary cruiser of the
+Spanish navy, which had been plying between New York and Havana.
+
+The _Mangrove_, Lieut.-Commander William H. Everett commanding, was
+cruising along the Cuban coast about twenty miles from Havana when she
+sighted the big steamer, which was armed with two 12-pounders. As the
+latter came within range the _Mangrove_ sent a shot across her bow; but
+the Spaniard gave no heed; another missile followed without result, and
+the third whistled in the air when the two vessels were hardly more than a
+hundred yards apart, Commander Everett shouting, as the report of the gun
+died away, that unless the steamer surrendered she would be sunk
+forthwith.
+
+The only other ship of the fleet in sight was the battle-ship _Indiana_,
+three miles to the rear. The _Mangrove's_ officers admit that they
+expected the enemy's 12-pounders to open on them in response to the
+threat, but the Spaniard promptly came to. Ensign Dayton boarded the
+prize.
+
+The _Indiana_ had seen the capture, and meanwhile drew up to the
+_Mangrove_, giving her a lusty cheer. Lieutenant-Commander Everett
+reported to Captain Taylor of the battle-ship, and the latter put a
+prize-crew on board the captive, consisting of Cadet Falconer and fifteen
+marines.
+
+_April 26._ The President issued a proclamation respecting the rights of
+Spanish vessels then in, or bound to, ports in the United States, and also
+with regard to the right of search.
+
+The United States gunboat _Newport_ carried into Key West the Spanish
+schooner _Piereno_ and the sloop _Paquette_, which she captured off
+Havana, while the monitor _Terror_ took to the same port the coasting
+steamer _Ambrosia Bolivar_. This last prize had on board silver specie to
+the amount of seventy thousand dollars, three hundred casks of wine, and a
+cargo of bananas.
+
+_April 27._ The steamers _New York_, _Puritan_, and _Cincinnati_ bombarded
+the forts at the mouth of Matanzas Harbour. The engagement commenced at
+12.57, and ceased at 1.15 P. M. The object of the attack was to prevent
+the completion of the earthworks at Punta Gorda.
+
+A battery on the eastward arm of the bay opened fire on the flag-ship, and
+this was also shelled. Twelve 8-inch shells were fired from the eastern
+forts, but all fell short. About five or six light shells were fired from
+the half completed batteries. Two of these whizzed over the _New York_,
+and one fell short.
+
+The ships left the bay for the open sea, the object of discovering the
+whereabouts of the batteries having been accomplished. In the
+neighbourhood of three hundred shots were put on land from the three ships
+at a range of from four thousand to seven thousand yards. No casualties on
+the American side.
+
+The little monitor _Terror_ captured her third prize, and the story of the
+chase is thus told by an eye-witness:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. PURITAN.]
+
+"The Spanish steamer _Guido_, Captain Armarechia, was bound for Havana.
+There was Spanish urgency that she should reach that port. Aboard was a
+large cargo, provisions for the beleaguered city, money for the Spanish
+troops--or officers. The steamer had left Liverpool on April 2d, and
+Corunna on April 9th.
+
+"Ten miles off Cardenas, in the early morning, the _Guido_, setting her
+fastest pace, made for Havana and the guardian guns of Morro. Ten miles
+off Cardenas plodded the heavy monitor. The half light betrayed the
+fugitive, and the pursuit was begun.
+
+"Slowly, very slowly, the monitor gained. It would be a long chase. Men in
+the engine-room toiled like galley-slaves under the whip. There was
+prize-money to be gained. The _Guido_ fled fast. Every light aboard her
+was hid.
+
+"Reluctantly the pursuer aimed a 6-pounder. It was prize aim, and the shot
+found more than a billet in the _Guido's_ pilot-house. It tore a part
+away; the splinters flew.
+
+"Another 6-pounder, and another. It was profitable shooting. The
+pilot-house, a fair mark, was piece by piece nearly destroyed. Jagged bits
+of wood floated in the steamer's wake.
+
+"The gunboat _Machias_, which was some distance away, heard the sound of
+the firing, came up, and brought her 4-inch rifle into play, firing one
+shot, which failed to hit the Spaniard. This, however, brought her to, and
+Lieutenant Qualto and a prize-crew were put on board."
+
+A cablegram from Hongkong announced the capture of the American bark
+_Saranac_ off Manila, by the Spanish gunboat _El Correo_.
+
+By a conference of both branches of Congress a naval bill of $49,277,558
+was agreed upon. It stands as the heaviest naval outlay since the civil
+war, providing for the construction of three battle-ships, four monitors,
+sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, and twelve torpedo-boats.
+
+The U. S. S. _Newport_ captured the Spanish sloop _Engracia_, and the
+U. S. S. _Dolphin_ made a prize of the Spanish schooner _Lola_.
+
+_April 29._ The flag-ship _New York_ was lying about two miles off the
+harbour of Cabanas, having just completed a cruise of inspection. With her
+were the torpedo-boats _Porter_ and _Ericsson_. On the shore could be seen
+the white ruins of what may have been the dwelling of a plantation. No
+signs of life were visible. It was as if war's alarms had never been heard
+on this portion of the island.
+
+Suddenly a volley of musketry rang out, repeated again and again, at
+regular intervals, and the tiny jets of water which were sent up by the
+bullets told that, concealed near about the ruins of the hacienda, a troop
+of Spanish soldiers were making what possibly they may have believed to be
+an attack upon the big war-ship. It was much as if a swarm of gnats had
+set about endeavouring to worry an elephant, and likely to have as little
+effect; yet Rear-Admiral Sampson believed it was necessary to teach the
+enemy that any playing at war, however harmless, was dangerous to
+themselves, and he ordered that the port battery be manned.
+
+Half a dozen shots from the 4-inch guns were considered sufficient,
+although there was no evidence any execution had been done, and the big
+vessel's bow was turned eastward just as a troop of Spanish cavalry rode
+rapidly away from the ruin. The horsemen served as a target for a 4-inch
+gun in the starboard battery, and the troop dispersed in hot haste.
+
+While this mimic warfare was being carried on off Cabanas, a most
+important capture was made. The _Nashville_, _Marblehead_, and the _Eagle_
+left the station on the north coast, April 25th, to blockade Cienfuegos,
+arriving at the latter place on the twenty-eighth.
+
+They spent the day reconnoitring, and, next morning, in order to get
+better information, steamed close to the mouth of the harbour of
+Cienfuegos. The _Eagle_ was to the eastward, and in the van. The
+_Marblehead_ was slightly in the rear, and the _Nashville_ to the
+westward.
+
+All were cleared for action. Suddenly smoke was seen rising on the western
+horizon, and the _Nashville_, because of her position, put on all steam in
+that direction. Twenty minutes later she fired two shots across the bow of
+the coming steamer, which promptly hove to. She was the _Argonauta_.
+Ensign Keunzli was sent with a prize-crew of nine to take possession of
+her.
+
+Learning that Spanish soldiers were on board, word was given to send them
+to the _Nashville_ immediately as prisoners of war, and when this had been
+done arrangements were made to transfer the passengers and non-combatants
+to the shore. The women and children were placed in the first boat, and
+under cover of a flag of truce were soon bound toward the entrance to
+Cienfuegos. A second crew took the other passengers and landed them about
+noon.
+
+The _Argonauta_ had on board Colonel Corijo of the Third Spanish Cavalry,
+his first lieutenant, sergeant-major, seven other lieutenants, and ten
+privates and non-commissioned officers. The steamer also carried a large
+cargo of arms and Mauser ammunition. She was bound from Satabanao, Spain,
+for Cienfuegos, stopping at Port Louis, Trinidad, and Manzanillo.
+
+Half an hour later the _Eagle_ hoisted a signal conveying the intelligence
+that she had been fired upon by Spanish boats coming out of the river. She
+immediately returned the fire with the 6-pounders, and held her ground
+until the _Marblehead_ came up. Both vessels then fired broadside after
+broadside up the entrance to the river.
+
+The boats coming down were two torpedo-boats and one torpedo-boat
+destroyer. After twenty minutes of firing by the _Eagle_, during the last
+five of which the _Marblehead_ participated, the Spanish vessels ceased
+firing.
+
+_April 29._ A cablegram from St. Vincent, Cape Verde, reported the
+departure from that port of the Spanish squadron, consisting of the
+first-class cruisers _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_, _Terror_, and _Pluton_, bound westward, probably for Porto Rico.
+
+_April 30._ The American schooner _Ann Louisa Lockwood_ was taken by the
+Spaniards off Mole St. Nicolas.
+
+The capture of a small Spanish schooner, the _Mascota_, near Havana, by
+the torpedo-boat _Foote_, closed the record of the month of April.
+
+Anxiously awaiting some word from Manila were the people of the United
+States, and it was as if everything else was relegated to the background
+until information could be had regarding that American fleet which sailed
+from Mirs Bay, in the China Sea, on the afternoon of April 27th.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+                        THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 1._ "Manila, May 1.--The squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this
+morning. Immediately engaged the enemy, and destroyed the following
+Spanish vessels: _Isla de Cuba_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Reina Christina_,
+_Castilla_, _Don Antonio d'Ulloa_, _Don Juan d'Austria_, _Velasco_,
+_General Lezo_, _El Correo_, _Marques del Duero_, _Isla de Mindanao_, and
+the water-battery at Cavite. The squadron is uninjured. Few men were
+slightly injured. The only means of telegraphing is to American consulate,
+Hongkong. I shall communicate with him.
+
+                                                                  "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+All the world loves a hero, but idolises him when he performs his deeds of
+valour without too many preliminaries, and, therefore, when on the seventh
+of May the telegram quoted above was flashed over the wires to an
+anxiously expectant people, it was as if all the country remembered but
+one name,--that of Dewey.
+
+_April 25._ It was known to the public that the Asiatic Squadron had
+sailed from Hongkong on the 25th of April to avoid possible complications
+such as might arise in a neutral port, and had rendezvoused in Mirs Bay,
+there to await orders from the government at Washington.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.]
+
+_April 26._ So also was it known that on the next day Commodore Dewey
+received the following cablegram.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                  "WASHINGTON, April 26th.
+
+"_Dewey, Asiatic Squadron_:--Commence operations at once, particularly
+against Spanish fleet. You must capture or destroy them.
+
+                                                               "MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_April 27._ On the twenty-seventh came information from Hongkong that the
+squadron had put to sea, and from that day until the seventh of May no
+word regarding the commodore's movements had been received, save through
+Spanish sources.
+
+Then came a cablegram containing the bare facts concerning the most
+complete naval victory the world had ever known. It was the first
+engagement of the war, and a crushing defeat for the enemy. It is not
+strange that the people, literally overwhelmed with joy, gave little heed
+to the movements of our forces elsewhere until the details of this
+marvellous fight could be sent under the oceans and across the countries,
+thousands of leagues in distance, describing the deeds of the heroes who
+had made their names famous so long as history shall exist.
+
+During such time of waiting all were eager to familiarise themselves with
+the theatre of this scene of action, and every source of information was
+applied to until the bay of Manila had become as well known as the nearest
+home waters.
+
+For a better understanding of the battle a rough diagram of the bay, from
+the entrance as far as the city of Manila, may not come amiss.(1)
+
+Twenty-six miles from the entrance to the bay is situated the city of
+Manila, through which the river Pasig runs, dividing what is known as the
+old city from the new, and forming several small islands.
+
+Sixteen miles from the sea is the town and arsenal of Cavite, which,
+projecting as it does from the mainland, forms a most commodious and safe
+harbour. Cavite was well fortified, and directly opposite its fort, on the
+mainland, was a heavy mortar battery. Between the arsenal and the city was
+a Krupp battery, at what was known as the Luneta Fort, while further
+toward the sea, extending from Cavite to the outermost portion of Limbones
+Point, were shore-batteries,--formidable forts, so it had been given out by
+the Spanish government, such as would render the city of Manila
+impregnable.
+
+Between Limbones and Talago Point are two islands, Corregidor and Caballo,
+which divide the entrance of the bay into three channels. On each of these
+islands is a lighthouse, and it was said that both were strongly fortified
+with modern guns. North of Corregidor, nearly opposite, but on the inner
+shore, is the point of San Jose, where was another water-battery mounting
+formidable guns. That channel between Corregidor and San Jose Point is
+known as the Boca Grande, and is nearly two miles wide. The middle
+channel, or the one situated between the two islands, is shallow, and but
+little used. The third, which separates Caballo Island from Limbones
+Point, is nearly three miles in width, at least twenty fathoms deep, and
+known as the Boca Chica.
+
+All of these channels, as well as the waters of the bay, were said to have
+been thickly mined, and the enemy had caused it to be reported that no
+ship could safely enter without the aid of a government pilot.
+
+In addition to the vessels of the American fleet, as set down at the
+conclusion of this chapter, were two transports, the steamers _Nanshan_
+and _Zafiro_, which had come into the port of Hongkong laden with coal
+shortly before Commodore Dewey's departure, and had been purchased by him,
+together with their cargoes, in anticipation of the declaration of war.
+
+And now, the details having been set down in order that what follows may
+be the better understood, we will come to that sultry Sunday morning,
+shortly after midnight, when the American fleet steamed along the coast
+toward the entrance to Manila Bay, the flag-ship _Olympia_ leading, with
+the _Baltimore_, the _Raleigh_, the _Petrel_, the _Concord_, and the
+_Boston_ following in the order named. In the rear of these came the two
+transports, the _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, convoyed by the despatch steamer
+_McCulloch_.
+
+The commodore had decided to enter by the Boca Grande channel, and the
+fleet kept well out from Talago Point until the great light of Corregidor
+came into view.
+
+Then the crews of the war-vessels were summoned on deck, the men ordered
+to wash, and afterwards served with a cup of coffee. All lights were
+extinguished except one on the stern of each ship, and that was hooded.
+All hands were at quarters; all guns loaded, with extra charges ready at
+hand; every eye was strained, and every ear on the alert to catch the
+slightest sound.
+
+Perhaps there was not a man from commodore to seaman, who believed it
+would be possible for the war-vessels to enter the bay without giving an
+alarm, and yet the big ships continued on and were nearly past Corregidor
+Island before a gun was fired.
+
+The flag-ship was well into the bay, steaming at a four-knot speed, when
+from the smoke-stack of the little _McCulloch_ a column of sparks shot up
+high into the air. In the run her fires had fallen low, and it became
+necessary to replenish them. The firemen, perhaps fearing lest they should
+not be in at the death, were more energetic than prudent, and thus a
+signal was given to the sleepy garrison of Corregidor.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OLYMPIA.]
+
+"Perhaps they will see us now," the commodore remarked, quietly, as his
+attention was called to this indiscretion.
+
+A flash of light burst from the fort; there was a dull report, and in the
+air could be heard that peculiar singing and sighing of a flying
+projectile as a heavy missile passed over the _Olympia_ and the _Raleigh_.
+
+The garrison on Corregidor was awakened, but not until after the last
+vessel in that ominous procession had steamed past.
+
+It was the first gun in the battle of Manila Bay, and it neither worked
+harm nor caused alarm.
+
+Again and again in rapid succession came these flashes of light, dull
+reports, and sinister hummings in the air, before the American fleet gave
+heed that this signal to heave to had been heard.
+
+Then a 4-inch shell was sent from the _Concord_ directly inside of the
+fortification, where it exploded.
+
+The _Raleigh_ and the _Boston_ each threw a shell by way of salute, and
+then all was silent.
+
+The channel, which had been thickly mined, according to the Spanish
+reports, was passed in safety, and the fleet, looking so unsubstantial in
+the darkness, had yet to meet the mines in the bay, as well as the Spanish
+fleet, which all knew was lying somewhere near about the city.
+
+On the forward bridge of the _Olympia_ stood Commodore Dewey, his chief of
+staff, Commander Lamberton, Lieutenant Rees, Lieutenant Calkins, and an
+insurgent Filippino, who had volunteered as pilot.
+
+In the conning-tower was Captain Gridley, who, much against his will, was
+forced to take up his position in that partially sheltered place because
+the commander of the fleet was not willing to take the chances that all
+the chief officers of the ship should be exposed to death on the bridge.
+
+The word was given to "slow down," and the speed of the big ships
+decreased until they had barely steerageway.
+
+The men were allowed to sleep beside their guns.
+
+The moon had set, the darkness and the silence was almost profound, until
+suddenly day broke, as it does in the tropics, like unto a flash of light,
+and all that bay, with its fighting-machines in readiness for the first
+signal, was disclosed to view.
+
+From the masthead of the American vessels rose tiny balls of bunting, and
+then were broken out, disclosing the broad folds of the stars and stripes.
+
+Cavite was hardly more than five miles ahead, and beyond, the city of
+Manila.
+
+The _Reina Christina_, flying the Spanish rear-admiral's flag, lay off the
+arsenal. Astern of her was moored the _Castilla_, her port battery ready
+for action. Slightly to seaward were the _Don Juan de Austria_, the _Don
+Antonio de Ulloa_, the _Isla de Cuba_ and _Isla de __Luzon_, the _El
+Correo_, the _Marques del Duero_, and the _General Lezo_.
+
+They were under steam and slowly moving about, apparently ready to receive
+the fire of the advancing squadron. The flag-ship _Reina Christina_ also
+was under way.
+
+"Prepare for general action! Steam at eight-knot speed!" were the signals
+which floated from the _Olympia_ as she led the fleet in, keeping well
+toward the shore opposite the city.
+
+The American fleet was yet five miles distant, when from the arsenal came
+a flame and report; but the missile was not to be seen. Another shot from
+Cavite, and then was strung aloft on the _Olympia_ a line of tiny flags,
+telling by the code what was to be the American battle-cry: "Remember the
+_Maine_," and from the throat of every man on the incoming ships went up a
+shout of defiance and exultation that the moment was near at hand when the
+dastardly deed done in the harbour of Havana might be avenged.
+
+Steaming steadily onward were the huge vessels, dropping astern and beyond
+range the transports as they passed opposite Cavite Point, until, having
+gained such a distance above the city as permitted of an evolution, the
+fleet swung swiftly around until it held a course parallel with the
+westernmost shore, and distant from it mayhap six thousand yards.
+
+Every nerve was strained to its utmost tension; each man took a mental
+grip upon himself, believing that he stood face to face with death; but no
+cheek paled; no hand trembled save it might have been from excitement.
+
+The ships were coming down on their fighting course when a shell from one
+of the shore-batteries burst over the _Olympia_; the guns from the fort
+and from the water-batteries vomited jets of flame and screaming missiles
+with thunderous reports; every man on the American fleet save one believed
+the moment had come when they should act their part in the battle which
+had been begun by the enemy; but up went the signal:
+
+"Hold your fire until close in."
+
+Had the American fleet opened fire then, the city of Manila would have
+been laid in ashes and thousands of non-combatants slain.
+
+The _Olympia_ was yet two miles from Cavite when, directly in front of the
+_Baltimore_, a huge shaft of water shot high into the air, and with a
+heavy booming that drowned the reports of the Spanish guns.
+
+"The torpedoes!" some one on the _Olympia_ said, in a low tone, with an
+indrawing of the breath; but it was as if Dewey did not hear. With
+Farragut in Mobile Bay he had seen the effects of such engines of
+destruction, and, like Farragut, he gave little heed to that which might
+in a single instant send his vessel to the bottom, even as the _Maine_ had
+been sent.
+
+Then, so near the _Raleigh_ as to send a flood across her decks, another
+spouting of water, another dull roar, and the much vaunted mines of the
+Spaniards in Manila Bay had been exploded.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BALTIMORE.]
+
+The roar and crackle of the enemy's guns still continued, yet Dewey
+withheld the order which every man was now most eager to hear.
+
+The Spanish gunners were getting the range; the shells which had passed
+over our fleet now fell close about them; the tension among officers and
+men was terrible. They wondered how much longer the commodore would
+restrain them from firing. The heat was rapidly becoming intense. The
+guns' crews began to throw off their clothes. Soon they wore nothing but
+their trousers, and perspiration fairly ran from their bodies.
+
+Still the word was not given to fire, though the ships steadily steamed on
+and drew nearer the fort. Orders were given by the officers in low voices,
+but they were perfectly audible, so great was the silence which was broken
+only by the throbbing of the engines. The men hugged their posts ready to
+open fire at the word.
+
+A huge shell from Cavite hissed through the air and came directly for the
+_Olympia_. High over the smoke-stack it burst with a mighty snap.
+Commodore Dewey did not raise his eyes. He simply turned, made a motion to
+a boatswain's mate who stood near the after 5-inch gun. With a voice of
+thunder the man bellowed an order along the decks.
+
+"Remember the _Maine_!" yelled a chorus of five hundred gallant sailors.
+Below decks in the engine-rooms the cry was taken up, a cry of defiance
+and revenge. Up in the turrets resounded the words, and the threatening
+notes were swept across the bay to the other ships.
+
+"Remember the _Maine_!"
+
+In that strange cry was loosed the pent-up wrath of hundreds of American
+sailors who resented the cowardly death of their comrades. It bespoke the
+terrible vengeance that was about to be dealt out to the defenders of a
+detestable flag.
+
+"You may fire when you are ready, Gridley," was Commodore Dewey's quiet
+remark to the captain of the _Olympia_, who was still in the
+conning-tower.
+
+The _Olympia's_ 8-inch gun in the forward turret belched forth, and an
+instant later was run up the signal to the ships astern:
+
+"Fire as convenient."
+
+The other vessels in the squadron followed the example set by the
+_Olympia_. The big 8-inch guns of the _Baltimore_ and the _Boston_ hurled
+their two hundred and fifty pound shells at the Spanish flag-ship and at
+the _Castilla_.
+
+The Spanish fleet fired fast and furiously. The guns on Cavite hurled
+their shells at the swiftly moving vessels; the water-batteries added
+their din to the horrible confusion of noises; the air was sulphurous with
+the odour of burning powder, and great clouds of smoke hung here and
+there, obscuring this vessel or that from view. It was the game of death
+with all its horrible accompaniments.
+
+One big shell came toward the _Olympia_ straight for the bridge. When a
+hundred feet away it suddenly burst, its fragments continuing onward. One
+piece struck the rigging directly over the head of Commander Lamberton. He
+did not wince.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.]
+
+The _Olympia_ continued on. It was evident Commodore Dewey was making
+straight for the centre of the enemy's line, which was the big cruiser
+_Reina Christina_.
+
+Being the nearest ship, the _Olympia_ received more attention from the
+Spaniards than any of the other vessels.
+
+The water was now getting shallow. Commodore Dewey did not wish to run
+aground. He altered his course when about four thousand yards from the
+Spanish vessels, and swung around to give them his broadside.
+
+A small torpedo-boat was seen to emerge from the shore near the arsenal,
+making for the coal-laden steamers at a high rate of speed. The secondary
+batteries on the ships nearest were brought to bear upon her; it was a
+veritable shower of shot and shell which fell ahead, astern, and either
+side of her. To continue on would have been certain destruction, and,
+turning in the midst of that deadly hail which had half disabled her, the
+craft was run high and dry on the beach, where she was at once abandoned,
+her crew doubtless fearing lest the magazines would explode.
+
+"Open with all guns," came the signal as the course of the American
+vessels was changed, and soon all the port guns were at work.
+
+The American fleet was steaming back and forth off Cavite Bay as if bent
+on leaving such a wake as would form a figure eight, delivering broadside
+after broadside with splendid results.
+
+All this time the enemy's vessels were keeping up a steady fire, the
+smaller ships retreating inside the mole several times during the action.
+The forts were not idle, but kept thundering forth their tribute with no
+noticeable effect. The enemy's fire seemed to be concentrated on the
+_Baltimore_, and she was hit several times.
+
+A 4.7-inch armour-piercing shell punctured her side on the main-deck line,
+tore up the wooden deck, and, striking the steel deck under this, glanced
+upward, went through the after engine-room hatch, and, emerging, struck
+the cylinder of the port 6-inch gun on the quarter-deck, temporarily
+rendering the gun unfit for use.
+
+In its flight it also struck a box of 3-pounder ammunition, exploding one
+shell, which in turn slightly wounded one of No. 4 gun's crew.
+
+One shell pierced her starboard side forward of No. 2 sponson, and lodged
+in a clothes-locker on the berth-deck; another struck her port beam a
+little above the water-line, and a few feet forward of, and above this,
+another shell came crashing across the berth-deck, striking a steam-pipe
+and exploding behind the starboard blower-engine, but with no serious
+results. A fragment of a shell went through one of the ventilators, and
+the colours of the mainmast were shot through.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BOSTON.]
+
+The concussion from the 8-inch guns on the poop shattered the whaleboats,
+and they had to be cut adrift. A fragment of a shell that burst over the
+quarter-deck cut the signal halliards which Lieutenant Brumby held in his
+hand.
+
+On the _Boston_ a shell came through a port-hole in Ensign Doddridge's
+stateroom, and wrecked it badly. The explosion set a fire which was
+quickly put out. Another shell struck the port hammock netting, where it
+burst, setting fire to the hammocks. This was also soon extinguished.
+Still another shell struck the _Boston's_ foremast, cutting a great gash
+in it. It came within twenty feet of Captain Wildes on the bridge.
+
+The _Raleigh_ was forced inshore by the strong current, and carried
+directly upon the bows of two Spanish cruisers. By all the rules of
+warfare she should have been sunk; but instead, her commander delivered
+two raking broadsides as she steamed back into place.
+
+Three times the American ships passed back and forth, opening first with
+one broadside and then with another as the ship swung around, and then the
+_Reina Christina_, black smoke pouring from her stacks, and a vapour as of
+wool coming from the steam-pipes, gallantly sallied out to meet the
+_Olympia_.
+
+Between the two flag-ships ensued a duel, in which the Spaniard was
+speedily worsted to such a degree that she was literally forced to turn
+and make for the shore. As she swung around, with her stern directly
+toward the _Olympia_, an 8-inch shell struck her squarely, and the
+explosive must have travelled directly through the ill-fated craft until
+it reached the after boiler, where it exploded, ripping up the decks, and
+vomiting forth showers of iron fragments and portions of dismembered human
+bodies.
+
+A gunboat came out from behind the Cavite pier, and made directly for the
+_Olympia_. In less than five minutes she was in a sinking condition; as
+she turned, a shell struck her just inside the stern railing, and she
+disappeared beneath the waves as if crushed by some titanic force.
+
+Navigator Calkins of the _Olympia_ had soundings taken, and told Commodore
+Dewey that he could take the ship farther in toward the Spanish fleet.
+
+"Take her in, then," the commodore replied.
+
+The ship moved up to within two thousand yards of the Spanish fleet. This
+brought the smaller guns into effective play.
+
+The rain of shell upon the doomed Spaniards was terrific.
+
+The _Castilla_ was in flames from stem to stern. Black smoke poured up
+from the decks of the _Isla de Cuba_, and on the flag-ship fire was
+completing the work of destruction begun by the American shells.
+
+It was 7.35 A. M. when the battle, which began at 5.41, came to a
+temporary close. The first round was concluded.
+
+There was yet ample time in which to finish the work so well begun, and
+from the flag-ship _Olympia_ went up the signal:
+
+"Cease firing and follow."
+
+The fleet was headed for the opposite shore, and, once partially beyond
+range, "mess-gear" was sounded.
+
+The only casualty worthy of mention which had occurred was the death of
+Chief Engineer Frank B. Randall, of the steamer _McCulloch_, who died from
+heart disease, probably superinduced by excitement, while the fleet was
+passing Corregidor.
+
+There were handshakings and congratulations on every hand as
+smoke-begrimed friends, parted during the battle, met again, and loud were
+the cheers that went up from the various ships in passing.
+
+After breakfast had been served and the ships made ready for the second
+round, or, in other words, at 10.15 in the forenoon, the Spanish flag-ship
+_Reina Christina_ hauled down her colours, and the admiral's flag was
+transferred to the _Isla de Cuba_.
+
+At 10.45 a signal was made from the _Olympia_:
+
+"Get under way with men at quarters."
+
+Again the fleet stood in toward Cavite, the _Baltimore_ in the lead, but
+the latter vessel's course was quickly changed as a strange steamer was
+observed entering the bay.
+
+Not many moments were spent in reconnoitring; the signal flags soon told
+that the stranger was flying the English ensign.
+
+Then came the order for the _Baltimore_ to stand in and destroy the
+enemy's fortifications, and ten minutes later the battle was on once more.
+
+Now the fire was slow and deliberate, the gunners taking careful aim, bent
+on expending the least amount of ammunition with the greatest possible
+execution.
+
+The _Baltimore_ suffered most at the beginning of this second round,
+because all the enemy's fire was concentrated upon her.
+
+Soon after this second half of the engagement had begun a Spanish shell
+exploded on the _Baltimore's_ deck, wounding five of the crew, and another
+partially disabled three. It was as if every square yard of surface in
+that portion of the bay was covered by a missile from the enemy's guns,
+and yet no further damage to the American fleet was done.
+
+When the _Baltimore_ was within twenty-five hundred-yard range she poured
+a broadside into the _Reina Christina_ which literally blew that craft
+into fragments, and the smoke from the guns yet hung like a cloud above
+the deck when the ill-fated flag-ship sank beneath the waters of the bay.
+
+The _Don Juan de Austria_ was the next of the enemy's fleet to be sunk,
+and then a like fate overtook the _El Correo_.
+
+The _General Lezo_ was run on shore and abandoned to the flames.
+
+The cruiser _Castilla_ was scuttled by her crew lest the fire which was
+raging fiercely should explode her magazine.
+
+The _Velasco_ went down before all her men could escape to the boats. The
+guns of the _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ were fought with most desperate
+bravery, and even as she sank beneath the surface were the pieces
+discharged by the brave Spaniards who stood at their posts of duty until
+death overtook them.
+
+The _Concord_ started after the _Mindanao_ lying close inshore, and was
+soon joined by the _Olympia_, who poured 8-inch shells into the transport
+until she was set on fire in a dozen places.
+
+The entire Spanish fleet had been destroyed; not a vessel remained afloat,
+and Commodore Dewey turned his attention to the Cavite battery.
+
+It was 12.45 P. M. when the magazine in the arsenal was exploded by a
+shell from the _Olympia_, or the _Petrel_, it is impossible to say which,
+and the battle of Manila had been fought and won.
+
+
+
+Not until the thirteenth of May was Commodore Dewey's official report
+received at the Navy Department, and then it was given to the public
+without loss of time. It is copied below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   "FLAGSHIP OLYMPIA, CAVITE, May 4, 1898.
+
+"The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27th. Arrived off Bolinao on the
+morning of April 30th, and finding no vessels there proceeded down the
+coast and arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same afternoon.
+The _Boston_ and _Concord_ were sent to reconnoitre Point Subic.... A
+thorough search of the port was made by the _Boston_ and the _Concord_,
+but the Spanish fleet was not found....
+
+"Entered the south channel at 11.30 P. M., steaming in column at eight
+knots. After half the squadron had passed, a battery on the south side of
+the channel opened fire, none of the shots taking effect. The _Boston_ and
+_McCulloch_ returned the fire.
+
+"The squadron proceeded across the bay at slow speed, and arrived off
+Manila at daybreak, and was fired upon at 5.15 A. M. by three batteries at
+Manila and two near Cavite, and by the Spanish fleet anchored in an
+approximately east and west line across the mouth of Baker Bay, with their
+left in shoal water in Canacoa Bay.
+
+"The squadron then proceeded to the attack, the flag-ship _Olympia_, under
+my personal direction, leading, followed at distance by the _Baltimore_,
+_Raleigh_, _Petrel_, _Concord_, and _Boston_, in the order named, which
+formation was maintained throughout the action. The squadron opened fire
+at 5.41 A. M.
+
+"While advancing to the attack two mines were exploded ahead of the
+flag-ship, too far to be effective. The squadron maintained a continuous
+and precise fire at ranges varying from five thousand to two thousand
+yards, countermarching in a line approximately parallel to that of the
+Spanish fleet. The enemy's fire was vigorous, but generally ineffective.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CONCORD.]
+
+"Early in the engagement two launches put out toward the _Olympia_, with
+the apparent intention of using torpedoes. One was sunk and the other
+disabled by our fire, and beached before an opportunity occurred to fire
+torpedoes.
+
+"At seven A. M. the Spanish flag-ship, _Reina Christina_, made a desperate
+attempt to leave the line and come out to engage at short range, but was
+received with such a volley of fire, the entire battery of the _Olympia_
+being concentrated upon her, that she was barely able to return to the
+shelter of the point. The fires started in her by our shell at this time
+were not extinguished until she sank.
+
+"The three batteries at Manila had kept up a continuous report from the
+beginning of the engagement, which fire was not returned by this squadron.
+
+"The first of these batteries was situated on the South Mole head, at the
+entrance to the Pasig River, the second on the south bastion of the walled
+city of Manila, and the third at Malate, about one-half mile farther
+south. At this point I sent a message to the governor-general, in effect
+that if the batteries did not cease firing the city would be shelled. This
+had the effect of silencing them.
+
+"At 7.35 A. M. I ceased firing and withdrew the squadron for breakfast.
+
+"At 11.16 A. M. returned to the attack. By this time the Spanish flag-ship
+and almost the entire Spanish fleet were in flames. At 12.30 P. M. the
+squadron ceased firing, the batteries being silenced, and the ships sunk,
+burned, and destroyed.
+
+"At 12.40 P. M. the squadron returned and anchored off Manila, the
+_Petrel_ being left behind to complete the destruction of the smaller
+gunboats, which were behind the point of Cavite. This duty was performed
+by Commander E. P. Wood in the most expeditious and complete manner
+possible.
+
+"The Spanish lost the following vessels:
+
+"Sunk: _Reina Christina_, _Castilla_, _Don Antonio de Ulloa_.
+
+"Burned: _Don Juan de Austria_, _Isla de Luzon_, _Isla de Cuba_, _General
+Lezo_, _Marques del Duero_, _El Correo_, _Velasco_, and _Isla de
+Mindanao_, transport.
+
+"Captured: _Rapido_ and _Hercules_, tugs, and several small launches.
+
+"I am unable to obtain complete accounts of the enemy's killed and
+wounded, but believe their losses to be very heavy.
+
+"The _Reina Christina_ alone had 150 killed, including the captain, and
+ninety wounded.
+
+"I am happy to report that the damage done to the squadron under my
+command was inconsiderable. There were none killed, and only seven men in
+the squadron were slightly wounded.
+
+"Several of the vessels were struck, and two penetrated, but the damage
+was of the slightest, and the squadron is in as good condition now as
+before the battle.
+
+"I beg to state to the department that I doubt if any commander-in-chief
+was ever served by more loyal, efficient, and gallant captains than those
+of the squadron now under my command.
+
+"Capt. Frank Wildes, commanding the _Boston_, volunteered to remain in
+command of his vessel, although his relief arrived before leaving
+Hongkong. Assistant Surgeon Kindleberger of the _Olympia_ and Gunner J. C.
+Evans of the _Boston_ also volunteered to remain after orders detaching
+them had arrived.
+
+"The conduct of my personal staff was excellent. Commander B. P.
+Lamberton, chief of staff, was a volunteer for that position, and gave me
+most efficient aid. Lieutenant Brumby, flag lieutenant, and Ensign W. P.
+Scott, aid, performed their duties as signal officers in a highly
+creditable manner.
+
+"The _Olympia_ being short of officers for the battery, Ensign H. H.
+Caldwell, flag secretary, volunteered for and was assigned to a
+subdivision of 5-inch battery. Mr. J. L. Stickney, formerly an officer in
+the United States navy, and now correspondent of the _New York Herald_,
+volunteered for duty as my aid, and did valuable service.
+
+"I desire specially to mention the coolness of Lieut. C. G. Calkins, the
+navigator of the _Olympia_, who came under my personal observation, being
+on the bridge with me throughout the entire action, and giving the ranges
+to the guns with an accuracy that was proved by the excellence of the
+firing.
+
+"On May 2d, the day following the engagement, the squadron again went to
+Cavite, where it remained.
+
+"On the 3d, the military forces evacuated the Cavite arsenal, which was
+taken possession of by a landing party. On the same day the _Raleigh_ and
+_Baltimore_ secured the surrender of the batteries on Corregidor Island,
+paroling the garrison and destroying the guns.
+
+"On the morning of May 4th the transport _Manila_, which had been aground
+in Baker Bay, was towed off and made a prize."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+List of the two fleets engaged at the battle of Manila Bay, together with
+the officers of the American fleet:(2)
+
+                             AMERICAN FLEET.
+
+The U. S. S. _Olympia_, protected cruiser, 5,870 tons, speed, 21.6 knots.
+Battery: four 8-inch rifles, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, fourteen
+6-pounder rapid-fire guns, six 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four Gatlings,
+with six torpedo tubes, and eight automobile torpedoes.
+
+The U. S. S. _Baltimore_, protected cruiser, 4,600 tons, speed, 20.09
+knots. Battery: four 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, four 6-pounder, two
+3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, four
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Boston_, protected cruiser, 3,189 tons, speed, 15.6 knots.
+Battery: two 8-inch, six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, two 47-millimetre
+Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Raleigh_, protected cruiser, 3,213 tons, speed, nineteen
+knots. Battery: one 6-inch, ten 5-inch rapid-fire guns, eight 6-pounder
+rapid-fire guns, four 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Concord_, gunboat, 1,710 tons, speed, 16.8 knots. Battery:
+six 6-inch rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder rapid-fire guns, two
+37-millimetre Hotchkiss cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _Petrel_, gunboat, 892 tons, speed, 11.7 knots. Battery: four
+6-inch rifles, one 1-pounder rapid-fire gun, two 37-millimetre Hotchkiss
+cannon, and two Gatlings.
+
+The U. S. S. _McCulloch_, revenue cutter, 1,500 tons, speed, fourteen
+knots. Battery: four 4-inch guns.
+
+The _Nanshan_ and _Zafiro_, supply ships.
+
+                              SPANISH FLEET.
+
+The _Reina Maria Christina_, 3,520 tons, speed, seventeen knots. Battery:
+six 6.2-inch hontoria guns, two 2.7-inch and three 2.2-inch rapid-fire
+rifles, six 1.4-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Castilla_, 3,342 tons. Battery: four 5.9-inch Krupp rifles, two
+4.7-inch, two 3.3-inch, four 2.5-inch rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Velasco_, 1,152 tons. Battery: three 5.9-inch Armstrong rifles, two
+2.7-inch hontorias, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Don Antonio de Ulloa_ and _Don Juan de Austria_, each 1,130 tons,
+speed, fourteen knots. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, three 3.2-inch
+rapid-fire, two 1.5-inch, and two machine guns.
+
+The _General Lezo_, and _El Correo_, gun vessels, 524 tons, speed, 11.5
+knots. The _General Lezo_ had two hontoria rifles of 4.7-inch calibre, one
+3.5-inch, two small rapid-fire, and one machine gun; the _El Correo_ had
+three 4.7-inch guns, two small rapid-fire, and two machine guns.
+
+The _Marques del Duero_, despatch-boat, 500 tons. Battery: one smooth
+bore, six 6.2-inch calibre, two 4.7-inch and one machine gun.
+
+The _Isla de Cuba_ and the _Isla de Luzon_ were both small gunboats, 1,030
+tons. Battery: four 4.7-inch hontorias, two small guns, and two machine
+guns.
+
+The _Isla de Mindanao_, auxiliary cruiser, 4,195 tons, speed, 13.5 knots.
+
+Two torpedo-boats and two transports.
+
+Officers of the U. S. Asiatic Squadron: Acting Rear Admiral George Dewey,
+commander-in-chief; Commander B. P. Lamberton, chief of staff; Lieut. T.
+M. Brumby, flag lieutenant; Ensign H. H. Caldwell, secretary.
+
+U. S. S. _Olympia_, flag-ship: Captain, Charles V. Gridley;
+Lieutenant-Commander, S. C. Paine; Lieutenants, C. G. Calkins, V. S.
+Nelson, G. S. Morgan, W. C. Miller, S. M. S. Strite; Ensigns, M. M.
+Taylor, F. B. Upham, W. P. Scott, A. G. Kavagnah; Medical Inspector, A. S.
+Price; Passed Assistant Surgeon, J. E. Page; Assistant Surgeon, C. P.
+Kindleberger; Pay Inspector, D. A. Smith; Chief Engineer, J. Entwistle;
+Assistant Engineers, E. H. Delaney, J. F. Marshall, Jr.; Chaplain, J. B.
+Frasier; Captain of Marines, W. P. Biddle; Gunner, L. J. G. Kuhlwein;
+Carpenter, W. McDonald; Acting Boatswain, E. J. Norcott.
+
+U. S. S. _Raleigh_: Captain, J. B. Coghlan; Lieutenant-Commander, F.
+Singer; Lieutenants, W. Winder, B. Tappan, H. Rodman, C. B. Morgan;
+Ensigns, F. L. Chidwick, P. Babbit; Surgeon, E. H. Marsteller; Assistant
+Surgeon, D. N. Carpenter; Passed Assistant Paymaster, S. R. Heap; Chief
+Engineer, F. H. Bailey; Passed Assistant Engineer, A. S. Halstead;
+Assistant Engineer, J. R. Brady; First Lieutenant of Marines, T. C.
+Treadwell; Acting Gunner, G. D. Johnstone; Acting Carpenter, T. E. Kiley.
+
+U. S. S. _Boston_: Captain, F. Wildes; Lieutenant-Commander, J. A. Norris;
+Lieutenants, J. Gibson, W. L. Howard; Ensigns, S. S. Robinson, L. H.
+Everhart, J. S. Doddridge; Surgeon, M. H. Crawford; Assistant Surgeon, R.
+S. Balkeman; Paymaster, J. R. Martin; Chief Engineer, G. B. Ransom;
+Assistant Engineer, L. K. James; First Lieutenant of Marines, R. McM.
+Dutton; Gunner, J. C. Evans; Carpenter, I. H. Hilton.
+
+U. S. S. _Baltimore_: Captain, N. M. Dyer; Lieutenant-Commander, G.
+Blocklinger; Lieutenants, W. Braunersreuther, A. G. Winterhalter, F. W.
+Kellogg, J. M. Ellicott, C. S. Stanworth; Ensigns, J. H. Hayward, M. D.
+McCormick; Naval Cadets, D. W. Wurtsburgh, I. Z. Wettenzoll, C. M. Tozer,
+T. A. Karney; Passed Assistant Surgeon, F. A. Heiseler; Assistant Surgeon,
+R. K. Smith; Pay Inspector, R. E. Bellows; Chief Engineer, A. Kirby;
+Assistant Engineers, H. B. Price, H. I. Cone; Naval Cadet, C. P. Burt;
+Chaplain, T. S. K. Freeman; First Lieutenant of Marines, D. Williams;
+Acting Boatswain, H. R. Brayton; Acting Gunner, L. J. Waller; Carpenter,
+O. Bath.
+
+U. S. S. _Concord_: Commander, A. S. Walker; Lieutenant-Commander, G. P.
+Colvocoresses; Lieutenants, T. B. Howard, P. W. Horrigan; Ensigns, L. A.
+Kiser, W. C. Davidson, O. S. Knepper; Passed Assistant Surgeon, R. G.
+Broderick; Passed Assistant Paymaster, E. D. Ryan; Chief Engineer, Richard
+Inch; Passed Assistant Engineer, H. W. Jones; Assistant Engineer, E. H.
+Dunn.
+
+U. S. S. _Petrel_: Commander, E. P. Wood; Lieutenants, E. M. Hughes, B. A.
+Fiske, A. N. Wood, C. P. Plunkett; Ensigns, G. L. Fermier, W. S.
+Montgomery; Passed Assistant Surgeon, C. D. Brownell; Assistant Paymaster,
+G. G. Seibles; Passed Assistant Engineer, R. T. Hall.
+
+Revenue Cutter _McCulloch_: Captain, D. B. Hodgdon.
+
+American loss: Two officers and six men wounded.
+
+Spanish loss: About three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER V.
+
+
+                             NEWS OF THE DAY.
+
+
+_May 2._ In Manila Bay, on Monday, the second of May, there was much to be
+done in order to complete the work so thoroughly begun the day previous.
+
+Early in the morning an officer came from Corregidor, under flag of truce,
+to Commodore Dewey, with a proposal of surrender from the commandant of
+the fortifications. The _Baltimore_ was sent to attend to the business;
+but when she arrived at the island no one save the commanding officer was
+found. All his men had deserted him after overthrowing the guns.
+
+The _Baltimore_ had but just steamed away, when Commander Lamberton was
+ordered to go on board the _Petrel_ and run over to Cavite arsenal in
+order that he might take possession, for on the previous day a white flag
+had been hoisted there as a signal of surrender.
+
+To the surprise of Lamberton he found, on landing, that the troops were
+under arms, and Captain Sostoa, of the Spanish navy, was in anything
+rather than a surrendering mood. On being asked as to the meaning of
+affairs, Sostoa replied that the flag had been hoisted for a truce, not as
+a token of capitulation. He was given until noon to decide as to his
+course of action, and the Americans withdrew. At 10.45 the white flag was
+again hoisted, and when Lamberton went on shore once more he found that
+the Spaniard had marched his men away, taking with them all their arms.
+
+This was the moment when the insurgents, who had gathered near the town,
+believed their opportunity had come, and, rushing into Cavite, they began
+an indiscriminate plunder which was not brought to an end until the
+American marines were landed.
+
+The navy yard was seized; six batteries near about the entrance of Manila
+Bay were destroyed; the cable from Manila to Hongkong was cut, and
+Commodore Dewey began a blockade of the port.
+
+Congress appropriated $35,720,945 for the emergency war appropriation
+bill.
+
+Eleven regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and ten light batteries of
+artillery were concentrated at Tampa and Port Tampa. General Shafter
+assumed command on this date.
+
+The _Newport_ captured the Spanish schooner _Pace_.
+
+By cablegram from London, under date of May 2d, news regarding the
+condition of affairs in Madrid was received. The Spanish public was
+greatly excited by information from the Philippines, and the authorities
+found it necessary to proclaim martial law, the document being couched in
+warlike language beginning:
+
+"_Whereas_, as Spain finds herself at war with the United States, the
+power of civil authorities in Spain is suspended.
+
+"_Whereas_, it is necessary to prevent an impairment of the patriotic
+efforts which are being made by the nation with manly energy and veritable
+enthusiasm;
+
+"_Article 1._ A state of siege in Madrid is hereby proclaimed.
+
+"_Article 2._ As a consequence of article one, all offences against public
+order, those of the press included, will be tried by the military
+tribunals.
+
+"_Article 3._ In article two are included offences committed by those who,
+without special authorisation, shall publish news relative to any
+operations of war whatsoever."
+
+Then follow the articles which prohibit meetings and public
+demonstrations.
+
+Commenting upon the defeat, the _El Nacional_, of Madrid, published the
+following article:
+
+"Yesterday, when the first intelligence arrived, nothing better occurred
+to Admiral Bermejo (Minister of Marine) than to send to all newspapers
+comparative statistics of the contending squadrons. By this comparison he
+sought to direct public attention to the immense superiority over a
+squadron of wooden vessels dried up by the heat in those latitudes.
+
+"But in this document Spain can see nothing kind. Spain undoubtedly sees
+therein the heroism of our marines; but she sees also and above all the
+nefarious crime of the government.
+
+"It is unfair to blame the enemy for possessing forces superior to ours;
+but what is worthy of being blamed with all possible vehemence is this
+infamous government, which allowed our inferiority without neutralising it
+by means of preparations. This is the truth. Our sailors have been basely
+delivered over to the grape-shot of the Yankees, a fate nobler and more
+worthy of respect than those baneful ministers, who brought about the
+first victory and its victims."
+
+_El Heraldo de Madrid_ said: "It was no caprice of the fortunes of war.
+From the very first cannon-shot our fragile ships were at the mercy of the
+formidable hostile squadron. They were condemned to fall one after another
+under the fire of the American batteries, powerless to strike, and were
+defended only by the valour in the breasts of their sailors.
+
+"What has been gained by the illusion that Manila was fortified? What has
+been gained by the intimation that the broad and beautiful bay on whose
+bosom the Spanish fleet perished yesterday had been rendered inaccessible?
+What use was made of the famous island of Corregidor? What was done with
+its guns? Where were the torpedoes? Where were those defensive
+preparations concerning which we were requested to keep silence?"
+
+_May 2._ Late in the afternoon the _Wilmington_ destroyed a Spanish fort
+on the island of Cuba, near Cojimar.
+
+The government tug _Leyden_ left Key West, towing a Cuban expedition under
+government auspices to establish communication with the Cuban forces in
+Havana province. The expedition was accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Acosta. Under him were five other Cubans. Colonel Acosta formerly
+commanded a cavalry troop in Havana province.
+
+_May 4._ A telegram from Key West gave the following information:
+
+"Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson sailed this morning with all the big vessels
+of his blockading squadron on some mysterious mission.
+
+"In the fleet were the flag-ship _New York_, the battle-ships _Iowa_ and
+_Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_, _Marblehead_, and _Cincinnati_, the
+monitor _Puritan_, and the torpedo-gunboat _Mayflower_.
+
+"The war-ships are coaled to the full capacity of their bunkers, and all
+available places on the decks are piled high with coal."
+
+On the same day the Norwegian steamer _Condor_ arrived with twelve
+American refugees and their immediate relatives from Cienfuegos, Cuba.
+
+Dr. Herman Mazarredo, a dentist, who had been practising his profession in
+Cienfuegos for eight months, after six years' study in the United States,
+was one of the passengers. He gave the following account of himself:
+
+"Because the Spaniards hated me as intensely as if I had been born in
+America, I was obliged to flee for my life. I left my mother, six sisters,
+and five brothers in Cienfuegos. I consider that their lives are in
+danger. May heaven protect them! What was I to do?
+
+"There are now about two hundred Americans at Cienfuegos clamouring to get
+away. They are sending to Boston and New York for steamers, but without
+avail. Owen McGarr, the American consul, told me on his departure that the
+Spanish law would protect me. Other Americans would have come on the
+_Condor_, but Captain Miller would not take them. There was not room for
+them. The Spanish soldiers have not yet become personally insulting on the
+streets, but a mob of Spanish residents marched through the city four days
+before the _Condor_ left, shouting, 'We want to kill all Americans.'
+
+"There are between four thousand and six thousand Spanish troops
+concentrating at Cienfuegos under command of Major-General Aguirre. They
+have thrown up some very poor breastworks. Three ground-batteries look
+toward the open sea."
+
+Bread riots broke out in Spain. In Gijon, on the Bay of Biscay, the
+rioters made a stand and were fired upon by the troops. Fourteen were
+killed or wounded, yet the infuriated populace held their ground, nor were
+they driven back until the artillery was ordered out. Then a portion of
+the soldiers joined the mob; a cannon with ammunition was seized, and
+directed against the fortification. A state of siege was declared, and an
+order issued that all the bread be baked in the government bakeries,
+because the mob had looted the shops.
+
+At Talavera de la Reina, thirty-six miles from Toledo, a mob attacked the
+railroad station, entirely destroying it, setting fire to the cars, and
+starting the engines wild upon the track. They burned several houses owned
+by officials, and sacked a monastery, forcing the priests to flee for
+their lives. Procuring wine from the inns, they grew more bold, and made
+an attack upon the prison, hoping to release those confined there; but at
+this point they were held in check by the guard.
+
+The miners of Oviedo inaugurated a strike, commencing by inciting riots.
+At Caceres several people were killed. At Malaga a mob rode down the
+guards and looted the shops. The British steam yacht _Lady of Clonmel_,
+owned by Mr. James Wilkinson, of London, was attacked as she lay at the
+pier. Stones smashed her skylights, and a bomb was thrown aboard, but did
+not explode. The yacht put hurriedly to sea, and from Gibraltar reported
+the outrage to London.
+
+_May 5._ The government tug _Leyden_, which on the second day of May left
+Key West with a Cuban expedition, returned to port, giving the following
+account of her voyage:
+
+She proceeded to a certain point near Mariel, and landed five men, with
+four boxes of ammunition and two horses.
+
+General Acosta penetrated to the interior, where he communicated with the
+forces of the insurgents.
+
+The _Leyden_ lay to outside the harbour until five o'clock in the morning,
+when, observing a troop of Spanish infantry approaching, she put to sea
+and got safely away.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TERROR.]
+
+She proceeded to Matanzas, and on the afternoon of the third landed
+another small party near there.
+
+Fearing attack by the Spaniards, she looked for the monitors _Terror_ and
+_Amphitrite_, which were on the blockade in that vicinity, but being
+unable to locate them the _Leyden_ returned to the original landing-place,
+reaching there early on the morning of the fourth.
+
+There she was met by Acosta and about two hundred Cubans, half of whom
+were armed with rifles. They united with the men on the tug, and an
+attempt was made to land the remaining arms and men, when two hundred of
+the Villa Viscosa cavalry swooped down on them, and an engagement of a
+half hour's duration followed.
+
+The Cubans finally repulsed the enemy, driving them into the woods. The
+Spanish carried with them many wounded and left sixteen dead on the field.
+
+During the engagement the bullets went through the _Leyden's_ smoke-stack,
+but no one was injured.
+
+The little tug then went in search of the flag-ship, found her lying near
+Havana, and reported the facts.
+
+Rear-Admiral Sampson sent the gunboat _Wilmington_ back with the _Leyden_.
+
+The two vessels reached the scene of the landing on the afternoon of the
+fourth, and found the Spanish cavalry in waiting to welcome another
+attempted invasion.
+
+The _Wilmington_ promptly opened fire on a number of small houses marking
+the entrance to the place.
+
+The gunboat fired four shots, which drove back the Spaniards, and Captain
+Dorst, with the ammunition, landed safely, the _Leyden_ returning to Key
+West.
+
+_May 6._ Orders were given from Washington to release the French mail
+steamer, _Lafayette_, and to send her to Havana under escort. The capture
+of the Frenchman by the gunboat _Annapolis_ was an unfortunate incident,
+resulting from a mistake, but no protest was made by the representatives
+of the French government in the United States. It appeared that, before
+the _Lafayette_ sailed for Havana, the French legation in Washington was
+instructed to communicate with the State Department. This was done and
+permission was granted to the steamer to enter and discharge her
+passengers and cargo, with the understanding that she would take on
+nothing there. Instructions for the fulfilment of such agreement were sent
+from Washington to Admiral Sampson's squadron, and it was only learned
+after the capture was made that they were never delivered.
+
+The War Department issued an order organising the regular and volunteer
+forces into seven army corps.
+
+The following letter needs no explanation:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                              "597 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
+
+"TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES,
+  Washington, D. C.
+
+"_Dear Sir_:--Some days ago I wrote President McKinley offering the
+government the sum of $100,000 for use in the present difficulty with
+Spain. He writes me that he has no official authority to receive moneys in
+behalf of the United States, and he suggests that my purpose can best be
+served by making a deposit with the assistant treasurer at New York to the
+credit of the treasurer of the United States, or by remitting my check
+direct to you at Washington. I, therefore, enclose my check for the above
+amount, drawn payable to your order on the Lincoln National Bank. Will you
+kindly acknowledge the receipt of the same?
+
+                               "Very truly,
+                                                      "HELEN MILLER GOULD.
+"_May 6, 1898._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+It was replied to twenty-four hours later:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               "Treasury Department of the United States.
+                                                 "Office of the Treasury.
+                                          "WASHINGTON, D. C., May 7, 1898.
+
+"MISS HELEN MILLER GOULD,
+  597 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
+
+"_Madam_:--It gives me especial pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your
+letter under date of May 6, 1898, enclosing your check for $100,000,
+according to your previous offer to President McKinley, for the
+government. This sum has been placed in the general fund of the treasury
+of the United States as a donation from you, for use in the present
+difficulty with Spain. Permit me to recognise the superb patriotism which
+prompts you to make this magnificent gift to the government. Certificates
+of deposit will follow in due course.     Respectfully yours,
+
+                                                       "ELLIS H. ROBERTS,
+                                       "_Treasurer of the United States._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 6._ The torpedo-boats _Dupont_ and _Hornet_ shelled the blockhouse
+near the lighthouse at Point Maya, at the mouth of the harbour of
+Matanzas, and Fort Garcia, which is an old hacienda used as a blockhouse,
+lying three and one-half miles to the east.
+
+As the _Dupont_ was leaving her position off the lighthouse point, a big
+shell was fired from the middle embrasure of a battery on the other side
+of the harbour, called Gorda. The line was perfect, but the elevation was
+bad, and the range too long. The shell fell a thousand yards short. The
+_Hornet_ was ordered to use her 6-pounders on the blockhouse. The first
+shell failed of its purpose; but the second hit the target fairly, and the
+Spanish soldiers hurriedly left it for shelter among the neighbouring
+trees.
+
+The _Hornet_ fired twelve shells, six of which struck the mark. The
+_Dupont_, after ascertaining that Point Maya was being made too warm for
+Spanish occupation, steamed down to a blockhouse opposite, called Garcia
+Red, and a prominent landmark to the eastward, and turned loose her
+1-pounders.
+
+Here, as in the other place, the infantry had urgent business behind the
+forest woods and hills. After making certain they had gone to stay, the
+_Dupont_ resumed patrol duty. Cavalry afterward appeared at Fortina, but
+remained there only long enough to see the torpedo-boat's menacing
+attitude.
+
+_May 6._ The cruiser _Montgomery_, Captain Converse, was the first ship of
+the American squadron to acquire the distinction of capturing two prizes
+in one day, which she did on the sixth. The captives were the _Frasquito_
+and the _Lorenzo_, both small vessels of no great value as compared with
+the big steamers taken during the first days of the war.
+
+The _Montgomery_ was cruising about fifty miles off Havana when the
+_Frasquito_, a two-master, came bowling along toward the Cuban capital.
+When the yellow flag of the enemy was sighted the helm was swung in her
+direction, and a blank shot was put across her bow. The Spaniard hove to
+and the customary prize-crew was put on board. It was found that the
+_Frasquito_ was bound from Montevideo to Havana with a cargo of jerked
+beef. She was of about 140 tons register and hailed from Barcelona. The
+prize-crew took her to Havana waters, and the _Annapolis_ assigned the
+cutter _Hamilton_ to carry her into Key West.
+
+A few minutes afterwards the _Montgomery_ encountered the _Lorenzo_, a
+Spanish bark, bound from Barcelona to Havana with a cargo of dried beef.
+She was taken just as easily, and Ensign Osborn, with several "Jackies,"
+sailed her into port.
+
+_May 7._ Quite a sharp little affair occurred off Havana, in which the
+_Vicksburg_ and the cutter _Morrill_ were very nearly enticed to
+destruction.
+
+A small schooner was sent out from Havana harbour shortly before daylight
+to draw some of the Americans into an ambuscade.
+
+She ran off to the eastward, hugging the shore with the wind on her
+starboard quarter. About three miles east of the entrance of the harbour
+she came over on the port tack.
+
+A light haze fringed the horizon, and she was not discovered until three
+miles off shore, when the _Mayflower_ made her out and signalled the
+_Vicksburg_ and _Morrill_. Captain Smith of the _Vicksburg_ immediately
+clapped on all steam and started in pursuit.
+
+The schooner instantly put about and ran for Morro Castle before the wind.
+On doing so, she would, according to the plot, lead the two American
+war-ships directly under the guns of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+These works are a short mile west of Morro, and are a part of the defences
+of the harbour. There were two batteries, one at the shore, which had been
+recently thrown up, of sand and mortar, with wide embrasures for 8-inch
+guns, and the other on the crest of the rocky eminence which juts out into
+the waters of the gulf at the point. The upper battery mounted modern 10
+and 12-inch Krupp guns, behind a six-foot stone parapet, in front of which
+were twenty feet of earthwork and belting of railroad iron.
+
+The American vessels were about six miles from the schooner when the chase
+began. They steamed after her at full speed, the _Morrill_ leading, until
+within a mile and a half of the Santa Clara batteries.
+
+Commander Smith of the _Vicksburg_ was the first to realise the danger
+into which the reckless pursuit had led them. He concluded it was time to
+haul off, and sent a shot across the bow of the schooner.
+
+The Spanish skipper instantly brought his vessel about, but while she was
+still rolling in the trough of the sea with her sails flapping, an 8-inch
+shrapnel shell came hurtling through the air from the water-battery, a
+mile and a half away.
+
+It passed over the _Morrill_, between the pilot-house and the smoke-stack,
+and exploded less than fifty feet away on the port quarter.
+
+Two more shots followed in quick succession, both shrapnel. One burst
+close under the starboard quarter, filling the engine-room with the smoke
+of the exploding shell, and the other, like the first, passed over and
+exploded just beyond.
+
+The Spanish gunners had the range, and their time fuses were accurately
+set.
+
+The crews of both ships were at their guns. Lieutenant Craig, who was in
+charge of the bow 4-inch rapid-fire gun of the _Morrill_, asked for and
+obtained permission to return the fire.
+
+At the first shot the _Vicksburg_, which was in the wake of the _Morrill_,
+slightly inshore, sheered off and passed to windward under the _Morrill's_
+stern. In the meantime Captain Smith also put his helm to port, and was
+none too soon, for as the _Morrill_ stood off a solid 8-inch shot grazed
+her starboard quarter and kicked up tons of water as it struck a wave one
+hundred yards beyond.
+
+All the guns of the water-battery were now at work. One of them cut the
+Jacob's-ladder of the _Vicksburg_ adrift, and another carried away a
+portion of the rigging.
+
+As the vessels steamed away their aft guns were used, but only a few shots
+were fired.
+
+The _Morrill's_ 6-inch gun was elevated for four thousand yards, and
+struck the earthwork repeatedly. The _Vicksburg_ discharged only three
+shots from her 6-pounder.
+
+The Spaniards continued to fire shot and shell for twenty minutes, but
+none of the latter shots came within one hundred yards.
+
+Later in the day the _Morrill_ captured the Spanish schooner _Espana_,
+bound for Havana, and towed the prize to Key West.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF NAVY.]
+
+The _Newport_ added to the list of captures by bringing in the Spanish
+schooner _Padre de Dios_.
+
+_May 7._ The United States despatch-boat _McCulloch_ arrived at Hongkong
+from Manila, with details of Commodore Dewey's victory.
+
+Secretary Long, after the cablegram forwarded from Hongkong had been
+received, sent the following despatch:
+
+"The President, in the name of the American people, thanks you and your
+officers and men for your splendid achievement and overwhelming victory.
+In recognition he has appointed you acting admiral, and will recommend a
+vote of thanks to you by Congress as a foundation for further promotion."
+
+_May 8._ A brilliant, although unimportant, affair was that in which the
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ engaged off Cardenas Bay.
+
+The _Winslow_ and gunboat _Machias_ were on the blockade off Cardenas.
+
+In the harbour, defended by thickly strewn mines and torpedoes, three
+small gunboats had been bottled up since the beginning of the war.
+Occasionally they stole out toward the sea, but never venturing beyond the
+inner harbour, running like rabbits at sight of the American torpedo
+boats.
+
+Finally a buoy was moored by Spaniards inside the entrance of the bay to
+mark the position for the entrance of the gunboats. The signal-station on
+the shore opposite was instructed to notify the gunboats inside when the
+torpedo-boats were within the limit distance marked by the buoy.
+
+The scheme was that the gunboats could run out, open fire at a one-mile
+range thus marked off for them, and retreat without the chance of being
+cut off. The men of the _Winslow_ eyed this buoy and guessed its purpose,
+but did not attempt to remove it.
+
+On the afternoon of the eighth the _Machias_ stood away to the eastward
+for a jaunt, and the _Winslow_ was left alone to maintain the blockade.
+
+In a short time she steamed toward Cardenas Harbour. There was great
+excitement at the signal-station, and flags fluttered hysterically. The
+three gunboats slipped their cables and went bravely out to their safety
+limit.
+
+Three bow 6-pounders were trained at two thousand yards. In a few minutes
+the shore signals told them that the torpedo-boat was just in range. Every
+Spaniard aboard prepared to see the Americans blown out of the water.
+
+Three 6-pounders crackled, and three shells threw waterspouts around the
+_Winslow_, but she was not struck. Instead of running away, she upset
+calculations by driving straight ahead, attacking the boats, and
+Lieutenant Bernado no sooner saw the first white smoke puffs from the
+Spanish guns than he gave the word to the men already stationed at the two
+forward 1-pounders, which barked viciously and dropped shot in the middle
+of the flotilla.
+
+On plunged the _Winslow_ to within fifteen hundred yards of the gunboats,
+while the row raised by the rapid-fire 1-pounders was like a rattling
+tattoo.
+
+The Spaniards were apparently staggered at this fierce onslaught,
+single-handed, and fired wildly. The _Winslow_ swung around broadside to,
+to bring her two after guns to bear as the Spanish boats scattered and
+lost formation.
+
+The _Winslow_ soon manoeuvred so that she was peppering at all three
+gunboats at once. The sea was very heavy, and the knife-like torpedo-boat
+rolled so wildly that it was impossible to do good gun practice, but
+despite this big handicap, the rapidity of her fire and the remarkable
+effectiveness of her guns demoralised all three opponents, which, after
+the _Winslow_ had fired about fifty shells, began to gradually work back
+toward the shelter of the harbour.
+
+They were still hammering away with their 6-pounders, but were wild.
+Several shells passed over the _Winslow_. One exploded a hundred feet
+astern, but the others fell short.
+
+At last a 1-pounder from the _Winslow_ went fair and true, and struck the
+hull of the _Lopez_ a little aft of amidships, apparently exploding on the
+inside.
+
+The _Winslow_ men yelled. The _Lopez_ stopped, evidently disabled, while
+one of her comrades went to her assistance. By this time the Spanish boats
+had retreated nearly inside, where they could not be followed because of
+the mines. The _Lopez_ got under way slowly and limped homeward with the
+help of a towline from her consort.
+
+During this episode the _Machias_ had returned, and when within a two-mile
+range let fly two 4-inch shells from her starboard battery, which
+accelerated the Spanish flight. But the flotilla managed to creep back
+into Cardenas Harbour in safety, and under the guns of the shore-battery.
+
+The Spanish gunboats that lured the _Winslow_ into the death-trap were the
+_Antonio Lopez_, _Lealtad_, and _Ligera_. During the fight the two former
+retreated behind the wharves, and the _Ligera_ behind the key. It was the
+_Antonio Lopez_ that opened fire on the _Winslow_ and decoyed her into the
+channel. The Spanish troops formed on the public square, not daring to go
+to the wharves. All the Spanish flags were lowered, as they furnished
+targets, and the women and children fled to Jovellanos.
+
+Off Havana during the afternoon the fishing-smack _Santiago Apostal_ was
+captured by the U. S. S. _Newport_.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yale_ captured the Spanish steamer _Rita_ on the eighth, but
+did not succeed in getting the prize into port until the thirteenth. The
+_Rita_ was loaded with coal, from Liverpool to Porto Rico.
+
+The bread riots in Spain continued throughout the day. At Linates a crowd
+of women stormed the town hall and the civil guard fired upon them,
+killing twelve. _El Pais_, the popular republican newspaper in Madrid, was
+suppressed; martial law was declared at Badajos and Alicante.
+
+_May 9._ Congress passed a joint resolution of thanks to Commodore Dewey;
+the House passed a bill increasing the number of rear-admirals from six to
+seven, and the Senate passed a bill to give Dewey a sword, and a bronze
+memorative medal to each officer and man of his command.
+
+The record of the navy for the day was summed up in the capture of the
+fishing-smack _Fernandito_ by the U. S. S. _Vicksburg_, and the capture of
+the Spanish schooner _Severito_ by the U. S. S. _Dolphin_.
+
+The rioting in Spain was not abated; martial law was proclaimed in
+Catalonia.
+
+_May 10._ The steamer _Gussie_ sailed from Tampa, Florida, with two
+companies of the First Infantry, and munitions and supplies for Cuban
+insurgents.
+
+Rioting in Spain was the report by cable; in Alicante the mob sacked and
+burned a bonded warehouse.
+
+_May 11._ Running from Cienfuegos, Cuba, at daybreak on the morning of May
+11th, were three telegraph cables. The fleet in the neighbourhood
+consisted of the cruiser _Marblehead_, which had been on the station three
+weeks, the gunboat _Nashville_, which had been there two weeks, and the
+converted revenue cutter _Windom_, which had arrived two days before. The
+station had been a quiet one, except for a few brushes with some Spanish
+gunboats, which occasionally ventured a very little way out of Cienfuegos
+Harbour. They had last appeared on the tenth, but had retreated, as usual,
+when fired on.
+
+Commander McCalla of the _Marblehead_, ranking officer, instructed
+Lieutenant Anderson to call for volunteers to cut the cable early on the
+morning of the eleventh. Anderson issued the call on both the cruiser and
+the gunboat, and three times the desired number of men offered to serve.
+No one relented, even after repeated warnings that the service was
+especially dangerous.
+
+"I want you men to understand," Anderson said, "that you are not ordered
+to do this work, and are not obliged to."
+
+The men nearly tumbled over one another in their eagerness to be selected.
+In the end, the officer had simply the choice of the entire crew of the
+two ships.
+
+A cutter containing twelve men, and a steam launch containing six, were
+manned from each ship, and a guard of marines and men to man the 1-pounder
+guns of the launches, were put on board. In the meantime the _Marblehead_
+had taken a position one thousand yards offshore opposite the Colorado
+Point lighthouse, which is on the east side of the narrow entrance to
+Cienfuegos Harbour, just east of the cable landing, and, with the
+_Nashville_ a little farther to the west, had begun shelling the beach.
+
+The shore there is low, and covered with a dense growth of high grass and
+reeds. The lighthouse stood on an elevation, behind which, as well as
+hidden in the long grass, were known to be a large number of rifle-pits,
+some masked machine guns, and 1-pounders. These the Spaniards deserted as
+fast as the ships' fire reached them. As the enemy's fire slackened and
+died out, the boats were ordered inshore.
+
+They advanced in double column. The launches, under Lieutenant Anderson
+and Ensign McGruder of the _Nashville_, went ahead with their
+sharpshooters and gunners, looking eagerly for targets, while the cutters
+were behind with the grappling-irons out, and the men peering into the
+green water for a sight of the cables. At a distance of two hundred feet
+from shore the launches stopped, and the cutters were sent ahead.
+
+The first cable was picked up about ninety feet offshore. No sooner had
+the work of cutting it been begun than the Spanish fire recommenced, the
+soldiers skulking back to their deserted rifle-pits and rapid-fire guns
+through the high grass. The launches replied and the fire from the ships
+quickened, but although the Spanish volleys slackened momentarily, every
+now and then they grew stronger.
+
+The men in the boats cut a long piece out of the first cable, stowed it
+away for safety, and then grappled for the next. Meantime the Spaniards
+were firing low in an evident endeavour to sink the cutters, but many of
+their shots fell short. The second cable was finally found, and the men
+with the pipe-cutters went to work on it.
+
+Several sailors were kept at the oars to hold the cutters in position, and
+the first man wounded was one of these. No one else in the boat knew it,
+however, till he fainted in his seat from loss of blood. Others took the
+cue from this, and there was not a groan or a complaint from the two
+boats, as the bullets, that were coming thicker and faster every minute,
+began to bite flesh.
+
+The men simply possessed themselves with heroic patience, and went on with
+the work. They did not even have the satisfaction of returning the Spanish
+fire, but the marines in the stern of the boat shot hard enough for all.
+
+The second cable was finally cut, and the third, a smaller one, was
+grappled and hoisted to the surface. The fire of the Spanish had reached
+its maximum. It was estimated that one thousand rifles and guns were
+speaking, and the men who handled them grew incautious, and exposed
+themselves in groups here and there.
+
+"Use shrapnel," came the signal, and can after can exploded over the
+Spaniards, causing them to break and run to cover.
+
+This cover was a sort of fortification behind the lighthouse, and to this
+place they dragged a number of their machine guns, and again opened fire
+on the cutter. The shots from behind the lighthouse could not be answered
+so well from the launches, and the encouraged Spaniards fired all the
+oftener.
+
+Man after man in the boats was hit, but none let a sound escape him. Like
+silent machines they worked, grimly hacking and tearing at the third
+cable. During half an hour they laboured, but the fire from behind the
+lighthouse was too deadly, and, reluctantly, at Lieutenant Anderson's
+signal, the cable was dropped and the boats retreated.
+
+The work had lasted two hours and a half.
+
+The _Windom_, which had laid out of range with a collier, was now ordered
+in, and the surgeon called to attend the wounded. The _Windom_ was
+signalled to shell the lighthouse, which had not been fired on before,
+according to the usages of international law. It had been used as a
+shelter by the Spaniards. The revenue cutter's rapid-fire guns riddled the
+structure in short order, and soon a shell from the 4-inch gun, which was
+in charge of Lieut. R. O. Crisp, struck it fair, exploded, and toppled it
+over.
+
+With the collapse of their protection the Spaniards broke and ran again,
+the screaming shrapnel bursting all around them.
+
+At the fall of the lighthouse the _Marblehead_ signalled, "Well done," and
+then a moment later, "Cease firing."
+
+The only man killed instantly was a marine named Eagan. A sailor from one
+of the boats died of his wounds on the same day. Commander Maynard of the
+_Nashville_ was grazed across the chest, and Lieutenant Winslow was
+wounded in the hand.
+
+The list of casualties resulting from this display of heroism was two
+killed, two fatally and four badly wounded. The Spanish loss could not be
+ascertained, but it must necessarily have been heavy.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. CHICAGO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+                          CARDENAS AND SAN JUAN.
+
+
+_May 11._ The Spanish batteries in Cardenas Harbour were silenced on May
+11th, and at the same time there was a display of heroism, on the part of
+American sailors, such as has never been surpassed.
+
+A plan of action having been decided upon, the _Wilmington_ arrived at the
+blockading station from Key West on the morning of the eleventh. She found
+there, off Piedras Bay, the cruiser _Machias_, the torpedo-boat _Winslow_,
+and the revenue cutter _Hudson_, which last carried two 6-pounders.
+Shortly after noon the _Wilmington_, _Winslow_, and _Hudson_ moved into
+the inner harbour of Cardenas, and prepared to draw the fire of the
+Spanish batteries on the water-front. The _Wilmington_ took a range of
+about twenty-five hundred yards.
+
+The Cardenas land defences consisted of a battery in a stone fortification
+on the mole or quay, a battery of field-pieces, and of infantry armed with
+long-range rifles. The gunboats were equipped with rapid-fire guns.
+
+Firing commenced at one o'clock, and when the Cardenas batteries were
+silenced at two in the afternoon, the _Wilmington_ had sent 376 shells
+into them and the town. Her 4-inch guns had been fired 144 times. She had
+aimed 122 shots from her 6-pounders, and 110 from her 1-pounders, over six
+shots a minute.
+
+When the _Wilmington_ ceased firing she had moved up to within one
+thousand yards range of the Spanish guns, and there were only six inches
+of water under her keel. The _Wilmington_ draws nine feet of water forward
+and ten and a half feet aft. When the soundings showed that she was almost
+touching, her guns were in full play, and the Spaniards had missed a
+beautiful opportunity. The Spanish gunners must have miscalculated her
+distance and misjudged her draught, else they would have done more
+effective work at a range of two thousand yards.
+
+During the engagement, when the commander of the _Winslow_ found that he
+could not approach close enough to the Spanish gunboats to use his
+torpedo-tubes to any advantage, he remained under fire. At that time he
+could have got out of harm's way by taking shelter to the leeward of the
+_Wilmington_.
+
+Captain Todd, from his post of duty in the conning-tower of the
+_Wilmington_, saw a Spanish shell, aimed for the torpedo-boat, do its
+deadly work. The shell struck the water, took an up-shoot, and exploded on
+the deck of the _Winslow_. There is little room for men anywhere on a
+torpedo boat, and if a shot strikes at all it is almost sure to hit a
+group. Such was the case in the _Winslow_. The exploding shell cost the
+lives of Ensign Bagley and four seamen; it also crippled the craft by
+wrecking her steam-steering gear. Later her captain and one of his crew
+were wounded by separate shots.
+
+  [Illustration: THE TRAGEDY OF THE WINSLOW.]
+
+Ensign Bagley was killed outright, two of the group of five died on the
+deck of the disabled torpedo-boat, and the other two died while being
+removed to the _Wilmington_.
+
+The signal, "Many wounded," went up from the staff of the _Winslow_, and
+Passed Assistant Surgeon Cook of the _Wilmington_ boarded the
+torpedo-boat.
+
+The _Hudson_ tied up to the _Winslow_ and towed her out of danger,
+escaping unscathed. The wounded men were tenderly cared for on the
+cruiser, and that night the revenue cutter steamed out of Cardenas Bay,
+bearing the dead and wounded to Key West.
+
+William O'Hearn, of Brooklyn, N. Y., one of the _Winslow's_ crew, thus
+tells his story of the battle to a newspaper correspondent:
+
+"From the very beginning," he said, "I think every man on the boat
+believed that we could not escape being sunk, and that is what would have
+happened had it not been for the bravery of the boys on the _Hudson_, who
+worked for over an hour under the most terrific fire to get us out of
+range."
+
+"Were you ordered to go in there?" he was asked.
+
+"Yes; just before we were fired upon the order was given from the
+_Wilmington_."
+
+"Was it a signal order?"
+
+"No; we were near enough to the _Wilmington_ so that they shouted it to us
+from the deck, through the megaphone."
+
+"Do you remember the words of the commander who gave them?"
+
+"I don't know who shouted the order; but the words as I remember them
+were, 'Mr. Bagley, go in and see what gunboats there are.' We started at
+once towards the Cardenas dock, and the firing began soon after.
+
+"The first thing I saw," continued O'Hearn, "was a shot fired from a
+window or door in the second story of the storehouse just back of the dock
+where the Spanish gunboats were lying. A shell then went hissing over our
+heads. Then the firing began from the gunboat at the wharf, and from the
+shore. The effect of shell and heavy shot the first time a man is under
+fire is something terrible.
+
+"First you hear that awful buzzing or whizzing, and then something seems
+to strike you in the face and head. I noticed that at first the boys threw
+their hands to their heads every time a shell went over; but they soon
+came so fast and so close that it was a roaring, shrieking, crashing hell.
+
+"I am the water-tender, and my place is below, but everybody went on deck
+when the battle began. John Varvares, the oiler, John Denif and John Meek,
+the firemen, were on watch with me, and had they remained below they would
+not have been killed.
+
+"After the firing began I went below again to attend to the boiler, and a
+few minutes later a solid shot came crashing through the side of the boat
+and into the boiler, where it exploded and destroyed seventy of the tubes.
+
+"At first it stunned me. When the shell burst in the boiler it threw both
+the furnace doors open, and the fuse from the shell struck my feet. It was
+a terrible crash, and the boiler-room was filled with dust and steam. For
+several seconds I was partially stunned, and my ears rang so I could hear
+nothing. I went up on the deck to report to Captain Bernadou.
+
+"I saw him near the forecastle gun, limping about with a towel wound
+around his left leg. He was shouting, and the noise of all the guns was
+like continuous thunder. 'Captain,' I cried, 'the forward boiler is
+disabled. A shell has gone through it.'
+
+"'Get out the hose,' he said, and turned to the gun again. I made my way
+to the boiler-room, in a few minutes went up on the deck again, and the
+fighting had grown hotter than ever. Several of the men were missing, and
+I looked around.
+
+"Lying all in a heap on the after-deck in the starboard quarter, near the
+after conning-tower, I saw five of our men where they had wilted down
+after the shell struck them. In other places were men lying groaning, or
+dragging themselves about, wounded and covered with blood. There were big
+red spots on the deck, which was strewn with fragments and splinters.
+
+"I went to where the five men were lying, and saw that all were not dead.
+John Meek could speak and move one hand slightly. I put my face down close
+to his.
+
+"'Can I do anything for you, John?' I asked, and he replied, 'No, Jack, I
+am dying; good-bye,' and he asked me to grasp his hand. 'Go help the
+rest,' he whispered, gazing with fixed eyes toward where Captain Bernadou
+was still firing the forward gun. The next minute he was dead.
+
+"Ensign Bagley was lying on the deck nearly torn to pieces, and the bodies
+of the other three were on top of him. The coloured cook was a little
+apart from the others, mangled, and in a cramped position. We supposed he
+was dead, and covered him up the same as the others. Nearly half an hour
+after that we heard him calling, and saw that he was making a slight
+movement under the clothes. I went up to him, and he said:
+
+"'Oh, boys, for God's sake move me. I am lying over the boiler and burning
+up.'
+
+"The deck was very hot, and his flesh had been almost roasted. He
+complained that his neck was cramped, but did not seem to feel his
+terrible wound. We moved him into an easier position, and gave him some
+water.
+
+"'Thank you, sir,' he said, and in five seconds he was dead."
+
+Ensign Bagley had been fearfully wounded by a shot, which practically tore
+through his body. He sank over the rail, and was grasped by one of the
+enlisted men, named Reagan, who lifted him up and placed him on the deck.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. AMPHITRITE.]
+
+The young officer, realising that the wound was fatal, and that he had
+only a short time to live, allowed no murmur of complaint or cry of pain
+to escape him, but opened his eyes, stared at the sailor, and simply said:
+
+"Thank you, Reagan."
+
+These were the last words he spoke.
+
+_May 12._ The forts of San Juan, the capital of Porto Rico, were bombarded
+by a portion of Rear-Admiral Sampson's fleet on Thursday morning, May
+12th. The vessels taking part in the action were the battle-ships _New
+York_, _Iowa_, _Indiana_, the cruisers _Detroit_ and _Montgomery_, and the
+monitors _Terror_ and _Amphitrite_.
+
+The engagement began at 5.15 and ended at 8.15 A. M., resulting in a loss
+to the Americans of one killed and seven wounded, and the death of one
+from prostration by heat. The Spanish loss, as reported by cable to
+Madrid, was five killed and forty-three wounded.
+
+Admiral Sampson's orders were to refrain from making any land attack so
+long as the batteries on shore did not attempt to molest his ships; but in
+case the Spaniards fired on his vessels, to destroy the offending
+fortifications.
+
+These orders were not issued until the Spanish fire at different Cuban
+ports became so irritating to the American bluejackets that discipline
+was, in a measure, threatened; but as soon as the men learned that they
+were no longer to remain passive targets for the Spaniards, but were to
+return any shots against them, all grumbling against inaction ceased.
+
+It was not Admiral Sampson's original intention to attack San Juan. He was
+looking for bigger game than the poorly defended Porto Rican capital. His
+orders from the Navy Department were to find and capture or destroy the
+Spanish squadron that was en route from the Cape Verde Islands, and it was
+this business that took him into the neighbourhood of San Juan, he being
+desirous of learning if the Spanish squadron were there.
+
+The fleet arrived off San Juan before daybreak on Thursday. The tug
+_Wampatuck_ was ordered to take soundings in the channel, and at once
+proceeded to do so. She was fully half a mile ahead of the fleet when she
+entered the channel, and those aboard of her kept the lead going at a
+lively rate.
+
+It is supposed that Admiral Sampson had no intention at that time of
+entering the harbour itself, his object, when he found that the Spanish
+squadron was not at San Juan, being to learn for future use exactly how
+much water there was in the channel, and if any attempt had been made to
+block the way.
+
+At all events, while the _Wampatuck_ was engaged in this work she was seen
+by the sentries at the Morro, and a few minutes later was fired on.
+
+Then, and not until then, did Admiral Sampson determine to teach the
+Spaniards a lesson regarding the danger of firing on the American flag.
+
+"Quarters!" rang out aboard the war-ships almost before the report of the
+Morro gun had died away, the flag-ship having signalled for action.
+
+The _Iowa_ opened the bombardment with her big 12-inch gun, the missile
+striking Morro Castle squarely, and knocking a great hole in the masonry.
+
+Then the _Indiana_ sent a 13-inch projectile from the forward turret, and
+one after the other, with but little loss of time, the remaining vessels
+of the fleet aided in the work of destruction.
+
+The French war-ship _Admiral Rigault de Genoailly_ was at anchor in the
+harbour, and a shell exploded within a few hundred feet of where she lay,
+but worked no injury.
+
+The French officers thus reported the action:
+
+"The American gunners were generally accurate in their firing, while the
+marksmanship of the Spaniards was inferior. Some of the American shells,
+however, passed over the fortifications into the city, where they did
+terrible damage, crashing straight through rows of buildings before
+exploding, and there killing many citizens.
+
+"The fortifications were irreparably injured. Repeatedly masses of masonry
+were blown skyward by the shells from the American guns. Fragments from
+one shell struck the commandante's residence, which was situated near the
+fortifications, damaging it terrifically."
+
+Morro Castle was speedily silenced, and then the guns of the fleet were
+turned on the land-batteries and the fortifications near the government
+buildings.
+
+The inhabitants fled in terror from the city; the volunteers,
+panic-stricken, ran frantically in every direction, discharging their
+weapons at random, until they were a menace to all within possible range.
+The crashing of the falling buildings, the roar of the heavy guns, the
+shrieks of the terrified and groans of the wounded, formed a horrible
+accompaniment to the work of destruction.
+
+Three times the line of American ships passed from the entrance of the
+harbour to the extreme eastward battery, sending shot and shell into the
+crumbling forts. Clouds of dust showed where the missiles struck, but the
+smoke hung over everything. The shells screeching overhead and dropping
+around were the only signs that the Spaniards still stuck to their guns.
+
+At 7.45 A. M. Admiral Sampson signalled, "Cease firing."
+
+"Retire" was sounded on the _Iowa_, and she headed from the shore.
+
+The _Terror_ was the last ship in the line, and, failing to see the
+signal, banged away alone for about half an hour, the concert of shore
+guns roaring at her and the water flying high around her from the
+exploding shells. But she possessed a charmed life, and reluctantly
+retired at 8.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BOMBARDMENT OF SAN JUAN, PORTO RICO.]
+
+_May 13._ In the Spanish Cortes, Senor Molinas, deputy for Porto Rico,
+protested against the bombardment of San Juan without notice, as an
+infringement of international usage.
+
+To this General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the conduct of the
+Americans was "vandalism," and that the government "will bring their
+outrageous action under the notice of the powers." He echoed Senor
+Molinas's eulogy of the bravery of the Spanish troops and marines, and
+promised that the government would send its thanks.
+
+An authority on international law thus comments upon the bombardment, in
+the columns of the New York _Sun_:
+
+"There is nothing in the laws of war which requires notice of bombardment
+to be given to a fortified place, during the progress of war. When the
+Germans threatened to bombard Port au Prince, a few months ago, they gave
+a notice of a few hours, but in that case no state of war existed. Again,
+when Spain bombarded Valparaiso, in 1865, an hour's interval was allowed
+between the blank charge that gave the notice, and the actual bombardment.
+But that interval was intended to allow Chili an opportunity to do the
+specific thing demanded, namely, to salute the Spanish flag, in atonement
+for a grievance. Besides, Valparaiso was wholly unfortified, and the guns
+were directed, not at military works, but at public buildings.
+
+"The case of San Juan was far different. Hostilities had been going on in
+Gulf waters for weeks, while, as Doctor Snow, the well-known authority on
+international law, says, 'In case of war, the very fact of a place being
+fortified is evidence that at any time it is liable to attack, and the
+non-combatants residing within its limits must be prepared for a
+contingency of this kind.' This is true, also, of the investment of
+fortified places by armies, where 'if the assault is made, no notice is
+given, as surprise is essential to success.' In the same spirit Halleck
+says that 'every besieged place is for a time a military garrison; its
+inhabitants are converted into soldiers by the necessities of
+self-defence.'
+
+"Turning to the official report of Admiral Sampson, we find him saying
+that, as soon as it was light enough, he began 'an attack upon the
+batteries defending the city. This attack lasted about three hours, and
+resulted in much damage to the batteries, and incidentally to a portion of
+the city adjacent to the batteries.' It is, therefore, clear that this
+latter damage was simply the result of the proximity of the defensive
+works to some of the dwellings. The same thing would occur in bombarding
+Havana. Can any one imagine that the Spaniards, if they suddenly appeared
+in New York Bay, would be obliged to give notice before opening fire on
+Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth, for the reason that adjacent settlements
+would suffer from the fire? The advantage of suddenness in the attack upon
+a place, not only fortified, but forewarned by current events, cannot be
+renounced. Civilians dwelling near defensive works know what they risk in
+war.
+
+"In the Franco-German war of 1870 there were repeated instances, according
+to the authority already quoted, of deliberately firing on inhabited towns
+instead of on their fortifications, and 'there were cases, like that of
+Peronne, where the town was partially destroyed while the ramparts were
+nearly intact.' The ground taken was that which a military writer, General
+Le Blois, had advocated five years before, namely, that the pressure for
+surrender exercised by the people becomes greater on subjecting them to
+the loss of life and property. 'The governor is made responsible for all
+the disasters that occur; the people rise against him, and his own troops
+seek to compel him to an immediate capitulation.' At San Juan there was no
+attempt of this sort, the fire being concentrated upon the batteries, with
+the single view of destroying them. The likelihood that adjacent buildings
+and streets would suffer did not require previous notice of the
+bombardment, and, in fact, when the Germans opened fire on Paris without
+notification, and a protest was made on behalf of neutrals, Bismarck
+simply replied that no such notification was required by the laws of war."
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+                            FROM ALL QUARTERS.
+
+
+_May 11._ A state of siege proclaimed throughout Spain. In a dozen cities
+or more continued rioting and sacking of warehouses. The seacoast between
+Cadiz and Malaga no longer lighted. The second division of the Spanish
+navy, consisting of the battle-ship _Pelayo_, the armoured cruiser _Carlos
+V._, the protected cruiser _Alphonso XIII._, the converted cruisers
+_Rapido_ and _Patria_, and several torpedo-boats, remain in Cadiz Harbour.
+
+_May 12._ The story of an attempt to land American troops in Cuba is thus
+told by one of the officers of the steamer _Gussie_, which vessel left
+Tampa on the tenth.
+
+"In an effort to land Companies E and G of the first U. S. Infantry on the
+shore of Pinar del Rio this afternoon, with five hundred rifles, sixty
+thousand rounds of ammunition, and some food supplies for the insurgents,
+the first land fight of the war took place. Each side may claim a victory,
+for if the Spaniards frustrated the effort to connect with the insurgents,
+the Americans got decidedly the better of the battle, killing twelve or
+more of the enemy, and on their own part suffering not a wound.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MIANTONOMAH.]
+
+"After dark last evening the old-fashioned sidewheel steamer _Gussie_ of
+the Morgan line, with troops and cargo mentioned, was near the Cuban
+coast. At sunrise she fell in with the gunboat _Vicksburg_ on the blockade
+off Havana. Other blockading vessels came up also. The converted revenue
+cutter _Manning_, Captain Munger, was detailed to convoy the _Gussie_,
+and, three abreast, the steamers moved along the coast.
+
+"The Cuban guides on the _Gussie_ took their machetes to a grindstone on
+the hurricane-deck. Our soldiers gathered around to see them sharpen their
+long knives, but only one could be induced to test the edge of these
+barbarous instruments with his thumb.
+
+"By the ruined walls of an old stone house Spanish troops were gathered.
+Several shots were fired by the gunboat _Manning_, and presently no troops
+were visible. It had been decided to land near here, but the depth of
+water was not favourable.
+
+"Just west of Port Cabanas Harbour the _Gussie_ anchored, the _Manning_
+covering the landing-place with her guns, and the torpedo-boat _Wasp_ came
+up eager to assist. The first American soldier to step on the Cuban shore
+from this expedition was Lieutenant Crofton, Captain O'Connor with the
+first boatload having gone a longer route. A reef near the beach threw the
+men out, and they stumbled through the water up to their breasts. When
+they reached dry land they immediately went into the bush to form a
+picket-line. Two horses had been forced to swim ashore, when suddenly a
+rifle-shot, followed by continuous sharp firing, warned the men that the
+enemy had been in waiting.
+
+"The captain of the transport signalled the war-ships, and the _Manning_
+fired into the woods beyond our picket-line. Shrapnel hissed through the
+air like hot iron plunged in water. The _Wasp_ opened with her small guns.
+The cannonade began at 3.15 and lasted a quarter of an hour; then our
+pickets appeared, the ships circled around, and, being told by Captain
+O'Connor, who had come from shore with the clothing torn from one leg,
+where the Spaniards were, a hundred shots more were fired in that
+direction.
+
+"'Anybody hurt, captain?' some one asked.
+
+"'None of our men, but we shot twelve Spaniards,' he shouted back.
+
+"The soldiers on board the _Gussie_ heard the news without a word, but
+learning where the enemy were situated, gathered aft on the upper deck,
+and sent volleys toward the spot.
+
+"The pickets returned to the bush. Several crept along the beach, but the
+Spaniards had drawn back. It was decided that the soldiers should reembark
+on the _Gussie_, and that the guides take the horses, seek the insurgents,
+and make a new appointment. They rode off to the westward, and disappeared
+around a point.
+
+"'Say,' shouted a man from Company G after them, 'you forgot your
+grindstone.'"
+
+_May 12._ On Thursday morning, May 12th, the gunboat _Wilmington_ stood in
+close to the coast, off the town of Cardenas, with her crew at quarters.
+
+She had come for a specific purpose, which was to avenge the _Winslow_,
+and not until she was within range of the gunboats that had decoyed the
+_Winslow_ did she slacken speed. Then the masked battery, which had opened
+on the American boat with such deadly effect, was covered by the
+_Wilmington's_ guns.
+
+There were no preliminaries. The war-vessel was there to teach the
+Spaniards of Cardenas a lesson, and set about the task without delay.
+
+The town is three miles distant from the gulf entrance to the harbour,
+therefore no time need be wasted in warning non-combatants, for they were
+in little or no danger.
+
+During two weeks troops had been gathering near about Cardenas to protect
+it against American invasion; masked batteries were being planted,
+earthworks thrown up, and blockhouses erected. There was no lack of
+targets.
+
+Carefully, precisely, as if at practice, the _Wilmington_ opened fire from
+her 4-inch guns, throwing shells here, there, everywhere; but more
+particularly in the direction of that masked battery which had trained its
+guns on the _Winslow_, and as the Spaniards, panic-stricken, hearing a
+death-knell in the sighing, whistling missiles, fled in mad terror, the
+gunboats' machine guns were called into play.
+
+It is safe to assert that the one especial object of the American sailors'
+vengeance was completely destroyed. Not a gun remained mounted, not a man
+was alive, save those whose wounds were mortal. The punishment was
+terrible, but complete.
+
+Until this moment the Spaniards at Cardenas had believed they might with
+impunity open fire on any craft flying the American flag; but now they
+began to understand that such sport was in the highest degree dangerous.
+
+During a full hour--and in that time nearly three hundred shells had been
+sent on errands of destruction--the _Wilmington_ continued her bombardment
+of the defences.
+
+When the work was completed two gunboats had been sunk so quickly that
+their crews had no more than sufficient time to escape. Two schooners were
+converted into wrecks at their moorings. One blockhouse was consumed by
+flames, and signal-stations, masked batteries, and forts were in ruins.
+
+While this lesson was in progress the Spaniards did their best to bring it
+to a close; but despite all efforts the _Wilmington_ was unharmed. There
+was absolutely no evidence of conflict about her when she finally steamed
+away, save such as might have been read on the smoke-begrimed faces of the
+hard-worked but triumphant and satisfied crew.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL SCHLEY.]
+
+_May 13._ An English correspondent, cabling from Hongkong regarding the
+Spaniards in the Philippine Islands, made the following statement:
+
+"They are in a position to give the Americans a deal of trouble. There are
+twenty-five thousand Spanish soldiers in the garrison at Manila, and one
+hundred thousand volunteers enrolled. Scores of coasting steamers are
+imprisoned on the river Pasig, which is blocked at the mouth by some
+sunken schooners.
+
+"Mr. Wildman, the American consul here, tells me that, according to his
+despatches, a flag of truce is flying over Manila, and the people are
+allowed to proceed freely to and from the ships in the harbour.
+
+"The Americans are on duty night and day on the lookout for boats which
+endeavour to run the blockade with food supplies. The hospital is
+supported by the Americans. The Spaniards are boasting that their big
+battle-ship _Pelayo_ is coming, and will demolish the Americans in ten
+minutes."
+
+On the afternoon of May 13th the flying squadron, Commodore W. S. Schley
+commanding, set sail from Old Point Comfort, heading southeast. The
+following vessels comprised the fleet. The cruiser _Brooklyn_, the
+flag-ship, the battle-ships _Massachusetts_ and _Texas_, and the
+torpedo-boat destroyer _Scorpion_. The _Sterling_, with 4,000 tons of
+coal, was the collier of the squadron. At eight o'clock in the evening the
+_Minneapolis_ followed, and Captain Sigsbee of the _St. Paul_ received
+orders to get under way at midnight.
+
+_May 14._ Eleven steamers, chartered by the government as troop-ships,
+sailed from New York for Key West. At San Francisco, the cruiser
+_Charleston_, with supplies and reinforcements for Admiral Dewey's fleet
+at Manila, had been made ready for sea.
+
+At Havana General Blanco had shown great energy in preparing for the
+expected siege by American forces. The city and forts were reported as
+being provisioned sufficiently for three or four months, and Havana was
+surrounded by entrenchments for a distance of thirty miles. The troops in
+the garrison numbered seventy thousand, and a like number were in the
+interior fighting the insurgents.
+
+The condition of the reconcentrados in Havana had grown steadily worse.
+The mortality increased among this wretched class, who had taken to
+begging morsels of food.
+
+Nobody in Havana except a few higher officers knew that the Spanish fleet
+was annihilated at Manila, and the story was believed that the Americans
+were beaten there.
+
+At Madrid in the Chamber of Deputies Senor Bores asked the government to
+inform the house of the condition of the Philippines. After the
+pacification of the islands, he said, outbreaks had occurred at Pansy and
+Cebu and even in Manila. Was this a new rebellion, he asked, or a
+continuation of the old one? If it was a continuation of the old
+rebellion, then General Prima de Rivera's pacification of the islands had
+been a perfect fraud. General Correa, Minister of War, replied that the
+old insurrection was absolutely over. The present one, he said, arose from
+the incitements of the Americans.
+
+Senor Bores retorted that he had received a private letter from the
+Philippines, dated April 10th, prior to the arising of any fear of war
+with the United States, giving pessimistic accounts of the risings there,
+and passengers arriving by the steamer _Leon III._ had told similar
+stories. Now, he declared, the Spanish troops in the Philippines were in a
+terrible condition, being between two fires, the natives and the
+Americans. Senor Bores's remarks created a profound sensation.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_ was reported as being ready to sail from San
+Francisco for Manila. Three hundred sailors and marines to reinforce
+Admiral Dewey's fleet were to be sent on the cruiser.
+
+The U. S. S. _Oregon_, _Marietta_, and _Nictheroy_ arrived at Bahia,
+Brazil.
+
+The Spanish torpedo-boat _Terror_, of the Cape Verde fleet, reported as
+yet remaining at Port de France, Martinique.
+
+A press correspondent gives the following spirited account, under the date
+of May 14th, of a second attempt to entice the American blockading
+squadron within range of the Santa Clara battery guns:
+
+"Captain-General Blanco, two hours before sunset to-night, attempted to
+execute a ruse, which, if successful, would have cleared the front of
+Havana of six ships on that blockading station.
+
+"Unable to come out to do battle, he adopted the tactics of the spider,
+and cunningly planned to draw the prey into his net, but, though a clever
+and pretty scheme as an original proposition, it was practically a
+repetition of the trick by which the gunboat _Vicksburg_ and the little
+converted revenue cutter _Morrill_ were last week decoyed by a
+fishing-smack under the big Krupp guns of Santa Clara batteries.
+
+"Thanks to bad gunnery, both ships on that occasion managed to get out of
+range without being sunk, though some of the shells burst close aboard,
+and the _Vicksburg's_ Jacob's-ladder was cut adrift.
+
+"Late this afternoon the ships on the Havana station were dumfounded to
+see two vessels steam out of Havana Harbour and head east. Dense smoke was
+streaming like black ribbons from their stacks, and a glance showed that
+they were under full head of steam.
+
+"By aid of glasses Commander Lilly of the _Mayflower_, which was flying
+the pennant, made out the larger vessel of the two, which was two hundred
+feet long and about forty-five hundred tons displacement, to be the
+cruiser _Alphonso XII._, and the small one to be the gunboat _Legaspi_,
+both of which were known to be bottled up in Havana Harbour.
+
+"At first he supposed that they were taking advantage of the absence of
+the heavy fighting-ships, and were making a bona-fide run for the open
+sea.
+
+"As superior officer, he immediately signalled the other war-ships on the
+station, the _Vicksburg_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, _Tecumseh_, and _Osceola_.
+The little squadron gave chase to the flying Spaniards, keeping up a
+running fire as they advanced. The _Alphonso_ and her consort circled
+inshore about five miles below Havana, and headed back for Morro Castle.
+
+"Our gunboats and the vessels of the mosquito fleet did not follow them
+in. Commander Lilly saw that the wily Spanish ruse was to draw them in
+under the guns of the heavy batteries, where Spanish artillery officers
+could plot out the exact range with their telemeters. So the return was
+made in line ahead, parallel with the shore.
+
+"Commander Lilly had not been mistaken. As his ships came abreast of Santa
+Clara battery the big guns opened, and fired thirteen shells at a distance
+of about five miles. The range was badly judged, as more than half the
+missiles overshot the mark, and others fell short, some as much as a mile.
+
+"The big _Alphonso_ and her convoy steamed swiftly from the dark shadow of
+the harbour's mouth, and, turning sharply east, ran along the coast as
+though to slip through the cordon of blockade.
+
+"It was a bold trick and not at first transparent, although the folly of
+it created a suspicion.
+
+"The Spanish boats crowded on steam and stood along the coast as long as
+they dared, to give zest to the chase. The _Mayflower_ signalled her
+consorts, 'Close in and charge.'
+
+"Seeing that the bait had apparently taken, the Spaniards veered about,
+and, bringing their stern-chasers to bear on the Americans, doubled back
+for Morro.
+
+"Two of the shells from the _Vicksburg_ burst in the rigging of the
+_Alphonso_, and some of it came down, but it was, of course, impossible to
+know whether any fatalities occurred. The American fire was much more
+accurate than the Spanish, as every shell of the latter fell short of
+their pursuers.
+
+"The Spaniards were a mile off Morro, and our ships fully four miles out,
+when flame leaped from the batteries of the Santa Clara forts, and clouds
+of white smoke drifted up the coast. Half a minute later a dull, heavy
+roar of a great gun came like a deep diapason of an organ on high treble
+of smaller guns. It was from one of the 12-inch Krupp guns mounted there,
+and an 85-pound projectile plunged into the water half a mile inside of
+the American line, throwing up a tower of white spray. It ricochetted and
+struck again half a mile outside.
+
+"The mask was now off. Maddened by the failure of their plot, the
+Spaniards continued to fire at intervals of about ten minutes. In all,
+thirteen shots were fired, but not one struck within two hundred yards of
+our ships.
+
+"As soon as the battery opened, Commander Lilly signalled, and his fleet
+stood offshore. Captain McKensie, on the bridge of the _Vicksburg_,
+watched the fall of the shells, but he considered it useless to waste
+ammunition at that distance. He appeased the desire of the men at the
+guns, however, by letting go a final broadside at the Spanish ships, in
+the chance hope of making them pay for their daring before they gained the
+harbour, but they steamed under Morro's guns untouched, and, as they
+disappeared, discharged several guns.
+
+"Half a dozen shots were sent after them at that moment by the
+_Annapolis_, which dropped inside the harbour, probably creating
+consternation among scores of boats on the water-front."
+
+_May 15._ The Spanish cruisers _Maria Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante
+Oquendo_, and _Cristobal Colon_, and torpedo-boat destroyers, which
+arrived off the port of Curacoa, sailed at sunset on the 15th, after
+having purchased coal and provisions.
+
+The flying squadron under command of Commodore Schley arrived off
+Charleston, S. C.
+
+Admiral Sampson's squadron passed Cape Haytien.
+
+All the members of the Spanish Cabinet have resigned.
+
+A report from Ponce, Porto Rico, under date of May 15th, describes the
+inhabitants of the island as living in constant fear of a renewal of the
+bombardment of San Juan by Admiral's Sampson's fleet. There are no
+submarine mines in the harbour of Ponce, and the generally unprotected
+condition of the place is a cause of much anxiety.
+
+_May 16._ Freeman Halstead, an American newspaper correspondent, arrested
+at San Juan de Porto Rico, while in the act of making photographs of the
+fortifications. He was sentenced by a military tribunal to nine years'
+imprisonment.
+
+In a general order issued at the War Department, the assignments to the
+different corps and other important commands were announced. The order is
+as follows:
+
+"The following assignments of general officers to command is hereby made
+by the President:
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., the Department of the Pacific.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., the first corps and the Department of
+the Gulf.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. W. M. Graham, U. S. Volunteers, the second corps, with
+headquarters at Falls Church, Va.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. James M. Wade, U. S. Volunteers, the third corps, reporting to
+Major-General Brooke, Chickamauga.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. John J. Coppinger, U. S. Volunteers, the fourth corps, Mobile,
+Ala.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. Volunteers, the fifth corps, Tampa,
+Fla.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. Volunteers, to report to Major-General
+Merritt, U. S. A., for duty with troops in the Department of the Pacific.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. Volunteers, the sixth corps,
+Chickamauga, reporting to Major-General Brooke.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, the seventh corps, Tampa, Fla.
+
+"Maj.-Gen. Joseph H. Wheeler, U. S. Volunteers, the cavalry division,
+Tampa, Fla."
+
+Orders were given by Admiral Sampson to Captain Goodrich of the _St.
+Louis_, on May 15th, to take the fleet tender in tow and proceed to
+Santiago de Cuba to cut the cables at that point. The grappling implements
+were secured from the tug _Wampatuck_ on May 16th, and at eleven P. M. the
+expedition, in the small boats, left the cruiser for the entrance of
+Santiago. It was then perfectly dark and hazy, but the Santiago light was
+burning brightly. Moonrise was not until 3.45 A. M. At three A. M. on May
+17th the expedition returned with part of one cable, but it had failed to
+find a second cable, which is close under the fort, and was protected by
+two patrol-boats. Then a start was made to cut the cable on the other side
+of the island. At seven A. M. the _St. Louis_ fired her first gun at the
+forts protecting the entrance to Santiago Harbour, and after a little time
+the fire was returned by what must have been a 2-pounder.
+
+At eight A. M. the _St. Louis_ was about two miles distant from the fort,
+which seemed to be unprovided with modern guns. After three hours
+grappling in over five hundred fathoms, the cable had not been found. At
+12.15 P. M. the guns of Morro Castle opened fire, followed by the shore
+battery on the southerly point, and also the west battery. The _St.
+__Louis_ kept up a constant fire from her bow guns, and soon succeeded in
+silencing the guns of Morro Castle, the Spaniards running in all
+directions.
+
+Most of the shots from the fort fell short of the ship. Shells from the
+mortar battery went over the cruiser and exploded in the water quite close
+to the _St. Louis_. The mortar battery ceased at 12.56 P. M., after a
+fusilade of forty-one minutes. After firing the cable was grappled, hauled
+on board, and cut.
+
+_May 17._ The Spanish squadron reported as yet remaining at Cadiz.
+
+The U. S. S. _Wilmington_ had a slight action with a Spanish gunboat off
+the Cuban coast, during which the latter was disabled.
+
+_May 18._ The U. S. cruiser _Charleston_ left San Francisco for the
+Philippines with supplies for Commodore Dewey's fleet.
+
+_May 19._ By cable from Madrid it was learned that the Spanish fleet had
+arrived at Santiago de Cuba.
+
+The cruiser _Charleston_, which sailed for Manila, returned to Mare Island
+navy yard with her condensers out of order.
+
+_May 21._ An order was despatched to San Francisco to prepare the
+_Monterey_ for a voyage to Manila, where she would join Commodore Dewey's
+fleet. The _Monterey_ is probably the most formidable monitor in the
+world; technically described she is a barbed turret, low freeboard monitor
+of four thousand tons displacement, 256 feet long, fifty-nine feet beam,
+and fourteen feet six inches draught. She carries in two turrets,
+surrounded by barbettes, two 12-inch and two 10-inch guns, while on her
+superstructure, between the turrets, are mounted six 6-pounders, four
+1-pounders, and two Gatlings. The turrets are seven and one-half and eight
+inches thick, and the surrounding barbettes are fourteen inches and eleven
+and one-half inches of steel.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MONTEREY.]
+
+One of the most important prizes captured during the war was taken by the
+U. S. S. _Minneapolis_ off the eastern coast of Cuba. The craft was the
+Spanish brig _Santa Maria de Lourdes_, loaded with coal, ammunition, arms,
+and supplies for Admiral Cervera.
+
+Nearly four hundred men, with a pack-train and a large quantity of arms
+and ammunition, sailed for a point about twenty-five miles east of Havana,
+on the steamer _Florida_. These men and their equipment constituted an
+expedition able to operate independently, and to defend itself against any
+body of Spanish troops which might oppose it.
+
+The _Florida_ returned to Key West on the thirty-first, after having
+successfully landed the ammunition and men.
+
+_May 22._ The U. S. S. _Charleston_ again left San Francisco, bound for
+Manila.
+
+_May 25._ The U. S. S. _St. Paul_ captured the British steamer
+_Restormel_, loaded with coal, off Santiago de Cuba. The prize is a long,
+low tramp collier belonging to the Troy company of Cardiff, Wales. She
+left there on April 22d, the day before war was declared, with
+twenty-eight hundred tons of the finest grade of Cardiff coal consigned to
+a Spanish firm in San Juan de Porto Rico, where the Spanish fleet was
+supposed to make its first stop.
+
+"When we reached San Juan," said the captain of the _Restormel_, "the
+consignees told me very curtly that the persons for whom the coal was
+destined were in Curacoa. At Porto Rico I learned that war had been
+declared. I began to suspect that the coal was going to Cervera's fleet,
+but my Spanish consignees said it would be all right. They told me not to
+ask any questions, but to go to Curacoa as soon as possible. I did so,
+placing my cargo under orders.
+
+"The consignee at Curacoa was a Spanish officer. He said there had been
+another change of base, and that the coal was wanted at Santiago de Cuba.
+I tried to cable my owners for instructions, but found that the cables had
+been cut. Under the circumstances there was nothing for me to do but to go
+to Santiago. By this time I was pretty well convinced that the cargo was
+for Cervera. I suspected that coal had been made a contraband of war, so I
+wasn't a bit surprised when the _St. Paul_ brought us to, with a shot,
+three and a half miles from shore."
+
+In the prize court it was decided to confiscate the coal, and release the
+steamer.
+
+The President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand men.
+
+Three troop-ships, laden with soldiers, sailed from San Francisco for
+Manila.
+
+_May 26._ The battle-ship _Oregon_, which left San Francisco March 19th,
+arrived at Key West.
+
+_May 27._ The Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer arrived at San Juan de Porto
+Rico.
+
+_May 28._ From Commodore Dewey the following cablegram was received:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "CAVITE, May 25th, via Hongkong, May 27th.
+
+"_Secretary Navy, Washington_:--No change in the situation of the blockade.
+Is effective. It is impossible for the people of Manila to buy provisions,
+except rice.
+
+"The captain of the _Olympia_, Gridley, condemned by medical survey. Is
+ordered home. Leaves by Occidental and Oriental steamship from Hongkong
+the twenty-eighth. Commander Lamberton appointed commander of the
+_Olympia_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_May 29._ Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt issued an order formally announcing
+that he had taken command of the Philippine forces and expeditions.
+
+_May 31._ United States troops board transports for Cuba.
+
+The beginning of June saw the opening of the first regular campaign of the
+war, and it is eminently proper the operations around and about Santiago
+de Cuba be told in a continuous narrative, rather than with any further
+attempt at giving the news from the various parts of the world in
+chronological order.
+
+Therefore such events, aside from the Santiago campaign, as are worthy a
+place in history, will be set down in regular sequence after certain deeds
+of the boys of '98 have been related in such detail as is warranted by the
+heroism displayed.
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+                         HOBSON AND THE MERRIMAC.
+
+
+_May 29._ The blockading fleet, under command of Commodore Schley, off
+Santiago de Cuba, was composed of the _Brooklyn_, _Iowa_, _Massachusetts_,
+_Texas_, _New Orleans_, _Marblehead_, and _Vixen_.
+
+At about midnight on May 29th the officer of the deck on board the _Texas_
+saw, by aid of his night-glass, two low-lying, swiftly-running steamers
+stealing out of Santiago Harbour, and keeping well within the shadows of
+the land.
+
+As soon as might be thereafter the war-vessel's search-lights were turned
+full on, and at the same moment the sleeping crew were awakened.
+
+It was known beyond a question that the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was hidden within the harbour, not daring to come boldly out while
+the blockading squadron was so strong, and the first thought of men as
+well as officers, when these stealthily moving vessels were sighted, was
+that the Spaniards were making a desperate effort to escape from the trap
+they had voluntarily entered.
+
+The search-lights of the _Texas_ revealed the fact that the two strangers
+were torpedo-boats, and a heavy fire was opened upon them instantly.
+
+With the report of the first gun the call to quarters was sounded on all
+the other ships, and a dozen rays of blinding light flashed here and there
+across the entrance to the harbour, until the waters were so brilliantly
+illumined that the smallest craft in which mariner ever set sail could not
+have come out unobserved.
+
+The same report which aroused the squadron told the Spaniards that their
+purpose was no longer a secret, and the two torpedo-boats were headed for
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Texas_, running at full speed in the hope of
+discharging their tubes before the fire should become too heavy.
+
+The enemy had not calculated, however, upon such a warm and immediate
+reception. It was as if every gun on board both the _Brooklyn_ and _Texas_
+was in action within sixty seconds after the Spaniards were sighted, and
+there remained nothing for the venturesome craft save to seek the shelter
+of the harbour again, fortunate indeed if such opportunity was allowed
+them.
+
+_May 31._ The U. S. S. _Marblehead_, cruising inshore to relieve the
+monotony of blockading duties, discovered that lying behind the batteries
+at the mouth of Santiago Harbour were four Spanish cruisers and two
+torpedo-boat destroyers.
+
+When this fact was reported to the commodore he decided to tempt the
+Spanish fleet into a fight, and at the same time discover the location of
+the masked batteries. In pursuance of this plan he transferred his flag
+from the _Brooklyn_ to the more heavily armed _Massachusetts_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS.]
+
+Two hours after noon the _Massachusetts_, _New Orleans_, and _Iowa_, in
+the order named, and not more than a cable length apart, steamed up to the
+harbour mouth to within four thousand yards of Morro Castle.
+
+Two miles out to sea lay the _Brooklyn_, _Texas_, and other ships of the
+blockading fleet awaiting the summons which should bring them into the
+fight; but none came.
+
+The _Massachusetts_ opened fire first, taking the Spanish flag-ship for
+its target. An 8-inch shell was the missile, and it fell far short of its
+mark. Then the big machine tried her 13-inch guns.
+
+The _Cristobal Colon_ and four batteries--two on the east side, one on the
+west, and one on an island in the middle of the channel, replied. Their 10
+and 12-inch Krupps spoke shot for shot with our sixes, eights and
+thirteens. It was noisy and spectacular, but not effective on either side.
+
+The American fleet steamed across before the batteries at full speed;
+circled, and passed again. Both sides had found the range by the time of
+the second passing, and began to shoot close. Several shots burst directly
+over the _Iowa_, three fell dangerously near the _New Orleans_, and one
+sprayed the bow of the _Massachusetts_.
+
+After half an hour both forts on the east and the one on the island were
+silenced. Five minutes later our ships ceased firing. The western battery
+and the Spanish flag-ship kept up the din fifteen minutes longer, but
+their work was ineffective.
+
+_June 1._ Rear-Admiral Sampson, with the _New York_ as his flag-ship, and
+accompanied by the _Oregon_, the _Mayflower_, and the torpedo-boat
+_Porter_, joined Commodore Schley's squadron off Santiago on the first of
+June.
+
+A naval officer with the squadron summed up the situation in a
+communication to his friend at home:
+
+"Pending the execution of Admiral Sampson's plan of campaign, our ships
+form a cordon about the entrance of Santiago Harbour to prevent the
+possible egress of the Spaniards, should Admiral Cervera be foolhardy
+enough to attempt to cut his way out."
+
+The officers of the blockading squadron were well informed as to the
+situation ashore. Communication with the Cubans had been established, and
+it was known that a line of insurgents had been drawn around Santiago, in
+order that they might be of assistance when the big war-vessels had struck
+the first blow.
+
+The defences of the harbour were fairly well-known despite the vigilance
+of the enemy, and it was no secret that within the narrow neck of the
+channel, which at the entrance is hardly more than three hundred feet
+wide, eighteen or twenty mines had been planted.
+
+A report from one of the newspaper correspondents, under date of June 1st,
+was as follows:
+
+"So far as has been ascertained, there are three new batteries on the west
+side of the entrance. These appear to be formed entirely of earthworks.
+
+"The embrasures for the guns can easily be discerned with the glasses.
+Cayo Smith, a small island which lies directly beyond the entrance, is
+fortified, and back of Morro, which sits on the rocky eminences at the
+right of the entrance, are Estrella battery and St. Carolina fort. Further
+up the bay, guarding the last approach to the city of Santiago, is Blanco
+battery.
+
+"The first are of stone, and were constructed in the early sixties. St.
+Carolina fort is partially in ruins. The guns in Morro Castle and Estrella
+are of old pattern, 18 and 24-pounders, and would not even be considered
+were it not for the great height of the fortifications, which would enable
+these weapons to deliver a plunging fire.
+
+"Modern guns are mounted on the batteries to the left of the entrance. On
+Cayo Smith and at Blanco battery there are also four modern guns. The
+mines in the narrow, tortuous channel, and the elevation of the forts and
+batteries, which must increase the effectiveness of the enemy's fire, and
+at the same time decrease that of our own, reinforced by the guns of the
+Spanish fleet inside, make the harbour, as it now appears, almost
+impregnable. Unless the entrance is countermined it would be folly to
+attempt to force its passage with our ships.
+
+"But the Spanish fleet is bottled up, and a plan is being considered to
+drive in the cork. If that is done, the next news may be a thrilling story
+of closing the harbour. It would release a part of our fleet, and leave
+the Spaniards to starve and rot until they were ready to hoist the white
+flag."
+
+"To drive in the cork," was the subject nearest Rear-Admiral Sampson's
+heart, and he at once went into consultation with his officers as to how
+it could best be done. One plan after another was discussed and rejected,
+and then Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond Pearson Hobson proposed that
+the big collier _Merrimac_, which then had on board about six hundred tons
+of coal, be sunk across the channel in such a manner as to completely
+block it.
+
+The plan was a good one; but yet it seemed certain death for those who
+should attempt to carry it out as proposed. Lieutenant Hobson, however,
+claimed that, if the scheme was accepted, he should by right be allowed to
+take command of the enterprise.
+
+The end to be attained was so great that Admiral Sampson decided that the
+lives of six or seven men could not be allowed to outweigh the advantage
+to be gained, and Lieutenant Hobson was notified that his services were
+accepted; the big steamer was at his disposal to do with as he saw fit.
+
+_June 11._ The preliminary work of this desperate undertaking was a strain
+upon the officers and men. On Wednesday morning the preparations to
+scuttle the _Merrimac_ in the channel were commenced. All day long crews
+from the _New York_ and _Brooklyn_ were on board the collier, never
+resting in their efforts to prepare her. She lay alongside the
+_Massachusetts_, discharging coal, when the work was first begun.
+
+The news of the intended expedition travelled quickly through the fleet,
+and it soon became known that volunteers were needed for a desperate
+undertaking. From the _Iowa's_ signal-yard quickly fluttered the
+announcement that she had 140 volunteers, and the other ships were not far
+behind. On the _New York_ the enthusiasm was intense. Over two hundred
+members of the crew volunteered to go into that narrow harbour and face
+death. The junior officers literally tumbled over each other in their
+eagerness to get their names on the volunteer list.
+
+When it was learned that only six men and Lieutenant Hobson were to go,
+there was much disappointment on all sides. All Wednesday night the crews
+worked on board the _Merrimac_; and the other ships, as they passed the
+collier, before sundown, cheered her. Lieutenant Hobson paid a brief visit
+to the flag-ship shortly before midnight, and then returned to the
+_Merrimac_.
+
+While on board the flag-ship Lieutenant Hobson thus detailed his plan of
+action:
+
+"I shall go right into the harbour until about four hundred yards past the
+Estrella battery, which is behind Morro Castle. I do not think they can
+sink me before I reach somewhere near that point. The _Merrimac_ has seven
+thousand tons buoyancy, and I shall keep her full speed ahead. She can
+make about ten knots. When the narrowest part of the channel is reached I
+shall put her helm hard aport, stop the engines, drop the anchors, open
+the sea connections, touch off the torpedoes, and leave the _Merrimac_ a
+wreck, lying athwart the channel, which is not as broad as the _Merrimac_
+is long. There are ten 8-inch improvised torpedoes below the water-line,
+on the _Merrimac's_ port-side. They are placed on her side against the
+bulk-heads and vital spots, connected with each other by a wire under the
+ship's keel. Each torpedo contains eighty-two pounds of gunpowder. Each
+torpedo is also connected with the bridge; they should do their work in a
+minute, and it will be quick work even if done in a minute and a quarter.
+
+"On deck there will be four men and myself. In the engine-room there will
+be two other men. This is the total crew, and all of us will be in our
+underclothing, with revolvers and ammunition in water-tight packing
+strapped around our waists. Forward there will be a man on deck, and
+around his waist will be a line, the other end of the line being made fast
+to the bridge, where I will stand. By that man's side will be an axe. When
+I stop the engines I shall jerk this cord, and he will thus get the signal
+to cut the lashing which will be holding the forward anchor. He will then
+jump overboard and swim to the four-oared dingy, which we shall tow
+astern. The dingy is full of life-buoys, and is unsinkable. In it are
+rifles. It is to be held by two ropes, one made fast at her bow and one at
+her stern. The first man to reach her will haul in the tow-line and pull
+the dingy to starboard. The next to leave the ship are the rest of the
+crew. The quartermaster at the wheel will not leave until after having put
+it hard aport, and lashed it so; he will then jump overboard.
+
+  [Illustration: LIEUTENANT HOBSON.]
+
+"Down below, the man at the reversing gear will stop the engines, scramble
+up on deck, and get over the side as quickly as he is able. The man in the
+engine-room will break open the sea connections with a sledge-hammer, and
+will follow his leader into the water. This last step ensures the sinking
+of the _Merrimac_ whether the torpedoes work or not. By this time I
+calculate the six men will be in the dingy and the _Merrimac_ will have
+swung athwart the channel, to the full length of her three hundred yards
+of cable, which will have been paid out before the anchors are cut loose.
+Then, all that is left for me is to touch the button. I shall stand on the
+starboard side of the bridge. The explosion will throw the _Merrimac_ on
+her starboard side. Nothing on this side of New York City will be able to
+raise her after that."
+
+In reply to frequent questions, Hobson said:
+
+"I suppose the Estrella battery will fire down on us a bit, but the ships
+will throw their search-lights in the gunners' faces, and they won't see
+much of us. If we are torpedoed we should even then be able to make the
+desired position in the channel. It won't be easy to hit us, and I think
+the men should be able to swim to the dingy. I may jump before I am blown
+up. But I don't see that it makes much difference what I do. I have a fair
+chance of life either way. If our dingy gets shot to pieces we shall then
+try to swim for the beach right under Morro Castle. We shall keep together
+at all hazards. Then we may be able to make our way alongside, and perhaps
+get back to the ship. We shall fight the sentries or a squad until the
+last, and shall only surrender to overwhelming numbers, and our surrender
+will only take place as a last and almost uncontemplated emergency."
+
+The volunteers accepted for this most hazardous enterprise were, after
+Lieutenant Hobson: George F. Phillips, machinist on the _Merrimac_;
+Francis Kelly, water tender on the _Merrimac_; Randolph Clausen, coxswain
+on the _New York_; George Charette, first-class gunner's mate on the _New
+York_; Daniel Montague, first-class machinist on the _New York_; Osburn
+Deignan, coxswain on the _Merrimac_; J. C. Murphy, coxswain on the _Iowa_.
+
+_June 21._ At three o'clock in the morning the admiral and Flag Lieutenant
+Staunton got into the launch to make an inspection of the _Merrimac_. The
+working gangs were still on board of her, and the officers of the
+flag-ship stood with their glasses focused on the big black hull that was
+to form an impassable obstacle for Spain's best ships.
+
+The minutes slipped by, the crews had not completed their work on the
+_Merrimac_, but at last a boatload of men, black and tired out, came over
+to the flag-ship. Last of all, at 4.30, came the admiral. He had been
+delayed by a breakdown of the steam launch.
+
+Dawn was breaking over Santiago de Cuba, and nearly everybody thought it
+was too late for the attempt to be made that morning. Then somebody cried:
+
+"She is going in."
+
+Surely enough, the seemingly deserted collier was seen heading straight
+for Morro Castle. A few moments later, however, she was recalled by
+Admiral Sampson, who thought it sure death for Hobson to venture in at
+that hour. The _Merrimac_ did not return at once. Word came back:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson asks permission to continue on his course. He thinks he
+can make it."
+
+The admiral sent Hobson a message to the effect that the _Merrimac_ must
+return at once, and in due course of time the doomed collier slowly
+steamed back, her commander evidently disappointed with the order. All day
+Thursday the collier lay near the flag-ship, and more elaborate
+preparations were made to carry out the mission of the _Merrimac_
+successfully. During these preparations Hobson was cool and confident,
+supervising personally every little detail.
+
+When, finally, he went on board the _Merrimac_ Thursday night, he had been
+without sleep since Wednesday morning. His uniform was begrimed, his hands
+were black, and he looked like a man who had been hard at work in and
+about an engine-room for a long time. As he said good-bye, the lieutenant
+remarked that his only regret was that all of the _New York's_ volunteers
+could not go with him.
+
+_June 3._ The hazardous voyage was begun at three o'clock Friday morning.
+The _Merrimac_ was lying to the westward. Under cover of the clouds over
+the moon, she stole in toward the coast and made her way to the eastward,
+followed by a steam launch from the _New York_, with the following crew on
+board: Naval Cadet J. W. Powell, of Oswego, N. Y.; P. K. Peterson,
+coxswain; H. Handford, apprentice of the first class; J. Mullings, coal
+passer; G. L. Russell, machinist of the second class. In the launch were
+bandages and appliances for the wounded.
+
+From the crowded decks of the _New York_ nothing could be seen of the
+_Merrimac_ after she got under the shadow of the hills. For half an hour
+officers and men strained their eyes peering into the gloom, when,
+suddenly, the flash of a gun streamed out from Morro Castle, and then all
+on board the _New York_ knew the _Merrimac_ was nearing her end.
+
+The guns from the Spanish battery opposite Morro Castle answered quickly
+with more flashes, and for about twenty minutes tongues of fire seemed to
+leap across the harbour entrance. The flag-ship was too far away to hear
+the reports, and when the firing ceased it was judged that Hobson had
+blown up the _Merrimac_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW YORK.]
+
+During an hour the anxious watchers waited for daylight. Rear-Admiral
+Sampson and Captain Chadwick were on the bridge of the _New York_ during
+the entire time. At five o'clock thin streams of smoke were seen against
+the western shore, quite close to the Spanish batteries, and strong
+glasses made out the launch of the _New York_ returning to the flag-ship.
+
+Scarcely had the small craft been sighted before a puff of smoke issued
+from a battery on the western arm of the harbour, and a shot plunged far
+over the launch. Then for fifteen minutes the big guns ashore kept up an
+irregular fire on the little craft. As the shells fell without hitting the
+object for which they were intended, the men on board the _New York_
+jeered at the Spanish marksmanship, and cheered their shipmates.
+
+At 6.15 the launch came alongside the flag-ship, but she did not have on
+board any of the _Merrimac's_ crew. Cadet Powell reported that he had been
+unable to see any of the men. It was learned that the cadet had gone
+directly under the batteries, and only returned when he found his efforts
+were useless.
+
+He also reported that he had clearly seen the _Merrimac's_ masts sticking
+up just where Hobson hoped to sink her, north of the Estrella battery, and
+well past the guns of Morro Castle.
+
+Cadet Powell thus related the last interview he had with the officer whom
+it seemed certain had voluntarily gone to his death:
+
+"Lieutenant Hobson took a short sleep for a few hours, which was often
+interrupted. At a quarter before two he came on deck and made a final
+inspection, giving his last instructions. Then we had a little lunch.
+Hobson was as cool as a cucumber. At about half past two I took the men
+who were not going on the trip into the launch, and started for the
+_Texas_, the nearest ship, but had to go back for one of the assistant
+engineers, whom Hobson finally compelled to leave. I shook hands with
+Hobson last of all. He said:
+
+"'Powell, watch the boat's crew when we pull out of the harbour. We will
+be cracks, pulling thirty strokes to the minute.'
+
+"After leaving the _Texas_ I saw the _Merrimac_ steaming slowly in.
+
+"It was only fairly dark then, and the shore was quite visible. We
+followed about three-quarters of a mile astern. The _Merrimac_ stood about
+a mile to the westward of the harbour, and seemed a bit mixed, turning
+completely around, and finally heading to the east, she ran down and then
+turned in. We were then chasing him because I thought Hobson had lost his
+bearings.
+
+"When Hobson was about two hundred yards from the harbour the first gun
+was fired, from the eastern bluff. We were then about half a mile
+offshore, and nearing the batteries. The firing increased rapidly. We
+steamed in slowly, and lost sight of the _Merrimac_ in the smoke which the
+wind carried offshore. It hung heavily. Before Hobson could have blown up
+the _Merrimac_ the western battery picked us up and commenced firing. They
+shot wild, however, and we ran in still farther to the shore until the
+gunners lost sight of us. Then we heard the explosion of the torpedoes on
+the _Merrimac_.
+
+"Until daylight we waited just outside the breakers, half a mile to the
+westward of Morro, keeping a sharp lookout for the boat or for swimmers,
+but saw nothing. Hobson had arranged to meet us at that point, but
+thinking that some one might have drifted out, we crossed in front of
+Morro and the mouth of the harbour, to the eastward.
+
+"At about five o'clock we crossed the harbour again, and stood to the
+westward. In passing we saw one spar of the _Merrimac_ sticking out of the
+water. We hugged the shore just outside of the breakers for a mile, and
+then turned toward the _Texas_, when the batteries saw us and opened fire.
+It was then broad daylight. The first shot dropped thirty yards astern,
+but the others went wild. I drove the launch for all she was worth,
+finally making the _New York_. The men behaved splendidly."
+
+_June 3._ Later in the day a boat with a white flag put out from the
+harbour, and Captain Oviedo, chief of staff of Admiral Cervera, boarded
+the _New York_, and informed Admiral Sampson that the whole party had been
+captured; that only two were injured. Lieutenant Hobson was not hurt. The
+Spanish admiral was so impressed with the courage of the _Merrimac's_ crew
+that he decided to inform Admiral Sampson of the fact that they had not
+lost their lives, but were prisoners of war and could be exchanged.
+
+To a newspaper correspondent Commodore Schley said, as he stood on his
+flag-ship pointing towards Morro Castle:
+
+"History does not record an act of finer heroism than that of the gallant
+men who are prisoners over there. I watched the _Merrimac_ as she made her
+way to the entrance of the harbour, and my heart sank as I saw the perfect
+hell of fire that fell upon those devoted men. I did not think it possible
+one of them could have gone through it alive.
+
+"They went into the jaws of death. It was Balaklava over again without the
+means of defence which the Light Brigade had. Hobson led a forlorn hope
+without the power to cut his way out; but fortune once more favoured the
+brave, and I hope he will have the recognition and promotion he deserves.
+His name will live as long as the heroes of the world are remembered."
+
+Admiral Sampson made the following report to the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Permit me to call your especial attention to Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson.
+
+"As stated in a special telegram, before coming here I decided to make the
+harbour entrance secure against the possibility of egress by Spanish
+ships, by obstructing the narrow part of the entrance by sinking a collier
+at that point.
+
+"Upon calling upon Mr. Hobson for his professional opinion as to a sure
+method of sinking the ship, he manifested the most lively interest in the
+problem. After several days' consideration, he presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she
+reached the desired point in the channel. This plan we prepared for
+execution when we reached Santiago.
+
+"The plan contemplated a crew of only seven men and Mr. Hobson, who begged
+that it might be entrusted to him. The anchor chains were arranged on deck
+for both the anchors, forward and aft, the plan including the anchoring of
+the ship automatically. As soon as I reached Santiago, and I had the
+collier to work upon, the details were completed and diligently
+prosecuted, hoping to complete them in one day, as the moon and tide
+served best the first night after our arrival.
+
+"Notwithstanding every effort the hour of four o'clock arrived, and the
+preparation was scarcely completed. After a careful inspection of the
+final preparations, I was forced to relinquish the plan for that morning,
+as dawn was breaking. Mr. Hobson begged to try it at all hazards.
+
+"This morning proved more propitious, as a prompt start could be made.
+Nothing could have been more gallantly executed.
+
+"We waited impatiently after the firing by the Spaniards had ceased. When
+they did not reappear from the harbour at six o'clock, I feared that they
+had all perished. A steam launch, which had been sent in charge of Naval
+Cadet Powell to rescue the men, appeared at this time, coming out under a
+persistent fire of the batteries, but brought none of the crew.
+
+"A careful inspection of the harbour from this ship showed that the vessel
+_Merrimac_ had been sunk in the channel.
+
+"This afternoon the chief of staff of Admiral Cervera came out under a
+flag of truce, with a letter from the admiral, extolling the bravery of
+the crew in an unusual manner.
+
+"I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave or
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.
+
+"Referring to the inspiring letter which you addressed to the officers at
+the beginning of the war, I am sure you will offer a suitable professional
+reward to Mr. Hobson and his companions. I must add that Commander J. M.
+Miller relinquished his command with the very greatest reluctance,
+believing he should retain his command under all circumstances.
+
+  [Illustration: HOBSON AND HIS MEN ON THE RAFT.]
+
+"He was, however, finally convinced that the attempt of another person to
+carry out the multitude of details which had been in preparation by Mr.
+Hobson might endanger its proper execution. I therefore took the liberty
+to relieve him, for this reason only.
+
+"There were hundreds of volunteers who were anxious to participate. There
+were a hundred and fifty men from the _Iowa_, nearly as many from this
+ship, and large numbers from all the other ships, officers and men alike.
+
+                                                          "W. T. SAMPSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Not until the sixth of July were Hobson and his brave comrades exchanged,
+and then to his messmates the gallant lieutenant told the story of his
+perilous voyage on that morning of June 4th:
+
+"I did not miss the entrance to the harbour," he said, "as Cadet Powell in
+the launch supposed. I headed east until I got my bearings, and then made
+for it straight in. Then came the firing. It was grand, flashing out first
+from one side of the harbour and then from the other, from those big guns
+on the hill, the _Vizcaya_, lying inside the harbour, joining in.
+
+"Troops from Santiago had rushed down when the news of the _Merrimac's_
+coming was telegraphed, and soldiers lined the foot of the cliffs, firing
+wildly across, and killing each other with the cross-fire.
+
+"The _Merrimac's_ steering-gear broke as she got to Estrella Point. Only
+three of the torpedoes on her side exploded when I touched the button. A
+huge submarine mine caught her full amidships, hurling the water high in
+the air, and tearing a great rent in her side.
+
+"Her stern ran upon Estrella Point. Chiefly owing to the work done by the
+mine, she began to sink slowly. At that time she was across the channel,
+but before she settled the tide drifted her around. We were all aft, lying
+on the deck. Shells and bullets whistled around. Six-inch shells from the
+_Vizcaya_ came tearing into the _Merrimac_, crashing into wood and iron,
+and passing clear through, while the plunging shots from the forts broke
+through her deck.
+
+"'Not a man must move,' I said, and it was only owing to the splendid
+discipline of the men that we all were not killed, as the shells rained
+over us, and the minutes became hours of suspense. The men's mouths became
+parched, but we must lie there till daylight, I told them. Now and again,
+one or the other of the men, lying with his face glued to the deck and
+wondering whether the next shell might not come our way, would say,
+'Hadn't we better drop off now, sir?' But I said, 'Wait till daylight.'
+
+"It would have been impossible to get the catamaran anywhere but on to the
+shore, where the soldiers stood shooting, and I hoped that by daylight we
+might be recognised and saved.
+
+"The grand old _Merrimac_ kept sinking. I wanted to go forward and see the
+damage done there, where nearly all the fire was directed. One man said
+that if I rose it would draw all the fire on the rest. So I lay
+motionless. It was splendid the way these men behaved.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CERVERA.]
+
+"The fire of the soldiers, the batteries and the _Vizcaya_ was awful. When
+the water came up on the _Merrimac's_ deck the catamaran floated amid the
+wreckage, but she was still made fast to the boom, and we caught hold of
+the edges and clung on, our heads only being above water.
+
+"One man thought we were safer right there; it was quite light, the firing
+had ceased, except that on the _New York's_ launch, and I feared Cadet
+Powell and his men had been killed.
+
+"A Spanish launch came toward the _Merrimac_. We agreed to capture her and
+run. Just as she came close the Spaniards saw us, and half a dozen marines
+jumped up and pointed their rifles at our heads sticking out of the water.
+
+"'Is there any officer in that boat to receive a surrender of prisoners of
+war?' I shouted.
+
+"An old man leaned out under the awning and waved his hand. It was Admiral
+Cervera. The marines lowered their rifles and we were helped into the
+launch.
+
+"Then we were put in cells in Morro Castle. It was a grand sight a few
+days later to see the bombardment, the shells striking and bursting around
+El Morro. Then we were taken into Santiago. I had the court martial room
+in the barracks. My men were kept prisoners in the hospital.
+
+"From my window I could see the army moving, and it was terrible to watch
+those poor lads coming across the opening and being shot down by the
+Spaniards in the rifle-pits in front of me.
+
+"Yesterday the Spaniards became as polite as could be. I knew something
+was coming, and then I was exchanged."
+
+  [Illustration: QUEEN REGENT, MARIA CHRISTINA OF SPAIN.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+                                 BY WIRE.
+
+
+_May 30._ The auxiliary cruisers _Leyden_ and _Uncas_ made an attack on
+one of the outlying blockhouses at Cardenas, plying their 3-pounders until
+the Spaniards deserted their batteries.
+
+_June 1._ The government of Paraguay represented to the American consul at
+Asuncion that the Spanish torpedo-boat _Temerario_ was disabled, and had
+been granted permission to remain at that port until the war between the
+United States and Spain had come to an end.
+
+In Spain there are many differences of opinion regarding the conduct of
+the war, as evinced by a newspaper article to which was signed the name of
+Emilio Castelar, the distinguished republican statesman.
+
+Senor Castelar attacked the queen regent, reproaching her with being a
+foreigner and unpopular, and with interfering unjustifiably in political
+affairs. He compared her position with that of Queen Marie Antoinette on
+the eve of the French revolution.
+
+The matter came before the Senate; Duke de Roca demanded the prosecution
+of Castelar, and other Senators expressed in violent terms their
+indignation at Senor Castelar's conduct.
+
+_June 2._ The British steamer _Restormel_, captured by the auxiliary
+cruiser _St. Paul_ off Santiago de Cuba, was released by the government.
+It was shown that the _Restormel_ sailed previous to the declaration of
+war, there being no evidence that the steamer's owners were wilfully and
+knowingly guilty of aiding the enemy's fleet, and she was ordered
+released. The cargo was condemned.
+
+The names of the captains and commanders of the ships in Admiral Dewey's
+squadron were sent to the Senate, by the President, for advancement
+because of their conspicuous conduct.
+
+The House of Representatives passed an urgency appropriation of nearly
+eighteen million dollars for war purposes.
+
+From Captain Clark's report, the Navy Department made public the following
+extract relative to the extraordinary voyage of the _Oregon_:
+
+"It is gratifying to call the department's attention to the spirit aboard
+this ship in both officers and men. This best can be described by
+referring to instances such as that of the engineer officers in
+voluntarily doubling their watches when high speed was to be made, to the
+attempt of men to return to the fire-room after being carried out of it
+insensible, and to the fact that most of the whole crew, who were working
+by watches by day and night at Sandy Point, preferred to leave their
+hammocks in the nettings until they could get the ship coaled and ready to
+sail from Sandy Point."
+
+_June 3._ The collier _Merrimac_ was sunk in the channel of Santiago
+Harbour, as has already been told.
+
+_June 4._ Captain Charles Vernon Gridley, commander of the cruiser
+_Olympia_, and commanding her during the battle of Manila Bay, died at
+Kobe, Japan.
+
+_June 5._ An account of personal heroism which should be set down in every
+history, that future generations may know of what metal the boys of '98
+were made, was telegraphed from Tampa, Florida.
+
+Lieutenant Parker, who was in charge of the old clubhouse on Lafayette
+Street, near the brigade headquarters, and which was being used by the
+government as a storehouse, and Thomas McGee, a veteran of the civil war,
+prevented what might have been a calamity.
+
+While a force of soldiers was engaged in carrying boxes of ammunition from
+the warehouse and loading them to waiting army wagons, smoke was seen
+issuing from a box of ammunition. In an instant the cry of fire went up,
+and soldiers and negro roustabouts piled over each other in their scramble
+for safety. McGee, however, rushed toward the box, picked it up, and was
+staggering in the direction of the river, some distance away, when
+Lieutenant Parker, who had heard the warning cry, came to his assistance.
+Together they carried the smoking box until it was possible to throw it
+into the water.
+
+How the fire originated is a mystery. In the storehouse were piled
+hundreds of boxes of ammunition, each containing one thousand cartridges.
+Had the cartridges in the burning box exploded, a great loss of life might
+have resulted, as there were at least a score of soldiers working in and
+around the building.
+
+At Madrid the Spanish Minister of Marine issued orders that every one
+connected with the admiralty must abstain from giving information of any
+kind regarding naval affairs.
+
+General Blanco in Havana published an order prohibiting foreign newspaper
+correspondents from remaining in Cuba, under the penalty of being treated
+as spies.
+
+_June 6._ As is told in that chapter relating to Santiago de Cuba,
+American troops were landed a few miles east of the city, at a place known
+as Aguadores; the forts at the entrance of Santiago Harbour were
+bombarded.
+
+The Navy Department made public a cablegram from Admiral Dewey:
+
+"The insurgents are acting energetically in the province of Cavite. During
+the past week they have won several victories, and have taken prisoners
+about eighteen hundred men and fifty officers of the Spanish troops, not
+natives. The arsenal of Cavite is being prepared for occupation by United
+States troops on the arrival of the transports."
+
+Cablegrams from Hongkong announced that the insurgents had cut the railway
+lines and were closing in on Manila. Frequent actions between Aguinaldo's
+forces and the Spaniards had taken place, and the foreign residents were
+making all haste to leave the city. A proclamation issued by the insurgent
+chief points to a desire to set up a native administration in the
+Philippines under an American protectorate. Aguinaldo, with an advisory
+council, would hold the dictatorship until the conquest of the islands,
+and would then establish a republican assembly.
+
+_June 7._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the collier _Brutus_ sailed from San
+Francisco for Manila. The double-turreted monitor _Monadnock_ has been
+ordered to set out for the same port within ten days.
+
+_June 9._ The Spanish bark _Maria Dolores_, laden with coal and patent
+fuel, was captured by the cruiser _Minneapolis_ twelve miles off San Juan
+de Porto Rico.
+
+_June 10._ A battalion of marines was landed in the harbour of Guantanamo,
+forty miles east of Santiago.(3)
+
+A blockhouse at Daiquiri shelled by the transport steamer _Panther_.(4)
+
+_June 11-12._ Attack upon American marines in Guantanamo Bay by Spanish
+regulars and guerillas.(5)
+
+_June 11._ The British steamer _Twickenham_, laden with coal for Admiral
+Cervera's fleet, was captured off San Juan de Porto Rico by the U. S. S.
+_St. Louis_.
+
+_June 12._ Major-General Merritt issued orders to the officers assigned to
+the second Philippine expedition, to the effect that they must be ready to
+embark their troops not later than the fifteenth instant.
+
+The following cablegram was made public by the Navy Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Cavite, June 12.--The insurgents continue hostilities, and have
+practically surrounded Manila. They have taken twenty-five hundred Spanish
+prisoners, whom they treat most humanely. They do not intend to attack the
+city at the present time.
+
+"Twelve merchant vessels are anchored in the bay, with refugees on board,
+under guard of neutral men-of-war; this with my permission. Health of the
+squadron continues excellent. German commander-in-chief arrived to-day.
+Three Germans, two British, one French, one Japanese man-of-war in port.
+Another German man-of-war expected.
+
+"The following is a corrected list of vessels captured or destroyed: Two
+protected cruisers, five unprotected cruisers, one transport, one
+surveying vessel, both armed. The following are captured: Transport
+_Manila_, gunboat _Callao_.
+
+                                                                  "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Advices from Honolulu report that on June 1st H. Renjes, vice-consul for
+Spain, at Honolulu, sent the following letter to H. E. Cooper, Hawaiian
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, relative to the entertainment of the American
+troops at Honolulu:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Sir_:--In my capacity as vice-consul for Spain, I have the honour to-day
+to enter formal protest with the Hawaiian government against the constant
+violation of neutrality in this harbour, while actual war exists between
+Spain and the United States of America."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 6._ On June 6th Minister Cooper replied as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_Sir_:--In reply to your note of the first instant, I have the honour to
+say that, owing to the intimate relations now existing between this
+country and the United States, this government has not proclaimed a
+proclamation of neutrality having reference to the present conflict
+between the United States and Spain, but, on the contrary, has tendered to
+the United States privileges and assistance, for which reason your protest
+can receive no further consideration than to acknowledge its receipt."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 13._ American troops sailed from Tampa and Key West for Santiago.
+
+The Spaniards again attacked the American marines at Guantanamo Bay, and
+were repulsed after seven hours' hard fighting.(6)
+
+President McKinley signed the war revenue bill.
+
+Secretary Gage issued a circular inviting subscriptions to the popular
+loan.
+
+The dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson's fleet.(7)
+
+While the U. S. S. _Yankee_ was off Cienfuegos on this day, a Spanish
+gunboat steamed out of the harbour, evidently mistaking the character of
+the newcomer; but on learning that the _Yankee_ was ready for business,
+put back in hot haste. Both vessels opened fire, and after the gunboat had
+gained the security of the harbour the _Yankee_ engaged the eastern and
+western batteries. During the brief action a shell burst over the American
+ship, its fragments wounding one man.
+
+_June 14._ The American marines at Guantanamo Bay again attacked by the
+Spaniards.(8)
+
+The heroes of Santiago Bay, who sank the _Merrimac_, rewarded by the Navy
+Department.(9)
+
+First trial of the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_.(10)
+
+The war tax on beer, ale, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes went into effect
+on this date.
+
+_June 14._ From Manila on June 14th much of interest was received. A
+severe engagement occurred, when one thousand insurgents attacked twice
+that number of Spaniards, inflicting heavy losses. The insurgents had
+drawn their lines closely around the landward side of the city, and
+Captain-General Augusti published a decree ordering all the male
+population under arms. Mr. E. W. Harden, correspondent of the New York
+_World_, thus summed up the situation:
+
+"Terrific fighting has been going on for six days between the Philippine
+insurgents and the Spaniards. The rebels, under Aguinaldo, more than held
+their ground, while the Spaniards lost heavily. The insurgents now hold
+three thousand prisoners, mostly Spanish soldiers.
+
+"I have been in the field with the rebels, and I was present at the taking
+of the garrisoned church at Old Cavite, June 7th, where three hundred
+insurgents captured a superior force of Spaniards after an eight days'
+bombardment. The rebels are competent, courageous fighters. They have
+captured the entire provinces of Cavite and Bataan, and parts of the
+provinces of Pampagna, Bulucan, and Manila.
+
+"Aguinaldo's troops, in three divisions, have now surrounded Manila. They
+have the Spaniards hemmed in, and could capture the city if they wanted
+to, but will await the arrival of the American troops before doing so.
+
+"The rebels have captured Gov. Leopoldo Garcia Penas, of Cavite province,
+and Gov. Antonio Cardola, of Bataan province. Cardola tried to commit
+suicide before surrendering. He shot himself three times in the head, but
+will recover. The insurgents behaved gallantly in the fight for the
+possession of the stone convent in Old Cavite, June 1st. General Augusti
+sent two thousand Spanish regulars of the Manila force to attack
+Aguinaldo's forces at Cavite. The fight lasted all day. The Spaniards were
+repulsed, and the officers led in retreat. They took refuge in the old
+convent, a substantial building, with walls five feet thick, built for all
+time.
+
+"Aguinaldo surrounded the convent, and his first plan was to starve out
+the beleaguered ones, but he found, June 6th, that provisions were being
+smuggled in to them, and so he attacked the building, beginning by opening
+fire with his mountain guns. Meantime, General Augusti, hearing of his
+soldiers' plight, sent four thousand regulars to relieve them.
+
+"Aguinaldo led the attack on these four thousand. But after the first
+brush he adopted another method. He sent detachments of three hundred or
+four hundred men, armed with machetes, on the flanks of the Spaniards, who
+constantly harassed them. In the first attack of these detachments one
+hundred and fifty Spanish soldiers and a lieutenant-colonel were killed.
+In the second onslaught four officers and sixty men were killed.
+
+"Again and again these attacks were repeated until nine hundred Spaniards
+had been killed, the insurgents report. The convent, too, became
+untenable. The Spaniards retreated along the road to Manila, but made a
+stand at Bacoor.
+
+"Aguinaldo and his men fought them fiercely there, and the Spanish fled
+again. The rebels pursued the enemy to within sight of Manila. Returning,
+Aguinaldo stormed the old convent, and of the Spaniards who remained there
+he killed ninety and captured 250."
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GARCIA.]
+
+_June 15._ The second fleet of transports, comprised of the steamers
+_China_, _Colon_, _Senator_, and _Zealandia_, carrying 3,465 men, left San
+Francisco for Manila.
+
+The war loan of two hundred million dollars subscribed for twice over.
+
+Bombardment of the fortifications in Guantanamo Bay.(11)
+
+The House of Representatives passed the Hawaiian annexation resolution.
+
+_June 16._ Third bombardment of the batteries near Santiago.(12)
+
+The Spanish forces in and near Cardenas had repaired the damages inflicted
+by the American vessels when they bombarded the works, and on June 16th
+another lesson was given those who killed Ensign Bagley and his brave
+comrades. Five blockhouses were completely demolished, the enemy beating a
+hasty retreat without having fired a shot.
+
+_June 17._ Fortifications in Guantanamo Bay shelled by American naval
+force.(13)
+
+Capture of the Spanish sloop _Chato_ in Guantanamo Bay.(14)
+
+_June 18._ Bombardment of blockhouse in Guantanamo Bay.(15)
+
+Battery at Cabanas shelled by the U. S. S. _Texas_.(16)
+
+_June 19._ First American troops landed on Cuban soil.(17)
+
+_June 20._ General Shafter and Admiral Sampson visit General Garcia in his
+camp.(18)
+
+_June 21._ Landing of General Shafter's army begun.(19)
+
+Bombardment of all the fortifications near about Santiago.(20)
+
+Captain-General Augusti cabled the Madrid government that he, having been
+forced to take refuge in the walled city,(21) would be unable to continue
+communication.
+
+_June 22._ By a decision of the Attorney-General, the United States
+government will surrender to the ambassadors of France and Germany, as the
+diplomatic representatives of Spain, the non-combatants and crews of the
+prize merchant vessels captured by ships of the American navy since the
+declaration of war.
+
+Boats' crews from the U. S. S. _Marblehead_ and _Dolphin_ remove the mines
+from Guantanamo Bay.(22)
+
+Bombardment of the Socapa battery near Santiago.(23)
+
+Spaniards set fire to the town of Aguadores.(24)
+
+The U. S. S. _Texas_ engages the west battery of Cabanas.(25)
+
+Captain Sigsbee of the U. S. S. _St. Paul_, in reporting his cruise of
+twenty-three days, gave the following account of a meeting with the enemy
+off San Juan de Porto Rico on the 22d of June:
+
+_June 22._ "We came off the port on the twenty-second. The weather was
+fair, the trade wind blowing fresh from the eastward and raising somewhat
+of a sea. At about 12.40 the third-class cruiser _Isabel III._ came out,
+and, steaming under the Morro until she was abreast of the batteries,
+commenced edging out toward us, firing at such a long range that her shots
+were ineffective.
+
+"As her purpose evidently was to put us within fire of the batteries, we
+took but little notice of her, lying still and occasionally sending in our
+largest shell at her to try the range.
+
+"Soon afterward she dropped to the westward, and the torpedo-boat
+destroyer _Terror_, or it may have been her sister ship, the _Furor_, was
+sighted steaming along shore under the batteries.
+
+"We watched her for awhile, and worked along with her, in order to
+separate her from the cruiser and keep her in trough if she came for us.
+She then circled to get up speed, and headed for us, firing straight as
+far as direction went, but her shots fell short.
+
+"When within range of our guns, the signal 'commence firing' was made, and
+for several minutes we let fly our starboard battery at her at from
+fifty-five hundred to six thousand yards, the shells striking all around
+her.
+
+"This stopped her. She turned her broadside to us and her fire soon
+ceased. She then headed inshore, to the southward and westward, going
+slow, and it was evident to all on board that she was crippled. Off the
+Morro she flashed some signals to the shore, and afterward a tug came out
+and towed her into the harbour.
+
+"All this time the cruiser was firing at us, and some of her shots and
+those of the _Terror_ fell pretty close. The cruiser followed the _Terror_
+back toward the port and soon afterward was joined by a gunboat, and the
+two steamed under the batteries to the eastward; but when the _St. Paul_,
+making an inshore turn, seemed to be going for them, they returned to the
+harbour, and we saw no more of them."
+
+_June 23._ The U. S. monitor _Monadnock_ left San Francisco for Manila.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ again shells the Santiago
+fortifications.(26)
+
+_June 24._ The Spanish Cortes suspended by royal decree. The Chamber of
+Deputies adjourned without the customary cheers for the throne.
+
+Major-General Lawton advancing on Santiago.(27)
+
+Action near Juragua.(28)
+
+_June 25._ Skirmish near Sevilla.
+
+The American government protested a draft drawn by its consul at St.
+Thomas, D. W. I., under circumstances calculated to make an extremely
+dangerous precedent. The draft was made by Consul Van Horne for the
+purchase of twenty-seven hundred tons of coal, which arrived in St. Thomas
+in the _Ardenrose_ about the twenty-eighth of May. The consul bought it
+for ten dollars a ton when the Spanish consul had offered twenty dollars a
+ton for it. Van Horne apparently did the proper thing and did not exceed
+instructions.
+
+_June 26._ General Garcia with three thousand Cuban insurgents landed at
+Juragua by American transports.(29)
+
+The troops comprising the third expedition to Manila embarked at San
+Francisco.
+
+The sloop _Isabel_ arrived at Key West flying the Cuban flag. On her were
+Capt. Rafael Mora, Lieut. Felix de los Rios and four others of the Cuban
+army, carrying sealed dispatches from the Cuban government to Senor T.
+Estrada Palma, of the New York junta.
+
+The U. S. dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ shelled the fortifications at the
+entrance to Santiago harbour.(30)
+
+The water-supply of Santiago cut off by the American forces.(31)
+
+A Spanish fleet entered the harbour of Port Said, Egypt, at the head of
+the Suez Canal, on the twenty-sixth. It was composed of:
+
+Battle-ship _Pelayo_, Admiral Camara's flag-ship.
+
+Armoured cruiser _Emperador Carlos V._
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Patriota_, equipped with twelve guns, and carrying
+troops and marines.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Buenos Ayres_, equipped with ten guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Audaz_.
+
+Armed merchantman _Isla de Pany_, equipped with two guns, and carrying
+stores and a few troops.
+
+Auxiliary cruiser _Rapido_, equipped with twelve guns.
+
+Steamship _Colon_, unarmed and with no troops.
+
+Torpedo destroyer _Proserpina_.
+
+Torpedo-boat destroyer _Osada_.
+
+Transport _Covadonga_, carrying no guns.
+
+Collier _San Francisco_.
+
+_June 27._ The United States government, determined to delay, if possible,
+the progress of the fleet toward the Philippines, instructed its consul to
+protest to the English government against the coaling of the fleet at Port
+Said. In response to such protest the Egyptian government refused Admiral
+Camara's request to buy coal, and also refused to allow him to hire a
+hundred and fifty native stokers.
+
+The U. S. transport _Yale_, laden with troops, arrived at Daiquiri.(32)
+
+The President sent to Congress the following messages:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_To the Congress of the United States_:--On the morning of the third of
+June, 1898, Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond P. Hobson, U. S. N., with
+a volunteer crew of seven men, in charge of the partially dismantled
+collier _Merrimac_, entered the fortified harbour of Santiago, Cuba, for
+the purpose of sinking the collier in the narrowest portion of the channel
+and thus interposing a serious obstacle to the egress of the Spanish
+fleet, which had recently entered that harbour.
+
+"This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment and bravery amounting to
+heroism, was carried into successful execution in the face of a persistent
+fire from the hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore.
+Rear-Admiral Sampson, commander-in-chief of our naval force in Cuban
+waters, in an official report addressed to the Secretary of the Navy,
+referring to Mr. Hobson's gallant exploit, says:
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL CAMARA.]
+
+"'I decided to make the harbour entrance secure against the possibility of
+egress of the Spanish ships by obstructing the narrow part of the
+entrance, by sinking a collier at that point.
+
+"'Mr. Hobson, after several days consideration, presented a solution which
+he considered would ensure the immediate sinking of the ship when she had
+reached the desired point in the channel. The plan contemplated a crew of
+only seven men, and Mr. Hobson begged that it might be entrusted to him.
+
+"'I cannot myself too earnestly express my appreciation of the conduct of
+Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave and
+daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the _Albemarle_.'
+
+"The members of the crew who were with Mr. Hobson on the memorable
+occasion have already been rewarded for their services by advancement,
+which, under the provisions of law and regulation, the Secretary of the
+Navy was authorised to make; and the nomination to the Senate of Naval
+Cadet Powell, who, in a steam launch, followed the _Merrimac_ on her
+perilous trip, for the purpose of rescuing her force after the sinking of
+that vessel, to be advanced in rank to the grade of ensign, has been
+prepared and will be submitted.
+
+"Cushing, with whose gallant act in blowing up the _Albemarle_, during the
+civil war, Admiral Sampson compares Mr. Hobson's sinking of the
+_Merrimac_, received the thanks of Congress upon recommendation of the
+President, by name, and was in consequence, under the provisions of
+Section 1,508 of the Revised Statutes, advanced one grade, such
+advancement embracing fifty-six numbers. The section cited applies,
+however, to line officers only, and Mr. Hobson, being a member of the
+staff of the navy, could not, under the provisions, be so advanced.
+
+"In considering the question of suitably rewarding Assistant Naval
+Constructor Hobson for his valiant conduct on the occasion referred to, I
+have deemed it proper to address this message to you with the
+recommendation that he receive the thanks of Congress, and further that he
+be transferred to the line of the navy and promoted to such position
+therein as the President, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, may determine.
+
+"Mr. Hobson's transfer from the construction corps to the line is fully
+warranted, he having received the necessary technical training as a
+graduate of the naval academy, where he stood number one in his class, and
+such action is recommended partly in deference to what is understood to be
+his own desire, although, he being a prisoner now in the hands of the
+enemy, no direct communication on the subject has been received from him,
+and partly for the reason that the abilities displayed by him at Santiago
+are of such a character as to indicate especial fitness for the duties of
+the line.
+
+                                                        "WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+"_Executive Mansion, June 27._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The second message was as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_To the Congress of the United States_:--On the eleventh day of May, 1898,
+there occurred a conflict in the bay of Cardenas, Cuba, in which the naval
+torpedo-boat _Winslow_ was disabled, her commander wounded, and one of her
+officers and a part of her crew killed by the enemy's fire.
+
+"In the face of a most galling fire from the enemy's guns the revenue
+cutter _Hudson_, commanded by First Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue
+Cutter Service, rescued the disabled _Winslow_ and her wounded crew. The
+commander of the _Hudson_ kept his vessel in the very hottest fire of the
+action, although in constant danger of going ashore on account of the
+shallow water, until he finally got a line made fast to the _Winslow_, and
+towed that vessel out of range of the enemy's guns, a deed of special
+gallantry.
+
+"I recommend that, in recognition of the signal act of heroism of First
+Lieut. Frank H. Newcomb, U. S. Revenue Cutter Service, above set forth,
+the thanks of Congress be extended to him and to his officers and men of
+the _Hudson_, and that a gold medal of honour be presented to Lieutenant
+Newcomb, a silver medal of honour to each of his officers, and a bronze
+medal of honour to each member of his crew who served with him at
+Cardenas.
+
+                                              (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The President also sent the following special nomination to Congress:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                            "EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, June 27, 1898.
+
+"_To the Senate of the United States_:--I nominate Naval Cadet Joseph W.
+Powell to be advanced two numbers under the provisions of section 1,506 of
+the Revised Statutes, and to be an ensign in the navy, for extraordinary
+heroism while in charge of the steam launch which accompanied the collier
+_Merrimac_, for the purpose of rescuing her gallant force when that vessel
+was, under the command of Naval Constructor Hobson, run into the mouth of
+the harbour of Santiago, Cuba, on the third instant, and dexterously sunk
+in the channel.
+
+                                              (Signed) "WILLIAM MCKINLEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 27._ The third fleet of vessels, laden with soldiers, sailed from
+San Francisco for the Philippines.
+
+From London the following news was received from the Canary Islands:
+
+Most of the new forts have guns mounted, but are still quite exposed to
+view. The earthworks are not nearly completed. It is reported that ten
+thousand more soldiers are on the way from Spain. Of these five thousand
+are for the Grand Canary, and the others are for Teneriffe. The Spanish
+government is determined to hold the islands at any cost.
+
+Nearly all business is absolutely at a standstill, and many of the sugar
+mills are closed. If this state of uncertainty continues much longer it
+will mean starvation to the working classes. All lights that can be seen
+from the sea are ordered extinguished at night, though the lighthouse on
+Isletta is still lighted.
+
+The U. S. S. _Yankee_, off the Isle of Pines, captured and destroyed the
+Spanish sloops _Nemesia_, of Batabano, _Amistad_ and _Manuelita_, of
+Coloma, and the pilot-boats _Luz_ and _Jacinto_.
+
+_June 28._ The President issued a proclamation extending the blockade of
+Cuba to the southern coast, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz, inclusive, and
+also blockading San Juan, Porto Rico.
+
+The proclamation was as follows:
+
+"_Whereas_, for the reasons set forth in my proclamation of April 22,
+1898, a blockade of ports on the northern coast of Cuba, from Cardenas to
+Bahia Honda, inclusive, and of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast
+of Cuba, was declared to have been instituted, and
+
+"_Whereas_, it has become desirable to extend the blockade to other
+southern ports,
+
+"Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do
+hereby declare and proclaim that, in addition to the blockade of the ports
+specified in my proclamation of April 22, 1898, the United States of
+America has instituted and will maintain an effective blockade of all of
+the ports on the south coast of Cuba, from Cape Frances to Cape Cruz,
+inclusive, and also of the port of San Juan in the island of Porto Rico.
+
+"Neutral vessels lying in any of the ports to which the blockade is by the
+present proclamation extended, will be allowed thirty days to issue
+therefrom with cargo."
+
+The Spanish cruiser _Antonio Lopez_, while trying to enter the river San
+Juan, near San Juan de Porto Rico, secretly, with a cargo of provisions
+and war material, was detected by two American war-ships, but escaped by
+swiftly changing her course. Her captain, determined to land his cargo,
+headed for the shore at Salinas. The shock of grounding exploded the
+boiler. The Spanish gunboats _Concha_ and _Isabella_ issued to the
+assistance of the _Antonio Lopez_, whereupon the Americans withdrew, and
+the _Antonio Lopez_ landed her cargo.
+
+Captain-General Augusti sent the following by cable from Manila to the
+government at Madrid:
+
+"The situation is still as grave. I continue to maintain my position
+inside the line of blockhouses, but the enemy is increasing in numbers, as
+the rebels occupy the provinces, which are surrendering. Torrential rains
+are inundating the entrenchments, rendering the work of defence difficult.
+The number of sick among the troops is increasing, making the situation
+very distressing, and causing increased desertions of the native soldiers.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL AUGUSTI.]
+
+"It is estimated that the insurgents number thirty thousand armed with
+rifles, and one hundred thousand armed with swords, etc.
+
+"Aguinaldo has summoned me to surrender, but I have treated his proposals
+with disdain, for I am resolved to maintain the sovereignty of Spain and
+the honour of the flag to the last extremity.
+
+"I have more than one thousand sick and two hundred wounded. The citadel
+has been invaded by the suburban inhabitants, who have abandoned their
+homes, owing to the barbarity of the rebels. These inhabitants constitute
+an embarrassment, aggravating the situation, in view of a bombardment,
+which, however, is not seriously apprehended for the moment."
+
+The captain-general's family was made prisoners by the insurgents several
+days prior to the sending of this despatch, and all efforts to effect
+their release had thus far been in vain.
+
+From all parts of the world the Spanish people, during the last days of
+June, looked toward Santiago de Cuba, in whose harbour was imprisoned
+Cervera's fleet, for there only could they hope to resist the American
+arms.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                CHAPTER X.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+The campaign of Santiago, during which the Spanish fleet under Admiral
+Cervera was entirely destroyed, and which ended with the capture of the
+city, can best be told as a continuous story. The record of other events
+will be found elsewhere in regular order.
+
+Even though a repetition, it should be set down that the North Atlantic
+fleet, Rear-Admiral W. T. Sampson commanding, with Commodores J. C. Watson
+and W. S. Schley of the first and second squadrons respectively, which
+blockaded the port of Santiago, consisted of the battle-ships
+_Massachusetts_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_; armoured cruisers
+_New York_, Admiral Sampson's flag-ship, _Brooklyn_, Commodore Schley's
+flag-ship; protected cruisers _New Orleans_, _Newark_, Commodore Watson's
+flag-ship; converted yachts _Vixen_, _Gloucester_.(33)
+
+Inside the harbour, caught like rats in a trap of their own making, lay
+the Spanish fleet under command of Admiral Pasquale Cervera, consisting of
+the armoured cruisers _Cristobal Colon_, _Vizcaya_, _Almirante Oquendo_,
+_Maria Teresa_, Admiral Cervera's flag-ship; torpedo-boat destroyers
+_Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+The Americans were on the alert, lest by some inadvertence their prey
+should escape, and it may well be supposed that the Spaniards, knowing
+full well they were not in sufficient strength to give battle, awaited a
+favourable opportunity to slip through the blockading squadron.
+
+_June 2._ The first detachment of troops, including heavy and light
+artillery and the engineer corps, embarked for Santiago on the second of
+June. Four days later this force was landed at Aguadores, a few miles east
+of Santiago, under the cover of Admiral Sampson's guns.
+
+_June 6._ The American fleet began the bombardment of the batteries
+guarding the entrance to the harbour at six o'clock in the morning, having
+steamed in to within three thousand yards of the shore, the _Brooklyn_ in
+advance of the first column, with the _Marblehead_, the _Texas_, and the
+_Massachusetts_ in line. The second column was led by the _New York_, with
+the _New Orleans_, _Yankee_, _Iowa_, and _Oregon_ in the order named. On
+the left flank were the _Vixen_ and the _Suwanee_, and on the right the
+_Dolphin_ and the _Porter_ kept watchful eyes upon the riflemen ashore.
+The first column took station opposite the Estrella and Catalina
+batteries,(34) while the second was stationed off the new earthworks near
+Morro Castle. Orders had been given that no shots should be thrown into El
+Morro, because of the fact that Lieutenant Hobson and his crew were
+imprisoned there.
+
+The fleet continued the bombardment without moving from the stations
+originally taken. It was the _Iowa_ which opened the action with a 12-inch
+shell, and the skill of the gunners was shown by the shower of stone which
+spouted up from the base of the Estrella battery. As if this shot was the
+signal agreed upon, the other vessels of the fleet opened fire, the enemy
+answering promptly but ineffectively.
+
+Very quickly were the shore-batteries silenced by the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Texas_. Estrella Fort was soon on fire; the Catalina battery gave up the
+struggle in less than an hour, and the _Vixen_ and _Suwanee_ engaged with
+some light inshore works, speedily reducing them to ruins. Until nine
+o'clock the bombardment continued without interruption, and then the
+American fire ceased until the ships could be turned, in order that their
+port batteries might be brought into play.
+
+One hour more, that is to say, until ten o'clock, this terrible rain of
+iron was sent from the fleet to the shore, and then on the flag-ship was
+hoisted the signal: "Cease firing."
+
+The American fleet withdrew absolutely uninjured,--not a ship had been hit
+by the Spaniards nor a man wounded.
+
+On board the Spanish ship _Reina Mercedes_, a lieutenant and five seamen
+had been killed, and seventeen wounded; the vessel was set on fire no less
+than three times, and otherwise seriously damaged by the missiles. Near
+about Morro Castle, although none of the American guns were aimed at that
+structure, two were killed and four wounded, while on Smith Cay great
+havoc was wrought.
+
+Admiral Cervera made the following report to his government:
+
+"Six American vessels have bombarded the fortifications at Santiago and
+along the adjacent coast.
+
+"Six were killed and seventeen were wounded on board the _Reina Mercedes_;
+three officers were killed and an officer and seventeen men were wounded
+among the troops.
+
+"The Americans fired fifteen hundred shells of different calibres. The
+damage inflicted upon the batteries of La Socapa and Morro Castle were
+unimportant. The barracks at Morro Castle suffered damage.
+
+"The enemy had noticeable losses."
+
+_June 8._ Nearly, if not quite, twenty-seven thousand men were embarked at
+Tampa for Santiago on the eighth of June, under the command of Maj.-Gen.
+William R. Shafter.
+
+Fire was opened by the _Marblehead_ and the _Yankee_ of the blockading
+squadron upon the fortifications of Camianera, a port on Cumberland
+Harbour fifteen miles distant from Guantanamo. The enemy was forced to
+retire to the town, but no great injury was inflicted.
+
+The _Vixen_ entered Santiago Harbour under a flag of truce from Admiral
+Sampson, to arrange for an exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his men.
+Admiral Cervera said in reply that the matter had been referred to General
+Blanco.
+
+The _Suwanee_ landed weapons, ammunition, and provisions for the
+insurgents at a point fifteen miles west of Santiago.
+
+In Santiago were about twenty thousand Spanish soldiers, mostly infantry;
+but with cavalry and artillery that may be drawn from the surrounding
+country. On the mountains five thousand insurgents, many unarmed, watched
+for a favourable opportunity to make a descent upon the city.
+
+Orders were sent by the Navy Department to Admiral Sampson to notify
+Admiral Cervera that, if the latter destroyed his four armoured cruisers
+and two torpedo-boat destroyers to prevent their capture, Spain, at the
+end of the war, would be made to pay an additional indemnity at least
+equivalent to the value of these vessels.
+
+_June 10._ The American troops made a landing on the eastern side of
+Guantanamo Harbour, forty miles east of Santiago, at two P. M. on the
+tenth of June. The debarkation was effected under the cover of the guns of
+the _Oregon_, _Marblehead_, _Dolphin_, and _Vixen_.
+
+The war-vessels prepared the way by opening fire on the earthworks which
+lined the shore, a blockhouse, and a cable station which was occupied by
+Spanish soldiers. The defence was feeble; the enemy retreated in hot haste
+after firing a few shots. A small gunboat came down from Guantanamo, four
+miles away, at the beginning of the bombardment, but she put back with all
+speed after having approached within range.
+
+Soon after the enemy had been driven away, the steamer _Panther_ arrived
+with a battalion of marines under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
+Huntington. She reported having shelled a blockhouse at Daiquiri, ten
+miles east of Santiago, but without provoking any reply.
+
+Colonel Huntington's force took possession of the heights overlooking the
+bay, where was a fortified camp which had been abandoned by the Spaniards.
+There was nothing to betoken the presence of the enemy in strong numbers,
+and the men soon settled down to ordinary camp duties, believing their
+first serious work would be begun by an attack on Guantanamo.
+
+_June 11._ It was three o'clock on Saturday afternoon; Colonel
+Huntington's marines were disposed about the camp according to duty or
+fancy; some were bathing, and a detail was engaged in the work of carrying
+water. Suddenly the sharp report of a musket was heard, followed by
+another and another until the rattle of firearms told that a skirmish of
+considerable importance was in progress on the picket-line.
+
+The principal portion of the enemy's fire appeared to come from a small
+island about a thousand yards away, and a squad of men was detailed with a
+3-inch field-gun to look out for the enemy in this direction, while the
+main force defended the camp.
+
+After perhaps an hour had passed, during which time the boys of '98 were
+virtually firing at random, the men on the picket-line fell back on the
+camp. Two of their number were missing. The battalion was formed on three
+sides of a hollow square, and stood ready to resist an attack which was
+not to be made until considerably later.
+
+The firing ceased as abruptly as it had begun. Skirmishers were sent out
+and failed to find anything save a broad trail, marked here and there by
+blood, which came to an end at the water's edge.
+
+There were no longer detonations to be heard from the island. The 3-inch
+gun had been well served.
+
+The skirmishers which had been sent out returned, bearing the bodies of
+two boys in blue who had been killed by the first shots, and, after death,
+mutilated by blows from Spanish machetes.
+
+Night came; heavy clouds hung low in the sky; the force of the wind had
+increased almost to a gale; below in the bay the war-ships were anchored,
+their search-lights streaming out here and there like ribbons of gold on a
+pall of black velvet.
+
+No signs of the enemy on land or sea, and, save for those two cold,
+lifeless forms on the heights, one might have believed the previous rattle
+of musketry had been heard only by the imagination.
+
+Until nine o'clock in the evening the occupants of the camp kept careful
+watch, and then without warning, as before, the crack of repeating rifles
+broke the almost painful stillness.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. MARBLEHEAD.]
+
+The enemy was making his presence known once more, and this time it became
+evident he was in larger force.
+
+Another 3-inch gun was brought into play; a launch from the _Marblehead_,
+with a Colt machine gun in her bow, steamed swiftly shoreward and opened
+fire; skirmish lines were thrown out through the tangle of foliage, and
+only when a dark form was seen, which might have been that of a Spaniard,
+or only the swaying branches of the trees, did the boys in blue have a
+target.
+
+It was guerrilla warfare, and well-calculated to test the nerves of the
+young soldiers who were receiving their "baptism of blood."
+
+Until midnight this random firing continued, and then a large body of
+Spanish troops charged up the hill until they were face to face with the
+defenders of the camp, when they retreated, being lost to view almost
+immediately in the blackness of the night.
+
+_June 12._ Again and again the firing was renewed from this quarter or
+that, but the enemy did not show himself until the morning came like a
+flash of light, as it does in the tropics, disclosing scurrying bands of
+Spanish soldiers as they sought shelter in the thicket.
+
+Now more guns were brought into play at the camp; the war-ships began
+shelling the shore, and the action was speedily brought to an end. Four
+Americans had been killed, and among them one of the surgeons.
+
+At intervals during the day the crack of a rifle would tell that Spanish
+sharpshooters were hovering around the camp; but not until eight o'clock
+in the evening did the enemy approach in any great numbers.
+
+Then the battle was on once more; again did the little band of bluejackets
+stand to their posts, fighting against an unseen foe. Again the war-ships
+flashed their search-lights and sent shell after shell into the thicket,
+and all the while the Spanish fire was continued with deadly effect.
+
+Lieutenants Neville and Shaw, each with a squad of ten men, were sent out
+to dislodge the advance line of the enemy, and as the boys in blue swung
+around into the thicket with a steady, swinging stride, the Spaniards gave
+way, firing rapidly while so doing.
+
+The Americans, heeding not the danger, pursued, following the foe nearly
+to a small stone house near the coast, which had been used as a fort. They
+were well up to this structure when the bullets rained upon them in every
+direction from out the darkness. Sergeant Goode fell fatally wounded, and
+the Spaniards charged, forcing the Americans to the very edge of a cliff,
+over which one man fell and was killed; another fell, but with no further
+injury than a broken leg. A third was shot through the arm, after which he
+and the man with the broken limb joined forces, fighting on their own
+account. One more was wounded, and then the Americans made a desperate
+charge, forcing the enemy back into the stone house, and then out again,
+after fifteen had been killed.
+
+Meanwhile severe fighting was going on in the vicinity of the camp; but
+six field-pieces were brought up, and the second battle was ended after
+two Americans had been killed and seven wounded.
+
+_June 13._ The camp was moved to a less exposed position, while the
+war-ships poured shell and shrapnel into the woods, and then the marines
+filed solemnly out to a portion of the hill overlooking the bay where were
+six newly made graves.
+
+All the marines could not attend the funeral, many having to continue the
+work of moving camp, or to rest on their guns, keeping a constant watch
+for the lurking Spaniards; but all who could do so followed the stumbling
+bearers of the dead over the loose gravel, and grouped themselves about
+the graves.
+
+The stretcher bearing the bodies had just been lifted to its place, and
+Chaplain Jones of the _Texas_ was about to begin the reading of the burial
+service, when the Spaniards began shooting at the party from the western
+chaparral.
+
+"Fall in, Company A, Company B, Company C, fall in!"
+
+"Fall in!" was the word from one end of the camp to the other. The graves
+were deserted by all save the chaplain and escort, who still stood
+unmoved.
+
+The men sprang to arms, and then placed themselves behind the rolled
+tents, their knapsacks, the bushes in the hollows, boxes and piles of
+stones, their rifles ready, their eyes strained into the brush.
+
+Howitzers roared, blue smoke arose where the shells struck and burst in
+the chaparral, and rifles sounded angrily.
+
+The _Texas_ fired seven shots at the place from which the shooting came,
+and the Spaniards, as usual, fled out of sight.
+
+The funeral services had hardly been resumed when there was another
+attack; but this time the pits near the old blockhouse got the range of
+the malignant marksmen and shattered them with a few shots. The _Texas_
+and _Panther_ shelled the brush to the eastward, but the chaplain kept
+right on with the service, and from that time until night there was little
+shooting from the cover.
+
+On this day the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ joined Admiral Sampson's
+fleet, and the weary marines, holding their posts on shore against
+overwhelming odds, hoped that her arrival betokened the speedy coming of
+the soldiers who were so sadly needed.
+
+_June 14._ Substantial recognition was given by the Navy Department to the
+members of the gallant crew who took the _Merrimac_ into the entrance of
+Santiago Harbour and sunk her across the channel under the very muzzles of
+the Spanish guns.
+
+The orders sent to Admiral Sampson directed the promotion of the men as
+follows:
+
+Daniel Montague, master-at-arms, to be a boatswain, from fifty dollars a
+month to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+George Charette, gunner's mate, to be a gunner, from fifty dollars a month
+to thirteen hundred dollars a year.
+
+Rudolph Clausen, Osborne Deignan, and ---- Murphy, coxswains, to be chief
+boatswain's mates, an increase of twenty dollars a month.
+
+George F. Phillips, machinist, from forty dollars a month to seventy
+dollars a month.
+
+Francis Kelly, water tender, to be chief machinist, from thirty-seven
+dollars a month to seventy dollars a month.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson's reward would come through Congress.
+
+While a grateful people were discussing the manner in which their heroes
+should be crowned, that little band of marines on the shore of Guantanamo
+Bay, worn almost to exhaustion by the harassing fire of the enemy during
+seventy-two hours, was once more battling against a vastly superior force
+in point of numbers.
+
+From the afternoon of the eleventh of June until this morning of the
+fourteenth, the Americans had remained on the defensive,--seven hundred
+against two thousand or more. Now, however, different tactics were to be
+used. Colonel Huntington had decided that it was time to turn the tables,
+and before the night was come the occupants of the graves on the crest of
+the hill had been avenged.
+
+A scouting party, made up of nine officers, two hundred and eighty
+marines, and forty-one Cubans, was divided into four divisions, the first
+of which had orders to destroy a water-tank from which the enemy drew
+supplies. The second was to attack the Spanish camp beyond the first range
+of hills. The third had for its objective point a signal-station from
+which information as to the movements of the American fleet had been
+flashed into Santiago. The fourth division was to act as the reserve.
+
+In half an hour from the time of leaving camp the signal-station was in
+the hands of the Americans, and the heliograph outfit lost to the enemy.
+The boys of '98 had suffered no loss, while eight Spaniards lay with faces
+upturned to the rays of the burning sun.
+
+At noon the Spanish camp had been taken, with a loss of two Cubans killed,
+one American and four Cubans wounded. Twenty-three Spaniards were dead.
+
+The water-tank was destroyed, and the enemy, panic-stricken, was fleeing
+here and there, yet further harassed by a heavy fire from the _Dolphin_,
+who sent her shells among the fugitives whenever they came in view.
+
+When the day drew near its close, and the weary but triumphant marines
+returned to camp, a hundred of the enemy lay out on the hills dead; more
+than twice that number must have been wounded, and eighteen were being
+brought in as prisoners.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. VESUVIUS.]
+
+On this night of June 14th, at the entrance to Santiago Harbour, the
+dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_--that experimental engine of destruction--was
+given a test in actual warfare, and the result is thus graphically
+pictured by a correspondent of the New York _Herald_:
+
+"Three shells, each containing two hundred pounds of guncotton, were fired
+last night from the dynamite guns of the _Vesuvius_ at the hill at the
+western entrance to Santiago Harbour, on which there is a fort.
+
+"The frightful execution done by those three shots will be historic.
+
+"Guns in that fort had not been silenced when the fleet drew off after the
+attack that followed the discovery of the presence of the Spanish fleet in
+the harbour.
+
+"In the intense darkness of last night the _Vesuvius_ steamed into close
+range and let go one of her mysterious missiles.
+
+"There was no flash, no smoke. There was no noise at first. The pneumatic
+guns on the little cruiser did their work silently. It was only when they
+felt the shock that the men on the other war-ships knew the _Vesuvius_ was
+in action.
+
+"A few seconds after the gun was fired there was a frightful convulsion on
+the land. On the hill, where the Spanish guns had withstood the missiles
+of the ordinary ships of war, tons of rock and soil leaped in air. The
+land was smitten as by an earthquake.
+
+"Terrible echoes rolled around through the shaken hills and mountains.
+Sampson's ships, far out at sea, trembled with the awful shock. Dust rose
+to the clouds and hid the scene of destruction.
+
+"Then came a long silence; next another frightful upheaval, and following
+it a third, so quickly that the results of the work of the two mingled in
+mid-air.
+
+"Another still, and then two shots from a Spanish battery, that, after the
+noise of the dynamite, sounded like the crackle of firecrackers.
+
+"The _Vesuvius_ had tested herself. She was found perfect as a destroyer.
+She proved that no fortification can withstand her terrible missiles.
+
+"Just what damage she did I could not tell from the sea. Whatever was
+within hundreds of feet of the point of impact must have gone to
+destruction."
+
+_June 16._ On the fifteenth of June the marines at Guantanamo Bay were
+given an opportunity to rest, for the lesson the Spaniards received on the
+fourteenth had been a severe one, and the fleet off Santiago remained
+inactive. It was but the lull before the storm of iron which was rained
+upon the Spanish on the sixteenth.
+
+The prelude to this third bombardment of Santiago was a second trial of
+the _Vesuvius_ at midnight on the fifteenth, when she sent three more
+250-pound charges of guncotton into the fortifications. This done, the
+fleet remained like spectres, each vessel at its respective station, until
+half-past three o'clock on the morning of the sixteenth, when the
+bluejackets were aroused and served with coffee.
+
+Immediately the first gray light of dawn appeared, the ships steamed in
+toward the fortifications of Santiago until within three thousand yards,
+and there, lying broadside on, three cables'-lengths apart, they waited
+for the day to break.
+
+It was 5.25 when the _New York_ opened with a broadside from her main
+battery, and the bombardment was begun.
+
+All along the crescent-shaped line the big guns roared and the smaller
+ones crackled and snapped, each piece throughout the entire squadron being
+worked with such energy that it was like one mighty, continuous wave of
+crashing thunder, and from out this convulsion came projectiles of
+enormous weight, until it seemed as if all that line of shore must be rent
+and riven.
+
+Not a gun was directed at El Morro, for there it was believed the brave
+Hobson and his gallant comrades were held prisoners.
+
+When the signal was given for the fleet to retire, not a man had been
+wounded, nor a vessel struck by the fire from the shore.
+
+The governor of Santiago sent the following message to Madrid relative to
+the bombardment:
+
+"The Americans fired one thousand shots. Several Spanish shells hit the
+enemy's vessels. Our losses are three killed and twenty wounded, including
+two officers. The Spanish squadron was not damaged."
+
+While the Americans were making their presence felt at Santiago, those who
+held Guantanamo Bay were not idle. The _Texas_, _Marblehead_, and the
+_Suwanee_ bombarded the brick fort and earthworks at Caimanera, at the
+terminus of the railroad leading to the city of Guantanamo, demolishing
+them entirely after an hour and a half of firing. When the Spaniards fled
+from the fortifications, the _St. Paul_ shelled them until they were
+hidden in the surrounding forest.
+
+An hour or more after the bombardment ceased the _Marblehead's_ steam
+launch began dragging the harbour near the fort for mines. One was found
+and taken up, and while it was being towed to the war-ship a party of
+Spaniards on shore opened fire. The launch headed toward shore and began
+banging away, but the bow gun finally kicked overboard, carrying the
+gunner with it. At this moment the enemy beat a prompt retreat; the gunner
+was pulled inboard, and the bluejackets continued their interrupted work.
+
+_June 17._ Next day the batteries on Hicacal Point and Hospital Cay were
+shelled, the _Marblehead_ and the _St. Paul_ attending to the first, and
+the _Suwanee_ caring for the latter, while the _Dolphin_ and even the
+collier _Scindia_ fired a few shots for diversion. The task was concluded
+in less than half an hour, and had no more than come to an end when a
+small sloop was sighted off the entrance to the bay.
+
+The _Marblehead's_ steam launch was sent in pursuit, and an hour later
+returned with the prize, which proved to be the _Chato_. Her crew of five
+were taken on board the _Marblehead_ as prisoners.
+
+_June 18._ The active little steam launch made another capture next day
+while cruising outside the bay; a nameless sloop, on which were four men
+who claimed to have been sent from the lighthouse at Cape Maysi to
+Guantanamo City for oil. There were strong reasons for believing this
+party had come to spy out the position of the American ships, and all were
+transferred to the _Marblehead_.
+
+The crew of the _Oregon_ had gun practice again on this day when they
+shelled and destroyed a blockhouse three miles up the bay, killing, so it
+was reported, no less than twenty of the enemy.
+
+The first vessel of a long-expected fleet of transports, carrying the
+second detachment of General Shafter's army, hove in sight of Admiral
+Sampson's squadron on the evening of June 18th, and next morning at
+daylight the launches of the _New York_ and _Massachusetts_ reconnoitred
+the shore between Cabanas, two miles off the entrance to Santiago Harbour,
+and Guayaganaco, two miles farther west, in search of a landing-place.
+
+Lieutenant Harlow, in command of the expedition, made the following
+report:
+
+"The expedition consisted of a steam launch from the _Massachusetts_, in
+charge of Cadet Hart, and a launch from the _New York_, in charge of Cadet
+Powell. I took passage on the _Massachusetts'_ launch, leading the way.
+Soundings were taken on entering the bay close under the old fort, and we
+were preparing to circumnavigate the bay at full speed when fire was
+opened from the fort and rocks on the shore. The _Massachusetts'_ launch
+was some distance ahead and about forty yards off the fort. There was no
+room to turn, and our 1-pounder could not be brought to bear. We backed
+and turned under a heavy fire.
+
+"Cadet Hart operated the gun as soon as it could be brought to bear,
+sitting exposed in the bow, and working the gun as coolly and carefully as
+at target practice.
+
+"Cadet Powell had been firing since the Spaniards opened. He was also
+perfectly cool. Both launches ran out under a heavy fire of from six to
+eight minutes. I estimate that there were twenty-five Spaniards on the
+parapet of the old fort. The number along shore was larger, but
+indefinite. The launches, as soon as it was practicable, sheered to give
+the _Vixen_ the range of the fort. The _Vixen_ and the _Texas_ silenced
+the shore fire promptly.
+
+"I strongly commend Cadet Hart and Cadet Powell for the cool management of
+the launches. One launch was struck seven times. Nobody in either was
+hurt. A bullet struck a shell at Cadet Hart's feet between the projectile
+and the powder, but failed to explode the latter.
+
+"Coxswain O'Donnell and Seaman Bloom are commended, as is also the
+coolness with which the marines and sailors worked under the Spanish fire.
+
+"Nothing was learned at Cabanas Bay, but at Guayaganaco it is evident a
+landing is practicable for ships' boats. The same is true of Rancho Cruz,
+a small bay to the eastward. Both would be valuable with Cabanas, but
+useless without it.
+
+"I am informed that to the north and westward of Cabanas Bay there is a
+large clearing, with plenty of grass and water.
+
+"I think a simultaneous landing at the three places named would be
+practicable if the ships shelled the adjacent wood. A junction would
+naturally follow at the clearing."
+
+Cuban scouts reported to Colonel Huntington on Guantanamo Bay that the
+streets of Caimanera have been covered with straw saturated in oil, in
+order that the city may be destroyed when the Americans evince any
+disposition to take possession. The Spanish gunboat _Sandoval_, lying at
+one of the piers, has been loaded with inflammables, and will be burned
+with the city, her commander declaring that she shall never become an
+American prize.
+
+During this Sunday night the _Vesuvius_ again discharged her dynamite
+guns, with the western battery as a target, and because of the frightful
+report which followed the second shot, it was believed a magazine had been
+exploded.
+
+_June 20._ The fleet of transports arrived off Santiago at noon on the
+twentieth, and hove to outside the cordon of war-vessels. General Shafter
+immediately went on board the flag-ship, and returned to his own ship an
+hour later in company with Admiral Sampson, when the two officers sailed
+for Asserradero, seventeen miles from Santiago, where General Calixto
+Garcia was encamped with his army of four thousand Cubans. Here a long
+conference was held with the insurgent general, after which the two
+commanders returned to the fleet.
+
+_June 21._ The despatch quoted below was sent by Admiral Sampson to the
+Navy Department, and gives in full the work of the day:
+
+"Landing of the army is progressing favorably at Daiquiri. There is very
+little, if any, resistance. The _New Orleans_, _Detroit_, _Castine_,
+_Wasp_, and _Suwanee_ shelled the vicinity before the landing. We made a
+demonstration at Cabanas to engage the attention of the enemy. The _Texas_
+engaged the west battery for some hours. She had one man killed. Ten
+submarine mines have been recovered from the channel of Guantanamo.
+Communication by telegraph has been established at Guantanamo."
+
+Daiquiri was chosen as the point of debarkation by General Shafter, and
+its only fortifications were a blockhouse on a high cliff to the right of
+an iron pier, together with a small fort and earthworks in the rear. From
+this town extends a good road to Santiago, and in the immediate vicinity
+of the port the water-supply is plentiful.
+
+_June 22._ Bombarding the coast as a cover for the troops which were being
+disembarked, was the principal work of the war-ships on the twenty-second
+of June, except in Guantanamo Harbour, where volunteers were called for
+from the _Marblehead_ and the _Dolphin_ to grapple for and remove the
+contact mines in the harbour. It was an undertaking as perilous as
+anything that had yet been accomplished, but the bluejackets showed no
+fear. Four times the designated number came forward in response to the
+call, and before nightfall seven mines had been removed.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. TEXAS.]
+
+The battle-ship _Texas_ was assigned to duty off Matamoras, the works of
+which were to be bombarded as a portion of the general programme for this
+day while the troops were being landed. The men of the _Texas_ performed
+their part well; the Socapa battery was quickly silenced; but not quite
+soon enough to save the life of one brave bluejacket. The last shell fired
+by the retreating Spaniards struck the battle-ship twenty feet abaft the
+stem on the port side. It passed through the hull about three feet below
+the main-deck line, and failed to explode until striking an iron stanchion
+at the centre line of the berth-deck. Here were two guns' crews, and among
+them the fragments of the shell flew in a deadly shower, killing one and
+wounding eight. Later in the day the _Texas_ steamed out to sea to bury
+the dead, and, this sad duty performed, returned before nightfall to her
+station on the blockade.
+
+_June 23._ General Shafter thus reported to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Daiquiri, June 23.--Had very fine voyage; lost less than fifty animals,
+six or eight to-day; lost more putting them through the surf to land, than
+on transports.
+
+"Command as healthy as when we left; eighty men sick; only deaths, two men
+drowned in landing; landings difficult; coast quite similar to that in
+vicinity of San Francisco, and covered with dense growth of bushes.
+Landing at Daiquiri unopposed; all points occupied by Spanish troops
+heavily bombarded by navy to clear them out.
+
+"Sent troops toward Santiago, and occupied Juragua, a naturally strong
+place, this morning. Spanish troops retreating as soon as our advance was
+known. Had no mounted troops, or could have captured them, about six
+hundred all told.
+
+"Railroad from there in. Have cars and engine in possession.
+
+"With assistance of navy disembarked six thousand men yesterday, and as
+many more to-day.
+
+"Will get all troops off to-morrow, including light artillery and greater
+portion of pack-train, probably all of it, with some of the wagons;
+animals have to be jumped to the water and towed ashore.
+
+"Had consultation with Generals Garcia, Rader and Castillo, on afternoon
+of twentieth, twenty miles west of Santiago. These officers were
+unanimously of the opinion that the landing should be made east of
+Santiago. I had come to the same conclusion.
+
+"General Garcia promises to join me at Juragua to-morrow with between
+three thousand and four thousand men, who will be brought from west of
+Santiago by ships of the navy to Juragua, and there disembarked.
+
+"This will give me between four thousand and five thousand Cubans, and
+leave one thousand under General Rabi to threaten Santiago from the west.
+
+"General Kent's division is being disembarked this afternoon at Juragua,
+and this will be continued during the night. The assistance of the navy
+has been of the greatest benefit and enthusiastically given; without them
+I could not have landed in ten days, and perhaps not at all, as I believe
+I should have lost so many boats in the surf.
+
+"At present want nothing; weather has been good, no rain on land, and
+prospects of fair weather.
+
+                                                                 "SHAFTER,
+                                       "_Major-General U. S. Commanding._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The boys of '98 occupied the town of Aguadores before nightfall on the
+twenty-third of June, the Spaniards having applied the torch to many
+buildings before they fled. The enemy was driven back on to Santiago,
+General Linares commanding in person, and close to his heels hung General
+Lawton and the advance of the American forces.
+
+_June 24._ It was evident that the Spanish intended to make a stand at
+Sevilla, six miles from Juragua, and five miles from Santiago. The
+Americans were pressing them hotly to prevent General Linares from gaining
+time to make preparations for an encounter, when the Rough Riders, as
+Colonel Wood's regiment was termed, and the First and Tenth Cavalry fell
+into an ambuscade. Then what will probably be known as the battle of La
+Quasina was fought.
+
+It is thus described by a correspondent of the Associated Press:
+
+That the Spaniards were thoroughly posted as to the route to be taken by
+the Americans in their movement toward Sevilla was evident, as shown by
+the careful preparations they had made.
+
+The main body of the Spaniards was posted on a hill, on the heavily wooded
+slopes of which had been erected two blockhouses flanked by irregular
+intrenchments of stone and fallen trees. At the bottom of these hills run
+two roads, along which Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's men, and eight
+troops of the First and Tenth Cavalry, with a battery of four howitzers,
+advanced. These roads are but little more than gullies, rough and narrow,
+and at places almost impassable.
+
+In these trails the fight occurred. Nearly half a mile separated
+Roosevelt's men from the regulars, and between, and on both sides of the
+road in the thick underbrush, was concealed a force of Spaniards that must
+have been large, judging from the terrific and constant fire they poured
+in on the Americans.
+
+The fight was opened by the First and Tenth Cavalry, under General Young.
+A force of Spaniards was known to be in the vicinity of La Quasina, and
+early in the morning Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's men started off up the
+precipitous bluff, back of Siboney, to attack the enemy on his right
+flank. General Young at the same time took the road at the foot of the
+hill.
+
+  [Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT.]
+
+About two and one-half miles out from Siboney some Cubans, breathless and
+excited, rushed into camp with the announcement that the Spaniards were
+but a little way in front, and were strongly entrenched. Quickly the
+Hotchkiss guns in the front were brought to the rear, while a strong
+scouting line was thrown out.
+
+Then cautiously and in silence the troops moved forward until a bend in
+the road disclosed a hill where the Spaniards were located. The guns were
+again brought to the front and placed in position, while the men crouched
+down in the road, waiting impatiently to give Roosevelt's men, who were
+toiling over the little trail along the crest of the hill, time to get up.
+
+At 7.30 A. M. General Young gave the command to the men at the Hotchkiss
+guns to open fire. That command was the signal for a fight that for
+stubbornness has seldom been equalled. The instant the Hotchkiss guns were
+fired, from the hillside commanding the road came volley after volley from
+the Mausers of the Spaniards.
+
+"Don't shoot until you see something to shoot at," yelled General Young,
+and the men, with set jaws and gleaming eyes, obeyed the order. Crawling
+along the edge of the road, they protected themselves as much as possible
+from the fearful fire of the Spaniards, the troopers, some of them
+stripped to the waist, watching the base of the hill, and when any part of
+a Spaniard became visible, they fired. Never for an instant did they
+falter.
+
+One dusky warrior of the Tenth Cavalry, with a ragged wound in his thigh,
+coolly knelt behind a rock, loading and firing, and when told by one of
+his comrades that he was wounded, laughed and said:
+
+"Oh, that's all right. That's been there for some time."
+
+In the meantime, away off to the left could be heard the crack of the
+rifles of Colonel Wood's men, and the regular, deeper-toned volley-firing
+of the Spaniards.
+
+Over there the American losses were the greatest. Colonel Wood's men, with
+an advance-guard well out in front, and two Cuban guides before them, but
+apparently with no flankers, went squarely into the trap set for them by
+the Spaniards, and only the unfaltering courage of the men in the face of
+a fire that would even make a veteran quail, prevented what might easily
+have been a disaster. As it was, Troop L, the advance-guard under the
+unfortunate Captain Capron, was almost surrounded, and but for the
+reinforcement hurriedly sent forward every man would probably have been
+killed or wounded.
+
+When the reserves came up there was no hesitation. Colonel Wood, with the
+right wing, charged straight at a blockhouse eight hundred yards away, and
+Colonel Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. Up the men went,
+yelling like fiends, and never stopping to return the fire of the
+Spaniards, but keeping on with a grim determination to capture that
+blockhouse.
+
+That charge was the end. When within five hundred yards of the coveted
+point, the Spaniards broke and ran, and for the first time the boys of '98
+had the pleasure which the Spaniards had been experiencing all through the
+engagement, of shooting with the enemy in sight.
+
+The losses among the Rough Riders were reported as thirteen killed and
+forty wounded; while the First Cavalry lost sixteen wounded. Edward
+Marshall, a newspaper correspondent, was seriously wounded.
+
+
+
+While the land-forces were fighting four miles northwest of Juragua,
+Rear-Admiral Sampson learned that the Spaniards were endeavouring to
+destroy the railroad leading from Juragua to Santiago de Cuba.
+
+This road runs west along the seashore, under cover of the guns of the
+American fleet, until within three miles of El Morro, and then cuts
+through the mountains along the river into Santiago.
+
+When the attempt of the Spaniards was discovered, the _New York_,
+_Scorpion_, and _Wasp_ closed in and cleared the hill and brush of
+Spaniards.
+
+_June 26._ The American lines were advanced to within four miles of
+Santiago, and the boys could look into the doomed city. It was possible to
+make accurate note of the defences, and most likely officers as well as
+men were astonished by the preparations which had been made.
+
+There were blockhouses on every hill; from the harbour batteries, sweeping
+in a semicircle to the eastward of the city, were rifle-pits and
+intrenchments skilfully arranged. Earthworks, in a regular line,
+completely shut off approach to the city, and in front of the
+entrenchments and rifle-pits were barbed-wire fences, or trochas.
+
+Three more charges of guncotton did the dynamite cruiser _Vesuvius_ throw
+into the batteries at the mouth of Santiago Harbour on the night of June
+26th, and next morning the evidences of her work could be seen on the
+western battery, a portion of which was in ruins. The water-mains which
+supplied the city of Santiago were cut on the same night, and the doomed
+city thus brought so much nearer to capitulation.
+
+_July 1._ Knowing that with the close of June the American army was in
+readiness for a decisive action, the people waited anxiously, tearfully,
+for the first terrible word which should be received telling of slaughter
+and woeful suffering, and it came on the evening of July 1st, when the
+cablegram given below was flashed over the wires to the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                            "PLAYA DEL ESTE, July 1, 1898.
+
+"_A. G. O., U. S. Army, Washington_:
+
+"Siboney, July 1. Had a very heavy engagement to-day, which lasted from
+eight A. M. till sundown.
+
+"We have carried their outer works and are now in possession of them.
+
+"There is now about three-quarters of a mile of open country between my
+lines and city; by morning troops will be entrenched and considerable
+augmentation of forces will be there.
+
+"General Lawton's division and General Bates's brigade, which had been
+engaged all day in carrying El Caney, which was accomplished at four
+P. M., will be in line and in front of Santiago during the night.
+
+"I regret to say that our casualties will be above four hundred; of these
+not many are killed.
+
+                                (Signed) "W. R. SHAFTER, _Major-General_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI.
+
+
+                      EL CANEY AND SAN JUAN HEIGHTS.
+
+
+General W. R. Shafter, in his official report of the operations around
+Santiago, says:
+
+"On June 30th I reconnoitred the country about Santiago and made my plan
+of attack. From a high hill, from which the city was in plain view, I
+could see the San Juan Hill and the country about El Caney. The roads were
+very poor and, indeed, little better than bridle-paths until the San Juan
+River and El Caney were reached. The position of El Caney, to the
+northeast of Santiago, was of great importance to the enemy, as holding
+the Guantanamo road, as well as furnishing shelter for a strong outpost
+that might be used to assail the right flank of any force operating
+against San Juan Hill. In view of this, I decided to begin the attack next
+day at El Caney with one division, while sending two divisions on the
+direct road to Santiago, passing by the El Pozo house, and as a diversion
+to direct a small force against Aguadores, from Siboney along the railroad
+by the sea, with a view of attracting the attention of the Spaniards in
+the latter direction, and of preventing them from attacking our left
+flank.... But we were in a sickly climate; our supplies had to be brought
+forward by a narrow wagon-road which the rain might at any time render
+impassable; fear was entertained that a storm might drive the vessels
+containing our stores to sea, thus separating us from our base of
+supplies, and, lastly, it was reported that General Pando, with eight
+thousand reinforcements for the enemy, was en route for Manzanillo, and
+might be expected in a few days. Under these conditions I determined to
+give battle without delay.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL SHAFTER.]
+
+"Early on the morning of July 1st Lawton was in position around El Caney,
+Chaffee's brigade on the right across the Guantanamo road, Miles's brigade
+in the centre and Ludlow's on the left. The duty of cutting off the
+enemy's retreat along the Santiago road was assigned to the latter
+brigade. The artillery opened on the town at 6.15 A. M. The battle here
+soon became general, and was hotly contested. The enemy's position was
+naturally strong, and was rendered more so by blockhouses, a stone fort
+and entrenchments cut in solid rock, and the loopholing of a solidly built
+stone church. The opposition offered by the enemy was greater than had
+been anticipated, and prevented Lawton from joining the right of the main
+line during the day, as had been intended. After the battle had continued
+for some time, Bates's brigade of two regiments reached my headquarters
+from Siboney. I directed him to move near El Caney, to give assistance if
+necessary. He did so, and was put in position between Miles and Chaffee.
+The battle continued with varying intensity during most of the day and
+until the place was carried by assault about 4.30 P. M. As the Spaniards
+endeavoured to retreat along the Santiago road, Ludlow's position enabled
+him to do very effective work, and practically to cut off all retreat in
+that direction.
+
+"After the battle at El Caney was well opened, and the sound of the
+small-arms fire caused us to believe that Lawton was driving the enemy
+before him, I directed Grimes's battery to open fire from the heights of
+El Pozo on the San Juan blockhouse, situated in the enemy's entrenchments,
+extending along the crest of San Juan Hill. This fire was effective, and
+the enemy could be seen running away from the vicinity of the blockhouse.
+The artillery fire from El Pozo was soon returned by the enemy's
+artillery. They evidently had the range of this hill, and their first
+shells killed and wounded several men. As the Spaniards used smokeless
+powder, it was very difficult to locate the position of their pieces,
+while, on the contrary, the smoke caused by our black powder plainly
+indicated the position of our battery.
+
+"At this time the cavalry division, under General Sumner, which was lying
+concealed in the general vicinity of the El Pozo house, was ordered
+forward with directions to cross the San Juan River and deploy to the
+right on the Santiago side, while Kent's division was to follow closely in
+its rear and deploy to the left. These troops moved forward in compliance
+with orders, but the road was so narrow as to render it impracticable to
+retain the column of fours formation at all points, while the undergrowth
+on both sides was so dense as to preclude the possibility of deploying
+skirmishers. It naturally resulted that the progress made was slow, and
+the long-range rifles of the enemy's infantry killed and wounded a number
+of our men while marching along this road, and before there was any
+opportunity to return this fire. At this time Generals Kent and Sumner
+were ordered to push forward with all possible haste, and place their
+troops in position to engage the enemy. General Kent, with this end in
+view, forced the head of his column alongside the cavalry column as far as
+the narrow trail permitted, and thus hurried his arrival at the San Juan,
+and the formation beyond that stream. A few hundred yards before reaching
+the San Juan, the road forks, a fact that was discovered by
+Lieutenant-Colonel Derby of my staff, who had approached well to the front
+in a war balloon. This information he furnished to the troops, resulting
+in Sumner moving on the right-hand road while Kent was enabled to utilise
+the road to the left. General Wheeler, the permanent commander of the
+cavalry division, who had been ill, came forward during the morning, and
+later returned to duty and rendered most gallant and efficient service
+during the remainder of the day. After crossing the stream the cavalry
+moved to the right, with a view to connecting with Lawton's left when he
+would come up, with their left resting near the Santiago road.
+
+"In the meantime, Kent's division, with the exception of two regiments of
+Hawkins's brigade, being thus uncovered, moved rapidly to the front from
+the forks previously mentioned in the road, utilising both trails, but
+more especially the one to the left, and, crossing the creek, formed for
+attack in the front of San Juan Hill. During this formation the Third
+Brigade suffered severely. While personally superintending this movement
+its gallant commander, Colonel Wikoff, was killed. The command of the
+brigade then devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Worth, Thirteenth Infantry,
+who was soon severely wounded, and next upon Lieutenant-Colonel Liscum,
+Twenty-fourth Infantry, who, five minutes later, also fell under the
+terrible fire of the enemy, and the command of the brigade then devolved
+upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ewers of the Ninth Infantry.
+
+"While the formation just described was taking place, General Kent took
+measures to hurry forward his rear brigade. The Tenth and Second Infantry
+were ordered to follow Wikoff's brigade, while the Twenty-first was sent
+on the right-hand road to support the First Brigade under General Hawkins,
+who had crossed the stream and formed on the right of the division. The
+Second and Tenth Infantry, Colonel E. P. Pearson commanding, moved forward
+in good order on the left of the division, passing over a green knoll, and
+drove the enemy back toward his trenches.
+
+  [Illustration: THE ATTACK ON SAN JUAN HILL.]
+
+"After completing their formation under a destructive fire, advancing a
+short distance, both divisions found in their front a wide bottom, in
+which had been placed a barbed-wire entanglement, and beyond which there
+was a high hill, along the crest of which the enemy was strongly posted.
+Nothing daunted, these gallant men pushed on to drive the enemy from his
+chosen position, both divisions losing heavily. In this assault Colonel
+Hamilton, Lieutenants Smith and Shipp were killed, and Colonel Carroll,
+Lieutenants Thayer and Myer, all in the cavalry, were wounded. Great
+credit is due to Brigadier-General H. S. Hawkins, who, placing himself
+between his regiments, urged them on by voice and bugle-call to the attack
+so brilliantly executed.
+
+"In this fierce encounter words fail to do justice to the gallant
+regimental commanders and their heroic men, for, while the generals
+indicated the formation and the points of attack, it was, after all, the
+intrepid bravery of the subordinate officers and men that planted our
+colours on the crest of San Juan Hill and drove the enemy from his
+trenches and blockhouses, thus gaining a position which sealed the fate of
+Santiago.
+
+"In the action on this part of the field, most efficient service was
+rendered by Lieutenant J. H. Parker, Thirteenth Infantry, and the Gatling
+gun detachment under his command.
+
+"The fighting continued at intervals until nightfall, but our men held
+resolutely to the position gained at the cost of so much blood and toil.
+
+"On the night of July 1st I ordered General Duffield, at Siboney, to send
+forward the Thirty-fourth Michigan and the Ninth Massachusetts, both of
+which had just arrived from the United States.
+
+"All day on the second the battle raged with more or less fury, but such
+of our troops as were in position at daylight held their ground, and
+Lawton gained a strong and commanding position on the right. About ten
+P. M. the enemy made a vigorous assault to break through my lines, but he
+was repulsed at all points.
+
+"On the morning of the third the battle was renewed, but the enemy seemed
+to have expended his energy in the assault of the previous night, and the
+firing along the line was desultory."
+
+
+
+Such is the official report of the battle before Santiago, where were
+killed of the American forces twenty-three officers, and 208 men; wounded
+eighty officers, and 1,203 men; missing, eighty-one; total, 1,595.
+
+An account of any engagement is made more vivid by a recital of those who
+participated in the bloody work, since the commanding officer views the
+action as a whole, and purely from a military standpoint, while the
+private, who may know little or nothing regarding the general outcome,
+understands full well what took place immediately around him. Mr. W. K.
+Hearst, the proprietor of the New York _Journal_, told the following
+graphic story in the columns of his paper:
+
+"I set out before daybreak this morning on horseback with Honore Laine,
+who is a colonel in the Cuban army. We rode over eight miles of difficult
+country which intervenes between the army base, on the coast, and the
+fighting line, which is being driven forward toward Santiago.
+
+"Pozo, as a position for our battery, was ill chosen. The Spaniards had
+formerly occupied it as a fort, and they knew precisely the distance to it
+from their guns, and so began their fight with the advantage of a perfect
+knowledge of the range.
+
+"Their first shell spattered shrapnel in a very unpleasant way all over
+the tiled roof of the white house at the back of the ridge. It was the
+doors of this house which we were approaching for shelter, and later, when
+we came to take our luncheon, we found that a shrapnel ball had passed
+clean through one of our cans of pressed beef which our pack-mule was
+carrying.
+
+"We turned here to the right toward our battery on the ridge. When we were
+half-way between the white house and the battery, the second shell which
+the Spaniards fired burst above the American battery, not ten feet over
+the heads of our men. Six of our fellows were killed, and sixteen wounded.
+
+"The men in the battery wavered for a minute; then rallied and returned to
+their guns, and the firing went on. We passed from there to the right
+again, where General Shafter's war balloon was ascending. Six shells fell
+in this vicinity, and then our batteries ceased firing.
+
+"The smoke clouds from our guns were forming altogether too plain a target
+for the Spaniards. There was no trace to be seen of the enemy's batteries,
+by reason of their use of smokeless powder.
+
+"Off to the far right of our line of formation, Captain Capron's
+artillery, which had come through from Daiquiri without rest, could be
+heard banging away at Caney. We had started with a view of getting where
+we could observe artillery operations, so we directed our force thither.
+
+"We found Captain Capron blazing away with four guns, where he should have
+had a dozen. He had begun shelling Caney at four o'clock in the morning.
+It was now noon, and he was still firing. He was aiming to reduce the
+large stone fort which stood on the hill above the town and commanded it.
+Captain O'Connell had laid a wager that the first shot of some one of the
+four guns would hit the fort, and he had won his bet. Since that time
+dozens of shells had struck the fort, but it was not yet reduced. It had
+been much weakened, however.
+
+"Through glasses our infantry could be seen advancing toward this fort. As
+the cannon at our side would bang, and the shell would swish through the
+air with its querulous, vicious, whining note, we would watch its
+explosion, and then turn our attention to the little black specks of
+infantry dodging in and out among the groups of trees. Now they would
+disappear wholly from sight in the brush, and again would be seen hurrying
+along the open spaces, over the grass-covered slopes, or across ploughed
+fields. The infantry firing was ceaseless, our men popping away
+continuously, as a string of firecrackers pops.
+
+"The Spaniards fired in volleys against our men. Many times we heard the
+volley fire, and saw the brave fellows pitch forward and lie still on the
+turf, while the others hurried on to the next protecting clump of bushes.
+
+"For hours the Spaniards had poured their fire from slits in the stone
+fort, from their deep trenches, and from the windows of the town. For
+hours our men answered back from trees and brush and gullies. For hours
+cannon at our side banged and shells screamed through air and fell upon
+fort and town. Always our infantry advanced, drawing nearer and closing up
+on the village, till at last they formed under a group of mangrove-trees
+at the foot of the very hill on which the stone fort stood.
+
+"With a rush they swept up the slope and the stone fort was ours. Then you
+should have heard the yells that went up from the knoll on which our
+battery stood. Gunners, drivers, Cubans, correspondents, swung their hats
+and gave a mighty cheer. Immediately our battery stopped firing for fear
+we should hurt our own men, and, dashing down into the valley, hurried
+across to take up a position near the infantry, who were now firing on
+Caney from the blockhouse. The town artillery had not sent half a dozen
+shots from its new position before the musketry firing ceased, and the
+Spaniards, broken into small bunches, fled from Caney in the direction of
+Santiago.
+
+"Laine and I hurried up to the stone fort and found that James Creelman, a
+_Journal_ correspondent with the infantry column, had been seriously
+wounded and was lying in the Twelfth Infantry hospital. Our men were still
+firing an occasional shot, and from blockhouses and isolated trenches,
+from which the Spaniards could not safely retreat, flags of truce were
+waving.
+
+"Guns and side-arms were being taken away from such Spaniards as had
+outlived the pitiless fire, and their dead were being dumped without
+ceremony into the trenches, after the Spanish fashion.
+
+"When I left the fort to hunt for Creelman, I found him, bloody and
+bandaged, lying on his back on a blanket on the ground, but shown all care
+and attention that kindly and skilful surgeons could give him. His first
+words to me were that he was afraid he could not write much of a story, as
+he was pretty well dazed, but if I would write for him he would dictate
+the best he could. I sat down among the wounded, and Creelman told me his
+story of the fight. Here it is:
+
+"'The extraordinary thing in this fight of all the fights I have seen, is
+the enormous amount of ammunition fired. There was a continuous roar of
+musketry from four o'clock in the morning until four in the afternoon.
+
+  [Illustration: VICE-PRESIDENT HOBART.]
+
+"'Chaffee's brigade began the fight by moving along the extreme right,
+with Ludlow down in the low country to the left of Caney. General
+Chaffee's brigade consisted of the Seventeenth, Seventh, and Twelfth
+Infantry, and was without artillery. It occupied the extreme right.
+
+"'The formation was like two sides of an equilateral triangle, Ludlow to
+the south, and Chaffee to the east.
+
+"'Ludlow began firing through the brush, and we could see through the
+palm-trees and tangle of bushes the brown and blue figures of our soldiers
+in a line a mile long, stealing from tree to tree, bush to bush, firing as
+they went.
+
+"'Up here on the heights General Chaffee, facing Caney, moved his troops
+very early in the morning, and the battle opened by Ludlow's artillery
+firing on the fort and knocking several holes in it.
+
+"'The artillery kept up a steady fire on the fort and town, and finally
+demolished the fort. Several times the Spaniards were driven from it, but
+each time they returned before our infantry could approach it.
+
+"'Our artillery had but four small guns, and, though they fired with great
+accuracy, it was ten hours before they finally reduced the stone fort on
+the hill and enabled our infantry to take possession.
+
+"'The Twelfth Infantry constituted the left of our attack, the Seventeenth
+held the right, while the Seventh, made up largely of recruits, occupied
+the centre.
+
+"'The Spanish fired from loopholes in the stone houses of the town, and,
+furthermore, were massed in trenches on the east side of the fort. They
+fought like devils.
+
+"'From all the ridges round about the stream of fire was kept up on
+Chaffee's men, who were kept wondering how they were being wounded. For a
+time they thought General Ludlow's men were on the opposite side of the
+fort and were firing over it.
+
+"'The fact was the fire came from heavy breastworks on the northwest
+corner of Caney, where the principal Spanish force lay, with their hats on
+sticks to deceive our riflemen. From this position the enemy poured in a
+fearful fire. The Seventeenth had to lie down flat under the pounding, but
+even then men were killed.
+
+"'General Chaffee dashed about with his hat on the back of his head like a
+magnificent cowboy, urging his men on, crying to them to get in and help
+their country win a victory. Smokeless powder makes it impossible to
+locate the enemy, and you wonder where the fire comes from. When you stand
+up to see you get a bullet.
+
+"'We finally located the trenches, and could see the officers moving about
+urging their men. The enemy was making a turning movement to the right. To
+turn the left of the Spanish position it was necessary to get a
+blockhouse, which held the right of our line. General Chaffee detailed
+Captain Clark to approach and occupy this blockhouse as soon as the
+artillery had sufficiently harried its Spanish defenders.
+
+"'Clark and Captain Haskell started up the slope. I told them I had been
+on the ridge and knew the condition of affairs, so I would show them the
+way.
+
+"'We pushed right up to the trench around the fort, and, getting out our
+wire-cutters, severed the barbed wire in front of it. I jumped over the
+severed strand and got into the trench.
+
+"'It was a horrible, blood-splashed thing, and an inferno of agony. Many
+men lay dead, with gleaming teeth, and hands clutching their throats.
+Others were crawling there alive.
+
+"'I shouted to the survivors to surrender, and they held up their hands.
+
+"'Then I ran into the fort and found there a Spanish officer and four men
+alive, while seven lay dead in one room. The whole floor ran with blood.
+Blood splashed all the walls. It was a perfect hog-pen of butchery.
+
+"'Three poor wretches put their hands together in supplication. One had a
+white handkerchief tied on a stick. This he lifted and moved toward me.
+The other held up his hands, while the third began to pray and plead.
+
+"'I took the guns from all three and threw them outside the fort. Then I
+called some of our men and put them in charge of the prisoners.
+
+"'I then got out of the fort, ran around to the other side, and secured
+the Spanish flag. I displayed it to our troops, and they cheered lustily.
+
+"'Just as I turned to speak to Captain Haskell I was struck by a bullet
+from the trenches on the Spanish side.'"
+
+
+
+Before five o'clock, on the morning of July 2d, the crew of the flag-ship
+_New York_ was astir, eating a hurried breakfast.
+
+At 5.50 general quarters was sounded, and the flag-ship headed in toward
+Aguadores, about three miles east of Morro Castle. The other ships
+retained their blockading stations. Along the surf-beaten shore the smoke
+of an approaching train from Altares was seen. It was composed of open
+cars full of General Duffield's troops.
+
+At a cutting a mile east of Aguadores the train stopped, and the Cuban
+scouts proceeded along the railroad track. The troops got out of the cars,
+and soon formed in a long, thin line, standing out vividly against the
+yellow rocks that rose perpendicularly above, shutting them off from the
+main body of the army, which was on the other side of the hill, several
+miles north.
+
+From the quarter of the flag-ship there was a signal, by a vigorously
+wigwagged letter, and a few minutes later, from a clump of green at the
+water's edge, came an answer from the army. This was the first cooeperation
+for offensive purposes between the army and navy. The landing of the army
+at Daiquiri and Altares was purely a naval affair.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEWARK.]
+
+With the flag in his hand, the soldier ashore looked like a butterfly.
+
+"Are you waiting for us to begin?" was the signal made by Rear-Admiral
+Sampson to the army.
+
+"General Duffield is ahead with the scouts," came the answer from the
+shore to the flag-ship.
+
+By this time it was seven A. M. The admiral ran the flag-ship's bow within
+three-quarters of a mile of the beach. She remained almost as near during
+the forenoon, and the daring way she was handled by Captain Chadwick,
+within sound of the breakers, made the Cuban pilot on board stare with
+astonishment.
+
+The _Suwanee_ was in company with the flag-ship, still closer inshore, and
+the _Gloucester_ was to the westward, near Morro Castle. From the
+southward the _Newark_ came up and took a position to the westward. Her
+decks were black with fifteen hundred or more troops.
+
+She went alongside of the flag-ship, and was told to disembark the troops
+at Altares.
+
+Then Admiral Sampson signalled to General Duffield:
+
+"When do you want us to commence firing?"
+
+In a little while a white flag on shore sent back the answer:
+
+"When the rest of the command arrives; then I will signal you."
+
+It was a long and tedious wait for the ships before the second fifty
+car-loads of troops came puffing along from Altares.
+
+By 9.30 the last of the soldiers had left the open railroad tracks,
+disappearing in the thick brush that covered the eastern side of Aguadores
+inlet.
+
+The water in the sponge tubes under the breeches of the big guns was
+growing hot in the burning sun.
+
+Ashore there was no sign of the Spaniards. They were believed to be on the
+western bluff.
+
+Between the bluffs ran a rocky gully, leading into Santiago City. On the
+extremity of the western arm was an old castellated fort, from which the
+Spanish flag was flying, and on the parapet on the eastern hill,
+commanding the gully, two stretches of red earth could easily be seen
+against the brush. These were the rifle-pits.
+
+At 10.15 a signal-flag ashore wigwagged to Admiral Sampson to commence
+firing, and a minute later the _New York's_ guns blazed away at the
+rifle-pits and at the old fort.
+
+The _Suwanee_ and _Gloucester_ joined in the firing.
+
+Of our troops ashore in the brush nothing could be seen, but the ping,
+ping, of the small arms of the army floated out to sea during the
+occasional lull in the firing of the big guns, which peppered the
+rifle-pits until clouds of red earth rose above them.
+
+An 8-inch shell from the _Newark_ dropped in the massive old fort, and
+clouds of white dust and huge stones filled the air. When the small shells
+hit its battlements, almost hidden by green creepers, fragments of masonry
+came tumbling down. A shot from the _Suwanee_ hit the eastern parapet, and
+it crumbled away. Amid the smoke and debris, the flagstaff was seen to
+fall forward.
+
+"The flag has been shot down!" shouted the ship's crew, but, when the
+smoke cleared away, the emblem of Spain was seen to be still flying and
+blazing brilliantly in the sun, though the flagstaff was bending toward
+the earth.
+
+A few more shots from the _Suwanee_ levelled the battlements until the old
+castle was a pitiful sight.
+
+When the firing ceased, Lieutenant Delehanty of the _Suwanee_ was anxious
+to finish his work, so he signalled to the _New York_, asking permission
+to knock down the Spanish flag.
+
+"Yes," replied Admiral Sampson, "if you can do it in three shots."
+
+The _Suwanee_ then lay about sixteen hundred yards from the old fort. She
+took her time. Lieutenant Blue carefully aimed the 4-inch gun, and the
+crews of all the ships watched the incident amid intense excitement.
+
+When the smoke of the _Suwanee's_ first shot cleared away, only two red
+streamers of the flag were left. The shell had gone through the centre of
+the bunting.
+
+A delighted yell broke from the crew of the _Suwanee_.
+
+Two or three minutes later the _Suwanee_ fired again, and a huge cloud of
+debris rose from the base of the flagstaff.
+
+For a few seconds it was impossible to tell what had been the effect of
+the shot. Then it was seen that the shell had only added to the ruin of
+the fort.
+
+The flagstaff seemed to have a charmed existence, and the _Suwanee_ only
+had one charge left. It seemed hardly possible for her to achieve her
+object with the big gun, such a distance, and such a tiny target.
+
+There was breathless silence among the watching crews. They crowded on the
+ships' decks, and all eyes were on that tattered flag, bending toward the
+top of what had once been a grand old castle. But it was only bending, not
+yet down. Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty and Lieutenant Blue took their
+time. The _Suwanee_ changed her position slightly.
+
+Then a puff of smoke shot out from her side, up went a shooting cloud of
+debris from the parapet, and down fell the banner of Spain.
+
+Such yells from the flag-ship will probably never be heard again. There
+was more excitement than witnessed at the finish of a college boat-race,
+or a popular race between first-class thoroughbreds on some big track.
+
+The _Suwanee's_ last shot had struck right at the base of the flagstaff,
+and had blown it clear of the wreckage, which had held it from finishing
+its fall.
+
+"Well done!" signalled Admiral Sampson to Lieutenant-Commander Delehanty.
+
+At 11.30 General Duffield signalled that his scouts reported that no
+damage had been done to the Spanish rifle-pits by the shells from the
+ships, and Admiral Sampson told him they had been hit several times, but
+that there was no one in the pits. However, the _Suwanee_ was ordered to
+fire a few more shots in their direction.
+
+  [Illustration: ADMIRAL W. T. SAMPSON.]
+
+At 12.18 P. M. the _New York_ having discontinued fire at Aguadores,
+commenced firing 8-inch shells clear over the gully into the city of
+Santiago de Cuba. Every five minutes the shells went roaring over the
+hillside. What destruction they wrought it was impossible to tell, as the
+smoke hid everything. In reply to General Duffield's question:
+
+"What is the news?"
+
+Admiral Sampson replied:
+
+"There is not a Spaniard left in the rifle-pits."
+
+Later General Duffield signalled that his scouts thought reinforcements
+were marching to the battered old fort, and Admiral Sampson wigwagged him:
+
+"There is no Spaniard left there. If any come the _Gloucester_ will take
+care of them."
+
+A little later the _Oregon_ joined the _New York_ intending 8-inch shells
+into the city of Santiago. This was kept up until 1.40 P. M. By that time
+General Duffield had sent a message saying that his troops could not cross
+the stream, but would return to Altares.
+
+On the report that some Spanish troops were still in the gully, the _New
+York_ and _Gloucester_ shelled it once more, and _Newark_, which had not
+fired, signalled:
+
+"Can I fire for target practice? Have had no previous opportunity."
+
+Permission for her to do so was signalled, and she blazed away, shooting
+well, her 6-inch shells exploding with remarkable force among the rocks.
+
+At 2.40 P. M. Admiral Sampson hoisted the signal to cease firing, and the
+flag-ship returned to the blockading station.
+
+On the railroad a train-load of troops had already left for Altares.
+
+
+
+Mr. A. Maurice Low, of the Boston _Globe_, thus relates his personal
+experience:
+
+"When the fighting ceased on Friday evening, July 1st, every man was
+physically spent, and needed food and rest more than anything else. For a
+majority of the troops there was a chance to cook bacon and make coffee;
+for the men of the hospital corps, the work of the day was commencing. At
+convenient points hospitals were established, and men from every company
+were sent out to search the battle-ground for the dead and wounded.
+
+"It is the men of the hospital corps who have the ghastly side of war.
+There is never any popular glory for them; there is no passion of
+excitement to sustain them. The emotion of battle keeps a man up under
+fire. Something in the air makes even a coward brave. But all that is
+wanting when the surgeons go into action.
+
+"Men come staggering into the hospital with blood dripping from their
+wounds; squads of four follow one another rapidly, bearing stretchers and
+blankets, on which are limp, motionless, groaning forms.
+
+"To those of us at home who are in the habit of seeing our sick and
+injured treated with the utmost consideration and delicacy, who see the
+poor and outcast and criminal put into clean beds and surrounded with
+luxuries, the way in which the wounded on a battle-field are disposed of
+seems barbarous in the extreme. Of course it is unavoidable, but it is
+nevertheless horrible.
+
+"As soon as men were brought in they were at once taken off the litters
+and placed on the bare ground. Time was too precious, and there were too
+many men needing attention for a soldier to monopolise a stretcher until
+the surgeon could reach him.
+
+"There was no shelter. The men lay on the bare ground with the sun
+streaming down on them, many of them suffering the greatest agony, and yet
+very few giving utterance to a groan. Where I watched operations for a
+time there was only one surgeon, who took every man in his turn, and
+necessarily had to make many of them wait a long time.
+
+"And yet these men were much more fortunate than many others, some of whom
+lay on the battle-field for twenty-four hours before they were found.
+There was no chloroform; very little of anything to numb pain. Painful
+gunshot wounds were dressed hastily, almost roughly, until ambulances
+could be sent out to take the men to the divisional hospitals in the rear.
+
+"It is claimed that the hospital arrangements were inadequate, and that
+many regiments went into action without a surgeon. From what I saw I think
+the criticism to be justified. Naturally the wounded were taken care of
+first,--the last duties to the dead could be performed later.
+
+"It was ghastly as one moved over the battle-field to come across an
+upturned face lying in a pool of blood, to see what was once a man, bent,
+and twisted, and doubled. And still more horrible was it as the moonlight
+fell over the field, and at unexpected places one ran against this fruit
+of war and saw faces in the pallor of death made even more ghostlike by
+the light, while the inevitable sea of crimson stood out in more startling
+vividness by the contrast.
+
+"We had won the battle, but our position was a somewhat precarious one.
+
+"Our line was long and thin, and there was a danger of the Spaniards
+breaking through and attacking us in the rear or left flank. To guard
+against this possibility, Lawton's division at El Caney was ordered to
+move on to El Pozo, and Kent's division was under orders to draw in its
+left. The men who had fought at El Caney were hoping to be allowed to
+sleep on the battle-field and obtain the rest which they so badly needed,
+but after supper they were placed under arms and the march commenced.
+
+"The Seventh U. S. Infantry led. It was a weird march. Immediately after
+leaving El Caney we crossed an open field, a skirmish line was thrown out,
+and the men were commanded to maintain absolute silence. We were in the
+heart of the enemy's country, and caution was necessary.
+
+"After crossing this field we came to a deep gully through which ran a
+swift stream almost knee-deep. Our way led across this stream, and there
+was only one means of getting over. That was to plunge in and splash
+through. Tired as we all were, after getting thoroughly wet our feet felt
+like lead, and marching was perfect torture. Still there was no let-up.
+
+"We pressed steadily forward until we came to where the road forked off.
+Our directions had not been very explicit, we had no maps, and our
+commander took the road which he thought was the right one. It soon led
+between high banks of dense growth of chaparral on either side. The moon
+had disappeared behind the clouds, and had the Spaniards wanted to
+ambuscade us we were at their mercy.
+
+"I will not say that we were nervous, exactly, but I think we would all
+rather have been out of that lane. The fear that your enemy may be
+crouching behind bushes, that you know nothing of his presence until he
+pours a rifle fire into you, is rather trying on the nerves.
+
+"The command was frequently halted for the officers to consult, and after
+we had gone about a mile they concluded they were on the wrong road, and
+went to the right about. When we came out where we had started we found
+Brigadier-General Chaffee sitting silent on a big horse and watching a
+seemingly never-ending line of men marching past him. We fell into
+position and pushed on the road to Santiago.
+
+"How long we marched that night I cannot tell. It seemed interminable. My
+watch had run down and no one around me had the time. Finally we were
+ordered to halt, and the men were told to stack arms, take off their
+packs, and rest.
+
+"I dropped my blanket roll, which seemed to me weighed not less than two
+hundred pounds, on the muddy road, and sat down to rest. The next thing I
+knew some one tapped me on the shoulder. It was three o'clock, and I had
+been asleep for some hours. The regiment was again under arms, and was
+receiving ammunition from a pack-train which had come up from the rear. We
+pressed on until early dawn, when we were well in front of Santiago.
+Entrenchments were hastily thrown up, and we were ready for the enemy. The
+enemy did not give us much time for rest. They made an assault upon our
+position early in the morning, which we repulsed....
+
+"While the Spaniards were unable to dislodge us, they succeeded in forcing
+our artillery back, which had taken a position that subjected it to a
+withering infantry fire. Later in the day this position was recovered and
+entrenchments thrown up, which, it was claimed, made the position
+impregnable. The guns were so placed they could do tremendous destruction.
+
+"There was a lull that afternoon, but in the evening the Spaniards opened
+up an attack along our entire line, with the intention, evidently, of
+taking us by surprise and rushing us out of our entrenchments. But their
+purpose was a failure."
+
+
+
+General Lawton, in his report after the assault upon and the capture of El
+Caney by his division during the first day's fighting, says:
+
+"It may not be out of place to call attention to this peculiar phase of
+the battle.
+
+"It was fought against an enemy fortified and entrenched within a compact
+town of stone and concrete houses, some with walls several feet thick, and
+supported by a number of covered solid stone forts, and the enemy
+continued to resist until nearly every man was killed or wounded, with a
+seemingly desperate resolution."
+
+
+
+It was Sergeant McKinnery, of Company B, Ninth Infantry, who shot and
+disabled General Linares, the commander of the Spanish forces in Santiago.
+The Spanish general was hit about an hour after San Juan Hill was taken,
+during the first day's fighting. The American saw a Spaniard, evidently a
+general officer, followed by his staff, riding frantically about the
+Spanish position, rallying his men.
+
+Sergeant McKinnery asked Lieutenant Wiser's permission to try a shot at
+the officer, and greatly regretted to find the request refused. Major Bole
+was consulted. He acquiesced, with the injunction that no one else should
+fire. Sergeant McKinnery slipped a shell into his rifle, adjusted the
+sights for one thousand yards, and fired. The shell fell short. Then he
+put in another, raised the sights for another one thousand yards, took
+careful aim, and let her go. The officer on the white horse threw up his
+arms and fell forward.
+
+"That is for Corporal Joyce," said McKinnery as he saw that his ball had
+reached the mark. The officer on the white horse was General Linares
+himself. It was afterward learned that he was shot in the left shoulder.
+He immediately relinquished the command to General Toral.
+
+
+
+On the evening of July 3d, General Shafter sent the following cablegram to
+the War Department:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                          "HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS,
+                                                           "NEAR SANTIAGO.
+
+"To-night my lines completely surrounded the town from beyond the north of
+the city to point of San Juan River on the south. The enemy holds from
+west bend San Juan River at its mouth up the railroad to the city. General
+Pando, I find to-night, is some distance away, and will not get into
+Santiago.
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SHAFTER."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+July 4th Secretary Alger received the communication given below:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                   "HEADQUARTERS FIFTH ARMY CORPS, July 3.
+
+"The following is my demand for the surrender of the city of Santiago:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"'HEADQUARTERS U. S. FORCES, NEAR SAN JUAN RIVER, CUBA, July 3, 1898, 8.30
+                                                                     A. M.
+
+"'TO THE COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE SPANISH FORCES, Santiago de Cuba.
+
+"'_Sir_:--I shall be obliged, unless you surrender, to shell Santiago de
+Cuba. Please inform the citizens of foreign countries and all women and
+children that they should leave the city before ten o'clock to-morrow
+morning. Very respectfully,
+
+                         "'Your obedient servant,
+                                                          "'W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                              "'_Major-General, U. S. A._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"Following is the Spanish reply which Colonel Dorst has returned at 6.30
+P. M.:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "'SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 2 P. M., July 3, 1898.
+
+"'HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GENERAL COMMANDING FORCES OF UNITED STATES, San Juan
+River.
+
+"'_Sir_:--I have the honour to reply to your communication of to-day,
+written at 8.30 A. M. and received at 1 P. M., demanding the surrender of
+this city; on the contrary case announcing to me that you will bombard
+this city, and that I advise the foreigners, women, and children that they
+must leave the city before ten o'clock to-morrow morning. It is my duty to
+say to you that this city will not surrender, and that I will inform the
+foreign consuls and inhabitants of the contents of your message.
+
+                           "'Very respectfully,
+                                                             "'JOSE TORAL,
+                                    "'_Commander-in-chief, Fourth Corps._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"The British, Portuguese, Chinese, and Norwegian consuls have come to my
+line with Colonel Dorst. They ask if non-combatants can occupy the town of
+Caney and railroad points, and ask until ten o'clock of fifth instant
+before city is fired on. They claim that there are between fifteen
+thousand and twenty thousand people, many of them old, who will leave.
+They ask if I can supply them with food, which I cannot do for want of
+transportation to Caney, which is fifteen miles from my landing. The
+following is my reply:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"'THE COMMANDING GENERAL SPANISH FORCES,
+"'Santiago de Cuba.
+
+"'_Sir_:--In consideration of the request of the consuls and officers in
+your city for delay in carrying out my intention to fire on the city, and
+in the interest of the poor women and children, who will suffer very
+greatly by their hasty and enforced departure from the city, I have the
+honour to announce that I will delay such action solely in their interest
+until noon of the fifth, providing, during the interval, your forces make
+no demonstration whatever upon those of my own. I am, with great respect,
+
+                         "'Your obedient servant,
+                                                         "'W. R. SHAFTER,
+                                               "'_Major-General U. S. A._'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SHAFTER,
+                                             "_Major-General Commanding_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+                            THE SPANISH FLEET.
+
+
+                               "_Don't cheer; the poor devils are dying._"
+
+
+It was Sunday morning (July 3d), and the American squadron lay off
+Santiago Harbour intent only on blockade duty. No signs of life were
+visible about old Morro. Beyond and toward the city all was still. After
+two days of fighting the armies of both nations were resting in their
+trenches.
+
+The fleet had drifted three miles or more from the land. The battle-ship
+_Massachusetts_, the protected cruiser _New Orleans_, and Commodore
+Watson's flag-ship, the cruiser _Newark_, were absent, coaling fifty miles
+or more away.
+
+Shortly before nine o'clock Admiral Sampson, desiring to ascertain the
+exact condition of the Spanish coast defences about Aguadores, ordered the
+flag-ship to go that way, and after flying the signal, "Disregard the
+motions of the commander-in-chief," the _New York_ steamed leisurely off
+to the eastward.
+
+The little _Gloucester_ lay nearest the shore; the _Vixen_ was opposite in
+a straight line, and to the eastward of her about five miles. A mile or
+less from the _Gloucester_, to the seaward, was the _Indiana_. Nearly as
+far from the latter ship, and southeast of her, lay the _Oregon_. The
+_Iowa_ was the outermost ship of the fleet, lying four miles from the
+harbour entrance; next her, to the eastward, each vessel slightly nearer
+inshore, were the _Texas_ and the _Brooklyn_ in the order named.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL WEYLER.]
+
+Shoreward, inside the harbour, could be seen a long line of black smoke.
+On board the fleet religious services were being held, but the lookouts of
+every ship were at their stations.
+
+Suddenly, at about half past nine, a dark hull was seen coming out past
+the point of the harbour, and instantly all was seemingly confusion on the
+big fighting machines.
+
+"The enemy is escaping," was the signal run up on Commodore Schley's
+flag-ship, and within a few seconds the roar of a 6-pounder on the _Iowa_
+broke the stillness of the Sabbath morning.
+
+It was as if every American vessel was put in motion at the same instant,
+and even as the flag-ship's signal appeared, the clouds of dense smoke
+from their stacks told that the men in the furnace-rooms had already begun
+their portion of the task so unexpectedly set for all the fleet.
+
+John R. Spear, author of "The History of our Navy," who was with Sampson's
+fleet, wrote this complete story of the marvellous naval battle off
+Santiago and along the southern shore of Cuba, for the _World_:
+
+"The enemy was first seen at 9.30, and at 9.32 the men of the American
+batteries were standing erect and silent beside their loaded guns, waiting
+for the order to commence firing, and watching out of the corners of their
+eyes the boys who were still sprinkling the decks with sand that no one's
+foot might slip when blood began to flow across the planks.
+
+"But though silence prevailed among the guns, down in the sealed
+stoke-hole the click and ring of the shovels that sprayed the coal over
+the glowing grate-bars, the song of the fans that raised the air pressure,
+and the throb of pump and engine made music for the whole crew, for the
+steam-gauges were climbing, and the engineers were standing by the
+wide-open throttles as the ships were driven straight at the enemy.
+
+"For, as it happened, the _Texas_ had been lying directly off the harbour,
+and a little more than two miles away the _Iowa_ was but a few lengths
+farther out and to the westward, while Capt. Jack Philip of the one, and
+'Fighting Bob' Evans of the other, were both on deck when the cry was
+raised announcing the enemy. Hastening to their bridges, they headed away
+at once for the Spaniards, while the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ went
+flying to westward to intercept the leader.
+
+"The mightiest race known to the history of the world, and the most
+thrilling, was begun.
+
+"They were all away in less time than it has taken the reader to get thus
+far in the story, and in much less time still,--indeed, before the gongs in
+the engine-rooms of the Yankee ships had ceased to vibrate under the
+imperative order of 'Ahead, full speed!'--the _Almirante Oquendo_, fugitive
+as she was, had opened the battle. With impetuous haste, and while yet
+more than two miles away, the Spaniard pointed one of his long 11-inch
+hontoria rifles in the direction of the _Texas_ and pulled the lanyard.
+The shell came shrieking out to sea, but to sea only.
+
+  [Illustration: CAPTAIN R. D. EVANS.]
+
+"Instantly the great guns of the Morro, 180 feet above the water, and
+those of the Socapa battery, lying higher still, with all the batteries
+beneath those two, began to belch and roar as their crews strove with
+frantic energy to aid the flying squadron.
+
+"Now, it was about three minutes from the appearance of the first Spaniard
+to the firing of the first American gun.
+
+"In these three minutes the distance between the squadrons was lessened by
+at least a mile,--the range was not more than two thousand yards.
+
+"But while two thousand yards is the range (about one and one-sixth miles)
+selected for great gun target practice, it will never do for an eager
+fight, and as the trend of the land still headed the Spanish off to
+southward, the battle-ships were able to reduce the range to fifteen
+hundred yards before they were obliged to head a course parallel with the
+Spaniards.
+
+"Meantime the _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_, as they were stretching away
+toward the coast, had opened fire also, and then the last of the big
+Spaniards, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_, having rounded the point, the
+magnificent spectacle of a squadron battle on the open sea--of a battle
+between four of the best modern armed cruisers on the Spanish side,
+against three battle-ships and an armoured cruiser on our side--was spread
+out to view.
+
+"And their best was the worst struggle the world ever saw, for it was a
+struggle to get out of range while firing with hysterical vehemence their
+unaimed guns.
+
+"The first shot from the American ships fell short, and a second, in like
+fashion, dropped into the sea. At that the gunner said things to himself
+under his breath (it was in the forward turret of the _Iowa_), and tried
+it once more.
+
+"For a moment after it the cloud of gun smoke shrouded the turret, but as
+that thinned away the eager crew saw the 12-inch shell strike into the
+hull of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_. Instantly it exploded with tremendous
+effect. Flame and smoke belched from the hole the shell had made, and
+puffed from port and hatch. And then in the wake of the driven blast
+rolled up a volume of flame-streaked smoke that showed the woodwork had
+taken fire and was burning fiercely all over the after part of the
+stricken ship.
+
+"The yell that rose from the Yankee throats at that sight swelled to a
+roar of triumph a moment later, for as he saw that smoke, the captain of
+the _Teresa_ threw her helm over to port, and headed her for the rocky
+beach. The one shell had given a mortal wound.
+
+"And then came Wainwright of the _Maine_,--Lieut.-Commander Richard
+Wainwright, who for weeks conducted the weary search for the dead bodies
+of shipmates on the wreck in the harbour of Havana. He was captain of the
+_Gloucester_, that was once known as the yacht _Corsair_. A swift and
+beautiful craft she, but only armed with lean 6-pounders.
+
+"'Ahead, full speed,' said Wainwright.
+
+"And fortune once more favoured the brave, for in the wake of the mighty
+_Maria Teresa_ came Spain's two big torpedo-boats, called destroyers,
+because of their size,--the _Pluton_ and the _Furor_. Either was more than
+a match for the _Gloucester_, for one carried two 12-pounders, and the
+other two 14-pounders, besides the 6-pounders that both carried.
+
+"Moreover, both overmatched the speed of the _Gloucester_ by at least ten
+knots per hour. But both had thin-plated sides. The shells of the
+_Gloucester_ could pierce them, and at them went Wainwright, with the
+memory of that night in Havana uppermost in his mind.
+
+"The two boats--even the whole Spanish fleet--were still within easy range
+of the Spanish forts, and to reach his choice of enemies the _Gloucester_
+was obliged to risk not only the land fire, but that of the _Vizcaya_ and
+the _Teresa_. Nevertheless, as the torpedo-boats steered toward the
+_Brooklyn_, evidently bound to torpedo her, Wainwright headed them off,
+and they never got beyond range of the forts.
+
+"The shots they threw at him outweighed his three to one, but theirs flew
+wild, and his struck home.
+
+"The day of the destroyers was done. As the big _Maria Teresa_ turned
+toward the shore, these two destroyers, like stricken wild fowl, fled
+fluttering and splashing in the same direction, and they floundered as
+they fled.
+
+"While the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ was on fire, and running for the beach,
+her crew was still working their guns, and the big _Vizcaya_ was handily
+by to double the storm of projectiles she was hurling at the _Iowa_ and
+_Texas_.
+
+"It was not that the _Vizcaya's_ crew were manfully striving to protect
+the _Teresa_; they were making the snarling, clawing fight of a lifetime
+to escape the relentless Yankees that were closing upon them. For both the
+_Texas_ and the _Iowa_ had the range, and it was only when the smoke of
+their own guns blinded them that their fire was withheld, or a shot went
+astray.
+
+"The _Iowa_ and the _Texas_ had headed off both the _Vizcaya_ and the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_, while the _Indiana_ was coming with tremendous
+speed to join them.
+
+"And then came the finishing stroke. A 12-inch shell from the _Texas_ went
+crashing into the stoke-hole, and the _Vizcaya_,--the ship whose beauty and
+power once thrilled the hearts of New Yorkers with mingled pleasure and
+fear--was mortally wounded. Hope was gone, and with helm aport she headed
+away for the beach, as her consort had done.
+
+"The battle had opened on our side at 9.33 o'clock, and at 9.58 two of the
+magnificent armoured cruisers of the Spanish navy were quivering, flaming
+wrecks on the Cuban beach, with the _Texas_ rounding to less than a
+thousand yards away off the stern of the _Vizcaya_.
+
+"For a moment the _Texas_ tarried there to let the smoke clear, and to see
+accurately the condition of the enemy, but while her gunners were taking
+aim for a final broadside a half-naked quartermaster on the _Vizcaya_,
+with clawing hands on the halliards, hauled down the fever-hued ensign
+from her peak and hoisted the white flag instead.
+
+"'Cease firing!' commanded Captain Jack Philip of the _Texas_.
+
+"So far as the _Vizcaya_ and the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ were concerned,
+the battle--and for that matter the war--was ended.
+
+"Huge volumes of black smoke, edged with red flame, rolled from every port
+and shot hole of the _Vizcaya_, as from the _Teresa_. They were both
+furnaces of glowing fire. Though they had come from the harbour to certain
+battle, not a wooden bulkhead, nor a partition in the quarters either of
+officers or men had been taken out, nor had trunks and chests been sent
+ashore. Neither had the wooden decks nor any other wooden fixtures been
+prepared to resist fire. Apparently the crew had not even wet down the
+decks.
+
+"But the _Texas_ tarried at this gruesome scene only for a moment. They
+wished only to make sure that the two Spaniards were really out of the
+fight, and when they saw the _Iowa_ was going to stand by both, away they
+went to join the race between the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ on our side,
+and the _Cristobal Colon_ and _Almirante Oquendo_ on the other.
+
+"In spite of the original superior speed on the part of the Spaniards, and
+in spite of the delay on the part of the _Texas_, the Spaniards were not
+yet wholly out of range, though the _Cristobal Colon_ was reaching away at
+a speed that gave the Spanish shore forces hope.
+
+"Under battened hatches the Yankee firemen, stripped to their trousers,
+plied their shovels and raised the steam-gauges higher. The Yankee ships
+were grass-grown and barnacled, but now they were driven as never before
+since their trial trips. The Spaniards had called us pigs, but Nemesis had
+turned us into spear-armed huntsmen in chase of game that neither tusks
+nor legs could save.
+
+"For while the _Colon_ was showing a speed that was the equal at least of
+our own _Brooklyn_, long-headed Commodore Schley saw that she was hugging
+the coast, although a point of land loomed in the distance to cut her off
+or drive her out to sea.
+
+"Instead of striving to close in on the Spaniards, Schley headed straight
+for that point,--took the shortest cut for it, so to speak,--and in that way
+drew steadily ahead of the _Colon_, leaving to the _Oregon_ and _Texas_
+the task of holding the Spaniards from turning out across the _Brooklyn's_
+stern.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. IOWA.]
+
+"It was a splendid piece of strategy, well worthy of the gallant officer,
+and it won.
+
+"The task of the battle-ships was well within their powers. It is not
+without reason that both the _Oregon_ and the _Texas_ are the pride of the
+nation as well as of their crews.
+
+"The _Oregon_ and the _Brooklyn_ had hurled a relentless fire at the
+flying Spaniards, and it had told on the _Almirante Oquendo_ with
+increasing effect.
+
+"For the _Oregon_ was fair on the _Oquendo's_ beam, and there was not
+enough armour on any Spanish ship to stop the massive 13-inch projectiles
+the ship from the Pacific was driving into her with unerring aim.
+
+"At ten o'clock sharp the _Oquendo_ was apparently still fore and aft, but
+within five minutes she wavered and lagged, and a little later, flag-ship
+though she was, she put her helm to port, as her consorts had done, and
+fled for life to the beach.
+
+"The _Texas_ was coming with unflagging speed astern, and off to the east
+could be seen the flag-ship of Admiral Sampson racing as never before to
+get a shot in at the finish. An auxiliary had been sent by Commodore
+Schley to call her, and it had met her coming at the call of the guns of
+the Spanish fleet. She had overhauled and passed the _Indiana_ long since,
+and was well-nigh abreast of the _Texas_. So the _Oregon_, in order to vie
+with the _New York_ in the last of the mighty race, abandoned the
+_Oquendo_ to her fate and stretched away after the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"Some of the crew who looked back saw the _Texas_ bring to near the
+_Oquendo_, and then the sea trembled under the impulse of a tremendous
+explosion on board the doomed Spaniard, while a vast volume of smoke
+filled with splintered wreck rose in the air. Had they been near enough
+they would have heard the crew of the _Texas_ start in to cheer, and have
+heard as well the voice of Captain Philip say, as he raised his hand to
+check it:
+
+"'Don't cheer; the poor devils are dying.'
+
+"Only a man fit to command could have had that thought.
+
+"The battle was well-nigh over. But one ship of the Spanish squadron
+remained, and she was now in the last desperate struggle, the flurry of a
+monster of the deep. Her officers peered with frowning brows through
+gilded glasses at the _Brooklyn_ forging ahead far off their port bow; at
+the _Oregon_ within range off the port quarter; at the _New York_ just
+getting the range with her beautiful 8-inch rifles astern. They shivered
+in unison with the quivering hulk as shot after shot struck home. They
+screamed at their crews and stamped and fumed. At the guns their crews
+worked with drunken desperation, but down in the stoke-hole the firemen
+plied their shovels with a will and a skill that formed the most
+surprising feature of the Spanish side of the battle. Because of them this
+was a race worthy of the American mettle, for it put to the full test the
+powers of the men of the three ships in chase.
+
+"In the open sea they might have led the Yankees for an hour or more
+beyond, but the strategy of Schley had cut them off, and yet it was not
+until 1.15 o'clock--three hours and three-quarters after the first gun of
+the _Oquendo_--that the _Colon's_ gallant captain lost all hope, and, from
+a race to save the ship, turned to the work of destroying her, so that we
+should not be able to float the stars and stripes above her.
+
+"The _Oregon_ had drawn up abeam of her, and was about a mile away. The
+shots from the _New York_ astern were beginning to tell, and those from
+the _Brooklyn_ had all along been smiting her in the face.
+
+"Baffled and beaten she turned to the shore, ran hard aground near
+Tarquino Point, fifty miles from Santiago, and then hauled down her flag.
+
+"The most powerful sea force that ever fought under the American flag had
+triumphed; the most remarkable race in the history of the world was
+ended."
+
+On board the flag-ship _New York_ is published a tiny daily newspaper, 4 x
+7 inches in size, with the name "Squadron Bulletin" on the title-page.
+Following is the account of the destruction of the Spanish fleet as given
+in that publication:
+
+"This is a red-letter day for the American navy, as dating the entire
+destruction of Admiral Cervera's formidable fleet; the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_, _Vizcaya_, _Oquendo_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the deep-sea
+torpedo-boats _Furor_ and _Pluton_.
+
+"The flag-ship had started from her station about nine to go to Siboney,
+whence the admiral had proposed going for a consultation with General
+Shafter; the other ships, with the exception of the _Massachusetts_ and
+_Suwanee_, which had, unfortunately, gone this morning to Guantanamo for
+coal, were in their usual positions, viz., beginning at the east, the
+_Gloucester_, _Indiana_, _Oregon_, _Iowa_, _Texas_, _Brooklyn_, and
+_Vixen_.
+
+"When about two miles off from Altares Bay, and about four miles east of
+her usual position, the Spanish fleet was observed coming out and making
+westward in the following order: _Infanta Maria Teresa_ (flag), _Vizcaya_,
+_Cristobal Colon_, _Almirante Oquendo_, _Furor_, and _Pluton_.
+
+"They were at once engaged by the ships nearest, and the result was
+practically established in a very short time. The heavy and rapid shell
+fire was very destructive to both ships and men. The cruisers _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_, _Almirante Oquendo_, and _Vizcaya_ were run ashore in the
+order named, afire and burning fiercely. The first ship was beached at
+Nima, nine and one-half miles west of the port; the second at Juan
+Gonzalez, six miles west; the third at Acerraderos, fifteen miles. The
+torpedo-boat destroyers were both sunk, one near the beach, the other in
+deep water about three miles west of the harbour entrance.
+
+"The remaining ship, the _Cristobal Colon_, stood on and gave a long chase
+of forty-eight miles, in which the _Brooklyn_, _Oregon_, _Texas_, _Vixen_,
+and _New York_ took part. The _Colon_ is reputed by her captain to have
+been going at times as much as seventeen and a half knots, but they could
+not keep this up, chiefly on account of the fatigue of her men, who, many
+of them, had been ashore at Santiago the day before, and had been, while
+there, long without food; her average speed was actually thirteen and
+seven-tenths knots, the ship leaving the harbour at 9.43 A. M., and
+reaching Rio Tarquino (forty-eight miles from Santiago entrance) at 1.15.
+
+  [Illustration: THE DESTRUCTION OF CERVERA'S FLEET.]
+
+"She was gradually forced in toward the shore, and, seeing no chance of an
+escape from so overwhelming a force, the heavy shells of the _Oregon_
+already dropping around and beyond her, she ran ashore at Rio Tarquino and
+hauled down her flag.
+
+"She was practically uninjured, but her sea-valves were treacherously
+opened, and in spite of all efforts she gradually sank, and now lies near
+the beach in water of moderate depth. It is to be hoped that she may be
+floated, as she was far the finest ship of the squadron. All her breech
+plugs were thrown overboard after the surrender, and the breech-blocks of
+her Mauser rifles thrown away.
+
+"The flag-ship remained at Rio Tarquino until eleven P. M., and then
+returned to Santiago. The _Texas_, _Oregon_, and _Vixen_ remained by the
+prize. Commodore second in command of fleet, Captain de Navio of the first
+class, Don Jose de Paredes y Chacon, Captain de Navio Don Emilio Moreu,
+commanding the _Colon_, and Teniente de Navio Don Pablo Marina y Briengas,
+aid and secretary to the commodore, were taken on board the _New York_.
+The 525 men of the crew of the _Colon_ were placed aboard the _Resolute_,
+which came from Santiago to report sighting a Spanish armoured cruiser,
+which turned out to be the Austrian _Maria Teresa_. The other officers
+were placed aboard the _Resolute_ and _Vixen_.
+
+"Admiral Cervera and many of his officers were taken off the shore by the
+_Gloucester_, and transferred to the _Iowa_, which ship had already taken
+off many from the _Vizcaya_; thirty-eight officers and 238 men were on
+board the _Iowa_, and seven officers and 203 men were aboard the
+_Indiana_.
+
+"All these were in a perfectly destitute condition, having been saved by
+swimming, or having been taken from the water by our boats. Admiral
+Cervera was in a like plight. He was received with the usual honours when
+he came aboard, and was heartily cheered by the _Iowa's_ crew."
+
+
+
+The Independence Day number is very brief. It announces that the prisoners
+are to be sent north on the _Harvard_ and _St. Louis_; that they number
+1,750; that the dead among the Spanish ships were over six hundred; that
+General Pando had reached Santiago with five thousand men; that the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Marblehead_ had gone to Guantanamo to overhaul and coal,
+and then tells of the _Reina Mercedes's_ skirmish on that day, saying:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. INDIANA.]
+
+"Just before midnight of this date the _Massachusetts_, which was in front
+of the port with her search-light up to the entrance, reported an enemy's
+vessel coming out, and she and the _Texas_ fired a number of shots in the
+direction of the harbour mouth. The batteries also opened, and a number of
+shell fell at various points, the attention paid by the batteries to the
+ships being general. The _Indiana_ was struck on the starboard side of the
+quarter-deck by a mortar shell, which exploded on reaching the second deck
+near the ward-room ladder; it caused a fire which was quickly
+extinguished. This was the first accident of the kind to the fleet. The
+vessel inside turned out to be the _Reina Mercedes_, which was sunk on the
+east edge of the channel just by the Estrella battery. She heads north,
+and is canted over to port with her port rail under water. She does not
+appear to obstruct the channel."
+
+The issue of July 5th is of greater interest:
+
+"Mention of the presence of the torpedo-boat _Ericsson_, on the third
+instant, was unfortunately omitted. She was in company with a flag-ship,
+and turned at once upon sighting the enemy. As she was drawing away from
+the _New York_ she signalled, asking permission to continue in chase, but
+she was directed to pick up two men in the water, which she did, and on
+reaching the _Vizcaya_ she was directed by the _Iowa_, the flag-ship
+having gone ahead, to assist in the rescue of the _Vizcaya's_ crew. She
+took off eleven officers and ninety men. The guns of the _Vizcaya_ during
+the operation were going off from the heat, and explosions were frequent,
+so that the work was trying and perilous for the boats of the two vessels
+(_Iowa_ and _Ericsson_) engaged.
+
+"The former report from the army, which was official, regarding General
+Pando's entry into Santiago, was an error. General Shafter thought that he
+had been enabled to form a junction, but some few of his men only had been
+able to do so; the general himself and his remaining force, it is thought,
+will not be able.
+
+"The day was an uneventful one from a naval standpoint. The flag-ship went
+to the wrecks of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_ and the _Almirante_. The
+former lies in an easy position on sand, and with almost her normal
+draught of water. She is, of course, completely burned out inside above
+her protective deck, but the shell of her hull seems very good, and her
+machinery is probably not seriously injured.
+
+"It looks very much as if she were salvable. The _Almirante_ was much
+worse off. She had been subjected to a much heavier gun fire, being racked
+and torn in every part; she is much more out of water, and the forward
+part is much distorted and torn by the explosion of her magazine and
+torpedoes. The loss of life was very great. Charred bodies are strewn
+everywhere, the vicinity of the port forward torpedo-room, particularly,
+was almost covered. The torpedo exploded in the tube; it may be by a shot.
+This is a question which it is hoped may be conclusively decided. The fact
+of so many bodies being about would seem to bear this out, but two of her
+crew, taken off the beach this afternoon, were questioned, and both stated
+that it was the result of fire, and that the number of bodies is to be
+accounted for by the fact that the operating-room is just below, and that
+many wounded came up that far and were suffocated. The two men were
+intelligent young fellows, and talked freely. They said that the gun fire
+was such that it was impossible to keep the men at the guns. One was a
+powder passer, the other at a 57-mm gun. In the forward turret were two
+officers and five men, evidently killed by the entry of a 6-pounder shell
+between the top of the turret and the gun shield. Altogether the ship was
+a most striking instance of what rapid and well-directed gun fire may
+accomplish. She was terribly battered about.
+
+"While the flag-ship was lying near the _Almirante_, and her steam cutter
+was alongside, and a small boat from the press tug _Hercules_ lying on the
+starboard quarter, a shell exploded in a 15-centimetre gun, and a piece
+went through the tug's boat, cutting it in two; the man in the boat was
+not hurt. It is somewhat extraordinary that this shell should have waited
+so long to act, as the after part of the ship was generally well cooled
+off. There was still much heat and some flames about the bow. One
+extraordinary fact is the survival, in proper shape, of many powder
+grains, baked hard; several of these were picked up about the deck.
+
+"A board has been ordered by the commander-in-chief to report in detail
+upon the stranded ships."
+
+
+
+On the fifteenth of July Admiral Sampson made his official report, which
+is given in full:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                "U. S. FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, FIRST RATE, OFF
+                                    SANTIAGO DE CUBA, CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+"_Sir_:--I have the honour to make the following report upon the battle
+with and the destruction of the Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral
+Cervera, off Santiago de Cuba, on Sunday, July 3, 1898:
+
+"2. The enemy's vessels came out of the harbour between 9.35 and 10 A. M.,
+the head of the column appearing around Cay Smith at 9.31, and emerging
+from the channel five or six minutes later.
+
+"3. The positions of the vessels of my command off Santiago at that moment
+were as follows: The flag-ship _New York_ was four miles east of her
+blockading station and about seven miles from the harbour entrance. She
+had started for Siboney, where I had intended to land, accompanied by
+several of my staff, and go to the front to consult with General Shafter.
+A discussion of the situation, and a more definite understanding between
+us of the operations proposed, had been rendered necessary by the
+unexpectedly strong resistance of the Spanish garrison at Santiago.
+
+"I had sent my chief of staff on shore the day before to arrange an
+interview with General Shafter, who had been suffering from heat
+prostration. I made arrangements to go to his headquarters, and my
+flag-ship was in the position mentioned above when the Spanish squadron
+appeared in the channel.
+
+"The remaining vessels were in or near their usual blockading positions,
+distributed in a semicircle about the harbour entrance, counting from the
+eastward to the westward in the following order: The _Indiana_, about a
+mile and a half from shore, the _Oregon_,--the _New York's_ place between
+these two,--the _Iowa_, _Texas_, and _Brooklyn_, the latter two miles from
+the shore west of Santiago.
+
+"The distance of the vessels from the harbour entrance was two and a half
+to four miles,--the latter being the limit of day blockading distance. The
+length of the arc formed by the ships was about eight miles.
+
+"The _Massachusetts_ had left at four A. M. for Guantanamo for coal. Her
+station was between the _Iowa_ and _Texas_. The auxiliaries, _Gloucester_
+and _Vixen_, lay close to the land and nearer the harbour entrance than
+the large vessels, the _Gloucester_ to the eastward and the _Vixen_ to the
+westward.
+
+"The torpedo-boat _Ericsson_ was in company with the flag-ship, and
+remained with her during the chase until ordered to discontinue, when she
+rendered very efficient service in rescuing prisoners from the burning
+_Vizcaya_. I enclose a diagram showing approximately the positions of the
+vessels as described above.
+
+"4. The Spanish vessels came rapidly out of the harbour, at a speed
+estimated at from eight to ten knots, and in the following order: _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ (flag-ship), _Vizcaya_, _Cristobal Colon_, and the
+_Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+"The distance between these ships was about eight hundred yards, which
+means that, from the time the first one became visible in the upper reach
+of the channel until the last one was out of the harbour, an interval of
+only about twelve minutes elapsed.
+
+"Following the _Oquendo_, at a distance of about twelve hundred yards,
+came the torpedo-boat destroyer _Pluton_, and after her came the _Furor_.
+The armoured cruisers, as rapidly as they could bring their guns to bear,
+opened a vigorous fire upon the blockading vessels, and emerged from the
+channel shrouded in the smoke from their guns.
+
+"5. The men of our ships in front of the port were at Sunday 'quarters for
+inspection.' The signal was given simultaneously from several vessels,
+'Enemy's ships escaping,' and general quarters were sounded. The men
+cheered as they sprang to their guns, and fire was opened, probably within
+eight minutes, by the vessels whose guns commanded the entrance.
+
+"The _New York_ turned about and steamed for the escaping fleet, flying
+the signal, 'Close in toward harbour entrance and attack vessels,' and
+gradually increasing speed until toward the end of the chase she was
+making sixteen and one-half knots, and was rapidly closing on the
+_Cristobal Colon_.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. OREGON.]
+
+"She was not, at any time, within the range of the heavy Spanish ships,
+and her only part in the firing was to receive the undivided fire from the
+forts in passing the harbour entrance, and to fire a few shots at one of
+the destroyers, thought at the moment to be attempting to escape from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+"6. The Spanish vessels, upon clearing the harbour, turned to the westward
+in column, increasing their speed to the full power of their engines. The
+heavy blockading vessels, which had closed in toward the Morro, at the
+instant of the enemy's appearance, and at their best speed, delivered a
+rapid fire, well sustained and destructive, which speedily overwhelmed and
+silenced the Spanish fire.
+
+"The initial speed of the Spaniards carried them rapidly past the
+blockading vessels, and the battle developed into a chase in which the
+_Brooklyn_ and _Texas_ had at the start the advantage of position. The
+_Brooklyn_ maintained this lead.
+
+"The _Oregon_, steaming with amazing speed from the commencement of the
+action, took first place. The _Iowa_ and the _Indiana_ having done good
+work, and not having the speed of the other ships, were directed by me, in
+succession, at about the time the _Vizcaya_ was beached, to drop out of
+the chase and resume blockading stations. These vessels rescued many
+prisoners. The _Vixen_, finding that the rush of the Spanish ships would
+put her between two fires, ran outside of our own column and remained
+there during the battle and chase.
+
+"7. The skilful handling and gallant firing of the _Gloucester_ excited
+the admiration of every one who witnessed it, and merits the commendation
+of the Navy Department. She is a fast and entirely unprotected auxiliary
+vessel,--the yacht _Corsair_,--and has a good battery of light rapid-fire
+guns.
+
+"She was lying about two miles from the harbour entrance to the southward
+and eastward, and immediately steamed in, opening fire upon the large
+ships.
+
+"Anticipating the appearance of the _Pluton_ and _Furor_, the _Gloucester_
+was slowed, thereby gaining more rapidly a high pressure of steam, and
+when the destroyers came out she steamed for them at full speed and was
+able to close at short range, where her fire was accurate, deadly, and of
+great volume.
+
+"During this fight the _Gloucester_ was under the fire of the Socapa
+battery. Within twenty minutes from the time they emerged from Santiago
+Harbour the careers of the _Furor_ and the _Pluton_ were ended, and
+two-thirds of their people killed. The _Furor_ was beached and sunk in the
+surf; the _Pluton_ sank in deep water a few minutes later. The destroyer
+probably suffered much injury from the fire of the secondary batteries of
+the battle-ships _Iowa_, _Indiana_, and the _Texas_, yet I think a very
+considerable factor in their speedy destruction was the fire, at close
+range, of the _Gloucester's_ battery.
+
+"After rescuing the survivors of the destroyers, the _Gloucester_ did
+excellent service in landing and securing the crew of the _Infanta Maria
+Teresa_.
+
+"8. The method of escape attempted by the Spaniards--all steering in the
+same direction, and in formation--removed all practical doubts or
+difficulties, and made plain the duty of every United States vessel to
+close in, immediately engage and pursue. This was promptly and effectively
+done.
+
+"As already stated, the first rush of the Spanish squadron carried it past
+a number of the blockading ships, which could not immediately work up to
+their best speed, but they suffered heavily in passing, and the _Infanta
+Maria Teresa_ and the _Oquendo_ were probably set on fire by the shells
+fired during the first fifteen minutes of the engagement. It was afterward
+learned that the _Infanta Maria Teresa's_ fire main had been cut by one of
+our first shots, and that she was unable to extinguish the fire.
+
+"With large volumes of smoke rising from their lower deck aft these
+vessels gave up both fight and flight, and ran in on the beach, the
+_Infanta Maria Teresa_ at about 10.15 A. M., at Nima, nine and one-half
+miles from Santiago Harbour entrance, and the _Almirante Oquendo_ at about
+10.30 A. M., at Juan Gonzales, seven miles from the port.
+
+"9. The _Vizcaya_ was still under the fire of the leading vessels. The
+_Cristobal Colon_ had drawn ahead, leading the chase, and soon passed
+beyond the range of the guns of the leading American ships. The
+_Viz__caya_ was soon set on fire, and at 11.15 she turned inshore and was
+beached at Acerraderos, fifteen miles from Santiago, burning fiercely, and
+with her reserves of ammunition on deck already beginning to explode.
+
+"When about ten miles west of Santiago the _Indiana_ had been signalled to
+go back to the harbour entrance, and at Acerraderos the _Iowa_ was
+signalled to 'resume blockading station.' The _Iowa_, assisted by the
+_Ericsson_ and the _Hist_, took off the crew of the _Vizcaya_, while the
+_Harvard_ and the _Gloucester_ rescued those of the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Almirante Oquendo_.
+
+"This rescue of prisoners, including the wounded from the burning Spanish
+vessels, was the occasion of some of the most daring and gallant conduct
+of the day. The ships were burning fore and aft, their guns and reserve
+ammunition were exploding, and it was not known at what moment the fire
+would reach the main magazine.
+
+"In addition to this a heavy surf was running just inside of the Spanish
+ships. But no risk deterred our officers and men until their work of
+humanity was complete.
+
+"10. There remained now of the Spanish ships only the _Cristobal Colon_,
+but she was their best and fastest vessel. Forced by the situation to hug
+the Cuban coast, her only chance of escape was by superior and sustained
+speed.
+
+"When the _Vizcaya_ went ashore the _Colon_ was about six miles ahead of
+the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_, but her spurt was finished, and the
+American ships were now gaining upon her. Behind the _Brooklyn_ and the
+_Oregon_ came the _Texas_, _Vixen_, and _New York_.
+
+"It was evident from the bridge of the _New York_ that all the American
+ships were gradually overhauling the chase, and that she had no chance of
+escape. At 12.50 the _Brooklyn_ and the _Oregon_ opened fire and got her
+range,--the _Oregon's_ heavy shells striking beyond her,--and at 1.20 she
+gave up without firing another shot, hauled down her colours and ran
+ashore at Rio Tarquino, forty-eight miles from Santiago.
+
+"Captain Cook of the _Brooklyn_ went on board to receive the surrender.
+While his boat was alongside I came up in the _New York_, receiving his
+report, and placed the _Oregon_ in charge of the wreck to save her, if
+possible, and directed the prisoners to be transferred to the _Resolute_,
+which had followed the chase. Commodore Schley, whose chief of staff had
+gone on board to receive the surrender, had directed that all their
+personal effects should be retained by the officers. This order I did not
+modify.
+
+"The _Cristobal Colon_ was not injured by our firing, and probably is not
+injured by beaching, though she ran ashore at high speed. The beach was so
+steep that she came off by the working of the sea. But her sea valves were
+opened or broken, treacherously, I am sure, after her surrender, and
+despite all efforts she sank. When it became evident that she could not be
+kept afloat she was pushed by the _New York_ bodily upon the beach, the
+_New York's_ stem being placed against her for this purpose, the ship
+being handled by Captain Chadwick with admirable judgment, and sank in
+shoal water, and may be saved. Had this not been done she would have gone
+down in deep water, and would have been to a certainty a complete loss.
+
+"11. I regard this complete and important victory over the Spanish forces
+as the successful finish of several weeks of arduous and close blockade,
+so stringent and effective during the night that the enemy was deterred
+from making the attempt to escape at night, and deliberately elected to
+make the attempt in daylight. That this was the case I was informed by the
+commanding officer of the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"12. It seems proper to briefly describe here the manner in which this was
+accomplished. The harbour of Santiago is naturally easy to blockade, there
+being but one entrance and that a narrow one, and the deep water extending
+close up to the shore line, presenting no difficulties of navigation
+outside of the entrance. At the time of my arrival before the port, June
+1st, the moon was at its full, and there was sufficient light during the
+night to enable any movement outside of the entrance to be detected; but
+with the waning of the moon and the coming of dark nights there was
+opportunity for the enemy to escape, or for his torpedo-boats to make an
+attack upon the blockading vessels.
+
+"It was ascertained with fair conclusiveness that the _Merrimac_, so
+gallantly taken into the channel on June 3d, did not obstruct it. I
+therefore maintained the blockade as follows: To the battle-ships was
+assigned the duty, in turn, of lighting the channel. Moving up to the
+port, at a distance of from one to two miles from the Morro,--dependent
+upon the condition of the atmosphere,--they threw a search-light beam
+directly up the channel and held it steadily there.
+
+"This lighted up the entire breadth of the channel for half a mile inside
+of the entrance so brilliantly that the movement of small boats could be
+detected.
+
+"Why the batteries never opened fire upon the search-light-ship was always
+a matter of surprise to me; but they never did. Stationed close to the
+entrance of the port were three picket-launches, and, at a little distance
+further out, three small picket-vessels--usually converted yachts--and, when
+they were available, one or two of our torpedo-boats.
+
+"With this arrangement there was at least a certainty that nothing could
+get out of the harbour undetected.
+
+"After the arrival of the army, when the situation forced upon the Spanish
+admiral a decision, our vigilance increased. The night blockading distance
+was reduced to two miles for all vessels, and a battle-ship was placed
+alongside the search-light-ship, with her broadside trained upon the
+channel in readiness to fire the instant a Spanish ship should appear. The
+commanding officers merit great praise for the perfect manner in which
+they entered into this plan, and put it into execution. The
+_Massachusetts_, which, according to routine, was sent that morning to
+coal at Guantanamo, like the others, had spent weary nights upon this
+work, and deserved a better fate than to be absent that morning.
+
+"I enclose, for the information of the department, copies of orders and
+memorandums issued from time to time, relating to the manner of
+maintaining the blockade. When all the work was done so well, it is
+difficult to discriminate in praise.
+
+"The object of the blockade of Cervera's squadron was fully accomplished,
+and each individual bore well his part in it, the commodore in command of
+the second division, the captains of ships, their officers, and men.
+
+"13. The fire of the battle-ships was powerful and destructive, and the
+resistance of the Spanish squadron was, in great part, broken almost
+before they had got beyond the range of their own force.
+
+"The fine speed of the _Oregon_ enabled her to take a front position in
+the chase, and the _Cristobal Colon_ did not give up until the _Oregon_
+had thrown a 13-inch shell beyond her. This performance adds to the
+already brilliant record of this fine battle-ship, and speaks highly of
+the skill and care with which her admirable efficiency has been maintained
+during a service unprecedented in the history of vessels of her class.
+
+"The _Brooklyn's_ westerly blockading position gave her an advantage in
+the chase which she maintained to the end, and she employed her fine
+battery with telling effect.
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. BROOKLYN.]
+
+"The _Texas_ and the _New York_ were gaining on the chase during the last
+hour, and, had any accident befallen the _Brooklyn_ or the _Oregon_, would
+have speedily overhauled the _Cristobal Colon_.
+
+"From the moment the Spanish vessel exhausted her first burst of speed,
+the result was never in doubt. She fell, in fact, far below what might
+reasonably have been expected of her.
+
+"Careful measurements of time and distance give her an average speed, from
+the time she cleared the harbour mouth until the time she was run on shore
+at Rio Tarquino, of 13.7 knots.
+
+"Neither the _New York_ nor the _Brooklyn_ stopped to couple up their
+forward engines, but ran out of the chase with one pair, getting steam, of
+course, as rapidly as possible on all boilers. To stop to couple up the
+forward engines would have meant a delay of fifteen minutes, or four miles
+in the chase.
+
+"14. Several of the ships were struck, the _Brooklyn_ more often than the
+others, but very light material injury was done, the greatest being aboard
+the _Iowa_.
+
+"Our loss was one man killed and one wounded, both on the _Brooklyn_. It
+is difficult to explain the immunity from loss of life or injury to ships
+in a combat with modern vessels of the best type, but Spanish gunnery is
+poor at the best, and the superior weight and accuracy of our fire
+speedily drove the men from their guns and silenced their fire.
+
+"This is borne out by the statements of prisoners and by observation. The
+Spanish vessels, as they dashed out of the harbour, were covered with the
+smoke from their own guns, but this speedily diminished in volume, and
+soon almost disappeared.
+
+"The fire from the rapid-fire batteries of the battle-ships appears to
+have been remarkably destructive. An examination of the stranded vessels
+shows that the _Almirante Oquendo_ especially had suffered terribly from
+this fire. Her sides are everywhere pierced, and her decks were strewn
+with the charred remains of those who had fallen.
+
+"15. The reports of Commodore W. S. Schley and the commanding officers are
+enclosed.
+
+"16. A board, appointed by me several days ago, has made a critical
+examination of the stranded vessels, both with a view of reporting upon
+the result of our fire and the military features involved, and of
+reporting upon the chance of saving any of them, and of wrecking the
+remainder. The report of the board will be speedily forwarded. Very
+respectfully,
+
+                                                           "W. T. SAMPSON,
+                           "_Rear-Admiral U. S. Navy, Commander-in-Chief_
+                              _U. S. Naval Force, North Atlantic Station._
+
+"_The Secretary of the Navy, Navy Department, Washington, D. C._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A letter from Captain Chadwick of the flag-ship _New York_, to his wife,
+is an entertaining addition to the story of this most marvellous sea
+fight:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         "FLAGSHIP NEW YORK, July 4, 1898.
+
+"Yesterday was a wonderful day, as you will know in a few hours after my
+writing this.
+
+"We were in a rather disgruntled frame of mind on account of a little note
+from Shafter. He wanted to know why the navy could not go under a
+destructive fire as well as the army. It was decided to go and have a
+consultation with him, explain the situation, and lay our plans before
+him, which were to countermine the harbour, going in at the same time, and
+also trying to carry the Morro by assault with one thousand marines landed
+in Estrella cove.
+
+"It was arranged we were to go to Siboney about 9.30, so Sampson,
+Staunton, and I put on our leggings, got some sandwiches, filled a flask,
+and the ship started to go the seven miles to Siboney, where we were to
+find horses and a cavalry escort.
+
+"We were within a mile or so of the place when a message came to me that a
+ship was coming out, and by the time I was on deck I found the _New York_
+turned around, and headed back, and there they were, coming out one after
+the other, and putting west as hard as they could go.
+
+"The situation was one which rather left us out of it. We were too far off
+to shoot, but could see the rest banging away. The last to come were the
+two torpedo-boat destroyers, so we headed in to cut off any attempt on
+their part to return to port, and we saw Wainwright in the _Gloucester_
+firing at them for all he was worth, and soon one evidently had a hole
+through her boiler, as there was a great white cloud of steam which shot
+into the air. We fired two or three 4-inch shots at the other, which was
+moving back toward the entrance, and then left him to Wainwright's mercy,
+as it was a clear case, and stood on; in a few moments we came, first to
+one and then the other, but a little way apart, the _Infanta Maria Teresa_
+and the _Oquendo_ afire and ashore.
+
+"As we were going past the torpedo-boats, I ought to have mentioned two
+men in the water, stripped, to whom we threw life-buoys, with which they
+expressed themselves satisfied. It is impossible in such a case, with two
+of the enemy's ships going ahead of us, to stop.
+
+"We had not passed the two ships I mentioned far, until we saw the
+_Vizcaya_ head in, and soon she was on the beach and aflame, at
+Ascerraderos, right under the old Cuban camp.
+
+"There was still the _Cristobal Colon_, a good way ahead, the newest and
+fastest and much more powerful. We had passed the _Iowa_ (which we left
+with the burning _Vizcaya_) and the _Indiana_, which we ordered to return
+off the harbour, and tailed on to the procession after the _Cristobal
+Colon_, which consisted of the _Oregon_, the _Brooklyn_, and _Texas_, and
+the _Vixen_. We got each of our extra boilers into operation until we were
+going a good fifteen knots, and we were overhauling the advance somewhat.
+
+"The _Oregon_ and _Brooklyn_ kept well up, and soon the _Oregon_ began to
+fire, and we could see the _Cristobal Colon_ gradually edge inshore, so
+that we knew the game was up and the victory complete; soon she headed in,
+and went under one of the points which come down from the mountains, which
+here (some sixty miles west of Santiago) are close at the water's edge,
+and are the highest (seventy-eight hundred feet) in Cuba. We hurried
+forward and soon saw she had hauled her flag down, and was ashore.
+
+"The _Brooklyn_ had sent a boat, and Cook, who had gone in it, came
+alongside on his return, and stated he had received their surrender,
+stating he was not empowered to make any condition as to personal effects,
+etc., as to which they seemed anxious.
+
+"I then went on board and arranged things, the admiral allowing them, of
+course, to take with them all their personal belongings, so while we were
+dividing them up among the ships (525 men) along came the _Resolute_,
+reporting having been chased by a Spanish armoured ship, so we put all the
+prisoners in her. This was a long job.
+
+"The thing was to save the _Cristobal Colon_, as she is one of the finest
+modern ships of her class. We hurried a prize-crew aboard from the
+_Oregon_, closed all water-tight doors, as she was evidently leaking
+somewhere, but for all we could do she settled down on the beach after
+floating with the rising tide. It was a great pity, but the rascally
+engineers' force had opened all the valves connecting with the sea, and we
+could not get at them.
+
+"We finally, after eight hours of hard work, left her in charge of the
+_Texas_ and _Oregon_, and are now steaming back to our post off Santiago.
+The failure to save the _Colon_ was too bad. It is possible to do so, of
+course, with the assistance of a wrecking company, but she was practically
+in an undamaged condition. She had one man killed and twenty-five wounded.
+
+"I am only too thankful we did not get ashore this morning. Poor
+Higginson, who was down at Guantanamo coaling, will be full of grief, as
+also Watson, in the _Newark_.
+
+"I had forgotten to mention that day before yesterday we bombarded the
+forts very heavily, knocking off a good deal of the poor old Morro, and
+bringing down the flagstaff and the flag which was so proudly flaunted in
+our eyes for more than a month.
+
+"We did this at the request of the army, as a demonstration while they
+attacked. They did not, however, make the attack, as it turned out.
+
+"These bombardments are very unsatisfactory; one reads lurid accounts of
+them in the papers, but nothing really is gained unless we strike the guns
+themselves, and this we have not done.
+
+"As we steamed by to-day in close range, our friends of the western
+battery, who paid a great deal of attention to us yesterday, banged away
+at us in fine style, and a number of shells burst around us. Finally, when
+I had them entirely off my mind and was paying attention only to the
+torpedo-boat destroyers, came a tremendous screech, and everybody on the
+forecastle dodged. It was their last; it fell about two hundred yards to
+our right. We did not reply as we came along. I thought it a waste of
+material, and thought they might have their amusement so long as they did
+no damage.
+
+"There--the engines have stopped and we are back at Santiago; it is 4.30,
+and I shall turn in again for a final nap. The captain of the _Colon_ is
+occupying my room; very nice fellow, about fifty-six, indeed, as are most
+Spanish naval officers, who, as a Cuban officer said to me, are the flower
+of the Spanish blood.
+
+"We also have a general and his aid-de-camp, whom we took in the _Colon_,
+a nice old boy and very chirpy. The captain, of course, takes the loss of
+his ship to heart very much, but the general and his aid seem as cheerful
+as possible. I suppose they think 'it's none of their funeral.'
+
+"I stored the general in Staunton's room, Staunton going to Santiago in a
+torpedo-boat to send the news.
+
+"We have got off our Spanish friends, and are now loafing. It is a great
+relief to feel that there is nothing to look after to-night.
+
+"This goes in the _St. Louis_, so I hope you will have it before many
+days, and I hope, too, it won't be long before I get to see you. I think
+this terrific defeat must go far toward ending things."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+                        THE SURRENDER OF SANTIAGO.
+
+
+With the victory at El Caney and San Juan Hill fresh in their minds, the
+American people believed that the war was well-nigh at an end. Information
+that Spain had sued for peace was hourly expected.
+
+There was much to be done, however, before the enemy was willing to admit
+himself beaten. The city of Santiago yet remained in the hands of the
+Spaniards, Manila was still defiant; and until those two strongholds had
+been reduced, the boys of '98 must continue to struggle in the trenches
+and on the field.
+
+The end was not far away, however.
+
+_July 5._ General Shafter telegraphed to the War Department on the fifth
+of July to the effect that the people of Santiago were not only
+panic-stricken through fear of bombardment, but were suffering from lack
+of actual necessaries of life. There was no food save rice, and the supply
+of that was exceedingly limited. The belief of the war officials, however,
+was that the Spaniards would fight to the last, and capitulate only when
+it should become absolutely necessary.
+
+Meanwhile the soldiers were waiting eagerly for the close of the truce,
+and, as the hour set by General Shafter drew near, every nerve was
+strained to its utmost tension once more. Then a white flag was carried
+down the line, and all knew the truce had been prolonged.
+
+General Kent, whose division was facing the hospital and barracks of
+Santiago, was notified by the enemy that Assistant Naval Constructor
+Hobson and his companions were confined in the extreme northern building,
+over which two white flags were flying.
+
+The citizens of Santiago, learning that General Toral refused to consider
+the question of surrender, began to leave the city,--a mournful procession.
+
+General Shafter cabled to the government at Washington under date of July
+5th:
+
+"I am just in receipt of a letter from General Toral, agreeing to exchange
+Hobson and men here; to make exchange in the morning. Yesterday he refused
+my proposition of exchange."
+
+_July 7._ General Miles and staff left Washington en route for Santiago.
+
+Lieutenant Hobson and the other _Merrimac_ heroes were brought into the
+American lines on the morning of the seventh. The exchange of prisoners
+had been arranged to take place under a tree midway between the
+entrenchments occupied by the Rough Riders and the first lines of the
+Spanish position. Col. John Jacob Astor represented the American
+commander, and took with him to the rendezvous three Spanish lieutenants
+and fourteen other prisoners. Major Irles, a Spanish staff officer, acted
+for the enemy. The transfer was quickly effected, and once more the brave
+fellows who had set their lives as a sacrifice on the altar of their
+country were free.
+
+_July 10._ The truce continued, with the exception of a brief time on the
+tenth, when the bombardment was resumed by the fleet, until the
+thirteenth, when Generals Miles, Shafter, Wheeler, and Gilmour had an
+interview with General Toral and his staff at a point about halfway
+between the lines.
+
+_July 13._ During this interview the situation was placed frankly before
+General Toral, and he was offered the alternative of being sent home with
+his garrison, or leaving Santiago province, the only condition imposed
+being that he should not destroy the existing fortifications, and should
+leave his arms behind.
+
+_July 15._ Not until two days later were the details arranged, and then
+the Spanish commander sent the following letter:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                         "SANTIAGO DE CUBA, July 15, 1898.
+
+"EXCELLENCY COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF
+OF THE AMERICAN FORCES.
+
+"_Excellent Sir_:--I am now authorised by my government to capitulate. I
+have the honour to so advise you, requesting you to designate hour and
+place where my representatives should appear to compare with those of your
+excellency, to effect that article of capitulation on the basis of what
+has been agreed upon to this date.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.]
+
+"In due time I wish to manifest to your excellency that I desire to know
+the resolution of the United States government respecting the return of
+arms, so as to note on the capitulation, also the great courtesy and
+gentlemanly deportment of your great grace's representatives, and return
+for their generous and noble impulse for the Spanish soldiers, will allow
+them to return to the peninsula with the arms that the American army do
+them the honour to acknowledge as dutifully descended.
+
+                                                    (Signed) "JOSE TORAL,
+                                 "_Commander-in-Chief Fourth Army Corps._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 16._ Commissioners on behalf of the United States and of Spain were
+appointed, and after but little discussion an agreement between them was
+arrived at.
+
+The agreement consists of nine articles.
+
+The first declared that all hostilities cease pending the agreement of
+final capitulation.
+
+_Second_: That the capitulation includes all the Spanish forces and the
+surrender of all war material within the prescribed limits.
+
+_Third_: The transportation of the troops to Spain at the earliest
+possible moment, each force to be embarked at the nearest port.
+
+_Fourth_: That the Spanish officers shall retain their side-arms and the
+enlisted men their personal property.
+
+_Fifth_: That after the final capitulation, the Spanish forces shall
+assist in the removal of all obstructions to navigation in Santiago
+Harbour.
+
+_Sixth_: That after the final capitulation the commanding officers shall
+furnish a complete inventory of all arms and munitions of war, and a
+roster of all the soldiers in the district.
+
+_Seventh_: That the Spanish general shall be permitted to take the
+military archives and records with him.
+
+_Eighth_: That all guerrillas and Spanish regulars shall be permitted to
+remain in Cuba if they so elect, giving a parole that they will not again
+take up arms against the United States unless properly paroled.
+
+_Ninth_: That the Spanish forces shall be permitted to march out with all
+the honours of war, depositing their arms to be disposed of by the United
+States in the future. The American commissioners to recommend to their
+government that the arms of the soldiers be returned to those "who so
+bravely defended them."
+
+General Shafter cabled at once to Washington the cheering news:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                             "CAMP NEAR SANTIAGO, July 16.
+
+"The surrender has been definitely settled and the arms will be turned
+over to-morrow morning, and the troops will be marched out as prisoners of
+war.
+
+"The Spanish colours will be hauled down at nine o'clock, and the American
+flag hoisted.
+
+                                               "SHAFTER, _Major-General_."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 17._ The ceremony of surrendering the city was impressive, and, as
+can well be imagined, thrilling for those boys of '98 who had been
+standing face to face with death in the trenches.
+
+At six o'clock in the morning Lieutenant Cook, of General Shafter's staff,
+entered the city, and all the arms in the arsenal were turned over to him.
+The work of removing the mines which obstructed navigation at the entrance
+of the harbour had been progressing all night. At about seven o'clock
+General Toral, the Spanish commander, sent his sword to General Shafter,
+as evidence of his submission, and at 8.45 A. M. all the general officers
+and their staffs assembled at General Shafter's headquarters. Each
+regiment was drawn up along the crest of the heights.
+
+Shortly after nine o'clock the Ninth Infantry entered the city. This
+position of honour was given them as a reward for their heroic assault on
+San Juan Hill.
+
+The details of the surrender are thus described by a correspondent of the
+Associated Press, who accompanied General Shafter's staff:
+
+"General Shafter and his generals, with mounted escort of one hundred
+picked men of the Second Cavalry, then rode over our trenches to the open
+ground at the foot of the hill on the main road to Santiago, midway to the
+then deserted Spanish works. There they were met by General Toral and his
+staff, all in full uniform and mounted, and a select detachment of Spanish
+troops.
+
+"What followed took place in full view of our troops.
+
+"The scene was picturesque and dramatic. General Shafter, with his
+generals and their staffs grouped immediately in their rear, and with the
+troops of dashing cavalrymen with drawn sabres on the left, advanced to
+meet the vanquished foe.
+
+"After a few words of courteous greeting, General Shafter's first act was
+to return General Toral's sword. The Spanish general appeared to be
+touched by the complimentary words with which General Shafter accompanied
+this action, and he thanked the American commander feelingly.
+
+"Then followed a short conversation as to the place selected for the
+Spanish forces to deposit their arms, and a Spanish infantry detachment
+marched forward to a position facing our cavalry, where the Spaniards were
+halted. The latter were without their colours.
+
+"Eight Spanish trumpeters then saluted, and were saluted, in turn, by our
+trumpeters, both giving flourishes for lieutenant and major-generals.
+
+"General Toral then personally ordered the Spanish company, which in
+miniature represented the forces under his command, to ground arms. Next,
+by his direction, the company wheeled and marched across our lines to the
+rear, and thence to the place selected for camping them. The Spaniards
+moved rapidly, to the quick notes of the Spanish march, played by the
+companies; but it impressed one like the 'Dead March' from Saul.
+
+"Although no attempt was made to humiliate them, the Spanish soldiers
+seemed to feel their disgrace keenly, and scarcely glanced at their
+conquerors as they passed by. But this apparent depth of feeling was not
+displayed by the other regiments. Without being sullen, the Spaniards
+appeared to be utterly indifferent to the reverses suffered by the Spanish
+arms, and some of them, when not under the eyes of their officers, seemed
+to secretly rejoice at the prospect of food and an immediate return to
+Spain.
+
+"General Toral, throughout the ceremony, was sorely dejected. When General
+Shafter introduced him by name to each member of his staff, the Spanish
+general appeared to be a very broken man. He seems to be about sixty years
+of age, and of frail constitution, although stern resolution shone in
+every feature. The lines are strongly marked, and his face is deep drawn,
+as if with physical pain.
+
+"General Toral replied with an air of abstraction to the words addressed
+to him, and when he accompanied General Shafter at the head of the escort
+into the city, to take formal possession of Santiago, he spoke but few
+words. The appealing faces of the starving refugees streaming back into
+the city did not move him, nor did the groups of Spanish soldiers lining
+the road and gazing curiously at the fair-skinned, stalwart-framed
+conquerors. Only once did a faint shadow of a smile lurk about the corners
+of his mouth.
+
+"This was when the cavalcade passed through a barbed-wire entanglement. No
+body of infantry could ever have got through this defence alive, and
+General Shafter's remark about its resisting power found the first
+gratifying echo in the defeated general's heart.
+
+"Farther along the desperate character of the Spanish resistance, as
+planned, amazed our officers. Although primitive, it was well done. Each
+approach to the city was thrice barricaded and wired, and the barricades
+were high enough and sufficiently strong to withstand shrapnel. The
+slaughter among our troops would have been frightful had it ever become
+necessary to storm the city.
+
+"Around the hospitals and public buildings and along the west side of the
+line there were additional works and emplacements for guns, though no guns
+were mounted in them.
+
+"The streets of Santiago are crooked, with narrow lines of one-storied
+houses, most of which are very dilapidated, but every veranda of every
+house was thronged by its curious inhabitants,--disarmed soldiers. These
+were mostly of the lower classes.
+
+"Few expressions of any kind were heard along the route. Here and there
+was a shout for free Cuba from some Cuban sympathiser, but as a rule there
+were only low mutterings. The better class of Spaniards remained indoors,
+or satisfied their curiosity from behind drawn blinds.
+
+"Several Spanish ladies in tumble-down carriages averted their faces as we
+passed. The squalor in the streets was frightful. The bones of dead horses
+and other animals were bleaching in the streets, and buzzards, as tame as
+sparrows, hopped aside to let us pass.
+
+"The windows of the hospitals, in which there are over fifteen hundred
+sick men, were crowded with invalids, who dragged themselves there to
+witness our incoming.
+
+"The palace was reached soon after ten o'clock. There General Toral
+introduced General Shafter and the other American generals to the alcalde,
+Senor Feror, and to the chief of police, Senor Guiltillerrez, as well as
+to the other municipal authorities.
+
+"Luncheon was then served at the palace. The meal consisted mainly of rum,
+wine, coffee, rice, and toasted cake. This scant fare occasioned many
+apologies on the part of the Spaniards, but it spoke eloquently of their
+heroic resistance. The fruit supply of the city was absolutely exhausted,
+and the Spaniards had nothing to live on except rice, on which the
+soldiers in the trenches of Santiago have subsisted for the last twelve
+days."
+
+
+
+Ten thousand people witnessed the ceremony of hoisting the stars and
+stripes over the governor's palace in Santiago.
+
+A finer stage setting for a dramatic episode it would be difficult to
+imagine. The palace, a picturesque old dwelling in the Moorish style of
+architecture, faces the Plaza de la Reina, the principal public square.
+Opposite rises the imposing Catholic cathedral. On one side is a quaint,
+brilliantly painted building with broad verandas, the club of San Carlos;
+on the other a building of much the same description, the Cafe de la
+Venus.
+
+Across the plaza was drawn up the Ninth Infantry, headed by the Sixth
+Cavalry band. In the street facing the palace stood a picked troop of the
+Second Cavalry, with drawn sabres, under command of Captain Brett. Massed
+on the stone flagging between the band and the line of horsemen were the
+brigade commanders of General Shafter's division, with their staffs. On
+the red-tiled roof of the palace stood Captain McKittrick, Lieutenant
+Miles, and Lieutenant Wheeler. Immediately above them, above the
+flagstaff, was the illuminated Spanish arms, and the legend, "_Vive
+Alphonso XIII._"
+
+All about, pressing against the veranda rails, crowding to windows and
+doors, and lining the roofs, were the people of the town, principally
+women and non-combatants.
+
+As the chimes of the old cathedral rang out the hour of twelve, the
+infantry and cavalry presented arms. Every American uncovered, and Captain
+McKittrick hoisted the stars and stripes. As the brilliant folds unfurled
+in the gentle breeze against the fleckless sky, the cavalry band broke
+into the strains of "The Star Spangled Banner," making the American pulse
+leap and the American heart thrill with joy.
+
+  [Illustration: KING ALPHONSO XIII. OF SPAIN.]
+
+At the same instant the sound of the distant booming of Captain Capron's
+battery, firing a salute of twenty-one guns, drifted in.
+
+When the music ceased, from all directions around our lines came flying
+across the plaza the strains of the regimental bands and the muffled,
+hoarse cheers of our troops.
+
+The infantry came to "order arms" a moment later, after the flag was up,
+and the band played "Rally Round the Flag, Boys."
+
+Instantly General McKibben called for three cheers for General Shafter,
+which were given with great enthusiasm, the band playing "The Stars and
+Stripes For Ever."
+
+The ceremony over, General Shafter and his staff returned to the American
+lines, leaving the city in the possession of the municipal authorities
+subject to the control of General McKibben, who had been appointed
+temporary military governor.
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+                              MINOR EVENTS.
+
+
+_June 24._ The details of the bloodless capture of the principal of the
+Ladrone Islands are thus told by a private letter from the naval officer
+who figured in the leading role of the exploit, Lieutenant William
+Braunerzruther, executive officer of the cruiser _Charleston_:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                     "U. S. S. CHARLESTON, AT SEA AND ONE
+                                             "THOUSAND MILES FROM MANILA,
+                                                           "June 24, 1898.
+
+"We have just carried out our orders to capture the Spanish authorities at
+the capital of the Ladrone Islands, Agana. I was selected by the captain
+to undertake this job, and given 160 men to land as a starter.
+
+"I went ashore to have a talk with the governor about affairs, and the
+results were that I did not lose even a single man. The matter was all
+settled in one day, and we are carrying with us fifty-four soldiers
+(Spanish) and six officers, besides a lot of Mauser rifles and nearly ten
+thousand pounds of ammunition.
+
+"I had the whole to handle, and did it quickly. The captain's instructions
+were to wait a half hour for his answer to our ultimatum, then use my
+troops. I waited, and in just twenty-nine minutes the governor handed me
+his sealed reply addressed to the captain of our ship out in the harbour
+about four or five miles off.
+
+"I knew this was sealed with the sole object of gaining time, and hence I
+broke the seal, read the contents, the governor protesting and saying that
+was a letter for my captain. I replied: 'I represent him here. You are now
+my prisoners, and will have to come on board ship with me.'
+
+"They protested and pleaded, and finally the governor said:
+
+"'You came on shore to talk over matters, and you make us prisoners
+instead.' I replied: 'I came on shore to hand you a letter and to get your
+reply; in this reply, now in my hand, you agree to surrender all under
+your jurisdiction. If this means anything at all, it means that you will
+accede to any demands I may deem proper to make. You will at once write an
+order to your military man at Agana (the capital; this place was five
+miles distant), directing him to deliver at this place at four P. M. (it
+was 10.30 A. M., June 21st) all ammunition and flags in the island, each
+soldier to bring his own rifle and ammunition, and all soldiers, native
+and Spanish, with their officers, must witness this.'
+
+"They protested and demurred, saying there was not time enough to do it,
+but I said: 'Senors, it must be done.'
+
+"The letter was written, read by me, and sent. I took all the officers
+with me in a boat, and at four P. M. went ashore again and rounded in the
+whole outfit. I was three miles away from my troops, and I had only four
+men with me. At four P. M., when I disarmed 108 men and two officers, I
+had forty-six men and three officers with me.
+
+"The key-note to the whole business was my breaking the seal of that
+letter and acting at once. They had no time to delay or prepare any
+treacherous tricks, and I got the 'drop' on the whole outfit, as they say
+out West.
+
+"The native troops I released and allowed to return to their homes
+unrestricted; they had manifested great joy in being relieved from Spanish
+rule. While it is harsh, it is war, and in connection with the Spanish
+treachery it was all that could be done.
+
+"Twenty-four hours would have--yes, I believe even four hours with a leader
+such as the governor was, a lieutenant-colonel in the Spanish army--given
+them a chance to hide along the road to Agana, and at intervals in the
+dense tropical foliage they could have almost annihilated any force that
+could land.
+
+"The approaches to the landing over shallow coral reefs would have made a
+landing without a terrible loss of life almost an impossibility.
+
+"We have increased by conquest the population of the United States by
+nearly twelve thousand people. The capital has a population of six
+thousand people. This harbour in which we were is beautiful, easy of
+access, plenty of deep water, admitting of the presence of a large number
+of vessels at the same time, and is an ideal place for a coaling station.
+
+"If our government decided to hold the Philippines it would then come in
+so well; San Francisco to Honolulu twenty-one hundred miles, Honolulu to
+island of Guam thirty-three hundred, and thence to Manila sixteen hundred
+miles. With a chain of supply stations like this, we could send troops the
+whole year round if necessary, and any vessel with a steaming capacity of
+thirty-five hundred miles could reach a base of supplies.
+
+"The details I have scarcely touched upon, but had the officers and
+soldiers dreamed for one moment that they were to be torn from their
+homes, there would, I feel sure, have been another story to tell, and I am
+firmly convinced this letter would never have been written.
+
+"The captain, in extending to me his congratulations, remarked:
+'Braunerzruther, you'll never, as long as you live, have another
+experience such as this. I congratulate you on your work.'
+
+"All this whole affair was transacted in Spanish. I had an interpreter
+with me, but forgot all about using him. I did not want them to get a
+chance to think, even, before it was too late."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_June 25._ The _Florida_ and the _Fanita_ left Key West Saturday, June
+25th, under convoy of the _Peoria_, commanded by Lieut. C. W. Rice. On
+board the steamers were 650 Cubans under Gen. Emilio Nunez, fifty troopers
+of the Tenth U. S. Cavalry under Lieutenants Johnson and Ahearn, and
+twenty-five Rough Riders under Winthrop Chanler, brother of Col. William
+Astor Chanler.
+
+The cargoes were enormous. There were the horses of the cavalry and 167
+sacks of oats and 216 bales of hay to feed them. Topping the list of arms
+were two dynamite guns, with 50-pound projectiles to fit them, and two
+full batteries of light field-pieces, ten 3-inch rifles of regular
+ordnance pattern, with harnesses that go with them, and 1,500 cartridges.
+In the matter of infantry rifles there were 4,000 Springfields, with
+954,000 cartridges, and 200 Mausers, with 2,000 shells.
+
+Fifty of the Cubans aboard were armed with Mausers, and the others had
+Springfields. For the insurgent officers were provided 200 army Colts and
+2,700 cartridges. Two hundred books of United States cavalry and infantry
+tactics, translated into Spanish, were taken along. In the expedition were
+also 1,475 saddles, 950 saddle-cloths, and 450 bridles. For the Cuban
+soldiers there were taken 7,663 uniforms, 5,080 pairs of shoes, 1,275
+blankets, 400 shirts, 450 hats and 250 hammocks.
+
+There were these commissary stores carried, calculated by pounds: Bacon,
+67,275; corn-meal, 31,250; roasted coffee, 10,200; raw coffee, 3,250;
+sugar, 2,425; mess pork and beef, 9,600; corned beef, 24,000; beans
+18,900; hardtack, 1,250; cans of corn, 1250.
+
+_June 29._ The expectation was that the landing would be effected at San
+Juan Point, on the south coast of Cuba, midway between Cienfuegos and
+Trinidad. This place was reached Wednesday evening, June 29th. A scouting
+party put off in a small boat and sculled toward shore, but had made only
+half the distance when there came a lively fire from what had been taken
+to be an abandoned blockhouse near the point. The men were called back and
+the three ships moved to the eastward. About four o'clock the next
+afternoon they arrived at Las Tunas, forty miles away.
+
+Four miles west of the town, at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, stood a
+large fort built of railroad iron and surrounded by earthworks. The
+_Peoria_ ran boldly in and fired several shots from her 3-pounders, but
+brought no response and no signs of life. Here was thought to be the
+desired opportunity, and another scouting party was organised. This was
+made up of fifteen volunteers under Winthrop Chanler, and as many Cubans
+under Captain Nunez.
+
+The _Peoria_ took a position within short range of the fort to protect a
+landing or cover a retreat, and the small boats headed for the shore. They
+reached it five hundred yards east of the fort; the boats were beached,
+and their occupants cautiously scrambled toward the brush. But at almost
+the very moment they set foot on the sand, the fort and the entrenchments
+around it burst into flame, and shot and shell screamed about the little
+band of invaders. Captain Nunez was stepping from his boat when a shot
+struck him between the eyes and he went down dead. Chanler fell with a
+broken arm. The others safely gained a thicket and replied with a sharp
+fire directed at the entrenchments.
+
+Meanwhile the _Peoria_ set all her guns at work, and rained shells upon
+the fort until the enemy's fire ceased. The moment the gunboat slackened
+fire, however, the Spanish fire was renewed with fury, and it became
+evident that their forces were too large to allow a landing there. A
+retreat was ordered, and the party on shore rushed to the boats, but
+volley after volley came from the shore, and they were compelled to throw
+themselves into the water, and paddle alongside the boats with only their
+heads exposed, until the ships were reached. The Spaniards had the range,
+however, and five Cubans were wounded, though none seriously. Returning to
+the _Peoria_, the men reported that a vicious fire had come from a grove
+of cocoanut palms to the eastward of the fort. The _Peoria_ opened her
+guns on the place indicated, and must have killed many Spaniards, for her
+shells dropped into the smoke and flash of the adversary's fire, silenced
+it at once, and forced them to send up rockets for help.
+
+A number of volleys were sent at the _Peoria_ with a view to disabling her
+gunners, but they were badly directed, and fell against her side and into
+the water. When the small boats reached the ship it was dark. Then the
+discovery was made that, besides Captain Nunez, whose body was left on the
+beach, there were missing, Chanler, Doctors Lund and Abbott, Lieutenant
+Agramonte, and two Cubans. It was reported that Chanler had been mortally
+wounded, and was kept hidden in the bushes along the shore by the two
+doctors. Rescue parties were immediately organised, composed of
+volunteers, and no less than four were sent ashore during the night.
+Toward morning Lieutenant Ahearn, in charge of one of these, found Chanler
+and his companion.
+
+Chanler's wound proved to be in the right elbow. After sunrise Agramonte
+and his Cubans were discovered and brought off.
+
+_July 1._ The next day the gunboat _Helena_, under Captain Swynburn,
+arrived, and she and the _Peoria_ steamed in toward Las Tunas, which the
+Spaniards had been vigorously fortifying.
+
+Tunas is connected by rail with Sancti Spiritus, a town of considerable
+size, and reinforcements and artillery had been rapidly coming in. Range
+buoys had been placed in the bay, but avoiding these, the ships drew in to
+close range, and opened fire, the _Peoria_ at twelve hundred and the
+_Helena_ at fourteen hundred yards. The Spaniards had several Krupp
+field-pieces of three or four inches, mounted on earthworks along the
+water-front, and they began a vigorous, but ill-directed reply with shell
+and shrapnel. The fire of the American ships was most accurate and
+terribly destructive. The Spanish gunners had not fired more than fifteen
+or twenty shots before their guns were flying in the air, their earthworks
+a mass of blood-stained dust, and their gunners running for their lives.
+Both the _Peoria_ and the _Helena_ were struck several times, chiefly by
+shrapnel, but no one on either ship was injured. As they withdrew, several
+buildings on shore were in flames.
+
+That afternoon both ships again turned their attention to the fort and the
+entrenchments at the mouth of the Tallabacoa River, and for half an hour
+poured a wicked fire upon them. The Spaniards had been largely reinforced
+during the day, and some field-pieces had been mounted near the fort.
+These replied to the American fire, but without effect, and the shells of
+the two ships speedily silenced them. The iron blockhouse was struck
+repeatedly, and the earthworks were partially destroyed. No damage was
+done to the ships, and they again withdrew.
+
+That night the Spaniards burned a large wharf and the adjacent buildings,
+evidently expecting a landing in force the next day.
+
+It was learned from various sources that reinforcements were pouring into
+Las Tunas from all directions; a newspaper from Sancti Spiritus stated
+that two thousand men had been despatched from the nearest trocha. It was
+determined to proceed during the night to Palo Alto, fifty miles to the
+eastward, the _Helena_ remaining at Las Tunas to confirm the Spaniards in
+the belief that an attempt was to be made to land there.
+
+_July 2._ At ten o'clock Saturday night, while the _Helena_ lay offshore,
+making lively play with her search-lights toward shore, the _Peoria_, the
+_Florida_, and the _Fanita_, with all lights out, slipped silently away.
+Palo Alto was reached at daybreak. There was not a Spaniard to be seen,
+and the men and cargo were put ashore without a single obstacle.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL GOMEZ.]
+
+_July 4._ Gomez, with two thousand men, was known to be in the vicinity,
+and scouts hurried into his lines. On Monday the old warrior appeared in
+person at Palo Alto.
+
+_July 5._ A steamer was sighted about midnight by the U. S. S. _Hawk_,
+formerly the yacht _Hermione_, off the north coast of Pinar del Rio,
+steaming eastward, close inshore. She paid no attention to three shots
+across her bow, or a signal to heave to. The _Hawk_ then opened fire and
+gave chase.
+
+Twenty-five shots were fired, of which only three were without effect. The
+vessel was soon on fire, and flew signals of distress while making full
+speed head on to the beach. The _Hawk_ ceased firing, and manned a
+relief-boat just as the Spaniard ran high and dry on a reef, under cover
+of Fort Mariel.
+
+Though the Spaniard as yet had not fired a shot in response to the
+_Hawk's_ attack, and was burning signals calling for help, the American
+relief-boat was received with a joint volley from both the sinking steamer
+and the neighbouring fort, turning her back, luckily unscathed, By this
+time daylight was breaking, and another Yankee ship, the gunboat
+_Castine_, hove in sight, reinforcing the _Hawk_.
+
+The two opened fire upon the Spanish vessel and fort. A well-directed
+4-inch shell from the _Castine_ blew the steamer up.
+
+Most of the latter's crew and passengers by this time had, however,
+escaped by rowing or swimming ashore. Just at sunrise, while the _Castine_
+and _Hawk_ were reconnoitring in the vicinity of the wreck, a big Spanish
+gunboat hove in sight, training all her batteries on the two American
+boats. It was an exciting moment.
+
+The _Castine's_ 4-inchers opened promptly, and the Spaniard returned at
+full speed to cover, under Morro Castle.
+
+The Spanish fleet, commanded by Admiral Camara, arrived at Suez, and was
+notified by the officials of the Egyptian government that it must leave
+the port within twenty-four hours.
+
+The government also notified Admiral Camara that he would not be allowed
+to coal.
+
+While the U. S. gunboat _Eagle_ was on the blockading route in the
+vicinity of the Isle of Pines, on the south Cuban coast, about five miles
+from the shore, she sighted the schooner _Gallito_, provision laden. She
+immediately gave chase, and the schooner ran in until about a quarter of a
+mile from the shore, when she dropped her anchor, and those aboard slipped
+over her side and swam ashore.
+
+Ensign J. H. Roys and a crew of eight men from the _Eagle_ were sent in a
+small boat to board the schooner. They found her deserted, and while
+examining her were fired upon by her crew from the beach. Several
+rifle-shots went through the schooner's sails, but no one was injured. The
+_Eagle_ drew closer in, and sent half a dozen shots toward the beach from
+her 6-pounders, whereupon the Spaniards disappeared. The _Gallito_ was
+taken into Key West.
+
+_July 7._ Congress having passed resolutions to the effect that Hawaii be
+annexed to the United States, the President added his signature, and a new
+territory was thus added to the American nation.
+
+Secretary Long gave orders for the departure of the _Philadelphia_ from
+Mare Island for Hawaii. She was to carry the flag of the United States to
+those islands and include them within the Union. Admiral Miller,
+commanding the Pacific station, was charged with the function of hoisting
+the flag.
+
+_July 8._ Admiral Camara, commander of the Spanish fleet, which was bound
+for the Philippines, informed the Egyptian government that he had been
+ordered to return home, and would, therefore, reenter the Suez Canal.
+
+_July 12._ The auxiliary gunboat _Eagle_ sighted the Spanish steamer
+_Santo Domingo_, fifty-five hundred tons, aground near the Cuban coast,
+off Cape Francis, and opened fire with her 6-pounders, sending seventy
+shots at her, nearly all of which took effect.
+
+While this was going on, another steamer came out of the bay and took off
+the officers and crew of the _Santo Domingo_. When the men from the
+_Eagle_ boarded the latter they found that she carried two 5-inch and two
+12-inch guns, the latter being loaded and her magazines open. The steamer
+had been drawing twenty-four feet of water and had gone aground in twenty
+feet.
+
+The men from the _Eagle_ decided that the steamer could not be floated,
+and she was set on fire after fifty head of cattle, which were on board,
+had been shot.
+
+The _Santo Domingo_ carried a large cargo of grain, corn, etc. While the
+steamer was burning, the vessel which had previously taken off the crew
+emerged from the bay, and tried to get off some of the cargo, but failed.
+The Spanish steamer burned for three days, and was totally destroyed.
+
+_July 17._ The cruiser _New Orleans_ captured the French steamer _Olinde
+Rodriguez_ off San Juan de Porto Rico, as she was trying to enter the port
+with passengers and a cargo of coffee and tobacco.
+
+The U. S. S. _Mayflower_ captured the British steamer _Newfoundland_ off
+Cienfuegos while the latter was trying to run the Cuban blockade.
+
+The Spanish sloop _Domingo Aurello_ was captured by the U. S. S. _Maple_
+as the former was leaving the port of Sagua de Tanamo, province of
+Santiago, with a cargo of tobacco.
+
+_July 22._ The following cablegram was received at the Navy Department:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. NEW ORLEANS.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                          "PLAYA, July 22.
+
+"Expedition to Nipe has been entirely successful, although the mines have
+not been removed for want of time.
+
+"The Spanish cruiser _Jorge Juan_, defending the place, was destroyed,
+without loss on our part.
+
+"The _Annapolis_ and _Wasp_ afterward proceeded from Nipe to assist in the
+landing of the commanding general of the army on arrival at Porto Rico.
+
+                                                       (Signed) "SAMPSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 30._ Another "jackie" achieved the reputation of a hero. He is
+boatswain's mate Nevis of the gunboat _Bancroft_, and the tale of his
+valour is not unmixed with humour.
+
+The _Bancroft_, accompanied by the converted yacht _Eagle_, which had been
+covering the blockading station around the Isle of Pines, sighted a small
+Spanish schooner in Sigunea Bay.
+
+The _Bancroft's_ steam launch, in charge of Nevis and one seaman, each
+armed with a rifle, were sent in to take the schooner. This was only a
+task of minutes, and the launch returned with the prize, which proved to
+be the schooner _Nito_, little more than a smack, and with no cargo.
+
+Commander Clover sent Nevis in with her to anchor near the wreck of the
+Spanish transatlantic liner _Santo Domingo_, sunk by the _Eagle_ a few
+weeks ago. Then the _Bancroft_ and _Eagle_ cruised off to Mangle Point,
+where they happened to be put in communication with the insurgent camp.
+
+Two hours later they returned. For a time nothing could be seen of the
+launch or the prize. Suddenly Commander Clover, who was scanning the
+waters with his glass, shouted to Captain Sutherland of the _Eagle_: "By
+heavens, they have recaptured my prize." The little schooner lay near the
+wrecked steamer, but the Spanish flag was flying from her mast, and,
+instead of only Nevis and his companion, she was apparently filled with
+men.
+
+Meanwhile the gunboat _Maple_ had drawn up, and Commander Clover ordered
+her into the work of rescue. With guns ready she steamed toward the
+schooner, but the sight that greeted her was not what was expected.
+
+Nevis and his companion sat at one end of the boat attempting to navigate
+her out of the harbour. Each had his rifle across his knee and was keeping
+a wary eye on a party of half a dozen cowering Spaniards huddled in the
+other end of the boat.
+
+The _Maple_ asked for information, and offered Nevis a tow, but he replied
+with a joke and declined the proffered assistance. Then it developed that,
+in going in to anchor, he had observed two other small Spanish boats near
+the wreck of the _Santo Domingo_, and had resolved to capture them, too.
+He knew it was hazardous work, but "bluff" carried him through.
+
+He took the Spanish colours of the schooner, ran them up, and boldly
+sailed in. There were six men on the two other boats, and they watched the
+approach of their supposed compatriots with calmness that speedily changed
+to consternation when Nevis and the other "jackie" suddenly whipped their
+rifles to their shoulders, and demanded an immediate surrender.
+
+The scared Spanish seamen lost no time in complying, and had the unique
+experience of surrendering to their own flag. Then, scorning all aid,
+Nevis took them out to his ship, and in the most matter-of-fact manner
+reported the adventure to his astonished commander.
+
+The capture was no mean one, for these six men gave important information
+to the American ships.
+
+_August 1._ The Norwegian steamer _Franklin_, of about five hundred tons,
+bound from Vera Cruz with a cargo of food supplies, was captured by the
+converted yacht _Siren_ off Francis Key, near Caibarien.
+
+_August 6._ The Norwegian steamer _Aladdin_, sugar-laden, was captured by
+the auxiliary gunboat _Hawk_ off Cadiz Light, Isle of Pines.
+
+_August 7._ The auxiliary gunboat _Viking_ captured the Norwegian steamer
+_Bergen_ off Francis Key.
+
+_August 8._ General Shafter and the Spanish General Toral held a
+consultation at the palace in Santiago, with regard to the embarkation of
+the Spanish prisoners of war. As a result of the conference, one thousand
+of the Spanish sick and wounded were taken on board the _Alicante_ next
+morning, to be sent to Spain as soon as the vessel was properly loaded.
+
+_August 10._ The President to-day promoted Sampson and Schley to be
+rear-admirals, ranking in the order named.
+
+A department of the army, to be known as the Department of Santiago, was
+created, and Maj.-Gen. Henry W. Lawton assigned to its command.
+
+The Norwegian steamers _Aladdin_ and _Bergen_ were released, by orders
+from Washington.
+
+_August 12._ The flag-ship _San Francisco_, the monitor _Miantonomah_, and
+the auxiliary yacht _Sylvia_ were fired upon by the Havana batteries. One
+10 or 12-inch shell struck the _San Francisco's_ stern as she turned to
+get out of range, and tore a hole about a foot in diameter, completely
+wrecking Commodore Howell's quarters, and smashing his book-case to
+fragments. Nobody was injured, and, being under orders not to attack the
+batteries, the ships retreated as fast as their engines could carry them.
+
+_August 13._ General Shafter, at Santiago, learned that Manzanillo had
+been bombarded for twenty hours.
+
+General Shafter at once cabled to the Spanish commander at Manzanillo that
+peace had been declared,(35) and requesting him to advise the American
+commander of the fact under a flag of truce, which he did, and the
+shelling of the town ceased.
+
+_August 16._ The following message was the first received in this country
+from the territory so lately annexed:
+
+  [Illustration: U. S. S. SAN FRANCISCO.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                     "HONOLULU, August 16.
+
+"_Day, State Department_:--Flag raised Friday, the twelfth, at noon.
+Ceremonies of transfer produced excellent impression.
+
+                                                       (Signed)  "SEWALL."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XV.
+
+
+                        THE PORTO RICAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+
+_July 20._ With bands playing and thirty thousand people cheering, the
+first expedition to Porto Rico left Charleston, S. C., at seven o'clock in
+the evening, under command of Maj.-Gen. J. H. Wilson. The Second and Third
+Wisconsin and Sixteenth Pennsylvania regiments, and two companies of the
+Sixth Illinois, made up the list of troops.
+
+_July 21._ General Miles accompanied the expedition bound for Porto Rico,
+which left Guantanamo Bay, made up of eight transports convoyed by the
+_New Orleans_, _Annapolis_, _Cincinnati_, _Leyden_, and _Wasp_.
+
+_July 22._ An expedition under command of Brig.-Gen. Theo. Schwan left
+Tampa on five transports, bound for Porto Rico.
+
+_July 25._ The expedition under the command of Major-General Miles landed
+at Guanica de Porto Rico, the _Gloucester_, in charge of
+Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright, steaming into the harbour in order to
+reconnoitre the place. With the fleet waiting outside, the gallant little
+fighting yacht _Gloucester_ braved the mines which were supposed to be in
+this harbour, and, upon sounding, found that there were five fathoms of
+water close inshore.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL MILES.]
+
+The Spaniards were completely taken by surprise. Almost the first they
+knew of the approach of the army of invasion was the firing of a gun from
+the _Gloucester_, saucily demanding that the Spaniards haul down the flag
+of Spain, which was floating from the flagstaff in front of a blockhouse
+standing to the east of the village.
+
+The first 3-pounders were aimed at the hills right and left of the bay and
+in order to scare the enemy, the fighting yacht purposely avoiding firing
+into the town.
+
+The _Gloucester_ then hove to within about six hundred yards of the shore,
+and lowered a launch, having on board a colt rapid-fire gun and thirty
+men, under the command of Lieutenant Huse. She was sent ashore without
+encountering any opposition.
+
+Quartermaster Beck thereupon told Yeoman Lacey to haul down the Spanish
+flag, which was done, and then they raised the first United States flag to
+float over Porto Rican soil.
+
+Suddenly about thirty Spaniards opened fire with Mauser rifles upon the
+American party. Lieutenant Huse and his men responded with great
+gallantry, the Colt gun doing effective work.
+
+Norman, who received Admiral Cervera's surrender, and Wood, a volunteer
+lieutenant, shared the honours with Lieutenant Huse.
+
+Almost immediately after the Spaniards fired on the Americans, the
+_Gloucester_ opened fire on the enemy with all her 3 and 6-pounders which
+could be brought to bear, shelling the town and also dropping shells into
+the hills to the west of Guanica, where a number of Spanish cavalry were
+to be seen hastening toward the spot where the Americans had landed.
+
+Lieutenant Huse then threw up a little fort, which he named Fort
+Wainwright, and laid barbed wire in the street in front of it in order to
+repel the expected cavalry attack. The lieutenant also mounted the Colt
+gun and signalled for reinforcements, which were sent from the
+_Gloucester_.
+
+Presently a few of the Spanish cavalry joined those who were fighting in
+the streets of Guanica, but the Colt barked to a purpose, killing four of
+them.
+
+Soon afterward white-coated galloping cavalrymen were seen climbing the
+hills to the westward, and the foot-soldiers were scurrying along the
+fences from the town.
+
+By 9.45, with the exception of a few guerrilla shots, the town was won,
+and the enemy driven out of the neighbourhood.
+
+The troops from the transports were landed before nightfall.
+
+_July 26._ Near Yauco, while the Americans were pushing toward the
+mountains, the Spaniards ambushed eight companies of the Sixth
+Massachusetts and Sixth Illinois regiments, but the enemy was repulsed and
+driven back a mile to a ridge, where the Spanish cavalry charged and were
+routed by our infantry.
+
+General Garretson led the fight with the men from Illinois and
+Massachusetts, and the enemy retreated to Yauco, leaving three dead on the
+field and thirteen wounded. None of our men were killed, and only three
+were slightly wounded.
+
+_June 27._ The port of Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered to Commander C. H.
+Davis of the auxiliary gunboat _Dixie_. There was no resistance, and the
+Americans were welcomed with enthusiasm. General Miles issued the
+following proclamation:
+
+"In the prosecution of the war against the kingdom of Spain by the people
+of the United States, in the cause of liberty, justice, and humanity, its
+military forces have come to occupy the island of Porto Rico. They come
+bearing the banners of freedom, inspired by a noble purpose, to seek the
+enemies of our government and of yours, and to destroy or capture all in
+armed resistance.
+
+"They bring you the fostering arms of a free people, whose greatest power
+is justice and humanity to all living within their fold. Hence they
+release you from your former political relations, and it is hoped your
+cheerful acceptance of the government of the United States will follow.
+
+"The chief object of the military forces will be to overthrow the armed
+authority of Spain, and give the people of your beautiful island the
+largest measure of liberty consistent with this military occupation.
+
+"They have not come to make war on the people of the country, who for
+centuries have been oppressed, but, on the contrary, they bring protection
+not only to yourselves, but to your property, will promote your prosperity
+and bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of our enlightened and
+liberal institutions and government.
+
+"It is not their purpose to interfere with the existing laws and customs
+which are wholesome and beneficial to the people, so long as they conform
+to the rules of the military administration, order, and justice. This is
+not a war of devastation and desolation, but one to give all within the
+control of the military and naval forces the advantages and blessings of
+enlightened civilisation."
+
+_July 28._ The expedition destined for Porto Rico, under command of
+Major-General Brooke, left Newport News. Four transports and the auxiliary
+cruisers _St. Louis_ and _St. Paul_ comprises the fleet.
+
+The Navy Department made public the following telegram:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                    "U. S. S. MASSACHUSETTS, PONCE, PORTO
+                                                            RICO, July 28.
+
+"Commander Davis with _Dixie_, _Annapolis_, _Wasp_, and _Gloucester_ left
+Guanica July 27th to blockade Ponce and capture lighters for United States
+army. City of Ponce and Playa surrendered to Commander Davis upon demand
+at 12.30 A. M., July 28th. American flag hoisted 6 A. M., 28th.
+
+"Spanish garrison evacuated.
+
+"Provisional articles of surrender until occupation by army: first,
+garrison to be allowed to retire; second, civil government to remain in
+force; third, police and fire brigade to be maintained without arms;
+fourth, captain of port not to be made prisoner.
+
+"Arrived at Ponce from Guanica with _Massachusetts_ and _Cincinnati_,
+General Miles and General Wilson and transport, at 6.40 A. M., 28th;
+commenced landing army in captured sugar lighters.
+
+"No resistance. Troops welcomed by inhabitants; great enthusiasm.
+
+"Captured sixty lighters, twenty sailing vessels, and 120 tons of coal.
+
+                                                              "HIGGINSON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The advance guard of General Henry's division, which landed at
+Guanica on Tuesday, arrived at Ponce, taking en route the cities of Yauco,
+Tallaboa, Sabana, Grande, and Penuelas.
+
+Attempts by the Spaniards to blow up bridges and otherwise destroy the
+railroad between Yauco and Ponce failed, only a few flat cars being
+burned. At Yauco the Americans were welcomed in an address made by the
+alcalde, and a public proclamation was issued, dated "Yauco, Porto Rico,
+United States of America, July 27th."
+
+_July 31._ In General Miles's despatches to the War Department, the
+following statements are made regarding the condition of affairs on the
+island:
+
+"Volunteers are surrendering themselves with arms and ammunition.
+Four-fifths of the people are overjoyed at the arrival of the army. Two
+thousand from one place have volunteered to serve with it. They are
+bringing in transportation, beef, and other needed supplies.
+
+"The custom-house has already yielded fourteen thousand dollars. As soon
+as all the troops are disembarked they will be in readiness to move."
+
+Colonel Hulings, with ten companies of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania,
+occupied Juan Diaz, about eight miles northeast of Ponce, on the road to
+San Juan. The American flag was raised, and greeted with great enthusiasm
+by the populace.
+
+_August 1._ The American scouts were within six miles of Coamo, and the
+Spanish rear guard was retiring fast. The Spanish had fled toward
+Aibonito, thirty miles from Ponce, and the place was being fortified.
+There the road winds around among the mountains, and the artillery
+commanding it rendered the position impregnable. Detours were to be made
+by the Americans from Coamo through Arroyo and Guayamo, thus avoiding the
+main road, which had been mined for three miles. Captain Confields of the
+engineers went ahead to kill these mines. The Fifth Signal Corps men in
+advance of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania sent word to General Stone that it
+had reconnoitred the road to Adjuntas. A signal-station was established,
+and the stars and stripes run up at Santa Isabel amid great enthusiasm.
+Yabricoa, Patillas, Arroyo, Guayanillo, Penuelas, Adjuntas, Guayamo, and
+Salinas had all surrendered.
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL BROOKE.]
+
+The Spaniards hurried from these towns towards San Juan before an attack
+was made. The second fleet of transports arrived safely at Fort Ponce, the
+_Roumanian_ bringing the cavalry detachment, and the _Indiana_ and
+_Missouri_ the batteries. Generals Brooke, Schwan, and Haines, with their
+staffs, were on board. The troops carried included the Thirteenth
+Illinois, Seventh Ohio, Fourth Pennsylvania, Nineteenth Regulars, and
+Troops A and C of the New York volunteer cavalry.
+
+There were also one thousand animals, thirty days' rations for thirty
+thousand men, a signal corps detachment, and an ambulance corps. The whole
+force, as well as the ammunition and quartermaster's stores, was landed,
+and the men were camping on the outskirts of the town.
+
+_August 2._ San Juan blockaded by the _New Orleans_, _Puritan_, _Prairie_,
+_Dixie_, and _Gloucester_, which kept out of range of the masked batteries
+ashore.
+
+The railroad from Ponce to Yauco in possession of U. S. troops. Spanish
+volunteers continued to come into the American lines and give themselves
+up.
+
+_August 4._ A portion of General Grant's brigade, on the transport
+_Hudson_, sailed from Newport News.
+
+A correspondent for the Associated Press, with the invading army, thus
+wrote under date of August 4th:
+
+"The Americans have taken peaceful possession of the eastern portion of
+the island.
+
+"Small parties of marines have been landed, who have lighted the lamps in
+the lighthouse at Cape San Juan, and in other lighthouses along the coast.
+They met with no resistance.
+
+"Indeed, at Cape San Juan, deputations of citizens came out to meet them.
+
+"The war-ships now in this vicinity are the _Montgomery_, the _Annapolis_,
+the _Puritan_, and the _Amphitrite_. The two former are looking for the
+transports with troops which left the United States and have scattered all
+about the island.
+
+"The _Annapolis_ rounded up the _Whitney_, the _Florida_, and the
+_Raleigh_, yesterday, and they are now at Cape San Juan. There seems to
+have been a serious mistake as to the rendezvous, for no two ships go to
+the same place, and it will take several days to overtake them and get
+them to Ponce, where General Miles is waiting.
+
+"Off San Juan the cruiser _New Orleans_ alone maintains the blockade. The
+city is grim and silent, but back of her yellow walls there will be plenty
+of determination to fight when the Americans fire.
+
+"Captain-General Macias has issued a proclamation, in the course of which
+he says:
+
+"'Spain has not sued for peace, and I can drive off the American boats now
+as I did Sampson's attempt before.'
+
+"The daughter of the captain-general is helping to drill the gunners in
+the fort. Altogether there are ninety-five hundred Spanish regulars in the
+city. The troops of the enemy, who are retreating from Ponce and the other
+towns on the south coast occupied by the Americans, have not yet arrived."
+
+_August 5._ General Haines, with the Fourth Ohio and the Third Illinois,
+left Arroyo for the Spanish stronghold of Guayama. The Fourth Ohio was
+placed in the lead, and when only three miles from Arroyo its
+skirmish-lines were attacked by the Spaniards from ambush. There was a hot
+running fight from this time on until the American troops reached and
+captured Guayama, which is about six miles from Arroyo. The Americans lost
+three wounded, and the enemy, one killed and two wounded.
+
+_August 6._ The foreign consuls at San Juan de Porto Rico advised the
+Spanish authorities to surrender the island to the American troops. The
+Spaniards, however, in reply, announced that they had resolved to fight;
+thereupon the consuls notified the Spanish commander, Captain-General
+Macias, that they would establish a neutral zone between Bayamon and Rio
+Piedrass, in which to gather the foreign residents and their portable
+properties in order to ensure their safety in the event of a bombardment
+of the place by the American forces. The consul sent a similar
+notification to General Miles.
+
+_August 7._ A general advance of the American forces. The custom-house in
+the village of Farjardo was seized.
+
+_August 8._ The town of Coamo was taken by the Sixteenth Pennsylvania and
+the Second and Third Wisconsin. Artillery was used on an outlying
+blockhouse, and under cover of this fire the advance was made.
+
+Two hundred Spaniards were captured and twenty killed, including the
+commander, Rafael Igleseas, and three other officers.
+
+Five Americans were wounded.
+
+_August 9._ Gen. Fred Grant, his staff, and six companies of the First
+Kentucky regiment sailed for Porto Rico from Newport News on the transport
+_Alamo_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         "PONCE, August 9.
+
+"_Secretary of War, Washington_:--The following received from General
+Wilson:
+
+"'General Ernst's brigade captured Coamo 8.30 this morning. Sixteenth
+Pennsylvania, Colonel Hulings commanding, led by Lieutenant-Colonel
+Biddle, of my staff, having made a turning movement through the mountains,
+striking the Aibonito road half a mile beyond town, captured the entire
+garrison of Coamo, about 150 men.
+
+"'Spanish commander, Igleseas, and Captain Lopez killed. Our loss reported
+six wounded, only one severely. Men and officers behaving excellently.'
+
+"Colonel Hulings and Colonel Biddle are especially to be commended. This
+is a very important capture, and well executed. Names of wounded as soon
+as received here.
+
+                                                         (Signed) "MILES."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Troop C, of New York, pursued a party of fleeing Spanish engineers, after
+the capture of Coamo, a distance of four miles along the road to Aibonito.
+
+The Americans were checked at the Cuyon River, where the Spaniards had
+blown up the bridge, and were shelled from a Spanish battery on the crest
+of Asoniante Mountain. The dismounted cavalry returned the fire, receiving
+no damage, and holding the position. A battalion of the Third Wisconsin
+Volunteers went to their support.
+
+_August 11._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                           "PONCE, VIA BERMUDA, August 11.
+
+"_Secretary of War, Washington_:--The following message received from
+Schwan:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                      "'CAMP, NEAR HORMIGUEROS, August 10.
+
+"'Advance guard, including cavalry of this command, while reconnoitring
+northwest of Rosario River, near Hormigueros, developed strong Spanish
+force, which lay concealed in hills north of Mayaguez.
+
+"'In general engagement that followed, Lieutenant Byron, Eighth Cavalry,
+my aid-de-camp, was wounded in foot, and Private Fermberger, Company D,
+Eleventh Infantry, and one other private were killed, and fourteen
+enlisted men were wounded.
+
+"'It is reported that the most, if not the entire Spanish garrison of
+Mayaguez and surrounding country, consisting of one thousand regulars and
+two hundred volunteers, took part in the engagement. We drove enemy from
+his position, and it is believed inflicted heavy loss.
+
+"'A wounded Spanish lieutenant was found in the field and brought into our
+line. Conduct of officers and men was beyond all praise. I propose to
+continue my march on Mayaguez at early hour to-morrow.
+
+                                                                "'SCHWAN.'
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                         (Signed) "MILES."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_August 12._ General Wilson moved one Lancaster battery out to the front
+for the purpose of shelling the Spanish position on the crest of the
+mountain at the head of the pass through which the road winds.
+
+The enemy occupied a position of great natural strength, protected by
+seven lines of entrenchments, and a battery of two howitzers.
+
+The Spaniards were eager for the fray, and early in the day had fired upon
+Colonel Biddle of the engineer corps, who, with a platoon of Troop C, of
+New York, was reconnoitring on their right flank.
+
+As the American battery rounded a curve in the road, two thousand yards
+away, the enemy opened an artillery and infantry fire. Four companies of
+the Third Wisconsin, which were posted on the bluff to the right of the
+road, were not permitted to respond.
+
+The guns advanced at a gallop in the face of a terrific fire, were
+unlimbered, and were soon hurling common shell and shrapnel at the enemy
+at a lively rate, striking the emplacements, batteries, and entrenchments
+with the rhythmic regularity of a triphammer.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL BROOKE RECEIVING THE NEWS OF THE PROTOCOL.]
+
+The enemy soon abandoned one gun, but continued to serve the other at
+intervals for over an hour. They had the range, and their shrapnel burst
+repeatedly over the Americans.
+
+In about two hours the enemy abandoned the other gun, and the men began to
+flee from the entrenchments toward a banana growth near the gorge. Then
+the guns shelled them as they ran. One gun was ordered to advance a
+position a quarter of a mile farther on. It had just reached the new
+position when Spanish infantry reinforcements filed into the trenches and
+began a deadly fire upon the Americans, compelling the battery to retire
+at a gallop. Then both the enemy's howitzers reopened, the shrapnel
+screamed, and Mausers sang. Another gun galloped from the rear, but the
+American ammunition was exhausted.
+
+Colonel Bliss of General Wilson's staff went forward to the enemy's lines
+with a flag of truce, and explained that peace negotiations were almost
+concluded, that their position was untenable, and demanded their
+surrender. The Spanish had had no communication with the outside world,
+and the commander asked until the next morning in order that he might
+communicate with General Macias at San Juan.
+
+_August 13._ Twelve hours later the Spanish commander gave the following
+command to one of his staff:
+
+"Tell the American general, if he desires to avoid further shedding of
+blood, to remain where he is."
+
+General Miles telegraphed the War Department that he was in receipt of
+Secretary Alger's order to suspend hostilities in Porto Rico. The soldiers
+of the American army generally received the news of peace with delight,
+although some were disappointed that there was to be no further fighting,
+and many officers expressed regrets at the suspension of hostilities in
+the midst of the campaign.
+
+_August 14._ General Schwan's column was attacked between Mayaguez and
+Lares. As the Eleventh Infantry under Colonel Burke was descending the
+valley of the Rio Grande they were fired upon from a hillside by a force
+of fifteen hundred Spaniards, who were retreating toward the north. The
+fire was returned, and the Spaniards were repulsed with, it was believed,
+considerable loss.
+
+Colonel Soto, the commander of the Mayaguez district, was wounded and
+afterward captured in a wayside cottage. He was attended by two sergeants,
+who surrendered. The Americans suffered no loss. The artillery and cavalry
+were not engaged.
+
+General Schwan had not received news of the signing of the protocol when
+the action occurred, but obtained it later in the day.
+
+  [Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XVI.
+
+
+                           THE FALL OF MANILA.
+
+
+With the opening of the month of July, affairs at Manila, so far as
+concerned the American forces, were at a standstill.
+
+_June 30._ Admiral Dewey awaited the coming of the army, the first
+transports of the fleet having arrived at Cavite, June 30th, before
+beginning offensive operations.
+
+The situation on and around the island of Luzon was much the same as it
+had been nearly all the month of June, except that the gunboat _Leite_,
+which ran up a river on May 1st, the day of the battle, came out and
+surrendered, having on board fifty-two army and navy officers and
+ninety-four men. The _Leite_ has a battery of one 3 1-2-inch hontoria
+guns, and several 2.7-inch rapid-fire guns.
+
+_July 1._ Aguinaldo proclaimed himself President of the Revolutionary
+Republic on the first of July. The progress of the insurgents can be
+readily understood by the following extract from a letter written by Mr.
+E. W. Harden:
+
+"There are persistent rumours that it is the desire of Governor-General
+Augusti to surrender Manila to the Americans, but the command of the
+Spanish troops is practically held by the senior colonel of artillery, who
+opposes surrender.
+
+"The rebels have captured the water-works beyond Santa Mesa, which
+supplied Manila, and the Spanish fear that their water will be cut off.
+
+"The rebels have also captured the strongly fortified positions of San
+Juan and Delmonte, where the Spaniards were to make their last stand if
+Manila capitulated. The city is still surrounded by insurgents.
+
+_July 2._ "There was fierce fighting Saturday before Malate. The Spaniards
+had modern guns to command the rebel trenches, and maintained a steady
+fire throughout the afternoon, but found it impossible to drive the
+natives out. Forty rebels were killed. The Spaniards finally were driven
+back."
+
+_July 4._ Brigadier-General Green, in command of the second army
+detachment, on the way from San Francisco to Manila, rediscovered and took
+formal possession of the long lost Wake Island, in north latitude 19 deg. 15'
+and east longitude 166 deg. 33'.
+
+_July 5._ To the Spanish consul at Singapore, Captain-General Augusti
+telegraphed:
+
+"The situation is unchanged. My family has succeeded in miraculously
+escaping from Macabora in a boat, and, having passed through the American
+vessels, all arrived safely at Manila. General Monet's column is besieged
+and attacked at Macabora."
+
+_July 15._ The steamers _City of Puebla_ and _Peru_ sailed from San
+Francisco with the fourth Manila expedition, under command of
+Major-General Otis.
+
+_July 16._ The steamer _China_, of the second Manila expedition, arrived
+at Cavite, and was followed on the next day by the steamers _Zealandia_,
+_Colon_, and _Senator_.
+
+_July 19._ The work of surrounding Manila by American forces was begun by
+advancing the First California regiment to Jaubo, only two miles from the
+Spanish lines. The Colorado and Utah batteries were landed at Paranaque,
+directly from the transports. Over fifteen hundred men encamped between
+Manila and Cavite. The Tenth Pennsylvania, with the rest of the artillery,
+landed at Malabon, north of the besieged city.
+
+_July 23._ The transport steamer _Rio Janeiro_, bearing two battalions of
+South Dakota volunteers, recruits for the Utah Light Artillery, and a
+detachment of the signal corps, sailed from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 25._ Major-General Merritt arrived at Cavite. Secretary Long
+forwarded to Admiral Dewey the joint resolution of Congress, extending the
+thanks of Congress for the victory achieved at Cavite. The resolution was
+beautifully engrossed, and prefaced by a formal attestation of its
+authenticity by Secretary of State Day, the whole being enclosed in richly
+ornamented Russia covers.
+
+Secretary Long, in his letter of transmittal, makes reference to a letter
+from the Secretary of State complimenting Admiral Dewey upon his direction
+of affairs since the great naval victory, a formal evidence that the State
+Department is thoroughly well satisfied with the diplomatic qualities the
+admiral has exhibited. The letter of Secretary Long is as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                        "NAVY DEPARTMENT,
+                                                WASHINGTON, July 25, 1898.
+
+"_Sir_:--The Department has received from the Secretary of State an
+engrossed and certified copy of a joint resolution of Congress, tendering
+the thanks of Congress to you, and the officers and men of the squadron
+under your command, for transmission to you, and herewith encloses the
+same.
+
+"Accompanying the copy of the joint resolutions, the Department received a
+letter from the Secretary of State requesting that there be conveyed to
+you his high appreciation of your character as a naval officer, and of the
+good judgment and prudence you have shown in directing affairs since the
+date of your great achievement in destroying the Spanish fleet.
+
+"This I take great pleasure in doing, and join most heartily on behalf of
+the Navy Department, as well as personally, in the commendation of the
+Secretary of State. Very respectfully,
+
+                                               "JOHN D. LONG, _Secretary_.
+
+"_Rear-Admiral George Dewey, U. S. N., Commander-in-Chief U. S. Naval
+Force, Asiatic Station._"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+_July 29._ The transport steamer _St. Paul_, bearing the first battalion
+of North Dakota volunteers, the Minnesota and Colorado recruits, sailed
+from San Francisco for Manila.
+
+_July 31._ The transports _Indiana_, _Ohio_, _Valencia_, _Para_, and
+_Morgan City_ arrived at Cavite with American troops.
+
+At 11.30, on the last night of July, the Spanish forces in Manila attacked
+the American lines. A typhoon had set in, rain was falling in torrents,
+and the blackness of the night was almost palpable. Three thousand
+Spaniards made a descent upon an entrenched line of not more than nine
+hundred Americans.
+
+The Tenth Pennsylvania bore the brunt of the attack, and checked the
+Spanish advance until the Utah battery, the First California Volunteers,
+and two companies of the Third Artillery, fighting as infantry, could get
+up to strengthen the right of the line.
+
+The Spaniards had, by a rush, gone 150 yards through and beyond the
+American right flank, when the regulars of the Third Artillery, armed as
+infantrymen, pushed them back in confusion, the Pennsylvanians and Utah
+battery aiding gallantly in the work.
+
+_August 1._ After the attack on the right wing had been repulsed, the
+second Spanish attack at two in the morning was directed against the
+American left wing.
+
+After thirty minutes of fighting the enemy was again beaten off, and the
+rain seemed to be so heavy as to make further attack impossible.
+
+But at 3.50 A. M. the battle was resumed at longer range, Spanish
+sharpshooters firing from the trees, and the batteries working constantly,
+using brass-coated bullets. The Americans, smoked and powder-stained,
+stuck to their guns for fourteen hours without relief, and shortly after
+sunrise the Spanish retreated. The American loss was eight killed, ten
+seriously and thirty-eight slightly wounded.
+
+_August 4._ The monitor _Monterey_ and the convoyed collier _Brutus_
+arrived at Cavite.
+
+_August 7._ Admiral Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila within
+forty-eight hours. The Spanish commander replied that, the insurgents
+being outside the walls, he had no safe place for the women and children
+who were in the city, and asked for twenty-four hours additional delay.
+This Admiral Dewey granted.
+
+At the expiration of the specified time Admiral Dewey and General Merritt
+consulted and decided to postpone the attack.
+
+_August 13._ The American commanders decided to begin hostilities on the
+thirteenth of August, and the navy began the action at 9.30 A. M., the
+_Olympia_ opening fire, followed by the _Raleigh_, _Petrel_, and _Callao_.
+The latter showed great daring, approaching within eight hundred yards of
+the Malate forts and trenches, doing grand work and driving back the
+Spanish forces.
+
+The firing from the fleet continued for one hour, the Spanish then
+retreating from Malate, where the fire was centred, and the American land
+forces stormed the trenches, sweeping all before them. The First Colorado
+Volunteers drove the Spaniards into the second line of defence. Then the
+troops swept on, driving all the Spaniards into the inner fortification.
+
+The fighting in the trenches was most fierce. Fifteen minutes after the
+Spaniards were driven to the second line of defences, they were forced to
+retreat to the walled city, where, seeing the uselessness of resistance,
+they surrendered, and soon afterward a white flag was hoisted over Manila.
+
+The total number of killed on the American side was forty-five, and
+wounded about one hundred. The Spanish losses were two hundred killed and
+four hundred wounded.
+
+Captain-General Augusti took refuge on board the German ship _Kaiserin
+Augusta_, and was conveyed to Hongkong.
+
+The following official reports were made by cable:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"MANILA, August 13, 1898.
+
+"_Secretary of Navy, Washington_:--Manila surrendered to-day to the
+American land and naval forces, after a combined attack.
+
+"A division of the squadron shelled the forts and entrenchments at Malate,
+on the south side of the city, driving back the enemy, our army advancing
+from that side at the same time.
+
+"The city surrendered about five o'clock, the American flag being hoisted
+by Lieutenant Brumby.
+
+"About seven thousand prisoners were taken.
+
+"The squadron had no casualties, and none of the vessels were injured.
+
+"August 7th, General Merritt and I formally demanded the surrender of the
+city, which the Spanish governor-general refused.
+
+                                                         (Signed) "DEWEY."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   "HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+"_Adjutant-General, Washington_:--The following are the terms of the
+capitulation:
+
+"The undersigned, having been appointed a commission to determine the
+details of the capitulation of the city and defences of Manila and its
+suburbs and the Spanish forces stationed therein, in accordance with
+agreement entered into the previous day by Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt,
+U. S. A., American commander-in-chief in the Philippines, and His
+Excellency Don Fermin Jaudenes, acting general-in-chief of the Spanish
+army in the Philippines, have agreed upon the following:
+
+"The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate with the city and
+defences, with all honours of war, depositing their arms in the places
+designated by the authorities of the United States, remaining in the
+quarters designated and under the orders of their officers and subject to
+control of the aforesaid United States authorities, until the conclusion
+of a treaty of peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons
+included in the capitulation remain at liberty; the officers remaining in
+their respective homes, which shall be respected as long as they observe
+the regulations prescribed for their government and the laws enforced.
+
+"2. Officers shall retain their side-arms, horses, and private property.
+All public horses and public property of all kinds shall be turned over to
+staff officers designated by the United States.
+
+"3. Complete returns in duplicate of men by organisation, and full lists
+of public property and stores shall be rendered to the United States
+within ten days from this date.
+
+"4. All questions relating to the repatriation of the officers and men of
+the Spanish forces and of their families, and of the expense which said
+repatriation may occasion, shall be referred to the government of the
+United States at Washington. Spanish families may leave Manila at any time
+convenient to them. The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish
+forces shall take place when they evacuate the city, or when the Americans
+evacuate.
+
+"5. Officers and men included in the capitulation shall be supplied by the
+United States according to rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though
+they were prisoners of war, until the conclusion of a treaty of peace
+between the United States and Spain. All the funds in the Spanish treasury
+and all other public funds shall be turned over to the authorities of the
+United States.
+
+"6. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
+educational establishments, and its private property of all description,
+are placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honour of the
+American army.
+
+                                                           "F. V. GREENE,
+                              "_Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A._
+                                                        "B. P. LAMBERTON,
+                                                    "_Captain U. S. Navy_.
+                                                   "CHARLES A. WHITTIER,
+                              "_Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General_.
+                                                         "E. H. CROWDER,
+                                 "_Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate_.
+                                                   "NICHOLAS DE LA PENA,
+                                               "_Auditor-General's excts._
+                                                          "CARLOS REYEO,
+                                                 "_Colonel de Ingenieros_.
+                                                     "JOSE MARIA OLQUEN,
+                                                "_Felia de Estado Majors_.
+                                                       (Signed) "MERRITT."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                                   "HONGKONG, August 20th.
+
+"_Adjutant-General, Washington_:--Cablegram of the twelfth directing
+operations to be suspended received afternoon of sixteenth. Spanish
+commander notified. Acknowledged receipt of cablegram same date,
+containing proclamation of President.
+
+                                                                "MERRITT."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: MAJOR-GENERAL WESLEY MERRITT.]
+
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XVII.
+
+
+                                  PEACE.
+
+
+On the twenty-sixth day of July, shortly after three o'clock in the
+afternoon, the French ambassador, M. Cambon, accompanied by his first
+secretary, called at the White House, the interview having been previously
+arranged and an intimation of its purpose having been given. With the
+President at the time was Secretary of State Day.
+
+M. Cambon stated to the President that, representing the diplomatic
+interests of the kingdom of Spain, "with whom at the present time the
+United States is unhappily engaged in hostilities," he had been directed
+by the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs to ask on what terms the
+United States would agree to a suspension of hostilities.
+
+The French ambassador, continuing, said that Spain, realising the
+hopelessness of a conflict, knowing that she was unable to cope with the
+great power of her adversary, and appreciating fully that a prolongation
+of the struggle would only entail a further sacrifice of life and result
+in great misery to her people, on the ground of humanity appealed to the
+President to consider a proposition for peace.
+
+Spain, said the ambassador, had been compelled to fight to vindicate her
+honour, and having vindicated it, having fought bravely and been conquered
+by a more powerful nation, trusted to the magnanimity of the victor to
+bring the war to an end.
+
+The President's reply showed that he was responsive to the appeal. He was
+evidently moved by the almost pathetic position which the once proud
+nation of Spain had been forced to take, but he had his feelings well
+under control and behaved with great dignity.
+
+The President frankly admitted that he was desirous of peace, that he
+would welcome a cessation of hostilities, but he delicately intimated that
+if Spain were really desirous of peace she must be prepared to offer such
+terms as could be accepted by the United States. The President asked the
+French ambassador if he had been instructed to formally propose terms, or
+make any offer.
+
+M. Cambon replied that he had not been so instructed, that his
+instructions were to ask on what terms it would be possible to make peace.
+
+Mr. McKinley said the matter would be considered by the Cabinet, and a
+formal answer returned at the earliest possible moment. The French
+ambassador thanked the President for his courtesy, and, with expressions
+of good-will on both sides, the historical interview was brought to a
+close.
+
+On the thirtieth day of July the ultimatum of the United States was
+delivered to the ambassador of France, and, in plain words, it was
+substantially as follows:
+
+The President does not now put forward any claim for pecuniary indemnity,
+but requires the relinquishment of all claim of sovereignty over or title
+to the island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation by Spain of the
+island, the cession to the United States and immediate evacuation of Porto
+Rico and other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and
+the like cession of an island in the Ladrones.
+
+The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbour of
+Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine
+the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.
+
+If these terms are accepted by Spain in their entirety, it is stated that
+the commissioners will be named by the United States to meet commissioners
+on the part of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace on
+the basis above indicated.
+
+
+
+August 12, 1898, peace negotiations were formally begun between the United
+States and Spain.
+
+A few minutes before four o'clock, in the midst of a drenching rain, M.
+Cambon, the French ambassador, attended by his secretary, entered the
+White House. They were immediately ushered to the library, where the
+President, Secretary of State Day, and Assistant Secretaries of State
+Moore, Adee, and Cridler were awaiting them.
+
+The President cordially greeted the ambassador, who returned the
+salutation with equal warmth, and then shook hands with Secretary Day and
+the Assistant Secretaries. While the President, Judge Day, and the French
+ambassador were discussing the weather,--and Washington has seldom known
+such a rain-storm as that which engulfed the city while peace was being
+signed,--M. Thiebaut and Assistant Secretary Moore were comparing the two
+copies of the protocol to see that they corresponded, and were identical
+in form.
+
+The protocol is on parchment, in parallel columns in French and English.
+In the copy retained by the American government the English text is in the
+first column; in the other copy, which was transmitted to Madrid, the
+French text leads the paper.
+
+The two Secretaries having pronounced the protocol correct, Judge Day and
+the French ambassador moved over to the table to affix their signatures.
+Mr. Cridler lit a candle to melt the sealing wax to make the impression on
+the protocols.
+
+The striking of the match caused the French ambassador to stop, feel in
+his pocket, and then remember that he had come away from his embassy
+without his seal. Here was a contretemps. It would never do to seal such
+an important document with anything else but the ambassador's personal
+seal.
+
+A note was hastily written, and one of the White House messengers dashed
+out into the rain, and went to the French embassy. Until his return the
+distinguished party in the White House library continued to discuss the
+weather, and wonder when the typical Cuban rain would cease falling. In a
+few minutes the messenger returned. The ambassador drew from a small box
+his seal, and the two plenipotentiaries turned to the table. The American
+copy of the protocol was placed before Judge Day, who signed it, and then
+handed the pen to the ambassador, who quickly affixed his signature and
+seal.
+
+  [Illustration: DON CARLOS.]
+
+The second copy was then laid before the ambassador, who signed, and in
+turn handed back the pen to Judge Day.
+
+Thus Judge Day signed the two documents, first and last, and with the last
+stroke of his pen hostilities ceased.
+
+
+
+
+            BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+                            _A PROCLAMATION._
+
+
+_Whereas_, by a protocol concluded and signed August 12, 1898, by Wm. R.
+Day, Secretary of State of the United States, and His Excellency Jules
+Cambon, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of
+France, at Washington, respectively representing for this purpose the
+government of the United States and the government of Spain, the
+governments of the United States and Spain have formally agreed upon the
+terms on which negotiations for the establishment of peace between the two
+countries shall be undertaken; and,
+
+_Whereas_, it is in said protocol agreed that upon its conclusion and
+signature hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and
+that notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each
+government to the commanders of its military and naval forces;
+
+Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, do,
+in accordance with the stipulations of the protocol, declare and proclaim
+on the part of the United States a suspension of hostilities, and do
+hereby command that orders be immediately given through the proper
+channels to the commanders of the military and naval forces of the United
+States to abstain from all acts inconsistent with this proclamation.
+
+In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
+United States to be affixed.
+
+Done at the City of Washington this twelfth day of August, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and of the
+Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-third.
+
+                                                         WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
+                                                       By the President,
+                                                         WILLIAM R. DAY,
+                                                       SECRETARY OF STATE.
+
+
+                                 THE END.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                APPENDICES
+
+
+                               APPENDICES.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX A.
+
+
+                         THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+
+The number of islands in the Philippine group are believed to be upwards
+of fourteen hundred, with an aggregate land area (estimated on Domann's
+map) of not less than 114,356 miles, situate in the southeast of Asia,
+extending from 40 deg. 40' to 20 deg. north latitude, and from 116 deg. 40' to 126 deg.
+30' east longitude.
+
+The archipelago was discovered by Magellan on March 12, 1521, and named by
+him the St. Lazarus Islands. The discoverer was a Portuguese, who had
+sought service under Charles V. of Spain because he was ignored by the
+court of his own country.
+
+By the bull of Pope Alexander VI., of May 4, 1493, which was then
+universally recognised as law, the earth was divided into two hemispheres.
+All lands thereafter discovered in the Eastern Hemisphere were decreed to
+belong to Portugal; all the Western to Spain.
+
+The St. Lazarus Islands were well within Portugal's rights, but as the use
+of the log and the variation of the compass were unknown, an error of
+fifty-two degrees in longitude was made, and to Spain the islands were
+given on the basis of that error.
+
+By whom the name of Philippines was given to the archipelago it is
+impossible to say. In 1567 it appears to have been used for the first
+time.
+
+The manufactures of the islands consist of silk, cotton, and pina fibres
+cloth, hats, mats, baskets, ropes, coarse pottery, and musical
+instruments.
+
+The northern islands of the archipelago lie in the region of the typhoon,
+and have three seasons,--the cold, the hot, and the wet. The first extends
+from November to February or March, when the atmosphere is bracing rather
+than cold. The hot season lasts from March to June, and the heat becomes
+very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon.
+Thunder-storms of terrific violence occur during May and June. The wet
+season begins with heavy rains, known by the natives as "collas," and
+until the end of October the downpour is excessive.
+
+"Earthquakes are sufficiently frequent and violent in the Philippines to
+affect the style adopted in the erection of buildings; in 1874, for
+instance, they were very numerous throughout the archipelago, and in
+Manila and the adjacent provinces shocks were felt daily for several
+weeks. The most violent earthquakes on record in the Philippines occurred
+in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was immense, both in the
+capital and in other important towns of central Luzon."
+
+Though situated in the equatorial region, the elevations of the mountains
+give a range of climate that allows the production of a great variety of
+valuable crops. Tobacco, sugar, hemp, and rice are the chief staples
+produced. The swamps and rivers are infested with crocodiles, and the
+dense woods with monkeys and serpents of many species. Rich deposits of
+gold are known to exist, but have been little developed.
+
+To quote from the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ of Paris:
+
+In the same district are found Indians, Negritos, Manthras, Malays,
+Bicols, half-breed Indians and Spaniards, Tagalas, Visayas, Sulus, and
+other tribes. The Negritos (little negroes) are real negroes, blacker than
+a great many of their African conquerors, with woolly hair growing in
+isolated tufts. They are very diminutive, rarely attaining four feet nine
+inches in height, and with small, retreating skulls. This race forms a
+branch equal in importance to the Papuan. It is believed to be the first
+race inhabiting the Philippines, but, as well as everywhere else, except
+in the Andaman Islands, it has been more or less absorbed by the stronger
+races, and the result in the archipelago has been the formation of several
+tribes of half-breeds numbering considerably more than half a million.
+Side by side with them, and equally poor and wretched, are the Manthras, a
+cross between the Negritos and Malays and the degenerate descendants of
+the Saletes, a warlike tribe conquered by the Malayan Rajah Permicuri in
+1411. Then come the Malay Sulus, all Mohammedans and still governed by
+their Sultan and their _datos_, feudal lords who, under the suzerainty of
+the Spaniards, have possessed considerable power.
+
+The soil is fully sufficient--indeed, more than sufficient--to support this
+population, whose wants are of the most limited character. The land is
+exceedingly fertile and bears in abundance all tropical products,
+particularly rice, sugar, and the abaca, a variety of the banana-tree. The
+fibres of the abaca are employed in making the finest and most delicate
+fabrics, of which from three to four million dollars' worth are exported
+annually. The exports of sugar amount to about four millions and a half,
+of gold to two millions and a half, and of coffee and tobacco close on to
+a million and a quarter each. The rice is consumed at home. It forms the
+staple food of the people, and nearly three million dollars' worth is
+imported yearly. The husbandman cannot complain that his toil is
+inadequately rewarded. A rice plantation will yield a return of at least
+fifteen per cent.; if he plant his farm with sugar-cane he will realise
+thirty per cent., if not more. On the other hand, the price of labour is
+very low. An adult who gains a _real fuerte_ (about thirteen cents) a day,
+thinks he is doing well.
+
+In this archipelago of the Philippines, where races, manners, and
+traditions are so often in collision, the religious fanaticism of the
+Spaniards has, more than once, come into conflict with a fanaticism fully
+as fierce as that of the Mussulman. At a distance of six thousand leagues
+from Toledo and Granada, the same ancient hatreds have brought European
+Spaniards and Asiatic Saracens into the same relentless antagonism that
+swayed them in the days of the Cid and Ferdinand the Catholic. The island
+of Sulu, on account of its position between Mindanao and Borneo, was the
+commercial, political, and religious centre of the followers of the
+Prophet, the Mecca of the extreme Orient. From this centre they spread
+over the neighbouring archipelago. Dreaded as merciless pirates and
+unflinching fanatics, they scattered everywhere terror, ruin, and death,
+sailing in their light proas up the narrow channels and animated with
+implacable hatred for those conquering invaders, to whom they never gave
+quarter and from whom they never expected it; constantly beaten in pitched
+battle, they as constantly took again to the sea, eluding pursuit of the
+heavy Spanish vessels, taking refuge in bays and creeks where no one could
+follow them, pillaging isolated ships, surprising the villages, massacring
+the old men, leading away the women and the adults into slavery, pushing
+the audacious prows of their skiffs even up to within three hundred miles
+of Manila, and seizing every year nearly four thousand captives.
+
+Between the Malay creese and the Castilian carronade the struggle was
+unequal, but it did not last the less long on that account, nor, obscure
+though it was, was it the less bloody. On both sides there was the same
+bravery, the same cruelty. It required all the tenacity of Spain to purge
+these seas of the pirates who infested them, and it was not until after a
+conflict of several years, in 1876, that the Spanish squadron was able to
+bring its broadside to bear on Tianggi, that nest of the Suluan pirates,
+land a division of troops, invest all the outlets, and burn up the town
+and its inhabitants as well as its harbour and all the craft within it.
+The soldiers planted their flag and the engineers built a new city on the
+smoking ruins. This city is protected by a strong garrison. For a time, at
+least, it was all over with piracy, but not with Moslem fanaticism, which
+was exasperated rather than crushed by its defeat. To the rovers of the
+seas succeeded the organisation known as _juramentados_.
+
+One of the characteristic qualities of the Malays is their contempt of
+death. They have transmitted it with their blood to the Polynesians, who
+see in it only one of the multiple phenomena and not the supreme act of
+existence, and witness it or submit to it with profound indifference.
+Travellers have often seen a Canaque stretch his body on a mat, while in
+perfect health, and without any symptom of disease whatever, and there
+wait patiently for the end, convinced that it is near, and refuse all
+nourishment and die without any apparent suffering. His relatives say of
+him, "He feels he is going to die," and the imaginary patient dies, his
+mind possessed by some illusion, some superstitious idea, some invisible
+wound through which life escapes. When to this absolute indifference to
+death is united Mussulman fanaticism, which gives to the believer a
+glimpse of the gates of a paradise where the abnormally excited senses
+revel in endless and numberless enjoyments, a longing for extinction takes
+hold of him and throws him like a wild beast on his enemies; he stabs them
+and gladly invites their daggers in return. The _juramentado_ kills for
+the sake of killing, and being killed, and so winning, in exchange for a
+life of privation and suffering, the voluptuous existence promised by
+Mahomet to his followers.
+
+The laws of Sulu make the bankrupt debtor the slave of his creditor, and
+not only the man himself, but his family also are enslaved. To free them
+there is only one means left to the husband, the sacrifice of his life.
+Reduced to this extremity he does not hesitate, he takes the formidable
+oath. From that time forward he is enrolled in the ranks of the
+_juramentados_, and has nothing to do but await the hour when the will of
+his superior shall let him loose upon the Christians. Meanwhile the
+_panditas_, or priests, subject him to a system of enthusiastic excitement
+that will turn him into a wild beast of the most formidable kind. They
+madden his already disordered brain, they make still more supple his oily
+limbs, until they have the strength of steel and the nervous force of the
+tiger or panther. They sing to him their rhythmic impassioned chants,
+which show to his entranced vision the radiant smiles of intoxicating
+houris. In the shadow of the lofty forests, broken by the gleam of the
+moonlight, they evoke the burning and sensual energies of the eternally
+young and beautiful companions who are calling him, opening their arms to
+receive him. Thus prepared, the _juramentado_ is ready for everything.
+Nothing can stop him, nothing can make him recoil. He will accomplish
+prodigies of valour. Though stricken ten times he will remain on his feet,
+will strike back, borne along by a buoyancy that is irresistible, until
+the moment when death seizes him. He will creep with his companions into
+the city that has been assigned to him; he knows that he will never leave
+it, but he knows also that he will not die alone, and he has but one
+aim,--to butcher as many Christians as he can.
+
+An eminent scientist, Doctor Montano, sent on a mission to the Philippines
+by the French government, describes the entry of eleven _juramentados_
+into Tianggi. Divided into three or four bands, they managed to get
+through the gates of the town bending under loads of fodder for cattle
+which they pretended to have for sale, and in which they had hidden their
+creeses. Quick as lightning they stabbed the guards, then, in their
+frenzied course, they struck all whom they met.
+
+Hearing the cry of "_Los juramentados!_" the soldiers seized their arms.
+The _juramentados_ rushed on them fearlessly, their creeses clutched in
+their hands. The bullets fell like hail among them. They bent, crept,
+glided, and struck. One of them, whose breast was pierced through and
+through by a bullet, rose and flung himself on the troops. He was again
+transfixed by a bayonet; he remained erect, vainly trying to reach his
+enemy, who held him impaled on the weapon. Another soldier had to run up
+and blow the man's brains out before he let go his prey. When the last of
+the _juramentados_ had fallen, and the corpses were picked up from the
+street which consternation had rendered empty, it was found that these
+eleven men had, with their creeses, hacked fifteen soldiers to pieces, not
+to reckon the wounded.
+
+"And what wounds!" exclaims Doctor Montano; "the head of one corpse is cut
+off as clean as if it had been done with the sharpest razor; another
+soldier is almost cut in two! The first of the wounded to come under my
+hands was a soldier of the Third Regiment, who was mounting guard at the
+gate through which some of the assassins entered. His left arm was
+fractured in three places; his shoulder and breast were literally cut up
+like mince-meat; amputation appeared to be the only chance for him; but in
+that lacerated flesh there was no longer a spot from which could be cut a
+shred."
+
+It is easily seen how precarious and nominal has been Spanish rule on most
+of the islands of this vast archipelago. In the interior of the great
+island of Mindanao there is no system of control, no pretence even of
+maintaining order. It is a land of terror, the realm of anarchy and
+cruelty. There murder is a regular institution. A _bagani_, or man of
+might, is a gallant warrior who has cut off sixty heads. The number is
+carefully verified by the tribal authorities, and the _bagani_ alone
+possesses the right to wear a scarlet turban. All the batos, or chiefs,
+are _baganis_. It is carnage organised, honoured, and consecrated; and so
+the depopulation is frightful, the wretchedness unspeakable.
+
+The Mandayas are forced to seek a refuge from would-be _baganis_ by
+perching on the tops of trees like birds, but their aerial abodes do not
+always shelter them from their enemies. They build a hut on a trunk from
+forty to fifty feet in height, and huddle together in it to pass the
+night, and to be in sufficient numbers to repulse their assailants. The
+_baganis_ generally try to take their victims by surprise, and begin their
+attack with burning arrows, with which they endeavour to set on fire the
+bamboo roof. Sometimes the besiegers form a _testudo_, like the ancient
+Romans, with their locked shields, and advance under cover up to the
+posts, which they attack with their axes, while the besieged hurl down
+showers of stones upon their heads. But, once their ammunition is
+exhausted, the hapless Mandayas have nothing to do but witness, as
+impotent spectators, the work of destruction, until the moment comes when
+their habitation topples over and falls. Then the captives are divided
+among the assailants. The heads of the old men and of the wounded are cut
+off, and the women and children are led away as slaves.
+
+The genius of destructiveness seems incarnate in this Malay race. The
+missionaries alone venture to travel among these ferocious tribes. They,
+too, have made the sacrifice of their lives, and, holding life worth
+nothing, they have succeeded in winning the respect of these savages in
+evangelising and converting them. They work for God and for their country,
+and the poorest and most wretched among the natives are not unwilling to
+accept the faith and to submit to Spain; but the missionaries insist on
+their leaving their homes and going to another district, to which, for
+many reasons, the neophytes gladly consent. After several days' journey a
+pueblo is founded. These villages have multiplied for many years past,
+forming oases of comparative peace and civilisation amid the barbarism by
+which they are surrounded, and are open to all who choose to seek a
+shelter in them. The more neophytes the pueblo holds, the less exposed it
+is to hostile incursions. Doctor Montano gives a very striking account of
+one of these daring missionaries, Father Saturnino Urios, of the Society
+of Jesus, who, in a single year, converted and baptised fifty-two hundred
+people.
+
+There are thirty-one islands of considerable size in the Philippine group.
+Their area exceeds that of Great Britain. Pine and fir-trees are abundant.
+Large areas are suitable for wheat. There are eight ports open to
+commerce. The principal exports are hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, cigars,
+coffee, and cocoa. Previous to the rebellion the annual value of the sugar
+output was $30,000,000. Now it is almost nothing.
+
+The population of the islands is about eight million, of which more than
+three million are in Luzon, the insurgent stronghold.
+
+"Under the administration of Spain the Philippines were subject to a
+governor-general with supreme powers, assisted by a 'junta of authorities'
+instituted in 1850, and consisting of the archbishop, the commander of the
+forces, the admiral, the president of the supreme court, etc.; a central
+junta of agriculture, industry, and commerce (dating from 1866), and a
+council of administration. In the provinces and districts the chief power
+is in the hands of alcades mayores and civico-military governors. The
+chief magistrate of a commune is known as the gobernadorcillo, or captain;
+the native who is responsible for the collection of the tribute of a
+certain group of families is the cabeca de barangay. Every Indian between
+the ages of sixteen and sixty, subject to Spain, was forced to pay tribute
+to the amount of $1.17, descendants of the first Christians of Cebu, new
+converts, gobernadorcillos, etc., being exempted. Chinese were subject to
+special taxes, and by a law of 1883 Europeans and Spanish half-castes were
+required to pay a poll-tax of $2.50."
+
+The largest island in the archipelago is Luzon, with an area of 40,885
+square miles, and on which is situated the city of Manila.
+
+The population of Manila, as given in the consular reports for 1880, is in
+the walled town 12,000, and in the suburbs from 250,000 to 300,000.
+
+The city was founded in 1571, and is situated on the eastern shore of a
+circular bay 120 nautical miles in circumference. It looks like a fragment
+of Spain transplanted to the archipelago of Asia. On its churches and
+convents, even on its ruined walls, overturned in the earthquake of 1863,
+time has laid the brown, sombre, dull gold colouring of the mother
+country. The ancient city, silent and melancholy, stretches interminably
+along its gloomy streets, bordered with convents whose flat facades are
+only broken here and there by a few narrow windows. But there is also a
+new city within the ramparts of Manila; it is sometimes called the
+Escolta, from the name of its central quarter, and this city is alive with
+its dashing teams, its noisy crowd of Tagala women, shod in high-heeled
+shoes, and every nerve in their bodies quivering with excitement. They are
+almost all employed in the innumerable cigar factories whose output
+inundates all Asia.
+
+Here all sorts of nationalities elbow one another,--Europeans, Chinese,
+Malays, Tagalas, Negritos, in all some 260,000 people of every known race
+and of every known colour. In the afternoon, in the plain of Lunetto,
+carriages and equipages of every kind drive past, and pedestrians swarm in
+crowds around the military band stand in the marvellously picturesque
+square, lit up by the slanting rays of the setting sun, which purples the
+lofty peaks of the Sierra de Marivels in the distance, unfolds its long,
+luminous train on the ocean, and tinges with a dark reddish shade the
+sombre verdure of the city's sloping banks. This is the hour when all the
+inhabitants hold high festival, able at length to breathe freely after the
+heat of the noontide.
+
+The primary cause of the Philippine rebellion was excessive taxation by
+Spain to raise money to carry on the war in Cuba. The islands were already
+overburdened with assessments to enrich Spanish coffers and to support the
+native poor. The additional money required for Cuba was the last straw.
+
+Extreme cruelties began when General Aguirre arrived from Spain with
+reinforcements. He did not undertake to penetrate the mountains, but
+massacred the native population in the towns. When he took Santa Clara del
+Laguna he spared neither man, woman, nor child. The people in the
+mountains heard of this. They were almost wild with fury, but they were
+helpless.
+
+It is stated, on what seems to be good authority, that ten thousand dead
+prisoners had been taken from prison in a year.
+
+Three years ago it cost the government a little more than half a cent to
+collect every dollar of taxation. In Luzon, it now costs ninety-five
+cents. The only taxes that can be profitably collected are those in
+Manila. The rich islands of Leyte and Mindanao contribute practically
+nothing.
+
+The first islands to revolt were Luzon, Mindanao, and Leyte. About one
+year and a half ago, agents of the insurrectionists appealed to the
+government at Washington to interfere in their behalf. The petition was
+received and filed.
+
+In the hot season, during the greater part of the day, the heat is so
+intense that Europeans frequently fall with heat apoplexy. Even the
+Spaniards do their business in the early hours, whiling away the heat of
+the day in sleep. Late in the afternoon Manila begins to awaken.
+
+The Escolta, or principal street, is crowded with loungers of all ranks
+and colours, each with a segarito stuck pen-like behind his ear.
+Caromattas, a species of two-wheeled hooded cabriolets peculiar to the
+natives, crowd the roadway, together with the buggies and open carriages
+of the foreign element.
+
+At sunset the various tobacco stores close, and their thousand of
+employees turn out into the streets. They form a motley yet effective
+feature among the wayfarers. The Malay girls are usually very pretty, with
+languishing eyes, shaded by long lashes, and supple figures, whose
+graceful lines are revealed by their thin clothing. In fine weather their
+bare feet are thrust into light, gold-embroidered slippers. In wet weather
+they raise themselves on high clogs, which necessitates a very becoming
+swinging of the hips.
+
+There is not a bonnet to be seen. Women of the better classes affect lace
+and flowers, those of the lower wear their own hair flowing down their
+backs, in a long, blue-black wave. Jewelry is profusely worn. Every woman
+sparkles with bracelets, earrings, and chains. Many of the males are
+similarly attired. Everybody smokes. Cigarettes at fifteen for a cent are
+in chief favour with the natives. Cigars at $1.50 a hundred are in favour
+with the foreigners. The handful of Englishmen resident in Manila are
+mostly bachelors, eager to make their pile and return to pleasanter
+surroundings. These take up their quarters in a large house at Sampalog,
+which is club and boarding-house combined, or in "chummeries," established
+in adjacent buildings.
+
+The Spaniards classify all the Philippine islanders under three religious
+groups,--the infidels, who have held to their ancient heathen rights, the
+Moors, who retain the Mahometan religion of their first conquerors, and
+the infinitely larger class of Catholics.
+
+An important, though numerically small, element in the population of the
+larger cities are the mestizos, or half-breeds, the result of admixture
+either between the Chinese or the Spanish and the natives. These mestizos
+occupy about the same social position as the mulattos of the United
+States. But they are the richest and most enterprising among the native
+population.
+
+The most important personage is the cura, or parish priest. He is in most
+instances a Spaniard by birth, and enrolled in one or other of the three
+great religious orders, Augustinian, Franciscan, or Dominican, established
+by the conquerors. At heart, however, he is usually as much, if not more,
+of a native than the natives themselves. He is bound for life to the land
+of his adoption. He has no social or domestic tie, no anticipated home
+return, to bind him to any other place.
+
+Next to the church, the greatest Sunday and holiday resort in a Philippine
+village is the cock-pit, usually a large building wattled like a coarse
+basket and surrounded by a high paling of the same description, which
+forms a sort of courtyard, where cocks are kept waiting their turn to come
+upon the stage, when their owners have succeeded in arranging a
+satisfactory match. It is claimed that many a respectable Malay father has
+been seen escaping from amid the ruins of his burning home bearing away in
+his arms his favourite bird, while wife and children were left to shift
+for themselves.
+
+The diet of the Philippines has something to do, undoubtedly, with their
+gentle and non-aggressive qualities. They eschew opium and spirituous
+liquors. Their chief sustenance, morning, noon, and eve, is rice. The rice
+crop seldom fails, not merely to support the population, but to leave a
+large margin for export. Famine, that hideous shadow which broods over so
+many a rice-subsisting population, is unknown here. Even scarcity is of
+rare occurrence. In the worst of years hardly a sack of grain has to be
+imported. It is this very abundance which stands in the way of what the
+world calls progress. The Malay, like other children of the tropics,
+limits his labour by the measure of his requirements, and that measure is
+narrow indeed. Hence it is often difficult to obtain his services in the
+development of the tobacco, coffee, hemp, and sugar industries, which
+might make the archipelago one of the wealthiest and most prosperous
+portions of the earth's face.
+
+Manila has been once before captured from Spain. The English were its
+captors, although they held it only a few months. It was in 1762, a few
+weeks after the English capture of Havana. Spain had been rash enough to
+side with France in the war usually known in this country as the French
+and Indian war. She was speedily punished for it.
+
+The expedition against Manila was the plan of Colonel William Draper; he
+was made a brigadier-general for the expedition and put in command, with
+Admiral Cornish as his naval ally. There were nine ships of the line and
+frigates, several troop-ships, and a land force of twenty-three hundred
+including one English regiment, with Sepoys and marines.
+
+On September 24, 1762, these forces were disembarked just south of Manila.
+The Archbishop of Manila, who was also governor-general of the island,
+collected and armed some ten thousand natives, as a reinforcement to the
+Spanish garrison of eight hundred. During the progress of the siege some
+daring attempts were made by the British to prevent the further
+construction of defences, but the assailants were repulsed with great
+slaughter.
+
+A desperate sally was made by a strong body of natives, who "ran furiously
+on the ranks of the besiegers and fought with almost incredible ferocity,
+and many of them died, like wild beasts, gnawing with their teeth the
+bayonets by which they were transfixed."
+
+On October 6th a breach was effected in the Spanish works, the English
+carried the city by storm, and gave it up for several hours to the ravages
+of a merciless soldiery. The Archbishop and his officers had retired to
+the citadel, but this could not be defended, and a capitulation was agreed
+upon, by which the city and port of Manila, with several ships and the
+military stores, were surrendered, while for their private property the
+Spanish agreed to pay as a ransom $2,000,000 in coin, and the same in
+bills on the treasury at Madrid. This last obligation was never paid.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX B.
+
+
+                          WAR-SHIPS AND SIGNALS.
+
+
+There are ten principal classes of vessels in the United States navy,
+distinguished one from another by the differences in their uses and by
+their strength and speed. The general principle underlying their
+construction is that a vessel which is not strong enough to fight one of
+her own size must be fast enough to run away. Any vessel which is inferior
+in armament, and has no compensating superiority in speed, is outclassed.
+The same is true of any vessel which is equal in armament, but inferior in
+speed to an adversary.
+
+The size of a vessel is measured by its displacement. This displacement is
+the number of tons of water she will push aside to make room for herself.
+A vessel of ten thousand tons will take engines of a certain weight and
+power to drive her at a given speed, and the larger the engine the larger
+the boilers and the greater the supply of coal required. Now, if it is
+necessary to give this vessel heavy protective armour and big guns, the
+additional weight of this equipment must be saved somewhere else, and
+usually in the engine-room, reducing the speed of the vessel. Following
+out this principle, it will be found that the fastest ships carry the
+lightest armament, and that those which carry the biggest guns in their
+batteries and the thickest armour on their sides are comparatively slow,
+the extreme variation among vessels of the same displacement being about
+eight or nine miles an hour.
+
+In the matter of attack and defence, vessels are distinguished by the
+number and weight of the guns they carry, and by the distribution and
+thickness of their armour. Protective armour is of two kinds, that which
+surrounds the guns, so as to protect them from the enemy's fire, and that
+which protects the motive-power of the ship, so as to prevent the engines
+from being rendered useless.
+
+The maximum of guns and armour and the minimum of speed are to be found in
+the first-class battle-ship, which is simply a floating fortress, so
+constructed that she need never run away, but can stand up and fight as
+long as her gun turrets revolve. The general plan of construction in a
+battle-ship is to surround the engines, boilers, and magazines with a wall
+of Harveyized steel armour eighteen inches or so thick, and seven or eight
+feet high, which extends about four feet below the water-line and three
+feet above it. This armour belt is not only on the sides of the ship, but
+is carried across it fore and aft, immediately in front of and behind the
+space occupied by the engines and magazines, and the whole affair is
+covered with a solid steel roof three or four inches thick. Outside this
+central fortress, and extending from it clear to the bow and stern at each
+end, is a protective deck of steel, three inches thick, which is placed
+several feet below the water-line. Everything above this deck and outside
+this fortress might be shot away, and the vessel would still float and
+fight.
+
+On the roof of the fortress are placed the turrets containing the big
+guns. The largest of these guns, 13-inch calibre, weigh about sixty tons
+each, and will carry a shell weighing eleven hundred pounds about twelve
+miles. The turrets are circular, as a rule, large enough to hold two guns,
+and are made of face-hardened steel from fifteen to eighteen inches thick.
+They revolve within a barbette or ring of steel eighteen inches thick,
+which protects the machinery by which the guns are trained. Farther back
+on the roof of the fortress are other and lighter turrets made of 8-inch
+steel and carrying 8-inch guns, and at other places are stationed
+rapid-fire guns of lighter calibre, protected by thinner armour than that
+of the main belt.
+
+If all this secondary battery is stripped off, leaving nothing but the
+turrets with the big guns, and these are brought down close to the water,
+and the armour belt is reduced to seven or eight inches in thickness, the
+type of vessel known as the monitor is reached. It is simply a battle-ship
+on a reduced scale. Such vessels are very slow and cannot stand rough
+weather, on account of their low freeboard. The speed of the monitors is
+seldom more than twelve or fourteen miles an hour, and they are intended
+to act in coast defence, usually in connection with shore-batteries. The
+best types in the navy are the _Terror_ and the _Puritan_.
+
+The speed of a battle-ship is about eighteen miles an hour. The best
+specimen in the navy is the _Indiana_, declared by its admirers to be the
+most powerful battle-ship afloat. Second-class battle-ships, like the
+_Texas_, are smaller vessels, usually about seven thousand tons, and they
+have a much lighter armour belt, about twelve inches, and do not carry so
+heavy an armament as ships of the first class. The _Maine_ was a
+second-class battle-ship. Her largest guns were of 10-inch calibre; her
+armour was twelve inches thick, and her turrets were eight inches thick
+only.
+
+The first step in reducing the armament from that of the battle-ship
+proper, at the same time increasing the speed, produces the armoured
+cruiser. This type of vessel may carry no guns of more than 8-inch
+calibre, and the armour belt is reduced to three or four inches in
+thickness. Instead of the roof over the armour belt, the protective deck
+is carried all over the ship, but it is not flat, nor is it of equal
+thickness, as in a battle-ship. On the top and in the middle it is three
+inches thick, but the sides are six inches and they slope abruptly to
+below the water-line. Between these sloping sides and the thin armour belt
+coal is stored, so that a shell would have to penetrate the outer belt,
+six or eight feet of coal, and a sloping belt of steel six inches thick,
+the total resistance of which is calculated to be equal to a solid
+horizontal armour plate fifteen inches thick.
+
+A cruiser is not supposed to fight with a battle-ship, because it could
+not accomplish anything with its 8-inch guns against the 18-inch armour of
+its heavier rival, while one well-directed shot from the 12-inch guns of a
+battle-ship or monitor would probably sink any armoured cruiser afloat.
+For this reason the cruiser must be faster than the battle-ship, so that
+she can run away, and the weight that is saved in the armour belt and big
+guns is therefore put into the engine-room. The average speed of an
+armoured cruiser is about twenty-four miles an hour, and the best types of
+this class in the navy are probably the _Brooklyn_ and _New York_.
+
+Some vessels, like the Spaniard _Vizcaya_, are about half way between a
+battle-ship and a cruiser, having the heavy guns of the former and the
+speed of the latter. The _Vizcaya_, although a cruiser, carried 11-inch
+guns with a 12-inch armour belt, and had a speed of twenty-three miles an
+hour.
+
+The next step in reducing armament and increasing speed, produced the
+protected cruiser, which carries no armour belt, but retains the
+protective deck, upon the sloping sides of which is stored the coal. The
+turrets disappear altogether, and there is usually only one 8-inch gun,
+the battery being principally made up of 4-inch rapid-fire guns and 6, 4,
+and 1-pounders. As this class of vessel is not able to cope with the
+armoured cruiser, it must be faster, for the general principle holds good
+that the weaker the vessel becomes in point of offensive weapons or
+defensive armour, the greater the necessity that she should be able to run
+away. The best types of the protected cruiser in the navy may be found in
+the _Columbia_ and _Minneapolis_, which have a speed of about twenty-seven
+miles an hour.
+
+The weakest class of all is composed of the unprotected cruisers, which
+have neither armour-belt nor protective deck, and carry only light
+batteries of rapid-fire guns. When these vessels are slow, like the
+_Detroit_, they are intended for long voyages and for duty in foreign
+countries, and are of little use in a sea fight. The very fast unprotected
+cruiser, like the American line steamers, _St. Paul_ and _St. Louis_,
+attach little importance to their armament, and rely for protection upon
+stowing the coal behind the place occupied by the armour belt in other
+vessels. All the beautiful wood-work, which was so much admired in these
+vessels, was ripped out to make room for these coal-bunkers, which are
+sufficient to protect them from anything but the heaviest guns. On account
+of their extreme weakness as fighters, these cruisers are necessarily the
+fastest of all the large vessels, and can run away from anything. For this
+reason no concern was felt for the _Paris_ by those who knew the
+principles which govern the safety of modern vessels.
+
+The various types of cruisers are not expected to fight with any but
+vessels of their own class, which they may encounter in the discharge of
+similar duties, such as scouring the seas as the advance guard of the
+slower line of battle-ships, preying upon or escorting merchant vessels,
+blockading ports, and acting as convoys for troop-ships. Gunboats are
+simply light-draught cruisers, and are intended for use in shallow waters
+and rivers.
+
+Torpedo-boats, as their name implies, depend entirely upon the torpedo as
+the weapon of attack, and they carry no guns except a very few
+light-calibre rapid-fires to keep off small boats. Their success depends
+on their ability to approach a vessel very rapidly, launch their torpedo,
+and retreat before they are detected and sunk. Speed is their great
+requisite, and a torpedo-boat like the _Porter_ can speed thirty-two miles
+an hour. Naval experts consider their bark worse than their bite, because,
+with the modern system of lookouts and search-lights, and the accuracy and
+rapidity of the secondary batteries, it is impossible for a torpedo-boat
+to get within range without exposing itself to instant destruction, and
+after a torpedo-fleet has once met with a serious repulse, it is believed
+that it would be almost impossible to get the crews to go into action
+again.
+
+The torpedo-boat destroyer, contrary to general belief, does not carry any
+heavy guns, but depends on its great speed and its ability to cripple a
+torpedo-boat with its 6-pounders while keeping out of range of the enemy's
+tubes. All torpedo-boat destroyers carry torpedo tubes themselves, so that
+they can be used against the enemy's battle-ships or cruisers if the
+occasion offers. The fastest boat in the United States navy is the
+destroyer _Bailey_, which can steam thirty-four miles an hour.
+
+
+
+In a naval battle the success or failure of a fleet may depend on keeping
+open communication between the different vessels of the squadron engaged.
+Owing to the fact that the surface of the sea would often be obscured by
+the smoke of battle, the difficulty of this is apparent, and naval experts
+have been kept busy devising some method by which the flag-ship can
+communicate with the other vessels of the squadron at all times and under
+all conditions. So far nothing has been put in general service which meets
+this demand, but lately there have been experiments with the telephone,
+which, it is said, can be used without wires, by which signals can be
+projected by a vibrator on one vessel against a receiver on another. The
+Navy Department is keeping the details of this new system carefully to
+itself, as it desires to have the invention for the exclusive use of our
+own ships of battle.
+
+The present method of communication is by the use of flags representing
+numerals which are displayed in the rigging; by the use of the Ardois
+system of lights for night work; by the Myer code of wigwag signals, and
+by the use of the heliograph. As it is of the utmost importance that the
+enemy should not read the message, the signal books on board a vessel are
+protected with the greatest care, and are destroyed along with the cipher
+code whenever it is seen that capture is inevitable. The semaphore system
+in use in the British navy was tried for a time aboard some of our
+vessels, but it never became popular, and has been abandoned.
+
+In signalling by the navy code, the sentence to be sent is looked up in
+the code-book and its corresponding number is obtained. This number is
+never more than four figures, on account of the necessity of setting the
+signal with the least delay. The number having been obtained, the
+quartermaster in charge of the signal-chest proceeds to bend the flags
+representing the numerals to the signal halliards, so as to read from the
+top down. These flags represent the numerals from one to nine and cipher,
+and there is a triangular pennant termed a repeater, which is used in a
+combination where one or more numerals recur. The numbers refer to those
+found in the general signal-book, in which are printed all the words,
+phrases, and sentences necessary to frame an order, make an inquiry,
+indicate a geographical position, or signal a compass course. Answering,
+interrogatory, preparatory, and geographical pennants form part of this
+code; also telegraph, danger, despatch, and quarantine flags.
+
+The signal, having been prepared, is hoisted and left flying until the
+vessel to which the message has been sent signifies that it is understood
+by hoisting what is called the answering pennant. If the number hoisted by
+the flag-ship is a preparatory order for a fleet movement, it is left
+flying until all the vessels of the fleet have answered, and then is
+pulled down, the act of pulling the signal down being understood as the
+command for the execution of the movement just communicated.
+
+It is often necessary for a man-of-war to communicate with a merchant
+vessel, or with some other war-ship belonging to a foreign country. For
+this purpose the international code is also carried in the signal-chest.
+These signals are those in general use by all the merchant navies of the
+world for communication by day at sea. There are eighteen flags and a code
+pennant, corresponding to the consonants of the alphabet, omitting x and
+z. The code pennant is also used with these signals.
+
+If a message is to be sent at night, the Ardois system of night signals,
+with which all our vessels carrying an electric plant are fitted, is
+employed. These signals consist essentially of five groups of double
+lamps, the two lamps in each group containing incandescent electric lamps,
+and showing white and red respectively. By the combination of these lights
+letters can be formed, and so, letter by letter, a word, and hence an
+order, can be spelled out for the guidance of the ships of the squadron.
+These lamps are suspended on a stay in the rigging, and are worked by a
+keyboard from the upper bridge.
+
+On the smaller ships of the service, those which are not fitted with
+electric lighting, Very's night signals are used. This set includes the
+implements for firing and recharging the signals.
+
+The latter show green and red stars on being projected from pistols made
+for them. The combination in various ways is used to express the numbers
+from one to nine and cipher, so that the numbers, to four digits,
+contained in the signal-book, may be displayed. The Myer wigwag system is
+employed either by day or by night. Flags and torches are employed. The
+official flag is a red field with a small white square in the centre; the
+unofficial flag is the same with the colours reversed. The operator,
+having attracted the attention of the ship which is to be signalled by
+waving the flag or torch from right to left, transmits his message by
+motions right, left, and front, each motion the element of a letter of the
+alphabet, the letter being made up of from one to four motions.
+
+When circumstances permit, the heliograph is sometimes used. The rays of
+the sun are thrown by a system of mirrors to the point with which it is
+desired to communicate, and then interrupted by means of a shutter, making
+dots and dashes as used in the Morse telegraph code. This system is used
+only when operations ashore are going on, as the rolling of the ship would
+prevent the concentration of the sun's rays.
+
+The present systems of flag signalling are products of experience in the
+past, and are the natural growth of the cruder flag system in use during
+the War of 1812, and in the Civil War. There have been some changes in the
+construction of flags, and the scope of communication has been enlarged,
+but otherwise our forefathers talked at sea in much the same way as we do
+now. Of course the Ardois light signal is something very modern. In old
+times they communicated at night either with coloured lights or by
+torches, and, as there was no alphabetical code in those days, the process
+was by means of flashes (representing numbers in the signal book), and it
+was long and tedious.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX C.
+
+
+                            SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
+
+
+Santiago is the most easterly city on the southern coast of Cuba, second
+only to Havana in its strategic and political importance, and is the
+capital of the eastern department, as well as its most flourishing
+seaport.
+
+The harbour, now become famous as a theatre of action where American
+heroism was displayed, is thus described by Mr. Samuel Hazard, in his
+entertaining work on Cuba:
+
+"Some one now remarks that we are near to Cuba; but, looking landward,
+nothing is seen but the same continuous mountains which we have had for
+the last twelve hours, except where, low down on the shore, there seems to
+be a slight opening in the rocky coast, above which stands, apparently,
+some dwelling-house. However, time tells, and in a half hour more we
+discover the small opening to be the entrance to a valley, and the
+dwelling-house to be the fort of the Cabanas. Still, no town and no
+harbour; and yet ahead we see, high upon a rocky cliff, a queer-looking
+old castle, with guns frowning from its embrasures, and its variegated
+walls looking as if they were ready to fall into the waves dashing at
+their base. That is the Morro Castle, which, with the battery of
+Aguadores, the battery of the Estrella, and the above named Cabanas,
+commands the approaches to the harbour and town of Cuba.
+
+"The rocky shore above and below the castle has scattered along it the
+remains of several vessels, whose captains, in trying to escape from the
+dangers of the storm, have vainly sought to enter the difficult harbour,
+and the bleaching timbers are sad warnings to the mariner not to enter
+there except in the proper kind of weather. And now we are up to the
+castle, and a sharp turn to the left takes us into a narrow channel and
+past the Morro and the battery adjoining, whose sentry, with a trumpet as
+big as himself, hails our vessel as she goes by; and soon we find
+ourselves in a gradually enlarging bay, around which the mountains are
+seen in every direction. As yet we have seen no town, and no place where
+there will likely be one; but now a turn to the right, and there, rising
+from the water's side almost to the top of the mountains, is seen Santiago
+de Cuba, with its red roofs, tall cathedral towers, and the green trees of
+its pretty Paseo, lighted up by the evening sun, forming a brilliant
+foreground to the hazy blue mountains that lie behind the city....
+
+"Rising gradually from the bay, upon the mountainside, to the high plain
+called the Campo del Marte, the city of Santiago reaches in its highest
+point 160 feet above the level of the sea, and commands from almost any
+portion superb views of the bay at its feet and of the majestic ranges of
+mountains that surround it. With a population of about fifty thousand
+inhabitants, it has regularly laid out streets and well-built houses of
+stone in most portions of the city; though being built as it is on the
+side of a hill, many of the streets are very steep in their ascent, and
+from the constant washing of the rains, and the absence of side-walks, are
+anything but an agreeable promenade.
+
+"The town was founded in 1515, by Diego Velasquez, considered the
+conqueror of the island, who landed here in that year on his first voyage;
+and it was from here that Juan de Grijalva, in 1518, started on his
+expedition for the conquest of Yucatan, being followed by Hernando Cortes,
+who, however, was compelled to stop at Havana (as it was called then), now
+Batabano. In 1522 the distinctions of 'City' and 'Bishopric' were bestowed
+upon the town, having been taken from the older town of Baracoa, where
+they had been bestowed in honour of that place being the first European
+settlement; and in 1527 Fr. Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca, first bishop of
+the island, arrived and established here his headquarters.
+
+"In 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez set sail from here on his expedition for the
+conquest of Florida, where he met his fate and found a tomb.
+
+"In 1528 Hernando de Soto arrived here with nearly one thousand men,
+having been authorised, in addition to the command of his Florida
+expedition, to assume that of the whole island of Cuba.
+
+"In 1553 the city was captured by four hundred French arquebusiers, who
+took possession of it until a ransom of $80,000 was paid, the invaders
+remaining nearly a month in the city, and as late as 1592, so frequent
+were the attacks of pirates on this town, that it is related the place was
+almost depopulated by the inhabitants taking refuge at Bayamo, some
+distance in the interior.
+
+"In 1608, the cathedral having been ruined by an earthquake, the Bishop
+Lalcedo removed his residence to Havana, and almost all the diocesans, as
+well as the ecclesiastical chapter, did the same, which action created
+great excitement, the superior governor and chief of the island opposing
+it.
+
+"The Parroquial Church of Havana was about to be made into a cathedral,
+through the efforts of the prelate, Armen Dariz, but these were opposed by
+the captain-general, Pereda. The bishop then excommunicated said chief and
+all in his vicinity, all the clergy even going in procession to curse and
+stone his house.
+
+"In 1662 there was a serious attack made upon the place by a squadron of
+fifteen vessels under Lord Winsor, whose people landed at the place now
+known as the 'Aguadores,' and to the number of eight hundred men marched
+without opposition on the city, of which they took possession, after
+repulsing a small force sent out to meet them. The invaders, it appears,
+partook freely of the church-bells, carried off the guns from the forts,
+took charge of the slaves, and not finding the valuables they anticipated,
+which had been carried off by the retreating inhabitants, they, in their
+disappointment, blew up the Morro Castle, and destroyed the cathedral,
+remaining nearly a month in possession of the city.
+
+"It was not until 1663, therefore, that the castle now known as the Morro
+was rebuilt, by order of Philip I., and at the same time the fortresses of
+Santa Catalina, La Punta, and La Estrella.
+
+"In July and August, 1766, a large portion of the city was ruined by
+earthquakes, more than one hundred persons being killed.
+
+"The town has the honour of having for its first mayor, or 'alcalde,'
+Hernando Cortes; and it is said that the remains of Diego Velasquez, the
+first explorer and conqueror, were buried there in the old cathedral. It
+is related in corroboration of this fact, that on the 26th of November,
+1810, on digging in the cemetery of the new cathedral, the broken slab of
+his tomb was found, seven and a half feet under ground, the inscription
+upon which is illegible, with the exception of a few Latin words giving
+name and date."
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX D.
+
+
+                               PORTO RICO.
+
+
+Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in November, 1493. In 1510 Ponce de
+Leon founded the town of Caparra, soon after abandoned, and now known as
+Pureto Viejo, and in 1511, with more success, the city of San Juan
+Bautista, or better known simply as San Juan. The native inhabitants were
+soon subdued and swept away. In 1595 the capital was sacked by Drake, and
+in 1598 by the Earl of Cumberland. In 1615 Baldwin Heinrich, a Dutchman,
+lost his life in an attack on the Castello del Morro. The attempt of the
+English, in 1678, was equally unsuccessful, and Abercrombie, in 1797, had
+to retire after a three days' strife. In 1820 a movement was made toward
+the declaration of independence on the part of the Porto Ricans, but
+Spanish supremacy was completely reestablished by 1823. The last traces of
+slavery were abolished in 1873.
+
+San Juan is the ideal city and spot of the whole island, saving that it is
+well fortified, for it is the coolest, the healthiest port, with
+thirty-eight feet of water in the harbour, and twenty-eight feet of water
+alongside the coal wharves. It is the only port on the island with
+fortifications. There are barracks in a few of the larger towns, but
+outside of the eight thousand or ten thousand troops there are very few
+fighting men on the island.
+
+The volunteers are not looked upon as a great factor in fighting by those
+who know them, and are almost all Spaniards. The Guardia Civil is made up
+of the best of the Spanish army, and commands great respect. The Porto
+Rican civilians do not have to enter the army service unless they please,
+and very few of them please.
+
+The defences of San Juan are good. San Felippe del Morro fortress is at
+the entrance of the harbour. It is the principal defence from the sea, and
+has three rows of batteries. It is separated by a strong wall from the
+city, which lies at the back of it, but communication between the city and
+fort is had by a tunnel.
+
+The roads of Porto Rico are, for the most part, bad. There are some
+notable exceptions. There is a splendid road built by the Spanish
+government from Ponce to San Juan. It is about eighty-five miles long, and
+a young Porto Rican told the writer that he frequently went over it on his
+bicycle, and it was splendid all the way. Another road from Guayama,
+meeting the Ponce road at Cayey, has been recently finished. The scenery
+is the most beautiful in the West Indies, for tropical wild flowers are
+all over the island, and large tree ferns and magnificent plants
+everywhere abound. There are no venomous snakes nor wild animals of any
+kind in Porto Rico. Oranges and other tropical fruits thrive in Porto
+Rico, but they are not specially cultivated.
+
+Some years ago a railway around the island was projected, but only three
+sections have been built. There is one to the north from San Juan to
+Camuy, one on the west from Aguadilla to Mayaguez, and one on the south
+from Yauco to Ponce. Any one wishing to travel around the coast from San
+Juan to Ponce would be obliged to continue their journey by stage-coaches,
+one from Camuy to Aguadilla, and one from Mayaguez to Yauco.
+
+San Juan has about forty thousand inhabitants, and Ponce has almost thirty
+thousand. There are many towns of between twelve thousand and thirty
+thousand people. The buildings are low and are of wood. There are a few
+three-story buildings in Ponce, and these are the latest examples of
+modern construction.
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX E.
+
+
+                          THE BAY OF GUANTANAMO.
+
+
+On the extreme southeastern coast of Cuba, some distance east of Santiago,
+is Guantanamo, or Cumberland Bay. It is an exceedingly beautiful sheet of
+water, with a narrow entrance, guarded by high hills. It extends twelve
+miles inland, with a level coast-line to the westward, and high hills on
+the north and east.
+
+Five miles from the entrance is the little town of Caimanera, from which
+runs a railroad to the town of Guantanamo, twelve miles distant, with its
+terminus at the town of Jamaica. There are two and one-half square miles
+of anchorage, with a depth of forty feet, so far inside as to be fully
+protected from the wind. For vessels drawing twenty-four feet or less
+there are about two more square miles of harbourage.
+
+
+
+
+
+                                FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 See Appendix, Part A, for general description of the Philippine
+      Islands and their inhabitants.
+
+    2 See Appendix B for types of war-ships and methods of signalling
+      while in action.
+
+    3 See Chapter X.
+
+    4 See Chapter X.
+
+    5 See Chapter X.
+
+    6 See Chapter X.
+
+    7 See Chapter X.
+
+    8 See Chapter X.
+
+    9 See Chapter X.
+
+   10 See Chapter X.
+
+   11 See Chapter X.
+
+   12 See Chapter X.
+
+   13 See Chapter X.
+
+   14 See Chapter X.
+
+   15 See Chapter X.
+
+   16 See Chapter X.
+
+   17 See Chapter X.
+
+   18 See Chapter X.
+
+   19 See Chapter X.
+
+   20 See Chapter X.
+
+   21 See Appendix A for description of Manila.
+
+   22 See Chapter X.
+
+   23 See Chapter X.
+
+   24 See Chapter X.
+
+   25 See Chapter X.
+
+   26 See Chapter X.
+
+   27 See Chapter X.
+
+   28 See Chapter X.
+
+   29 See Chapter X.
+
+   30 See Chapter X.
+
+   31 See Chapter X.
+
+   32 See Chapter X.
+
+   33 For types of war-ships see Appendix B.
+
+   34 See Appendix C for description of Santiago Harbour.
+
+   35 See Chapter XVII.
+
+
+
+
+
+                            TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
+
+
+The illustrations, which were printed on separate pages in the original
+edition, have been placed between paragraphs near the original positions,
+which can be seen in the list of illustrations.
+
+The following changes have been made to the text:
+
+      page 19, "last of March" changed to "last days of January"
+      page 22, "Viscaya" changed to "Vizcaya"
+      page 51, "procotol" changed to "protocol"
+      page 80, italics added to "Baltimore's"
+      page 80, "San Juan de Austria" changed to "Don Juan de Austria"
+      page 81, "Valasco" changed to "Velasco"
+      page 85, quote added before "Capt. Frank Wildes"
+      page 89, "flagship" changed to "flag-ship"
+      page 133, double "the" removed before "gunboat"
+      page 158, "first class" changed to "first-class"
+      page 166, "Albermarle" changed to "Albemarle"
+      page 194, "armored" changed to "armoured"
+      page 264, double quote removed after "dying.'"
+      page 270, "of" changed to "off"
+      page 309, "organized" changed to "organised"
+      page 321, "flag-staff" changed to "flagstaff"
+      page 370, "WARSHIPS" changed to "WAR-SHIPS"
+      page 383, "Mono" changed to "Morro"
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling of names in citations has not been
+changed.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOYS OF '98***
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