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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Euthenics, the science of controllable environment
+       a plea for better living conditions as a first step toward
+       higher human efficiency
+
+Author: Ellen H. Richards
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2010 [EBook #31508]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               EUTHENICS
+
+                      THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE
+                              ENVIRONMENT
+
+                           A PLEA FOR BETTER
+                   LIVING CONDITIONS AS A FIRST STEP
+                          TOWARD HIGHER HUMAN
+                              EFFICIENCY
+
+          The national annual unnecessary loss of capitalized
+                 net earnings is about $1,000,000,000.
+
+                     _Report on National Vitality_
+
+
+                        _By_ ELLEN H. RICHARDS
+      Author of Cost of Living Series, Art of Right Living, etc.
+
+
+                            SECOND EDITION
+
+
+                          WHITCOMB & BARROWS
+                             BOSTON, 1912
+
+
+                            COPYRIGHT 1910
+                         BY ELLEN H. RICHARDS
+
+                       THOMAS TODD CO., PRINTERS
+                         14 BEACON ST., BOSTON
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+     Never has society been so clear as to its several special
+     ends, never has so little effort been due to chance or
+     compulsion.
+
+     _Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy._
+
+
+Not through chance, but through increase of scientific knowledge; not
+through compulsion, but through democratic idealism consciously
+working through common interests, will be brought about the creation
+of right conditions, the control of environment.
+
+The betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for
+the purpose of securing efficient human beings, is what the author
+means by EUTHENICS.[1]
+
+    [1] Eutheneo, Εὐθηνέω (_eu_, well; _the_, root of _tithemi_,
+    to cause). To be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to
+    prosper.--_Demosthenes._ To be strong or
+    vigorous.--_Herodotus._ To be vigorous in body.--_Aristotle._
+
+    Euthenia, Εὐθηνία. Good state of the body: prosperity, good
+    fortune, abundance.--_Herodotus._
+
+“Human vitality depends upon two primary conditions--heredity and
+hygiene--or conditions preceding birth and conditions during life.”[2]
+
+    [2] Report on National Vitality, p. 49.
+
+Eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity.
+
+Euthenics deals with race improvement through environment.
+
+Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
+
+Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
+
+Eugenics must await careful investigation.
+
+Euthenics has immediate opportunity.
+
+Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus
+inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is
+the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must
+be based.
+
+This new science seeks to emphasize the immediate duty of man to
+better his conditions by availing himself of knowledge already at
+hand. As far as in him lies he must make application of this knowledge
+to secure his greatest efficiency under conditions which he can create
+or under such existing conditions as he may not be able wholly to
+control, but such as he may modify. The knowledge of the causes of
+disease tends only to depress the average citizen rather than to
+arouse him to combat it. Hope of success will urge him forward, and it
+is the duty of lovers of mankind to show all possible ways of
+attaining the goal. The tendency to hopelessness retards reformation
+and regeneration, and the lack of belief in success holds back the
+wheels of progress.
+
+Euthenics is to be developed:
+
+  1. Through sanitary science.
+  2. Through education.
+  3. Through relating science and education to life.
+
+Students of sanitary science discover for us the laws which make for
+health and the prevention of disease. The laboratory has been studying
+conditions and causes, and now can show the way to many remedies.
+
+A knowledge of these laws, of the means of conserving man’s resources
+and vitality, which will result in the wealth of human energy, is more
+and more brought within the reach of all by various educational
+agencies.
+
+The individual must estimate properly the value of this knowledge in
+its application to daily life, in order to secure efficiency and the
+greatest happiness for himself and for the community.
+
+Right living conditions comprise pure food and a safe water supply, a
+clean and disease-free atmosphere in which to live and work, proper
+shelter, and the adjustment of work, rest, and amusement. The
+attainment of these conditions calls for hearty coöperation between
+individual and community--effort on the part of the individual because
+the individual makes personality a power; effort on the part of the
+community because the strength of combined endeavor is required to
+meet all great problems.
+
+
+
+
+EUTHENICS
+
+BETTER ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HUMAN RACE
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+I. The opportunity for betterment is real and practical,
+   not merely academic                                               3
+
+II. Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+    conditions. Home and habits of living, eating, etc.
+    Good habits pay in economy of time and force                    15
+
+III. Community effort is needed to make better conditions
+     for all, in streets and public places, for water and
+     milk supply, hospitals, markets, housing problems, etc.
+     Restraint for sake of neighbors                                39
+
+IV. Interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive
+    effort. First one, then the other ahead                         59
+
+V. The child to be “raised” as he should be. Restraint for his
+   good. Teaching good habits the chief duty of the family          73
+
+VI. The child to be educated in the light of sanitary science.
+    Office of the school. Domestic science for girls. Applied
+    science. The duty of the higher education. Research needed      91
+
+VII. Stimulative education for adults. Books, newspapers,
+     lectures, working models, museums, exhibits, moving pictures  117
+
+VIII. Both child and adult to be protected from their own
+      ignorance. Educative value of law and of fines for
+      disobedience. Compulsory sanitation by municipal, state,
+      and federal regulations. Instructive inspection              131
+
+IX. There is responsibility as well as opportunity. The
+    housewife an important factor and an economic force in
+    improving the national health and increasing the national
+    wealth                                                         143
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    _The opportunity for betterment is real and practical, not
+    merely academic._
+
+
+     Men ignore Nature’s laws in their personal lives. They crave
+     a larger measure of goodness and happiness, and yet in their
+     choice of dwelling places, in their building of houses to
+     live in, in their selection of food and drink, in their
+     clothing of their bodies, in their choice of occupations and
+     amusements, in their methods and habits of work, they
+     disregard natural laws and impose upon themselves conditions
+     that make their ideals of goodness and happiness impossible
+     of attainment.
+
+    _Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through Environment._
+
+
+     And is it, I ask, an unworthy ambition for man to set before
+     himself to understand those eternal laws upon which his
+     happiness, his prosperity, his very life depend? Is he to be
+     blamed and anathematized for endeavoring to fulfill the
+     divine injunction: “Fear God and keep His commandments, for
+     that is the whole duty of man”? Before he can keep them,
+     surely he must first ascertain what they are.
+
+     _Adam Sedgwick. Address, Imperial College of Science and Technology,
+     December 16, 1909. Nature, December 23, 1909, p. 228._
+
+
+     In my judgment, the situation is hopeful. To realize that
+     our problems are chiefly those of environment which we in
+     increasing measure control, to realize that, no matter how
+     bad the environment of this generation, the next is not
+     injured provided that it be given favorable conditions, is
+     surely to have an optimistic view.
+
+     _Carl Kelsey, Influence of Heredity and Environment upon Race
+     Improvement. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social
+     Science, July, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+     It is within the power of every living man to rid himself of
+     every parasitic disease. _Pasteur._
+
+
+Such facts as the following, showing the increase in health, or rather
+the decrease in disease, go to prove what may be done.
+
+Since 1882, tuberculosis has decreased forty-nine per cent; typhoid,
+thirty-nine per cent. Statistics in regard to heart disease and other
+troubles under personal control, however, show increase--kidney
+disease, 131 per cent; heart disease, fifty-seven per cent; apoplexy,
+eighty-four per cent. This means that infectious and contagious
+diseases, of which the State has taken cognizance and to the
+suppression of which it has applied known laws of science, have been
+brought under control, and their existence today is due only to the
+carelessness or the ignorance of individuals.
+
+On the other hand, such results of improper personal living as do not
+come under legal control--diseases of the heart, kidneys, and general
+degeneration, matters of personal hygiene--have so enormously
+increased as in themselves to show the attitude of mind of the great
+mass of the people, “Let us eat and drink and be merry, what if we do
+die tomorrow!”
+
+Probably not more than twenty-five per cent in any community are doing
+a full day’s work such as they would be capable of doing if they were
+in perfect health. This adds to the length of the school course, to
+the cost of production in all directions, to increased taxation, and
+decreases interest in daily life.
+
+The trouble is that the public does not _believe_ in this waste which
+comes from being “just poorly” or “just so as to be about.” It has no
+conception of the difference between working with a clear brain and a
+steady hand, and working with a dull and nerveless tool. It must be
+convinced of this in some way. General warnings have been ineffective,
+and now the appeal is being made to the American people on the basis
+of money loss. Thus it has been carefully estimated that the average
+economic value of an inhabitant of the United States is $2,900. The
+vital statistics of the United States for population give 85,500,000.
+Eighty-five million five hundred thousand multiplied by $2,900 equals
+$250,000,000,000 (minimum estimate), and this exceeds the value of
+_all other wealth_. The actual economic saving possible annually in
+this country by preventing needless deaths, needless illness, and
+needless fatigue is certainly far greater than $1,500,000,000, and may
+be three or four times as great.
+
+Dr. George M. Gould estimated that sickness and death in the United
+States cost $3,000,000,000 annually, of which at least one-third is
+regarded as preventable.
+
+From all sides comes testimony to the decrease in personal efficiency
+of workers of all degrees. Medical science has prolonged life,
+hospitals and visiting nurses have made sickness less distressful, but
+have also in many cases prolonged the time and increased the cost.
+Sanitary science aims to prevent the beginnings of sickness, and so to
+eliminate much of the expense.
+
+The discovery that the mosquito is the carrying agent for the yellow
+fever germ has saved more lives annually than were lost in the Cuban
+War. In the yellow fever epidemic of 1872, the loss to the country was
+not less than $100,000,000 in gold.
+
+“With our present population there are always about 3,000,000 persons
+in the United States on the sick list.... By means of Farr’s table, we
+may calculate that very close to a third, or 1,000,000 persons, are in
+the working period of life. Assuming that average earnings in the
+working period are $700, and that only three-fourths of the 1,000,000
+potential workers would be occupied, we find over $500,000,000 as the
+minimum loss of earnings.
+
+“The cost of medical attendance, medicine and nursing, etc., is
+conjectured by Dr. Biggs in New York to be from $1.50 each per day for
+the consumptive poor to a greater amount for other diseases and
+classes. Applying this to the 3,000,000 years of illness annually
+experienced, we have $1,500,000,000 as the minimum annual cost of this
+kind.
+
+“The statistics of the Commissioner of Labor show that the expenditure
+for illness and death amounts to twenty-seven dollars per family per
+annum. This is for workingmen’s families only. But even this figure,
+if applied to the 17,000,000 families of the United States, would make
+the total bill caring for illness and death $460,000,000. The true
+cost may well be more than twice this sum. Certainly the estimate is
+more than safe, and is only one-third of the sum obtained by using Dr.
+Biggs’s estimate. The sum of the costs of illness, including loss of
+wages and cost of care, is thus $460,000,000 plus $500,000,000 equals
+$960,000,000.... At least three-quarters of the costs are
+preventable.”[3]
+
+    [3] Report on National Vitality, p. 119.
+
+The cost of certain preventable diseases a year is estimated by
+various authorities as:
+
+  Tuberculosis          $1,000,000,000
+  Typhoid                  250,000,000
+  Malaria                  100,000,000
+  Other insect diseases    100,000,000
+
+A hopeful sign of awakening is the endeavor by life insurance
+companies to bring home to the people the possibilities of race
+betterment. One company sends out among its policy holders trained
+nurses, who give plain talks on health subjects and offer practical
+suggestions as to hygienic living. This, to be sure, is on the
+economic basis of money saving, but if that is the only thing that
+will appeal to the people is it not wise to seize upon it as a lever
+to lift the standard of well-being?
+
+The possibility of saving the enormous sums that are lost by reason of
+premature deaths was an alluring subject to the insurance men. It gave
+to the world what, up to that time, it had lacked--a body of powerful
+men who recognized that they had a financial interest in preventing
+the needless death of men and women.
+
+A table has been prepared showing that if insurance companies were to
+expend $200,000 a year for the purely commercial object of reducing
+their death losses, and should thereby decrease them only twelve
+one-hundredths of one per cent, they would save enough to cover the
+expense.
+
+“If such a plan as this were placed on a purely scientific basis and
+carried out by good business methods, and all the companies pulled
+together for the common good, I should expect a decrease in death
+claims of more than one per cent; and a decrease in the death claims
+of one per cent would mean that the companies would save more than
+eight times as much as they expended, or would make a net saving of
+more than seven times the expense, which would be about a million and
+a half dollars a year.”[4]
+
+    [4] Hiram J. Messenger, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.
+
+“While it would be impossible to state in general terms how rich a
+return lies ready for public or private investments in good health,
+these examples (life insurance) show that the rate of this return is
+quite beyond the dreams of avarice. Were it possible for the public to
+realize this fact, motives both of economy and of humanity would
+dictate immediate and generous expenditure of public moneys for
+improving the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, as
+well as for eliminating the dangers of life and limb which now
+surround us.”[5]
+
+    [5] Report on National Vitality, p. 123.
+
+Undoubtedly a moral force is to be strengthened by spreading the
+biological lesson that man cannot live to himself alone, but that his
+acts or failure to act affect a large number of his fellowmen. Also, a
+stimulus to personal ambition is to be supplied in the suggestion of
+better health and consequently more money to spend as a result.
+
+Civic pride and private gain will be brought into the endeavor to show
+man that to understand himself, to exercise the same control over his
+activities that he uses over his machines, is to double his capacity,
+not only for work, but for pleasure. This control is now possible
+through the application of recently confirmed scientific knowledge as
+to man’s environment.
+
+It is the aim of this book to arouse the thinking portion of the
+community to the opportunity of the present moment for inculcating
+such standards of living as shall tend to the increase of health and
+happiness.
+
+To the women of America has come an opportunity to put their
+education, their power of detailed work, and any initiative they may
+possess at the service of the State.
+
+Faith, Hope, and Courage may be taken as the three potent watchwords
+of the New Crusade. There is a real contagion of ideas as well as of
+disease germs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+    _Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+    conditions. Home and habits of living. Good habits pay in
+    economy of time and force._
+
+
+     The hope is springing up in some minds that the entire
+     problem of human regeneration will be much simplified when
+     men shall have learned more fully the nature of their own
+     lives, the nature of the physical world that environs them,
+     and the interaction between this physical world and the
+     spirit of man which is set to subdue it.
+
+    _Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through Environment._
+
+
+     We create the evil as well as the good. Nature is
+     impersonal. To an increasing degree _man_ determines.
+
+     _Carl Kelsey._
+
+
+     The only certain remedy for any disease is man’s own vital
+     power.
+
+     Today only an exceptional man, almost a genius, learns to
+     modify his habits and his life to his environment and to
+     triumph over his surroundings, his appetites, and the absurd
+     dictates of fashion.
+
+     _Richard Cole Newton, M.D., How Shall the Destructive Tendencies
+     of Modern Life Be Met and Overcome?_
+
+
+     We have certain inherent capacities as to bodily strength,
+     length of life, etc., but it lies largely with ourselves to
+     adopt a mode of life which may make an actual difference in
+     height, weight, and physical strength and intellectual
+     capacity.
+
+     _E. H. Richards, Sanitation in Daily Life._
+
+
+     There are two recognized ways of improving the quality of
+     human beings: one by giving them a better heredity--starting
+     them in life with a stronger heart, better digestion,
+     steadier nerves; the other by so combining the factors of
+     daily life that even a weak heart may grow strong, a poor
+     digestion may become good, and frayed nerves gain
+     steadiness.
+
+     _E. H. Richards, The Art of Right Living._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FAITH
+
+
+The relation of environment to man’s efficiency is a vital
+consideration: how far it is responsible for his character, his views,
+and his health; what special elements in the environment are most
+potent and what are the most readily controlled, provided sufficient
+knowledge can be gained of the forces and conditions to be used.
+
+To this end home life--in its relations to the child, the adult, and
+the community--is considered in connection with the effect on the home
+of the influences outside it, and the reaction of each on the other.
+These relations and influences are partly physical and material,
+partly ethical and psychical.
+
+The right of the child is protection, and it is the responsibility of
+the adult--parent, teacher, or state officer--to secure this
+protection.
+
+The knowledge that investigators are gaining in the laboratory and are
+trying to give to the community must be accepted and applied by the
+individual. How is the individual, discouraged by sickness and
+hardship, to know that things are awry or that they can be set more
+nearly straight? How can he know that he is responsible for his
+limitations? Why should he suppose that he need not be eternally a
+slave to environment? How can he realize that “health promotes
+efficiency by producing more energy and leaving it all free for useful
+purposes?” A few enlightened souls recognize the tendency of
+environment to kick the man that is down; to be subservient to the man
+of bodily and mental vigor, of keen understanding and human insight,
+but the majority must be led to believe these scientific principles.
+
+Again and again scientists and humanitarians must return to the
+attack, for individual carelessness becomes community menace, and
+“line upon line and precept upon precept” they must present their
+knowledge in language that shall attract and hold the attention and
+fancy. So the work and discoveries of Metchnikoff have gained
+credence because the disciple who described them had the ability to
+impress on his audience in a convincing fashion the one fact that made
+a strong appeal--the possibility of long life. If those who are
+zealous for any movement would study the psychology of advertising and
+speak as forcefully as the legitimate advertiser, they would be more
+persuasive and successful.
+
+When an idea has won in a certain circle, it quickly spreads to the
+other members, thence to active communities. So the universal law of
+imitation may be the greatest help in the spread of ideas. The
+individual eats a certain food because his neighbor does. Boston
+determines to make an effort for a better city because Chicago has
+felt the stirrings of civic pride.
+
+A gifted individual with a deep sense of the need of his community
+sees an ideal condition, which by his thought becomes a possibility.
+These beliefs he shares with a few choice spirits till the circle has
+widened. The new ideas come to the notice of the city or the town
+officials, new means are adopted of educating the whole community,
+and, if necessary, legal measures are passed. But the new means to
+betterment must be applied by the individual. Beginning with the
+exceptional individual and ending with the average individual, the
+perfect circle is rounded out.
+
+The leaders must show convincingly that the laws which they have
+discovered may be applied to daily life, but the _individual himself_
+must adopt them. When he has been saturated with knowledge, his
+inertia will break down, his hopelessness give way to its very
+antithesis, a strong hope for a better future. Every known method must
+be used by the laboratory to develop this hope into a belief wide
+enough to reach all members of every section of the community and deep
+enough to become a vital working principle. Only through a belief
+strong enough to ride over unbelief and inertia, a belief in the value
+of science for personal life strong enough to make a wise choice
+possible, can the will to obtain a better environment be developed.
+The belief in better things must be thoroughly impressed on the
+individual mind. Each individual must understand that it does affect
+_him_, that it is _his_ concern, that _he_ must give heed to his
+environment. Then he may have the will and make the effort to combat
+dangers to body and mind.
+
+Today, belief is much more difficult than ever before because the
+dangers are unseen and insidious, and our enemies do not generally
+make an appeal through the senses of sight and hearing. But the
+dangers to modern life are no less than in the days of the pioneers,
+when a stockade was built as a defense from the Indians. We have no
+standards for safety. Our enemies are no longer Indians and wild
+animals. Those were the days of big things. Today is the day of the
+infinitely little. To see our cruelest enemies, we must use the
+microscope. Of all our dangers, that of uncleanness leads--uncleanness
+of food and water and air--uncleanness due to unsanitary production
+and storage, to exposure to street dust, or to cooking and serving of
+food in unclean vessels. Such conditions result not only in actual
+disease, but in lowered vitality and lessened work power.
+
+Lack of knowledge on the part of some, heedlessness on the part of
+others who should be intelligent enough to interpret such conditions,
+are responsible for their continuance. A few timely suggestions will
+accomplish more in remedying many evils than any amount of attempted
+legal enforcement. The very fact of a law makes many persons defy it.
+They feel justified in showing their wit by outwitting the law’s
+representatives. Many of our newer citizens have come to us from the
+protection (?) of a personal authority that they can see and feel. In
+this country of ours, we have taken away that binding regard for
+authority, and we must as far as possible lead rather than compel.
+
+It is, after all, what a man determines for himself and for his family
+that affects both his views of life and his wish to secure for himself
+and for them that which he believes to be best. It is not what some
+other man believes for him that affects his life.
+
+Evolution from within, not a dragging from outside, even if it is in
+the right direction, is the method of human development.
+Nevertheless, if the bale of hay is skillfully hung in front of the
+donkey’s nose it will often serve to start the wheels on an easy road.
+
+Evidence of the value of concerted effort by individuals and of the
+power of suggestion was given by a woman’s club in a small town. The
+members became aware of the dangers in exposed food, and on
+investigation found their own market to be very low in standards of
+cleanness. At a certain meeting they agreed to ask the proprietor why
+he did not protect this and cover that article. Certain members were
+told off for the duty and the days agreed upon. Mrs. A., making her
+usual purchases, casually asked why such an article was not covered.
+“I never thought about it,” was the answer. Mrs. B., the next day,
+asked why such an article was left out for the flies. “I never thought
+about the flies.” Mrs. C. asked the same question on the third day.
+The proprietor said: “You’re the third woman who has asked me that. No
+one ever suggested it before, but it would be a good idea.” Before the
+end of two weeks the provisions and groceries were covered. The end
+had been gained without resort to coercion.
+
+We know that our capacity for mental and bodily work depends on our
+supply of food. Proper food is necessary as a source of power for the
+work of the body as well as to furnish material for growth and repair
+of the losses of the body. Taking food is the most interesting of the
+vital processes. It appeals to all the senses (except hearing).
+
+Professor Dawson calls attention to the fact that the richest food
+areas in the world have provided the most powerful stocks of men of
+which we have any record, and it has been pointed out by many that
+improper food is closely connected with mental and moral defects.
+Strong men and women are not the product of improper food. Dr. Stanley
+Hall says: “The necessity of judicious, wholesome food is
+paramount.... You can educate a long time by externals and not
+accomplish as much as good feeding will accomplish by itself. Children
+must be supplied with plenty of nutritious food if they are to develop
+healthily either in mind or body.”
+
+Mr. Robert Hunter says: “All that we are, either as individuals or as
+a complexly constituted society of men, is made possible by the food
+supply.... Perhaps more than any other condition of life it lies at
+the door of most of the social and mental inequalities among men.”
+
+In these days of irresponsibility there is probably more harm done to
+the health by ignoring physical law in the matter of eating than in
+any other one thing.
+
+It is in the study of food substances and their possibilities in
+relation to better sanitary conditions that the widest field is open
+to housekeepers, and the subject should be especially fascinating to
+women of education and ability. All the skill and knowledge of the
+best educated women should be enlisted in the cause of better food for
+the people. Certainly no subject, except that of pure air, can have a
+closer bearing on the health than right diet. Much sound teaching will
+be needed before bad habits of eating and drinking will be conquered.
+
+A strong, well man whose work is muscular and carried on in the open
+air, as is that of the farmer and of the fisherman, will have the
+power to assimilate almost anything, and can maintain abundant health
+on the coarsest food poorly prepared, provided, only, that it is
+abundant and composed of the chemical constituents that the body
+requires.
+
+Only a small proportion of our people, however, engage in work of this
+sort. The majority are compelled by occupation, age, or health to
+remain indoors. For them nutritious, readily digested food is a
+requisite. The farmer or the fisherman can digest, even thrive upon,
+food which would be deadly for a woman working in a factory.
+
+In the fourth report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health
+(1873), Dr. Derby, the secretary, holds that “we have good reason to
+believe that the many forms of dyspepsia which are so commonly met
+with among all classes in Massachusetts, in country quite as much as
+in town, are but too often the danger signal that Nature gives us to
+show that the food, either in its quality, or its preparation, or its
+variety, is unsuited to maintain the vital processes. If this warning
+is rejected, the result of malnutrition is frequently chronic disease
+of the so-called major class.”
+
+Sanitation in relation to food deals first with wholesome and clean
+materials--meat from animals free from disease; fruit and vegetables
+free from decay; milk, butter, etc., free from harmful bacteria. The
+dangers are the transference to the human body of encysted organisms
+like trichina; of the absorption of poisonous substances as toxins or
+ptomaines; of the lodgment of germs of disease along with dust on
+berries, rough peach skins, crushed-open fruits; of dirt clinging to
+lettuce, celery, and such vegetables as are eaten raw.
+
+For the next class of dangers we turn to the handling of foods with
+unclean hands.
+
+In countless ways disease is spread mysteriously, all due to unclean
+habits. It is a safe precaution to patronize only those restaurants in
+which the waiters are evidently trained to handle the food and vessels
+with care. It will pay well to take care of one’s hands and learn
+sanitary habits when one is young; then one will do right without
+effort. Whatever change of ideas may come with increase of knowledge,
+these habits will not need to be unlearned. Without knowing the
+reasons for them, they have been proclaimed in civilized lands.
+
+It should be the part of the physicians to take pains to advise, for
+most of our people are accessible to ideas; yet from these can come no
+improvement until the people are convinced that it is needed. Just as
+soon as the individual fully realizes that he himself is to blame for
+his suffering or his poverty in human energy, he will apply his
+intelligence to the bettering of his condition. If he can, in a short
+time, make as good a showing as public effort has made in the case of
+water supplies, he will accomplish much for the race.
+
+Of equal importance to food, in the proper care of the human machine,
+comes the air we breathe.
+
+Many of man’s present physical troubles are due to the roof over his
+head confining the warmed, used-up air, which would escape freely if
+there were an opening provided. The first law of sanitation requires
+the quick removal of all wastes. Once-breathed air is as much a waste
+as once-used water, and should be allowed to escape. Sewers are built
+for draining away used water. Flues are just as important to serve as
+sewers for used air. Air is lighter than water, and out-breathed air
+being warmed is lighter than that at room temperature. It rises to the
+ceiling, where it will escape if it is allowed to do so before it
+cools sufficiently to fall.
+
+The roof also keeps out sunlight, and some late investigations
+indicate that glass cuts off some of the most vitally important light
+rays. The “glame” of the Ralstonites--“air in motion with the sunlight
+on it”--may have a scientific basis.
+
+It will at once be retorted, “But we cannot heat all out-of-doors.”
+
+A partial reply is: Do not try to make your house a tropical jungle.
+Travelers assure us that such an atmosphere is not conducive to work
+or to health.
+
+All great nations have lived in a temperate climate, where physical
+and mental activity was possible for many hours a day. Science is
+more and more clearly giving reasons for the cooler temperature in
+certain physiological laws. The habits of life in regard to air and
+food are largely under individual, or at least under family control,
+and should be studied as personal hygiene.
+
+The lessons being so clearly taught in the treatment of tuberculosis
+should be heeded in forming the general living habits of the people.
+
+If loss of life can be lessened and working power increased by man’s
+effort, why does he not make the effort? Why are men and women so
+apathetic over the prevalence of disease? Why do they not devote their
+energies to stamping it out? For no other reason than their disbelief
+in the teachings of science, coupled with a lingering superstition
+that, after all, it is fate, not will power, which rules the destinies
+of mankind.
+
+Perhaps it is too much to expect that a sturdy plant of belief should
+have grown since the days of Edwin Chadwick and Benjamin Ward
+Richardson (1830-50), less than a century ago, when there were
+perhaps not a dozen men and women who believed that man had any
+appreciable control over his own health.
+
+This early school of sanitarians endeavored to “get behind fate, to
+the causes of sickness.” The modern socionomist is, by a study of the
+mental conditions of communities, endeavoring to get behind the causes
+of poverty and consequent suffering to the reasons for _fatal
+indifference to dirt_.
+
+It is well recognized that in severe sicknesses of many kinds the will
+to get well is more powerful than drugs, that something which we call
+nerve force acting upon the physical machine sends a vital current
+through the arteries, coerces the heart to renewed pumping action, and
+life comes again to the blanched cheek and glazing eye. This more
+often happens by a mental stimulus than by any medicine. In like
+manner the improvement of the body’s shell, the home, like that of the
+soul’s shell, the body, comes more often from an inward impulse than
+from outward coercion.
+
+Appeal to the loving but listless parent will reach the heart quickest
+through love for the child. Therefore stress should be laid on the
+child, its habits, its surroundings, its ideals. By ideals is meant
+the very real stimulus to action coming from within. Action must come
+through the material things which ideals control and through which
+they express themselves.
+
+Certain notions which have crept into popular currency need to be
+corrected before the individual can free himself from bondage
+sufficiently to attempt constructive advance and improvement.
+
+Only a small percentage of adults obtain the full efficiency from the
+human machine--the only means they have of living, working, enjoying.
+They permit themselves to stand and walk badly, they breathe with only
+a portion of their lungs, and so fail to furnish the blood stream with
+oxygen. They dress unhygienically. They eat wrongly. They exercise
+little. In short, they subject their bodies to abusive treatment which
+would ruin any machine. Because retribution does not instantly follow
+infraction of Nature’s laws, they become callous and unbelieving.
+Economy and efficiency in human time and strength is one of the
+lessons to be taught the young people, so that they may not waste
+their patrimony.
+
+The youth feels as rich in his fifty years to come as he does with a
+legacy of $50,000 in the bank. The years, however, can yield only
+small variations from the established rate of interest. The human
+machine can manufacture only a limited amount of energy. It remains to
+utilize that quantity to the best advantage. This can be done only by
+having a purpose in life strong enough to resist alluring temptations
+to fritter away both time and strength.
+
+One of the world’s busy workers found that the distractions of urban
+life were breaking in upon his working time and making inroads upon
+his physical vitality. He recognized that work for the body and work
+for the mind must be balanced, and he evolved an acrostic to be
+followed as a rule of life, the fulfillment of which has meant
+prolonged years of efficient work and has kept the freshness of middle
+life with the advancing years. Taking the six days of the week as a
+unit, the acrostic is as follows:
+
+    _The Feast of Life_
+
+  F   Food           One-tenth the time
+  E   Exercise       One-tenth the time
+  A   Amusement      One-tenth the time
+  S   Sleep          Three-tenths the time
+  T   Task           Four-tenths the time
+
+The first and last are nearly fixed quantities, the other three may
+vary within certain limits as to amount of time given and intensity of
+effort. Amusement and exercise may be taken together; exercise and
+sleep may be somewhat interchangeable.
+
+The task, or daily work, is a necessity for mental and physical
+health. It should be accepted as a part of human life and the will and
+energy should be directed to doing it well. It may be a pure delight,
+the most entertaining thing that happens; _it should be interesting_.
+It is astonishing how interesting a dull piece of work may become if
+one sets one’s self to doing it well. That which one subconsciously
+knows one is doing badly is drudgery. The real pleasure in life comes
+not from so-called amusements--things  done by other people to make
+one laugh; to “take one’s mind off”--but from seeing the work of one’s
+own hand and brain prosper. The work of creation, of transformation to
+desirable result, is the purest joy the human mind can experience.
+Fourteen hours a day is not too much for this kind of task. The
+difficulty is to gain skill of hand and eye, or training of mind, to
+this end. A fallacy, a canker at the heart of our social fabric today,
+is that the daily task is something to be rid of.
+
+The psychology of doing is clearly illustrated in the character of
+Fool Billy, as drawn by the author of “Priscilla of the Good Intent.”
+
+“Is there nought ye like better than idleness?” asked the blacksmith.
+“Think now, Billy--just ponder over it.”
+
+“Well, now,” answered the other, after a silence, “there’s
+playing--what ye might call playing at a right good game. Could ye
+think of some likely pastime, David?”
+
+“Ay, could I; blowing bellows is the grandest frolic ever I came
+across.” ...
+
+“I doubt ’tis work, David.... I shouldn’t like to be trapped into
+work. ’Twould scare me when I woke o’ nights and thought of it.”
+
+“See ye then, Billy”--blowing the bellows gently--“is it work to make
+yon sparks go, blue and green and red, as fast as ever ye like to
+drive ’em?”
+
+“Te-he, ’tis just a bit o’ sport--I hadn’t thought of it in that
+light.” And soon he was blowing steadily.
+
+Later, when David the smith was going to America and wished to leave
+his forge with the half-witted Billy, he proposed the smith’s work as
+play.
+
+“Te-he,” laughed Billy, “am I to play wi’ all your fine tools, David?”
+
+“Ay, just that. I’ve taught ye the way o’ them and Dan Foster’s lad
+from Brow Farm shall come and blow the bellows for you.”
+
+“Will that be work for Dan Foster’s lad, or play?”
+
+“Hard work, Billy--grievous hard work, while you are just playing at
+making horseshoes, fence railings, and what not.”
+
+“And I’m to play at making horseshoes,” went on Fool Billy, “while Dan
+Foster’s lad’s sweating hard at bellows-blowing.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    _Community effort is needed to make better conditions for
+    all, in streets and public places, for water and milk supply,
+    hospitals, markets, housing problems, etc. Restraint for sake
+    of neighbors._
+
+
+     Quite slowly but surely, the idea is dawning on the social
+     horizon that the persistence of conditions prejudicial to
+     human prosperity is discreditable to a civilized community,
+     and that economics if not ethics calls for their control.
+
+     _Alice Ravenhill._
+
+
+     It is the new view that disease must be understood and
+     overcome; that hospitals, dispensaries, surgical and medical
+     treatment, nursing and preventive measures must be developed
+     and dovetailed into a general social scheme for the
+     elimination of preventable diseases and a very substantial
+     reduction in the prevalence of such diseases as cannot as
+     yet be classed as preventable.
+
+     _Edward Devine, Social Forces._
+
+
+     Nature endows the vast majority of mankind with a birthright
+     of normal physical efficiency. It is the duty of those who
+     aspire to be known as social workers each to do his share in
+     confirming his fellow beings in this possession.
+
+     _Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before Conference
+     of Women Workers, London, 1904._
+
+
+     We know now that if we do the things we ought to do, we can
+     prevent sickness. We have reached a point where it is
+     recognized that it is the duty of the community or state to
+     effectually protect itself against the ignorant, the
+     selfish, the filthy, and the diseased. We believe now that
+     we must have proper sewage disposal, pure water, decent
+     tenements, clean streets, good-sized playgrounds,
+     supervision of factories, protection of child labor, and
+     pure food.
+
+     _Eugene H. Porter, Report, 1909, New York State Department
+     of Health._
+
+
+     Next after himself, man owes it to his neighbor to be well,
+     and to avoid disease in order that he may impose no burden
+     upon that neighbor.
+
+     _Dr. William T. Sedgwick, The Call to Public Health._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+HOPE
+
+
+The real significance of biological evolution has not been grasped by
+the people in general. It is that man is a part of organic nature,
+subject to laws of development and growth, laws which he cannot break
+with impunity. It is his business to study the forces of Nature and to
+conquer his environment by submitting to the inevitable. Only then
+will man gain control of the conditions which affect his own
+well-being.
+
+Sickness, we know, is the result of breaking some law of universal
+nature. What that law may be, investigators in scores of laboratories
+are endeavoring to determine. In most diseases they have been
+successful. Those remaining are being attacked on all sides, and it
+may be confidently predicted that a few years will see success
+assured.
+
+Why, then, does sickness continue to be the greatest drain upon
+individual and national resources? Because man, through ignorance or
+unbelief, will not avail himself of this knowledge, or is behind the
+times in his method. Where wisdom means effort and discomfort, many
+feel it folly to be wise.
+
+The individual may be wise as to his own needs, but powerless by
+himself to secure the satisfaction of them. Certain concessions to
+others’ needs are always made in family life. The community is only a
+larger family group, and social consciousness must in time take into
+account social welfare. Moreover, a neighbor may pollute the water
+supply, foul the air, and adulterate the food. This is the penalty
+paid for living in groups. Men band together, therefore, to protect a
+common water supply, to suppress smoke, dust, and foul gases which
+render the common air unfit to breathe. The State helps the group to
+protect itself from bad food as it does from destruction of property.
+
+The development of fire protection is a good example of community
+effort. The isolated farmhouse may have buckets of water and blankets
+in an accessible place with which to put out an incipient fire. Then
+eight or ten families build close together. The danger of one becomes
+the danger of all, and a fire brigade is organized that may protect
+all. When hundreds of families crowd together in a small space the
+danger becomes so much the greater that a paid department with
+efficient apparatus is necessary. No one complains of the infraction
+of individual rights. Each one is glad to pay his share of the
+expense.
+
+In securing protection from other dangers, the individual and the
+family unit are fast relying on community regulations. In fact, in
+many ways the individual, when he becomes one of a crowd, must go
+whither the crowd goes and at the same rate of progress.
+
+Failure to recognize that by coming into the community he has
+forfeited his right to unrestrained individuality causes an irritation
+as unreasonable as harmful.
+
+A certain control of sanitary conditions must be delegated to the
+community and its rules cheerfully followed. The legal aspects of
+these rules will be considered in a later chapter. Here is to be
+considered only the _mental attitude_ with which the members of the
+community should come together to agree upon a common defense against
+disease and dirt. The spirit of coöperation must prevail over a
+tendency to antagonism when certain individual rights seem to be
+involved.
+
+Numbers of families living close together are served by the same
+grocer or market man. These families may agree upon their requirements
+as to quality and cleanliness and publish their rules. If they do not
+take interest enough to protect themselves, the community must make
+rules for them. If the local officials are not vigilant enough, the
+State may step in and compel the observance of sanitary regulations.
+
+The average citizen learns of the existence of a health regulation
+when he is warned that he has broken it, or perhaps is fined. His
+first attitude is rebellion at the invasion of his personal liberty.
+The housewife usually takes the ground that the rule is absurd or
+unnecessary.
+
+When, in the interest of the community, any law is to be enforced, how
+are the people to be led from this rebellious state of mind? Perhaps
+first through authority. In America we have learned to use the phrase,
+“Big Stick.” Authority is exactly that; it is coercion from without.
+It has partial result in good; the law may be fulfilled because the
+individual knows he must obey when within the jurisdiction of that
+law; but if the result is simply obedience to authority and not to the
+underlying principle, it will not be a force in his life or be
+continued if by chance he can escape it. He will be a “tramp” in his
+methods of obedience. This method can never be constructive; its value
+lies in the possibility that by continuous usage or repetition the
+procedure may become a habit, and from habit will come reason and
+intelligence.
+
+But the more direct and efficient way to help the individual to
+realize his relation to communal right living is through education.
+The former method--blind obedience--will foster the spirit of
+antagonism and call the State’s protection “interference,” thus
+weakening the efficiency of the State and of the individual, for the
+State is the multiplication of its citizens; but through the latter
+method the individual will carry out the law with intelligence and
+interest. This will be constructive and it will be permanent, for
+again, if the State is the sum of its citizens, the efficiency of the
+State is the sum of the efficiency of the citizens.
+
+Their interests are now identical, the man has become equal master
+with the State; they are co-partners. His motive for right living is
+greater than the letter of the law, for he is the living law, the
+protest against wrong and the fulfillment of the right.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next generation must be born with healthy bodies, must be nurtured
+in healthy physical and moral environments, and must be filled with
+ambition to give birth to a still healthier, still nobler generation.
+But, as has been said, “whatever improvements may sometime be
+achieved, the benefits of their influence can be enjoyed only by
+future, perhaps distantly future generations. We of the present have
+to take our heredity as we find it. We cannot follow the advice of a
+humorous philosopher to begin life by selecting our grandparents; but
+through hygiene (sanitary science) we can make the most of our
+endowment.”[6]
+
+    [6] Report on National Vitality, p. 55.
+
+There is a force in the development of public opinion somewhere
+between individual action and national compulsion which may be termed
+“semi-public” action. It is in a measure the same sort of influence
+that in a later chapter is termed “stimulative education.” For
+instance, a hospital for the treatment of some special ailment is
+needed. Private enterprise furnishes the capital, proves the success
+of the treatment, and then the community comes forward and supports
+the institution. Such helps are accepted freely and are not considered
+undemocratic.
+
+The less spectacular but more effective office of prevention of the
+need for charity, in the maintenance of cleanness in the markets,
+streets, and shops, yes, even in the homes of the people, has been
+neglected. Through lack of belief, and especially through inattention
+to causes so common as to escape notice, many details of great
+hygienic importance have been overlooked.
+
+Some daring ones in commercial ventures are showing the possibilities
+of a standard in cleanness, and model establishments, dairies,
+bakeries, and restaurants should receive the hearty support of a
+community. If they do not receive this support, it is more than
+discouraging to the promoters, for _it costs to be clean_, a lesson
+the community must learn. The saving of money and the consequent loss
+of life through disease, or the spending of money and the saving of
+life through prevention, are the alternatives.
+
+Undoubtedly the old view of charity as tenderly caring for the
+sick--because there must always be a certain amount of sickness in the
+world--has held men back from attempting to make a world without
+sickness. The charity worker of the past had no hope of really making
+things better permanently.
+
+The new view, based upon scientific investigation, is that it is not
+charity that is needed to support invalids who once stricken must
+fade away, but preventive action to give the patient hope and fresh
+air. Most important of all, the experience already gained shows how
+far from the truth was the old fatalistic notion of the necessary
+continuance of disease.
+
+While the support of many agencies--dispensaries, clinics, hospitals,
+sanatoria, etc.--must for a time depend upon private philanthropy, the
+expense is in the nature of an investment to bring in a high rate of
+interest in the future welfare of the race. As soon as the belief in
+the efficiency of these agents reaches the taxpayer he will willingly
+furnish the funds for public agencies.
+
+Today the child in the school is examined; then, if need be, is given
+special consideration at the dispensary, then sent to school, where,
+with fresh air, pure food, and hygienic surroundings, he will so
+strengthen himself as to combat the ravages of disease.
+
+The Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, New
+York City, not only sends bread to fill the hungry stomach, but now
+sends a wise and sympathetic worker to help women to understand food
+and money values, which means a permanent help. And it no longer
+simply says to the tired, worried woman who has had no education-stimulus
+along the line of cleanness, “Be clean,” but sends in women to make
+the house an example, an exhibit of clean conditions, if you will.
+Example is stronger than precept.
+
+In the rapid growth of cities, so often beyond anticipation,
+preparation for development or plans for extension have seldom been
+laid. Much suffering has been wrought to the families of men in our
+crowded cities, for there is no greater evil than the congestion of
+streets and buildings.
+
+Many students of social conditions of today believe that the most
+serious menace is the situation best described as housing--the site,
+the crowding, the bad building, poor water supply and drainage, lack
+of light and air and cleanliness. All believe that it is economically
+a loss to the city in general, however profitable to a very few. To
+rent such buildings is a far greater crime than cruelty to animals or
+even the beating of women and children.
+
+But groups of people the wide world over are keenly awake to this
+state of affairs, and though the problem is tremendous they are trying
+in numerous ways to solve it.
+
+In some cities there are at present organizations urging “city
+planning,” while in several foreign cities the municipality has
+already made regulations. In some cities there are municipal model
+tenements, but this is still a project of too small proportions to
+affect the community.
+
+Perhaps no modern movement that comprehends both the city planning and
+the housing of the working people is more ideal than the “Garden
+Cities” movement in England and the other countries following it.
+
+If there is any spot on which the hand of the law should be laid, it
+is the congested districts in cities and mill villages. The evil has
+grown to such magnitude that the first steps will mean some drastic
+measures.
+
+The author has elsewhere called it the _Capitalists’ Opportunity_.
+Instead of investing in an uncertain gold mine in some distant land,
+let the millions, for no less sum will suffice, be invested in a plot
+of land, whether an open field or a slum district depends on local
+conditions, and thereon cause to be erected habitations decently
+comfortable, wholly sanitary, and place over each group an inspector
+as both agent and teacher who shall be a friend to the tenants, and to
+whose office they may come freely with their needs. This plan has been
+in part carried out in the Model Tenements in New York, but variations
+and improvements are needed. There should be more light and air, more
+grass and trees, even if the buildings are fifteen-story towers.
+
+The old story has been so often reiterated, “But the tenants will not
+use the devices,” that the capitalist has become callous to this
+appeal. The missing link in the chain has been the instruction to go
+with the construction.
+
+All department stores, all venders of new mechanical appliances, have
+come to recognize the value of demonstration, or instruction, in the
+use of articles as an aid to purchase. The advocate of better
+dwellings must take a leaf from the commercial book and _show how_. It
+is in this that philanthropy has been weak in the past. It has assumed
+a power to see, where there was only a fear of handling the strange
+objects.
+
+There is a virgin field for the capitalist who wishes to use some
+millions for the prosperity of the country to build a short trolley
+line to a district of sanitary houses with gardens, playgrounds,
+entertainment halls, etc.; such a village to contain, not long blocks,
+but both separate houses and tenements from two rooms up, possibly
+several stories high, where the elders may have light and air without
+the confusion of the street. Dust and noise will be eliminated. There
+should be a central bakery and laundry, and, most important of all, an
+office where both men and women skilled in sanitary and economic
+practical affairs may be found ready to go to any home and advise on
+any subject. There has never yet been such an enterprise with all the
+elements worked out. Several, however, have shown the way, the Morris
+houses in Brooklyn, for example.
+
+It is easier to take a city block and construct fireproof, high
+buildings than to solve transportation problems. We are losing our
+fear of the high buildings as we see the great value of light and air.
+There is chance for work in this direction, for in spite of rapid
+transit some must live in the center of things.
+
+Let a philanthropist or two, instead of building hospitals, set some
+bright young architects and sanitarians to devising such suitable
+housing conditions for city and suburbs as will obviate the necessity
+for hospitals. Any lover of his kind, any one who longs for fame,
+could find both it and the blessing of the homeless by this means, and
+in the end get a fair return for his investment.
+
+The Federal Department of Labor[7] has studied workingmen’s houses,
+but _living in the house_ has not been worked up. The housewife has no
+station to which she may carry her trials, like the experiment
+stations which have been provided for the farmer. Here is another
+opportunity for the capitalist to hasten the time when the State will
+supply these. The way will very soon be laid out and the first steps
+taken.
+
+    [7] Bulletin No. 54.
+
+For the immediate present some standard of healthful housing is
+needed, and now that a similar type of house and of apartment house is
+being built in all cities and towns from one ocean to the other, and
+from Texas to Maine, such a standard is compatible with conditions.
+
+A score card for houses to rent would save much wrangling. The agent
+shows the card with this house’s rating, and the tenant learns that
+some of his wishes are incompatible with the standard, and some would
+mean a much higher rent than he is willing to pay. Professor J. R.
+Commons, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, has devised
+a score card to serve the house hunter and householder as a standard
+of comparison. This should serve the house builder as well, indicating
+what the demand will be forty or fifty years hence.
+
+At present the rating stands somewhat as follows:
+
+    Dwelling, 100 points
+
+  Location, 18 points out of 100
+  Congestion of buildings, 26 points
+    Common entrance for two or more, discredit 2 points
+    Basement, discredit 5 points
+    Sunlight, credit 16 points of the 26
+  Window openings, 11 points
+  Air and ventilation, 13 points
+  Structural condition, 6 points
+  House appurtenances, 26 points
+    Well outside, discredit 3 points
+
+The final score card may vary somewhat.
+
+For rent collectors there is also a score card.
+
+    Occupants, 100 points
+
+  Congestion of occupancy, 61 points cubic air space
+  1,000 cu. ft. per person, no discredit
+    600 cu. ft. per person discredits 20 points
+  Condition of air and ventilation, 18 points
+  Cleanliness, 21 points
+
+A score card movement might be started as a hobby, and in the end lead
+public opinion to judicial choice and action. No such movement,
+however, is possible without leaders, and leaders of the right type.
+
+The lesson for the community to be drawn from a study of crowd
+psychology is that of leadership and loyal coöperation. The common man
+is likely to be possessed of one idea at a time. If such an one
+becomes a leader, there is danger that equally vital factors will be
+overlooked. Safety is found in a combination of leaders to make an
+all-round improvement.
+
+Each individual is too busy in his own affairs to look after his own,
+much less his neighbor’s, health and comfort, hence community life,
+with its advantages, brings its own dangers. Children in school in
+contact with other children; crowds in trains, in elevators, stores,
+in lecture halls, contract habits as well as diseases. The need for
+large quantities of supplies at one point brings long-distance
+transportation and cold storage difficulties. The man who caters to
+public need does not look far ahead to consequences, and if
+unrestrained may prove more of a menace than a convenience.
+
+The safe and reasonable way is to delegate to certain persons the
+making and enforcement of regulations corresponding to the needs of
+the times, and then to obey them, even at some personal inconvenience.
+
+Each community should put into the hands of its health officers the
+carrying out of the rules it has agreed to as an _insurance_ against
+outbreaks of disease. Does a man let his fire insurance policy lapse
+because the year has passed without a fire? Even if the regulation
+seems superfluous to the particular individual or family, let it be
+remembered that there are inflammable spots in every community.
+Eternal vigilance is the price of safety in sanitary as well as in
+military affairs. As in the army, the community must delegate scout
+duty to certain chosen individuals and rely on their report for
+safety.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    _Interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive
+    effort. First one, then the other ahead._
+
+
+     Preventive medicine is the watchword of the hour, and
+     enlistment in the cause can come only through education....
+
+     He who understands the dangers is thrice armed, and is
+     trained and entitled to enlist in the home guard to protect
+     the health of his household and neighbors.
+
+     _Dr. M. H. Rosenau, Harvard Medical School._
+
+
+     The next generation of parents is being made strong or weak
+     in home and school today by an environment furnished by
+     parents and teachers. These latter cannot be too well
+     instructed in physiology, hygiene, and biology.
+
+     _Prof. John Tyler, The Responsibility of the Medical Profession
+     for Public Education in Hygiene._
+
+
+     The new view is a social view, which seeks in all movements,
+     whether of research or of remedial action, for the common
+     welfare.
+
+     _Edward Devine, Social Forces._
+
+
+     Democracy means that the best of all life is for all, and
+     that if there are many incapable of entering into it, then
+     they must be helped to become capable.
+
+     _Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy._
+
+
+     If the child is not only in theory but in practice
+     recognized as the main interest in society, the family and
+     society will more and more assist the mother in his nurture.
+
+     _W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations._
+
+
+     Health administration cannot rise far above the hygienic
+     standards of those who provide the means for administering
+     sanitary law. The tax-paying public must believe in the
+     economy, utility, and necessity of efficient health
+     administration.
+
+     _Wm. H. Allen, Civics and Health._
+
+
+     The connection between poverty and ill health is so direct,
+     so immediate, and so important that the moment any
+     individual or society turns its attention to the causes of
+     poverty, that moment it finds itself in the thick of the
+     public health movement.
+
+     _Homer Folks, Journal Public Hygiene, November, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+FAITH AND HOPE
+
+
+Progress is a series of zigzags: now the individual goes ahead of the
+community; now the community outstrips the individual.
+
+The community cannot rise much above the level of the individual home,
+and the home rises only by the pull of the community regulations, or
+by the initiative of a few especially farsighted individuals.
+
+The steps need to be carefully measured, for if the family begins to
+rely on the State for the backbone it should have, it will not stay
+up, and its fall will be lower than the stage it rose from. “When man
+reverts, he goes not to Nature, but to death.”
+
+The example set by the city in maintaining clean streets and well-kept
+parks reacts upon the home yards. The insistence by the police on city
+regulations as to alleys and garbage educates the family as to the
+general attention to be paid to such things.
+
+The city authorities, on the other hand, are prodded to their work by
+well-informed individuals who see the great gain to the community from
+certain measures.
+
+The centers of movement, civic and quasi-religious or philanthropic,
+are usually the outgrowth of individual effort. The great movements
+for betterment--water supply, street cleaning, tenement laws,
+etc.--are carried out by community agreement with a common tax outlay.
+
+The clean city means streets of clean houses. The clean house in the
+midst of a dirty city may be the match to start a fire of cleansing.
+
+Probably medical inspection in the public school is as good an example
+as may be given of helpfulness to the community. No quicker means of
+influencing both home and community life may be found, for in five
+years it might revolutionize the whole.
+
+School buildings should be so constructed and so managed that they
+cannot themselves either produce or aggravate physical defects.
+Departments of school hygiene should be organized, not only in every
+city, but for every rural school under county and state
+superintendents of instruction. The general question of physical
+welfare of children involves too many considerations to be
+satisfactorily treated by school physician and school nurse alone, or
+by busy teachers and principals.
+
+“New York City will spend in 1910 $6,500 for making over twenty rooms
+in regular buildings, a first step in an entirely new plan of
+ventilation, which will eventually give outdoor air to all children,
+sick or well.”[8]
+
+    [8] Bureau of Municipal Research.
+
+Speaking generally, America is one of the last of the civilized
+nations to deal with the subject of the medical inspection of school
+children upon a comprehensive and national scheme. But once aroused to
+the needs, it is safe to say that the nation will speedily educate
+parents to correct such home conditions as reduce the child’s ability
+to profit from schooling, and to persuade governments to see that safe
+homes are provided. It will be easy to convince the taxpayer that it
+is cheaper to provide such care than to neglect the future parent and
+citizen, for it is easy to prove that medical inspection in our
+schools returns large dividends on small investments. Dr. Luther
+Gulick says that it seems probable, though only a guess, that the
+total annual expenditure for medical inspection of schools in the
+United States at the present time is perhaps $500,000. The money saved
+by enabling thousands of children to do one year’s work in one year,
+instead of in two or three years, would greatly exceed the total
+expense of examining all children in all boroughs.[9]
+
+    [9] Quoted in Report on National Vitality, p. 123.
+
+The health of all our school children should be conserved by a system
+of competent medical inspection which should secure the correction of
+defects of eyes, ears, teeth, as well as defects due to infection or
+malnutrition.
+
+The statistics of medical inspection in public schools tell a pitiful
+tale wherever it has been tried: thirty or forty per cent of the
+children are found with defective or diseased eyes, ten to twenty per
+cent with distorted spines, fifteen per cent with throat and nose
+troubles, all of which directly affect their intellectual proficiency.
+
+When these deficiencies are discovered and reported to the parents,
+such is the apathy of disbelief that seventy-five per cent of the
+cases usually go unattended; therefore the school nurse, who follows
+the case home and explains the needs and sets forth the penalties, has
+become a necessity.
+
+The parent who permits his child to go to school physically unfitted
+to profit from school opportunity is not only injuring his own child,
+but is injuring his neighbor’s child, and is taxing that neighbor
+without the latter’s consent.
+
+It would seem as if such parents had forfeited their right to the sole
+care of the children, and that government would be obliged, for its
+own protection, to step in and do the work while it is needed. The
+author has termed this _temporary paternalism_. The providing of penny
+lunches during the morning recess, the service of the school nurse and
+the home visitor to teach those parents who are willing to learn all
+these schemes for the saving of the child, may be carried out in a
+spirit of helpfulness with a support which may be withdrawn when no
+longer needed.
+
+Although all America has not become aroused to the undoubted fact of
+tendencies toward physical deterioration, it is on the verge of an
+awakening. The public school is the natural medium for the spread of
+better ideals, and if the teachers of cooking and of hygiene would
+coöperate and use all the material which sanitary science is heaping
+on the table before them, we should soon see a betterment of the
+physical status. Combined with medical inspection and sanitary
+construction of schoolhouses, this would raise the general health of
+the community thirty or forty per cent in five years and fifty to
+seventy per cent in ten years.
+
+There has been in some quarters much objection to public effort
+towards remedying evils which would not have existed if each family
+had lived up to its duties. The community is a larger family, with
+greater resources, and can employ investigators to find the means for
+greater security. That individual is very foolish who does not
+recognize this interaction between community and individual, and who
+objects to taking the benefits of the larger knowledge.
+
+To take one of the latest examples of social problems: In every
+thousand children in the public schools of any city, probably of the
+town also, there are perhaps fifty who are ill-nourished (not
+necessarily underfed), ill-clothed, unwashed, and deprived of good air
+for sleeping. What is the duty of the public? This is one of the
+burning questions of the moment. Send missionary teachers to the
+homes, some say, but that is costly; the selection of the suitable
+missionary is difficult, and the result may be slight. Others say,
+give one good luncheon at the school, for which the children pay in
+part or in whole, and make that an education which, by the aid of the
+school nurse, will in time affect a change in habit. In short, the
+problem is this: Shall the children suffer in childhood and become a
+burden on society in adult years, or shall society protect itself from
+future expense by community care now? “Because _finding_ diseases and
+defects does not protect children unless discovery is followed by
+_treatment_, fifty-eight cities take children to dispensaries or
+instruct at schoolhouses; fifty-eight send nurses from house to house
+to instruct parents and to persuade them to have their families cared
+for; 101 send out cards of instruction to parents either by mail or
+the children; while 157 cities have arranged special coöperation with
+dispensaries, hospitals, and relief societies for giving the children
+the shoes or clothing or medical and dental care which is found
+necessary.”[10]
+
+    [10] Bulletin, Bureau of Municipal Research.
+
+Nearly all preventive measures adopted by society and ranked as
+paternalism by timid philanthropists are or may be educative and
+temporary at the same time. They may be dropped as soon as the end is
+gained. The attention of parents must be called to neglected duties.
+Compulsory attention to such duties as affect the wards of society,
+the children, may be needed for a time. Just as the wise father,
+taking the child for a walk, allows him to run free as soon as his
+strength and courage permit, so the paternalism of society is relaxed
+as soon as its _protégées_ show themselves both able and willing to
+do the right thing without its aid or command.
+
+Compulsory school attendance places responsibility for certain care,
+vaccination, decent clothing, good food, decent shelter. The thousand
+and one ways in which society is now protecting itself are all
+educating the newcomers to American ideals. They are all intended to
+make efficient, self-sustaining citizens who do not feel the pull of
+the law or the bond of outside care. It is the last conflict between
+the ideals of individualism and those of the community need,
+subordinating the individual preference. Much wisdom and forbearance
+will be needed to secure this community ideal, but in that way
+evidently lies progress. It behooves the leaders of social effort to
+make all their work educational, and thus remove the necessity for a
+repetition in the future.
+
+Just as the parent in the home establishes habits while the child’s
+mind is plastic, so the community stands _in loco parentis_ to the
+future citizen, and surrounds him with safeguards while needed.
+Knowledge is needed, scientific investigation is fundamental, expert
+wisdom is indispensable, costly though it is, being the product of
+long research and rare brain power. This is at the service of the
+nation for the good of all the people, and it is the surer the wider
+the range of experience. For this reason chiefly, greater actual
+knowledge and more complete harmonizing of conflicting interests is
+necessary. Certain sanitary measures are carried out by the Federal
+government as an education to communities, just as communities educate
+individuals. Federal effort may be unwisely put forth in certain
+cases, investigations of little consequence may be undertaken, but on
+the whole a democracy must learn to manage its affairs by making
+mistakes. The principle should not be discarded as a result of the
+first mistake.
+
+The immediate concern of this chapter is with the leaders of community
+movements, the educated, sympathetic, farsighted sociologists,
+sanitarians, and economists, whose concern is for the advancement of
+mankind. These leaders must have courage and belief in the value of
+their work, for no half-hearted means will carry the community
+forward. Still more, they must have knowledge, a sure ground to stand
+upon. To acquire this means both time and opportunity. To go into
+betterment work without it is to set back the wheels of progress, not
+to advance them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+    _The child to be “raised” as he should be. Restraint for his
+    good. Teaching good habits the chief duty of the family._
+
+
+     Our success or failure with the unending stream of babies
+     (one every eight seconds) is the measure of our
+     civilization: every institution stands or falls by its
+     contribution to that result, by the improvement of the
+     children born or by the improvement of the quality of births
+     attained under its influence.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, Mankind in the Making._
+
+
+     Children are the most hopeful element of our population, and
+     we should concentrate our efforts on them.
+
+     _Dr. W. F. Porter, Harvard Medical School Lectures._
+
+
+     We want the mothers to be the health officers of the home.
+
+     _Charles W. Hewitt._
+
+
+     When human beings and families rationally subordinate their
+     own interests as perfectly to the welfare of future
+     generations as do animals under the control of instinct, the
+     world will have a more enduring type of family life than
+     exists at present. This can only be accomplished by the
+     development of controlling ideals which are supported not
+     only by reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and
+     religious motive.
+
+     The home should be considered the place where are to be
+     developed and conveyed the precious qualities which are so
+     vital to the continuity of the race and the progress of
+     human society and civilization.
+
+     Those factors which are of a more material or physical
+     nature, such as shelter, food, dress, and personal health,
+     are to be estimated in their relation to mind, character,
+     and effective conduct.
+
+     In the confusion of relative values human health as one of
+     the essential means to many worthy ends is usually
+     neglected. Man is the most highly developed of all species
+     of animals. He is, to some degree at least, civilized, and
+     yet human beings are of all animals the sickliest, and this
+     in spite of the fact that human health is more important to
+     man and to the world than the health of any other creature.
+     And by health I do not mean simply existence, freedom from
+     pain, or absence of disease, but rather organic power and
+     efficiency, the maximum vital ability possible to the
+     individual for the doing of all that seems most worth while
+     in life.
+
+     _Dr. Thomas D. Wood, Lake Placid Conference, 1902._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+RESPONSIBILITY
+
+
+The ideal of “home” is protection from dangers from _within_--bad
+habits, bad food, bad air, dirt and abuse,--shelter, in fact, from all
+stunting agencies, just as the gardener protects his tender plants
+until they become strong enough to stand by themselves. The child’s
+home environment is certainly a potent factor in his future
+efficiency.
+
+But more than physical protection is that education in all that goes
+to make up profitable living, acquired by following the mother or
+nurse in her daily round and in having legitimate questions answered.
+Imitation is the first step in good habits, as in learning to walk or
+to read. That which is set before the child should be worthy its
+imitation, and be of value when fixed as a habit. Habits of health,
+correct position, deep breathing, clean ways, distaste for dirt in
+one’s person or in one’s vicinity, liking for fresh air, for simple
+food, good habits of exercise, of reading, and the thousand and one
+trifles that go to make up the efficient worker in adult years, all
+belong to the well-ordered home, where, as one author puts it, the
+child is the business of the day.
+
+But the State cannot risk its property too far.
+
+When mothers become so careless or ignorant that half their children
+fail to reach their first birthday, and of those that live to be three
+years old a majority are defrauded of their birthright of health, some
+agency must step in.
+
+If the State is to have good citizens it must provide for the teaching
+of the essentials to a generation that will become the wiser mothers
+and fathers of the next. Therefore, even if we regard this as only a
+temporary expedient, we must begin to teach the children in our
+schools, and begin at once, that which we see they are no longer
+learning in the home. “The achievement at Huddersfield, England, is
+especially noteworthy. The average annual number of deaths of infants
+for ten years had been 310. By a systematic education of mothers the
+number was in 1907 reduced to 212. The cost of saving these
+ninety-eight lives was about $2,000.”[11]
+
+    [11] Dr. Charles H. Chapin.
+
+One university has established a course in the care of children, much
+to the amusement of the press. The United States Commissioner of
+Education has, however, been a responsible mover in the idea.
+
+But real progress by means of family education means the stable family
+and the permanent dwelling. Where is the family in the permanent
+dwelling today? Among any class, except the agricultural, where is the
+stable family?
+
+Since industry has taken woman’s work from her, and she has to follow
+it out into the world, the means of education for the child has gone
+from the home. Its atmosphere is artificial, if the attempt is made.
+
+To work exclusively on the family, for the sake of the child, is a
+very slow process. As in all American life, the quicker method appeals
+most strongly. The school is today the quickest means of reaching
+both child and home; the present home through the child, and the
+future homes through the children when they grow up.
+
+And time presses! A whole generation has been lost because the machine
+ran wild without guidance, and all attempt at improvement was met by
+futile resistance.
+
+It is very difficult to present the socionomist’s view of the child in
+the home so that it may appeal to the two extremes of opinion. There
+are those who still apply mediæval rules to twentieth century living;
+those who believe, honestly, that the ideal life was found in the days
+when the mother was the manufacturer in her own home and the children
+were her helpers in all the varied processes. “There was never any
+artificial teaching devised so good for children as the daily helping
+in the household tasks.” The inference is made that therefore the same
+restriction for the mother and the children leads to an ideal life
+today. Such persons fail to realize that the twentieth century is
+practically a new world. The old rules which related to material
+things hardly hold more closely than they would on the planet Mars.
+The fundamental moral principles of reverence, obedience, love, and
+unselfish sacrifice must be worked in on a new background.
+
+To keep the eighteenth century habit, so carefully taught the girl, of
+courtesying as she stepped aside to allow the rider or the ox cart to
+pass, in these days of the swift automobile, which would be out of
+sight before the knee could bend, is no more ridiculous than to expect
+the average young mother to follow the methods of her grandmother. Her
+mother’s ways are now pronounced all wrong, not necessarily because
+they were wrong then, but because conditions have changed, knowledge
+has been gained, and it is clearly a waste of human life, of money, of
+physical and mental power for people to be sick and die because the
+caretaker does not use the knowledge in circulation.
+
+If the young mother can learn how better to fulfill her duties by
+going out of the house to lectures or classes, why not?
+
+Tracts are not always successful as an incentive to conduct. It is
+obviously impossible to pass a blue law compelling parents to conform
+to--what ideal? The school is fast taking the place of the home, not
+because it wishes to do so, but because the home does not fulfill its
+function, and so far has not been made to, and the lack must be
+supplied. The personal point of view, inculcated now by modern
+conditions of strife for money, just as surely as it must have been by
+barbarian struggle in pre-civilized days, must be supplanted by the
+broad view of majority welfare. The extreme of the personal point of
+view, expressed in such phrases as “The world owes me a living;” “My
+child is mine to treat as I please;” “It is nobody’s business how I
+spend my money;” “I have a right to all the pleasure I can get out of
+life,” is well shown in Mr. H. G. Wells’s analogy[12]: “A cat’s
+standpoint is probably strictly individualistic. She sees the whole
+universe as a scheme of more or less useful, pleasurable, and
+interesting things concentrated upon her sensitive and interesting
+personality. With a sinuous determination she evades disagreeables
+and pursues delights. Life is to her quite clearly and simply a
+succession of pleasures, sensations, and interests, among which
+interests there happen to be--kittens.”
+
+    [12] Mankind in the Making.
+
+This unsuspicious ignorance of the real nature of life is by no means
+confined to animals and savages; it would seem to be the common view
+of many young people today. At least they take as little care of the
+homes to which they bring children, and they follow the cat’s example
+in boxing the children’s ears and turning them out to fend for
+themselves.
+
+The last generation seemed to become disciples of Schopenhauer in his
+passionate rebellion against the fate that deferred all the pleasure
+of the present to the needs of the future generation. Evolution has
+revealed the necessity for this subordination of the individual lot to
+the destiny of the race, if progress is to be made. The man who
+asserts himself as free from race trammels is snuffed out as a
+factor--a blighted blossom fallen to earth and trodden under foot. To
+the student of biological evolution, the individual is as a mere pin
+point on the chart of community advance, for surely society grows
+according to evolutionary law. “As certainly as Nature gives the poor
+child its chance of a good life, so certainly do the circumstances of
+slum environment rob it forthwith of its birthright--it is not
+uncommon to find more than half the children of three years of age
+hanging on to life with marks of disease and undergrowth firmly
+implanted on their tender frames. Yet, practically, none of this is
+inherited in the true sense; it is the victory of evil human devices
+in their endeavor to cheat Nature of her own. If ever there was a
+mission in the world worthy of the most strenuous service, it is to
+wrest back this victory, be it out of pity for suffering children or
+for the very welfare and existence of the nation.
+
+“The schools have made their beginning; the _homes_ have not yet
+started; they wait the impulse from without. It is for voluntary,
+intelligent opinion to get to work on the home, and never to relax
+until a race of parents has arisen which knows no other duty to the
+state than to rear with heart and brain the children which have been
+given to them. Then we shall hear no more about physical
+degeneracy.”[13]
+
+    [13] Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before
+    Conference of Women Workers, London, 1904.
+
+Hope for the future is to be found in the conclusions of the
+immigration commission, that in one generation certain marked changes
+in stature and in head measurements have taken place in the children
+of immigrants of various nationalities, such changes as have hitherto
+been considered as the result of centuries. The commissioners credit
+the better environment and larger opportunities with these indications
+of increasing intellectuality and mental force.
+
+Most human efficiency is the result of habits rather than of innate
+ability. These habits of mind, as well as of body, are developed by
+the home life at an early age. The home is responsible for the
+upbringing of healthy, intelligent children. Here is the place for
+fostering the valuable and suppressing the harmful traits. The school
+can never take the place of the home in this. With the large classes
+of the public schools, the teacher should not be asked to undertake
+this individual work. Moreover, correcting a child for personal habits
+can hardly be effective before fifty or sixty pairs of critical eyes.
+
+The office of the home must be to teach habits of right living and
+daily action, and a joy and pride in life as well as responsibility
+for life. It is not fair that the parents should sit back and shift to
+the school the whole responsibility for the future citizen.
+
+The little modifications can best be made in the home, permanent
+foundations can be laid and braced with habits so good and strong that
+nothing can shake them. Most powers are the result of habits. Let the
+furrows be plowed deeply enough while the brain cells are plastic,
+then human energies will result in efficiency and the line of least
+resistance will be the right line. Everything, therefore, which
+influences the child must be the best known to science. The houses of
+the land must be regulated by the scientific laws of right living. To
+the woman, the home worker, we say: “You must have the will power,
+for the sake of your child, to bring to his service all that has been
+discovered for the promotion of human efficiency, so that he may have
+the habit, the _technique_.”
+
+To pay a tax today for the benefit of one’s children is a principle of
+insurance, of benefit association. This feeling of obligation means
+present sacrifice of ease and inclination, and it has been
+increasingly shirked, so that it is not surprising that a tax to
+insure one against future loss by disease is an unwelcome proposition.
+
+The whole question of the child in the home is one of ethics, as the
+writers on social conditions have been trying to convince the world.
+If the swarms of dwellers in the busy hives of industry have no sense
+of their humanity, if they do not use the human power of looking
+ahead, that power which differentiates man from animals, what better
+are they than animals?
+
+No one can be sorry that there are no children in thousands of homes
+one knows. It is better that children should not have been born than
+to come into an inheritance of suffering and mental and moral
+dwarfing. Social uplift will not be possible while parents take the
+view of cats, or even of a well-to-do mother who said, “I did not have
+my baby to discipline her; I had her to play with.”
+
+No state can thrive while its citizens waste their resources of
+health, bodily energy, time, and brain power, any more than a nation
+may prosper which wastes its natural resources.
+
+America today is wasting its human possibilities even more prodigally
+than its material wealth. The latter deficiency is being brought to a
+halt. Shall the human side receive less attention? A sharply divided
+line between home and school is no longer clearly drawn. Parents’
+associations are being formed and are coöperating with the
+school-teacher. To what end? To the better moral and intellectual
+atmosphere of the home. Physical education has had its vogue, but too
+much as an endeavor apart, not as a necessary element in the whole.
+
+The pedagogical world is now becoming convinced that physical defects
+are more often than not the basis of mental incompetence, and this
+leads logically to the teaching of the laws of right living in a
+practical way, not merely as lessons from books, but as daily
+practice. This practice must eventually go into the home, where the
+most of the child’s hours are spent. It is as useless to expect good
+health from unsanitary houses as good English from two hours’ school
+training diluted by twelve hours of slovenly language. Hence the
+imperative need of such teaching and example as can be put into
+practice; and since immediate house to house renovation and change of
+view are impossible, the school must provide for teaching how to live
+wisely and sanely, as well as for clear thinking and æsthetic
+appreciation. Practical hygiene, food, cleanliness, sanitation, all
+must eventually be exemplified by the schoolhouse and taught as a part
+of a general education to all pupils, boys and girls.
+
+If this sounds like socialism, let us not be afraid, but educate for
+five or ten years all children, so that homes may be better managed,
+and then it is to be hoped there will be no need for such school
+training. To live economically in the broad sense of wise use of time,
+money, and bodily strength is the great need of the twentieth century.
+This is practical economics. This is something which cannot today,
+except in rare instances, be learned at home, for conditions change so
+rapidly that grown people may not keep up with them. Mothers’ ways are
+superseded before the children are grown.
+
+The school, if it is maintained as a progressive institution and a
+defense against predatory ideas, is the people’s safeguard from being
+crushed by the irresistible car of progress. I repeat, standards may
+be set by the school which will reach and influence the community in a
+few months. Such standards should be a means of safeguarding the
+people, and this leads to the most important service which a teacher
+of domestic economy can render to the people in giving them a sense of
+control over their environment, than which nothing is so conducive to
+stability of ideas.
+
+To feel one’s self in command of a situation robs it of its terror. A
+great danger in America today is the loss of this feeling of
+self-confidence with which the pioneer was abundantly furnished. A
+certain helpless dependence is creeping over the land because of the
+peculiar development of resources, which must be replaced by a sense
+of power over one’s environment.
+
+
+     _Home Ideals_
+
+     There is no noble life without a noble aim.
+
+     The watchword of the future is the welfare and security of
+     the child.
+
+     Love of home and of what the home stands for converts the
+     drudgery of daily routine into a high order of social
+     service.
+
+     The economy of right uses depends largely upon the
+     home-maker, and brings the return in health, happiness, and
+     efficiency.[14]
+
+    [14] Motto, Mary Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit,
+    Jamestown Exposition, 1907.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+    _The child to be educated in the light of sanitary science.
+    Office of the school. Domestic science for girls. Applied
+    science. The duty of the higher education. Research needed._
+
+
+     No Christian and civilized community can afford to show a
+     happy-go-lucky lack of concern for the youth of today; for,
+     if so, the community will have to pay a terrible penalty of
+     financial burden and social degradation in the tomorrow.
+
+     _President Roosevelt, Message to Congress, December, 1904._
+
+
+     The loss of faith brings us by a short cut straight to the
+     loss of purpose in life--of any purpose, at least, beyond
+     purely material ones. To those who need money the duty of
+     getting it first and above anything else becomes the gospel
+     of life. To those who feel the need of position, whether in
+     society, business, or elsewhere, their gospel drives them to
+     all means within the law to attain that. To those who have
+     both money and position comes the only remaining purpose in
+     life--that of using them for an existence of amusement and
+     enjoyment. Is it too much to say that never before in our
+     history have such aspirations so completely dominated and
+     limited such large classes?
+
+     What is the poor American to do in his present fever and
+     with his present nerves, but with fivefold greater powers
+     placed in his hands and fivefold greater attention and
+     capacity demanded for their control? If sixty years ago the
+     free forces and rushing advance of the republic urgently
+     needed the regulation of a powerful and learned conservative
+     body, who can overestimate the necessity for such service
+     now?
+
+     When you ask how it is to be rendered, one cannot be
+     mistaken in turning first to those priceless qualities in
+     any sound national life whose tendency to decay we noted at
+     the outset. Give back to us our faith. Give back to us a
+     serious and worthy purpose. Restore sane views of life, of
+     our own relations to it, and of our relations to those who
+     share it with us.
+
+     _Whitelaw Reid, Phi Beta Kappa address, 1903._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE HOME AND THE SCHOOL
+
+
+One must not displace the other, for one cannot replace the other, but
+rather the home and the school must react on each other. The home is
+the place in which to gain the experience, and the school the place in
+which to acquire the knowledge that shall illuminate and crystallize
+the experience. The child should go out to the school with enthusiasm,
+and return to the home filled with a deeper interest and desire to
+realize things.
+
+In morals and manners the school can only give tendency or direction
+to the child’s life. The school is not the best place to teach ethics.
+In the family life the child himself finds his future revealed,
+reflected by his relations to other members of the family. The spirit
+of coöperation nurtured there will develop in the school through the
+more various opportunities of relationship to others.
+
+The earlier conditions cannot be restored, even the home training
+cannot be brought back, except on the farm, and there, it is hoped, it
+may be revived. The city or suburban children cannot have the
+opportunity to pick up chips when too young to bring in wood; cannot
+stand by and hold skeins of yarn, or go to the barn and help feed the
+calves--all most interesting and provocative of endless questions.
+They cannot go into the garden and pick berries or vegetables for
+dinner, cannot learn how to avoid breaking the vines, or how to judge
+the ripeness of the melons.
+
+All that is probably not feasible for many, because it is not possible
+to give children of this age responsibility without oversight, and
+today’s elders are loath to give and are often incapable of giving
+oversight.
+
+But while these circumstances over which, apparently, we have no
+control, preclude much of the valuable outdoor work, food has still to
+be prepared, dishes need washing, and clothes must be mended, even if
+towels and napkins are no longer hemmed by hand. Rooms are still
+swept and dusted, beds are made, and chairs and tables put straight.
+Has any better means of giving experience ever been devised than these
+small, daily tasks which differentiate men from animals? The care of
+the fixed habitation, the foresight needed to prepare the things for
+the family life in the weeks and months to come, the coöperation of
+all the members of the family toward one common end--all tend toward
+high _human ideals_. If the wise mother only realized the value to the
+child of helping in such portions as are not too heavy, of being a
+part of the life, she would let nothing stand in the way of using this
+natural means of development. But with foreign domestics whose idea is
+to get the various duties over as soon as possible, and whose gift is
+not that of teaching, how is the child to grow into the normal ways of
+right daily living, unconsciously and effectively?
+
+If the parents continue to throw all the work of education on the
+school, then the school must take the best means of fulfilling the
+task.
+
+Not only has the home put the burden of education on the school, but
+the school has drawn the child away from the home. The school of today
+demands much more from him than the school of the early New England
+days. It has taken the time that was formerly given to assisting in
+the duties of the household; it has taken from the home the interest
+and responsibility that were developed through the coöperation in the
+family life. School has taken the place of home in the child’s
+thoughts. In the morning the thought is of reaching school in time,
+not of the home duties whose performance could lighten many a mother’s
+burden.
+
+The school, hurried with a curriculum that is wasteful of time and
+energy, lacking correlation in the studies (except in a few schools
+that are noted exceptions proving the rule), has little time to relate
+its work to the home as the kindergarten does in its morning talk; so
+there must come an intermediate step in order that the school may
+emphasize the home life and industries, and that a generation may grow
+up who shall have a knowledge of the daily needs of life.
+
+The interest awakened in the school will surely react upon the home.
+It is like an expedition going out to make discoveries and to bring
+back knowledge to its own land. The directive work of the school will
+thus become a practical realization in the home. Then the cycle will
+be complete, for while the school has separated the child from his
+natural environment for many hours and weeks, it is sending him back
+better equipped through knowledge and experience to fulfill his place
+there.
+
+How shall the ends be gained artificially by devices of the school?
+For gained they must be, if civilization is to be maintained.
+
+To quote from Isabel Bevier:
+
+“As the home is so inseparably connected with the house, and our
+comfort and efficiency are so greatly influenced by the kind of houses
+in which we live, much of interest and importance centers in the study
+of the house.”
+
+Moreover, with the house, its evolution, decoration, and care, may be
+associated much that is interesting in history, art, and
+architecture, as well as much that has a direct bearing on the daily
+life of the individual.
+
+The philosophers have struggled for centuries, each contributing
+according to his experience and vision to determine what is the
+purpose of life. America’s thought could be translated into the word
+efficiency. Yes, we might almost say she worships efficiency. If,
+then, efficiency is to be the goal, what are the means to develop it?
+Efficiency depends chiefly upon good health, and to maintain this we
+must first consider in the scheme of education the physical
+aids--food, air, water, clothing and shelter, exercise and rest--and
+with this goal in view must come also recreation, play or amusement,
+and beauty to develop the mental and the spiritual. In relating our
+scheme of work to this ideal we will consider first the shelter.
+
+The children of ten or twelve years of age have passed the
+“make-believe” stage of play; they want the “real,” but of their own
+kind and age. After little children have made and played with toys and
+foreshadowed the needs of the actual home, the time has come for the
+youth to have his demands, which are not yet the demands of man and
+manhood.
+
+At the Tuberculosis Congress, held in Washington in 1908, a sanatorium
+in England, which won a prize, presented among many good features a
+system of graded work with graded tools, almost childlike implements
+for the weak and unskilled, gradually advancing toward the normal as
+the strength and health of the man grew. So it should be with the
+material we should give to the children.
+
+After the toy age a house about two-thirds the ordinary sized house
+may be constructed. A room seven feet square is very livable for a
+child. Three rooms is a very good working plant--the kitchen and the
+bedroom, the dining and living room combined. Both boys and girls may
+coöperate in planning, building, and furnishing this home.
+
+The plan of a modern house may be drawn, basing it on the knowledge of
+house architecture through history, of the modification necessary to
+site through geography, and the knowledge that science has brought of
+drainage, ventilation, and construction. The house could be built by
+the manual training class, or if that is not feasible it may be built
+by one of the firms making portable houses. At all events, it can be
+painted by the children, and this will lead to lessons on color, the
+use of paint and its composition.
+
+While the “shelter” is being constructed the child must be considering
+at the same time the principles of caring for the home, for this would
+naturally influence the thought of furnishing. The simply furnished
+home means less physical exertion, but not less beauty. The home
+planned and executed on scientific principles of hygiene and
+sanitation means a healthful home, a much cleaner home.
+
+The shelter of the individual has been considered; now comes the
+immediate protection of the child--its clothing. It would not be quite
+practical in this little home to enter into the personal activities of
+bathing and dressing. A very large doll, approximating the child, may
+be used, one large enough so that it can wear boots, stockings, etc.,
+that are usually bought for the real child. Here can be taught also
+the lesson in wise spending.
+
+The right care of the body must be included among the necessities of
+education. The teaching of the principles of hygiene should be closely
+related to the lives of the children. Correct habits, not rules, are
+the proper prevention for all sorts of defects. To secure and maintain
+a healthy body, habits of cleanliness and enthusiasm for health must
+be inculcated. Such habits can be readily impressed on the body while
+it is plastic--that is, while it is young; but they are acquired only
+with difficulty and by much thought in after years. Hence there is the
+greatest economy of time and energy in accustoming young people to
+habits of daily living which will give them the best chance in after
+life--the chance to be “healthy, happy, efficient human beings.” Most
+of the teaching must be by indirect methods--illustrations--and so the
+doll may be used again to demonstrate and relate facts about the daily
+life.
+
+An old Scotch writer once said, “He that would be good must be happy,
+and he that would be happy must be healthy.” As has already been said,
+the great increase of disease from causes under individual control,
+such as that which is brought on by errors of diet, points to a need
+for a more general education in this respect. The food problem is
+fundamental to the welfare of the race. Society, to protect itself,
+must take cognizance of the questions of food and nutrition. It is
+necessary to give the child the right ideas on these subjects, for
+only then will there be sufficient effort to get the right kind of
+food and to have it clean. Right living goes further and demands the
+right manner of serving and eating the food. The home table should be
+the school of good manners and of good food habits of which the child
+ought not to be deprived.
+
+If all the foregoing principles have been developed, if the child has
+been led to see the joy of living through these home activities, he
+will consider the home the true shelter, the place where he can have
+the happiest play, the easiest rest, where he can study most
+earnestly, and express himself most honestly.
+
+And the parents, the fathers and mothers of children of the city? How
+far are we helping the city dwellers to take advantage of city life?
+The principles back of housekeeping are the same, the end the
+same--what are to be the means to stimulate the modern home-maker?
+Show the possibilities within reach of them; send the children home
+with ideas which the mother must consider.
+
+Education in pursuing the so-called “humanities” has been holding up
+to view a hypothetical man in a hypothetical environment.
+
+The pursuit of gold has not been hindered thereby, and has gone on
+without the restraints of education because of the complete detachment
+of ideals inculcated from the actual daily life where money meant
+personal pleasure and comfort for the time being.
+
+The power over things gained by a few students was utilized by money
+power to hasten all progress. Speed was the watchword. No one could
+stop to see what injury he had caused. “Get there,” really seemed to
+be the motto. In this scramble for power the “purpose” for which life
+is lived has been lost sight of. No “worthy aim” has been impressed on
+the mind of the child.
+
+An awakening has come and the school is the leading factor in the
+upward movement. Education is coming to have a new meaning, or better,
+perhaps, is going back to the older meaning with new materials. No
+knowledge or power the youth may acquire will avail in real struggle
+for existence of the race without a definite aim to hold steady the
+eye fixed on a certain goal. This is a law of man’s existence.
+
+The change in point of view has been growing like a root underground.
+It seems to have suddenly sent up shoots in every direction. In no
+line of thought has this change come more generally than in relation
+to the things youth should be taught. Himself and his relation to his
+environment are now to the front. Instead of extolling man as the lord
+of all created things, the youth is made to see that man unaided by
+scientific knowledge is at the mercy of Nature’s forces; that man in
+crowds is sure to succumb unless he makes a strong effort to keep
+himself erect.
+
+Hence the boys are given manual training--power over wood and stone,
+steam and electricity; and are taught the principles of production of
+food and metals. The girls are being taught to distinguish values in
+textiles and food stuffs; to manage finances and to keep houses in a
+sanitary manner.
+
+It is the business of the higher education at once to apply the
+knowledge of preventive measures to its own students and through them
+to reach the people, but it has been very slow to take up the cause of
+better environment.
+
+In colleges there is still more emphasis laid on external works, such
+as water supply, drainage, etc., than on the more intimate hourly
+needs of fresh air and clean rooms. The halls, study rooms, and dining
+rooms of colleges are notoriously ill ventilated and not over clean.
+
+The senses are blunted at an age when they should be keenly
+sensitive. It is only within ten years or so that very many of the
+higher schools have made a point of indoor sanitation beyond plumbing
+provisions. Outdoor sports have been relied upon to give sufficient
+impetus to the health side of education.
+
+A new element has come into the State universities through the Home
+Economics courses, which have been steadily growing in favor during
+the last two decades. Within that time several buildings have been
+erected and equipped to teach the principles of sanitary and economic
+living both in institution, school, and family life.
+
+Probably no one movement has been so powerful as this in convincing
+educators of the efficiency of trained women as factors in sanitary
+progress. In no other direction is the outlook for social service
+greater. The woman must, however, be more than a willing worker; she
+must be educated in science as a foundation for sanitary work.
+
+Within the next few years the demand for trained women is sure far to
+exceed the supply, for the fundamental sciences are not to be acquired
+in one or two years.
+
+Young college women are even now realizing their mistake in neglecting
+the sciences. They assumed that science was not of practical use. They
+assumed that educational curricula were stable and would go on in the
+same lines forever.
+
+The high school is now fully awake to these vital factors. Some of the
+best buildings in the United States are the high school buildings,
+those of the West excelling those of the East. By 1911 nearly every
+school will have a course in Sanitary Science. It may be under the
+name of Home Economics, or of Camp Cookery, or of House Building, but
+the idea of better physical environment has already taken root. In the
+extension of school work by the employment of the school visitor to
+supplement the work of the teacher in the grade schools, in Parents’
+Associations, in Mothers’ Clubs, in social endeavors on every side,
+there is coming the study of more special branches of sanitary
+science, clean air, clean floors, clean clothes--where once cooking
+lessons were the extent to which the workers could lead.
+
+Evolution has at last been accepted as applying to man as well as to
+animals. In his inaugural address, November, 1909, President H. J.
+Waters, of Kansas Agricultural College, said: “... for every dollar
+that goes into the fitting of a show herd of cattle or hogs, or into
+experiments in feeding domestic animals, there should be a like sum
+available for fundamental research in feeding men for the greatest
+efficiency.... We have millions for research in the realm of domestic
+animals and nothing for the application of science to the rearing of
+children.”
+
+Evidence is not wanting that all this is to be speedily changed. Man
+has awakened to the fact that he is “the sickest beast alive” and that
+he has himself to blame, and, moreover, that it is within his power to
+change his condition and that speedily.
+
+After all, human life and effort are governed largely by the conscious
+or unconscious value put upon the varied elements that go to make up
+the daily round.
+
+It seems to be a universal law that effort must precede satisfaction,
+from the infant feeding to the man building up a successful business.
+The satisfaction grows in a measure as the effort was a prolonged or
+sustained one.
+
+Well-being is a product of effort and resulting satisfaction. The
+child without interest in work or play does not develop; the man with
+no stimulus walks through life as in a dream.
+
+The first steps in “civilizing” (?) a nation or tribe are to suggest
+_wants_--things to strive for. Struggle, with all its attendant evils,
+seems the lever that moves the world. It is therefore in line that
+health, and whatever favors it, is to be gained at the expense of
+struggle. The one necessary element is that men should value it enough
+to struggle for it.
+
+Sanitary science above all others, when applied, benefits the whole
+people, raises the level of productive life.
+
+In the rapid development of our civilization, the laboratory, the
+shop, the school can be the quickest mediums of suggesting wants.
+
+In an earlier chapter, the indifference to clean conditions, the
+ignorance of the means of obtaining pure food and clean air, were
+dwelt upon, and still later the need of _will_ to choose the right
+thing.
+
+Now we should consider the means of stimulating that choice. So far it
+has been chiefly exploitation for the personal gain of the
+manufacturer, who has persuaded the people to buy his product
+regardless of its economic or hygienic effect. Thrift has been
+undermined most subtly.
+
+“That’s the secret of the whole situation we’re talking about; it’s
+easier to buy a new shirt than to take care of the one you’ve
+got.”[15]
+
+    [15] Meredith Nicholson, Lords of High Decision, p. 133.
+
+All sense of values has been lost, so that with no sound basis choice
+is apt to be unwise, unsatisfactory, and is gradually dropped, while
+the individual drifts.
+
+No more effective agent for the dissemination of knowledge was ever
+devised than the American Public School. If only it would live up to
+its opportunities, its teachers could bring to its millions of
+receptive minds the best practice in daily living (never mind the
+theory for the children), and through the children reach the home,
+where the infants may be saved from the risks that the elders have
+run.
+
+To be effective, however, school conditions should be satisfactory,
+and teachers should be familiar with the best ways of living, or at
+least in active sympathy with the medical inspector and the school
+nurse.
+
+No more revolting revelations have ever been made than those usually
+locked in the hearts of these faithful servants of the people. How
+they can have courage to go on in face of parental and community
+indifference is a marvel. We shall consider in the next chapter how
+the average parent is to be aroused.
+
+But the leaders in educational and scientific thought--what of them?
+The school is the pride of the community and measures the progress of
+the community toward ideals. Alas, how is pride laid low in most
+public school buildings in the inability of most of the teachers to
+see the relations between mental stupidity and bad air.
+
+The awakening has begun, however, and thousands of teachers have
+responded and are urging authorities to burn more coal, to employ more
+help, to keep the house clean, to make it more beautiful, to make the
+curriculum more helpful, to make provision for good food to be
+purchased, and the hundred ways in which the school may be the most
+powerful civilizing factor the nation has. _But civilization must not
+spell disease and ruin._
+
+The economic factor must not be lost sight of. To tell the boy and
+girl that they are as good as any does not give them the right to the
+most expensive food and clothing they see. How shall they choose
+wisely in the multitude of new things? They wish the best, naturally,
+and all America is honeycombed with the wrong idea that the best costs
+the most. An Alaska Indian came into the store in Juneau one day to
+buy some canned peas. The storekeeper said, “I am out of the brand you
+want.” “No peas?” asked the Indian. “No, only some small cans of
+French peas at forty cents a can. You don’t want those.” “Why not? Me
+want the best.”
+
+The schools of domestic economy, the classes in all grade schools,
+will have to attack and conquer these prejudices as to values, or,
+rather, will need to substitute right estimates of value before our
+people will choose wisely in distributing their income, for that is
+what right living means. The division of the income according to the
+necessities of health and efficiency, not according to whim or selfish
+desire, is sometimes estimated as
+
+  20 to 25 per cent for rent
+  25 to 30 per cent for food
+  10 to 15 per cent for clothing
+
+This leaves only forty-five or thirty per cent for other things, and
+the pennies must be carefully counted to cover fuel, light,
+amusements, education, books, insurance, or investments. Something
+that the family would like must be left out--no matter what, providing
+only it does not injure their efficiency as wage-earners, as
+comfortable human beings.
+
+The sensation of comfort or satisfaction is so completely a psychic
+factor that the school training has a great chance to affect after
+life. The child can acquire the habit of being more comfortable in
+plain, washable, clean clothes, with clean hands, than in dirty,
+ragged furbelows. This habit once thoroughly acquired is not likely to
+be quickly lost. Provision for clean hands is a necessity in school,
+and ways of making a small amount of soap and water serve may also be
+taught. All the while, care is to be taken not to introduce
+unnecessarily expensive materials or to inculcate over-refined
+notions.
+
+Sound instruction as to dangers of transference of saliva, of nose
+discharge, etc., can be given without also giving the despair of
+impossible achievement.
+
+The teaching in the classes must have this practical bearing on daily
+life. It is insisted on here because unclean hands are the chief
+source of infectious disease.
+
+Instead of blaming water supplies, dusty streets, or even contagion by
+the breath, sanitarians are everywhere putting emphasis upon the
+actual contact of moist mucus with milk and other food, in preparation
+or in serving. It is not a supercilious notion to examine tumblers
+for finger marks, or to object to the habit of wetting the finger with
+saliva in turning leaves of books. These little unclean acts are the
+unconscious habits that cling to a person in spite of education from
+reading. The greatest service to be done today in improving the health
+of the community is in the application of the principles which may be
+summed up in the phrases--fresh air all the twenty-four hours, clean
+hands the livelong day, the free use of the handkerchief to protect
+from contamination of mouth and nose.
+
+All these small personal habits should be taught in the earliest
+months of life, _i. e._, in the home; but if the child reaches school
+untaught, then in defense of the whole community the school must
+insist upon teaching them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+     _Stimulative education for adults. Books, newspapers,
+     lectures, working models, museums, exhibits, moving
+     pictures._
+
+
+     The efficient sanitarian is not so great when he conquers a
+     raging epidemic as when he prevents an epidemic that might
+     have raged but for his preventive care, and for this result
+     his most continuous and effectual work is to
+     educate--educate--educate.
+
+     _Wm. H. Brewer, New Haven Health Association, 1905._
+
+
+     The essential fact in man’s history to my sense is the slow
+     unfolding of a sense of community with his kind, of the
+     possibilities of coöperation leading to scarce-dreamt-of
+     collective powers, of a synthesis of the species, of the
+     development of a common general idea, a common general
+     purpose out of a present confusion.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, First and Last Things._
+
+
+     The great mass of the population is, indeed, at the present
+     time like clay which has hitherto been a mere deadening
+     influence underneath, but which this educational process,
+     like some drying and heating influence upon that clay, is
+     rendering resonant.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+     In a store an advertisement reads: “Any kind of tea you
+     prefer; no charge whatever.”
+
+     She: “The women look so tired when they come in, and in ten
+     minutes they are so rested and refreshed.”
+
+     He: “Ready to go home?”
+
+     She: “Why, no--ready to do some more shopping.”
+
+     _Spectator, The Outlook, December 18, 1909._
+
+
+Something in motion and something to eat attract the crowd.
+
+The social worker is just beginning to realize what the manufacturer
+and the department storekeeper have long since found out.
+
+Why is it not legitimate to “attract a crowd,” to do them a good
+service in showing them how to save money as well as in impelling them
+to spend it? It is wiser to _show how_ before explaining why.
+
+The force of example, the power of suggestion, should be used fully
+before coercion is applied. Exhibits and models come before law.
+
+The psychology of influence is an interesting study (see
+Münsterberg’s article, _McClure’s_, November, 1909). Its principles
+have been grasped and used by those who exploit human feelings for
+their own gain. The student of social conditions should make a wider
+and better use of a real force.
+
+Publicity is perhaps first. Exhibits showing existing conditions often
+shock people into attention, for it is inattention more than anything
+else that prevent betterment.
+
+It is said that “a knowledge of danger is the surest means of guarding
+against it,” but this knowledge must be translated into belief and the
+danger be brought home to the individual as a member of the community.
+
+Exhibits may often suggest for existing evils simple remedies never
+thought of before. They should never suggest the one idea without the
+other. Even though the remedy is not worked out, it should be called
+for. America’s inventive power may well be turned on its own social
+affairs as well as on adaptation of European machinery.
+
+The man considered in these pages is the man in community environment,
+and the discussion is as to what controls this community life. It will
+be acknowledged by all thoughtful persons that the prime control lies
+in the purpose for which the community exists. If for selfish gain,
+then all is sacrificed to that end. Men and women become mere machines
+and children are only in the way until they, too, may be put into the
+service.
+
+If it exists for mutual help and general advance in civilization, then
+the leaders in the community take into account the elements that
+contribute to the future as well as those for the immediate present.
+
+In the confusion of ideas resulting from the rapid, almost cancerous
+growth of the modern community, made possible by mechanical invention,
+the people have lost the power of visualizing their conception of
+right and wrong, a power which made the Puritan such a force in early
+colonial times. Heaven and hell were very real to him and were
+powerful factors in influencing his daily life. The average man today
+has no such spur to good behavior. Perhaps the sword of Damocles must
+be visualized by such exhibits as the going out of an electric light
+every time a man dies, by the ghastly microbe in the moving picture,
+by the highly colored print or by a vivid reproduction of crowded
+quarters. The social worker has been doubtful of the real value of
+such exhibits, but such reminders have their place in a community
+accustomed to the advertising of less worthy subjects.
+
+A decided recognition of the value of exhibits is found in the
+advertisement of a company: “We design and equip Exhibits on
+Tuberculosis, Milk, Civic Betterment, Dental Hygiene, Saner Fourth of
+July. Have you our catalogue?” Much of our educational work for the
+dissemination of useful knowledge would gain in power and directness
+from an adaptation of the methods of the man skilled in promoting
+commercial interests. He knows how to apply the right stimulus at the
+right time in order to arouse the desired interest.
+
+In many ways the adult is but the child of a larger growth, who needs
+something concrete to make him understand. And so have grown up the
+great industrial fairs and exhibitions. One comes away from these
+wondering that so much, both good and bad, is being prepared for him,
+and stimulated, usually, to work out certain suggestions and better
+many of the present conditions. Both the manufacturer and the consumer
+have been helped.
+
+Wherever it is possible, a working model illustrating the chief
+features to be explained should be installed. The expense of this kind
+of exhibit has in the past been prohibitive, and moreover the use of
+such “claptrap” has been frowned upon; but scientific knowledge is no
+longer to be held within the aristocratic circle of the university. It
+is to be brought within the reach of the man in the street, and to
+make up for the wasted years of seclusion experts now vie with each
+other in putting cause and effect not merely into words but into
+pictures, and even into motion pictures. The fly as a carrier of
+disease is now shown in all its busy and disgusting activity. The
+lesson of awakened attention by such means is being learned, and soon
+lessons in botany, in gardening, in housewifery, will be given through
+the eye, to be the better followed by the hand.
+
+Of all means, that product of man’s ingenuity, the moving picture, is
+destined to play the greatest part in quick education. It is the
+quintessence of democracy.
+
+The extension movement in education is an evidence of a new social
+ideal. It is a true expression of democracy that the university and
+school can be utilized by the busy working people. Museums that at one
+time were only for the educated who by previous training could
+understand them now assume as a privilege the educating of all the
+people. Schools of art and science, also, through lectures, bulletins,
+guides, and special exhibits, extend a generous welcome to the public.
+
+The citizens ought to be a gladder, sadder people, stirred and
+delighted and grateful for much that the city affords; sad and shocked
+by some of the forbidding, existing conditions. That is the power of
+an exhibit, so to visualize a condition that the mind really
+conceives it, never again to recover from the shock, to be unmindful
+of such possibilities of degraded existence for human beings.
+
+The influence of these great expositions is of a most subtle kind, not
+often to be traced, but there is a noticeable change in the estimation
+in which Home Economics is held dating from the time of the Mary
+Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit held at the Exposition in St.
+Louis in 1905. This illustrated the application of modern knowledge to
+home life, chiefly in economic and æsthetic lines, all bearing upon
+the health and efficiency of the people. The Chicago Exposition in
+1893 had its Rumford Kitchen, an exhibit under the auspices of the
+State of Massachusetts. This practical illustration of scientific
+principles modified the ideas of the world as to the place and
+importance of cookery in education. Indeed, there seemed a distinct
+danger that other lines would be neglected, so that when the
+Exposition at St. Louis was determined upon this legacy of fifteen
+years before was drawn upon to show the wide scope of the subject as
+it had been developed.
+
+Boards of Health might pave the way for a better understanding of
+their rules and regulations if they would have temporary exhibits in
+public places of some of the conditions known to them but unsuspected
+by the average citizen and taxpayer.
+
+Traveling exhibits may show local and temporary conditions and may
+call attention to needs demanding immediate remedy--with the remedy
+suggested.
+
+Permanent exhibits in museums should, on the other hand, teach a
+deeper lesson. They should always be constructive and should be
+replaced when the conditions have changed. The modern idea of a museum
+is a series of adjustable exhibits with distinct suggestive purpose.
+Such are found in the Town Room, 3 Joy Street, Boston, the Social
+Museum, Harvard College, the American Museum of Safety, and the
+Sanitary Science Section, American Museum of Natural History, New
+York.
+
+The distribution of the printed word has become so universal that it
+would seem as if every family might be influenced by it; but the
+scientific title, or the size of the book, or the scientific terms
+seem forbidding, and so the whole question is thrust aside.
+
+In the past, newspaper science was largely discounted as sensational
+and only one-tenth fact. Scientific workers were largely to blame for
+this. They could not take the time to explain the meaning of their
+work, and the few things they were ready to say were worked over out
+of all semblance to truth by the writer who must have a “story” and
+who had not the training in “suspension of judgment” which the
+scientific investigator knows to be necessary.
+
+There is no concern of human life that cannot be made interesting, and
+the magazine writers of today understand that art. Read the newspaper
+and the world is yours. It is all things to all men. The popularizing
+of knowledge is now proceeding on somewhat better lines.
+Intermediaries between the laboratory and the people are springing up
+to interpret the one to the other. This work is good or bad according
+to the individual writer. Most of it is still too superficial. Here is
+one of the most fertile fields for the educated woman, since the
+evils of which we complain have to do so intimately with woman’s
+province, the home and the school. There is hope that the trained,
+scientific woman will take her place as interpreter. Her practical
+sense will give her an advantage over the young man who has never
+known other home than a boarding house.
+
+But the expert knows that the man of “practical affairs” wants and
+needs certain knowledge, and so seeks another way. Our Federal
+government, through the departments of Agriculture and Education; the
+State Boards of Health; the educational institutions, have with care
+and accuracy formulated this knowledge and are sending to the people,
+in the form of bulletins meeting their interest and requirements,
+knowledge in concise and readable form, and so most valuable. More
+than five hundred thousand copies of Miss Maria Parloa’s bulletin on
+Preserving have been distributed by the Department of Agriculture.
+
+These efforts by both men and women have meant independent scientific
+research, which is often the only available knowledge for the
+housekeeper. It is bringing to them in their “business” of life the
+same help that the men on the farm and elsewhere are receiving in
+theirs.
+
+But the written word, however clearly put, can never reach the
+untrained as can the voice and personality of an earnest speaker with
+a compelling vitality. Lectures by those who have been engaged in
+research themselves, so that they have absorbed the spirit of the
+laboratory--not by those who have merely smelled the odors of the
+waste jars--are ten times more valuable than even the most
+attractively illustrated articles. It is well that the personality of
+the human being is an asset, and that there is a stimulus in hearing
+and seeing the person who has accomplished things. There is always a
+power in the spoken word. The government, with its public lectures,
+recognizes this as well as the private organization, and today
+ignorance is necessarily due only to indifference.
+
+Illustrated lectures followed by literature are of inestimable value
+if rightly and not sensationally given. Even then, the seed must have
+time to sprout.
+
+Man has reached his present stage of civilization, however we regard
+it, by an incessant warfare against adverse conditions. Enemies, man
+and beast, surrounded him; mountains and rivers obstructed his
+passage; fire and flood swept away his dwellings; but ever onward the
+inward impulse has carried him.
+
+It is interesting to see how the same vocabulary is transferred to the
+warfare for social betterment, “campaign,” “warfare,” “battle,”
+“fight,” “weapon,” “corps,” “army.” And the fight to be won can only
+come through knowledge, its dissemination and then its application.
+
+Publicity today means coöperation and democracy--all to help, all to
+be helped.
+
+All the foregoing methods should be used in these campaigns for
+health, with the dictum, “Man, know thyself.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+    _Both child and adult to be protected from their own
+    ignorance. Educative value of law and of fines for
+    disobedience. Compulsory sanitation by municipal, state, and
+    federal regulations. Instructive inspection._
+
+
+     The strength of the State is the sum of all the effective
+     people.
+
+     _Dr. Edward Jarvis, Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1874._
+
+
+     When the Americans took charge of Bilibid Prison in Manila
+     the death rate was 238 per 1,000 per year: by improving
+     sanitary conditions, this death rate was reduced to about 75
+     per 1,000: here it remained stationary until it was
+     discovered that a very high percentage of the prisoners were
+     infected with hookworms and other intestinal parasites: then
+     a systematic campaign was inaugurated to expel these worms,
+     and when this was done the death rate fell to 13.5 per 1,000.
+
+     _C. W. Stiles._
+
+
+     So the duties and responsibilities of a Health Department
+     are not only changed, but they are very greatly increased
+     and are constantly increasing. And on broad lines to cause
+     the citizen to do the things he can and ought to do, and
+     then to do for him the things that he cannot do, but which
+     should be done, is the duty of the State, and that, being
+     interpreted, means the real prevention of disease.
+
+     _Eugene H. Porter, Report, New York State Department of
+     Health, 1909._
+
+
+     The whole difference of modern scientific research from that
+     of the Middle Ages, the secret of its immense successes,
+     lies in its collective character, in the fact that every
+     fruitful experiment is published, every new discovery of
+     relationships explained. In a sense, scientific research is
+     a triumph over natural instinct, over that mean instinct
+     that makes men secretive.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old._
+
+
+     Public or governmental hygiene has been chiefly concerned
+     with pure air and pure food, and with organisms producing
+     epidemic diseases. Boards of health are a recent invention,
+     and in this country they have as yet been only imperfectly
+     developed. They can never become the power they should be
+     until, first, public opinion better realizes their
+     usefulness and the fact that their cost to the taxpayer is
+     saved many times over by the prevention of death and
+     disease; second, more and better health legislation is
+     enacted--national, state, and municipal; and, third, special
+     training is secured for what is really a new profession,
+     that of a public health officer.
+
+     _Report on National Vitality._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LEGISLATIVE COMPULSION
+
+
+Government is delegated to persons specially set apart for the
+oversight of the people’s welfare.
+
+Personal conduct was free from such delegated power in the Anglo-Saxon
+thought. The Englishman’s house was his castle inviolate. This was
+especially true of the early American settlers. Laws interfering with
+personal liberty, a man’s right to drink tea, to punish his own
+children, to beat his own wife, to keep his own muck-heap, have been
+deeply resented by the American citizen. Each step in the protection
+of his neighbor has been taken only by a struggle extending the common
+law of nuisance to a variety of conditions.
+
+The protection of the man against himself, and of his wife and child
+against his ignorance or greed, is one of the twentieth century tasks
+yet hardly begun.
+
+The control of man’s environment for his own good as a function of
+government is a comparatively new idea in republican democracy. The
+cry of paternalism is quickly raised, on the one hand, of socialism,
+on the other. Each gain has been at the cost of a hard-fought battle.
+But it is certain that the individual must delegate more or less of
+his so-called rights for the sake of the race, and since the only
+excuse for the existence of the individual is the race, he must so far
+relinquish his authority.
+
+It is a part of the urban trend that the will of the man, of the head
+of the family, should be superseded by that of the community, city,
+state, nation.
+
+Even though all the agencies for the education of both young people
+and adults that have been discussed in the preceding chapters were set
+in motion at once, there would still remain many thousands in township
+and city untouched by these forces, or so touched as to arouse
+rebellion against such novel notions.
+
+Only the child can be educated to acquire habits of right living so
+perfectly that the suitable action takes place unconsciously. Twenty
+years hence these trained children will be the chief citizens of the
+republic, the leaders of public opinion. Today, however, less gentle
+means, less gradual processes, must be used in order that these
+children may have a chance to grow up.
+
+In the social republic, the child as a future citizen is an asset of
+the state, not the property of its parents. Hence its welfare is a
+direct concern of the state. Preventive medicine is in this sense
+truly State Medicine, and means protection of the people from their
+own ignorance.
+
+In the laws made with this end in view lies one of the greatest
+educative agencies known. We have referred in the last chapter to the
+need of drawing attention to defects and dangers in order that people
+may know what the results of their careless ways may be. No surer way
+has been found to fix attention than to attempt to enforce a law or
+collect a fine for disobedience of it. A marked illustration of this
+truth is given in the case of the ordinance against spitting in street
+cars. In many cities a notice was posted in each car--usually with
+little effect. In some a fine of five dollars was added, with little
+more result. Boston was one of the first cities to pass an ordinance,
+and it accompanied the law with a fine of one hundred dollars. This
+compelled attention--a sum which represented to the workman more than
+his yearly savings, more than any single expenditure. To the business
+man, even, it was a sum not to be lightly dropped on a filthy car
+floor. This mere statement of the value of cleanness made an almost
+instantaneous change in the habits of thousands. Within two days the
+car floors became practically free without a single fine being
+collected within that time, as far as the author is aware.
+
+The law imposing fines for neglect of removal of garbage or of
+screening stables must be occasionally enforced in order to express
+degree of disapproval. A petty fine is of little use.
+
+Conditions of motion, of rapid intermingling of distant populations--a
+thousand miles in a day is now possible--make national control a
+necessity. It is proved that quick results may be gained in saving
+lives and property by that prompt and thorough action which
+well-equipped Federal forces alone possess. The stamping out of yellow
+fever in Cuba, the redemption of Panama, the suppression of sporadic
+outbreaks at New Orleans, the quick response to a discovery, as in the
+cases of pellagra and the hookworm--all these show what a thoroughly
+alive government may do.
+
+It is no disgrace to an individual or a city to have the national
+laboratory make discoveries, to have the national power put down
+epidemics, as it does civil rebellion, for the good of the whole
+nation. It is disgraceful, however, for the citizen to remain
+indifferent or obstructive, to grumble over the cost. The indifference
+of the people themselves is today almost the only stumbling block to
+national prosperity.
+
+The time lost to the average worker by inefficient labor is a drain on
+the community largely avoidable, and is the cause of that other drain
+on the moral as well as physical vitality--charity.
+
+Preventive medicine is a science by itself, a combination of social
+and scientific forces guided by research quickly applied, and it must
+be accepted and upheld by those whom it benefits, namely, all the
+citizens. The nation is in many cases the only power strong enough to
+command confidence, and in the combination of government effort an
+international science of human welfare is bound to be evolved.
+
+It is a waste of effort for each state to prepare a fly pamphlet. The
+correctness of a Government Bulletin would give an added value as well
+as the rapidity of circulation. The bulletins of the Agricultural
+Department are an example.
+
+The Weather Service, with its quick notifications, shows what a health
+service might do. A monthly or weekly _health chart_ would give the
+best and worst spots.
+
+Precautions really workable might be furnished the Associated Press.
+
+In short, system and science might be put at the service of the local
+health officer, of the traveler, and even of the housewife.
+
+The Library of Congress now furnishes cards in duplicate to a large
+number of centers, thus saving time to the investigator and giving
+information often not otherwise obtainable.
+
+The Farmers’ Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture are also most
+valuable to the people who are in search of help. Such agencies might
+be extended without fear of trespass on any existing agencies.
+
+Just as the individual, if he is to do and be his best, accepts his
+limitations, obeys Nature’s law, and thrives in body and estate in
+consequence, and as the community banding together makes and carries
+out with penalties for deviation certain regulations for mutual
+benefit, so must the still larger groups--the state and the
+nation--use their larger wisdom and wider knowledge for the benefit of
+all. The individual should recognize the value to himself of this more
+complete investigation, and instead of raising the cry of paternalism
+and national interference, should welcome all aids to increased
+efficiency.
+
+State hygiene is necessary to supplement municipal hygiene. Often the
+rural district has no other hygiene, and the city and the country are
+interdependent, the city dependent upon the country for its water,
+milk, and other supplies.
+
+Almost all the states are alive to the importance of milk inspection.
+As early as 1869 in Massachusetts, Dr. Bowditch called the Board of
+Health “The State Medicine,” and quotes from Dr. Farr: “How out of the
+_existing_ seed to raise races of men to divine perfection is the
+final problem of public medicine.” That is the function of all boards
+of health. If factories are incorporated under state laws, they must
+also be governed by the state regulations for health.
+
+Here in America we are always locking the stable door after the horse
+has been stolen. Not until many “accidents” had occurred in the use of
+antitoxins did Congress pass an act (1902) regulating the manufacture
+and interstate sale of the viruses, serums, toxins, etc. The
+supervision and control were vested in the Secretary of the Treasury
+through the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. Previous to
+April 1, 1905, there was no official standard for measuring the
+strength of diphtheria antitoxin. Previous to October 25, 1907, there
+were as many units or standards for tetanus antitoxin as there were
+producers. One was labeled “6,000,000 units per c.c.” and another
+“0.75 unit per c.c.,” while, according to official standard, the first
+had only 90 and the latter 770.
+
+The point to be made is that however faulty an official or Federal
+standard for sanitary devices may be, it is a standard, and so is of
+service in protecting the people, especially those away from active
+centers of research.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+    _There is responsibility as well as opportunity. The
+    housewife an important factor and an economic force in
+    improving the national health and increasing the national
+    wealth._
+
+
+     It would indeed seem that opposition to woman’s
+     participation in the totality of life is a romantic
+     subterfuge, resting not so much on belief in the disability
+     of woman as on the disposition of man to appropriate
+     conspicuous and pleasurable objects for his sole use and
+     ornamentation. “A little thing, but all mine own,” was one
+     of the remarks of Achilles to Agamemnon in their quarrel
+     over the two maidens, and it contains the secret of man’s
+     world-old disposition to overlook the _intrinsic_ worth of
+     woman.
+
+     _W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations, American Magazine,
+     October, 1909._
+
+
+     The president of the British Medical Association about 1892
+     said, “I wish to impress it upon you that the whole future
+     progress of sanitary movement rests, for its permanent and
+     executive support, upon the women of our land.”
+
+     In a letter to Madame Bodichon, dated April 6, 1868, George
+     Eliot writes: “What I should like to be sure of as a result
+     of higher education for women--a result that will come to
+     pass over my grave--is their recognition of the great amount
+     of social _unproductive_ labor which needs to be done by
+     women, and which is now either not done at all or done
+     wretchedly.”
+
+     _Quoted by Mrs. Nixon in a paper before the Conference of Women
+     Workers in England, 1904._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+WOMAN’S RESPONSIBILITY
+
+
+There are about 40,000,000 women and girls in the United States. About
+14,000,000 live in the country and have a direct and compelling power
+over the life of the community.
+
+In rural agricultural districts the home-keeper is the provider. She
+practically requisitions from farm and garden what she deems necessary
+for the family table. To an extent she makes the clothing and sews the
+house linen. She also exchanges her perquisites, egg money, perhaps,
+for furniture and ornaments. The itinerant peddler brings the world’s
+wares to her door; the mail-order houses do the rest.
+
+“The ideal home is a social and coöperative society in which all of
+its members unite their efforts for the common good. This ideal is
+realized most nearly in the country home, where even the smallest
+child has opportunity to be and generally is a contributor to the
+family support. It has come to be a recognized fact that boys and
+girls, healthy, industrious, frugal, capable, intelligent,
+self-supporting, cheerful, and patriotic, abound in country homes, and
+that the prevalence there of these high qualities is largely due to
+the family life, which requires each individual from his earliest
+years to bear his proportionate share in providing for the maintenance
+of the home. By bringing within the reach of the country people
+educational advantages suited to their needs, rural life becomes more
+attractive, country homes are multiplied, and the valuable qualities
+which these homes develop become the possession of a correspondingly
+larger number of the citizenship of the state.”[16]
+
+    [16] I. H. Hamilton, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 85.
+
+The government has recognized the need and the possibilities of
+meeting it in the recognition it has given to Farmers’ Institutes for
+women, in which, by lectures, demonstration, and short winter courses
+at the colleges, the interest of the woman in her occupation is
+aroused. She is not only given help in details of her daily work, but
+she is shown how much the efficiency of the farm life depends upon her
+capability and intelligence. She is encouraged in the using of all
+mechanical and scientific appliances, is introduced to the means of
+mental growth; but, best of all, she is given the stimulus of social
+recognition. In the year 1908 there were held 832 such meetings in the
+several states. In the year 1910 the number will be nearly or quite
+doubled.
+
+In no other form of society is the power of the woman for good or ill
+so paramount as in rural life, in no other mode of living is the
+family so much at her mercy.
+
+In suburban and city life the family can in a measure escape from
+insufficient care and uncomfortable conditions. That they do so
+escape, any student of social tendencies will testify. The great
+increase of restaurants, of clubs and hotels of all grades, shows one
+phase of the unattractiveness of home life. The city woman is only
+half a housekeeper; she has only one-eighth of a house as compared
+with her rural sister. Her control is therefore curtailed until she
+feels her helplessness in the hands of her landlord. She sighs and
+turns to other interests. To her must be brought the knowledge of her
+power as a social factor if she will but use the knowledge she can
+easily gain.
+
+The city woman has amused herself because she has seen nothing better
+to do with her time. The utilization of her ability is all that is
+needed to regenerate city life. Without it all efforts will prove
+fruitless. Education of all women in the principles of sanitary
+science is the key to race progress in the twentieth century.
+
+As an economic factor, the influence of the housewife is of the
+greatest moment. Production on the farm is only one phase. The city
+and suburban dweller is a buyer, not a producer. In suburban and city
+life the housekeeper has more temptations to buy needless articles,
+food out of season, to go often to the shops, especially on bargain
+days. She thinks her taste is educated, when it is only aroused to
+notice what others like. She is led to strive after effects without
+knowing how to attain them. It has been estimated by advertising
+experts that ninety per cent of the purchases of the community are
+determined by women, not always according to their judgment, but by a
+suppression of it. Woman is made to think that she must buy certain
+lines of goods. The power of suggestion has been referred to in a
+preceding chapter.
+
+When civilization, as it is called, persuaded woman to give up
+manufacture and to become a buyer, the first step in the
+disintegration of the home as a center of information, as well as of
+industry, was taken. The housewife and mother were made to look to the
+dealer, and thus to feel their helplessness. This sense of ignorance,
+this subconscious loss of power over things, only increased the effect
+of that fatalism which the control of machinery was leading man out
+from under.
+
+It is barely fifty years since woman began to ask questions and insist
+upon knowing, to claim freedom of movement, a chance to breathe. The
+time between has been a time of plowed fields, often muddy, usually
+stony, but the furrows are turning green and the harvest will prove
+the wisdom of the plowing.
+
+Woman had to struggle for right to private judgment and public action.
+Some pioneers had to enter the field of research, of investigation, in
+order that they might call to those below that the way was open. This
+vast company, which has been nearly untouched by the scientific
+spirit, was warned off the field of investigation, and society is
+paying the penalty of its own blindness.
+
+In the very field where applied science can most serve human welfare,
+scarecrows have been set up most prominently. Not until society avails
+itself of those qualities of mind sorely needed in the field of
+sanitary science, patient attention to detail, strong, practical sense
+directed by a profound interest in the subject, will it begin to show
+what height it is capable of scaling.
+
+The intrusting of so many great fortunes to women shows an increasing
+confidence in their judgment of social needs. It shows that woman’s
+education has passed the selfish stage, that it has given a wider
+vision of the whole horizon.
+
+It may be said without fear of contradiction that the future
+well-being of society is largely in the hands of woman. What will she
+do with it? Responsibility is always sobering.
+
+Let her once realize her position and woman will rise to the task.
+Instances are not wanting of groups attacking scientific and
+administrative problems in the true spirit, without sentimental
+charity, to which in the past women have been prone.
+
+If civic authorities felt that women’s leagues were informed bodies of
+women whose suggestions they would make no error in adopting, more
+legislation could be effected. Too often city councils are approached
+by those who favor some whim or fad, and so ALL women’s demands are
+classed together. Much harm has been done to the cause by indiscreet,
+pushing women with only a glimmer of knowledge. The question is not
+WOMAN, but ability and women. It is better, as a rule, to work out
+ideas through existing organizations.
+
+All the problems of environment which we have been considering would
+be solved in half the time, yes, in one-quarter, if all housewives
+would combine in carrying out the knowledge which some of them have
+and which all may have.
+
+Infant mortality is controllable through the training of the mother
+and nurse. Unsanitary houses are the results of careless housekeeping,
+usually a product of apathetic fatalism. Landlords assume that the
+woman will submit. When she has a woman sanitary inspector to appeal
+to, matters will take on a different aspect.
+
+Unsanitary alleys exist because the abutters do not complain loudly
+enough to the right authorities. Dirty markets have been so long
+tolerated because women buyers carried the same fatalism to the
+stalls--“what is, has to be.”
+
+Society is only just beginning to realize that it has at its command
+today for its own regeneration a great unused force in its army of
+housewives, teachers, mothers, conscious of power but uncertain how to
+use it. Perhaps the most progressive movement of the times is one led
+by women who see clearly that cleanness is above charity, that moral
+support must be given to those who know but do not dare to do right,
+and that knowledge must be brought to the ignorant. Nothing can stop
+this most notable progress but a relapse into apathy and fatalism of
+the vast army of women now being enlisted to fight disease.
+
+The opportunity has come, the responsibility is woman’s hereafter. No
+one can take it from her; she has knowledge. The door has opened, she
+has taken the weapons in hand, is learning to use them. Will she
+falter on the eve of victory simply because it involves some sacrifice
+of prejudice or tradition? Must she not boldly accept the twentieth
+century challenge and fight her way to victory, even at some æsthetic
+sacrifice? In another hundred years, then, Euthenics may give place to
+Eugenics, and the better race of men become an actuality.
+
+The keeping of the house, the laundry work, the cleaning, the cooking,
+the daily oversight, must have for its conscious end the welfare of
+the family. It cannot be done without labor, but the labor in this as
+in any process may be lightened by thought and by machinery.
+
+Knowledge of labor-saving appliances is today everywhere demanded of
+the successful establishment EXCEPT of the family home. Is it not time
+that it came in for its share? If the housewife would use wisely the
+information at her hand today, it is safe to say that in six cases out
+of ten she could cut in half the housekeeping budget and double the
+comfort of living.
+
+As conditions are, the twentieth century sees a strange
+phenomenon--the most vital of all processes, the raising of children,
+carried on under adverse conditions; human labor and life being held
+of as little account as in the days of building the pyramids.
+
+Women may be trained to become the economic leaders in the body
+politic. It is doubtful if life will be anything but wasteful until
+they are trained to realize their responsibility.
+
+The housewife was told that she must stay at home and do her work.
+This was preached _at_ her, written _at_ her, but no one of them all,
+save, perhaps, the Englishmen Lecky and H. G. Wells, saw the problem
+in its social significance, saw that the work of home-making in this
+engineering age must be worked out on engineering principles, and with
+the coöperation of both trained men and trained women. The mechanical
+setting of life is become an important factor, and this new impulse
+which is showing itself so clearly today for the modified construction
+and operation of the family home is the final crown or seal of the
+conquest of the last stronghold of conservatism, the home-keeper.
+
+Tomorrow, if not today, the woman who is to be really mistress of her
+house must be an engineer, so far as to be able to understand the use
+of machines and to believe what she is told. Your ham-and-eggs woman
+was of the old type, now gone by in the fight for the right to think.
+
+The emergence from the primitive condition was slow because the few of
+us who did show our heads were beaten down and told we did not know.
+It has required many college women (from some 50,000 college women
+graduates) to build and run houses and families successfully, here one
+and there another, until the barrel of flour has been leavened.
+Society _is_ being reorganized, not in sudden, explosive ways, but
+underneath all the froth and foam the yeast has been working. The
+world is going to the bad only if one believes that material progress
+is bad. If we can see the new heaven and the new earth in it, then we
+may have faith in the future.
+
+The human elements of love and sacrifice, of foresight and of faith,
+are going to persist, and any apparent upheaval is only because of
+settling down into a more solid condition, a readjustment to
+circumstances. As Caroline Hunt has said[17]: “We may disregard the
+popular fear that the home will finally take upon itself the
+characteristics of a public institution.... Human intelligence, which
+suits means to ends, and which is ever coming to the aid of human
+affection, will prevent that. So long as affection lasts it will seek
+satisfactory expression in home life, and so long as intelligence
+endures it will stand in the way of the extension of the borders of
+the home beyond the possibilities of the mutual helpfulness to its
+members.”
+
+    [17] Home Problems from a New Standpoint, p. 140.
+
+The persistent efforts of the farsighted to secure a place in
+education for the subjects fundamental to the modern home are now
+respectfully listened to.
+
+It is, perhaps, not strange that the first successes in modern
+housekeeping were gained in public institutions, for there accounts
+were kept and saving told. When one hospital saved $12,000 in one year
+by an expenditure of $2,000 for a trained woman, trustees began to
+take notice. When large state institutions were reorganized and made
+over from unsavory scandals into reputable and life-saving
+establishments, even legislators took notice. The trained woman
+superintendent proved not only more competent but less affected by
+perquisites.
+
+(I do not vouch for the universal maintenance of this high standard
+when women managers have had longer experience; but so far conscience
+and sterling integrity have been attributes of all my expert women,
+even if they have now and then disappointed me in endurance or in
+ability. Is not this a fact of great social significance?)
+
+It is universally conceded today, only a few willfully blind or
+croaking pessimists dissenting, that home-keeping under modern
+conditions requires a knowledge of conditions and a power of control
+of persons and machines obtained only through education or through
+bitter experience, and that education is the less costly.
+
+When social conditions become adjusted to the new order, it will be
+seen how much gain in power the community has made, how much better
+worth the people are. Have faith in the working out of the destiny of
+the race; be ready to accept the unaccustomed, to use the radium of
+social progress to cure the ulcers of the old friction. What if a few
+mistakes are made? How else shall the truth be learned? Try all things
+and hold fast that which is good.
+
+The Home Economics Movement is an endeavor to hold the home and the
+welfare of children from slipping over the cliff by a knowledge which
+will bring courage to combat the destructive tendencies. Is not one of
+the distinctive features of our age a forcible overcoming of the
+natural trend of things? If a river is by natural law wearing away
+its bank in a place we wish to keep, do we sit down and moan and say
+it is sad, but we cannot help it? No, that attitude belonged to the
+Middle Ages. We say, Hold fast, we cannot have that; and we cement the
+sides and confine or turn the river.
+
+The ancient cities whose ruins are now being explored in Asia seem to
+have been abandoned because of failure of the water supply as the
+earth became desiccated; so was the home of our own Zunis. Does such a
+possibility stop us? No, we bring water from hundreds of miles. Will
+man, who has gained such control over nature, sit down before his own
+problems and say, “What am I going to do about it?”
+
+What if the apparent motion is toward cells to sleep in, and clubs to
+play bridge in, and amusements for evenings, and a strenuous business
+life, run on piratical principles, into which the women are drawn as
+decoy ducks? Because this _is_, is it going to be, as soon as a good
+proportion of the thinking people stand face to face with the
+problem? I believe it is possible to solve the problem, but only if
+the aid of scientifically trained women is brought into service to
+work in harmony with the engineer who has already accomplished so
+much.
+
+Household engineering is the great need for material welfare, and
+social engineering for moral and ethical well-being. What else does
+this persistent forcing of scientific training to the front mean? If
+the State is to have good citizens, productive human beings, it must
+provide for the teaching of the essentials to those who are to become
+the parents of the next generation. No state can thrive while its
+citizens waste their resources of health, bodily energy, time and
+brain power, any more than a nation may prosper that wastes its
+natural resources.
+
+The teaching of domestic economy in the elementary school and home
+economics in the higher is intended to give the people a sense of
+_control_ over their _environment_ and to avert a panic as to the
+future.
+
+The economics of consumption, including as it does the ethics of
+spending, must have a place in our higher education, preceded in
+earlier grades by manual dexterity and scientific information, which
+will lead to true economy in the use of time, energy, and money in the
+home life of the land. Education is obliged to take cognizance of the
+need, because the ideal American homestead, that place of busy
+industry, with occupation for the dozen children, no longer exists.
+Gone out of it are the industries, gone out of it are ten of the
+children, gone out of it in large measure is that sense of moral and
+religious responsibility which was the keystone of the whole.
+
+The methods of work imposed by housing conditions are wasteful of
+time, energy, and money, and the people are restive, they know not
+why. As was said earlier, shelter was found by early students of
+social conditions to be most in need of remedy, so we see that
+
+“In the first place the state is beginning to offer positive aid to
+secure a suitable home for each family. A communistic habitation
+forces the members of a family to conform insensibly to communistic
+modes of thought. Paul Goehre, in his keen observations printed in
+‘Three Months in a German Workshop,’ interpreted this tendency in all
+clearness. The architecture of a city tenement house is to blame for
+the silent but certain transformation of the home into a sty. Instead
+of accepting this condition as inevitable, like a law of nature, and
+accepting its consequences, all experience demands of those who
+believe in the monogamic family, that they make a united and
+persistent fight on the evil which threatens the slowly acquired
+qualities secured in the highest form of the family. It would be
+unworthy of us to permit a great part of a modern population to
+descend again to the animal level from which the race has ascended
+only through æons of struggle and difficulty. When we remember that
+very much, perhaps most of the progress has been dearly purchased at
+the cost of women, by the appeal of her weakness and need and
+motherhood, we must all the more firmly resolve not to yield the field
+to a temporary effect of a needless result of neglect and avarice. As
+the evil conditions are merely the work of unwise and untaught
+communities, the cure will come from education of the same
+communities in wisdom and science and duty. What man has marred, man
+can make better.”[18]
+
+    [18] C. R. Henderson, Proceedings Lake Placid Conference, 1902.
+
+It is not impossible to furnish a decent habitation for every
+productive laborer in all our great cities. Many really humane people
+are overawed by the authority, the pompous and powerful assertions of
+“successful” men of affairs; and they often sleep while such men are
+forming secret conspiracies against national health and morality with
+the aid of legal talent hired to kill. Only when the social mind and
+conscience is educated and the entire community becomes intelligent
+and alert can legislation be secured which places all competitors on a
+level where humanity is possible.
+
+Here, again, the monogamic family is the social interest at stake. It
+is a conflict for altars and fires. We are told that all these results
+are the effect of a natural, uniform tendency in the progress of the
+business world, and that it is useless to combat it. Professor
+Henderson reminds us that tendency to uniformity revealed by
+statistics may be reversed when resolute men and women, possessed of
+higher ideals, unite to resist it. Jacob A. Riis holds that these
+evils are not by a decree of fate, but are the result of positive
+wrong, and he dedicates his “Ten Years’ War” as follows--“to the
+faint-hearted and those of little faith.”
+
+In like manner we call today for more faith in a way out of the slough
+of despond, more resolute endeavor to improve social and economic
+conditions. We beg the leaders of public opinion to pause before they
+condemn the efforts making to teach those means of social control
+which may build yet again a home life that will prove the nursery of
+good citizens and of efficient men and women with a sense of
+responsibility to God and man for the use they make of their lives.
+
+
+
+
+INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION
+
+     Mrs. Richards intended to embody the following material in
+     Chapter VIII of the second edition. Because of her death it
+     has seemed best to add it as an appendix.
+
+     WHITCOMB AND BARROWS.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION[19]
+
+    [19] Read before the American Public Health Association at
+    Richmond, Va., October, 1909.
+
+
+The checking of wastes of all description is much in the air, but
+there is less discussion about WASTE OF EFFORT than might be expected.
+Yet effort means time, and saving of time saves lives as well as
+money.
+
+Nearly every investigation of sanitary evils leads back to the family
+home (or the lack of one), and a great deal of the health authorities’
+work is saving at the spigot while there is a hundred times the waste
+at the bunghole. The medical inspection of the schools was found to
+have little effect without the visiting school nurse, for the parents
+did not know how to better conditions and in the majority of cases did
+not believe in the need.
+
+Such experience should give the health authorities a cue. Rules and
+Regulations should be enforced, but enforced with instruction as to
+the means of doing. The WHY is not so easily understood as the student
+of sanitary science seems to think. Germs and microbes are empty air
+to the street urchins until they have been shown on a screen in a
+lecture hall or until cultures have been made in the sight of the
+children in a schoolroom. One whole school district of intelligent
+parents was converted, many years ago, by giving the children in one
+class two Petri dishes each with sterile prepared gelatine, with
+directions to open one in the sitting room while it was being swept,
+and two hours after the room had been thoroughly dusted to open the
+other in the same place for the same time. These “dust gardens,” as
+the children called them, “took the place of the family album” for
+callers, and spread knowledge.
+
+Hundreds of similar experiences should convince any intelligent,
+earnest Board of Health that a teacher by nature or training should be
+in their employ, to be sent WITH POWER, like any other inspector,
+wherever ignorance--usually diagnosed as stubbornness--is found.
+
+The health officer whose mother was a good housekeeper, not afraid of
+work, has no idea of the attitude of half the housewives of his
+district. Having been made as a boy “to get the dustpan and brush and
+sweep up his whittlings,” he does not realize that these houses in the
+tenement district have no dustpans, and that no one would bend his
+back to sweep up litter if there were. It is all swept into the alley
+or the street. Cheap, long-handled dustpans would be valuable sanitary
+implements. As has been elsewhere suggested, the garbage question in
+the tenement house needs study and must be solved by a practical
+housewife. There are such, and Boards of Health are wasting effort and
+the town’s money until they avail themselves of this help in the
+enforcement of their rules.
+
+All Health Boards use the strong arm of the law, _i. e._, a police
+inspector’s club, to drive the ignorant and careless householder to
+keep his premises from becoming a nuisance. The newly-arrived,
+prospective citizen, or more often citizeness, fails to understand
+what it is all about--neither the words nor the pantomime convey an
+idea, except that this country is topsy-turvy anyway, for everything
+is different in this new land.
+
+In the process of learning what not to do, the dwellers in the alleys
+flee when the health officer appears, and oppose a stubborn
+indifference to his threats. When his back is turned, matters go on as
+before and nothing is gained, but an opportunity is lost. Law is a
+potent educator when rightly applied, but it may work more harm than
+good.
+
+Rules of action clearly explained are soon accepted--like traffic
+rules, notification of contagious diseases, disinfection, etc.
+
+The placing on the force of each town of at least one specially
+trained “Explainer” would result in cleaner back yards and less
+illness and, better than all else, a more friendly feeling between the
+officials and those they honestly wish to help; for I do not think
+there is often justification for such remarks as were made to me by a
+shrewd California countryman when I was showing him about in the
+traveling exhibit, the sanitation car: “Oh, this is all to get a job.
+It’s another form of graft--to get some money to spend.”
+
+It is true that the value of many health measures does not appear on
+the surface. Sometimes it is necessary to wait for vital statistics to
+prove a gain.
+
+It is beginning to be thrown in the faces of sanitary authorities that
+the laboratory wisdom does not reach the street; that there is not
+enough, or rapid enough, improvement in general conditions. Newspapers
+are ready, for the most part, to disseminate information and
+benevolent societies write tracts, but we must remember how little
+WORDS mean--especially printed words--to those unaccustomed to
+acquiring information that way.
+
+The actual showing in an alley of the process of cleaning up; the
+going into a house and opening the windows at the top and tacking on a
+wire netting to keep out the flies; the actual cleaning of the garbage
+pail, perhaps, or at least the standing by and seeing that it is
+properly done--all such actual doing, even if it is done only in one
+house on a street, will spread the information all over the
+neighborhood.
+
+One of the most helpful offices is to tell the woman where she can
+get the special article needed, and what it will cost, and to show her
+the thing itself, in a friendly spirit. Such visits would soon
+revolutionize the sanitary condition of any community.
+
+Villages need this help even more than cities, for there they have
+fewer chances to know about inventions and perhaps are less
+resourceful in making them.
+
+There may be races, as there are individuals, whom persecution drives
+to progress--who do find means to execute unjust commands--but the
+people a health officer has to deal with can be better led by kindness
+and will learn from teachers, if the teaching is in the form of
+example or demonstration.
+
+It is an incontrovertible fact that to hasten sanitary reform it is
+only necessary to hold out the helping hand; to encourage the ignorant
+citizen to ask for instruction and direction, instead of placing upon
+him the task of making bricks without either clay or straw. There are
+times and seasons and individuals at which and on whom the bludgeon
+must be used--the greater good covering the lesser evil; but such
+cases are less common than present practice would seem to indicate.
+
+The tenement house mother who has only one pan for all her needs and
+one broken pitcher for all fluids does not readily understand why she
+must keep her milk bottle for milk only. Who is to tell her so that
+she will understand?
+
+The men may be shamed into cleaning up the back yards and alleys by
+pictures of such conditions in contrast to what might result with a
+little effort. [The famous Cash Register yards were started in this
+way.] Neglected spots have been cleaned up all over the country by
+similar influences. Why does not the health officer take a leaf from
+this book of recorded good work and show conditions known to him? Is
+he afraid of hard words from the owner? He will have the approval and
+support of all good citizens.
+
+Health Board regulations may be left at a house AFTER they have been
+explained, and a firm insistence on obedience may then have an
+effect.
+
+Why should there not be a constant exhibit of the conditions found
+within the boundaries of a district, with the changes for the better
+indicated as soon as they occur?
+
+The Health Board office is now in some out-of-the-way place, where few
+people ever go and where those who do go are frequently not welcomed.
+Has the Board ever asked itself why it is often so misunderstood, so
+hampered in its work? What Board will be the first to take an office
+on a busy street and put pictures and samples with clearly printed
+legends in the windows--examples of the evasion of the plumbing laws
+on a T-joint pipe; photographs of a dairy barn; photographs of a
+street at daybreak, showing the few open windows, and the one or two,
+if any, open at the top--these would serve as texts for the
+newspapers’ sermons, sure to be preached, and back-alley conversations
+thereon.
+
+Why not? Rival water companies are allowed to show filters to prove
+their claims.
+
+The basis of all successful sanitary progress is an intelligent and
+responsive public.
+
+The problem is to visualize cause and effect to the ordinary
+individual, too absorbed in his own affairs to study out the principle
+for himself.
+
+The success of the street cleaning brigade, tried for one season in
+Boston; the improvement in the condition of parks wherever receptacles
+for wastes have been placed; the tidy condition of corner lots where
+civic improvement leagues have taken the matter up with the children,
+all point to a means neglected by the officials, and hence to wasted
+opportunity and delayed obedience to regulations.
+
+For the position of instructive inspector, it goes without saying that
+a trained woman will be worth more than a man, since most of the
+regulations affect or would be controlled by women.
+
+A gain in the speed of adoption of sanitary reforms would be
+comparatively rapid under a thoroughly qualified woman as instructive
+inspector, and that there will not be any great gain until such a
+measure is adopted is the firm belief of the writer.
+
+Mrs. von Wagner’s work in Yonkers, begun in 1897 under the Civic
+League, is well known. After three years’ trial the Board of Health
+established her in the position of Sanitary Inspector. Her work in the
+tenement districts has been most successful. Several other cities have
+followed the example of Yonkers, but the practice is by no means
+general. Yet there is no doubt that it would add efficiency to any
+Board of Health.
+
+The most recent experiment was the employment, the past summer, of an
+inspector provided by the Women’s Municipal League of Boston, to
+inspect and devise means for bettering conditions in a district of
+small shops where food is sold. The district had been found by the
+Market Committee of this organization to be in need of such help. A
+graduate of the School for Social Workers was chosen, who carried on
+her campaign with the spirit of helpfulness fostered by her training.
+She was given a badge by the Board of Health, who have been most
+sympathetic and cordial in their support. The experiment has been
+justified by the results and especially by the reception accorded the
+inspector by the people of the district. It has proved that there is a
+responsive desire to fulfill the law wherever its provisions are
+understood.
+
+Inspection cannot fulfill its purpose until it is instructive. Man and
+the law will be in accord when the benefits of the law to man are
+appreciated.
+
+It is incumbent upon the sanitary authorities to see to it that their
+efforts are not wasted on an inert, partially hostile clientele.
+
+
+
+
+EUTHENICS, OR THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE ENVIRONMENT
+
+
+Human efficiency and welfare due to
+
+  Heredity (See Eugenics) and
+
+  Environment
+    1. Natural, cosmical--climate--
+    2. Natural, modified by human effort
+      Wet and dry soil
+      Waterways and forests
+      Food supplies
+    3. Artificial
+      Housing--clothing--sanitation
+
+  EUTHENICS--Conscious acquisition and application of scientific knowledge
+
+    I. Science in the laboratory
+      Discovery of laws of science
+      Knowledge of cause and effect
+
+    II. Dissemination of scientific knowledge
+      Education
+
+    III. Application of science
+      Habits of living
+        Technique
+      Stimulus to civic improvement
+      Constructive legislation
+
+I. Science acquired through laboratory and field research
+
+    Universities
+      Johns Hopkins, Clark, etc.
+
+    Research institutes
+      Rockefeller Institute
+      Carnegie Institute
+      Henry Phipps Institute
+      Sage Foundation, etc.
+
+  Sanitary Science = Application of acquired laws to
+
+    1. National welfare
+      Hook worm, Pellagra, Yellow fever, etc., in Panama,
+        The Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.
+
+    2. Individual health of body and mind
+
+The people are reached by
+
+II. A. Dissemination of scientific knowledge through
+
+         1. Schools
+         2. Publicity
+             a. Bulletins
+                  Boards of Health
+                  Department of Agriculture
+             b. Lectures
+                  Municipal
+                  Endowed
+             c. Magazines and newspapers
+             d. Placards
+             e. Commercial advertising
+                  Inventions of manufacturers
+                  Food fairs, electrical exhibitions, etc.
+         3. Expositions for limited purposes
+              Mary Lowell Stone Exhibit
+              “Boston 1915”
+         4. Health Campaigns
+              Tuberculosis classes, etc.
+
+     B. Legislation
+
+         Restrictions
+
+III. Application of science to living
+
+     A. 1. Unconsciously acquired habits of the CHILD, through imitation
+               in the home, the school, the street
+        2. Conscious endeavor of
+            a. the trained parents in the home
+            b. the teacher in the school
+            c. the policemen in the street
+
+     B. Conscious personal effort of the ADULT to better conditions
+            for himself and the community
+
+       1. Pioneer leading public opinion by
+         a. Personal example in right living
+         b. Precept and persuasion
+
+     C. Community progress
+
+       1. Semi-public agencies for guarding itself and the individual
+         a. Remedial measures
+           Endowed hospitals, sanatoria, dispensaries, day camps and
+             hospital schools
+           Charity organizations--material relief
+         b. Preventive measures
+           Endowed schools (model and outdoor), extension movements,
+             settlements, model tenements, model factories, garden cities
+
+         Both are developed by social organizations, civic clubs,
+           women’s clubs, museums, libraries, lectures, exhibits,
+           statistical inquiries, etc.
+
+       2. Private agencies leading to legislation
+            Special hospitals and schools
+            Health organizations--sanitary inspection at model
+              dairies--private water supply
+            Consumer’s league
+
+       3. Legislation. Temporary paternalism (protection).
+            Interpretation by individual becomes constructive.
+            The people work out freedom under law
+
+          a. City
+               (1) Schools
+                     Grade and trade and outdoor
+               (2) Police
+                     Building laws
+               (3) Board of Health
+                    (a) Shelter
+                          Sanitary laws
+                                               { Drainage
+                            Air--light--refuse { Garbage
+                                               { Ashes
+                    (b) Food
+                            Milk--water--foods { Food values
+                                               { Adulterations
+                    (c) Sanitary laws for public places
+                            Buildings
+                            Streets
+                              Sewer
+                              Ice on sidewalk
+                              Spitting
+               (4) Beauty
+                     Height of buildings, bill boards, telegraph wires,
+                       parks
+               (5) Amusements
+                     Playgrounds, municipal music, parks, aquarium
+               (6) Other municipal activities
+                     (a) Traffic regulation
+                     (b) Medical inspection
+                     (c) Public baths
+
+          b. State
+               Education
+               Board of Health
+               Factory legislation
+               Water supply (advisory power)
+               Interstate commerce
+               Food (advisory)
+               Park reservations
+               Textile laws
+               Forest
+          c. Federal
+               Sanitation
+                 (a) Pure food laws
+                 (b) Quarantine
+                 (c) Immigration restriction
+                 (d) Future needs
+                       Textile laws, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Euthenics, the science of controllable environment
+       a plea for better living conditions as a first step toward
+       higher human efficiency
+
+Author: Ellen H. Richards
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2010 [EBook #31508]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               EUTHENICS
+
+                      THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE
+                              ENVIRONMENT
+
+                           A PLEA FOR BETTER
+                   LIVING CONDITIONS AS A FIRST STEP
+                          TOWARD HIGHER HUMAN
+                              EFFICIENCY
+
+          The national annual unnecessary loss of capitalized
+                 net earnings is about $1,000,000,000.
+
+                     _Report on National Vitality_
+
+
+                        _By_ ELLEN H. RICHARDS
+      Author of Cost of Living Series, Art of Right Living, etc.
+
+
+                            SECOND EDITION
+
+
+                          WHITCOMB & BARROWS
+                             BOSTON, 1912
+
+
+                            COPYRIGHT 1910
+                         BY ELLEN H. RICHARDS
+
+                       THOMAS TODD CO., PRINTERS
+                         14 BEACON ST., BOSTON
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+     Never has society been so clear as to its several special
+     ends, never has so little effort been due to chance or
+     compulsion.
+
+     _Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy._
+
+
+Not through chance, but through increase of scientific knowledge; not
+through compulsion, but through democratic idealism consciously
+working through common interests, will be brought about the creation
+of right conditions, the control of environment.
+
+The betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for
+the purpose of securing efficient human beings, is what the author
+means by EUTHENICS.[1]
+
+    [1] Eutheneo, [Greek: Euth�ne�] (_eu_, well; _the_, root of _tithemi_,
+    to cause). To be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to
+    prosper.--_Demosthenes._ To be strong or vigorous.--_Herodotus._
+    To be vigorous in body.--_Aristotle._
+
+    Euthenia, [Greek: Euth�nia]. Good state of the body: prosperity, good
+    fortune, abundance.--_Herodotus._
+
+"Human vitality depends upon two primary conditions--heredity and
+hygiene--or conditions preceding birth and conditions during life."[2]
+
+    [2] Report on National Vitality, p. 49.
+
+Eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity.
+
+Euthenics deals with race improvement through environment.
+
+Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
+
+Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
+
+Eugenics must await careful investigation.
+
+Euthenics has immediate opportunity.
+
+Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus
+inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is
+the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must
+be based.
+
+This new science seeks to emphasize the immediate duty of man to
+better his conditions by availing himself of knowledge already at
+hand. As far as in him lies he must make application of this knowledge
+to secure his greatest efficiency under conditions which he can create
+or under such existing conditions as he may not be able wholly to
+control, but such as he may modify. The knowledge of the causes of
+disease tends only to depress the average citizen rather than to
+arouse him to combat it. Hope of success will urge him forward, and it
+is the duty of lovers of mankind to show all possible ways of
+attaining the goal. The tendency to hopelessness retards reformation
+and regeneration, and the lack of belief in success holds back the
+wheels of progress.
+
+Euthenics is to be developed:
+
+  1. Through sanitary science.
+  2. Through education.
+  3. Through relating science and education to life.
+
+Students of sanitary science discover for us the laws which make for
+health and the prevention of disease. The laboratory has been studying
+conditions and causes, and now can show the way to many remedies.
+
+A knowledge of these laws, of the means of conserving man's resources
+and vitality, which will result in the wealth of human energy, is more
+and more brought within the reach of all by various educational
+agencies.
+
+The individual must estimate properly the value of this knowledge in
+its application to daily life, in order to secure efficiency and the
+greatest happiness for himself and for the community.
+
+Right living conditions comprise pure food and a safe water supply, a
+clean and disease-free atmosphere in which to live and work, proper
+shelter, and the adjustment of work, rest, and amusement. The
+attainment of these conditions calls for hearty co�peration between
+individual and community--effort on the part of the individual because
+the individual makes personality a power; effort on the part of the
+community because the strength of combined endeavor is required to
+meet all great problems.
+
+
+
+
+EUTHENICS
+
+BETTER ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HUMAN RACE
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+I. The opportunity for betterment is real and practical,
+   not merely academic                                               3
+
+II. Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+    conditions. Home and habits of living, eating, etc.
+    Good habits pay in economy of time and force                    15
+
+III. Community effort is needed to make better conditions
+     for all, in streets and public places, for water and
+     milk supply, hospitals, markets, housing problems, etc.
+     Restraint for sake of neighbors                                39
+
+IV. Interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive
+    effort. First one, then the other ahead                         59
+
+V. The child to be "raised" as he should be. Restraint for his
+   good. Teaching good habits the chief duty of the family          73
+
+VI. The child to be educated in the light of sanitary science.
+    Office of the school. Domestic science for girls. Applied
+    science. The duty of the higher education. Research needed      91
+
+VII. Stimulative education for adults. Books, newspapers,
+     lectures, working models, museums, exhibits, moving pictures  117
+
+VIII. Both child and adult to be protected from their own
+      ignorance. Educative value of law and of fines for
+      disobedience. Compulsory sanitation by municipal, state,
+      and federal regulations. Instructive inspection              131
+
+IX. There is responsibility as well as opportunity. The
+    housewife an important factor and an economic force in
+    improving the national health and increasing the national
+    wealth                                                         143
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    _The opportunity for betterment is real and practical, not
+    merely academic._
+
+
+     Men ignore Nature's laws in their personal lives. They crave
+     a larger measure of goodness and happiness, and yet in their
+     choice of dwelling places, in their building of houses to
+     live in, in their selection of food and drink, in their
+     clothing of their bodies, in their choice of occupations and
+     amusements, in their methods and habits of work, they
+     disregard natural laws and impose upon themselves conditions
+     that make their ideals of goodness and happiness impossible
+     of attainment.
+
+    _Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through Environment._
+
+
+     And is it, I ask, an unworthy ambition for man to set before
+     himself to understand those eternal laws upon which his
+     happiness, his prosperity, his very life depend? Is he to be
+     blamed and anathematized for endeavoring to fulfill the
+     divine injunction: "Fear God and keep His commandments, for
+     that is the whole duty of man"? Before he can keep them,
+     surely he must first ascertain what they are.
+
+     _Adam Sedgwick. Address, Imperial College of Science and Technology,
+     December 16, 1909. Nature, December 23, 1909, p. 228._
+
+
+     In my judgment, the situation is hopeful. To realize that
+     our problems are chiefly those of environment which we in
+     increasing measure control, to realize that, no matter how
+     bad the environment of this generation, the next is not
+     injured provided that it be given favorable conditions, is
+     surely to have an optimistic view.
+
+     _Carl Kelsey, Influence of Heredity and Environment upon Race
+     Improvement. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social
+     Science, July, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+     It is within the power of every living man to rid himself of
+     every parasitic disease. _Pasteur._
+
+
+Such facts as the following, showing the increase in health, or rather
+the decrease in disease, go to prove what may be done.
+
+Since 1882, tuberculosis has decreased forty-nine per cent; typhoid,
+thirty-nine per cent. Statistics in regard to heart disease and other
+troubles under personal control, however, show increase--kidney
+disease, 131 per cent; heart disease, fifty-seven per cent; apoplexy,
+eighty-four per cent. This means that infectious and contagious
+diseases, of which the State has taken cognizance and to the
+suppression of which it has applied known laws of science, have been
+brought under control, and their existence today is due only to the
+carelessness or the ignorance of individuals.
+
+On the other hand, such results of improper personal living as do not
+come under legal control--diseases of the heart, kidneys, and general
+degeneration, matters of personal hygiene--have so enormously
+increased as in themselves to show the attitude of mind of the great
+mass of the people, "Let us eat and drink and be merry, what if we do
+die tomorrow!"
+
+Probably not more than twenty-five per cent in any community are doing
+a full day's work such as they would be capable of doing if they were
+in perfect health. This adds to the length of the school course, to
+the cost of production in all directions, to increased taxation, and
+decreases interest in daily life.
+
+The trouble is that the public does not _believe_ in this waste which
+comes from being "just poorly" or "just so as to be about." It has no
+conception of the difference between working with a clear brain and a
+steady hand, and working with a dull and nerveless tool. It must be
+convinced of this in some way. General warnings have been ineffective,
+and now the appeal is being made to the American people on the basis
+of money loss. Thus it has been carefully estimated that the average
+economic value of an inhabitant of the United States is $2,900. The
+vital statistics of the United States for population give 85,500,000.
+Eighty-five million five hundred thousand multiplied by $2,900 equals
+$250,000,000,000 (minimum estimate), and this exceeds the value of
+_all other wealth_. The actual economic saving possible annually in
+this country by preventing needless deaths, needless illness, and
+needless fatigue is certainly far greater than $1,500,000,000, and may
+be three or four times as great.
+
+Dr. George M. Gould estimated that sickness and death in the United
+States cost $3,000,000,000 annually, of which at least one-third is
+regarded as preventable.
+
+From all sides comes testimony to the decrease in personal efficiency
+of workers of all degrees. Medical science has prolonged life,
+hospitals and visiting nurses have made sickness less distressful, but
+have also in many cases prolonged the time and increased the cost.
+Sanitary science aims to prevent the beginnings of sickness, and so to
+eliminate much of the expense.
+
+The discovery that the mosquito is the carrying agent for the yellow
+fever germ has saved more lives annually than were lost in the Cuban
+War. In the yellow fever epidemic of 1872, the loss to the country was
+not less than $100,000,000 in gold.
+
+"With our present population there are always about 3,000,000 persons
+in the United States on the sick list.... By means of Farr's table, we
+may calculate that very close to a third, or 1,000,000 persons, are in
+the working period of life. Assuming that average earnings in the
+working period are $700, and that only three-fourths of the 1,000,000
+potential workers would be occupied, we find over $500,000,000 as the
+minimum loss of earnings.
+
+"The cost of medical attendance, medicine and nursing, etc., is
+conjectured by Dr. Biggs in New York to be from $1.50 each per day for
+the consumptive poor to a greater amount for other diseases and
+classes. Applying this to the 3,000,000 years of illness annually
+experienced, we have $1,500,000,000 as the minimum annual cost of this
+kind.
+
+"The statistics of the Commissioner of Labor show that the expenditure
+for illness and death amounts to twenty-seven dollars per family per
+annum. This is for workingmen's families only. But even this figure,
+if applied to the 17,000,000 families of the United States, would make
+the total bill caring for illness and death $460,000,000. The true
+cost may well be more than twice this sum. Certainly the estimate is
+more than safe, and is only one-third of the sum obtained by using Dr.
+Biggs's estimate. The sum of the costs of illness, including loss of
+wages and cost of care, is thus $460,000,000 plus $500,000,000 equals
+$960,000,000.... At least three-quarters of the costs are
+preventable."[3]
+
+    [3] Report on National Vitality, p. 119.
+
+The cost of certain preventable diseases a year is estimated by
+various authorities as:
+
+  Tuberculosis          $1,000,000,000
+  Typhoid                  250,000,000
+  Malaria                  100,000,000
+  Other insect diseases    100,000,000
+
+A hopeful sign of awakening is the endeavor by life insurance
+companies to bring home to the people the possibilities of race
+betterment. One company sends out among its policy holders trained
+nurses, who give plain talks on health subjects and offer practical
+suggestions as to hygienic living. This, to be sure, is on the
+economic basis of money saving, but if that is the only thing that
+will appeal to the people is it not wise to seize upon it as a lever
+to lift the standard of well-being?
+
+The possibility of saving the enormous sums that are lost by reason of
+premature deaths was an alluring subject to the insurance men. It gave
+to the world what, up to that time, it had lacked--a body of powerful
+men who recognized that they had a financial interest in preventing
+the needless death of men and women.
+
+A table has been prepared showing that if insurance companies were to
+expend $200,000 a year for the purely commercial object of reducing
+their death losses, and should thereby decrease them only twelve
+one-hundredths of one per cent, they would save enough to cover the
+expense.
+
+"If such a plan as this were placed on a purely scientific basis and
+carried out by good business methods, and all the companies pulled
+together for the common good, I should expect a decrease in death
+claims of more than one per cent; and a decrease in the death claims
+of one per cent would mean that the companies would save more than
+eight times as much as they expended, or would make a net saving of
+more than seven times the expense, which would be about a million and
+a half dollars a year."[4]
+
+    [4] Hiram J. Messenger, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.
+
+"While it would be impossible to state in general terms how rich a
+return lies ready for public or private investments in good health,
+these examples (life insurance) show that the rate of this return is
+quite beyond the dreams of avarice. Were it possible for the public to
+realize this fact, motives both of economy and of humanity would
+dictate immediate and generous expenditure of public moneys for
+improving the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, as
+well as for eliminating the dangers of life and limb which now
+surround us."[5]
+
+    [5] Report on National Vitality, p. 123.
+
+Undoubtedly a moral force is to be strengthened by spreading the
+biological lesson that man cannot live to himself alone, but that his
+acts or failure to act affect a large number of his fellowmen. Also, a
+stimulus to personal ambition is to be supplied in the suggestion of
+better health and consequently more money to spend as a result.
+
+Civic pride and private gain will be brought into the endeavor to show
+man that to understand himself, to exercise the same control over his
+activities that he uses over his machines, is to double his capacity,
+not only for work, but for pleasure. This control is now possible
+through the application of recently confirmed scientific knowledge as
+to man's environment.
+
+It is the aim of this book to arouse the thinking portion of the
+community to the opportunity of the present moment for inculcating
+such standards of living as shall tend to the increase of health and
+happiness.
+
+To the women of America has come an opportunity to put their
+education, their power of detailed work, and any initiative they may
+possess at the service of the State.
+
+Faith, Hope, and Courage may be taken as the three potent watchwords
+of the New Crusade. There is a real contagion of ideas as well as of
+disease germs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+    _Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+    conditions. Home and habits of living. Good habits pay in
+    economy of time and force._
+
+
+     The hope is springing up in some minds that the entire
+     problem of human regeneration will be much simplified when
+     men shall have learned more fully the nature of their own
+     lives, the nature of the physical world that environs them,
+     and the interaction between this physical world and the
+     spirit of man which is set to subdue it.
+
+    _Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through Environment._
+
+
+     We create the evil as well as the good. Nature is
+     impersonal. To an increasing degree _man_ determines.
+
+     _Carl Kelsey._
+
+
+     The only certain remedy for any disease is man's own vital
+     power.
+
+     Today only an exceptional man, almost a genius, learns to
+     modify his habits and his life to his environment and to
+     triumph over his surroundings, his appetites, and the absurd
+     dictates of fashion.
+
+     _Richard Cole Newton, M.D., How Shall the Destructive Tendencies
+     of Modern Life Be Met and Overcome?_
+
+
+     We have certain inherent capacities as to bodily strength,
+     length of life, etc., but it lies largely with ourselves to
+     adopt a mode of life which may make an actual difference in
+     height, weight, and physical strength and intellectual
+     capacity.
+
+     _E. H. Richards, Sanitation in Daily Life._
+
+
+     There are two recognized ways of improving the quality of
+     human beings: one by giving them a better heredity--starting
+     them in life with a stronger heart, better digestion,
+     steadier nerves; the other by so combining the factors of
+     daily life that even a weak heart may grow strong, a poor
+     digestion may become good, and frayed nerves gain
+     steadiness.
+
+     _E. H. Richards, The Art of Right Living._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FAITH
+
+
+The relation of environment to man's efficiency is a vital
+consideration: how far it is responsible for his character, his views,
+and his health; what special elements in the environment are most
+potent and what are the most readily controlled, provided sufficient
+knowledge can be gained of the forces and conditions to be used.
+
+To this end home life--in its relations to the child, the adult, and
+the community--is considered in connection with the effect on the home
+of the influences outside it, and the reaction of each on the other.
+These relations and influences are partly physical and material,
+partly ethical and psychical.
+
+The right of the child is protection, and it is the responsibility of
+the adult--parent, teacher, or state officer--to secure this
+protection.
+
+The knowledge that investigators are gaining in the laboratory and are
+trying to give to the community must be accepted and applied by the
+individual. How is the individual, discouraged by sickness and
+hardship, to know that things are awry or that they can be set more
+nearly straight? How can he know that he is responsible for his
+limitations? Why should he suppose that he need not be eternally a
+slave to environment? How can he realize that "health promotes
+efficiency by producing more energy and leaving it all free for useful
+purposes?" A few enlightened souls recognize the tendency of
+environment to kick the man that is down; to be subservient to the man
+of bodily and mental vigor, of keen understanding and human insight,
+but the majority must be led to believe these scientific principles.
+
+Again and again scientists and humanitarians must return to the
+attack, for individual carelessness becomes community menace, and
+"line upon line and precept upon precept" they must present their
+knowledge in language that shall attract and hold the attention and
+fancy. So the work and discoveries of Metchnikoff have gained
+credence because the disciple who described them had the ability to
+impress on his audience in a convincing fashion the one fact that made
+a strong appeal--the possibility of long life. If those who are
+zealous for any movement would study the psychology of advertising and
+speak as forcefully as the legitimate advertiser, they would be more
+persuasive and successful.
+
+When an idea has won in a certain circle, it quickly spreads to the
+other members, thence to active communities. So the universal law of
+imitation may be the greatest help in the spread of ideas. The
+individual eats a certain food because his neighbor does. Boston
+determines to make an effort for a better city because Chicago has
+felt the stirrings of civic pride.
+
+A gifted individual with a deep sense of the need of his community
+sees an ideal condition, which by his thought becomes a possibility.
+These beliefs he shares with a few choice spirits till the circle has
+widened. The new ideas come to the notice of the city or the town
+officials, new means are adopted of educating the whole community,
+and, if necessary, legal measures are passed. But the new means to
+betterment must be applied by the individual. Beginning with the
+exceptional individual and ending with the average individual, the
+perfect circle is rounded out.
+
+The leaders must show convincingly that the laws which they have
+discovered may be applied to daily life, but the _individual himself_
+must adopt them. When he has been saturated with knowledge, his
+inertia will break down, his hopelessness give way to its very
+antithesis, a strong hope for a better future. Every known method must
+be used by the laboratory to develop this hope into a belief wide
+enough to reach all members of every section of the community and deep
+enough to become a vital working principle. Only through a belief
+strong enough to ride over unbelief and inertia, a belief in the value
+of science for personal life strong enough to make a wise choice
+possible, can the will to obtain a better environment be developed.
+The belief in better things must be thoroughly impressed on the
+individual mind. Each individual must understand that it does affect
+_him_, that it is _his_ concern, that _he_ must give heed to his
+environment. Then he may have the will and make the effort to combat
+dangers to body and mind.
+
+Today, belief is much more difficult than ever before because the
+dangers are unseen and insidious, and our enemies do not generally
+make an appeal through the senses of sight and hearing. But the
+dangers to modern life are no less than in the days of the pioneers,
+when a stockade was built as a defense from the Indians. We have no
+standards for safety. Our enemies are no longer Indians and wild
+animals. Those were the days of big things. Today is the day of the
+infinitely little. To see our cruelest enemies, we must use the
+microscope. Of all our dangers, that of uncleanness leads--uncleanness
+of food and water and air--uncleanness due to unsanitary production
+and storage, to exposure to street dust, or to cooking and serving of
+food in unclean vessels. Such conditions result not only in actual
+disease, but in lowered vitality and lessened work power.
+
+Lack of knowledge on the part of some, heedlessness on the part of
+others who should be intelligent enough to interpret such conditions,
+are responsible for their continuance. A few timely suggestions will
+accomplish more in remedying many evils than any amount of attempted
+legal enforcement. The very fact of a law makes many persons defy it.
+They feel justified in showing their wit by outwitting the law's
+representatives. Many of our newer citizens have come to us from the
+protection (?) of a personal authority that they can see and feel. In
+this country of ours, we have taken away that binding regard for
+authority, and we must as far as possible lead rather than compel.
+
+It is, after all, what a man determines for himself and for his family
+that affects both his views of life and his wish to secure for himself
+and for them that which he believes to be best. It is not what some
+other man believes for him that affects his life.
+
+Evolution from within, not a dragging from outside, even if it is in
+the right direction, is the method of human development.
+Nevertheless, if the bale of hay is skillfully hung in front of the
+donkey's nose it will often serve to start the wheels on an easy road.
+
+Evidence of the value of concerted effort by individuals and of the
+power of suggestion was given by a woman's club in a small town. The
+members became aware of the dangers in exposed food, and on
+investigation found their own market to be very low in standards of
+cleanness. At a certain meeting they agreed to ask the proprietor why
+he did not protect this and cover that article. Certain members were
+told off for the duty and the days agreed upon. Mrs. A., making her
+usual purchases, casually asked why such an article was not covered.
+"I never thought about it," was the answer. Mrs. B., the next day,
+asked why such an article was left out for the flies. "I never thought
+about the flies." Mrs. C. asked the same question on the third day.
+The proprietor said: "You're the third woman who has asked me that. No
+one ever suggested it before, but it would be a good idea." Before the
+end of two weeks the provisions and groceries were covered. The end
+had been gained without resort to coercion.
+
+We know that our capacity for mental and bodily work depends on our
+supply of food. Proper food is necessary as a source of power for the
+work of the body as well as to furnish material for growth and repair
+of the losses of the body. Taking food is the most interesting of the
+vital processes. It appeals to all the senses (except hearing).
+
+Professor Dawson calls attention to the fact that the richest food
+areas in the world have provided the most powerful stocks of men of
+which we have any record, and it has been pointed out by many that
+improper food is closely connected with mental and moral defects.
+Strong men and women are not the product of improper food. Dr. Stanley
+Hall says: "The necessity of judicious, wholesome food is
+paramount.... You can educate a long time by externals and not
+accomplish as much as good feeding will accomplish by itself. Children
+must be supplied with plenty of nutritious food if they are to develop
+healthily either in mind or body."
+
+Mr. Robert Hunter says: "All that we are, either as individuals or as
+a complexly constituted society of men, is made possible by the food
+supply.... Perhaps more than any other condition of life it lies at
+the door of most of the social and mental inequalities among men."
+
+In these days of irresponsibility there is probably more harm done to
+the health by ignoring physical law in the matter of eating than in
+any other one thing.
+
+It is in the study of food substances and their possibilities in
+relation to better sanitary conditions that the widest field is open
+to housekeepers, and the subject should be especially fascinating to
+women of education and ability. All the skill and knowledge of the
+best educated women should be enlisted in the cause of better food for
+the people. Certainly no subject, except that of pure air, can have a
+closer bearing on the health than right diet. Much sound teaching will
+be needed before bad habits of eating and drinking will be conquered.
+
+A strong, well man whose work is muscular and carried on in the open
+air, as is that of the farmer and of the fisherman, will have the
+power to assimilate almost anything, and can maintain abundant health
+on the coarsest food poorly prepared, provided, only, that it is
+abundant and composed of the chemical constituents that the body
+requires.
+
+Only a small proportion of our people, however, engage in work of this
+sort. The majority are compelled by occupation, age, or health to
+remain indoors. For them nutritious, readily digested food is a
+requisite. The farmer or the fisherman can digest, even thrive upon,
+food which would be deadly for a woman working in a factory.
+
+In the fourth report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health
+(1873), Dr. Derby, the secretary, holds that "we have good reason to
+believe that the many forms of dyspepsia which are so commonly met
+with among all classes in Massachusetts, in country quite as much as
+in town, are but too often the danger signal that Nature gives us to
+show that the food, either in its quality, or its preparation, or its
+variety, is unsuited to maintain the vital processes. If this warning
+is rejected, the result of malnutrition is frequently chronic disease
+of the so-called major class."
+
+Sanitation in relation to food deals first with wholesome and clean
+materials--meat from animals free from disease; fruit and vegetables
+free from decay; milk, butter, etc., free from harmful bacteria. The
+dangers are the transference to the human body of encysted organisms
+like trichina; of the absorption of poisonous substances as toxins or
+ptomaines; of the lodgment of germs of disease along with dust on
+berries, rough peach skins, crushed-open fruits; of dirt clinging to
+lettuce, celery, and such vegetables as are eaten raw.
+
+For the next class of dangers we turn to the handling of foods with
+unclean hands.
+
+In countless ways disease is spread mysteriously, all due to unclean
+habits. It is a safe precaution to patronize only those restaurants in
+which the waiters are evidently trained to handle the food and vessels
+with care. It will pay well to take care of one's hands and learn
+sanitary habits when one is young; then one will do right without
+effort. Whatever change of ideas may come with increase of knowledge,
+these habits will not need to be unlearned. Without knowing the
+reasons for them, they have been proclaimed in civilized lands.
+
+It should be the part of the physicians to take pains to advise, for
+most of our people are accessible to ideas; yet from these can come no
+improvement until the people are convinced that it is needed. Just as
+soon as the individual fully realizes that he himself is to blame for
+his suffering or his poverty in human energy, he will apply his
+intelligence to the bettering of his condition. If he can, in a short
+time, make as good a showing as public effort has made in the case of
+water supplies, he will accomplish much for the race.
+
+Of equal importance to food, in the proper care of the human machine,
+comes the air we breathe.
+
+Many of man's present physical troubles are due to the roof over his
+head confining the warmed, used-up air, which would escape freely if
+there were an opening provided. The first law of sanitation requires
+the quick removal of all wastes. Once-breathed air is as much a waste
+as once-used water, and should be allowed to escape. Sewers are built
+for draining away used water. Flues are just as important to serve as
+sewers for used air. Air is lighter than water, and out-breathed air
+being warmed is lighter than that at room temperature. It rises to the
+ceiling, where it will escape if it is allowed to do so before it
+cools sufficiently to fall.
+
+The roof also keeps out sunlight, and some late investigations
+indicate that glass cuts off some of the most vitally important light
+rays. The "glame" of the Ralstonites--"air in motion with the sunlight
+on it"--may have a scientific basis.
+
+It will at once be retorted, "But we cannot heat all out-of-doors."
+
+A partial reply is: Do not try to make your house a tropical jungle.
+Travelers assure us that such an atmosphere is not conducive to work
+or to health.
+
+All great nations have lived in a temperate climate, where physical
+and mental activity was possible for many hours a day. Science is
+more and more clearly giving reasons for the cooler temperature in
+certain physiological laws. The habits of life in regard to air and
+food are largely under individual, or at least under family control,
+and should be studied as personal hygiene.
+
+The lessons being so clearly taught in the treatment of tuberculosis
+should be heeded in forming the general living habits of the people.
+
+If loss of life can be lessened and working power increased by man's
+effort, why does he not make the effort? Why are men and women so
+apathetic over the prevalence of disease? Why do they not devote their
+energies to stamping it out? For no other reason than their disbelief
+in the teachings of science, coupled with a lingering superstition
+that, after all, it is fate, not will power, which rules the destinies
+of mankind.
+
+Perhaps it is too much to expect that a sturdy plant of belief should
+have grown since the days of Edwin Chadwick and Benjamin Ward
+Richardson (1830-50), less than a century ago, when there were
+perhaps not a dozen men and women who believed that man had any
+appreciable control over his own health.
+
+This early school of sanitarians endeavored to "get behind fate, to
+the causes of sickness." The modern socionomist is, by a study of the
+mental conditions of communities, endeavoring to get behind the causes
+of poverty and consequent suffering to the reasons for _fatal
+indifference to dirt_.
+
+It is well recognized that in severe sicknesses of many kinds the will
+to get well is more powerful than drugs, that something which we call
+nerve force acting upon the physical machine sends a vital current
+through the arteries, coerces the heart to renewed pumping action, and
+life comes again to the blanched cheek and glazing eye. This more
+often happens by a mental stimulus than by any medicine. In like
+manner the improvement of the body's shell, the home, like that of the
+soul's shell, the body, comes more often from an inward impulse than
+from outward coercion.
+
+Appeal to the loving but listless parent will reach the heart quickest
+through love for the child. Therefore stress should be laid on the
+child, its habits, its surroundings, its ideals. By ideals is meant
+the very real stimulus to action coming from within. Action must come
+through the material things which ideals control and through which
+they express themselves.
+
+Certain notions which have crept into popular currency need to be
+corrected before the individual can free himself from bondage
+sufficiently to attempt constructive advance and improvement.
+
+Only a small percentage of adults obtain the full efficiency from the
+human machine--the only means they have of living, working, enjoying.
+They permit themselves to stand and walk badly, they breathe with only
+a portion of their lungs, and so fail to furnish the blood stream with
+oxygen. They dress unhygienically. They eat wrongly. They exercise
+little. In short, they subject their bodies to abusive treatment which
+would ruin any machine. Because retribution does not instantly follow
+infraction of Nature's laws, they become callous and unbelieving.
+Economy and efficiency in human time and strength is one of the
+lessons to be taught the young people, so that they may not waste
+their patrimony.
+
+The youth feels as rich in his fifty years to come as he does with a
+legacy of $50,000 in the bank. The years, however, can yield only
+small variations from the established rate of interest. The human
+machine can manufacture only a limited amount of energy. It remains to
+utilize that quantity to the best advantage. This can be done only by
+having a purpose in life strong enough to resist alluring temptations
+to fritter away both time and strength.
+
+One of the world's busy workers found that the distractions of urban
+life were breaking in upon his working time and making inroads upon
+his physical vitality. He recognized that work for the body and work
+for the mind must be balanced, and he evolved an acrostic to be
+followed as a rule of life, the fulfillment of which has meant
+prolonged years of efficient work and has kept the freshness of middle
+life with the advancing years. Taking the six days of the week as a
+unit, the acrostic is as follows:
+
+    _The Feast of Life_
+
+  F   Food           One-tenth the time
+  E   Exercise       One-tenth the time
+  A   Amusement      One-tenth the time
+  S   Sleep          Three-tenths the time
+  T   Task           Four-tenths the time
+
+The first and last are nearly fixed quantities, the other three may
+vary within certain limits as to amount of time given and intensity of
+effort. Amusement and exercise may be taken together; exercise and
+sleep may be somewhat interchangeable.
+
+The task, or daily work, is a necessity for mental and physical
+health. It should be accepted as a part of human life and the will and
+energy should be directed to doing it well. It may be a pure delight,
+the most entertaining thing that happens; _it should be interesting_.
+It is astonishing how interesting a dull piece of work may become if
+one sets one's self to doing it well. That which one subconsciously
+knows one is doing badly is drudgery. The real pleasure in life comes
+not from so-called amusements--things  done by other people to make
+one laugh; to "take one's mind off"--but from seeing the work of one's
+own hand and brain prosper. The work of creation, of transformation to
+desirable result, is the purest joy the human mind can experience.
+Fourteen hours a day is not too much for this kind of task. The
+difficulty is to gain skill of hand and eye, or training of mind, to
+this end. A fallacy, a canker at the heart of our social fabric today,
+is that the daily task is something to be rid of.
+
+The psychology of doing is clearly illustrated in the character of
+Fool Billy, as drawn by the author of "Priscilla of the Good Intent."
+
+"Is there nought ye like better than idleness?" asked the blacksmith.
+"Think now, Billy--just ponder over it."
+
+"Well, now," answered the other, after a silence, "there's
+playing--what ye might call playing at a right good game. Could ye
+think of some likely pastime, David?"
+
+"Ay, could I; blowing bellows is the grandest frolic ever I came
+across." ...
+
+"I doubt 'tis work, David.... I shouldn't like to be trapped into
+work. 'Twould scare me when I woke o' nights and thought of it."
+
+"See ye then, Billy"--blowing the bellows gently--"is it work to make
+yon sparks go, blue and green and red, as fast as ever ye like to
+drive 'em?"
+
+"Te-he, 'tis just a bit o' sport--I hadn't thought of it in that
+light." And soon he was blowing steadily.
+
+Later, when David the smith was going to America and wished to leave
+his forge with the half-witted Billy, he proposed the smith's work as
+play.
+
+"Te-he," laughed Billy, "am I to play wi' all your fine tools, David?"
+
+"Ay, just that. I've taught ye the way o' them and Dan Foster's lad
+from Brow Farm shall come and blow the bellows for you."
+
+"Will that be work for Dan Foster's lad, or play?"
+
+"Hard work, Billy--grievous hard work, while you are just playing at
+making horseshoes, fence railings, and what not."
+
+"And I'm to play at making horseshoes," went on Fool Billy, "while Dan
+Foster's lad's sweating hard at bellows-blowing."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    _Community effort is needed to make better conditions for
+    all, in streets and public places, for water and milk supply,
+    hospitals, markets, housing problems, etc. Restraint for sake
+    of neighbors._
+
+
+     Quite slowly but surely, the idea is dawning on the social
+     horizon that the persistence of conditions prejudicial to
+     human prosperity is discreditable to a civilized community,
+     and that economics if not ethics calls for their control.
+
+     _Alice Ravenhill._
+
+
+     It is the new view that disease must be understood and
+     overcome; that hospitals, dispensaries, surgical and medical
+     treatment, nursing and preventive measures must be developed
+     and dovetailed into a general social scheme for the
+     elimination of preventable diseases and a very substantial
+     reduction in the prevalence of such diseases as cannot as
+     yet be classed as preventable.
+
+     _Edward Devine, Social Forces._
+
+
+     Nature endows the vast majority of mankind with a birthright
+     of normal physical efficiency. It is the duty of those who
+     aspire to be known as social workers each to do his share in
+     confirming his fellow beings in this possession.
+
+     _Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before Conference
+     of Women Workers, London, 1904._
+
+
+     We know now that if we do the things we ought to do, we can
+     prevent sickness. We have reached a point where it is
+     recognized that it is the duty of the community or state to
+     effectually protect itself against the ignorant, the
+     selfish, the filthy, and the diseased. We believe now that
+     we must have proper sewage disposal, pure water, decent
+     tenements, clean streets, good-sized playgrounds,
+     supervision of factories, protection of child labor, and
+     pure food.
+
+     _Eugene H. Porter, Report, 1909, New York State Department
+     of Health._
+
+
+     Next after himself, man owes it to his neighbor to be well,
+     and to avoid disease in order that he may impose no burden
+     upon that neighbor.
+
+     _Dr. William T. Sedgwick, The Call to Public Health._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+HOPE
+
+
+The real significance of biological evolution has not been grasped by
+the people in general. It is that man is a part of organic nature,
+subject to laws of development and growth, laws which he cannot break
+with impunity. It is his business to study the forces of Nature and to
+conquer his environment by submitting to the inevitable. Only then
+will man gain control of the conditions which affect his own
+well-being.
+
+Sickness, we know, is the result of breaking some law of universal
+nature. What that law may be, investigators in scores of laboratories
+are endeavoring to determine. In most diseases they have been
+successful. Those remaining are being attacked on all sides, and it
+may be confidently predicted that a few years will see success
+assured.
+
+Why, then, does sickness continue to be the greatest drain upon
+individual and national resources? Because man, through ignorance or
+unbelief, will not avail himself of this knowledge, or is behind the
+times in his method. Where wisdom means effort and discomfort, many
+feel it folly to be wise.
+
+The individual may be wise as to his own needs, but powerless by
+himself to secure the satisfaction of them. Certain concessions to
+others' needs are always made in family life. The community is only a
+larger family group, and social consciousness must in time take into
+account social welfare. Moreover, a neighbor may pollute the water
+supply, foul the air, and adulterate the food. This is the penalty
+paid for living in groups. Men band together, therefore, to protect a
+common water supply, to suppress smoke, dust, and foul gases which
+render the common air unfit to breathe. The State helps the group to
+protect itself from bad food as it does from destruction of property.
+
+The development of fire protection is a good example of community
+effort. The isolated farmhouse may have buckets of water and blankets
+in an accessible place with which to put out an incipient fire. Then
+eight or ten families build close together. The danger of one becomes
+the danger of all, and a fire brigade is organized that may protect
+all. When hundreds of families crowd together in a small space the
+danger becomes so much the greater that a paid department with
+efficient apparatus is necessary. No one complains of the infraction
+of individual rights. Each one is glad to pay his share of the
+expense.
+
+In securing protection from other dangers, the individual and the
+family unit are fast relying on community regulations. In fact, in
+many ways the individual, when he becomes one of a crowd, must go
+whither the crowd goes and at the same rate of progress.
+
+Failure to recognize that by coming into the community he has
+forfeited his right to unrestrained individuality causes an irritation
+as unreasonable as harmful.
+
+A certain control of sanitary conditions must be delegated to the
+community and its rules cheerfully followed. The legal aspects of
+these rules will be considered in a later chapter. Here is to be
+considered only the _mental attitude_ with which the members of the
+community should come together to agree upon a common defense against
+disease and dirt. The spirit of co�peration must prevail over a
+tendency to antagonism when certain individual rights seem to be
+involved.
+
+Numbers of families living close together are served by the same
+grocer or market man. These families may agree upon their requirements
+as to quality and cleanliness and publish their rules. If they do not
+take interest enough to protect themselves, the community must make
+rules for them. If the local officials are not vigilant enough, the
+State may step in and compel the observance of sanitary regulations.
+
+The average citizen learns of the existence of a health regulation
+when he is warned that he has broken it, or perhaps is fined. His
+first attitude is rebellion at the invasion of his personal liberty.
+The housewife usually takes the ground that the rule is absurd or
+unnecessary.
+
+When, in the interest of the community, any law is to be enforced, how
+are the people to be led from this rebellious state of mind? Perhaps
+first through authority. In America we have learned to use the phrase,
+"Big Stick." Authority is exactly that; it is coercion from without.
+It has partial result in good; the law may be fulfilled because the
+individual knows he must obey when within the jurisdiction of that
+law; but if the result is simply obedience to authority and not to the
+underlying principle, it will not be a force in his life or be
+continued if by chance he can escape it. He will be a "tramp" in his
+methods of obedience. This method can never be constructive; its value
+lies in the possibility that by continuous usage or repetition the
+procedure may become a habit, and from habit will come reason and
+intelligence.
+
+But the more direct and efficient way to help the individual to
+realize his relation to communal right living is through education.
+The former method--blind obedience--will foster the spirit of
+antagonism and call the State's protection "interference," thus
+weakening the efficiency of the State and of the individual, for the
+State is the multiplication of its citizens; but through the latter
+method the individual will carry out the law with intelligence and
+interest. This will be constructive and it will be permanent, for
+again, if the State is the sum of its citizens, the efficiency of the
+State is the sum of the efficiency of the citizens.
+
+Their interests are now identical, the man has become equal master
+with the State; they are co-partners. His motive for right living is
+greater than the letter of the law, for he is the living law, the
+protest against wrong and the fulfillment of the right.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next generation must be born with healthy bodies, must be nurtured
+in healthy physical and moral environments, and must be filled with
+ambition to give birth to a still healthier, still nobler generation.
+But, as has been said, "whatever improvements may sometime be
+achieved, the benefits of their influence can be enjoyed only by
+future, perhaps distantly future generations. We of the present have
+to take our heredity as we find it. We cannot follow the advice of a
+humorous philosopher to begin life by selecting our grandparents; but
+through hygiene (sanitary science) we can make the most of our
+endowment."[6]
+
+    [6] Report on National Vitality, p. 55.
+
+There is a force in the development of public opinion somewhere
+between individual action and national compulsion which may be termed
+"semi-public" action. It is in a measure the same sort of influence
+that in a later chapter is termed "stimulative education." For
+instance, a hospital for the treatment of some special ailment is
+needed. Private enterprise furnishes the capital, proves the success
+of the treatment, and then the community comes forward and supports
+the institution. Such helps are accepted freely and are not considered
+undemocratic.
+
+The less spectacular but more effective office of prevention of the
+need for charity, in the maintenance of cleanness in the markets,
+streets, and shops, yes, even in the homes of the people, has been
+neglected. Through lack of belief, and especially through inattention
+to causes so common as to escape notice, many details of great
+hygienic importance have been overlooked.
+
+Some daring ones in commercial ventures are showing the possibilities
+of a standard in cleanness, and model establishments, dairies,
+bakeries, and restaurants should receive the hearty support of a
+community. If they do not receive this support, it is more than
+discouraging to the promoters, for _it costs to be clean_, a lesson
+the community must learn. The saving of money and the consequent loss
+of life through disease, or the spending of money and the saving of
+life through prevention, are the alternatives.
+
+Undoubtedly the old view of charity as tenderly caring for the
+sick--because there must always be a certain amount of sickness in the
+world--has held men back from attempting to make a world without
+sickness. The charity worker of the past had no hope of really making
+things better permanently.
+
+The new view, based upon scientific investigation, is that it is not
+charity that is needed to support invalids who once stricken must
+fade away, but preventive action to give the patient hope and fresh
+air. Most important of all, the experience already gained shows how
+far from the truth was the old fatalistic notion of the necessary
+continuance of disease.
+
+While the support of many agencies--dispensaries, clinics, hospitals,
+sanatoria, etc.--must for a time depend upon private philanthropy, the
+expense is in the nature of an investment to bring in a high rate of
+interest in the future welfare of the race. As soon as the belief in
+the efficiency of these agents reaches the taxpayer he will willingly
+furnish the funds for public agencies.
+
+Today the child in the school is examined; then, if need be, is given
+special consideration at the dispensary, then sent to school, where,
+with fresh air, pure food, and hygienic surroundings, he will so
+strengthen himself as to combat the ravages of disease.
+
+The Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, New
+York City, not only sends bread to fill the hungry stomach, but now
+sends a wise and sympathetic worker to help women to understand food
+and money values, which means a permanent help. And it no longer
+simply says to the tired, worried woman who has had no education-stimulus
+along the line of cleanness, "Be clean," but sends in women to make
+the house an example, an exhibit of clean conditions, if you will.
+Example is stronger than precept.
+
+In the rapid growth of cities, so often beyond anticipation,
+preparation for development or plans for extension have seldom been
+laid. Much suffering has been wrought to the families of men in our
+crowded cities, for there is no greater evil than the congestion of
+streets and buildings.
+
+Many students of social conditions of today believe that the most
+serious menace is the situation best described as housing--the site,
+the crowding, the bad building, poor water supply and drainage, lack
+of light and air and cleanliness. All believe that it is economically
+a loss to the city in general, however profitable to a very few. To
+rent such buildings is a far greater crime than cruelty to animals or
+even the beating of women and children.
+
+But groups of people the wide world over are keenly awake to this
+state of affairs, and though the problem is tremendous they are trying
+in numerous ways to solve it.
+
+In some cities there are at present organizations urging "city
+planning," while in several foreign cities the municipality has
+already made regulations. In some cities there are municipal model
+tenements, but this is still a project of too small proportions to
+affect the community.
+
+Perhaps no modern movement that comprehends both the city planning and
+the housing of the working people is more ideal than the "Garden
+Cities" movement in England and the other countries following it.
+
+If there is any spot on which the hand of the law should be laid, it
+is the congested districts in cities and mill villages. The evil has
+grown to such magnitude that the first steps will mean some drastic
+measures.
+
+The author has elsewhere called it the _Capitalists' Opportunity_.
+Instead of investing in an uncertain gold mine in some distant land,
+let the millions, for no less sum will suffice, be invested in a plot
+of land, whether an open field or a slum district depends on local
+conditions, and thereon cause to be erected habitations decently
+comfortable, wholly sanitary, and place over each group an inspector
+as both agent and teacher who shall be a friend to the tenants, and to
+whose office they may come freely with their needs. This plan has been
+in part carried out in the Model Tenements in New York, but variations
+and improvements are needed. There should be more light and air, more
+grass and trees, even if the buildings are fifteen-story towers.
+
+The old story has been so often reiterated, "But the tenants will not
+use the devices," that the capitalist has become callous to this
+appeal. The missing link in the chain has been the instruction to go
+with the construction.
+
+All department stores, all venders of new mechanical appliances, have
+come to recognize the value of demonstration, or instruction, in the
+use of articles as an aid to purchase. The advocate of better
+dwellings must take a leaf from the commercial book and _show how_. It
+is in this that philanthropy has been weak in the past. It has assumed
+a power to see, where there was only a fear of handling the strange
+objects.
+
+There is a virgin field for the capitalist who wishes to use some
+millions for the prosperity of the country to build a short trolley
+line to a district of sanitary houses with gardens, playgrounds,
+entertainment halls, etc.; such a village to contain, not long blocks,
+but both separate houses and tenements from two rooms up, possibly
+several stories high, where the elders may have light and air without
+the confusion of the street. Dust and noise will be eliminated. There
+should be a central bakery and laundry, and, most important of all, an
+office where both men and women skilled in sanitary and economic
+practical affairs may be found ready to go to any home and advise on
+any subject. There has never yet been such an enterprise with all the
+elements worked out. Several, however, have shown the way, the Morris
+houses in Brooklyn, for example.
+
+It is easier to take a city block and construct fireproof, high
+buildings than to solve transportation problems. We are losing our
+fear of the high buildings as we see the great value of light and air.
+There is chance for work in this direction, for in spite of rapid
+transit some must live in the center of things.
+
+Let a philanthropist or two, instead of building hospitals, set some
+bright young architects and sanitarians to devising such suitable
+housing conditions for city and suburbs as will obviate the necessity
+for hospitals. Any lover of his kind, any one who longs for fame,
+could find both it and the blessing of the homeless by this means, and
+in the end get a fair return for his investment.
+
+The Federal Department of Labor[7] has studied workingmen's houses,
+but _living in the house_ has not been worked up. The housewife has no
+station to which she may carry her trials, like the experiment
+stations which have been provided for the farmer. Here is another
+opportunity for the capitalist to hasten the time when the State will
+supply these. The way will very soon be laid out and the first steps
+taken.
+
+    [7] Bulletin No. 54.
+
+For the immediate present some standard of healthful housing is
+needed, and now that a similar type of house and of apartment house is
+being built in all cities and towns from one ocean to the other, and
+from Texas to Maine, such a standard is compatible with conditions.
+
+A score card for houses to rent would save much wrangling. The agent
+shows the card with this house's rating, and the tenant learns that
+some of his wishes are incompatible with the standard, and some would
+mean a much higher rent than he is willing to pay. Professor J. R.
+Commons, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, has devised
+a score card to serve the house hunter and householder as a standard
+of comparison. This should serve the house builder as well, indicating
+what the demand will be forty or fifty years hence.
+
+At present the rating stands somewhat as follows:
+
+    Dwelling, 100 points
+
+  Location, 18 points out of 100
+  Congestion of buildings, 26 points
+    Common entrance for two or more, discredit 2 points
+    Basement, discredit 5 points
+    Sunlight, credit 16 points of the 26
+  Window openings, 11 points
+  Air and ventilation, 13 points
+  Structural condition, 6 points
+  House appurtenances, 26 points
+    Well outside, discredit 3 points
+
+The final score card may vary somewhat.
+
+For rent collectors there is also a score card.
+
+    Occupants, 100 points
+
+  Congestion of occupancy, 61 points cubic air space
+  1,000 cu. ft. per person, no discredit
+    600 cu. ft. per person discredits 20 points
+  Condition of air and ventilation, 18 points
+  Cleanliness, 21 points
+
+A score card movement might be started as a hobby, and in the end lead
+public opinion to judicial choice and action. No such movement,
+however, is possible without leaders, and leaders of the right type.
+
+The lesson for the community to be drawn from a study of crowd
+psychology is that of leadership and loyal co�peration. The common man
+is likely to be possessed of one idea at a time. If such an one
+becomes a leader, there is danger that equally vital factors will be
+overlooked. Safety is found in a combination of leaders to make an
+all-round improvement.
+
+Each individual is too busy in his own affairs to look after his own,
+much less his neighbor's, health and comfort, hence community life,
+with its advantages, brings its own dangers. Children in school in
+contact with other children; crowds in trains, in elevators, stores,
+in lecture halls, contract habits as well as diseases. The need for
+large quantities of supplies at one point brings long-distance
+transportation and cold storage difficulties. The man who caters to
+public need does not look far ahead to consequences, and if
+unrestrained may prove more of a menace than a convenience.
+
+The safe and reasonable way is to delegate to certain persons the
+making and enforcement of regulations corresponding to the needs of
+the times, and then to obey them, even at some personal inconvenience.
+
+Each community should put into the hands of its health officers the
+carrying out of the rules it has agreed to as an _insurance_ against
+outbreaks of disease. Does a man let his fire insurance policy lapse
+because the year has passed without a fire? Even if the regulation
+seems superfluous to the particular individual or family, let it be
+remembered that there are inflammable spots in every community.
+Eternal vigilance is the price of safety in sanitary as well as in
+military affairs. As in the army, the community must delegate scout
+duty to certain chosen individuals and rely on their report for
+safety.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    _Interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive
+    effort. First one, then the other ahead._
+
+
+     Preventive medicine is the watchword of the hour, and
+     enlistment in the cause can come only through education....
+
+     He who understands the dangers is thrice armed, and is
+     trained and entitled to enlist in the home guard to protect
+     the health of his household and neighbors.
+
+     _Dr. M. H. Rosenau, Harvard Medical School._
+
+
+     The next generation of parents is being made strong or weak
+     in home and school today by an environment furnished by
+     parents and teachers. These latter cannot be too well
+     instructed in physiology, hygiene, and biology.
+
+     _Prof. John Tyler, The Responsibility of the Medical Profession
+     for Public Education in Hygiene._
+
+
+     The new view is a social view, which seeks in all movements,
+     whether of research or of remedial action, for the common
+     welfare.
+
+     _Edward Devine, Social Forces._
+
+
+     Democracy means that the best of all life is for all, and
+     that if there are many incapable of entering into it, then
+     they must be helped to become capable.
+
+     _Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy._
+
+
+     If the child is not only in theory but in practice
+     recognized as the main interest in society, the family and
+     society will more and more assist the mother in his nurture.
+
+     _W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations._
+
+
+     Health administration cannot rise far above the hygienic
+     standards of those who provide the means for administering
+     sanitary law. The tax-paying public must believe in the
+     economy, utility, and necessity of efficient health
+     administration.
+
+     _Wm. H. Allen, Civics and Health._
+
+
+     The connection between poverty and ill health is so direct,
+     so immediate, and so important that the moment any
+     individual or society turns its attention to the causes of
+     poverty, that moment it finds itself in the thick of the
+     public health movement.
+
+     _Homer Folks, Journal Public Hygiene, November, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+FAITH AND HOPE
+
+
+Progress is a series of zigzags: now the individual goes ahead of the
+community; now the community outstrips the individual.
+
+The community cannot rise much above the level of the individual home,
+and the home rises only by the pull of the community regulations, or
+by the initiative of a few especially farsighted individuals.
+
+The steps need to be carefully measured, for if the family begins to
+rely on the State for the backbone it should have, it will not stay
+up, and its fall will be lower than the stage it rose from. "When man
+reverts, he goes not to Nature, but to death."
+
+The example set by the city in maintaining clean streets and well-kept
+parks reacts upon the home yards. The insistence by the police on city
+regulations as to alleys and garbage educates the family as to the
+general attention to be paid to such things.
+
+The city authorities, on the other hand, are prodded to their work by
+well-informed individuals who see the great gain to the community from
+certain measures.
+
+The centers of movement, civic and quasi-religious or philanthropic,
+are usually the outgrowth of individual effort. The great movements
+for betterment--water supply, street cleaning, tenement laws,
+etc.--are carried out by community agreement with a common tax outlay.
+
+The clean city means streets of clean houses. The clean house in the
+midst of a dirty city may be the match to start a fire of cleansing.
+
+Probably medical inspection in the public school is as good an example
+as may be given of helpfulness to the community. No quicker means of
+influencing both home and community life may be found, for in five
+years it might revolutionize the whole.
+
+School buildings should be so constructed and so managed that they
+cannot themselves either produce or aggravate physical defects.
+Departments of school hygiene should be organized, not only in every
+city, but for every rural school under county and state
+superintendents of instruction. The general question of physical
+welfare of children involves too many considerations to be
+satisfactorily treated by school physician and school nurse alone, or
+by busy teachers and principals.
+
+"New York City will spend in 1910 $6,500 for making over twenty rooms
+in regular buildings, a first step in an entirely new plan of
+ventilation, which will eventually give outdoor air to all children,
+sick or well."[8]
+
+    [8] Bureau of Municipal Research.
+
+Speaking generally, America is one of the last of the civilized
+nations to deal with the subject of the medical inspection of school
+children upon a comprehensive and national scheme. But once aroused to
+the needs, it is safe to say that the nation will speedily educate
+parents to correct such home conditions as reduce the child's ability
+to profit from schooling, and to persuade governments to see that safe
+homes are provided. It will be easy to convince the taxpayer that it
+is cheaper to provide such care than to neglect the future parent and
+citizen, for it is easy to prove that medical inspection in our
+schools returns large dividends on small investments. Dr. Luther
+Gulick says that it seems probable, though only a guess, that the
+total annual expenditure for medical inspection of schools in the
+United States at the present time is perhaps $500,000. The money saved
+by enabling thousands of children to do one year's work in one year,
+instead of in two or three years, would greatly exceed the total
+expense of examining all children in all boroughs.[9]
+
+    [9] Quoted in Report on National Vitality, p. 123.
+
+The health of all our school children should be conserved by a system
+of competent medical inspection which should secure the correction of
+defects of eyes, ears, teeth, as well as defects due to infection or
+malnutrition.
+
+The statistics of medical inspection in public schools tell a pitiful
+tale wherever it has been tried: thirty or forty per cent of the
+children are found with defective or diseased eyes, ten to twenty per
+cent with distorted spines, fifteen per cent with throat and nose
+troubles, all of which directly affect their intellectual proficiency.
+
+When these deficiencies are discovered and reported to the parents,
+such is the apathy of disbelief that seventy-five per cent of the
+cases usually go unattended; therefore the school nurse, who follows
+the case home and explains the needs and sets forth the penalties, has
+become a necessity.
+
+The parent who permits his child to go to school physically unfitted
+to profit from school opportunity is not only injuring his own child,
+but is injuring his neighbor's child, and is taxing that neighbor
+without the latter's consent.
+
+It would seem as if such parents had forfeited their right to the sole
+care of the children, and that government would be obliged, for its
+own protection, to step in and do the work while it is needed. The
+author has termed this _temporary paternalism_. The providing of penny
+lunches during the morning recess, the service of the school nurse and
+the home visitor to teach those parents who are willing to learn all
+these schemes for the saving of the child, may be carried out in a
+spirit of helpfulness with a support which may be withdrawn when no
+longer needed.
+
+Although all America has not become aroused to the undoubted fact of
+tendencies toward physical deterioration, it is on the verge of an
+awakening. The public school is the natural medium for the spread of
+better ideals, and if the teachers of cooking and of hygiene would
+co�perate and use all the material which sanitary science is heaping
+on the table before them, we should soon see a betterment of the
+physical status. Combined with medical inspection and sanitary
+construction of schoolhouses, this would raise the general health of
+the community thirty or forty per cent in five years and fifty to
+seventy per cent in ten years.
+
+There has been in some quarters much objection to public effort
+towards remedying evils which would not have existed if each family
+had lived up to its duties. The community is a larger family, with
+greater resources, and can employ investigators to find the means for
+greater security. That individual is very foolish who does not
+recognize this interaction between community and individual, and who
+objects to taking the benefits of the larger knowledge.
+
+To take one of the latest examples of social problems: In every
+thousand children in the public schools of any city, probably of the
+town also, there are perhaps fifty who are ill-nourished (not
+necessarily underfed), ill-clothed, unwashed, and deprived of good air
+for sleeping. What is the duty of the public? This is one of the
+burning questions of the moment. Send missionary teachers to the
+homes, some say, but that is costly; the selection of the suitable
+missionary is difficult, and the result may be slight. Others say,
+give one good luncheon at the school, for which the children pay in
+part or in whole, and make that an education which, by the aid of the
+school nurse, will in time affect a change in habit. In short, the
+problem is this: Shall the children suffer in childhood and become a
+burden on society in adult years, or shall society protect itself from
+future expense by community care now? "Because _finding_ diseases and
+defects does not protect children unless discovery is followed by
+_treatment_, fifty-eight cities take children to dispensaries or
+instruct at schoolhouses; fifty-eight send nurses from house to house
+to instruct parents and to persuade them to have their families cared
+for; 101 send out cards of instruction to parents either by mail or
+the children; while 157 cities have arranged special co�peration with
+dispensaries, hospitals, and relief societies for giving the children
+the shoes or clothing or medical and dental care which is found
+necessary."[10]
+
+    [10] Bulletin, Bureau of Municipal Research.
+
+Nearly all preventive measures adopted by society and ranked as
+paternalism by timid philanthropists are or may be educative and
+temporary at the same time. They may be dropped as soon as the end is
+gained. The attention of parents must be called to neglected duties.
+Compulsory attention to such duties as affect the wards of society,
+the children, may be needed for a time. Just as the wise father,
+taking the child for a walk, allows him to run free as soon as his
+strength and courage permit, so the paternalism of society is relaxed
+as soon as its _prot�g�es_ show themselves both able and willing to
+do the right thing without its aid or command.
+
+Compulsory school attendance places responsibility for certain care,
+vaccination, decent clothing, good food, decent shelter. The thousand
+and one ways in which society is now protecting itself are all
+educating the newcomers to American ideals. They are all intended to
+make efficient, self-sustaining citizens who do not feel the pull of
+the law or the bond of outside care. It is the last conflict between
+the ideals of individualism and those of the community need,
+subordinating the individual preference. Much wisdom and forbearance
+will be needed to secure this community ideal, but in that way
+evidently lies progress. It behooves the leaders of social effort to
+make all their work educational, and thus remove the necessity for a
+repetition in the future.
+
+Just as the parent in the home establishes habits while the child's
+mind is plastic, so the community stands _in loco parentis_ to the
+future citizen, and surrounds him with safeguards while needed.
+Knowledge is needed, scientific investigation is fundamental, expert
+wisdom is indispensable, costly though it is, being the product of
+long research and rare brain power. This is at the service of the
+nation for the good of all the people, and it is the surer the wider
+the range of experience. For this reason chiefly, greater actual
+knowledge and more complete harmonizing of conflicting interests is
+necessary. Certain sanitary measures are carried out by the Federal
+government as an education to communities, just as communities educate
+individuals. Federal effort may be unwisely put forth in certain
+cases, investigations of little consequence may be undertaken, but on
+the whole a democracy must learn to manage its affairs by making
+mistakes. The principle should not be discarded as a result of the
+first mistake.
+
+The immediate concern of this chapter is with the leaders of community
+movements, the educated, sympathetic, farsighted sociologists,
+sanitarians, and economists, whose concern is for the advancement of
+mankind. These leaders must have courage and belief in the value of
+their work, for no half-hearted means will carry the community
+forward. Still more, they must have knowledge, a sure ground to stand
+upon. To acquire this means both time and opportunity. To go into
+betterment work without it is to set back the wheels of progress, not
+to advance them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+    _The child to be "raised" as he should be. Restraint for his
+    good. Teaching good habits the chief duty of the family._
+
+
+     Our success or failure with the unending stream of babies
+     (one every eight seconds) is the measure of our
+     civilization: every institution stands or falls by its
+     contribution to that result, by the improvement of the
+     children born or by the improvement of the quality of births
+     attained under its influence.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, Mankind in the Making._
+
+
+     Children are the most hopeful element of our population, and
+     we should concentrate our efforts on them.
+
+     _Dr. W. F. Porter, Harvard Medical School Lectures._
+
+
+     We want the mothers to be the health officers of the home.
+
+     _Charles W. Hewitt._
+
+
+     When human beings and families rationally subordinate their
+     own interests as perfectly to the welfare of future
+     generations as do animals under the control of instinct, the
+     world will have a more enduring type of family life than
+     exists at present. This can only be accomplished by the
+     development of controlling ideals which are supported not
+     only by reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and
+     religious motive.
+
+     The home should be considered the place where are to be
+     developed and conveyed the precious qualities which are so
+     vital to the continuity of the race and the progress of
+     human society and civilization.
+
+     Those factors which are of a more material or physical
+     nature, such as shelter, food, dress, and personal health,
+     are to be estimated in their relation to mind, character,
+     and effective conduct.
+
+     In the confusion of relative values human health as one of
+     the essential means to many worthy ends is usually
+     neglected. Man is the most highly developed of all species
+     of animals. He is, to some degree at least, civilized, and
+     yet human beings are of all animals the sickliest, and this
+     in spite of the fact that human health is more important to
+     man and to the world than the health of any other creature.
+     And by health I do not mean simply existence, freedom from
+     pain, or absence of disease, but rather organic power and
+     efficiency, the maximum vital ability possible to the
+     individual for the doing of all that seems most worth while
+     in life.
+
+     _Dr. Thomas D. Wood, Lake Placid Conference, 1902._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+RESPONSIBILITY
+
+
+The ideal of "home" is protection from dangers from _within_--bad
+habits, bad food, bad air, dirt and abuse,--shelter, in fact, from all
+stunting agencies, just as the gardener protects his tender plants
+until they become strong enough to stand by themselves. The child's
+home environment is certainly a potent factor in his future
+efficiency.
+
+But more than physical protection is that education in all that goes
+to make up profitable living, acquired by following the mother or
+nurse in her daily round and in having legitimate questions answered.
+Imitation is the first step in good habits, as in learning to walk or
+to read. That which is set before the child should be worthy its
+imitation, and be of value when fixed as a habit. Habits of health,
+correct position, deep breathing, clean ways, distaste for dirt in
+one's person or in one's vicinity, liking for fresh air, for simple
+food, good habits of exercise, of reading, and the thousand and one
+trifles that go to make up the efficient worker in adult years, all
+belong to the well-ordered home, where, as one author puts it, the
+child is the business of the day.
+
+But the State cannot risk its property too far.
+
+When mothers become so careless or ignorant that half their children
+fail to reach their first birthday, and of those that live to be three
+years old a majority are defrauded of their birthright of health, some
+agency must step in.
+
+If the State is to have good citizens it must provide for the teaching
+of the essentials to a generation that will become the wiser mothers
+and fathers of the next. Therefore, even if we regard this as only a
+temporary expedient, we must begin to teach the children in our
+schools, and begin at once, that which we see they are no longer
+learning in the home. "The achievement at Huddersfield, England, is
+especially noteworthy. The average annual number of deaths of infants
+for ten years had been 310. By a systematic education of mothers the
+number was in 1907 reduced to 212. The cost of saving these
+ninety-eight lives was about $2,000."[11]
+
+    [11] Dr. Charles H. Chapin.
+
+One university has established a course in the care of children, much
+to the amusement of the press. The United States Commissioner of
+Education has, however, been a responsible mover in the idea.
+
+But real progress by means of family education means the stable family
+and the permanent dwelling. Where is the family in the permanent
+dwelling today? Among any class, except the agricultural, where is the
+stable family?
+
+Since industry has taken woman's work from her, and she has to follow
+it out into the world, the means of education for the child has gone
+from the home. Its atmosphere is artificial, if the attempt is made.
+
+To work exclusively on the family, for the sake of the child, is a
+very slow process. As in all American life, the quicker method appeals
+most strongly. The school is today the quickest means of reaching
+both child and home; the present home through the child, and the
+future homes through the children when they grow up.
+
+And time presses! A whole generation has been lost because the machine
+ran wild without guidance, and all attempt at improvement was met by
+futile resistance.
+
+It is very difficult to present the socionomist's view of the child in
+the home so that it may appeal to the two extremes of opinion. There
+are those who still apply medi�val rules to twentieth century living;
+those who believe, honestly, that the ideal life was found in the days
+when the mother was the manufacturer in her own home and the children
+were her helpers in all the varied processes. "There was never any
+artificial teaching devised so good for children as the daily helping
+in the household tasks." The inference is made that therefore the same
+restriction for the mother and the children leads to an ideal life
+today. Such persons fail to realize that the twentieth century is
+practically a new world. The old rules which related to material
+things hardly hold more closely than they would on the planet Mars.
+The fundamental moral principles of reverence, obedience, love, and
+unselfish sacrifice must be worked in on a new background.
+
+To keep the eighteenth century habit, so carefully taught the girl, of
+courtesying as she stepped aside to allow the rider or the ox cart to
+pass, in these days of the swift automobile, which would be out of
+sight before the knee could bend, is no more ridiculous than to expect
+the average young mother to follow the methods of her grandmother. Her
+mother's ways are now pronounced all wrong, not necessarily because
+they were wrong then, but because conditions have changed, knowledge
+has been gained, and it is clearly a waste of human life, of money, of
+physical and mental power for people to be sick and die because the
+caretaker does not use the knowledge in circulation.
+
+If the young mother can learn how better to fulfill her duties by
+going out of the house to lectures or classes, why not?
+
+Tracts are not always successful as an incentive to conduct. It is
+obviously impossible to pass a blue law compelling parents to conform
+to--what ideal? The school is fast taking the place of the home, not
+because it wishes to do so, but because the home does not fulfill its
+function, and so far has not been made to, and the lack must be
+supplied. The personal point of view, inculcated now by modern
+conditions of strife for money, just as surely as it must have been by
+barbarian struggle in pre-civilized days, must be supplanted by the
+broad view of majority welfare. The extreme of the personal point of
+view, expressed in such phrases as "The world owes me a living;" "My
+child is mine to treat as I please;" "It is nobody's business how I
+spend my money;" "I have a right to all the pleasure I can get out of
+life," is well shown in Mr. H. G. Wells's analogy[12]: "A cat's
+standpoint is probably strictly individualistic. She sees the whole
+universe as a scheme of more or less useful, pleasurable, and
+interesting things concentrated upon her sensitive and interesting
+personality. With a sinuous determination she evades disagreeables
+and pursues delights. Life is to her quite clearly and simply a
+succession of pleasures, sensations, and interests, among which
+interests there happen to be--kittens."
+
+    [12] Mankind in the Making.
+
+This unsuspicious ignorance of the real nature of life is by no means
+confined to animals and savages; it would seem to be the common view
+of many young people today. At least they take as little care of the
+homes to which they bring children, and they follow the cat's example
+in boxing the children's ears and turning them out to fend for
+themselves.
+
+The last generation seemed to become disciples of Schopenhauer in his
+passionate rebellion against the fate that deferred all the pleasure
+of the present to the needs of the future generation. Evolution has
+revealed the necessity for this subordination of the individual lot to
+the destiny of the race, if progress is to be made. The man who
+asserts himself as free from race trammels is snuffed out as a
+factor--a blighted blossom fallen to earth and trodden under foot. To
+the student of biological evolution, the individual is as a mere pin
+point on the chart of community advance, for surely society grows
+according to evolutionary law. "As certainly as Nature gives the poor
+child its chance of a good life, so certainly do the circumstances of
+slum environment rob it forthwith of its birthright--it is not
+uncommon to find more than half the children of three years of age
+hanging on to life with marks of disease and undergrowth firmly
+implanted on their tender frames. Yet, practically, none of this is
+inherited in the true sense; it is the victory of evil human devices
+in their endeavor to cheat Nature of her own. If ever there was a
+mission in the world worthy of the most strenuous service, it is to
+wrest back this victory, be it out of pity for suffering children or
+for the very welfare and existence of the nation.
+
+"The schools have made their beginning; the _homes_ have not yet
+started; they wait the impulse from without. It is for voluntary,
+intelligent opinion to get to work on the home, and never to relax
+until a race of parents has arisen which knows no other duty to the
+state than to rear with heart and brain the children which have been
+given to them. Then we shall hear no more about physical
+degeneracy."[13]
+
+    [13] Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before
+    Conference of Women Workers, London, 1904.
+
+Hope for the future is to be found in the conclusions of the
+immigration commission, that in one generation certain marked changes
+in stature and in head measurements have taken place in the children
+of immigrants of various nationalities, such changes as have hitherto
+been considered as the result of centuries. The commissioners credit
+the better environment and larger opportunities with these indications
+of increasing intellectuality and mental force.
+
+Most human efficiency is the result of habits rather than of innate
+ability. These habits of mind, as well as of body, are developed by
+the home life at an early age. The home is responsible for the
+upbringing of healthy, intelligent children. Here is the place for
+fostering the valuable and suppressing the harmful traits. The school
+can never take the place of the home in this. With the large classes
+of the public schools, the teacher should not be asked to undertake
+this individual work. Moreover, correcting a child for personal habits
+can hardly be effective before fifty or sixty pairs of critical eyes.
+
+The office of the home must be to teach habits of right living and
+daily action, and a joy and pride in life as well as responsibility
+for life. It is not fair that the parents should sit back and shift to
+the school the whole responsibility for the future citizen.
+
+The little modifications can best be made in the home, permanent
+foundations can be laid and braced with habits so good and strong that
+nothing can shake them. Most powers are the result of habits. Let the
+furrows be plowed deeply enough while the brain cells are plastic,
+then human energies will result in efficiency and the line of least
+resistance will be the right line. Everything, therefore, which
+influences the child must be the best known to science. The houses of
+the land must be regulated by the scientific laws of right living. To
+the woman, the home worker, we say: "You must have the will power,
+for the sake of your child, to bring to his service all that has been
+discovered for the promotion of human efficiency, so that he may have
+the habit, the _technique_."
+
+To pay a tax today for the benefit of one's children is a principle of
+insurance, of benefit association. This feeling of obligation means
+present sacrifice of ease and inclination, and it has been
+increasingly shirked, so that it is not surprising that a tax to
+insure one against future loss by disease is an unwelcome proposition.
+
+The whole question of the child in the home is one of ethics, as the
+writers on social conditions have been trying to convince the world.
+If the swarms of dwellers in the busy hives of industry have no sense
+of their humanity, if they do not use the human power of looking
+ahead, that power which differentiates man from animals, what better
+are they than animals?
+
+No one can be sorry that there are no children in thousands of homes
+one knows. It is better that children should not have been born than
+to come into an inheritance of suffering and mental and moral
+dwarfing. Social uplift will not be possible while parents take the
+view of cats, or even of a well-to-do mother who said, "I did not have
+my baby to discipline her; I had her to play with."
+
+No state can thrive while its citizens waste their resources of
+health, bodily energy, time, and brain power, any more than a nation
+may prosper which wastes its natural resources.
+
+America today is wasting its human possibilities even more prodigally
+than its material wealth. The latter deficiency is being brought to a
+halt. Shall the human side receive less attention? A sharply divided
+line between home and school is no longer clearly drawn. Parents'
+associations are being formed and are co�perating with the
+school-teacher. To what end? To the better moral and intellectual
+atmosphere of the home. Physical education has had its vogue, but too
+much as an endeavor apart, not as a necessary element in the whole.
+
+The pedagogical world is now becoming convinced that physical defects
+are more often than not the basis of mental incompetence, and this
+leads logically to the teaching of the laws of right living in a
+practical way, not merely as lessons from books, but as daily
+practice. This practice must eventually go into the home, where the
+most of the child's hours are spent. It is as useless to expect good
+health from unsanitary houses as good English from two hours' school
+training diluted by twelve hours of slovenly language. Hence the
+imperative need of such teaching and example as can be put into
+practice; and since immediate house to house renovation and change of
+view are impossible, the school must provide for teaching how to live
+wisely and sanely, as well as for clear thinking and �sthetic
+appreciation. Practical hygiene, food, cleanliness, sanitation, all
+must eventually be exemplified by the schoolhouse and taught as a part
+of a general education to all pupils, boys and girls.
+
+If this sounds like socialism, let us not be afraid, but educate for
+five or ten years all children, so that homes may be better managed,
+and then it is to be hoped there will be no need for such school
+training. To live economically in the broad sense of wise use of time,
+money, and bodily strength is the great need of the twentieth century.
+This is practical economics. This is something which cannot today,
+except in rare instances, be learned at home, for conditions change so
+rapidly that grown people may not keep up with them. Mothers' ways are
+superseded before the children are grown.
+
+The school, if it is maintained as a progressive institution and a
+defense against predatory ideas, is the people's safeguard from being
+crushed by the irresistible car of progress. I repeat, standards may
+be set by the school which will reach and influence the community in a
+few months. Such standards should be a means of safeguarding the
+people, and this leads to the most important service which a teacher
+of domestic economy can render to the people in giving them a sense of
+control over their environment, than which nothing is so conducive to
+stability of ideas.
+
+To feel one's self in command of a situation robs it of its terror. A
+great danger in America today is the loss of this feeling of
+self-confidence with which the pioneer was abundantly furnished. A
+certain helpless dependence is creeping over the land because of the
+peculiar development of resources, which must be replaced by a sense
+of power over one's environment.
+
+
+     _Home Ideals_
+
+     There is no noble life without a noble aim.
+
+     The watchword of the future is the welfare and security of
+     the child.
+
+     Love of home and of what the home stands for converts the
+     drudgery of daily routine into a high order of social
+     service.
+
+     The economy of right uses depends largely upon the
+     home-maker, and brings the return in health, happiness, and
+     efficiency.[14]
+
+    [14] Motto, Mary Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit,
+    Jamestown Exposition, 1907.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+    _The child to be educated in the light of sanitary science.
+    Office of the school. Domestic science for girls. Applied
+    science. The duty of the higher education. Research needed._
+
+
+     No Christian and civilized community can afford to show a
+     happy-go-lucky lack of concern for the youth of today; for,
+     if so, the community will have to pay a terrible penalty of
+     financial burden and social degradation in the tomorrow.
+
+     _President Roosevelt, Message to Congress, December, 1904._
+
+
+     The loss of faith brings us by a short cut straight to the
+     loss of purpose in life--of any purpose, at least, beyond
+     purely material ones. To those who need money the duty of
+     getting it first and above anything else becomes the gospel
+     of life. To those who feel the need of position, whether in
+     society, business, or elsewhere, their gospel drives them to
+     all means within the law to attain that. To those who have
+     both money and position comes the only remaining purpose in
+     life--that of using them for an existence of amusement and
+     enjoyment. Is it too much to say that never before in our
+     history have such aspirations so completely dominated and
+     limited such large classes?
+
+     What is the poor American to do in his present fever and
+     with his present nerves, but with fivefold greater powers
+     placed in his hands and fivefold greater attention and
+     capacity demanded for their control? If sixty years ago the
+     free forces and rushing advance of the republic urgently
+     needed the regulation of a powerful and learned conservative
+     body, who can overestimate the necessity for such service
+     now?
+
+     When you ask how it is to be rendered, one cannot be
+     mistaken in turning first to those priceless qualities in
+     any sound national life whose tendency to decay we noted at
+     the outset. Give back to us our faith. Give back to us a
+     serious and worthy purpose. Restore sane views of life, of
+     our own relations to it, and of our relations to those who
+     share it with us.
+
+     _Whitelaw Reid, Phi Beta Kappa address, 1903._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE HOME AND THE SCHOOL
+
+
+One must not displace the other, for one cannot replace the other, but
+rather the home and the school must react on each other. The home is
+the place in which to gain the experience, and the school the place in
+which to acquire the knowledge that shall illuminate and crystallize
+the experience. The child should go out to the school with enthusiasm,
+and return to the home filled with a deeper interest and desire to
+realize things.
+
+In morals and manners the school can only give tendency or direction
+to the child's life. The school is not the best place to teach ethics.
+In the family life the child himself finds his future revealed,
+reflected by his relations to other members of the family. The spirit
+of co�peration nurtured there will develop in the school through the
+more various opportunities of relationship to others.
+
+The earlier conditions cannot be restored, even the home training
+cannot be brought back, except on the farm, and there, it is hoped, it
+may be revived. The city or suburban children cannot have the
+opportunity to pick up chips when too young to bring in wood; cannot
+stand by and hold skeins of yarn, or go to the barn and help feed the
+calves--all most interesting and provocative of endless questions.
+They cannot go into the garden and pick berries or vegetables for
+dinner, cannot learn how to avoid breaking the vines, or how to judge
+the ripeness of the melons.
+
+All that is probably not feasible for many, because it is not possible
+to give children of this age responsibility without oversight, and
+today's elders are loath to give and are often incapable of giving
+oversight.
+
+But while these circumstances over which, apparently, we have no
+control, preclude much of the valuable outdoor work, food has still to
+be prepared, dishes need washing, and clothes must be mended, even if
+towels and napkins are no longer hemmed by hand. Rooms are still
+swept and dusted, beds are made, and chairs and tables put straight.
+Has any better means of giving experience ever been devised than these
+small, daily tasks which differentiate men from animals? The care of
+the fixed habitation, the foresight needed to prepare the things for
+the family life in the weeks and months to come, the co�peration of
+all the members of the family toward one common end--all tend toward
+high _human ideals_. If the wise mother only realized the value to the
+child of helping in such portions as are not too heavy, of being a
+part of the life, she would let nothing stand in the way of using this
+natural means of development. But with foreign domestics whose idea is
+to get the various duties over as soon as possible, and whose gift is
+not that of teaching, how is the child to grow into the normal ways of
+right daily living, unconsciously and effectively?
+
+If the parents continue to throw all the work of education on the
+school, then the school must take the best means of fulfilling the
+task.
+
+Not only has the home put the burden of education on the school, but
+the school has drawn the child away from the home. The school of today
+demands much more from him than the school of the early New England
+days. It has taken the time that was formerly given to assisting in
+the duties of the household; it has taken from the home the interest
+and responsibility that were developed through the co�peration in the
+family life. School has taken the place of home in the child's
+thoughts. In the morning the thought is of reaching school in time,
+not of the home duties whose performance could lighten many a mother's
+burden.
+
+The school, hurried with a curriculum that is wasteful of time and
+energy, lacking correlation in the studies (except in a few schools
+that are noted exceptions proving the rule), has little time to relate
+its work to the home as the kindergarten does in its morning talk; so
+there must come an intermediate step in order that the school may
+emphasize the home life and industries, and that a generation may grow
+up who shall have a knowledge of the daily needs of life.
+
+The interest awakened in the school will surely react upon the home.
+It is like an expedition going out to make discoveries and to bring
+back knowledge to its own land. The directive work of the school will
+thus become a practical realization in the home. Then the cycle will
+be complete, for while the school has separated the child from his
+natural environment for many hours and weeks, it is sending him back
+better equipped through knowledge and experience to fulfill his place
+there.
+
+How shall the ends be gained artificially by devices of the school?
+For gained they must be, if civilization is to be maintained.
+
+To quote from Isabel Bevier:
+
+"As the home is so inseparably connected with the house, and our
+comfort and efficiency are so greatly influenced by the kind of houses
+in which we live, much of interest and importance centers in the study
+of the house."
+
+Moreover, with the house, its evolution, decoration, and care, may be
+associated much that is interesting in history, art, and
+architecture, as well as much that has a direct bearing on the daily
+life of the individual.
+
+The philosophers have struggled for centuries, each contributing
+according to his experience and vision to determine what is the
+purpose of life. America's thought could be translated into the word
+efficiency. Yes, we might almost say she worships efficiency. If,
+then, efficiency is to be the goal, what are the means to develop it?
+Efficiency depends chiefly upon good health, and to maintain this we
+must first consider in the scheme of education the physical
+aids--food, air, water, clothing and shelter, exercise and rest--and
+with this goal in view must come also recreation, play or amusement,
+and beauty to develop the mental and the spiritual. In relating our
+scheme of work to this ideal we will consider first the shelter.
+
+The children of ten or twelve years of age have passed the
+"make-believe" stage of play; they want the "real," but of their own
+kind and age. After little children have made and played with toys and
+foreshadowed the needs of the actual home, the time has come for the
+youth to have his demands, which are not yet the demands of man and
+manhood.
+
+At the Tuberculosis Congress, held in Washington in 1908, a sanatorium
+in England, which won a prize, presented among many good features a
+system of graded work with graded tools, almost childlike implements
+for the weak and unskilled, gradually advancing toward the normal as
+the strength and health of the man grew. So it should be with the
+material we should give to the children.
+
+After the toy age a house about two-thirds the ordinary sized house
+may be constructed. A room seven feet square is very livable for a
+child. Three rooms is a very good working plant--the kitchen and the
+bedroom, the dining and living room combined. Both boys and girls may
+co�perate in planning, building, and furnishing this home.
+
+The plan of a modern house may be drawn, basing it on the knowledge of
+house architecture through history, of the modification necessary to
+site through geography, and the knowledge that science has brought of
+drainage, ventilation, and construction. The house could be built by
+the manual training class, or if that is not feasible it may be built
+by one of the firms making portable houses. At all events, it can be
+painted by the children, and this will lead to lessons on color, the
+use of paint and its composition.
+
+While the "shelter" is being constructed the child must be considering
+at the same time the principles of caring for the home, for this would
+naturally influence the thought of furnishing. The simply furnished
+home means less physical exertion, but not less beauty. The home
+planned and executed on scientific principles of hygiene and
+sanitation means a healthful home, a much cleaner home.
+
+The shelter of the individual has been considered; now comes the
+immediate protection of the child--its clothing. It would not be quite
+practical in this little home to enter into the personal activities of
+bathing and dressing. A very large doll, approximating the child, may
+be used, one large enough so that it can wear boots, stockings, etc.,
+that are usually bought for the real child. Here can be taught also
+the lesson in wise spending.
+
+The right care of the body must be included among the necessities of
+education. The teaching of the principles of hygiene should be closely
+related to the lives of the children. Correct habits, not rules, are
+the proper prevention for all sorts of defects. To secure and maintain
+a healthy body, habits of cleanliness and enthusiasm for health must
+be inculcated. Such habits can be readily impressed on the body while
+it is plastic--that is, while it is young; but they are acquired only
+with difficulty and by much thought in after years. Hence there is the
+greatest economy of time and energy in accustoming young people to
+habits of daily living which will give them the best chance in after
+life--the chance to be "healthy, happy, efficient human beings." Most
+of the teaching must be by indirect methods--illustrations--and so the
+doll may be used again to demonstrate and relate facts about the daily
+life.
+
+An old Scotch writer once said, "He that would be good must be happy,
+and he that would be happy must be healthy." As has already been said,
+the great increase of disease from causes under individual control,
+such as that which is brought on by errors of diet, points to a need
+for a more general education in this respect. The food problem is
+fundamental to the welfare of the race. Society, to protect itself,
+must take cognizance of the questions of food and nutrition. It is
+necessary to give the child the right ideas on these subjects, for
+only then will there be sufficient effort to get the right kind of
+food and to have it clean. Right living goes further and demands the
+right manner of serving and eating the food. The home table should be
+the school of good manners and of good food habits of which the child
+ought not to be deprived.
+
+If all the foregoing principles have been developed, if the child has
+been led to see the joy of living through these home activities, he
+will consider the home the true shelter, the place where he can have
+the happiest play, the easiest rest, where he can study most
+earnestly, and express himself most honestly.
+
+And the parents, the fathers and mothers of children of the city? How
+far are we helping the city dwellers to take advantage of city life?
+The principles back of housekeeping are the same, the end the
+same--what are to be the means to stimulate the modern home-maker?
+Show the possibilities within reach of them; send the children home
+with ideas which the mother must consider.
+
+Education in pursuing the so-called "humanities" has been holding up
+to view a hypothetical man in a hypothetical environment.
+
+The pursuit of gold has not been hindered thereby, and has gone on
+without the restraints of education because of the complete detachment
+of ideals inculcated from the actual daily life where money meant
+personal pleasure and comfort for the time being.
+
+The power over things gained by a few students was utilized by money
+power to hasten all progress. Speed was the watchword. No one could
+stop to see what injury he had caused. "Get there," really seemed to
+be the motto. In this scramble for power the "purpose" for which life
+is lived has been lost sight of. No "worthy aim" has been impressed on
+the mind of the child.
+
+An awakening has come and the school is the leading factor in the
+upward movement. Education is coming to have a new meaning, or better,
+perhaps, is going back to the older meaning with new materials. No
+knowledge or power the youth may acquire will avail in real struggle
+for existence of the race without a definite aim to hold steady the
+eye fixed on a certain goal. This is a law of man's existence.
+
+The change in point of view has been growing like a root underground.
+It seems to have suddenly sent up shoots in every direction. In no
+line of thought has this change come more generally than in relation
+to the things youth should be taught. Himself and his relation to his
+environment are now to the front. Instead of extolling man as the lord
+of all created things, the youth is made to see that man unaided by
+scientific knowledge is at the mercy of Nature's forces; that man in
+crowds is sure to succumb unless he makes a strong effort to keep
+himself erect.
+
+Hence the boys are given manual training--power over wood and stone,
+steam and electricity; and are taught the principles of production of
+food and metals. The girls are being taught to distinguish values in
+textiles and food stuffs; to manage finances and to keep houses in a
+sanitary manner.
+
+It is the business of the higher education at once to apply the
+knowledge of preventive measures to its own students and through them
+to reach the people, but it has been very slow to take up the cause of
+better environment.
+
+In colleges there is still more emphasis laid on external works, such
+as water supply, drainage, etc., than on the more intimate hourly
+needs of fresh air and clean rooms. The halls, study rooms, and dining
+rooms of colleges are notoriously ill ventilated and not over clean.
+
+The senses are blunted at an age when they should be keenly
+sensitive. It is only within ten years or so that very many of the
+higher schools have made a point of indoor sanitation beyond plumbing
+provisions. Outdoor sports have been relied upon to give sufficient
+impetus to the health side of education.
+
+A new element has come into the State universities through the Home
+Economics courses, which have been steadily growing in favor during
+the last two decades. Within that time several buildings have been
+erected and equipped to teach the principles of sanitary and economic
+living both in institution, school, and family life.
+
+Probably no one movement has been so powerful as this in convincing
+educators of the efficiency of trained women as factors in sanitary
+progress. In no other direction is the outlook for social service
+greater. The woman must, however, be more than a willing worker; she
+must be educated in science as a foundation for sanitary work.
+
+Within the next few years the demand for trained women is sure far to
+exceed the supply, for the fundamental sciences are not to be acquired
+in one or two years.
+
+Young college women are even now realizing their mistake in neglecting
+the sciences. They assumed that science was not of practical use. They
+assumed that educational curricula were stable and would go on in the
+same lines forever.
+
+The high school is now fully awake to these vital factors. Some of the
+best buildings in the United States are the high school buildings,
+those of the West excelling those of the East. By 1911 nearly every
+school will have a course in Sanitary Science. It may be under the
+name of Home Economics, or of Camp Cookery, or of House Building, but
+the idea of better physical environment has already taken root. In the
+extension of school work by the employment of the school visitor to
+supplement the work of the teacher in the grade schools, in Parents'
+Associations, in Mothers' Clubs, in social endeavors on every side,
+there is coming the study of more special branches of sanitary
+science, clean air, clean floors, clean clothes--where once cooking
+lessons were the extent to which the workers could lead.
+
+Evolution has at last been accepted as applying to man as well as to
+animals. In his inaugural address, November, 1909, President H. J.
+Waters, of Kansas Agricultural College, said: "... for every dollar
+that goes into the fitting of a show herd of cattle or hogs, or into
+experiments in feeding domestic animals, there should be a like sum
+available for fundamental research in feeding men for the greatest
+efficiency.... We have millions for research in the realm of domestic
+animals and nothing for the application of science to the rearing of
+children."
+
+Evidence is not wanting that all this is to be speedily changed. Man
+has awakened to the fact that he is "the sickest beast alive" and that
+he has himself to blame, and, moreover, that it is within his power to
+change his condition and that speedily.
+
+After all, human life and effort are governed largely by the conscious
+or unconscious value put upon the varied elements that go to make up
+the daily round.
+
+It seems to be a universal law that effort must precede satisfaction,
+from the infant feeding to the man building up a successful business.
+The satisfaction grows in a measure as the effort was a prolonged or
+sustained one.
+
+Well-being is a product of effort and resulting satisfaction. The
+child without interest in work or play does not develop; the man with
+no stimulus walks through life as in a dream.
+
+The first steps in "civilizing" (?) a nation or tribe are to suggest
+_wants_--things to strive for. Struggle, with all its attendant evils,
+seems the lever that moves the world. It is therefore in line that
+health, and whatever favors it, is to be gained at the expense of
+struggle. The one necessary element is that men should value it enough
+to struggle for it.
+
+Sanitary science above all others, when applied, benefits the whole
+people, raises the level of productive life.
+
+In the rapid development of our civilization, the laboratory, the
+shop, the school can be the quickest mediums of suggesting wants.
+
+In an earlier chapter, the indifference to clean conditions, the
+ignorance of the means of obtaining pure food and clean air, were
+dwelt upon, and still later the need of _will_ to choose the right
+thing.
+
+Now we should consider the means of stimulating that choice. So far it
+has been chiefly exploitation for the personal gain of the
+manufacturer, who has persuaded the people to buy his product
+regardless of its economic or hygienic effect. Thrift has been
+undermined most subtly.
+
+"That's the secret of the whole situation we're talking about; it's
+easier to buy a new shirt than to take care of the one you've
+got."[15]
+
+    [15] Meredith Nicholson, Lords of High Decision, p. 133.
+
+All sense of values has been lost, so that with no sound basis choice
+is apt to be unwise, unsatisfactory, and is gradually dropped, while
+the individual drifts.
+
+No more effective agent for the dissemination of knowledge was ever
+devised than the American Public School. If only it would live up to
+its opportunities, its teachers could bring to its millions of
+receptive minds the best practice in daily living (never mind the
+theory for the children), and through the children reach the home,
+where the infants may be saved from the risks that the elders have
+run.
+
+To be effective, however, school conditions should be satisfactory,
+and teachers should be familiar with the best ways of living, or at
+least in active sympathy with the medical inspector and the school
+nurse.
+
+No more revolting revelations have ever been made than those usually
+locked in the hearts of these faithful servants of the people. How
+they can have courage to go on in face of parental and community
+indifference is a marvel. We shall consider in the next chapter how
+the average parent is to be aroused.
+
+But the leaders in educational and scientific thought--what of them?
+The school is the pride of the community and measures the progress of
+the community toward ideals. Alas, how is pride laid low in most
+public school buildings in the inability of most of the teachers to
+see the relations between mental stupidity and bad air.
+
+The awakening has begun, however, and thousands of teachers have
+responded and are urging authorities to burn more coal, to employ more
+help, to keep the house clean, to make it more beautiful, to make the
+curriculum more helpful, to make provision for good food to be
+purchased, and the hundred ways in which the school may be the most
+powerful civilizing factor the nation has. _But civilization must not
+spell disease and ruin._
+
+The economic factor must not be lost sight of. To tell the boy and
+girl that they are as good as any does not give them the right to the
+most expensive food and clothing they see. How shall they choose
+wisely in the multitude of new things? They wish the best, naturally,
+and all America is honeycombed with the wrong idea that the best costs
+the most. An Alaska Indian came into the store in Juneau one day to
+buy some canned peas. The storekeeper said, "I am out of the brand you
+want." "No peas?" asked the Indian. "No, only some small cans of
+French peas at forty cents a can. You don't want those." "Why not? Me
+want the best."
+
+The schools of domestic economy, the classes in all grade schools,
+will have to attack and conquer these prejudices as to values, or,
+rather, will need to substitute right estimates of value before our
+people will choose wisely in distributing their income, for that is
+what right living means. The division of the income according to the
+necessities of health and efficiency, not according to whim or selfish
+desire, is sometimes estimated as
+
+  20 to 25 per cent for rent
+  25 to 30 per cent for food
+  10 to 15 per cent for clothing
+
+This leaves only forty-five or thirty per cent for other things, and
+the pennies must be carefully counted to cover fuel, light,
+amusements, education, books, insurance, or investments. Something
+that the family would like must be left out--no matter what, providing
+only it does not injure their efficiency as wage-earners, as
+comfortable human beings.
+
+The sensation of comfort or satisfaction is so completely a psychic
+factor that the school training has a great chance to affect after
+life. The child can acquire the habit of being more comfortable in
+plain, washable, clean clothes, with clean hands, than in dirty,
+ragged furbelows. This habit once thoroughly acquired is not likely to
+be quickly lost. Provision for clean hands is a necessity in school,
+and ways of making a small amount of soap and water serve may also be
+taught. All the while, care is to be taken not to introduce
+unnecessarily expensive materials or to inculcate over-refined
+notions.
+
+Sound instruction as to dangers of transference of saliva, of nose
+discharge, etc., can be given without also giving the despair of
+impossible achievement.
+
+The teaching in the classes must have this practical bearing on daily
+life. It is insisted on here because unclean hands are the chief
+source of infectious disease.
+
+Instead of blaming water supplies, dusty streets, or even contagion by
+the breath, sanitarians are everywhere putting emphasis upon the
+actual contact of moist mucus with milk and other food, in preparation
+or in serving. It is not a supercilious notion to examine tumblers
+for finger marks, or to object to the habit of wetting the finger with
+saliva in turning leaves of books. These little unclean acts are the
+unconscious habits that cling to a person in spite of education from
+reading. The greatest service to be done today in improving the health
+of the community is in the application of the principles which may be
+summed up in the phrases--fresh air all the twenty-four hours, clean
+hands the livelong day, the free use of the handkerchief to protect
+from contamination of mouth and nose.
+
+All these small personal habits should be taught in the earliest
+months of life, _i. e._, in the home; but if the child reaches school
+untaught, then in defense of the whole community the school must
+insist upon teaching them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+     _Stimulative education for adults. Books, newspapers,
+     lectures, working models, museums, exhibits, moving
+     pictures._
+
+
+     The efficient sanitarian is not so great when he conquers a
+     raging epidemic as when he prevents an epidemic that might
+     have raged but for his preventive care, and for this result
+     his most continuous and effectual work is to
+     educate--educate--educate.
+
+     _Wm. H. Brewer, New Haven Health Association, 1905._
+
+
+     The essential fact in man's history to my sense is the slow
+     unfolding of a sense of community with his kind, of the
+     possibilities of co�peration leading to scarce-dreamt-of
+     collective powers, of a synthesis of the species, of the
+     development of a common general idea, a common general
+     purpose out of a present confusion.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, First and Last Things._
+
+
+     The great mass of the population is, indeed, at the present
+     time like clay which has hitherto been a mere deadening
+     influence underneath, but which this educational process,
+     like some drying and heating influence upon that clay, is
+     rendering resonant.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+     In a store an advertisement reads: "Any kind of tea you
+     prefer; no charge whatever."
+
+     She: "The women look so tired when they come in, and in ten
+     minutes they are so rested and refreshed."
+
+     He: "Ready to go home?"
+
+     She: "Why, no--ready to do some more shopping."
+
+     _Spectator, The Outlook, December 18, 1909._
+
+
+Something in motion and something to eat attract the crowd.
+
+The social worker is just beginning to realize what the manufacturer
+and the department storekeeper have long since found out.
+
+Why is it not legitimate to "attract a crowd," to do them a good
+service in showing them how to save money as well as in impelling them
+to spend it? It is wiser to _show how_ before explaining why.
+
+The force of example, the power of suggestion, should be used fully
+before coercion is applied. Exhibits and models come before law.
+
+The psychology of influence is an interesting study (see
+M�nsterberg's article, _McClure's_, November, 1909). Its principles
+have been grasped and used by those who exploit human feelings for
+their own gain. The student of social conditions should make a wider
+and better use of a real force.
+
+Publicity is perhaps first. Exhibits showing existing conditions often
+shock people into attention, for it is inattention more than anything
+else that prevent betterment.
+
+It is said that "a knowledge of danger is the surest means of guarding
+against it," but this knowledge must be translated into belief and the
+danger be brought home to the individual as a member of the community.
+
+Exhibits may often suggest for existing evils simple remedies never
+thought of before. They should never suggest the one idea without the
+other. Even though the remedy is not worked out, it should be called
+for. America's inventive power may well be turned on its own social
+affairs as well as on adaptation of European machinery.
+
+The man considered in these pages is the man in community environment,
+and the discussion is as to what controls this community life. It will
+be acknowledged by all thoughtful persons that the prime control lies
+in the purpose for which the community exists. If for selfish gain,
+then all is sacrificed to that end. Men and women become mere machines
+and children are only in the way until they, too, may be put into the
+service.
+
+If it exists for mutual help and general advance in civilization, then
+the leaders in the community take into account the elements that
+contribute to the future as well as those for the immediate present.
+
+In the confusion of ideas resulting from the rapid, almost cancerous
+growth of the modern community, made possible by mechanical invention,
+the people have lost the power of visualizing their conception of
+right and wrong, a power which made the Puritan such a force in early
+colonial times. Heaven and hell were very real to him and were
+powerful factors in influencing his daily life. The average man today
+has no such spur to good behavior. Perhaps the sword of Damocles must
+be visualized by such exhibits as the going out of an electric light
+every time a man dies, by the ghastly microbe in the moving picture,
+by the highly colored print or by a vivid reproduction of crowded
+quarters. The social worker has been doubtful of the real value of
+such exhibits, but such reminders have their place in a community
+accustomed to the advertising of less worthy subjects.
+
+A decided recognition of the value of exhibits is found in the
+advertisement of a company: "We design and equip Exhibits on
+Tuberculosis, Milk, Civic Betterment, Dental Hygiene, Saner Fourth of
+July. Have you our catalogue?" Much of our educational work for the
+dissemination of useful knowledge would gain in power and directness
+from an adaptation of the methods of the man skilled in promoting
+commercial interests. He knows how to apply the right stimulus at the
+right time in order to arouse the desired interest.
+
+In many ways the adult is but the child of a larger growth, who needs
+something concrete to make him understand. And so have grown up the
+great industrial fairs and exhibitions. One comes away from these
+wondering that so much, both good and bad, is being prepared for him,
+and stimulated, usually, to work out certain suggestions and better
+many of the present conditions. Both the manufacturer and the consumer
+have been helped.
+
+Wherever it is possible, a working model illustrating the chief
+features to be explained should be installed. The expense of this kind
+of exhibit has in the past been prohibitive, and moreover the use of
+such "claptrap" has been frowned upon; but scientific knowledge is no
+longer to be held within the aristocratic circle of the university. It
+is to be brought within the reach of the man in the street, and to
+make up for the wasted years of seclusion experts now vie with each
+other in putting cause and effect not merely into words but into
+pictures, and even into motion pictures. The fly as a carrier of
+disease is now shown in all its busy and disgusting activity. The
+lesson of awakened attention by such means is being learned, and soon
+lessons in botany, in gardening, in housewifery, will be given through
+the eye, to be the better followed by the hand.
+
+Of all means, that product of man's ingenuity, the moving picture, is
+destined to play the greatest part in quick education. It is the
+quintessence of democracy.
+
+The extension movement in education is an evidence of a new social
+ideal. It is a true expression of democracy that the university and
+school can be utilized by the busy working people. Museums that at one
+time were only for the educated who by previous training could
+understand them now assume as a privilege the educating of all the
+people. Schools of art and science, also, through lectures, bulletins,
+guides, and special exhibits, extend a generous welcome to the public.
+
+The citizens ought to be a gladder, sadder people, stirred and
+delighted and grateful for much that the city affords; sad and shocked
+by some of the forbidding, existing conditions. That is the power of
+an exhibit, so to visualize a condition that the mind really
+conceives it, never again to recover from the shock, to be unmindful
+of such possibilities of degraded existence for human beings.
+
+The influence of these great expositions is of a most subtle kind, not
+often to be traced, but there is a noticeable change in the estimation
+in which Home Economics is held dating from the time of the Mary
+Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit held at the Exposition in St.
+Louis in 1905. This illustrated the application of modern knowledge to
+home life, chiefly in economic and �sthetic lines, all bearing upon
+the health and efficiency of the people. The Chicago Exposition in
+1893 had its Rumford Kitchen, an exhibit under the auspices of the
+State of Massachusetts. This practical illustration of scientific
+principles modified the ideas of the world as to the place and
+importance of cookery in education. Indeed, there seemed a distinct
+danger that other lines would be neglected, so that when the
+Exposition at St. Louis was determined upon this legacy of fifteen
+years before was drawn upon to show the wide scope of the subject as
+it had been developed.
+
+Boards of Health might pave the way for a better understanding of
+their rules and regulations if they would have temporary exhibits in
+public places of some of the conditions known to them but unsuspected
+by the average citizen and taxpayer.
+
+Traveling exhibits may show local and temporary conditions and may
+call attention to needs demanding immediate remedy--with the remedy
+suggested.
+
+Permanent exhibits in museums should, on the other hand, teach a
+deeper lesson. They should always be constructive and should be
+replaced when the conditions have changed. The modern idea of a museum
+is a series of adjustable exhibits with distinct suggestive purpose.
+Such are found in the Town Room, 3 Joy Street, Boston, the Social
+Museum, Harvard College, the American Museum of Safety, and the
+Sanitary Science Section, American Museum of Natural History, New
+York.
+
+The distribution of the printed word has become so universal that it
+would seem as if every family might be influenced by it; but the
+scientific title, or the size of the book, or the scientific terms
+seem forbidding, and so the whole question is thrust aside.
+
+In the past, newspaper science was largely discounted as sensational
+and only one-tenth fact. Scientific workers were largely to blame for
+this. They could not take the time to explain the meaning of their
+work, and the few things they were ready to say were worked over out
+of all semblance to truth by the writer who must have a "story" and
+who had not the training in "suspension of judgment" which the
+scientific investigator knows to be necessary.
+
+There is no concern of human life that cannot be made interesting, and
+the magazine writers of today understand that art. Read the newspaper
+and the world is yours. It is all things to all men. The popularizing
+of knowledge is now proceeding on somewhat better lines.
+Intermediaries between the laboratory and the people are springing up
+to interpret the one to the other. This work is good or bad according
+to the individual writer. Most of it is still too superficial. Here is
+one of the most fertile fields for the educated woman, since the
+evils of which we complain have to do so intimately with woman's
+province, the home and the school. There is hope that the trained,
+scientific woman will take her place as interpreter. Her practical
+sense will give her an advantage over the young man who has never
+known other home than a boarding house.
+
+But the expert knows that the man of "practical affairs" wants and
+needs certain knowledge, and so seeks another way. Our Federal
+government, through the departments of Agriculture and Education; the
+State Boards of Health; the educational institutions, have with care
+and accuracy formulated this knowledge and are sending to the people,
+in the form of bulletins meeting their interest and requirements,
+knowledge in concise and readable form, and so most valuable. More
+than five hundred thousand copies of Miss Maria Parloa's bulletin on
+Preserving have been distributed by the Department of Agriculture.
+
+These efforts by both men and women have meant independent scientific
+research, which is often the only available knowledge for the
+housekeeper. It is bringing to them in their "business" of life the
+same help that the men on the farm and elsewhere are receiving in
+theirs.
+
+But the written word, however clearly put, can never reach the
+untrained as can the voice and personality of an earnest speaker with
+a compelling vitality. Lectures by those who have been engaged in
+research themselves, so that they have absorbed the spirit of the
+laboratory--not by those who have merely smelled the odors of the
+waste jars--are ten times more valuable than even the most
+attractively illustrated articles. It is well that the personality of
+the human being is an asset, and that there is a stimulus in hearing
+and seeing the person who has accomplished things. There is always a
+power in the spoken word. The government, with its public lectures,
+recognizes this as well as the private organization, and today
+ignorance is necessarily due only to indifference.
+
+Illustrated lectures followed by literature are of inestimable value
+if rightly and not sensationally given. Even then, the seed must have
+time to sprout.
+
+Man has reached his present stage of civilization, however we regard
+it, by an incessant warfare against adverse conditions. Enemies, man
+and beast, surrounded him; mountains and rivers obstructed his
+passage; fire and flood swept away his dwellings; but ever onward the
+inward impulse has carried him.
+
+It is interesting to see how the same vocabulary is transferred to the
+warfare for social betterment, "campaign," "warfare," "battle,"
+"fight," "weapon," "corps," "army." And the fight to be won can only
+come through knowledge, its dissemination and then its application.
+
+Publicity today means co�peration and democracy--all to help, all to
+be helped.
+
+All the foregoing methods should be used in these campaigns for
+health, with the dictum, "Man, know thyself."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+    _Both child and adult to be protected from their own
+    ignorance. Educative value of law and of fines for
+    disobedience. Compulsory sanitation by municipal, state, and
+    federal regulations. Instructive inspection._
+
+
+     The strength of the State is the sum of all the effective
+     people.
+
+     _Dr. Edward Jarvis, Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1874._
+
+
+     When the Americans took charge of Bilibid Prison in Manila
+     the death rate was 238 per 1,000 per year: by improving
+     sanitary conditions, this death rate was reduced to about 75
+     per 1,000: here it remained stationary until it was
+     discovered that a very high percentage of the prisoners were
+     infected with hookworms and other intestinal parasites: then
+     a systematic campaign was inaugurated to expel these worms,
+     and when this was done the death rate fell to 13.5 per 1,000.
+
+     _C. W. Stiles._
+
+
+     So the duties and responsibilities of a Health Department
+     are not only changed, but they are very greatly increased
+     and are constantly increasing. And on broad lines to cause
+     the citizen to do the things he can and ought to do, and
+     then to do for him the things that he cannot do, but which
+     should be done, is the duty of the State, and that, being
+     interpreted, means the real prevention of disease.
+
+     _Eugene H. Porter, Report, New York State Department of
+     Health, 1909._
+
+
+     The whole difference of modern scientific research from that
+     of the Middle Ages, the secret of its immense successes,
+     lies in its collective character, in the fact that every
+     fruitful experiment is published, every new discovery of
+     relationships explained. In a sense, scientific research is
+     a triumph over natural instinct, over that mean instinct
+     that makes men secretive.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old._
+
+
+     Public or governmental hygiene has been chiefly concerned
+     with pure air and pure food, and with organisms producing
+     epidemic diseases. Boards of health are a recent invention,
+     and in this country they have as yet been only imperfectly
+     developed. They can never become the power they should be
+     until, first, public opinion better realizes their
+     usefulness and the fact that their cost to the taxpayer is
+     saved many times over by the prevention of death and
+     disease; second, more and better health legislation is
+     enacted--national, state, and municipal; and, third, special
+     training is secured for what is really a new profession,
+     that of a public health officer.
+
+     _Report on National Vitality._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LEGISLATIVE COMPULSION
+
+
+Government is delegated to persons specially set apart for the
+oversight of the people's welfare.
+
+Personal conduct was free from such delegated power in the Anglo-Saxon
+thought. The Englishman's house was his castle inviolate. This was
+especially true of the early American settlers. Laws interfering with
+personal liberty, a man's right to drink tea, to punish his own
+children, to beat his own wife, to keep his own muck-heap, have been
+deeply resented by the American citizen. Each step in the protection
+of his neighbor has been taken only by a struggle extending the common
+law of nuisance to a variety of conditions.
+
+The protection of the man against himself, and of his wife and child
+against his ignorance or greed, is one of the twentieth century tasks
+yet hardly begun.
+
+The control of man's environment for his own good as a function of
+government is a comparatively new idea in republican democracy. The
+cry of paternalism is quickly raised, on the one hand, of socialism,
+on the other. Each gain has been at the cost of a hard-fought battle.
+But it is certain that the individual must delegate more or less of
+his so-called rights for the sake of the race, and since the only
+excuse for the existence of the individual is the race, he must so far
+relinquish his authority.
+
+It is a part of the urban trend that the will of the man, of the head
+of the family, should be superseded by that of the community, city,
+state, nation.
+
+Even though all the agencies for the education of both young people
+and adults that have been discussed in the preceding chapters were set
+in motion at once, there would still remain many thousands in township
+and city untouched by these forces, or so touched as to arouse
+rebellion against such novel notions.
+
+Only the child can be educated to acquire habits of right living so
+perfectly that the suitable action takes place unconsciously. Twenty
+years hence these trained children will be the chief citizens of the
+republic, the leaders of public opinion. Today, however, less gentle
+means, less gradual processes, must be used in order that these
+children may have a chance to grow up.
+
+In the social republic, the child as a future citizen is an asset of
+the state, not the property of its parents. Hence its welfare is a
+direct concern of the state. Preventive medicine is in this sense
+truly State Medicine, and means protection of the people from their
+own ignorance.
+
+In the laws made with this end in view lies one of the greatest
+educative agencies known. We have referred in the last chapter to the
+need of drawing attention to defects and dangers in order that people
+may know what the results of their careless ways may be. No surer way
+has been found to fix attention than to attempt to enforce a law or
+collect a fine for disobedience of it. A marked illustration of this
+truth is given in the case of the ordinance against spitting in street
+cars. In many cities a notice was posted in each car--usually with
+little effect. In some a fine of five dollars was added, with little
+more result. Boston was one of the first cities to pass an ordinance,
+and it accompanied the law with a fine of one hundred dollars. This
+compelled attention--a sum which represented to the workman more than
+his yearly savings, more than any single expenditure. To the business
+man, even, it was a sum not to be lightly dropped on a filthy car
+floor. This mere statement of the value of cleanness made an almost
+instantaneous change in the habits of thousands. Within two days the
+car floors became practically free without a single fine being
+collected within that time, as far as the author is aware.
+
+The law imposing fines for neglect of removal of garbage or of
+screening stables must be occasionally enforced in order to express
+degree of disapproval. A petty fine is of little use.
+
+Conditions of motion, of rapid intermingling of distant populations--a
+thousand miles in a day is now possible--make national control a
+necessity. It is proved that quick results may be gained in saving
+lives and property by that prompt and thorough action which
+well-equipped Federal forces alone possess. The stamping out of yellow
+fever in Cuba, the redemption of Panama, the suppression of sporadic
+outbreaks at New Orleans, the quick response to a discovery, as in the
+cases of pellagra and the hookworm--all these show what a thoroughly
+alive government may do.
+
+It is no disgrace to an individual or a city to have the national
+laboratory make discoveries, to have the national power put down
+epidemics, as it does civil rebellion, for the good of the whole
+nation. It is disgraceful, however, for the citizen to remain
+indifferent or obstructive, to grumble over the cost. The indifference
+of the people themselves is today almost the only stumbling block to
+national prosperity.
+
+The time lost to the average worker by inefficient labor is a drain on
+the community largely avoidable, and is the cause of that other drain
+on the moral as well as physical vitality--charity.
+
+Preventive medicine is a science by itself, a combination of social
+and scientific forces guided by research quickly applied, and it must
+be accepted and upheld by those whom it benefits, namely, all the
+citizens. The nation is in many cases the only power strong enough to
+command confidence, and in the combination of government effort an
+international science of human welfare is bound to be evolved.
+
+It is a waste of effort for each state to prepare a fly pamphlet. The
+correctness of a Government Bulletin would give an added value as well
+as the rapidity of circulation. The bulletins of the Agricultural
+Department are an example.
+
+The Weather Service, with its quick notifications, shows what a health
+service might do. A monthly or weekly _health chart_ would give the
+best and worst spots.
+
+Precautions really workable might be furnished the Associated Press.
+
+In short, system and science might be put at the service of the local
+health officer, of the traveler, and even of the housewife.
+
+The Library of Congress now furnishes cards in duplicate to a large
+number of centers, thus saving time to the investigator and giving
+information often not otherwise obtainable.
+
+The Farmers' Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture are also most
+valuable to the people who are in search of help. Such agencies might
+be extended without fear of trespass on any existing agencies.
+
+Just as the individual, if he is to do and be his best, accepts his
+limitations, obeys Nature's law, and thrives in body and estate in
+consequence, and as the community banding together makes and carries
+out with penalties for deviation certain regulations for mutual
+benefit, so must the still larger groups--the state and the
+nation--use their larger wisdom and wider knowledge for the benefit of
+all. The individual should recognize the value to himself of this more
+complete investigation, and instead of raising the cry of paternalism
+and national interference, should welcome all aids to increased
+efficiency.
+
+State hygiene is necessary to supplement municipal hygiene. Often the
+rural district has no other hygiene, and the city and the country are
+interdependent, the city dependent upon the country for its water,
+milk, and other supplies.
+
+Almost all the states are alive to the importance of milk inspection.
+As early as 1869 in Massachusetts, Dr. Bowditch called the Board of
+Health "The State Medicine," and quotes from Dr. Farr: "How out of the
+_existing_ seed to raise races of men to divine perfection is the
+final problem of public medicine." That is the function of all boards
+of health. If factories are incorporated under state laws, they must
+also be governed by the state regulations for health.
+
+Here in America we are always locking the stable door after the horse
+has been stolen. Not until many "accidents" had occurred in the use of
+antitoxins did Congress pass an act (1902) regulating the manufacture
+and interstate sale of the viruses, serums, toxins, etc. The
+supervision and control were vested in the Secretary of the Treasury
+through the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. Previous to
+April 1, 1905, there was no official standard for measuring the
+strength of diphtheria antitoxin. Previous to October 25, 1907, there
+were as many units or standards for tetanus antitoxin as there were
+producers. One was labeled "6,000,000 units per c.c." and another
+"0.75 unit per c.c.," while, according to official standard, the first
+had only 90 and the latter 770.
+
+The point to be made is that however faulty an official or Federal
+standard for sanitary devices may be, it is a standard, and so is of
+service in protecting the people, especially those away from active
+centers of research.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+    _There is responsibility as well as opportunity. The
+    housewife an important factor and an economic force in
+    improving the national health and increasing the national
+    wealth._
+
+
+     It would indeed seem that opposition to woman's
+     participation in the totality of life is a romantic
+     subterfuge, resting not so much on belief in the disability
+     of woman as on the disposition of man to appropriate
+     conspicuous and pleasurable objects for his sole use and
+     ornamentation. "A little thing, but all mine own," was one
+     of the remarks of Achilles to Agamemnon in their quarrel
+     over the two maidens, and it contains the secret of man's
+     world-old disposition to overlook the _intrinsic_ worth of
+     woman.
+
+     _W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations, American Magazine,
+     October, 1909._
+
+
+     The president of the British Medical Association about 1892
+     said, "I wish to impress it upon you that the whole future
+     progress of sanitary movement rests, for its permanent and
+     executive support, upon the women of our land."
+
+     In a letter to Madame Bodichon, dated April 6, 1868, George
+     Eliot writes: "What I should like to be sure of as a result
+     of higher education for women--a result that will come to
+     pass over my grave--is their recognition of the great amount
+     of social _unproductive_ labor which needs to be done by
+     women, and which is now either not done at all or done
+     wretchedly."
+
+     _Quoted by Mrs. Nixon in a paper before the Conference of Women
+     Workers in England, 1904._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+WOMAN'S RESPONSIBILITY
+
+
+There are about 40,000,000 women and girls in the United States. About
+14,000,000 live in the country and have a direct and compelling power
+over the life of the community.
+
+In rural agricultural districts the home-keeper is the provider. She
+practically requisitions from farm and garden what she deems necessary
+for the family table. To an extent she makes the clothing and sews the
+house linen. She also exchanges her perquisites, egg money, perhaps,
+for furniture and ornaments. The itinerant peddler brings the world's
+wares to her door; the mail-order houses do the rest.
+
+"The ideal home is a social and co�perative society in which all of
+its members unite their efforts for the common good. This ideal is
+realized most nearly in the country home, where even the smallest
+child has opportunity to be and generally is a contributor to the
+family support. It has come to be a recognized fact that boys and
+girls, healthy, industrious, frugal, capable, intelligent,
+self-supporting, cheerful, and patriotic, abound in country homes, and
+that the prevalence there of these high qualities is largely due to
+the family life, which requires each individual from his earliest
+years to bear his proportionate share in providing for the maintenance
+of the home. By bringing within the reach of the country people
+educational advantages suited to their needs, rural life becomes more
+attractive, country homes are multiplied, and the valuable qualities
+which these homes develop become the possession of a correspondingly
+larger number of the citizenship of the state."[16]
+
+    [16] I. H. Hamilton, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 85.
+
+The government has recognized the need and the possibilities of
+meeting it in the recognition it has given to Farmers' Institutes for
+women, in which, by lectures, demonstration, and short winter courses
+at the colleges, the interest of the woman in her occupation is
+aroused. She is not only given help in details of her daily work, but
+she is shown how much the efficiency of the farm life depends upon her
+capability and intelligence. She is encouraged in the using of all
+mechanical and scientific appliances, is introduced to the means of
+mental growth; but, best of all, she is given the stimulus of social
+recognition. In the year 1908 there were held 832 such meetings in the
+several states. In the year 1910 the number will be nearly or quite
+doubled.
+
+In no other form of society is the power of the woman for good or ill
+so paramount as in rural life, in no other mode of living is the
+family so much at her mercy.
+
+In suburban and city life the family can in a measure escape from
+insufficient care and uncomfortable conditions. That they do so
+escape, any student of social tendencies will testify. The great
+increase of restaurants, of clubs and hotels of all grades, shows one
+phase of the unattractiveness of home life. The city woman is only
+half a housekeeper; she has only one-eighth of a house as compared
+with her rural sister. Her control is therefore curtailed until she
+feels her helplessness in the hands of her landlord. She sighs and
+turns to other interests. To her must be brought the knowledge of her
+power as a social factor if she will but use the knowledge she can
+easily gain.
+
+The city woman has amused herself because she has seen nothing better
+to do with her time. The utilization of her ability is all that is
+needed to regenerate city life. Without it all efforts will prove
+fruitless. Education of all women in the principles of sanitary
+science is the key to race progress in the twentieth century.
+
+As an economic factor, the influence of the housewife is of the
+greatest moment. Production on the farm is only one phase. The city
+and suburban dweller is a buyer, not a producer. In suburban and city
+life the housekeeper has more temptations to buy needless articles,
+food out of season, to go often to the shops, especially on bargain
+days. She thinks her taste is educated, when it is only aroused to
+notice what others like. She is led to strive after effects without
+knowing how to attain them. It has been estimated by advertising
+experts that ninety per cent of the purchases of the community are
+determined by women, not always according to their judgment, but by a
+suppression of it. Woman is made to think that she must buy certain
+lines of goods. The power of suggestion has been referred to in a
+preceding chapter.
+
+When civilization, as it is called, persuaded woman to give up
+manufacture and to become a buyer, the first step in the
+disintegration of the home as a center of information, as well as of
+industry, was taken. The housewife and mother were made to look to the
+dealer, and thus to feel their helplessness. This sense of ignorance,
+this subconscious loss of power over things, only increased the effect
+of that fatalism which the control of machinery was leading man out
+from under.
+
+It is barely fifty years since woman began to ask questions and insist
+upon knowing, to claim freedom of movement, a chance to breathe. The
+time between has been a time of plowed fields, often muddy, usually
+stony, but the furrows are turning green and the harvest will prove
+the wisdom of the plowing.
+
+Woman had to struggle for right to private judgment and public action.
+Some pioneers had to enter the field of research, of investigation, in
+order that they might call to those below that the way was open. This
+vast company, which has been nearly untouched by the scientific
+spirit, was warned off the field of investigation, and society is
+paying the penalty of its own blindness.
+
+In the very field where applied science can most serve human welfare,
+scarecrows have been set up most prominently. Not until society avails
+itself of those qualities of mind sorely needed in the field of
+sanitary science, patient attention to detail, strong, practical sense
+directed by a profound interest in the subject, will it begin to show
+what height it is capable of scaling.
+
+The intrusting of so many great fortunes to women shows an increasing
+confidence in their judgment of social needs. It shows that woman's
+education has passed the selfish stage, that it has given a wider
+vision of the whole horizon.
+
+It may be said without fear of contradiction that the future
+well-being of society is largely in the hands of woman. What will she
+do with it? Responsibility is always sobering.
+
+Let her once realize her position and woman will rise to the task.
+Instances are not wanting of groups attacking scientific and
+administrative problems in the true spirit, without sentimental
+charity, to which in the past women have been prone.
+
+If civic authorities felt that women's leagues were informed bodies of
+women whose suggestions they would make no error in adopting, more
+legislation could be effected. Too often city councils are approached
+by those who favor some whim or fad, and so ALL women's demands are
+classed together. Much harm has been done to the cause by indiscreet,
+pushing women with only a glimmer of knowledge. The question is not
+WOMAN, but ability and women. It is better, as a rule, to work out
+ideas through existing organizations.
+
+All the problems of environment which we have been considering would
+be solved in half the time, yes, in one-quarter, if all housewives
+would combine in carrying out the knowledge which some of them have
+and which all may have.
+
+Infant mortality is controllable through the training of the mother
+and nurse. Unsanitary houses are the results of careless housekeeping,
+usually a product of apathetic fatalism. Landlords assume that the
+woman will submit. When she has a woman sanitary inspector to appeal
+to, matters will take on a different aspect.
+
+Unsanitary alleys exist because the abutters do not complain loudly
+enough to the right authorities. Dirty markets have been so long
+tolerated because women buyers carried the same fatalism to the
+stalls--"what is, has to be."
+
+Society is only just beginning to realize that it has at its command
+today for its own regeneration a great unused force in its army of
+housewives, teachers, mothers, conscious of power but uncertain how to
+use it. Perhaps the most progressive movement of the times is one led
+by women who see clearly that cleanness is above charity, that moral
+support must be given to those who know but do not dare to do right,
+and that knowledge must be brought to the ignorant. Nothing can stop
+this most notable progress but a relapse into apathy and fatalism of
+the vast army of women now being enlisted to fight disease.
+
+The opportunity has come, the responsibility is woman's hereafter. No
+one can take it from her; she has knowledge. The door has opened, she
+has taken the weapons in hand, is learning to use them. Will she
+falter on the eve of victory simply because it involves some sacrifice
+of prejudice or tradition? Must she not boldly accept the twentieth
+century challenge and fight her way to victory, even at some �sthetic
+sacrifice? In another hundred years, then, Euthenics may give place to
+Eugenics, and the better race of men become an actuality.
+
+The keeping of the house, the laundry work, the cleaning, the cooking,
+the daily oversight, must have for its conscious end the welfare of
+the family. It cannot be done without labor, but the labor in this as
+in any process may be lightened by thought and by machinery.
+
+Knowledge of labor-saving appliances is today everywhere demanded of
+the successful establishment EXCEPT of the family home. Is it not time
+that it came in for its share? If the housewife would use wisely the
+information at her hand today, it is safe to say that in six cases out
+of ten she could cut in half the housekeeping budget and double the
+comfort of living.
+
+As conditions are, the twentieth century sees a strange
+phenomenon--the most vital of all processes, the raising of children,
+carried on under adverse conditions; human labor and life being held
+of as little account as in the days of building the pyramids.
+
+Women may be trained to become the economic leaders in the body
+politic. It is doubtful if life will be anything but wasteful until
+they are trained to realize their responsibility.
+
+The housewife was told that she must stay at home and do her work.
+This was preached _at_ her, written _at_ her, but no one of them all,
+save, perhaps, the Englishmen Lecky and H. G. Wells, saw the problem
+in its social significance, saw that the work of home-making in this
+engineering age must be worked out on engineering principles, and with
+the co�peration of both trained men and trained women. The mechanical
+setting of life is become an important factor, and this new impulse
+which is showing itself so clearly today for the modified construction
+and operation of the family home is the final crown or seal of the
+conquest of the last stronghold of conservatism, the home-keeper.
+
+Tomorrow, if not today, the woman who is to be really mistress of her
+house must be an engineer, so far as to be able to understand the use
+of machines and to believe what she is told. Your ham-and-eggs woman
+was of the old type, now gone by in the fight for the right to think.
+
+The emergence from the primitive condition was slow because the few of
+us who did show our heads were beaten down and told we did not know.
+It has required many college women (from some 50,000 college women
+graduates) to build and run houses and families successfully, here one
+and there another, until the barrel of flour has been leavened.
+Society _is_ being reorganized, not in sudden, explosive ways, but
+underneath all the froth and foam the yeast has been working. The
+world is going to the bad only if one believes that material progress
+is bad. If we can see the new heaven and the new earth in it, then we
+may have faith in the future.
+
+The human elements of love and sacrifice, of foresight and of faith,
+are going to persist, and any apparent upheaval is only because of
+settling down into a more solid condition, a readjustment to
+circumstances. As Caroline Hunt has said[17]: "We may disregard the
+popular fear that the home will finally take upon itself the
+characteristics of a public institution.... Human intelligence, which
+suits means to ends, and which is ever coming to the aid of human
+affection, will prevent that. So long as affection lasts it will seek
+satisfactory expression in home life, and so long as intelligence
+endures it will stand in the way of the extension of the borders of
+the home beyond the possibilities of the mutual helpfulness to its
+members."
+
+    [17] Home Problems from a New Standpoint, p. 140.
+
+The persistent efforts of the farsighted to secure a place in
+education for the subjects fundamental to the modern home are now
+respectfully listened to.
+
+It is, perhaps, not strange that the first successes in modern
+housekeeping were gained in public institutions, for there accounts
+were kept and saving told. When one hospital saved $12,000 in one year
+by an expenditure of $2,000 for a trained woman, trustees began to
+take notice. When large state institutions were reorganized and made
+over from unsavory scandals into reputable and life-saving
+establishments, even legislators took notice. The trained woman
+superintendent proved not only more competent but less affected by
+perquisites.
+
+(I do not vouch for the universal maintenance of this high standard
+when women managers have had longer experience; but so far conscience
+and sterling integrity have been attributes of all my expert women,
+even if they have now and then disappointed me in endurance or in
+ability. Is not this a fact of great social significance?)
+
+It is universally conceded today, only a few willfully blind or
+croaking pessimists dissenting, that home-keeping under modern
+conditions requires a knowledge of conditions and a power of control
+of persons and machines obtained only through education or through
+bitter experience, and that education is the less costly.
+
+When social conditions become adjusted to the new order, it will be
+seen how much gain in power the community has made, how much better
+worth the people are. Have faith in the working out of the destiny of
+the race; be ready to accept the unaccustomed, to use the radium of
+social progress to cure the ulcers of the old friction. What if a few
+mistakes are made? How else shall the truth be learned? Try all things
+and hold fast that which is good.
+
+The Home Economics Movement is an endeavor to hold the home and the
+welfare of children from slipping over the cliff by a knowledge which
+will bring courage to combat the destructive tendencies. Is not one of
+the distinctive features of our age a forcible overcoming of the
+natural trend of things? If a river is by natural law wearing away
+its bank in a place we wish to keep, do we sit down and moan and say
+it is sad, but we cannot help it? No, that attitude belonged to the
+Middle Ages. We say, Hold fast, we cannot have that; and we cement the
+sides and confine or turn the river.
+
+The ancient cities whose ruins are now being explored in Asia seem to
+have been abandoned because of failure of the water supply as the
+earth became desiccated; so was the home of our own Zunis. Does such a
+possibility stop us? No, we bring water from hundreds of miles. Will
+man, who has gained such control over nature, sit down before his own
+problems and say, "What am I going to do about it?"
+
+What if the apparent motion is toward cells to sleep in, and clubs to
+play bridge in, and amusements for evenings, and a strenuous business
+life, run on piratical principles, into which the women are drawn as
+decoy ducks? Because this _is_, is it going to be, as soon as a good
+proportion of the thinking people stand face to face with the
+problem? I believe it is possible to solve the problem, but only if
+the aid of scientifically trained women is brought into service to
+work in harmony with the engineer who has already accomplished so
+much.
+
+Household engineering is the great need for material welfare, and
+social engineering for moral and ethical well-being. What else does
+this persistent forcing of scientific training to the front mean? If
+the State is to have good citizens, productive human beings, it must
+provide for the teaching of the essentials to those who are to become
+the parents of the next generation. No state can thrive while its
+citizens waste their resources of health, bodily energy, time and
+brain power, any more than a nation may prosper that wastes its
+natural resources.
+
+The teaching of domestic economy in the elementary school and home
+economics in the higher is intended to give the people a sense of
+_control_ over their _environment_ and to avert a panic as to the
+future.
+
+The economics of consumption, including as it does the ethics of
+spending, must have a place in our higher education, preceded in
+earlier grades by manual dexterity and scientific information, which
+will lead to true economy in the use of time, energy, and money in the
+home life of the land. Education is obliged to take cognizance of the
+need, because the ideal American homestead, that place of busy
+industry, with occupation for the dozen children, no longer exists.
+Gone out of it are the industries, gone out of it are ten of the
+children, gone out of it in large measure is that sense of moral and
+religious responsibility which was the keystone of the whole.
+
+The methods of work imposed by housing conditions are wasteful of
+time, energy, and money, and the people are restive, they know not
+why. As was said earlier, shelter was found by early students of
+social conditions to be most in need of remedy, so we see that
+
+"In the first place the state is beginning to offer positive aid to
+secure a suitable home for each family. A communistic habitation
+forces the members of a family to conform insensibly to communistic
+modes of thought. Paul Goehre, in his keen observations printed in
+'Three Months in a German Workshop,' interpreted this tendency in all
+clearness. The architecture of a city tenement house is to blame for
+the silent but certain transformation of the home into a sty. Instead
+of accepting this condition as inevitable, like a law of nature, and
+accepting its consequences, all experience demands of those who
+believe in the monogamic family, that they make a united and
+persistent fight on the evil which threatens the slowly acquired
+qualities secured in the highest form of the family. It would be
+unworthy of us to permit a great part of a modern population to
+descend again to the animal level from which the race has ascended
+only through �ons of struggle and difficulty. When we remember that
+very much, perhaps most of the progress has been dearly purchased at
+the cost of women, by the appeal of her weakness and need and
+motherhood, we must all the more firmly resolve not to yield the field
+to a temporary effect of a needless result of neglect and avarice. As
+the evil conditions are merely the work of unwise and untaught
+communities, the cure will come from education of the same
+communities in wisdom and science and duty. What man has marred, man
+can make better."[18]
+
+    [18] C. R. Henderson, Proceedings Lake Placid Conference, 1902.
+
+It is not impossible to furnish a decent habitation for every
+productive laborer in all our great cities. Many really humane people
+are overawed by the authority, the pompous and powerful assertions of
+"successful" men of affairs; and they often sleep while such men are
+forming secret conspiracies against national health and morality with
+the aid of legal talent hired to kill. Only when the social mind and
+conscience is educated and the entire community becomes intelligent
+and alert can legislation be secured which places all competitors on a
+level where humanity is possible.
+
+Here, again, the monogamic family is the social interest at stake. It
+is a conflict for altars and fires. We are told that all these results
+are the effect of a natural, uniform tendency in the progress of the
+business world, and that it is useless to combat it. Professor
+Henderson reminds us that tendency to uniformity revealed by
+statistics may be reversed when resolute men and women, possessed of
+higher ideals, unite to resist it. Jacob A. Riis holds that these
+evils are not by a decree of fate, but are the result of positive
+wrong, and he dedicates his "Ten Years' War" as follows--"to the
+faint-hearted and those of little faith."
+
+In like manner we call today for more faith in a way out of the slough
+of despond, more resolute endeavor to improve social and economic
+conditions. We beg the leaders of public opinion to pause before they
+condemn the efforts making to teach those means of social control
+which may build yet again a home life that will prove the nursery of
+good citizens and of efficient men and women with a sense of
+responsibility to God and man for the use they make of their lives.
+
+
+
+
+INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION
+
+     Mrs. Richards intended to embody the following material in
+     Chapter VIII of the second edition. Because of her death it
+     has seemed best to add it as an appendix.
+
+     WHITCOMB AND BARROWS.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION[19]
+
+    [19] Read before the American Public Health Association at
+    Richmond, Va., October, 1909.
+
+
+The checking of wastes of all description is much in the air, but
+there is less discussion about WASTE OF EFFORT than might be expected.
+Yet effort means time, and saving of time saves lives as well as
+money.
+
+Nearly every investigation of sanitary evils leads back to the family
+home (or the lack of one), and a great deal of the health authorities'
+work is saving at the spigot while there is a hundred times the waste
+at the bunghole. The medical inspection of the schools was found to
+have little effect without the visiting school nurse, for the parents
+did not know how to better conditions and in the majority of cases did
+not believe in the need.
+
+Such experience should give the health authorities a cue. Rules and
+Regulations should be enforced, but enforced with instruction as to
+the means of doing. The WHY is not so easily understood as the student
+of sanitary science seems to think. Germs and microbes are empty air
+to the street urchins until they have been shown on a screen in a
+lecture hall or until cultures have been made in the sight of the
+children in a schoolroom. One whole school district of intelligent
+parents was converted, many years ago, by giving the children in one
+class two Petri dishes each with sterile prepared gelatine, with
+directions to open one in the sitting room while it was being swept,
+and two hours after the room had been thoroughly dusted to open the
+other in the same place for the same time. These "dust gardens," as
+the children called them, "took the place of the family album" for
+callers, and spread knowledge.
+
+Hundreds of similar experiences should convince any intelligent,
+earnest Board of Health that a teacher by nature or training should be
+in their employ, to be sent WITH POWER, like any other inspector,
+wherever ignorance--usually diagnosed as stubbornness--is found.
+
+The health officer whose mother was a good housekeeper, not afraid of
+work, has no idea of the attitude of half the housewives of his
+district. Having been made as a boy "to get the dustpan and brush and
+sweep up his whittlings," he does not realize that these houses in the
+tenement district have no dustpans, and that no one would bend his
+back to sweep up litter if there were. It is all swept into the alley
+or the street. Cheap, long-handled dustpans would be valuable sanitary
+implements. As has been elsewhere suggested, the garbage question in
+the tenement house needs study and must be solved by a practical
+housewife. There are such, and Boards of Health are wasting effort and
+the town's money until they avail themselves of this help in the
+enforcement of their rules.
+
+All Health Boards use the strong arm of the law, _i. e._, a police
+inspector's club, to drive the ignorant and careless householder to
+keep his premises from becoming a nuisance. The newly-arrived,
+prospective citizen, or more often citizeness, fails to understand
+what it is all about--neither the words nor the pantomime convey an
+idea, except that this country is topsy-turvy anyway, for everything
+is different in this new land.
+
+In the process of learning what not to do, the dwellers in the alleys
+flee when the health officer appears, and oppose a stubborn
+indifference to his threats. When his back is turned, matters go on as
+before and nothing is gained, but an opportunity is lost. Law is a
+potent educator when rightly applied, but it may work more harm than
+good.
+
+Rules of action clearly explained are soon accepted--like traffic
+rules, notification of contagious diseases, disinfection, etc.
+
+The placing on the force of each town of at least one specially
+trained "Explainer" would result in cleaner back yards and less
+illness and, better than all else, a more friendly feeling between the
+officials and those they honestly wish to help; for I do not think
+there is often justification for such remarks as were made to me by a
+shrewd California countryman when I was showing him about in the
+traveling exhibit, the sanitation car: "Oh, this is all to get a job.
+It's another form of graft--to get some money to spend."
+
+It is true that the value of many health measures does not appear on
+the surface. Sometimes it is necessary to wait for vital statistics to
+prove a gain.
+
+It is beginning to be thrown in the faces of sanitary authorities that
+the laboratory wisdom does not reach the street; that there is not
+enough, or rapid enough, improvement in general conditions. Newspapers
+are ready, for the most part, to disseminate information and
+benevolent societies write tracts, but we must remember how little
+WORDS mean--especially printed words--to those unaccustomed to
+acquiring information that way.
+
+The actual showing in an alley of the process of cleaning up; the
+going into a house and opening the windows at the top and tacking on a
+wire netting to keep out the flies; the actual cleaning of the garbage
+pail, perhaps, or at least the standing by and seeing that it is
+properly done--all such actual doing, even if it is done only in one
+house on a street, will spread the information all over the
+neighborhood.
+
+One of the most helpful offices is to tell the woman where she can
+get the special article needed, and what it will cost, and to show her
+the thing itself, in a friendly spirit. Such visits would soon
+revolutionize the sanitary condition of any community.
+
+Villages need this help even more than cities, for there they have
+fewer chances to know about inventions and perhaps are less
+resourceful in making them.
+
+There may be races, as there are individuals, whom persecution drives
+to progress--who do find means to execute unjust commands--but the
+people a health officer has to deal with can be better led by kindness
+and will learn from teachers, if the teaching is in the form of
+example or demonstration.
+
+It is an incontrovertible fact that to hasten sanitary reform it is
+only necessary to hold out the helping hand; to encourage the ignorant
+citizen to ask for instruction and direction, instead of placing upon
+him the task of making bricks without either clay or straw. There are
+times and seasons and individuals at which and on whom the bludgeon
+must be used--the greater good covering the lesser evil; but such
+cases are less common than present practice would seem to indicate.
+
+The tenement house mother who has only one pan for all her needs and
+one broken pitcher for all fluids does not readily understand why she
+must keep her milk bottle for milk only. Who is to tell her so that
+she will understand?
+
+The men may be shamed into cleaning up the back yards and alleys by
+pictures of such conditions in contrast to what might result with a
+little effort. [The famous Cash Register yards were started in this
+way.] Neglected spots have been cleaned up all over the country by
+similar influences. Why does not the health officer take a leaf from
+this book of recorded good work and show conditions known to him? Is
+he afraid of hard words from the owner? He will have the approval and
+support of all good citizens.
+
+Health Board regulations may be left at a house AFTER they have been
+explained, and a firm insistence on obedience may then have an
+effect.
+
+Why should there not be a constant exhibit of the conditions found
+within the boundaries of a district, with the changes for the better
+indicated as soon as they occur?
+
+The Health Board office is now in some out-of-the-way place, where few
+people ever go and where those who do go are frequently not welcomed.
+Has the Board ever asked itself why it is often so misunderstood, so
+hampered in its work? What Board will be the first to take an office
+on a busy street and put pictures and samples with clearly printed
+legends in the windows--examples of the evasion of the plumbing laws
+on a T-joint pipe; photographs of a dairy barn; photographs of a
+street at daybreak, showing the few open windows, and the one or two,
+if any, open at the top--these would serve as texts for the
+newspapers' sermons, sure to be preached, and back-alley conversations
+thereon.
+
+Why not? Rival water companies are allowed to show filters to prove
+their claims.
+
+The basis of all successful sanitary progress is an intelligent and
+responsive public.
+
+The problem is to visualize cause and effect to the ordinary
+individual, too absorbed in his own affairs to study out the principle
+for himself.
+
+The success of the street cleaning brigade, tried for one season in
+Boston; the improvement in the condition of parks wherever receptacles
+for wastes have been placed; the tidy condition of corner lots where
+civic improvement leagues have taken the matter up with the children,
+all point to a means neglected by the officials, and hence to wasted
+opportunity and delayed obedience to regulations.
+
+For the position of instructive inspector, it goes without saying that
+a trained woman will be worth more than a man, since most of the
+regulations affect or would be controlled by women.
+
+A gain in the speed of adoption of sanitary reforms would be
+comparatively rapid under a thoroughly qualified woman as instructive
+inspector, and that there will not be any great gain until such a
+measure is adopted is the firm belief of the writer.
+
+Mrs. von Wagner's work in Yonkers, begun in 1897 under the Civic
+League, is well known. After three years' trial the Board of Health
+established her in the position of Sanitary Inspector. Her work in the
+tenement districts has been most successful. Several other cities have
+followed the example of Yonkers, but the practice is by no means
+general. Yet there is no doubt that it would add efficiency to any
+Board of Health.
+
+The most recent experiment was the employment, the past summer, of an
+inspector provided by the Women's Municipal League of Boston, to
+inspect and devise means for bettering conditions in a district of
+small shops where food is sold. The district had been found by the
+Market Committee of this organization to be in need of such help. A
+graduate of the School for Social Workers was chosen, who carried on
+her campaign with the spirit of helpfulness fostered by her training.
+She was given a badge by the Board of Health, who have been most
+sympathetic and cordial in their support. The experiment has been
+justified by the results and especially by the reception accorded the
+inspector by the people of the district. It has proved that there is a
+responsive desire to fulfill the law wherever its provisions are
+understood.
+
+Inspection cannot fulfill its purpose until it is instructive. Man and
+the law will be in accord when the benefits of the law to man are
+appreciated.
+
+It is incumbent upon the sanitary authorities to see to it that their
+efforts are not wasted on an inert, partially hostile clientele.
+
+
+
+
+EUTHENICS, OR THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE ENVIRONMENT
+
+
+Human efficiency and welfare due to
+
+  Heredity (See Eugenics) and
+
+  Environment
+    1. Natural, cosmical--climate--
+    2. Natural, modified by human effort
+      Wet and dry soil
+      Waterways and forests
+      Food supplies
+    3. Artificial
+      Housing--clothing--sanitation
+
+  EUTHENICS--Conscious acquisition and application of scientific knowledge
+
+    I. Science in the laboratory
+      Discovery of laws of science
+      Knowledge of cause and effect
+
+    II. Dissemination of scientific knowledge
+      Education
+
+    III. Application of science
+      Habits of living
+        Technique
+      Stimulus to civic improvement
+      Constructive legislation
+
+I. Science acquired through laboratory and field research
+
+    Universities
+      Johns Hopkins, Clark, etc.
+
+    Research institutes
+      Rockefeller Institute
+      Carnegie Institute
+      Henry Phipps Institute
+      Sage Foundation, etc.
+
+  Sanitary Science = Application of acquired laws to
+
+    1. National welfare
+      Hook worm, Pellagra, Yellow fever, etc., in Panama,
+        The Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.
+
+    2. Individual health of body and mind
+
+The people are reached by
+
+II. A. Dissemination of scientific knowledge through
+
+         1. Schools
+         2. Publicity
+             a. Bulletins
+                  Boards of Health
+                  Department of Agriculture
+             b. Lectures
+                  Municipal
+                  Endowed
+             c. Magazines and newspapers
+             d. Placards
+             e. Commercial advertising
+                  Inventions of manufacturers
+                  Food fairs, electrical exhibitions, etc.
+         3. Expositions for limited purposes
+              Mary Lowell Stone Exhibit
+              "Boston 1915"
+         4. Health Campaigns
+              Tuberculosis classes, etc.
+
+     B. Legislation
+
+         Restrictions
+
+III. Application of science to living
+
+     A. 1. Unconsciously acquired habits of the CHILD, through imitation
+               in the home, the school, the street
+        2. Conscious endeavor of
+            a. the trained parents in the home
+            b. the teacher in the school
+            c. the policemen in the street
+
+     B. Conscious personal effort of the ADULT to better conditions
+            for himself and the community
+
+       1. Pioneer leading public opinion by
+         a. Personal example in right living
+         b. Precept and persuasion
+
+     C. Community progress
+
+       1. Semi-public agencies for guarding itself and the individual
+         a. Remedial measures
+           Endowed hospitals, sanatoria, dispensaries, day camps and
+             hospital schools
+           Charity organizations--material relief
+         b. Preventive measures
+           Endowed schools (model and outdoor), extension movements,
+             settlements, model tenements, model factories, garden cities
+
+         Both are developed by social organizations, civic clubs,
+           women's clubs, museums, libraries, lectures, exhibits,
+           statistical inquiries, etc.
+
+       2. Private agencies leading to legislation
+            Special hospitals and schools
+            Health organizations--sanitary inspection at model
+              dairies--private water supply
+            Consumer's league
+
+       3. Legislation. Temporary paternalism (protection).
+            Interpretation by individual becomes constructive.
+            The people work out freedom under law
+
+          a. City
+               (1) Schools
+                     Grade and trade and outdoor
+               (2) Police
+                     Building laws
+               (3) Board of Health
+                    (a) Shelter
+                          Sanitary laws
+                                               { Drainage
+                            Air--light--refuse { Garbage
+                                               { Ashes
+                    (b) Food
+                            Milk--water--foods { Food values
+                                               { Adulterations
+                    (c) Sanitary laws for public places
+                            Buildings
+                            Streets
+                              Sewer
+                              Ice on sidewalk
+                              Spitting
+               (4) Beauty
+                     Height of buildings, bill boards, telegraph wires,
+                       parks
+               (5) Amusements
+                     Playgrounds, municipal music, parks, aquarium
+               (6) Other municipal activities
+                     (a) Traffic regulation
+                     (b) Medical inspection
+                     (c) Public baths
+
+          b. State
+               Education
+               Board of Health
+               Factory legislation
+               Water supply (advisory power)
+               Interstate commerce
+               Food (advisory)
+               Park reservations
+               Textile laws
+               Forest
+          c. Federal
+               Sanitation
+                 (a) Pure food laws
+                 (b) Quarantine
+                 (c) Immigration restriction
+                 (d) Future needs
+                       Textile laws, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Euthenics, the science of controllable environment
+       a plea for better living conditions as a first step toward
+              higher human efficiency
+
+Author: Ellen H. Richards
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2010 [EBook #31508]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 class="title1">EUTHENICS</h1>
+
+<h2 class="title2">THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE<br />
+ENVIRONMENT</h2>
+
+<h3 class="title3">A PLEA FOR BETTER<br />
+LIVING CONDITIONS AS A FIRST STEP<br />
+TOWARD HIGHER HUMAN<br />
+EFFICIENCY</h3>
+
+<div class="tp">
+<p class="titq">The national annual unnecessary loss of capitalized
+net earnings is about $1,000,000,000.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><i>Report on National Vitality</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="author"><i>By</i> ELLEN H. RICHARDS<br />
+<span style="font-size: 80%">Author of Cost of Living Series, Art of Right Living, etc.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 2em; font-size: 80%">SECOND EDITION</p>
+
+<p class="publisher">WHITCOMB &amp; BARROWS<br />
+
+BOSTON, 1912</p>
+
+<p class="copyright">Copyright 1910<br />
+By Ellen H. Richards<br /><br />
+
+Thomas Todd Co., Printers<br />
+14 Beacon St., Boston</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></h2>
+
+<div class="blockquots"><p>Never has society been so clear as to its several special ends, never has
+so little effort been due to chance or compulsion.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">N</span>ot</span> through chance, but through increase
+of scientific knowledge; not
+through compulsion, but through democratic
+idealism consciously working through
+common interests, will be brought about the
+creation of right conditions, the control of
+environment.</p>
+
+<p>The betterment of living conditions,
+through conscious endeavor, for the purpose
+of securing efficient human beings, is what
+the author means by <span class="smcap">Euthenics</span>.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Human vitality depends upon two primary
+conditions&mdash;heredity and hygiene&mdash;or
+conditions preceding birth and conditions
+during life.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p><p>Eugenics deals with race improvement
+through heredity.</p>
+
+<p>Euthenics deals with race improvement
+through environment.</p>
+
+<p>Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.</p>
+
+<p>Euthenics is hygiene for the present
+generation.</p>
+
+<p>Eugenics must await careful investigation.</p>
+
+<p>Euthenics has immediate opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing
+better men now, and thus inevitably
+creating a better race of men in the future.
+Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary
+science on which Eugenics must be
+based.</p>
+
+<p>This new science seeks to emphasize the
+immediate duty of man to better his conditions
+by availing himself of knowledge already
+at hand. As far as in him lies he must
+make application of this knowledge to secure
+his greatest efficiency under conditions
+which he can create or under such existing
+conditions as he may not be able wholly to
+control, but such as he may modify. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span>
+knowledge of the causes of disease tends
+only to depress the average citizen rather
+than to arouse him to combat it. Hope of
+success will urge him forward, and it is the
+duty of lovers of mankind to show all possible
+ways of attaining the goal. The tendency
+to hopelessness retards reformation and
+regeneration, and the lack of belief in success
+holds back the wheels of progress.</p>
+
+<p>Euthenics is to be developed:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. Through sanitary science.</li>
+<li>2. Through education.</li>
+<li>3. Through relating science and education to life.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Students of sanitary science discover for
+us the laws which make for health and the
+prevention of disease. The laboratory has
+been studying conditions and causes, and
+now can show the way to many remedies.</p>
+
+<p>A knowledge of these laws, of the means
+of conserving man&#8217;s resources and vitality,
+which will result in the wealth of human
+energy, is more and more brought within
+the reach of all by various educational
+agencies.</p>
+
+<p>The individual must estimate properly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>
+the value of this knowledge in its application
+to daily life, in order to secure efficiency
+and the greatest happiness for himself
+and for the community.</p>
+
+<p>Right living conditions comprise pure
+food and a safe water supply, a clean and
+disease-free atmosphere in which to live
+and work, proper shelter, and the adjustment
+of work, rest, and amusement. The
+attainment of these conditions calls for
+hearty co&ouml;peration between individual and
+community&mdash;effort on the part of the individual
+because the individual makes personality
+a power; effort on the part of the
+community because the strength of combined
+endeavor is required to meet all great
+problems.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Eutheneo, &#917;&#8016;&#952;&#951;&#957;&#8051;&#969; (<i>eu</i>, well; <i>the</i>, root of <i>tithemi</i>, to cause). To
+be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to prosper.&mdash;<i>Demosthenes.</i> To be
+strong or vigorous.&mdash;<i>Herodotus.</i> To be vigorous in body.&mdash;<i>Aristotle.</i>
+</p><p>
+Euthenia, &#917;&#8016;&#952;&#951;&#957;&#8055;&#945;. Good state of the body: prosperity, good fortune,
+abundance.&mdash;<i>Herodotus.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 49.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="EUTHENICS" id="EUTHENICS"></a>EUTHENICS<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>BETTER ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HUMAN
+RACE</h3>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table summary="table of contents" class="contents">
+
+<tr><td class="pageno" colspan="3" style="font-size: 79%">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td><td class="con">The opportunity for betterment is real and
+practical, not merely academic</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td><td class="con">Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+conditions. Home and habits
+of living, eating, etc. Good habits pay
+in economy of time and force</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td><td class="con">Community effort is needed to make better
+conditions for all, in streets and public
+places, for water and milk supply, hospitals,
+markets, housing problems, etc.
+Restraint for sake of neighbors</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td><td class="con">Interchangeableness of these two forms of
+progressive effort. First one, then the
+other ahead</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td><td class="con">The child to be &#8220;raised&#8221; as he should be.
+Restraint for his good. Teaching good
+habits the chief duty of the family</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td><td class="con">The child to be educated in the light of
+sanitary science. Office of the school.
+Domestic science for girls. Applied
+science. The duty of the higher education.
+Research needed</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_91">91</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td><td class="con">Stimulative education for adults. Books,
+newspapers, lectures, working models,
+museums, exhibits, moving pictures</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII.</a></td><td class="con">Both child and adult to be protected from
+their own ignorance. Educative value
+of law and of fines for disobedience.
+Compulsory sanitation by municipal,
+state, and federal regulations. Instructive
+inspection</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="chno"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX.</a></td><td class="con">There is responsibility as well as opportunity.
+The housewife an important
+factor and an economic force in improving
+the national health and increasing
+the national wealth</td><td class="pageno"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I_1" id="CHAPTER_I_1"></a>CHAPTER I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>The opportunity for betterment is real and
+practical, not merely academic.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Men ignore Nature&#8217;s laws in their personal lives. They crave a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+larger measure of goodness and happiness, and yet in their choice of
+dwelling places, in their building of houses to live in, in their selection
+of food and drink, in their clothing of their bodies, in their choice of
+occupations and amusements, in their methods and habits of work, they
+disregard natural laws and impose upon themselves conditions that make
+their ideals of goodness and happiness impossible of attainment.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through
+Environment.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>And is it, I ask, an unworthy ambition for man to set before himself
+to understand those eternal laws upon which his happiness, his prosperity,
+his very life depend? Is he to be blamed and anathematized for endeavoring
+to fulfill the divine injunction: &#8220;Fear God and keep His commandments,
+for that is the whole duty of man&#8221;? Before he can keep them,
+surely he must first ascertain what they are.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Adam Sedgwick. Address, Imperial College of Science
+and Technology,<br /> December 16, 1909. Nature, December
+23, 1909, p. 228.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In my judgment, the situation is hopeful. To realize that our
+problems are chiefly those of environment which we in increasing measure
+control, to realize that, no matter how bad the environment of this
+generation, the next is not injured provided that it be given favorable
+conditions, is surely to have an optimistic view.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Carl Kelsey, Influence of Heredity and Environment
+upon Race Improvement.<br /> Annals of American Academy
+of Political and Social Science, July, 1909.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></h2>
+
+<div class="blockquots"><p>It is within the power of every living man to rid himself of every
+parasitic disease. <span style="float: right"><i>Pasteur.</i></span></p></div>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">S</span>uch</span> facts as the following, showing the
+increase in health, or rather the decrease
+in disease, go to prove what may be
+done.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1882, tuberculosis has decreased
+forty-nine per cent; typhoid, thirty-nine
+per cent. Statistics in regard to heart disease
+and other troubles under personal control,
+however, show increase&mdash;kidney disease,
+131 per cent; heart disease, fifty-seven
+per cent; apoplexy, eighty-four per cent.
+This means that infectious and contagious
+diseases, of which the State has taken cognizance
+and to the suppression of which it
+has applied known laws of science, have
+been brought under control, and their existence
+today is due only to the carelessness or
+the ignorance of individuals.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, such results of improper
+personal living as do not come under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+legal control&mdash;diseases of the heart, kidneys,
+and general degeneration, matters of
+personal hygiene&mdash;have so enormously increased
+as in themselves to show the attitude
+of mind of the great mass of the people,
+&#8220;Let us eat and drink and be merry,
+what if we do die tomorrow!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Probably not more than twenty-five per
+cent in any community are doing a full
+day&#8217;s work such as they would be capable
+of doing if they were in perfect health.
+This adds to the length of the school course,
+to the cost of production in all directions,
+to increased taxation, and decreases interest
+in daily life.</p>
+
+<p>The trouble is that the public does not
+<i>believe</i> in this waste which comes from being
+&#8220;just poorly&#8221; or &#8220;just so as to be about.&#8221;
+It has no conception of the difference between
+working with a clear brain and a
+steady hand, and working with a dull and
+nerveless tool. It must be convinced of this
+in some way. General warnings have been
+ineffective, and now the appeal is being
+made to the American people on the basis of
+money loss. Thus it has been carefully estimated<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+that the average economic value of an
+inhabitant of the United States is $2,900.
+The vital statistics of the United States for
+population give 85,500,000. Eighty-five
+million five hundred thousand multiplied
+by $2,900 equals $250,000,000,000 (minimum
+estimate), and this exceeds the value
+of <i>all other wealth</i>. The actual economic
+saving possible annually in this country by
+preventing needless deaths, needless illness,
+and needless fatigue is certainly far greater
+than $1,500,000,000, and may be three or
+four times as great.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. George M. Gould estimated that
+sickness and death in the United States cost
+$3,000,000,000 annually, of which at least
+one-third is regarded as preventable.</p>
+
+<p>From all sides comes testimony to the
+decrease in personal efficiency of workers
+of all degrees. Medical science has prolonged
+life, hospitals and visiting nurses
+have made sickness less distressful, but have
+also in many cases prolonged the time and
+increased the cost. Sanitary science aims to
+prevent the beginnings of sickness, and so to
+eliminate much of the expense.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The discovery that the mosquito is the
+carrying agent for the yellow fever germ
+has saved more lives annually than were lost
+in the Cuban War. In the yellow fever epidemic
+of 1872, the loss to the country was
+not less than $100,000,000 in gold.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;With our present population there are
+always about 3,000,000 persons in the United
+States on the sick list.... By means of Farr&#8217;s
+table, we may calculate that very close to a
+third, or 1,000,000 persons, are in the working
+period of life. Assuming that average
+earnings in the working period are $700,
+and that only three-fourths of the 1,000,000
+potential workers would be occupied, we
+find over $500,000,000 as the minimum loss
+of earnings.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The cost of medical attendance, medicine
+and nursing, etc., is conjectured by
+Dr. Biggs in New York to be from $1.50
+each per day for the consumptive poor to
+a greater amount for other diseases and
+classes. Applying this to the 3,000,000 years
+of illness annually experienced, we have
+$1,500,000,000 as the minimum annual cost
+of this kind.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The statistics of the Commissioner of
+Labor show that the expenditure for illness
+and death amounts to twenty-seven dollars
+per family per annum. This is for workingmen&#8217;s
+families only. But even this figure,
+if applied to the 17,000,000 families
+of the United States, would make the total
+bill caring for illness and death $460,000,000.
+The true cost may well be more than
+twice this sum. Certainly the estimate is
+more than safe, and is only one-third of the
+sum obtained by using Dr. Biggs&#8217;s estimate.
+The sum of the costs of illness, including
+loss of wages and cost of care, is thus $460,000,000
+plus $500,000,000 equals $960,000,000....
+At least three-quarters of the costs
+are preventable.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The cost of certain preventable diseases
+a year is estimated by various authorities as:</p>
+
+<table summary="diseases">
+<tr><td>Tuberculosis</td><td class="pageno">$1,000,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Typhoid</td><td class="pageno">250,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Malaria</td><td class="pageno">100,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other insect diseases</td><td class="pageno">100,000,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A hopeful sign of awakening is the endeavor
+by life insurance companies to bring
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>home to the people the possibilities of race
+betterment. One company sends out among
+its policy holders trained nurses, who give
+plain talks on health subjects and offer practical
+suggestions as to hygienic living. This,
+to be sure, is on the economic basis of money
+saving, but if that is the only thing that
+will appeal to the people is it not wise to
+seize upon it as a lever to lift the standard
+of well-being?</p>
+
+<p>The possibility of saving the enormous
+sums that are lost by reason of premature
+deaths was an alluring subject to the insurance
+men. It gave to the world what,
+up to that time, it had lacked&mdash;a body of
+powerful men who recognized that they
+had a financial interest in preventing the
+needless death of men and women.</p>
+
+<p>A table has been prepared showing that
+if insurance companies were to expend
+$200,000 a year for the purely commercial
+object of reducing their death losses, and
+should thereby decrease them only twelve
+one-hundredths of one per cent, they would
+save enough to cover the expense.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;If such a plan as this were placed on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+a purely scientific basis and carried out by
+good business methods, and all the companies
+pulled together for the common
+good, I should expect a decrease in death
+claims of more than one per cent; and a
+decrease in the death claims of one per cent
+would mean that the companies would save
+more than eight times as much as they expended,
+or would make a net saving of more
+than seven times the expense, which would
+be about a million and a half dollars a
+year.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;While it would be impossible to state in
+general terms how rich a return lies ready
+for public or private investments in good
+health, these examples (life insurance)
+show that the rate of this return is quite
+beyond the dreams of avarice. Were it
+possible for the public to realize this fact,
+motives both of economy and of humanity
+would dictate immediate and generous expenditure
+of public moneys for improving
+the air we breathe, the water we drink, the
+food we eat, as well as for eliminating the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>dangers of life and limb which now surround
+us.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly a moral force is to be
+strengthened by spreading the biological
+lesson that man cannot live to himself alone,
+but that his acts or failure to act affect a
+large number of his fellowmen. Also, a
+stimulus to personal ambition is to be supplied
+in the suggestion of better health and
+consequently more money to spend as a
+result.</p>
+
+<p>Civic pride and private gain will be
+brought into the endeavor to show man that
+to understand himself, to exercise the same
+control over his activities that he uses over
+his machines, is to double his capacity, not
+only for work, but for pleasure. This control
+is now possible through the application
+of recently confirmed scientific knowledge
+as to man&#8217;s environment.</p>
+
+<p>It is the aim of this book to arouse the
+thinking portion of the community to the
+opportunity of the present moment for inculcating
+such standards of living as shall
+tend to the increase of health and happiness.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p>
+<p>To the women of America has come an
+opportunity to put their education, their
+power of detailed work, and any initiative
+they may possess at the service of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Faith, Hope, and Courage may be taken
+as the three potent watchwords of the New
+Crusade. There is a real contagion of ideas
+as well as of disease germs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 119.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Hiram J. Messenger, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 123.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II_1" id="CHAPTER_II_1"></a>CHAPTER II<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+conditions. Home and habits of living.
+Good habits pay in economy of time
+and force.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The hope is springing up in some minds that the entire problem of
+human regeneration will be much simplified when men shall have learned
+more fully the nature of their own lives, the nature of the physical world
+that environs them, and the interaction between this physical world and
+the spirit of man which is set to subdue it.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through
+Environment.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We create the evil as well as the good. Nature is impersonal. To
+an increasing degree <i>man</i> determines.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Carl Kelsey.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The only certain remedy for any disease is man&#8217;s own vital power.</p>
+
+<p>Today only an exceptional man, almost a genius, learns to modify his
+habits and his life to his environment and to triumph over his surroundings,
+his appetites, and the absurd dictates of fashion.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Richard Cole Newton, M.D., How Shall the Destructive<br />
+Tendencies of Modern Life Be Met and Overcome?</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We have certain inherent capacities as to bodily strength, length of
+life, etc., but it lies largely with ourselves to adopt a mode of life which
+may make an actual difference in height, weight, and physical strength
+and intellectual capacity.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>E.&nbsp;H. Richards, Sanitation in Daily Life.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>There are two recognized ways of improving the quality of human
+beings: one by giving them a better heredity&mdash;starting them in life with
+a stronger heart, better digestion, steadier nerves; the other by so combining
+the factors of daily life that even a weak heart may grow strong,
+a poor digestion may become good, and frayed nerves gain steadiness.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>E.&nbsp;H. Richards, The Art of Right Living.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>FAITH</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> relation of environment to man&#8217;s
+efficiency is a vital consideration: how
+far it is responsible for his character, his
+views, and his health; what special elements
+in the environment are most potent and
+what are the most readily controlled, provided
+sufficient knowledge can be gained of
+the forces and conditions to be used.</p>
+
+<p>To this end home life&mdash;in its relations
+to the child, the adult, and the community&mdash;is
+considered in connection with the effect
+on the home of the influences outside it, and
+the reaction of each on the other. These
+relations and influences are partly physical
+and material, partly ethical and psychical.</p>
+
+<p>The right of the child is protection, and
+it is the responsibility of the adult&mdash;parent,
+teacher, or state officer&mdash;to secure this protection.</p>
+
+<p>The knowledge that investigators are
+gaining in the laboratory and are trying to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+give to the community must be accepted and
+applied by the individual. How is the individual,
+discouraged by sickness and hardship,
+to know that things are awry or that
+they can be set more nearly straight? How
+can he know that he is responsible for his
+limitations? Why should he suppose that
+he need not be eternally a slave to environment?
+How can he realize that &#8220;health
+promotes efficiency by producing more
+energy and leaving it all free for useful
+purposes?&#8221; A few enlightened souls recognize
+the tendency of environment to kick
+the man that is down; to be subservient to
+the man of bodily and mental vigor, of keen
+understanding and human insight, but the
+majority must be led to believe these scientific
+principles.</p>
+
+<p>Again and again scientists and humanitarians
+must return to the attack, for individual
+carelessness becomes community
+menace, and &#8220;line upon line and precept
+upon precept&#8221; they must present their
+knowledge in language that shall attract
+and hold the attention and fancy. So the
+work and discoveries of Metchnikoff have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+gained credence because the disciple who
+described them had the ability to impress on
+his audience in a convincing fashion the one
+fact that made a strong appeal&mdash;the possibility
+of long life. If those who are zealous
+for any movement would study the psychology
+of advertising and speak as forcefully
+as the legitimate advertiser, they would be
+more persuasive and successful.</p>
+
+<p>When an idea has won in a certain circle,
+it quickly spreads to the other members,
+thence to active communities. So the universal
+law of imitation may be the greatest
+help in the spread of ideas. The individual
+eats a certain food because his neighbor
+does. Boston determines to make an effort
+for a better city because Chicago has felt
+the stirrings of civic pride.</p>
+
+<p>A gifted individual with a deep sense
+of the need of his community sees an ideal
+condition, which by his thought becomes a
+possibility. These beliefs he shares with a
+few choice spirits till the circle has widened.
+The new ideas come to the notice of
+the city or the town officials, new means are
+adopted of educating the whole community,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+and, if necessary, legal measures are
+passed. But the new means to betterment
+must be applied by the individual. Beginning
+with the exceptional individual and
+ending with the average individual, the
+perfect circle is rounded out.</p>
+
+<p>The leaders must show convincingly
+that the laws which they have discovered
+may be applied to daily life, but the <i>individual
+himself</i> must adopt them. When he
+has been saturated with knowledge, his inertia
+will break down, his hopelessness give
+way to its very antithesis, a strong hope for
+a better future. Every known method must
+be used by the laboratory to develop this
+hope into a belief wide enough to reach all
+members of every section of the community
+and deep enough to become a vital working
+principle. Only through a belief strong
+enough to ride over unbelief and inertia,
+a belief in the value of science for personal
+life strong enough to make a wise choice
+possible, can the will to obtain a better
+environment be developed. The belief in
+better things must be thoroughly impressed
+on the individual mind. Each individual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+must understand that it does affect <i>him</i>, that
+it is <i>his</i> concern, that <i>he</i> must give heed to
+his environment. Then he may have the
+will and make the effort to combat dangers
+to body and mind.</p>
+
+<p>Today, belief is much more difficult than
+ever before because the dangers are unseen
+and insidious, and our enemies do not generally
+make an appeal through the senses
+of sight and hearing. But the dangers to
+modern life are no less than in the days of
+the pioneers, when a stockade was built as
+a defense from the Indians. We have no
+standards for safety. Our enemies are no
+longer Indians and wild animals. Those
+were the days of big things. Today is the
+day of the infinitely little. To see our cruelest
+enemies, we must use the microscope.
+Of all our dangers, that of uncleanness leads&mdash;uncleanness
+of food and water and air&mdash;uncleanness
+due to unsanitary production
+and storage, to exposure to street dust, or to
+cooking and serving of food in unclean vessels.
+Such conditions result not only in
+actual disease, but in lowered vitality and
+lessened work power.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Lack of knowledge on the part of some,
+heedlessness on the part of others who
+should be intelligent enough to interpret
+such conditions, are responsible for their
+continuance. A few timely suggestions
+will accomplish more in remedying many
+evils than any amount of attempted legal
+enforcement. The very fact of a law makes
+many persons defy it. They feel justified
+in showing their wit by outwitting the
+law&#8217;s representatives. Many of our newer
+citizens have come to us from the protection
+(?) of a personal authority that they
+can see and feel. In this country of ours,
+we have taken away that binding regard for
+authority, and we must as far as possible
+lead rather than compel.</p>
+
+<p>It is, after all, what a man determines
+for himself and for his family that affects
+both his views of life and his wish to secure
+for himself and for them that which he believes
+to be best. It is not what some other
+man believes for him that affects his life.</p>
+
+<p>Evolution from within, not a dragging
+from outside, even if it is in the right direction,
+is the method of human development.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+Nevertheless, if the bale of hay is skillfully
+hung in front of the donkey&#8217;s nose it will
+often serve to start the wheels on an easy
+road.</p>
+
+<p>Evidence of the value of concerted
+effort by individuals and of the power of
+suggestion was given by a woman&#8217;s club in
+a small town. The members became aware
+of the dangers in exposed food, and on investigation
+found their own market to be
+very low in standards of cleanness. At a
+certain meeting they agreed to ask the proprietor
+why he did not protect this and
+cover that article. Certain members were
+told off for the duty and the days agreed
+upon. Mrs. A., making her usual purchases,
+casually asked why such an article
+was not covered. &#8220;I never thought about
+it,&#8221; was the answer. Mrs. B., the next day,
+asked why such an article was left out for
+the flies. &#8220;I never thought about the flies.&#8221;
+Mrs. C. asked the same question on the
+third day. The proprietor said: &#8220;You&#8217;re
+the third woman who has asked me that.
+No one ever suggested it before, but it
+would be a good idea.&#8221; Before the end of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+two weeks the provisions and groceries were
+covered. The end had been gained without
+resort to coercion.</p>
+
+<p>We know that our capacity for mental
+and bodily work depends on our supply of
+food. Proper food is necessary as a source
+of power for the work of the body as well
+as to furnish material for growth and repair
+of the losses of the body. Taking food is
+the most interesting of the vital processes.
+It appeals to all the senses (except hearing).</p>
+
+<p>Professor Dawson calls attention to the
+fact that the richest food areas in the world
+have provided the most powerful stocks of
+men of which we have any record, and it
+has been pointed out by many that improper
+food is closely connected with
+mental and moral defects. Strong men and
+women are not the product of improper
+food. Dr. Stanley Hall says: &#8220;The necessity
+of judicious, wholesome food is paramount....
+You can educate a long time by
+externals and not accomplish as much as
+good feeding will accomplish by itself.
+Children must be supplied with plenty of
+nutritious food if they are to develop healthily
+either in mind or body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Robert Hunter says: &#8220;All that we
+are, either as individuals or as a complexly
+constituted society of men, is made possible
+by the food supply.... Perhaps more than
+any other condition of life it lies at the
+door of most of the social and mental inequalities
+among men.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In these days of irresponsibility there is
+probably more harm done to the health by
+ignoring physical law in the matter of eating
+than in any other one thing.</p>
+
+<p>It is in the study of food substances and
+their possibilities in relation to better sanitary
+conditions that the widest field is open
+to housekeepers, and the subject should be
+especially fascinating to women of education
+and ability. All the skill and knowledge
+of the best educated women should be
+enlisted in the cause of better food for the
+people. Certainly no subject, except that
+of pure air, can have a closer bearing on the
+health than right diet. Much sound teaching
+will be needed before bad habits of
+eating and drinking will be conquered.</p>
+
+<p>A strong, well man whose work is muscular
+and carried on in the open air, as is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+that of the farmer and of the fisherman,
+will have the power to assimilate almost
+anything, and can maintain abundant health
+on the coarsest food poorly prepared, provided,
+only, that it is abundant and composed
+of the chemical constituents that the
+body requires.</p>
+
+<p>Only a small proportion of our people,
+however, engage in work of this sort. The
+majority are compelled by occupation, age,
+or health to remain indoors. For them
+nutritious, readily digested food is a requisite.
+The farmer or the fisherman can
+digest, even thrive upon, food which would
+be deadly for a woman working in a factory.</p>
+
+<p>In the fourth report of the Massachusetts
+State Board of Health (1873),
+Dr. Derby, the secretary, holds that &#8220;we
+have good reason to believe that the many
+forms of dyspepsia which are so commonly
+met with among all classes in Massachusetts,
+in country quite as much as in town,
+are but too often the danger signal that
+Nature gives us to show that the food, either
+in its quality, or its preparation, or its variety,
+is unsuited to maintain the vital processes.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+If this warning is rejected, the result
+of malnutrition is frequently chronic disease
+of the so-called major class.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sanitation in relation to food deals first
+with wholesome and clean materials&mdash;meat
+from animals free from disease; fruit and
+vegetables free from decay; milk, butter,
+etc., free from harmful bacteria. The dangers
+are the transference to the human body
+of encysted organisms like trichina; of the
+absorption of poisonous substances as toxins
+or ptomaines; of the lodgment of germs of
+disease along with dust on berries, rough
+peach skins, crushed-open fruits; of dirt
+clinging to lettuce, celery, and such vegetables
+as are eaten raw.</p>
+
+<p>For the next class of dangers we turn to
+the handling of foods with unclean hands.</p>
+
+<p>In countless ways disease is spread mysteriously,
+all due to unclean habits. It is a
+safe precaution to patronize only those restaurants
+in which the waiters are evidently
+trained to handle the food and vessels with
+care. It will pay well to take care of one&#8217;s
+hands and learn sanitary habits when one is
+young; then one will do right without effort.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+Whatever change of ideas may come with
+increase of knowledge, these habits will not
+need to be unlearned. Without knowing
+the reasons for them, they have been proclaimed
+in civilized lands.</p>
+
+<p>It should be the part of the physicians
+to take pains to advise, for most of our people
+are accessible to ideas; yet from these
+can come no improvement until the people
+are convinced that it is needed. Just as soon
+as the individual fully realizes that he himself
+is to blame for his suffering or his
+poverty in human energy, he will apply his
+intelligence to the bettering of his condition.
+If he can, in a short time, make as good a
+showing as public effort has made in the
+case of water supplies, he will accomplish
+much for the race.</p>
+
+<p>Of equal importance to food, in the
+proper care of the human machine, comes
+the air we breathe.</p>
+
+<p>Many of man&#8217;s present physical troubles
+are due to the roof over his head confining
+the warmed, used-up air, which would escape
+freely if there were an opening provided.
+The first law of sanitation requires<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
+the quick removal of all wastes. Once-breathed
+air is as much a waste as once-used
+water, and should be allowed to escape.
+Sewers are built for draining away used
+water. Flues are just as important to serve
+as sewers for used air. Air is lighter than
+water, and out-breathed air being warmed
+is lighter than that at room temperature.
+It rises to the ceiling, where it will escape
+if it is allowed to do so before it cools sufficiently
+to fall.</p>
+
+<p>The roof also keeps out sunlight, and
+some late investigations indicate that glass
+cuts off some of the most vitally important
+light rays. The &#8220;glame&#8221; of the Ralstonites&mdash;&#8220;air
+in motion with the sunlight on
+it&#8221;&mdash;may have a scientific basis.</p>
+
+<p>It will at once be retorted, &#8220;But we cannot
+heat all out-of-doors.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A partial reply is: Do not try to make
+your house a tropical jungle. Travelers
+assure us that such an atmosphere is not
+conducive to work or to health.</p>
+
+<p>All great nations have lived in a temperate
+climate, where physical and mental activity
+was possible for many hours a day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+Science is more and more clearly giving
+reasons for the cooler temperature in certain
+physiological laws. The habits of life
+in regard to air and food are largely under
+individual, or at least under family control,
+and should be studied as personal hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>The lessons being so clearly taught in
+the treatment of tuberculosis should be
+heeded in forming the general living habits
+of the people.</p>
+
+<p>If loss of life can be lessened and working
+power increased by man&#8217;s effort, why
+does he not make the effort? Why are men
+and women so apathetic over the prevalence
+of disease? Why do they not devote their
+energies to stamping it out? For no other
+reason than their disbelief in the teachings
+of science, coupled with a lingering superstition
+that, after all, it is fate, not will
+power, which rules the destinies of mankind.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it is too much to expect that
+a sturdy plant of belief should have grown
+since the days of Edwin Chadwick and
+Benjamin Ward Richardson (1830-50),
+less than a century ago, when there were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+perhaps not a dozen men and women who
+believed that man had any appreciable
+control over his own health.</p>
+
+<p>This early school of sanitarians endeavored
+to &#8220;get behind fate, to the causes
+of sickness.&#8221; The modern socionomist is,
+by a study of the mental conditions of communities,
+endeavoring to get behind the
+causes of poverty and consequent suffering
+to the reasons for <i>fatal indifference to dirt</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is well recognized that in severe sicknesses
+of many kinds the will to get well is
+more powerful than drugs, that something
+which we call nerve force acting upon the
+physical machine sends a vital current
+through the arteries, coerces the heart to
+renewed pumping action, and life comes
+again to the blanched cheek and glazing
+eye. This more often happens by a mental
+stimulus than by any medicine. In like
+manner the improvement of the body&#8217;s
+shell, the home, like that of the soul&#8217;s shell,
+the body, comes more often from an inward
+impulse than from outward coercion.</p>
+
+<p>Appeal to the loving but listless parent
+will reach the heart quickest through love<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+for the child. Therefore stress should be
+laid on the child, its habits, its surroundings,
+its ideals. By ideals is meant the very
+real stimulus to action coming from within.
+Action must come through the material
+things which ideals control and through
+which they express themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Certain notions which have crept into
+popular currency need to be corrected before
+the individual can free himself from
+bondage sufficiently to attempt constructive
+advance and improvement.</p>
+
+<p>Only a small percentage of adults obtain
+the full efficiency from the human machine&mdash;the
+only means they have of living, working,
+enjoying. They permit themselves to
+stand and walk badly, they breathe with
+only a portion of their lungs, and so fail
+to furnish the blood stream with oxygen.
+They dress unhygienically. They eat
+wrongly. They exercise little. In short,
+they subject their bodies to abusive treatment
+which would ruin any machine. Because
+retribution does not instantly follow
+infraction of Nature&#8217;s laws, they become
+callous and unbelieving. Economy and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+efficiency in human time and strength is
+one of the lessons to be taught the young
+people, so that they may not waste their
+patrimony.</p>
+
+<p>The youth feels as rich in his fifty years
+to come as he does with a legacy of $50,000
+in the bank. The years, however, can yield
+only small variations from the established
+rate of interest. The human machine can
+manufacture only a limited amount of
+energy. It remains to utilize that quantity
+to the best advantage. This can be done
+only by having a purpose in life strong
+enough to resist alluring temptations to
+fritter away both time and strength.</p>
+
+<p>One of the world&#8217;s busy workers found
+that the distractions of urban life were
+breaking in upon his working time and
+making inroads upon his physical vitality.
+He recognized that work for the body and
+work for the mind must be balanced, and he
+evolved an acrostic to be followed as a rule
+of life, the fulfillment of which has meant
+prolonged years of efficient work and has
+kept the freshness of middle life with the
+advancing years. Taking the six days of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+the week as a unit, the acrostic is as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table summary="the feast of life">
+<tr><th colspan="3"><i>The Feast of Life</i></th></tr>
+
+<tr><td>F</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Food</td><td>One-tenth the time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>E</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Exercise</td><td>One-tenth the time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>A</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Amusement</td><td>One-tenth the time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>S</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Sleep</td><td>Three-tenths the time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>T</td><td style="padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em">Task</td><td>Four-tenths the time</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="newchapter">The first and last are nearly fixed quantities,
+the other three may vary within certain
+limits as to amount of time given and intensity
+of effort. Amusement and exercise may
+be taken together; exercise and sleep may
+be somewhat interchangeable.</p>
+
+<p>The task, or daily work, is a necessity for
+mental and physical health. It should be
+accepted as a part of human life and the
+will and energy should be directed to doing
+it well. It may be a pure delight, the most
+entertaining thing that happens; <i>it should
+be interesting</i>. It is astonishing how interesting
+a dull piece of work may become if
+one sets one&#8217;s self to doing it well. That
+which one subconsciously knows one is doing
+badly is drudgery. The real pleasure
+in life comes not from so-called amusements&mdash;things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+done by other people to make one
+laugh; to &#8220;take one&#8217;s mind off&#8221;&mdash;but from
+seeing the work of one&#8217;s own hand and
+brain prosper. The work of creation, of
+transformation to desirable result, is the
+purest joy the human mind can experience.
+Fourteen hours a day is not too much for
+this kind of task. The difficulty is to gain
+skill of hand and eye, or training of mind,
+to this end. A fallacy, a canker at the heart
+of our social fabric today, is that the daily
+task is something to be rid of.</p>
+
+<p>The psychology of doing is clearly illustrated
+in the character of Fool Billy, as
+drawn by the author of &#8220;Priscilla of the
+Good Intent.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Is there nought ye like better than
+idleness?&#8221; asked the blacksmith. &#8220;Think
+now, Billy&mdash;just ponder over it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Well, now,&#8221; answered the other, after
+a silence, &#8220;there&#8217;s playing&mdash;what ye might
+call playing at a right good game. Could
+ye think of some likely pastime, David?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ay, could I; blowing bellows is the
+grandest frolic ever I came across.&#8221; ...</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I doubt &#8217;tis work, David.... I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+shouldn&#8217;t like to be trapped into work.
+&#8217;Twould scare me when I woke o&#8217; nights
+and thought of it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;See ye then, Billy&#8221;&mdash;blowing the
+bellows gently&mdash;&#8220;is it work to make yon
+sparks go, blue and green and red, as fast
+as ever ye like to drive &#8217;em?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Te-he, &#8217;tis just a bit o&#8217; sport&mdash;I hadn&#8217;t
+thought of it in that light.&#8221; And soon he
+was blowing steadily.</p>
+
+<p>Later, when David the smith was going
+to America and wished to leave his forge
+with the half-witted Billy, he proposed the
+smith&#8217;s work as play.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Te-he,&#8221; laughed Billy, &#8220;am I to play
+wi&#8217; all your fine tools, David?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ay, just that. I&#8217;ve taught ye the way
+o&#8217; them and Dan Foster&#8217;s lad from Brow
+Farm shall come and blow the bellows for
+you.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Will that be work for Dan Foster&#8217;s
+lad, or play?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Hard work, Billy&mdash;grievous hard
+work, while you are just playing at making
+horseshoes, fence railings, and what
+not.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And I&#8217;m to play at making horseshoes,&#8221;
+went on Fool Billy, &#8220;while Dan
+Foster&#8217;s lad&#8217;s sweating hard at bellows-blowing.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III_1" id="CHAPTER_III_1"></a>CHAPTER III<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>Community effort is needed to make better
+conditions for all, in streets and public
+places, for water and milk supply, hospitals,
+markets, housing problems, etc. Restraint
+for sake of neighbors.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quite slowly but surely, the idea is dawning on the social horizon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+that the persistence of conditions prejudicial to human prosperity is discreditable
+to a civilized community, and that economics if not ethics calls
+for their control.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Alice Ravenhill.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is the new view that disease must be understood and overcome;
+that hospitals, dispensaries, surgical and medical treatment, nursing and
+preventive measures must be developed and dovetailed into a general social
+scheme for the elimination of preventable diseases and a very substantial
+reduction in the prevalence of such diseases as cannot as yet be classed as
+preventable.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Edward Devine, Social Forces.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nature endows the vast majority of mankind with a birthright of
+normal physical efficiency. It is the duty of those who aspire to be
+known as social workers each to do his share in confirming his fellow
+beings in this possession.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Dr. H.&nbsp;M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before<br />
+Conference of Women Workers, London, 1904.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We know now that if we do the things we ought to do, we can
+prevent sickness. We have reached a point where it is recognized that
+it is the duty of the community or state to effectually protect itself against
+the ignorant, the selfish, the filthy, and the diseased. We believe now
+that we must have proper sewage disposal, pure water, decent tenements,
+clean streets, good-sized playgrounds, supervision of factories, protection
+of child labor, and pure food.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Eugene H. Porter, Report, 1909, New York State Department
+of Health.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Next after himself, man owes it to his neighbor to be well, and to
+avoid disease in order that he may impose no burden upon that neighbor.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Dr. William T. Sedgwick, The Call to Public Health.</i><br />
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>HOPE</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> real significance of biological evolution
+has not been grasped by the
+people in general. It is that man is a part
+of organic nature, subject to laws of development
+and growth, laws which he cannot
+break with impunity. It is his business to
+study the forces of Nature and to conquer
+his environment by submitting to the inevitable.
+Only then will man gain control
+of the conditions which affect his own
+well-being.</p>
+
+<p>Sickness, we know, is the result of breaking
+some law of universal nature. What
+that law may be, investigators in scores of
+laboratories are endeavoring to determine.
+In most diseases they have been successful.
+Those remaining are being attacked on all
+sides, and it may be confidently predicted
+that a few years will see success assured.</p>
+
+<p>Why, then, does sickness continue to be
+the greatest drain upon individual and national<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+resources? Because man, through
+ignorance or unbelief, will not avail himself
+of this knowledge, or is behind the times in
+his method. Where wisdom means effort
+and discomfort, many feel it folly to be
+wise.</p>
+
+<p>The individual may be wise as to his
+own needs, but powerless by himself to
+secure the satisfaction of them. Certain
+concessions to others&#8217; needs are always made
+in family life. The community is only a
+larger family group, and social consciousness
+must in time take into account social
+welfare. Moreover, a neighbor may pollute
+the water supply, foul the air, and
+adulterate the food. This is the penalty
+paid for living in groups. Men band together,
+therefore, to protect a common
+water supply, to suppress smoke, dust, and
+foul gases which render the common air unfit
+to breathe. The State helps the group to
+protect itself from bad food as it does from
+destruction of property.</p>
+
+<p>The development of fire protection is a
+good example of community effort. The
+isolated farmhouse may have buckets of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+water and blankets in an accessible place
+with which to put out an incipient fire.
+Then eight or ten families build close together.
+The danger of one becomes the
+danger of all, and a fire brigade is organized
+that may protect all. When hundreds of
+families crowd together in a small space
+the danger becomes so much the greater
+that a paid department with efficient apparatus
+is necessary. No one complains of
+the infraction of individual rights. Each
+one is glad to pay his share of the expense.</p>
+
+<p>In securing protection from other dangers,
+the individual and the family unit are
+fast relying on community regulations. In
+fact, in many ways the individual, when he
+becomes one of a crowd, must go whither
+the crowd goes and at the same rate of
+progress.</p>
+
+<p>Failure to recognize that by coming into
+the community he has forfeited his right to
+unrestrained individuality causes an irritation
+as unreasonable as harmful.</p>
+
+<p>A certain control of sanitary conditions
+must be delegated to the community and its
+rules cheerfully followed. The legal aspects<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+of these rules will be considered in a
+later chapter. Here is to be considered
+only the <i>mental attitude</i> with which the
+members of the community should come
+together to agree upon a common defense
+against disease and dirt. The spirit of co&ouml;peration
+must prevail over a tendency to
+antagonism when certain individual rights
+seem to be involved.</p>
+
+<p>Numbers of families living close together
+are served by the same grocer or
+market man. These families may agree
+upon their requirements as to quality and
+cleanliness and publish their rules. If they
+do not take interest enough to protect themselves,
+the community must make rules for
+them. If the local officials are not vigilant
+enough, the State may step in and compel
+the observance of sanitary regulations.</p>
+
+<p>The average citizen learns of the existence
+of a health regulation when he is
+warned that he has broken it, or perhaps is
+fined. His first attitude is rebellion at the
+invasion of his personal liberty. The housewife
+usually takes the ground that the rule
+is absurd or unnecessary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When, in the interest of the community,
+any law is to be enforced, how are the people
+to be led from this rebellious state of
+mind? Perhaps first through authority.
+In America we have learned to use the
+phrase, &#8220;Big Stick.&#8221; Authority is exactly
+that; it is coercion from without. It has
+partial result in good; the law may be fulfilled
+because the individual knows he must
+obey when within the jurisdiction of that
+law; but if the result is simply obedience
+to authority and not to the underlying
+principle, it will not be a force in his life
+or be continued if by chance he can escape
+it. He will be a &#8220;tramp&#8221; in his methods
+of obedience. This method can never be
+constructive; its value lies in the possibility
+that by continuous usage or repetition the
+procedure may become a habit, and from
+habit will come reason and intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>But the more direct and efficient way to
+help the individual to realize his relation to
+communal right living is through education.
+The former method&mdash;blind obedience&mdash;will
+foster the spirit of antagonism and call
+the State&#8217;s protection &#8220;interference,&#8221; thus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+weakening the efficiency of the State and of
+the individual, for the State is the multiplication
+of its citizens; but through the latter
+method the individual will carry out the
+law with intelligence and interest. This
+will be constructive and it will be permanent,
+for again, if the State is the sum of
+its citizens, the efficiency of the State is the
+sum of the efficiency of the citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Their interests are now identical, the
+man has become equal master with the
+State; they are co-partners. His motive for
+right living is greater than the letter of the
+law, for he is the living law, the protest
+against wrong and the fulfillment of the
+right.</p>
+
+
+<p style="padding-top: 1.5em">The next generation must be born with
+healthy bodies, must be nurtured in healthy
+physical and moral environments, and must
+be filled with ambition to give birth to a
+still healthier, still nobler generation. But,
+as has been said, &#8220;whatever improvements
+may sometime be achieved, the benefits of
+their influence can be enjoyed only by
+future, perhaps distantly future generations.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+We of the present have to take our
+heredity as we find it. We cannot follow
+the advice of a humorous philosopher to
+begin life by selecting our grandparents;
+but through hygiene (sanitary science) we
+can make the most of our endowment.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is a force in the development of
+public opinion somewhere between individual
+action and national compulsion
+which may be termed &#8220;semi-public&#8221; action.
+It is in a measure the same sort of influence
+that in a later chapter is termed &#8220;stimulative
+education.&#8221; For instance, a hospital
+for the treatment of some special ailment is
+needed. Private enterprise furnishes the
+capital, proves the success of the treatment,
+and then the community comes forward and
+supports the institution. Such helps are
+accepted freely and are not considered undemocratic.</p>
+
+<p>The less spectacular but more effective
+office of prevention of the need for charity,
+in the maintenance of cleanness in the markets,
+streets, and shops, yes, even in the
+homes of the people, has been neglected.
+Through lack of belief, and especially
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>through inattention to causes so common as
+to escape notice, many details of great hygienic
+importance have been overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>Some daring ones in commercial ventures
+are showing the possibilities of a
+standard in cleanness, and model establishments,
+dairies, bakeries, and restaurants
+should receive the hearty support of a community.
+If they do not receive this support,
+it is more than discouraging to the
+promoters, for <i>it costs to be clean</i>, a lesson
+the community must learn. The saving of
+money and the consequent loss of life
+through disease, or the spending of money
+and the saving of life through prevention,
+are the alternatives.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly the old view of charity as
+tenderly caring for the sick&mdash;because there
+must always be a certain amount of sickness
+in the world&mdash;has held men back from
+attempting to make a world without sickness.
+The charity worker of the past had
+no hope of really making things better
+permanently.</p>
+
+<p>The new view, based upon scientific
+investigation, is that it is not charity that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+is needed to support invalids who once
+stricken must fade away, but preventive
+action to give the patient hope and fresh
+air. Most important of all, the experience
+already gained shows how far from
+the truth was the old fatalistic notion of the
+necessary continuance of disease.</p>
+
+<p>While the support of many agencies&mdash;dispensaries,
+clinics, hospitals, sanatoria,
+etc.&mdash;must for a time depend upon private
+philanthropy, the expense is in the nature
+of an investment to bring in a high rate of
+interest in the future welfare of the race.
+As soon as the belief in the efficiency of
+these agents reaches the taxpayer he will
+willingly furnish the funds for public
+agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Today the child in the school is examined;
+then, if need be, is given special consideration
+at the dispensary, then sent to
+school, where, with fresh air, pure food,
+and hygienic surroundings, he will so
+strengthen himself as to combat the ravages
+of disease.</p>
+
+<p>The Association for the Improvement
+of the Condition of the Poor, New York<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+City, not only sends bread to fill the hungry
+stomach, but now sends a wise and sympathetic
+worker to help women to understand
+food and money values, which means a permanent
+help. And it no longer simply says
+to the tired, worried woman who has had no
+education-stimulus along the line of cleanness,
+&#8220;Be clean,&#8221; but sends in women to
+make the house an example, an exhibit of
+clean conditions, if you will. Example is
+stronger than precept.</p>
+
+<p>In the rapid growth of cities, so often
+beyond anticipation, preparation for development
+or plans for extension have
+seldom been laid. Much suffering has been
+wrought to the families of men in our
+crowded cities, for there is no greater evil
+than the congestion of streets and buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Many students of social conditions of
+today believe that the most serious menace
+is the situation best described as housing&mdash;the
+site, the crowding, the bad building,
+poor water supply and drainage, lack of
+light and air and cleanliness. All believe
+that it is economically a loss to the city in
+general, however profitable to a very few.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+To rent such buildings is a far greater crime
+than cruelty to animals or even the beating
+of women and children.</p>
+
+<p>But groups of people the wide world
+over are keenly awake to this state of affairs,
+and though the problem is tremendous they
+are trying in numerous ways to solve it.</p>
+
+<p>In some cities there are at present organizations
+urging &#8220;city planning,&#8221; while in
+several foreign cities the municipality has
+already made regulations. In some cities
+there are municipal model tenements, but
+this is still a project of too small proportions
+to affect the community.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps no modern movement that comprehends
+both the city planning and the
+housing of the working people is more ideal
+than the &#8220;Garden Cities&#8221; movement in
+England and the other countries following
+it.</p>
+
+<p>If there is any spot on which the hand
+of the law should be laid, it is the congested
+districts in cities and mill villages. The
+evil has grown to such magnitude that the
+first steps will mean some drastic measures.</p>
+
+<p>The author has elsewhere called it the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+<i>Capitalists&#8217; Opportunity</i>. Instead of investing
+in an uncertain gold mine in some distant
+land, let the millions, for no less sum
+will suffice, be invested in a plot of land,
+whether an open field or a slum district
+depends on local conditions, and thereon
+cause to be erected habitations decently
+comfortable, wholly sanitary, and place
+over each group an inspector as both agent
+and teacher who shall be a friend to the
+tenants, and to whose office they may come
+freely with their needs. This plan has been
+in part carried out in the Model Tenements
+in New York, but variations and improvements
+are needed. There should be more
+light and air, more grass and trees, even if
+the buildings are fifteen-story towers.</p>
+
+<p>The old story has been so often reiterated,
+&#8220;But the tenants will not use the
+devices,&#8221; that the capitalist has become callous
+to this appeal. The missing link in
+the chain has been the instruction to go with
+the construction.</p>
+
+<p>All department stores, all venders of
+new mechanical appliances, have come to
+recognize the value of demonstration, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+instruction, in the use of articles as an aid
+to purchase. The advocate of better dwellings
+must take a leaf from the commercial
+book and <i>show how</i>. It is in this that philanthropy
+has been weak in the past. It
+has assumed a power to see, where there
+was only a fear of handling the strange
+objects.</p>
+
+<p>There is a virgin field for the capitalist
+who wishes to use some millions for the
+prosperity of the country to build a short
+trolley line to a district of sanitary houses
+with gardens, playgrounds, entertainment
+halls, etc.; such a village to contain, not
+long blocks, but both separate houses and
+tenements from two rooms up, possibly
+several stories high, where the elders may
+have light and air without the confusion of
+the street. Dust and noise will be eliminated.
+There should be a central bakery
+and laundry, and, most important of all,
+an office where both men and women skilled
+in sanitary and economic practical affairs
+may be found ready to go to any home and
+advise on any subject. There has never yet
+been such an enterprise with all the elements<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+worked out. Several, however, have
+shown the way, the Morris houses in Brooklyn,
+for example.</p>
+
+<p>It is easier to take a city block and construct
+fireproof, high buildings than to solve
+transportation problems. We are losing
+our fear of the high buildings as we see
+the great value of light and air. There is
+chance for work in this direction, for in
+spite of rapid transit some must live in the
+center of things.</p>
+
+<p>Let a philanthropist or two, instead of
+building hospitals, set some bright young
+architects and sanitarians to devising such
+suitable housing conditions for city and
+suburbs as will obviate the necessity for
+hospitals. Any lover of his kind, any one
+who longs for fame, could find both it and
+the blessing of the homeless by this means,
+and in the end get a fair return for his
+investment.</p>
+
+<p>The Federal Department of Labor<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> has
+studied workingmen&#8217;s houses, but <i>living
+in the house</i> has not been worked up.
+The housewife has no station to which she
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>may carry her trials, like the experiment
+stations which have been provided for the
+farmer. Here is another opportunity for
+the capitalist to hasten the time when the
+State will supply these. The way will very
+soon be laid out and the first steps taken.</p>
+
+<p>For the immediate present some standard
+of healthful housing is needed, and now
+that a similar type of house and of apartment
+house is being built in all cities and
+towns from one ocean to the other, and from
+Texas to Maine, such a standard is compatible
+with conditions.</p>
+
+<p>A score card for houses to rent would
+save much wrangling. The agent shows the
+card with this house&#8217;s rating, and the tenant
+learns that some of his wishes are incompatible
+with the standard, and some would
+mean a much higher rent than he is willing
+to pay. Professor J.&nbsp;R. Commons, Department
+of Economics, University of Wisconsin,
+has devised a score card to serve the
+house hunter and householder as a standard
+of comparison. This should serve the house
+builder as well, indicating what the demand
+will be forty or fifty years hence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At present the rating stands somewhat as
+follows:</p>
+
+
+<ul style="line-height: 130%">
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">Dwelling, 100 points</li>
+
+<li>Location, 18 points out of 100</li>
+<li>Congestion of buildings, 26 points</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Common entrance for two or more, discredit 2 points</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Basement, discredit 5 points</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Sunlight, credit 16 points of the 26</li>
+<li>Window openings, 11 points</li>
+<li>Air and ventilation, 13 points</li>
+<li>Structural condition, 6 points</li>
+<li>House appurtenances, 26 points</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Well outside, discredit 3 points</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p>The final score card may vary somewhat.</p>
+
+<p>For rent collectors there is also a score
+card.</p>
+
+<ul style="line-height: 130%">
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Occupants, 100 points</li>
+
+<li>Congestion of occupancy, 61 points cubic air space</li>
+<li>1,000 cu. ft. per person, no discredit</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 0.6em">600 cu. ft. per person discredits 20 points</li>
+<li>Condition of air and ventilation, 18 points</li>
+<li>Cleanliness, 21 points</li></ul>
+
+
+<p>A score card movement might be started
+as a hobby, and in the end lead public
+opinion to judicial choice and action. No
+such movement, however, is possible without
+leaders, and leaders of the right type.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The lesson for the community to be
+drawn from a study of crowd psychology
+is that of leadership and loyal co&ouml;peration.
+The common man is likely to be possessed
+of one idea at a time. If such an one becomes
+a leader, there is danger that equally
+vital factors will be overlooked. Safety is
+found in a combination of leaders to make
+an all-round improvement.</p>
+
+<p>Each individual is too busy in his own
+affairs to look after his own, much less his
+neighbor&#8217;s, health and comfort, hence community
+life, with its advantages, brings its
+own dangers. Children in school in contact
+with other children; crowds in trains, in elevators,
+stores, in lecture halls, contract habits
+as well as diseases. The need for large
+quantities of supplies at one point brings
+long-distance transportation and cold storage
+difficulties. The man who caters to
+public need does not look far ahead to consequences,
+and if unrestrained may prove
+more of a menace than a convenience.</p>
+
+<p>The safe and reasonable way is to delegate
+to certain persons the making and enforcement
+of regulations corresponding to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+the needs of the times, and then to obey
+them, even at some personal inconvenience.</p>
+
+<p>Each community should put into the
+hands of its health officers the carrying out
+of the rules it has agreed to as an <i>insurance</i>
+against outbreaks of disease. Does a man
+let his fire insurance policy lapse because
+the year has passed without a fire? Even
+if the regulation seems superfluous to the
+particular individual or family, let it be
+remembered that there are inflammable
+spots in every community. Eternal vigilance
+is the price of safety in sanitary as
+well as in military affairs. As in the army,
+the community must delegate scout duty to
+certain chosen individuals and rely on their
+report for safety.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Report on National Vitality, p. 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Bulletin No. 54.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV_1" id="CHAPTER_IV_1"></a>CHAPTER IV<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>Interchangeableness of these two forms of
+progressive effort. First one, then the other
+ahead.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Preventive medicine is the watchword of the hour, and enlistment in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+the cause can come only through education....</p>
+
+<p>He who understands the dangers is thrice armed, and is trained and
+entitled to enlist in the home guard to protect the health of his household
+and neighbors.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Dr. M.&nbsp;H. Rosenau, Harvard Medical School.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The next generation of parents is being made strong or weak in home
+and school today by an environment furnished by parents and teachers.
+These latter cannot be too well instructed in physiology, hygiene, and
+biology.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Prof. John Tyler, The Responsibility of the Medical<br /> Profession
+for Public Education in Hygiene.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The new view is a social view, which seeks in all movements, whether
+of research or of remedial action, for the common welfare.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Edward Devine, Social Forces.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Democracy means that the best of all life is for all, and that if there
+are many incapable of entering into it, then they must be helped to become
+capable.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If the child is not only in theory but in practice recognized as the
+main interest in society, the family and society will more and more assist
+the mother in his nurture.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>W.&nbsp;I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Health administration cannot rise far above the hygienic standards of
+those who provide the means for administering sanitary law. The tax-paying
+public must believe in the economy, utility, and necessity of efficient
+health administration.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Wm. H. Allen, Civics and Health.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The connection between poverty and ill health is so direct, so immediate,
+and so important that the moment any individual or society turns
+its attention to the causes of poverty, that moment it finds itself in the
+thick of the public health movement.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Homer Folks, Journal Public Hygiene, November, 1909.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>FAITH AND HOPE</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">P</span>rogress</span> is a series of zigzags: now
+the individual goes ahead of the community;
+now the community outstrips the
+individual.</p>
+
+<p>The community cannot rise much above
+the level of the individual home, and the
+home rises only by the pull of the community
+regulations, or by the initiative of a few
+especially farsighted individuals.</p>
+
+<p>The steps need to be carefully measured,
+for if the family begins to rely on the State
+for the backbone it should have, it will not
+stay up, and its fall will be lower than the
+stage it rose from. &#8220;When man reverts, he
+goes not to Nature, but to death.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The example set by the city in maintaining
+clean streets and well-kept parks reacts
+upon the home yards. The insistence by the
+police on city regulations as to alleys and
+garbage educates the family as to the general
+attention to be paid to such things.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The city authorities, on the other hand,
+are prodded to their work by well-informed
+individuals who see the great gain to the
+community from certain measures.</p>
+
+<p>The centers of movement, civic and
+quasi-religious or philanthropic, are usually
+the outgrowth of individual effort. The
+great movements for betterment&mdash;water
+supply, street cleaning, tenement laws, etc.&mdash;are
+carried out by community agreement
+with a common tax outlay.</p>
+
+<p>The clean city means streets of clean
+houses. The clean house in the midst of a
+dirty city may be the match to start a fire of
+cleansing.</p>
+
+<p>Probably medical inspection in the public
+school is as good an example as may
+be given of helpfulness to the community.
+No quicker means of influencing both home
+and community life may be found, for in
+five years it might revolutionize the whole.</p>
+
+<p>School buildings should be so constructed
+and so managed that they cannot
+themselves either produce or aggravate
+physical defects. Departments of school
+hygiene should be organized, not only in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+every city, but for every rural school under
+county and state superintendents of instruction.
+The general question of physical
+welfare of children involves too many considerations
+to be satisfactorily treated by
+school physician and school nurse alone, or
+by busy teachers and principals.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;New York City will spend in 1910
+$6,500 for making over twenty rooms in
+regular buildings, a first step in an entirely
+new plan of ventilation, which will eventually
+give outdoor air to all children, sick
+or well.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>Speaking generally, America is one of
+the last of the civilized nations to deal with
+the subject of the medical inspection of
+school children upon a comprehensive and
+national scheme. But once aroused to the
+needs, it is safe to say that the nation will
+speedily educate parents to correct such
+home conditions as reduce the child&#8217;s ability
+to profit from schooling, and to persuade
+governments to see that safe homes are provided.
+It will be easy to convince the taxpayer
+that it is cheaper to provide such care
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>than to neglect the future parent and citizen,
+for it is easy to prove that medical
+inspection in our schools returns large dividends
+on small investments. Dr. Luther
+Gulick says that it seems probable, though
+only a guess, that the total annual expenditure
+for medical inspection of schools in the
+United States at the present time is perhaps
+$500,000. The money saved by enabling
+thousands of children to do one year&#8217;s work
+in one year, instead of in two or three years,
+would greatly exceed the total expense of
+examining all children in all boroughs.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>The health of all our school children
+should be conserved by a system of competent
+medical inspection which should secure
+the correction of defects of eyes, ears,
+teeth, as well as defects due to infection or
+malnutrition.</p>
+
+<p>The statistics of medical inspection in
+public schools tell a pitiful tale wherever
+it has been tried: thirty or forty per cent of
+the children are found with defective or
+diseased eyes, ten to twenty per cent with
+distorted spines, fifteen per cent with throat
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>and nose troubles, all of which directly
+affect their intellectual proficiency.</p>
+
+<p>When these deficiencies are discovered
+and reported to the parents, such is the
+apathy of disbelief that seventy-five per
+cent of the cases usually go unattended;
+therefore the school nurse, who follows the
+case home and explains the needs and sets
+forth the penalties, has become a necessity.</p>
+
+<p>The parent who permits his child to go
+to school physically unfitted to profit from
+school opportunity is not only injuring his
+own child, but is injuring his neighbor&#8217;s
+child, and is taxing that neighbor without
+the latter&#8217;s consent.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem as if such parents had
+forfeited their right to the sole care of the
+children, and that government would be
+obliged, for its own protection, to step in
+and do the work while it is needed. The
+author has termed this <i>temporary paternalism</i>.
+The providing of penny lunches during
+the morning recess, the service of the
+school nurse and the home visitor to teach
+those parents who are willing to learn all
+these schemes for the saving of the child,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+may be carried out in a spirit of helpfulness
+with a support which may be withdrawn
+when no longer needed.</p>
+
+<p>Although all America has not become
+aroused to the undoubted fact of tendencies
+toward physical deterioration, it is on the
+verge of an awakening. The public school
+is the natural medium for the spread of
+better ideals, and if the teachers of cooking
+and of hygiene would co&ouml;perate and use all
+the material which sanitary science is heaping
+on the table before them, we should
+soon see a betterment of the physical status.
+Combined with medical inspection and
+sanitary construction of schoolhouses, this
+would raise the general health of the community
+thirty or forty per cent in five years
+and fifty to seventy per cent in ten years.</p>
+
+<p>There has been in some quarters much
+objection to public effort towards remedying
+evils which would not have existed if
+each family had lived up to its duties. The
+community is a larger family, with greater
+resources, and can employ investigators to
+find the means for greater security. That
+individual is very foolish who does not recognize<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+this interaction between community
+and individual, and who objects to taking
+the benefits of the larger knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>To take one of the latest examples of
+social problems: In every thousand children
+in the public schools of any city, probably of
+the town also, there are perhaps fifty who
+are ill-nourished (not necessarily underfed),
+ill-clothed, unwashed, and deprived
+of good air for sleeping. What is the duty
+of the public? This is one of the burning
+questions of the moment. Send missionary
+teachers to the homes, some say, but that is
+costly; the selection of the suitable missionary
+is difficult, and the result may be slight.
+Others say, give one good luncheon at the
+school, for which the children pay in part
+or in whole, and make that an education
+which, by the aid of the school nurse, will
+in time affect a change in habit. In short,
+the problem is this: Shall the children suffer
+in childhood and become a burden on society
+in adult years, or shall society protect
+itself from future expense by community
+care now? &#8220;Because <i>finding</i> diseases and
+defects does not protect children unless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+discovery is followed by <i>treatment</i>, fifty-eight
+cities take children to dispensaries
+or instruct at schoolhouses; fifty-eight send
+nurses from house to house to instruct parents
+and to persuade them to have their
+families cared for; 101 send out cards of
+instruction to parents either by mail or the
+children; while 157 cities have arranged
+special co&ouml;peration with dispensaries, hospitals,
+and relief societies for giving the
+children the shoes or clothing or medical
+and dental care which is found necessary.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>Nearly all preventive measures adopted
+by society and ranked as paternalism by
+timid philanthropists are or may be educative
+and temporary at the same time.
+They may be dropped as soon as the end is
+gained. The attention of parents must be
+called to neglected duties. Compulsory
+attention to such duties as affect the wards
+of society, the children, may be needed for
+a time. Just as the wise father, taking the
+child for a walk, allows him to run free as
+soon as his strength and courage permit, so
+the paternalism of society is relaxed as soon
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>as its <i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;es</i> show themselves both able
+and willing to do the right thing without its
+aid or command.</p>
+
+<p>Compulsory school attendance places responsibility
+for certain care, vaccination,
+decent clothing, good food, decent shelter.
+The thousand and one ways in which society
+is now protecting itself are all educating
+the newcomers to American ideals. They
+are all intended to make efficient, self-sustaining
+citizens who do not feel the pull of
+the law or the bond of outside care. It
+is the last conflict between the ideals of individualism
+and those of the community need,
+subordinating the individual preference.
+Much wisdom and forbearance will be
+needed to secure this community ideal, but
+in that way evidently lies progress. It behooves
+the leaders of social effort to make
+all their work educational, and thus remove
+the necessity for a repetition in the future.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the parent in the home establishes
+habits while the child&#8217;s mind is plastic,
+so the community stands <i>in loco parentis</i>
+to the future citizen, and surrounds him
+with safeguards while needed. Knowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+is needed, scientific investigation is fundamental,
+expert wisdom is indispensable,
+costly though it is, being the product of
+long research and rare brain power. This
+is at the service of the nation for the good
+of all the people, and it is the surer the
+wider the range of experience. For this
+reason chiefly, greater actual knowledge
+and more complete harmonizing of conflicting
+interests is necessary. Certain sanitary
+measures are carried out by the Federal
+government as an education to communities,
+just as communities educate individuals.
+Federal effort may be unwisely put forth in
+certain cases, investigations of little consequence
+may be undertaken, but on the whole
+a democracy must learn to manage its affairs
+by making mistakes. The principle should
+not be discarded as a result of the first
+mistake.</p>
+
+<p>The immediate concern of this chapter
+is with the leaders of community movements,
+the educated, sympathetic, farsighted
+sociologists, sanitarians, and economists,
+whose concern is for the advancement
+of mankind. These leaders must have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+courage and belief in the value of their
+work, for no half-hearted means will carry
+the community forward. Still more, they
+must have knowledge, a sure ground to stand
+upon. To acquire this means both time and
+opportunity. To go into betterment work
+without it is to set back the wheels of progress,
+not to advance them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Bureau of Municipal Research.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Quoted in Report on National Vitality, p. 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Bulletin, Bureau of Municipal Research.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V_1" id="CHAPTER_V_1"></a>CHAPTER V<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>The child to be &#8220;raised&#8221; as he should be.
+Restraint for his good. Teaching good
+habits the chief duty of the family.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our success or failure with the unending stream of babies (one every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+eight seconds) is the measure of our civilization: every institution stands
+or falls by its contribution to that result, by the improvement of the children
+born or by the improvement of the quality of births attained under its
+influence.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>H.&nbsp;G. Wells, Mankind in the Making.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Children are the most hopeful element of our population, and we should
+concentrate our efforts on them.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Dr. W.&nbsp;F. Porter, Harvard Medical School Lectures.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We want the mothers to be the health officers of the home.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Charles W. Hewitt.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When human beings and families rationally subordinate their own
+interests as perfectly to the welfare of future generations as do animals
+under the control of instinct, the world will have a more enduring type
+of family life than exists at present. This can only be accomplished by
+the development of controlling ideals which are supported not only by
+reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and religious motive.</p>
+
+<p>The home should be considered the place where are to be developed
+and conveyed the precious qualities which are so vital to the continuity of
+the race and the progress of human society and civilization.</p>
+
+<p>Those factors which are of a more material or physical nature, such
+as shelter, food, dress, and personal health, are to be estimated in their
+relation to mind, character, and effective conduct.</p>
+
+<p>In the confusion of relative values human health as one of the essential
+means to many worthy ends is usually neglected. Man is the most highly
+developed of all species of animals. He is, to some degree at least, civilized,
+and yet human beings are of all animals the sickliest, and this in
+spite of the fact that human health is more important to man and to the
+world than the health of any other creature. And by health I do not
+mean simply existence, freedom from pain, or absence of disease, but
+rather organic power and efficiency, the maximum vital ability possible to
+the individual for the doing of all that seems most worth while in life.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Dr. Thomas D. Wood, Lake Placid Conference, 1902.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>RESPONSIBILITY</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> ideal of &#8220;home&#8221; is protection
+from dangers from <i>within</i>&mdash;bad
+habits, bad food, bad air, dirt and abuse,&mdash;shelter,
+in fact, from all stunting agencies,
+just as the gardener protects his tender
+plants until they become strong enough to
+stand by themselves. The child&#8217;s home
+environment is certainly a potent factor in
+his future efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>But more than physical protection is
+that education in all that goes to make up
+profitable living, acquired by following the
+mother or nurse in her daily round and in
+having legitimate questions answered. Imitation
+is the first step in good habits, as in
+learning to walk or to read. That which
+is set before the child should be worthy its
+imitation, and be of value when fixed as a
+habit. Habits of health, correct position,
+deep breathing, clean ways, distaste for
+dirt in one&#8217;s person or in one&#8217;s vicinity, liking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+for fresh air, for simple food, good
+habits of exercise, of reading, and the thousand
+and one trifles that go to make up the
+efficient worker in adult years, all belong
+to the well-ordered home, where, as one
+author puts it, the child is the business of
+the day.</p>
+
+<p>But the State cannot risk its property
+too far.</p>
+
+<p>When mothers become so careless or
+ignorant that half their children fail to
+reach their first birthday, and of those that
+live to be three years old a majority are
+defrauded of their birthright of health,
+some agency must step in.</p>
+
+<p>If the State is to have good citizens it
+must provide for the teaching of the essentials
+to a generation that will become the
+wiser mothers and fathers of the next.
+Therefore, even if we regard this as only
+a temporary expedient, we must begin to
+teach the children in our schools, and begin
+at once, that which we see they are no
+longer learning in the home. &#8220;The achievement
+at Huddersfield, England, is especially
+noteworthy. The average annual<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+number of deaths of infants for ten years
+had been 310. By a systematic education
+of mothers the number was in 1907 reduced
+to 212. The cost of saving these ninety-eight
+lives was about $2,000.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>One university has established a course
+in the care of children, much to the amusement
+of the press. The United States Commissioner
+of Education has, however, been
+a responsible mover in the idea.</p>
+
+<p>But real progress by means of family
+education means the stable family and the
+permanent dwelling. Where is the family
+in the permanent dwelling today? Among
+any class, except the agricultural, where is
+the stable family?</p>
+
+<p>Since industry has taken woman&#8217;s work
+from her, and she has to follow it out into
+the world, the means of education for the
+child has gone from the home. Its atmosphere
+is artificial, if the attempt is made.</p>
+
+<p>To work exclusively on the family, for
+the sake of the child, is a very slow process.
+As in all American life, the quicker method
+appeals most strongly. The school is today
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>the quickest means of reaching both child
+and home; the present home through the
+child, and the future homes through the
+children when they grow up.</p>
+
+<p>And time presses! A whole generation
+has been lost because the machine ran wild
+without guidance, and all attempt at improvement
+was met by futile resistance.</p>
+
+<p>It is very difficult to present the socionomist&#8217;s
+view of the child in the home so
+that it may appeal to the two extremes of
+opinion. There are those who still apply
+medi&aelig;val rules to twentieth century living;
+those who believe, honestly, that the
+ideal life was found in the days when the
+mother was the manufacturer in her own
+home and the children were her helpers in
+all the varied processes. &#8220;There was never
+any artificial teaching devised so good for
+children as the daily helping in the household
+tasks.&#8221; The inference is made that
+therefore the same restriction for the mother
+and the children leads to an ideal life today.
+Such persons fail to realize that the twentieth
+century is practically a new world. The
+old rules which related to material things<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+hardly hold more closely than they would
+on the planet Mars. The fundamental
+moral principles of reverence, obedience,
+love, and unselfish sacrifice must be worked
+in on a new background.</p>
+
+<p>To keep the eighteenth century habit,
+so carefully taught the girl, of courtesying
+as she stepped aside to allow the rider or
+the ox cart to pass, in these days of the
+swift automobile, which would be out of
+sight before the knee could bend, is no
+more ridiculous than to expect the average
+young mother to follow the methods of her
+grandmother. Her mother&#8217;s ways are now
+pronounced all wrong, not necessarily because
+they were wrong then, but because
+conditions have changed, knowledge has
+been gained, and it is clearly a waste of
+human life, of money, of physical and
+mental power for people to be sick and die
+because the caretaker does not use the
+knowledge in circulation.</p>
+
+<p>If the young mother can learn how
+better to fulfill her duties by going out of
+the house to lectures or classes, why not?</p>
+
+<p>Tracts are not always successful as an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+incentive to conduct. It is obviously impossible
+to pass a blue law compelling
+parents to conform to&mdash;what ideal? The
+school is fast taking the place of the home,
+not because it wishes to do so, but because
+the home does not fulfill its function, and
+so far has not been made to, and the lack
+must be supplied. The personal point of
+view, inculcated now by modern conditions
+of strife for money, just as surely as it must
+have been by barbarian struggle in pre-civilized
+days, must be supplanted by the
+broad view of majority welfare. The
+extreme of the personal point of view,
+expressed in such phrases as &#8220;The world
+owes me a living;&#8221; &#8220;My child is mine to
+treat as I please;&#8221; &#8220;It is nobody&#8217;s business
+how I spend my money;&#8221; &#8220;I have a right
+to all the pleasure I can get out of life,&#8221; is
+well shown in Mr. H.&nbsp;G. Wells&#8217;s analogy<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>:
+&#8220;A cat&#8217;s standpoint is probably strictly individualistic.
+She sees the whole universe as a
+scheme of more or less useful, pleasurable,
+and interesting things concentrated upon
+her sensitive and interesting personality.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>With a sinuous determination she evades
+disagreeables and pursues delights. Life
+is to her quite clearly and simply a succession
+of pleasures, sensations, and interests,
+among which interests there happen to be&mdash;kittens.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This unsuspicious ignorance of the real
+nature of life is by no means confined to
+animals and savages; it would seem to be
+the common view of many young people
+today. At least they take as little care of
+the homes to which they bring children,
+and they follow the cat&#8217;s example in boxing
+the children&#8217;s ears and turning them out to
+fend for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The last generation seemed to become
+disciples of Schopenhauer in his passionate
+rebellion against the fate that deferred all
+the pleasure of the present to the needs of
+the future generation. Evolution has revealed
+the necessity for this subordination
+of the individual lot to the destiny of the
+race, if progress is to be made. The man
+who asserts himself as free from race trammels
+is snuffed out as a factor&mdash;a blighted
+blossom fallen to earth and trodden under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
+foot. To the student of biological evolution,
+the individual is as a mere pin point
+on the chart of community advance, for
+surely society grows according to evolutionary
+law. &#8220;As certainly as Nature gives
+the poor child its chance of a good life,
+so certainly do the circumstances of slum
+environment rob it forthwith of its birthright&mdash;it
+is not uncommon to find more
+than half the children of three years of age
+hanging on to life with marks of disease
+and undergrowth firmly implanted on their
+tender frames. Yet, practically, none of this
+is inherited in the true sense; it is the victory
+of evil human devices in their endeavor
+to cheat Nature of her own. If ever there
+was a mission in the world worthy of the
+most strenuous service, it is to wrest back
+this victory, be it out of pity for suffering
+children or for the very welfare and existence
+of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The schools have made their beginning;
+the <i>homes</i> have not yet started; they
+wait the impulse from without. It is for
+voluntary, intelligent opinion to get to work
+on the home, and never to relax until a race<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+of parents has arisen which knows no other
+duty to the state than to rear with heart and
+brain the children which have been given
+to them. Then we shall hear no more about
+physical degeneracy.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>Hope for the future is to be found in
+the conclusions of the immigration commission,
+that in one generation certain marked
+changes in stature and in head measurements
+have taken place in the children of
+immigrants of various nationalities, such
+changes as have hitherto been considered as
+the result of centuries. The commissioners
+credit the better environment and larger
+opportunities with these indications of increasing
+intellectuality and mental force.</p>
+
+<p>Most human efficiency is the result of
+habits rather than of innate ability. These
+habits of mind, as well as of body, are developed
+by the home life at an early age.
+The home is responsible for the upbringing
+of healthy, intelligent children. Here is the
+place for fostering the valuable and suppressing
+the harmful traits. The school can
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>never take the place of the home in this.
+With the large classes of the public schools,
+the teacher should not be asked to undertake
+this individual work. Moreover, correcting
+a child for personal habits can
+hardly be effective before fifty or sixty pairs
+of critical eyes.</p>
+
+<p>The office of the home must be to teach
+habits of right living and daily action, and
+a joy and pride in life as well as responsibility
+for life. It is not fair that the parents
+should sit back and shift to the school the
+whole responsibility for the future citizen.</p>
+
+<p>The little modifications can best be made
+in the home, permanent foundations can be
+laid and braced with habits so good and
+strong that nothing can shake them. Most
+powers are the result of habits. Let the
+furrows be plowed deeply enough while the
+brain cells are plastic, then human energies
+will result in efficiency and the line of least
+resistance will be the right line. Everything,
+therefore, which influences the child
+must be the best known to science. The
+houses of the land must be regulated by the
+scientific laws of right living. To the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+woman, the home worker, we say: &#8220;You
+must have the will power, for the sake of
+your child, to bring to his service all that
+has been discovered for the promotion of
+human efficiency, so that he may have the
+habit, the <i>technique</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>To pay a tax today for the benefit of
+one&#8217;s children is a principle of insurance,
+of benefit association. This feeling of
+obligation means present sacrifice of ease
+and inclination, and it has been increasingly
+shirked, so that it is not surprising that a
+tax to insure one against future loss by disease
+is an unwelcome proposition.</p>
+
+<p>The whole question of the child in the
+home is one of ethics, as the writers on
+social conditions have been trying to convince
+the world. If the swarms of dwellers
+in the busy hives of industry have no sense
+of their humanity, if they do not use the
+human power of looking ahead, that power
+which differentiates man from animals,
+what better are they than animals?</p>
+
+<p>No one can be sorry that there are no
+children in thousands of homes one knows.
+It is better that children should not have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+been born than to come into an inheritance
+of suffering and mental and moral dwarfing.
+Social uplift will not be possible while
+parents take the view of cats, or even of a
+well-to-do mother who said, &#8220;I did not
+have my baby to discipline her; I had her
+to play with.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>No state can thrive while its citizens
+waste their resources of health, bodily
+energy, time, and brain power, any more
+than a nation may prosper which wastes its
+natural resources.</p>
+
+<p>America today is wasting its human
+possibilities even more prodigally than its
+material wealth. The latter deficiency is
+being brought to a halt. Shall the human
+side receive less attention? A sharply
+divided line between home and school is
+no longer clearly drawn. Parents&#8217; associations
+are being formed and are co&ouml;perating
+with the school-teacher. To what end? To
+the better moral and intellectual atmosphere
+of the home. Physical education has had
+its vogue, but too much as an endeavor
+apart, not as a necessary element in the
+whole.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The pedagogical world is now becoming
+convinced that physical defects are more
+often than not the basis of mental incompetence,
+and this leads logically to the teaching
+of the laws of right living in a practical
+way, not merely as lessons from books, but
+as daily practice. This practice must eventually
+go into the home, where the most of
+the child&#8217;s hours are spent. It is as useless
+to expect good health from unsanitary
+houses as good English from two hours&#8217;
+school training diluted by twelve hours of
+slovenly language. Hence the imperative
+need of such teaching and example as can
+be put into practice; and since immediate
+house to house renovation and change of
+view are impossible, the school must provide
+for teaching how to live wisely and
+sanely, as well as for clear thinking and
+&aelig;sthetic appreciation. Practical hygiene,
+food, cleanliness, sanitation, all must eventually
+be exemplified by the schoolhouse
+and taught as a part of a general education
+to all pupils, boys and girls.</p>
+
+<p>If this sounds like socialism, let us not
+be afraid, but educate for five or ten years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+all children, so that homes may be better
+managed, and then it is to be hoped there
+will be no need for such school training.
+To live economically in the broad sense of
+wise use of time, money, and bodily strength
+is the great need of the twentieth century.
+This is practical economics. This is something
+which cannot today, except in rare
+instances, be learned at home, for conditions
+change so rapidly that grown people
+may not keep up with them. Mothers&#8217;
+ways are superseded before the children
+are grown.</p>
+
+<p>The school, if it is maintained as a progressive
+institution and a defense against
+predatory ideas, is the people&#8217;s safeguard
+from being crushed by the irresistible car
+of progress. I repeat, standards may be set
+by the school which will reach and influence
+the community in a few months. Such
+standards should be a means of safeguarding
+the people, and this leads to the most
+important service which a teacher of domestic
+economy can render to the people
+in giving them a sense of control over their
+environment, than which nothing is so
+conducive to stability of ideas.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To feel one&#8217;s self in command of a situation
+robs it of its terror. A great danger
+in America today is the loss of this feeling
+of self-confidence with which the pioneer
+was abundantly furnished. A certain helpless
+dependence is creeping over the land
+because of the peculiar development of resources,
+which must be replaced by a sense
+of power over one&#8217;s environment.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<h3 style="font-weight: normal"><i>Home Ideals</i></h3>
+
+<p>There is no noble life without a noble aim.</p>
+
+<p>The watchword of the future is the welfare and
+security of the child.</p>
+
+<p>Love of home and of what the home stands for
+converts the drudgery of daily routine into a high order
+of social service.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The economy of right uses depends largely upon
+the home-maker, and brings the return in health, happiness,
+and efficiency.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Dr. Charles H. Chapin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Mankind in the Making.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Dr. H.&nbsp;M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before Conference
+of Women Workers, London, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Motto, Mary Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit, Jamestown
+Exposition, 1907.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI_1" id="CHAPTER_VI_1"></a>CHAPTER VI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>The child to be educated in the light of
+sanitary science. Office of the school. Domestic
+science for girls. Applied science.
+The duty of the higher education. Research
+needed.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>No Christian and civilized community can afford to show a happy-go-lucky<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+lack of concern for the youth of today; for, if so, the community
+will have to pay a terrible penalty of financial burden and social degradation
+in the tomorrow.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>President Roosevelt, Message to Congress, December, 1904.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The loss of faith brings us by a short cut straight to the loss of purpose
+in life&mdash;of any purpose, at least, beyond purely material ones. To those
+who need money the duty of getting it first and above anything else
+becomes the gospel of life. To those who feel the need of position,
+whether in society, business, or elsewhere, their gospel drives them to all
+means within the law to attain that. To those who have both money
+and position comes the only remaining purpose in life&mdash;that of using
+them for an existence of amusement and enjoyment. Is it too much to
+say that never before in our history have such aspirations so completely
+dominated and limited such large classes?</p>
+
+<p>What is the poor American to do in his present fever and with his
+present nerves, but with fivefold greater powers placed in his hands and
+fivefold greater attention and capacity demanded for their control? If
+sixty years ago the free forces and rushing advance of the republic urgently
+needed the regulation of a powerful and learned conservative body, who
+can overestimate the necessity for such service now?</p>
+
+<p>When you ask how it is to be rendered, one cannot be mistaken in
+turning first to those priceless qualities in any sound national life whose
+tendency to decay we noted at the outset. Give back to us our faith.
+Give back to us a serious and worthy purpose. Restore sane views of
+life, of our own relations to it, and of our relations to those who share
+it with us.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Whitelaw Reid, Phi Beta Kappa address, 1903.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>THE HOME AND THE SCHOOL</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">O</span>ne</span> must not displace the other, for
+one cannot replace the other, but
+rather the home and the school must react
+on each other. The home is the place in
+which to gain the experience, and the
+school the place in which to acquire the
+knowledge that shall illuminate and crystallize
+the experience. The child should
+go out to the school with enthusiasm, and
+return to the home filled with a deeper interest
+and desire to realize things.</p>
+
+<p>In morals and manners the school can
+only give tendency or direction to the child&#8217;s
+life. The school is not the best place to
+teach ethics. In the family life the child
+himself finds his future revealed, reflected
+by his relations to other members of the
+family. The spirit of co&ouml;peration nurtured
+there will develop in the school through
+the more various opportunities of relationship
+to others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The earlier conditions cannot be restored,
+even the home training cannot be
+brought back, except on the farm, and there,
+it is hoped, it may be revived. The city or
+suburban children cannot have the opportunity
+to pick up chips when too young to
+bring in wood; cannot stand by and hold
+skeins of yarn, or go to the barn and help
+feed the calves&mdash;all most interesting and
+provocative of endless questions. They cannot
+go into the garden and pick berries or
+vegetables for dinner, cannot learn how to
+avoid breaking the vines, or how to judge
+the ripeness of the melons.</p>
+
+<p>All that is probably not feasible for
+many, because it is not possible to give
+children of this age responsibility without
+oversight, and today&#8217;s elders are loath to
+give and are often incapable of giving
+oversight.</p>
+
+<p>But while these circumstances over
+which, apparently, we have no control,
+preclude much of the valuable outdoor
+work, food has still to be prepared, dishes
+need washing, and clothes must be mended,
+even if towels and napkins are no longer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+hemmed by hand. Rooms are still swept
+and dusted, beds are made, and chairs and
+tables put straight. Has any better means
+of giving experience ever been devised than
+these small, daily tasks which differentiate
+men from animals? The care of the fixed
+habitation, the foresight needed to prepare
+the things for the family life in the weeks
+and months to come, the co&ouml;peration of
+all the members of the family toward one
+common end&mdash;all tend toward high <i>human
+ideals</i>. If the wise mother only realized
+the value to the child of helping in such
+portions as are not too heavy, of being a
+part of the life, she would let nothing stand
+in the way of using this natural means of
+development. But with foreign domestics
+whose idea is to get the various duties over
+as soon as possible, and whose gift is not
+that of teaching, how is the child to grow
+into the normal ways of right daily living,
+unconsciously and effectively?</p>
+
+<p>If the parents continue to throw all the
+work of education on the school, then the
+school must take the best means of fulfilling
+the task.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Not only has the home put the burden
+of education on the school, but the school
+has drawn the child away from the home.
+The school of today demands much more
+from him than the school of the early New
+England days. It has taken the time that
+was formerly given to assisting in the duties
+of the household; it has taken from the
+home the interest and responsibility that
+were developed through the co&ouml;peration in
+the family life. School has taken the place
+of home in the child&#8217;s thoughts. In the
+morning the thought is of reaching school
+in time, not of the home duties whose performance
+could lighten many a mother&#8217;s
+burden.</p>
+
+<p>The school, hurried with a curriculum
+that is wasteful of time and energy, lacking
+correlation in the studies (except in a few
+schools that are noted exceptions proving
+the rule), has little time to relate its work to
+the home as the kindergarten does in its
+morning talk; so there must come an intermediate
+step in order that the school may
+emphasize the home life and industries, and
+that a generation may grow up who shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+have a knowledge of the daily needs of
+life.</p>
+
+<p>The interest awakened in the school will
+surely react upon the home. It is like an
+expedition going out to make discoveries
+and to bring back knowledge to its own land.
+The directive work of the school will thus
+become a practical realization in the home.
+Then the cycle will be complete, for while
+the school has separated the child from
+his natural environment for many hours
+and weeks, it is sending him back better
+equipped through knowledge and experience
+to fulfill his place there.</p>
+
+<p>How shall the ends be gained artificially
+by devices of the school? For gained they
+must be, if civilization is to be maintained.</p>
+
+<p>To quote from Isabel Bevier:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;As the home is so inseparably connected
+with the house, and our comfort and
+efficiency are so greatly influenced by the
+kind of houses in which we live, much of
+interest and importance centers in the study
+of the house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, with the house, its evolution,
+decoration, and care, may be associated much<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+that is interesting in history, art, and architecture,
+as well as much that has a direct
+bearing on the daily life of the individual.</p>
+
+<p>The philosophers have struggled for
+centuries, each contributing according to
+his experience and vision to determine what
+is the purpose of life. America&#8217;s thought
+could be translated into the word efficiency.
+Yes, we might almost say she worships efficiency.
+If, then, efficiency is to be the goal,
+what are the means to develop it? Efficiency
+depends chiefly upon good health,
+and to maintain this we must first consider
+in the scheme of education the physical
+aids&mdash;food, air, water, clothing and shelter,
+exercise and rest&mdash;and with this goal in
+view must come also recreation, play or
+amusement, and beauty to develop the
+mental and the spiritual. In relating our
+scheme of work to this ideal we will consider
+first the shelter.</p>
+
+<p>The children of ten or twelve years of
+age have passed the &#8220;make-believe&#8221; stage
+of play; they want the &#8220;real,&#8221; but of their
+own kind and age. After little children
+have made and played with toys and foreshadowed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
+the needs of the actual home,
+the time has come for the youth to have his
+demands, which are not yet the demands of
+man and manhood.</p>
+
+<p>At the Tuberculosis Congress, held in
+Washington in 1908, a sanatorium in England,
+which won a prize, presented among
+many good features a system of graded work
+with graded tools, almost childlike implements
+for the weak and unskilled, gradually
+advancing toward the normal as the strength
+and health of the man grew. So it should
+be with the material we should give to the
+children.</p>
+
+<p>After the toy age a house about two-thirds
+the ordinary sized house may be
+constructed. A room seven feet square is
+very livable for a child. Three rooms is a
+very good working plant&mdash;the kitchen and
+the bedroom, the dining and living room
+combined. Both boys and girls may co&ouml;perate
+in planning, building, and furnishing
+this home.</p>
+
+<p>The plan of a modern house may be
+drawn, basing it on the knowledge of house
+architecture through history, of the modification<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+necessary to site through geography,
+and the knowledge that science has brought
+of drainage, ventilation, and construction.
+The house could be built by the manual
+training class, or if that is not feasible it
+may be built by one of the firms making
+portable houses. At all events, it can be
+painted by the children, and this will lead
+to lessons on color, the use of paint and its
+composition.</p>
+
+<p>While the &#8220;shelter&#8221; is being constructed
+the child must be considering at the same
+time the principles of caring for the
+home, for this would naturally influence
+the thought of furnishing. The simply
+furnished home means less physical exertion,
+but not less beauty. The home planned
+and executed on scientific principles of
+hygiene and sanitation means a healthful
+home, a much cleaner home.</p>
+
+<p>The shelter of the individual has been
+considered; now comes the immediate protection
+of the child&mdash;its clothing. It would
+not be quite practical in this little home to
+enter into the personal activities of bathing
+and dressing. A very large doll, approximating<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
+the child, may be used, one large
+enough so that it can wear boots, stockings,
+etc., that are usually bought for the real
+child. Here can be taught also the lesson
+in wise spending.</p>
+
+<p>The right care of the body must be included
+among the necessities of education.
+The teaching of the principles of hygiene
+should be closely related to the lives of the
+children. Correct habits, not rules, are
+the proper prevention for all sorts of defects.
+To secure and maintain a healthy
+body, habits of cleanliness and enthusiasm
+for health must be inculcated. Such habits
+can be readily impressed on the body while
+it is plastic&mdash;that is, while it is young;
+but they are acquired only with difficulty
+and by much thought in after years. Hence
+there is the greatest economy of time and
+energy in accustoming young people to
+habits of daily living which will give them
+the best chance in after life&mdash;the chance
+to be &#8220;healthy, happy, efficient human
+beings.&#8221; Most of the teaching must be by
+indirect methods&mdash;illustrations&mdash;and so
+the doll may be used again to demonstrate
+and relate facts about the daily life.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An old Scotch writer once said, &#8220;He that
+would be good must be happy, and he that
+would be happy must be healthy.&#8221; As has
+already been said, the great increase of disease
+from causes under individual control,
+such as that which is brought on by errors
+of diet, points to a need for a more general
+education in this respect. The food problem
+is fundamental to the welfare of the
+race. Society, to protect itself, must take
+cognizance of the questions of food and
+nutrition. It is necessary to give the child
+the right ideas on these subjects, for only
+then will there be sufficient effort to get the
+right kind of food and to have it clean.
+Right living goes further and demands the
+right manner of serving and eating the food.
+The home table should be the school of
+good manners and of good food habits of
+which the child ought not to be deprived.</p>
+
+<p>If all the foregoing principles have been
+developed, if the child has been led to see
+the joy of living through these home activities,
+he will consider the home the true
+shelter, the place where he can have the
+happiest play, the easiest rest, where he can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+study most earnestly, and express himself
+most honestly.</p>
+
+<p>And the parents, the fathers and mothers
+of children of the city? How far are we
+helping the city dwellers to take advantage
+of city life? The principles back of housekeeping
+are the same, the end the same&mdash;what
+are to be the means to stimulate the
+modern home-maker? Show the possibilities
+within reach of them; send the children
+home with ideas which the mother must
+consider.</p>
+
+<p>Education in pursuing the so-called
+&#8220;humanities&#8221; has been holding up to view
+a hypothetical man in a hypothetical environment.</p>
+
+<p>The pursuit of gold has not been hindered
+thereby, and has gone on without the
+restraints of education because of the complete
+detachment of ideals inculcated from
+the actual daily life where money meant
+personal pleasure and comfort for the time
+being.</p>
+
+<p>The power over things gained by a few
+students was utilized by money power to
+hasten all progress. Speed was the watchword.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
+No one could stop to see what injury
+he had caused. &#8220;Get there,&#8221; really seemed
+to be the motto. In this scramble for power
+the &#8220;purpose&#8221; for which life is lived has
+been lost sight of. No &#8220;worthy aim&#8221; has
+been impressed on the mind of the child.</p>
+
+<p>An awakening has come and the school
+is the leading factor in the upward movement.
+Education is coming to have a new
+meaning, or better, perhaps, is going back to
+the older meaning with new materials. No
+knowledge or power the youth may acquire
+will avail in real struggle for existence of
+the race without a definite aim to hold
+steady the eye fixed on a certain goal. This
+is a law of man&#8217;s existence.</p>
+
+<p>The change in point of view has been
+growing like a root underground. It seems
+to have suddenly sent up shoots in every
+direction. In no line of thought has this
+change come more generally than in relation
+to the things youth should be taught.
+Himself and his relation to his environment
+are now to the front. Instead of extolling
+man as the lord of all created things,
+the youth is made to see that man unaided<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
+by scientific knowledge is at the mercy of
+Nature&#8217;s forces; that man in crowds is sure
+to succumb unless he makes a strong effort
+to keep himself erect.</p>
+
+<p>Hence the boys are given manual training&mdash;power
+over wood and stone, steam
+and electricity; and are taught the principles
+of production of food and metals.
+The girls are being taught to distinguish
+values in textiles and food stuffs; to manage
+finances and to keep houses in a sanitary
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>It is the business of the higher education
+at once to apply the knowledge of
+preventive measures to its own students and
+through them to reach the people, but it has
+been very slow to take up the cause of better
+environment.</p>
+
+<p>In colleges there is still more emphasis
+laid on external works, such as water supply,
+drainage, etc., than on the more intimate
+hourly needs of fresh air and clean
+rooms. The halls, study rooms, and dining
+rooms of colleges are notoriously ill ventilated
+and not over clean.</p>
+
+<p>The senses are blunted at an age when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
+they should be keenly sensitive. It is only
+within ten years or so that very many of
+the higher schools have made a point of
+indoor sanitation beyond plumbing provisions.
+Outdoor sports have been relied
+upon to give sufficient impetus to the health
+side of education.</p>
+
+<p>A new element has come into the State
+universities through the Home Economics
+courses, which have been steadily growing
+in favor during the last two decades.
+Within that time several buildings have
+been erected and equipped to teach the principles
+of sanitary and economic living both
+in institution, school, and family life.</p>
+
+<p>Probably no one movement has been so
+powerful as this in convincing educators
+of the efficiency of trained women as factors
+in sanitary progress. In no other direction
+is the outlook for social service greater.
+The woman must, however, be more than a
+willing worker; she must be educated in
+science as a foundation for sanitary work.</p>
+
+<p>Within the next few years the demand
+for trained women is sure far to exceed the
+supply, for the fundamental sciences are
+not to be acquired in one or two years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Young college women are even now
+realizing their mistake in neglecting the
+sciences. They assumed that science was
+not of practical use. They assumed that
+educational curricula were stable and would
+go on in the same lines forever.</p>
+
+<p>The high school is now fully awake to
+these vital factors. Some of the best buildings
+in the United States are the high school
+buildings, those of the West excelling those
+of the East. By 1911 nearly every school
+will have a course in Sanitary Science. It
+may be under the name of Home Economics,
+or of Camp Cookery, or of House
+Building, but the idea of better physical
+environment has already taken root. In
+the extension of school work by the employment
+of the school visitor to supplement
+the work of the teacher in the grade
+schools, in Parents&#8217; Associations, in Mothers&#8217;
+Clubs, in social endeavors on every side,
+there is coming the study of more special
+branches of sanitary science, clean air, clean
+floors, clean clothes&mdash;where once cooking
+lessons were the extent to which the workers
+could lead.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Evolution has at last been accepted as
+applying to man as well as to animals. In
+his inaugural address, November, 1909,
+President H.&nbsp;J. Waters, of Kansas Agricultural
+College, said: &#8220;... for every dollar
+that goes into the fitting of a show herd
+of cattle or hogs, or into experiments in
+feeding domestic animals, there should be
+a like sum available for fundamental research
+in feeding men for the greatest
+efficiency.... We have millions for research
+in the realm of domestic animals and nothing
+for the application of science to the
+rearing of children.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Evidence is not wanting that all this is
+to be speedily changed. Man has awakened
+to the fact that he is &#8220;the sickest beast alive&#8221;
+and that he has himself to blame, and, moreover,
+that it is within his power to change
+his condition and that speedily.</p>
+
+<p>After all, human life and effort are governed
+largely by the conscious or unconscious
+value put upon the varied elements
+that go to make up the daily round.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to be a universal law that
+effort must precede satisfaction, from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+infant feeding to the man building up a
+successful business. The satisfaction grows
+in a measure as the effort was a prolonged
+or sustained one.</p>
+
+<p>Well-being is a product of effort and
+resulting satisfaction. The child without
+interest in work or play does not develop;
+the man with no stimulus walks through
+life as in a dream.</p>
+
+<p>The first steps in &#8220;civilizing&#8221; (?) a
+nation or tribe are to suggest <i>wants</i>&mdash;things
+to strive for. Struggle, with all its attendant
+evils, seems the lever that moves the
+world. It is therefore in line that health,
+and whatever favors it, is to be gained at
+the expense of struggle. The one necessary
+element is that men should value it enough
+to struggle for it.</p>
+
+<p>Sanitary science above all others, when
+applied, benefits the whole people, raises
+the level of productive life.</p>
+
+<p>In the rapid development of our civilization,
+the laboratory, the shop, the school
+can be the quickest mediums of suggesting
+wants.</p>
+
+<p>In an earlier chapter, the indifference to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+clean conditions, the ignorance of the means
+of obtaining pure food and clean air, were
+dwelt upon, and still later the need of <i>will</i>
+to choose the right thing.</p>
+
+<p>Now we should consider the means of
+stimulating that choice. So far it has been
+chiefly exploitation for the personal gain
+of the manufacturer, who has persuaded the
+people to buy his product regardless of its
+economic or hygienic effect. Thrift has
+been undermined most subtly.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;That&#8217;s the secret of the whole situation
+we&#8217;re talking about; it&#8217;s easier to buy a new
+shirt than to take care of the one you&#8217;ve
+got.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>All sense of values has been lost, so that
+with no sound basis choice is apt to be
+unwise, unsatisfactory, and is gradually
+dropped, while the individual drifts.</p>
+
+<p>No more effective agent for the dissemination
+of knowledge was ever devised than
+the American Public School. If only it
+would live up to its opportunities, its teachers
+could bring to its millions of receptive
+minds the best practice in daily living
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>(never mind the theory for the children),
+and through the children reach the home,
+where the infants may be saved from the
+risks that the elders have run.</p>
+
+<p>To be effective, however, school conditions
+should be satisfactory, and teachers
+should be familiar with the best ways of
+living, or at least in active sympathy with
+the medical inspector and the school nurse.</p>
+
+<p>No more revolting revelations have ever
+been made than those usually locked in the
+hearts of these faithful servants of the people.
+How they can have courage to go on
+in face of parental and community indifference
+is a marvel. We shall consider in the
+next chapter how the average parent is to
+be aroused.</p>
+
+<p>But the leaders in educational and scientific
+thought&mdash;what of them? The school
+is the pride of the community and measures
+the progress of the community toward
+ideals. Alas, how is pride laid low in most
+public school buildings in the inability of
+most of the teachers to see the relations
+between mental stupidity and bad air.</p>
+
+<p>The awakening has begun, however,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
+and thousands of teachers have responded
+and are urging authorities to burn more
+coal, to employ more help, to keep the house
+clean, to make it more beautiful, to make
+the curriculum more helpful, to make provision
+for good food to be purchased, and
+the hundred ways in which the school may
+be the most powerful civilizing factor the
+nation has. <i>But civilization must not spell
+disease and ruin.</i></p>
+
+<p>The economic factor must not be lost
+sight of. To tell the boy and girl that they
+are as good as any does not give them the
+right to the most expensive food and clothing
+they see. How shall they choose wisely
+in the multitude of new things? They
+wish the best, naturally, and all America
+is honeycombed with the wrong idea that
+the best costs the most. An Alaska Indian
+came into the store in Juneau one day to
+buy some canned peas. The storekeeper
+said, &#8220;I am out of the brand you want.&#8221;
+&#8220;No peas?&#8221; asked the Indian. &#8220;No, only
+some small cans of French peas at forty
+cents a can. You don&#8217;t want those.&#8221; &#8220;Why
+not? Me want the best.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The schools of domestic economy, the
+classes in all grade schools, will have to
+attack and conquer these prejudices as to
+values, or, rather, will need to substitute
+right estimates of value before our people
+will choose wisely in distributing their income,
+for that is what right living means.
+The division of the income according to
+the necessities of health and efficiency, not
+according to whim or selfish desire, is sometimes
+estimated as</p>
+
+<table summary="expenses">
+<tr><td>20 to 25 per cent for rent</td></tr>
+<tr><td>25 to 30 per cent for food</td></tr>
+<tr><td>10 to 15 per cent for clothing</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="newchapter">This leaves only forty-five or thirty per
+cent for other things, and the pennies must
+be carefully counted to cover fuel, light,
+amusements, education, books, insurance,
+or investments. Something that the family
+would like must be left out&mdash;no matter
+what, providing only it does not injure their
+efficiency as wage-earners, as comfortable
+human beings.</p>
+
+<p>The sensation of comfort or satisfaction
+is so completely a psychic factor that the
+school training has a great chance to affect<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+after life. The child can acquire the habit
+of being more comfortable in plain, washable,
+clean clothes, with clean hands, than
+in dirty, ragged furbelows. This habit once
+thoroughly acquired is not likely to be
+quickly lost. Provision for clean hands is
+a necessity in school, and ways of making a
+small amount of soap and water serve may
+also be taught. All the while, care is to be
+taken not to introduce unnecessarily expensive
+materials or to inculcate over-refined
+notions.</p>
+
+<p>Sound instruction as to dangers of transference
+of saliva, of nose discharge, etc., can
+be given without also giving the despair of
+impossible achievement.</p>
+
+<p>The teaching in the classes must have
+this practical bearing on daily life. It is
+insisted on here because unclean hands are
+the chief source of infectious disease.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of blaming water supplies, dusty
+streets, or even contagion by the breath,
+sanitarians are everywhere putting emphasis
+upon the actual contact of moist mucus
+with milk and other food, in preparation or
+in serving. It is not a supercilious notion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+to examine tumblers for finger marks, or to
+object to the habit of wetting the finger with
+saliva in turning leaves of books. These
+little unclean acts are the unconscious habits
+that cling to a person in spite of education
+from reading. The greatest service to be
+done today in improving the health of the
+community is in the application of the principles
+which may be summed up in the
+phrases&mdash;fresh air all the twenty-four hours,
+clean hands the livelong day, the free use
+of the handkerchief to protect from contamination
+of mouth and nose.</p>
+
+<p>All these small personal habits should
+be taught in the earliest months of life, <i>i.&nbsp;e.</i>,
+in the home; but if the child reaches school
+untaught, then in defense of the whole community
+the school must insist upon teaching
+them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Meredith Nicholson, Lords of High Decision, p. 133.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII_1" id="CHAPTER_VII_1"></a>CHAPTER VII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>Stimulative education for adults. Books,
+newspapers, lectures, working models, museums,
+exhibits, moving pictures.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The efficient sanitarian is not so great when he conquers a raging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
+epidemic as when he prevents an epidemic that might have raged but for
+his preventive care, and for this result his most continuous and effectual
+work is to educate&mdash;educate&mdash;educate.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Wm. H. Brewer, New Haven Health Association, 1905.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The essential fact in man&#8217;s history to my sense is the slow unfolding
+of a sense of community with his kind, of the possibilities of co&ouml;peration
+leading to scarce-dreamt-of collective powers, of a synthesis of the species,
+of the development of a common general idea, a common general purpose
+out of a present confusion.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>H.&nbsp;G. Wells, First and Last Things.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The great mass of the population is, indeed, at the present time like
+clay which has hitherto been a mere deadening influence underneath, but
+which this educational process, like some drying and heating influence
+upon that clay, is rendering resonant.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>H.&nbsp;G. Wells, New Worlds for Old.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></h2>
+
+<div class="blockquots" style="width: 60%"><p>In a store an advertisement reads: &#8220;Any kind of tea you prefer; no
+charge whatever.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquots" style="width: 60%"><p>She: &#8220;The women look so tired when they come in, and in ten
+minutes they are so rested and refreshed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He: &#8220;Ready to go home?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>She: &#8220;Why, no&mdash;ready to do some more shopping.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Spectator, The Outlook, December 18, 1909.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">S</span>omething</span> in motion and something
+to eat attract the crowd.</p>
+
+<p>The social worker is just beginning to
+realize what the manufacturer and the
+department storekeeper have long since
+found out.</p>
+
+<p>Why is it not legitimate to &#8220;attract a
+crowd,&#8221; to do them a good service in showing
+them how to save money as well as in
+impelling them to spend it? It is wiser
+to <i>show how</i> before explaining why.</p>
+
+<p>The force of example, the power of
+suggestion, should be used fully before coercion
+is applied. Exhibits and models
+come before law.</p>
+
+<p>The psychology of influence is an interesting<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
+study (see M&uuml;nsterberg&#8217;s article,
+<i>McClure&#8217;s</i>, November, 1909). Its principles
+have been grasped and used by those
+who exploit human feelings for their own
+gain. The student of social conditions
+should make a wider and better use of a
+real force.</p>
+
+<p>Publicity is perhaps first. Exhibits
+showing existing conditions often shock
+people into attention, for it is inattention
+more than anything else that prevent
+betterment.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that &#8220;a knowledge of danger
+is the surest means of guarding against
+it,&#8221; but this knowledge must be translated
+into belief and the danger be brought
+home to the individual as a member of the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Exhibits may often suggest for existing
+evils simple remedies never thought of before.
+They should never suggest the one
+idea without the other. Even though the
+remedy is not worked out, it should be
+called for. America&#8217;s inventive power
+may well be turned on its own social affairs
+as well as on adaptation of European
+machinery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The man considered in these pages is
+the man in community environment, and
+the discussion is as to what controls this
+community life. It will be acknowledged
+by all thoughtful persons that the prime
+control lies in the purpose for which the
+community exists. If for selfish gain, then
+all is sacrificed to that end. Men and
+women become mere machines and children
+are only in the way until they, too, may be
+put into the service.</p>
+
+<p>If it exists for mutual help and general
+advance in civilization, then the leaders in
+the community take into account the elements
+that contribute to the future as well
+as those for the immediate present.</p>
+
+<p>In the confusion of ideas resulting from
+the rapid, almost cancerous growth of the
+modern community, made possible by mechanical
+invention, the people have lost the
+power of visualizing their conception of
+right and wrong, a power which made the
+Puritan such a force in early colonial times.
+Heaven and hell were very real to him and
+were powerful factors in influencing his
+daily life. The average man today has no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
+such spur to good behavior. Perhaps the
+sword of Damocles must be visualized by
+such exhibits as the going out of an electric
+light every time a man dies, by the ghastly
+microbe in the moving picture, by the
+highly colored print or by a vivid reproduction
+of crowded quarters. The social
+worker has been doubtful of the real value
+of such exhibits, but such reminders have
+their place in a community accustomed to
+the advertising of less worthy subjects.</p>
+
+<p>A decided recognition of the value of
+exhibits is found in the advertisement of a
+company: &#8220;We design and equip Exhibits
+on Tuberculosis, Milk, Civic Betterment,
+Dental Hygiene, Saner Fourth of July.
+Have you our catalogue?&#8221; Much of our
+educational work for the dissemination of
+useful knowledge would gain in power
+and directness from an adaptation of the
+methods of the man skilled in promoting
+commercial interests. He knows how to
+apply the right stimulus at the right time
+in order to arouse the desired interest.</p>
+
+<p>In many ways the adult is but the child
+of a larger growth, who needs something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>
+concrete to make him understand. And so
+have grown up the great industrial fairs
+and exhibitions. One comes away from
+these wondering that so much, both good
+and bad, is being prepared for him, and
+stimulated, usually, to work out certain
+suggestions and better many of the present
+conditions. Both the manufacturer and the
+consumer have been helped.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever it is possible, a working
+model illustrating the chief features to be
+explained should be installed. The expense
+of this kind of exhibit has in the past been
+prohibitive, and moreover the use of such
+&#8220;claptrap&#8221; has been frowned upon; but
+scientific knowledge is no longer to be held
+within the aristocratic circle of the university.
+It is to be brought within the reach
+of the man in the street, and to make up for
+the wasted years of seclusion experts now
+vie with each other in putting cause and
+effect not merely into words but into pictures,
+and even into motion pictures. The
+fly as a carrier of disease is now shown
+in all its busy and disgusting activity. The
+lesson of awakened attention by such means<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+is being learned, and soon lessons in botany,
+in gardening, in housewifery, will be given
+through the eye, to be the better followed
+by the hand.</p>
+
+<p>Of all means, that product of man&#8217;s ingenuity,
+the moving picture, is destined
+to play the greatest part in quick education.
+It is the quintessence of democracy.</p>
+
+<p>The extension movement in education is
+an evidence of a new social ideal. It is a
+true expression of democracy that the university
+and school can be utilized by the
+busy working people. Museums that at one
+time were only for the educated who by
+previous training could understand them
+now assume as a privilege the educating
+of all the people. Schools of art and
+science, also, through lectures, bulletins,
+guides, and special exhibits, extend a generous
+welcome to the public.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens ought to be a gladder, sadder
+people, stirred and delighted and grateful
+for much that the city affords; sad and
+shocked by some of the forbidding, existing
+conditions. That is the power of an exhibit,
+so to visualize a condition that the mind<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
+really conceives it, never again to recover
+from the shock, to be unmindful of such
+possibilities of degraded existence for human
+beings.</p>
+
+<p>The influence of these great expositions
+is of a most subtle kind, not often to be
+traced, but there is a noticeable change in
+the estimation in which Home Economics
+is held dating from the time of the Mary
+Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit
+held at the Exposition in St. Louis in 1905.
+This illustrated the application of modern
+knowledge to home life, chiefly in economic
+and &aelig;sthetic lines, all bearing upon the
+health and efficiency of the people. The
+Chicago Exposition in 1893 had its Rumford
+Kitchen, an exhibit under the auspices
+of the State of Massachusetts. This practical
+illustration of scientific principles
+modified the ideas of the world as to the
+place and importance of cookery in education.
+Indeed, there seemed a distinct danger
+that other lines would be neglected, so that
+when the Exposition at St. Louis was determined
+upon this legacy of fifteen years before
+was drawn upon to show the wide scope
+of the subject as it had been developed.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Boards of Health might pave the way
+for a better understanding of their rules and
+regulations if they would have temporary
+exhibits in public places of some of the conditions
+known to them but unsuspected by
+the average citizen and taxpayer.</p>
+
+<p>Traveling exhibits may show local and
+temporary conditions and may call attention
+to needs demanding immediate remedy&mdash;with
+the remedy suggested.</p>
+
+<p>Permanent exhibits in museums should,
+on the other hand, teach a deeper lesson.
+They should always be constructive and
+should be replaced when the conditions
+have changed. The modern idea of a museum
+is a series of adjustable exhibits with
+distinct suggestive purpose. Such are found
+in the Town Room, 3 Joy Street, Boston,
+the Social Museum, Harvard College, the
+American Museum of Safety, and the Sanitary
+Science Section, American Museum of
+Natural History, New York.</p>
+
+<p>The distribution of the printed word
+has become so universal that it would seem
+as if every family might be influenced by
+it; but the scientific title, or the size of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>
+book, or the scientific terms seem forbidding,
+and so the whole question is thrust
+aside.</p>
+
+<p>In the past, newspaper science was
+largely discounted as sensational and only
+one-tenth fact. Scientific workers were
+largely to blame for this. They could not
+take the time to explain the meaning of their
+work, and the few things they were ready
+to say were worked over out of all semblance
+to truth by the writer who must have a
+&#8220;story&#8221; and who had not the training in
+&#8220;suspension of judgment&#8221; which the scientific
+investigator knows to be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>There is no concern of human life that
+cannot be made interesting, and the magazine
+writers of today understand that art.
+Read the newspaper and the world is yours.
+It is all things to all men. The popularizing
+of knowledge is now proceeding on
+somewhat better lines. Intermediaries between
+the laboratory and the people are
+springing up to interpret the one to the
+other. This work is good or bad according
+to the individual writer. Most of it is still
+too superficial. Here is one of the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+fertile fields for the educated woman, since
+the evils of which we complain have to do
+so intimately with woman&#8217;s province, the
+home and the school. There is hope that
+the trained, scientific woman will take her
+place as interpreter. Her practical sense
+will give her an advantage over the young
+man who has never known other home than
+a boarding house.</p>
+
+<p>But the expert knows that the man of
+&#8220;practical affairs&#8221; wants and needs certain
+knowledge, and so seeks another way. Our
+Federal government, through the departments
+of Agriculture and Education; the
+State Boards of Health; the educational institutions,
+have with care and accuracy formulated
+this knowledge and are sending to
+the people, in the form of bulletins meeting
+their interest and requirements, knowledge
+in concise and readable form, and so most
+valuable. More than five hundred thousand
+copies of Miss Maria Parloa&#8217;s bulletin
+on Preserving have been distributed by the
+Department of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>These efforts by both men and women
+have meant independent scientific research,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+which is often the only available knowledge
+for the housekeeper. It is bringing to them
+in their &#8220;business&#8221; of life the same help
+that the men on the farm and elsewhere are
+receiving in theirs.</p>
+
+<p>But the written word, however clearly
+put, can never reach the untrained as can
+the voice and personality of an earnest
+speaker with a compelling vitality. Lectures
+by those who have been engaged in
+research themselves, so that they have
+absorbed the spirit of the laboratory&mdash;not
+by those who have merely smelled the odors
+of the waste jars&mdash;are ten times more valuable
+than even the most attractively illustrated
+articles. It is well that the personality
+of the human being is an asset, and
+that there is a stimulus in hearing and seeing
+the person who has accomplished things.
+There is always a power in the spoken word.
+The government, with its public lectures,
+recognizes this as well as the private organization,
+and today ignorance is necessarily
+due only to indifference.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrated lectures followed by literature
+are of inestimable value if rightly and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
+not sensationally given. Even then, the
+seed must have time to sprout.</p>
+
+<p>Man has reached his present stage of
+civilization, however we regard it, by an
+incessant warfare against adverse conditions.
+Enemies, man and beast, surrounded
+him; mountains and rivers obstructed his
+passage; fire and flood swept away his dwellings;
+but ever onward the inward impulse
+has carried him.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to see how the same
+vocabulary is transferred to the warfare
+for social betterment, &#8220;campaign,&#8221; &#8220;warfare,&#8221;
+&#8220;battle,&#8221; &#8220;fight,&#8221; &#8220;weapon,&#8221; &#8220;corps,&#8221;
+&#8220;army.&#8221; And the fight to be won can only
+come through knowledge, its dissemination
+and then its application.</p>
+
+<p>Publicity today means co&ouml;peration and
+democracy&mdash;all to help, all to be helped.</p>
+
+<p>All the foregoing methods should be
+used in these campaigns for health, with
+the dictum, &#8220;Man, know thyself.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII_1" id="CHAPTER_VIII_1"></a>CHAPTER VIII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>Both child and adult to be protected from
+their own ignorance. Educative value of
+law and of fines for disobedience. Compulsory
+sanitation by municipal, state, and federal
+regulations. Instructive inspection.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The strength of the State is the sum of all the effective people.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Dr. Edward Jarvis, Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1874.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When the Americans took charge of Bilibid Prison in Manila the
+death rate was 238 per 1,000 per year: by improving sanitary conditions,
+this death rate was reduced to about 75 per 1,000: here it remained stationary
+until it was discovered that a very high percentage of the prisoners
+were infected with hookworms and other intestinal parasites: then a systematic
+campaign was inaugurated to expel these worms, and when this
+was done the death rate fell to 13.5 per 1,000.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>C.&nbsp;W. Stiles.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>So the duties and responsibilities of a Health Department are not only
+changed, but they are very greatly increased and are constantly increasing.
+And on broad lines to cause the citizen to do the things he can and ought
+to do, and then to do for him the things that he cannot do, but which
+should be done, is the duty of the State, and that, being interpreted,
+means the real prevention of disease.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Eugene H. Porter, Report, New York State Department
+of Health, 1909.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The whole difference of modern scientific research from that of the
+Middle Ages, the secret of its immense successes, lies in its collective
+character, in the fact that every fruitful experiment is published, every
+new discovery of relationships explained. In a sense, scientific research
+is a triumph over natural instinct, over that mean instinct that makes men
+secretive.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>H.&nbsp;G. Wells, New Worlds for Old.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Public or governmental hygiene has been chiefly concerned with pure
+air and pure food, and with organisms producing epidemic diseases. Boards
+of health are a recent invention, and in this country they have as yet been
+only imperfectly developed. They can never become the power they
+should be until, first, public opinion better realizes their usefulness and the
+fact that their cost to the taxpayer is saved many times over by the prevention
+of death and disease; second, more and better health legislation is
+enacted&mdash;national, state, and municipal; and, third, special training is
+secured for what is really a new profession, that of a public health officer.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Report on National Vitality.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>LEGISLATIVE COMPULSION</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">G</span>overnment</span> is delegated to persons
+specially set apart for the oversight
+of the people&#8217;s welfare.</p>
+
+<p>Personal conduct was free from such
+delegated power in the Anglo-Saxon
+thought. The Englishman&#8217;s house was his
+castle inviolate. This was especially true
+of the early American settlers. Laws interfering
+with personal liberty, a man&#8217;s right
+to drink tea, to punish his own children, to
+beat his own wife, to keep his own muck-heap,
+have been deeply resented by the
+American citizen. Each step in the protection
+of his neighbor has been taken only by
+a struggle extending the common law of
+nuisance to a variety of conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The protection of the man against himself,
+and of his wife and child against his
+ignorance or greed, is one of the twentieth
+century tasks yet hardly begun.</p>
+
+<p>The control of man&#8217;s environment for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+his own good as a function of government
+is a comparatively new idea in republican
+democracy. The cry of paternalism is
+quickly raised, on the one hand, of socialism,
+on the other. Each gain has been at the
+cost of a hard-fought battle. But it is certain
+that the individual must delegate more
+or less of his so-called rights for the sake of
+the race, and since the only excuse for the
+existence of the individual is the race, he
+must so far relinquish his authority.</p>
+
+<p>It is a part of the urban trend that the
+will of the man, of the head of the family,
+should be superseded by that of the community,
+city, state, nation.</p>
+
+<p>Even though all the agencies for the
+education of both young people and adults
+that have been discussed in the preceding
+chapters were set in motion at once, there
+would still remain many thousands in township
+and city untouched by these forces, or
+so touched as to arouse rebellion against
+such novel notions.</p>
+
+<p>Only the child can be educated to acquire
+habits of right living so perfectly that
+the suitable action takes place unconsciously.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+Twenty years hence these trained children
+will be the chief citizens of the republic,
+the leaders of public opinion. Today, however,
+less gentle means, less gradual processes,
+must be used in order that these children
+may have a chance to grow up.</p>
+
+<p>In the social republic, the child as a
+future citizen is an asset of the state, not the
+property of its parents. Hence its welfare
+is a direct concern of the state. Preventive
+medicine is in this sense truly State Medicine,
+and means protection of the people
+from their own ignorance.</p>
+
+<p>In the laws made with this end in view
+lies one of the greatest educative agencies
+known. We have referred in the last chapter
+to the need of drawing attention to defects
+and dangers in order that people may know
+what the results of their careless ways may
+be. No surer way has been found to fix
+attention than to attempt to enforce a law
+or collect a fine for disobedience of it. A
+marked illustration of this truth is given
+in the case of the ordinance against spitting
+in street cars. In many cities a notice
+was posted in each car&mdash;usually with little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+effect. In some a fine of five dollars was
+added, with little more result. Boston was
+one of the first cities to pass an ordinance,
+and it accompanied the law with a fine of
+one hundred dollars. This compelled attention&mdash;a
+sum which represented to the
+workman more than his yearly savings,
+more than any single expenditure. To the
+business man, even, it was a sum not to
+be lightly dropped on a filthy car floor.
+This mere statement of the value of cleanness
+made an almost instantaneous change
+in the habits of thousands. Within two
+days the car floors became practically free
+without a single fine being collected within
+that time, as far as the author is aware.</p>
+
+<p>The law imposing fines for neglect of
+removal of garbage or of screening stables
+must be occasionally enforced in order to
+express degree of disapproval. A petty
+fine is of little use.</p>
+
+<p>Conditions of motion, of rapid intermingling
+of distant populations&mdash;a thousand
+miles in a day is now possible&mdash;make
+national control a necessity. It is proved
+that quick results may be gained in saving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
+lives and property by that prompt
+and thorough action which well-equipped
+Federal forces alone possess. The stamping
+out of yellow fever in Cuba, the redemption
+of Panama, the suppression of
+sporadic outbreaks at New Orleans, the
+quick response to a discovery, as in the
+cases of pellagra and the hookworm&mdash;all
+these show what a thoroughly alive government
+may do.</p>
+
+<p>It is no disgrace to an individual or a
+city to have the national laboratory make
+discoveries, to have the national power put
+down epidemics, as it does civil rebellion,
+for the good of the whole nation. It is disgraceful,
+however, for the citizen to remain
+indifferent or obstructive, to grumble over
+the cost. The indifference of the people
+themselves is today almost the only stumbling
+block to national prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>The time lost to the average worker by
+inefficient labor is a drain on the community
+largely avoidable, and is the cause of that
+other drain on the moral as well as physical
+vitality&mdash;charity.</p>
+
+<p>Preventive medicine is a science by itself,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>
+a combination of social and scientific
+forces guided by research quickly applied,
+and it must be accepted and upheld by
+those whom it benefits, namely, all the
+citizens. The nation is in many cases the
+only power strong enough to command
+confidence, and in the combination of government
+effort an international science of
+human welfare is bound to be evolved.</p>
+
+<p>It is a waste of effort for each state to
+prepare a fly pamphlet. The correctness
+of a Government Bulletin would give an
+added value as well as the rapidity of circulation.
+The bulletins of the Agricultural
+Department are an example.</p>
+
+<p>The Weather Service, with its quick
+notifications, shows what a health service
+might do. A monthly or weekly <i>health
+chart</i> would give the best and worst spots.</p>
+
+<p>Precautions really workable might be
+furnished the Associated Press.</p>
+
+<p>In short, system and science might be
+put at the service of the local health officer,
+of the traveler, and even of the housewife.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress now furnishes
+cards in duplicate to a large number of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
+centers, thus saving time to the investigator
+and giving information often not otherwise
+obtainable.</p>
+
+<p>The Farmers&#8217; Bulletins of the Department
+of Agriculture are also most valuable
+to the people who are in search of help.
+Such agencies might be extended without
+fear of trespass on any existing agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the individual, if he is to do and
+be his best, accepts his limitations, obeys
+Nature&#8217;s law, and thrives in body and estate
+in consequence, and as the community banding
+together makes and carries out with
+penalties for deviation certain regulations
+for mutual benefit, so must the still larger
+groups&mdash;the state and the nation&mdash;use their
+larger wisdom and wider knowledge for the
+benefit of all. The individual should recognize
+the value to himself of this more complete
+investigation, and instead of raising
+the cry of paternalism and national interference,
+should welcome all aids to increased
+efficiency.</p>
+
+<p>State hygiene is necessary to supplement
+municipal hygiene. Often the rural district
+has no other hygiene, and the city and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
+country are interdependent, the city dependent
+upon the country for its water, milk, and
+other supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Almost all the states are alive to the importance
+of milk inspection. As early as
+1869 in Massachusetts, Dr. Bowditch called
+the Board of Health &#8220;The State Medicine,&#8221;
+and quotes from Dr. Farr: &#8220;How out of the
+<i>existing</i> seed to raise races of men to divine
+perfection is the final problem of public
+medicine.&#8221; That is the function of all
+boards of health. If factories are incorporated
+under state laws, they must also be
+governed by the state regulations for health.</p>
+
+<p>Here in America we are always locking
+the stable door after the horse has been
+stolen. Not until many &#8220;accidents&#8221; had
+occurred in the use of antitoxins did Congress
+pass an act (1902) regulating the manufacture
+and interstate sale of the viruses,
+serums, toxins, etc. The supervision and
+control were vested in the Secretary of the
+Treasury through the Public Health and
+Marine Hospital Service. Previous to
+April 1, 1905, there was no official standard
+for measuring the strength of diphtheria<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+antitoxin. Previous to October 25, 1907,
+there were as many units or standards for
+tetanus antitoxin as there were producers.
+One was labeled &#8220;6,000,000 units per c.c.&#8221;
+and another &#8220;0.75 unit per c.c.,&#8221; while, according
+to official standard, the first had
+only 90 and the latter 770.</p>
+
+<p>The point to be made is that however
+faulty an official or Federal standard for
+sanitary devices may be, it is a standard, and
+so is of service in protecting the people,
+especially those away from active centers
+of research.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX_1" id="CHAPTER_IX_1"></a>CHAPTER IX<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span></h2>
+
+<p class="chquote"><i>There is responsibility as well as opportunity.
+The housewife an important factor
+and an economic force in improving the
+national health and increasing the national
+wealth.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It would indeed seem that opposition to woman&#8217;s participation in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
+totality of life is a romantic subterfuge, resting not so much on belief in
+the disability of woman as on the disposition of man to appropriate conspicuous
+and pleasurable objects for his sole use and ornamentation. &#8220;A
+little thing, but all mine own,&#8221; was one of the remarks of Achilles to
+Agamemnon in their quarrel over the two maidens, and it contains the
+secret of man&#8217;s world-old disposition to overlook the <i>intrinsic</i> worth of
+woman.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>W.&nbsp;I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations,<br /> American
+Magazine, October, 1909.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The president of the British Medical Association about 1892 said,
+&#8220;I wish to impress it upon you that the whole future progress of sanitary
+movement rests, for its permanent and executive support, upon the women
+of our land.&#8221;</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In a letter to Madame Bodichon, dated April 6, 1868, George Eliot
+writes: &#8220;What I should like to be sure of as a result of higher education
+for women&mdash;a result that will come to pass over my grave&mdash;is their
+recognition of the great amount of social <i>unproductive</i> labor which needs
+to be done by women, and which is now either not done at all or done
+wretchedly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<i>Quoted by Mrs. Nixon in a paper before the Conference<br /> of
+Women Workers in England, 1904.</i>
+</p></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>WOMAN&#8217;S RESPONSIBILITY</h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>here</span> are about 40,000,000 women
+and girls in the United States. About
+14,000,000 live in the country and have a
+direct and compelling power over the life
+of the community.</p>
+
+<p>In rural agricultural districts the home-keeper
+is the provider. She practically
+requisitions from farm and garden what she
+deems necessary for the family table. To
+an extent she makes the clothing and sews
+the house linen. She also exchanges her
+perquisites, egg money, perhaps, for furniture
+and ornaments. The itinerant peddler
+brings the world&#8217;s wares to her door; the
+mail-order houses do the rest.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The ideal home is a social and co&ouml;perative
+society in which all of its members
+unite their efforts for the common good.
+This ideal is realized most nearly in the
+country home, where even the smallest child
+has opportunity to be and generally is a contributor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
+to the family support. It has come
+to be a recognized fact that boys and girls,
+healthy, industrious, frugal, capable, intelligent,
+self-supporting, cheerful, and patriotic,
+abound in country homes, and that the
+prevalence there of these high qualities is
+largely due to the family life, which requires
+each individual from his earliest
+years to bear his proportionate share in
+providing for the maintenance of the home.
+By bringing within the reach of the country
+people educational advantages suited to
+their needs, rural life becomes more attractive,
+country homes are multiplied, and the
+valuable qualities which these homes develop
+become the possession of a correspondingly
+larger number of the citizenship of
+the state.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>The government has recognized the need
+and the possibilities of meeting it in the
+recognition it has given to Farmers&#8217; Institutes
+for women, in which, by lectures, demonstration,
+and short winter courses at the
+colleges, the interest of the woman in her
+occupation is aroused. She is not only given
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>help in details of her daily work, but she is
+shown how much the efficiency of the farm
+life depends upon her capability and intelligence.
+She is encouraged in the using of all
+mechanical and scientific appliances, is introduced
+to the means of mental growth;
+but, best of all, she is given the stimulus of
+social recognition. In the year 1908 there
+were held 832 such meetings in the several
+states. In the year 1910 the number will be
+nearly or quite doubled.</p>
+
+<p>In no other form of society is the power
+of the woman for good or ill so paramount
+as in rural life, in no other mode of living is
+the family so much at her mercy.</p>
+
+<p>In suburban and city life the family can
+in a measure escape from insufficient care
+and uncomfortable conditions. That they
+do so escape, any student of social tendencies
+will testify. The great increase of restaurants,
+of clubs and hotels of all grades,
+shows one phase of the unattractiveness of
+home life. The city woman is only half a
+housekeeper; she has only one-eighth of a
+house as compared with her rural sister.
+Her control is therefore curtailed until she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
+feels her helplessness in the hands of her
+landlord. She sighs and turns to other interests.
+To her must be brought the knowledge
+of her power as a social factor if she
+will but use the knowledge she can easily
+gain.</p>
+
+<p>The city woman has amused herself
+because she has seen nothing better to do
+with her time. The utilization of her ability
+is all that is needed to regenerate city
+life. Without it all efforts will prove fruitless.
+Education of all women in the principles
+of sanitary science is the key to race
+progress in the twentieth century.</p>
+
+<p>As an economic factor, the influence of
+the housewife is of the greatest moment.
+Production on the farm is only one phase.
+The city and suburban dweller is a buyer,
+not a producer. In suburban and city life
+the housekeeper has more temptations to
+buy needless articles, food out of season, to
+go often to the shops, especially on bargain
+days. She thinks her taste is educated, when
+it is only aroused to notice what others like.
+She is led to strive after effects without
+knowing how to attain them. It has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
+estimated by advertising experts that ninety
+per cent of the purchases of the community
+are determined by women, not always according
+to their judgment, but by a suppression
+of it. Woman is made to think
+that she must buy certain lines of goods.
+The power of suggestion has been referred
+to in a preceding chapter.</p>
+
+<p>When civilization, as it is called, persuaded
+woman to give up manufacture
+and to become a buyer, the first step in
+the disintegration of the home as a center
+of information, as well as of industry, was
+taken. The housewife and mother were
+made to look to the dealer, and thus to feel
+their helplessness. This sense of ignorance,
+this subconscious loss of power over things,
+only increased the effect of that fatalism
+which the control of machinery was leading
+man out from under.</p>
+
+<p>It is barely fifty years since woman began
+to ask questions and insist upon knowing,
+to claim freedom of movement, a chance
+to breathe. The time between has been a
+time of plowed fields, often muddy, usually
+stony, but the furrows are turning green and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
+the harvest will prove the wisdom of the
+plowing.</p>
+
+<p>Woman had to struggle for right to private
+judgment and public action. Some
+pioneers had to enter the field of research,
+of investigation, in order that they might
+call to those below that the way was open.
+This vast company, which has been nearly
+untouched by the scientific spirit, was
+warned off the field of investigation, and
+society is paying the penalty of its own
+blindness.</p>
+
+<p>In the very field where applied science
+can most serve human welfare, scarecrows
+have been set up most prominently. Not
+until society avails itself of those qualities of
+mind sorely needed in the field of sanitary
+science, patient attention to detail, strong,
+practical sense directed by a profound interest
+in the subject, will it begin to show
+what height it is capable of scaling.</p>
+
+<p>The intrusting of so many great fortunes
+to women shows an increasing confidence in
+their judgment of social needs. It shows
+that woman&#8217;s education has passed the selfish
+stage, that it has given a wider vision of
+the whole horizon.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It may be said without fear of contradiction
+that the future well-being of society
+is largely in the hands of woman. What
+will she do with it? Responsibility is always
+sobering.</p>
+
+<p>Let her once realize her position and
+woman will rise to the task. Instances are
+not wanting of groups attacking scientific
+and administrative problems in the true
+spirit, without sentimental charity, to which
+in the past women have been prone.</p>
+
+<p>If civic authorities felt that women&#8217;s
+leagues were informed bodies of women
+whose suggestions they would make no
+error in adopting, more legislation could
+be effected. Too often city councils are
+approached by those who favor some whim
+or fad, and so <small>ALL</small> women&#8217;s demands are
+classed together. Much harm has been
+done to the cause by indiscreet, pushing
+women with only a glimmer of knowledge.
+The question is not <small>WOMAN</small>, but ability and
+women. It is better, as a rule, to work out
+ideas through existing organizations.</p>
+
+<p>All the problems of environment which
+we have been considering would be solved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+in half the time, yes, in one-quarter, if all
+housewives would combine in carrying out
+the knowledge which some of them have
+and which all may have.</p>
+
+<p>Infant mortality is controllable through
+the training of the mother and nurse. Unsanitary
+houses are the results of careless
+housekeeping, usually a product of apathetic
+fatalism. Landlords assume that the
+woman will submit. When she has a woman
+sanitary inspector to appeal to, matters will
+take on a different aspect.</p>
+
+<p>Unsanitary alleys exist because the abutters
+do not complain loudly enough to the
+right authorities. Dirty markets have been
+so long tolerated because women buyers
+carried the same fatalism to the stalls&mdash;&#8220;what
+is, has to be.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Society is only just beginning to realize
+that it has at its command today for its own
+regeneration a great unused force in its army
+of housewives, teachers, mothers, conscious
+of power but uncertain how to use it. Perhaps
+the most progressive movement of the
+times is one led by women who see clearly
+that cleanness is above charity, that moral<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>
+support must be given to those who know
+but do not dare to do right, and that knowledge
+must be brought to the ignorant. Nothing
+can stop this most notable progress but
+a relapse into apathy and fatalism of the
+vast army of women now being enlisted to
+fight disease.</p>
+
+<p>The opportunity has come, the responsibility
+is woman&#8217;s hereafter. No one can
+take it from her; she has knowledge. The
+door has opened, she has taken the weapons
+in hand, is learning to use them. Will she
+falter on the eve of victory simply because
+it involves some sacrifice of prejudice or
+tradition? Must she not boldly accept the
+twentieth century challenge and fight her
+way to victory, even at some &aelig;sthetic sacrifice?
+In another hundred years, then, Euthenics
+may give place to Eugenics, and the
+better race of men become an actuality.</p>
+
+<p>The keeping of the house, the laundry
+work, the cleaning, the cooking, the daily
+oversight, must have for its conscious end
+the welfare of the family. It cannot be
+done without labor, but the labor in this
+as in any process may be lightened by
+thought and by machinery.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Knowledge of labor-saving appliances
+is today everywhere demanded of the successful
+establishment <small>EXCEPT</small> of the family
+home. Is it not time that it came in for its
+share? If the housewife would use wisely
+the information at her hand today, it is safe
+to say that in six cases out of ten she could
+cut in half the housekeeping budget and
+double the comfort of living.</p>
+
+<p>As conditions are, the twentieth century
+sees a strange phenomenon&mdash;the most vital
+of all processes, the raising of children,
+carried on under adverse conditions; human
+labor and life being held of as little account
+as in the days of building the pyramids.</p>
+
+<p>Women may be trained to become the
+economic leaders in the body politic. It is
+doubtful if life will be anything but wasteful
+until they are trained to realize their
+responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>The housewife was told that she must
+stay at home and do her work. This was
+preached <i>at</i> her, written <i>at</i> her, but no one
+of them all, save, perhaps, the Englishmen
+Lecky and H.&nbsp;G. Wells, saw the problem in
+its social significance, saw that the work of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
+home-making in this engineering age must
+be worked out on engineering principles,
+and with the co&ouml;peration of both trained
+men and trained women. The mechanical
+setting of life is become an important factor,
+and this new impulse which is showing itself
+so clearly today for the modified construction
+and operation of the family home
+is the final crown or seal of the conquest of
+the last stronghold of conservatism, the
+home-keeper.</p>
+
+<p>Tomorrow, if not today, the woman who
+is to be really mistress of her house must
+be an engineer, so far as to be able to
+understand the use of machines and to believe
+what she is told. Your ham-and-eggs
+woman was of the old type, now gone by in
+the fight for the right to think.</p>
+
+<p>The emergence from the primitive condition
+was slow because the few of us who
+did show our heads were beaten down and
+told we did not know. It has required many
+college women (from some 50,000 college
+women graduates) to build and run houses
+and families successfully, here one and there
+another, until the barrel of flour has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>
+leavened. Society <i>is</i> being reorganized, not
+in sudden, explosive ways, but underneath
+all the froth and foam the yeast has been
+working. The world is going to the bad
+only if one believes that material progress
+is bad. If we can see the new heaven and
+the new earth in it, then we may have faith
+in the future.</p>
+
+<p>The human elements of love and sacrifice,
+of foresight and of faith, are going to
+persist, and any apparent upheaval is only
+because of settling down into a more solid
+condition, a readjustment to circumstances.
+As Caroline Hunt has said<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>: &#8220;We may disregard
+the popular fear that the home will
+finally take upon itself the characteristics of
+a public institution.... Human intelligence,
+which suits means to ends, and which is ever
+coming to the aid of human affection, will
+prevent that. So long as affection lasts it will
+seek satisfactory expression in home life,
+and so long as intelligence endures it will
+stand in the way of the extension of the
+borders of the home beyond the possibilities
+of the mutual helpfulness to its members.&#8221;</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p>
+<p>The persistent efforts of the farsighted
+to secure a place in education for the subjects
+fundamental to the modern home are
+now respectfully listened to.</p>
+
+<p>It is, perhaps, not strange that the first
+successes in modern housekeeping were
+gained in public institutions, for there accounts
+were kept and saving told. When
+one hospital saved $12,000 in one year by
+an expenditure of $2,000 for a trained
+woman, trustees began to take notice. When
+large state institutions were reorganized
+and made over from unsavory scandals
+into reputable and life-saving establishments,
+even legislators took notice. The
+trained woman superintendent proved not
+only more competent but less affected by
+perquisites.</p>
+
+<p>(I do not vouch for the universal maintenance
+of this high standard when women
+managers have had longer experience; but
+so far conscience and sterling integrity have
+been attributes of all my expert women,
+even if they have now and then disappointed
+me in endurance or in ability. Is not this
+a fact of great social significance?)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is universally conceded today, only a
+few willfully blind or croaking pessimists
+dissenting, that home-keeping under modern
+conditions requires a knowledge of conditions
+and a power of control of persons and
+machines obtained only through education
+or through bitter experience, and that education
+is the less costly.</p>
+
+<p>When social conditions become adjusted
+to the new order, it will be seen how much
+gain in power the community has made,
+how much better worth the people are.
+Have faith in the working out of the destiny
+of the race; be ready to accept the
+unaccustomed, to use the radium of social
+progress to cure the ulcers of the old friction.
+What if a few mistakes are made?
+How else shall the truth be learned? Try
+all things and hold fast that which is good.</p>
+
+<p>The Home Economics Movement is an
+endeavor to hold the home and the welfare
+of children from slipping over the cliff by
+a knowledge which will bring courage to
+combat the destructive tendencies. Is not
+one of the distinctive features of our age
+a forcible overcoming of the natural trend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
+of things? If a river is by natural law
+wearing away its bank in a place we wish
+to keep, do we sit down and moan and say
+it is sad, but we cannot help it? No, that
+attitude belonged to the Middle Ages. We
+say, Hold fast, we cannot have that; and
+we cement the sides and confine or turn the
+river.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient cities whose ruins are now
+being explored in Asia seem to have been
+abandoned because of failure of the water
+supply as the earth became desiccated; so
+was the home of our own Zunis. Does such
+a possibility stop us? No, we bring water
+from hundreds of miles. Will man, who
+has gained such control over nature, sit
+down before his own problems and say,
+&#8220;What am I going to do about it?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>What if the apparent motion is toward
+cells to sleep in, and clubs to play bridge in,
+and amusements for evenings, and a strenuous
+business life, run on piratical principles,
+into which the women are drawn as decoy
+ducks? Because this <i>is</i>, is it going to be,
+as soon as a good proportion of the thinking
+people stand face to face with the problem?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
+I believe it is possible to solve the problem,
+but only if the aid of scientifically trained
+women is brought into service to work in
+harmony with the engineer who has already
+accomplished so much.</p>
+
+<p>Household engineering is the great need
+for material welfare, and social engineering
+for moral and ethical well-being. What
+else does this persistent forcing of scientific
+training to the front mean? If the State is
+to have good citizens, productive human
+beings, it must provide for the teaching of
+the essentials to those who are to become
+the parents of the next generation. No state
+can thrive while its citizens waste their resources
+of health, bodily energy, time and
+brain power, any more than a nation may
+prosper that wastes its natural resources.</p>
+
+<p>The teaching of domestic economy in
+the elementary school and home economics
+in the higher is intended to give the people
+a sense of <i>control</i> over their <i>environment</i>
+and to avert a panic as to the future.</p>
+
+<p>The economics of consumption, including
+as it does the ethics of spending, must
+have a place in our higher education, preceded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>
+in earlier grades by manual dexterity
+and scientific information, which will lead
+to true economy in the use of time, energy,
+and money in the home life of the land.
+Education is obliged to take cognizance of
+the need, because the ideal American homestead,
+that place of busy industry, with
+occupation for the dozen children, no longer
+exists. Gone out of it are the industries,
+gone out of it are ten of the children, gone
+out of it in large measure is that sense of
+moral and religious responsibility which
+was the keystone of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>The methods of work imposed by housing
+conditions are wasteful of time, energy,
+and money, and the people are restive, they
+know not why. As was said earlier, shelter
+was found by early students of social conditions
+to be most in need of remedy, so we
+see that</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the first place the state is beginning
+to offer positive aid to secure a suitable
+home for each family. A communistic habitation
+forces the members of a family to
+conform insensibly to communistic modes of
+thought. Paul Goehre, in his keen observations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
+printed in &#8216;Three Months in a German
+Workshop,&#8217; interpreted this tendency in all
+clearness. The architecture of a city tenement
+house is to blame for the silent but
+certain transformation of the home into a
+sty. Instead of accepting this condition as
+inevitable, like a law of nature, and accepting
+its consequences, all experience demands
+of those who believe in the monogamic family,
+that they make a united and persistent
+fight on the evil which threatens the slowly
+acquired qualities secured in the highest
+form of the family. It would be unworthy
+of us to permit a great part of a modern
+population to descend again to the animal
+level from which the race has ascended only
+through &aelig;ons of struggle and difficulty.
+When we remember that very much, perhaps
+most of the progress has been dearly
+purchased at the cost of women, by the appeal
+of her weakness and need and motherhood,
+we must all the more firmly resolve
+not to yield the field to a temporary effect
+of a needless result of neglect and avarice.
+As the evil conditions are merely the work
+of unwise and untaught communities, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span>
+cure will come from education of the same
+communities in wisdom and science and
+duty. What man has marred, man can make
+better.&#8221;<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not impossible to furnish a decent
+habitation for every productive laborer in
+all our great cities. Many really humane
+people are overawed by the authority, the
+pompous and powerful assertions of &#8220;successful&#8221;
+men of affairs; and they often
+sleep while such men are forming secret
+conspiracies against national health and
+morality with the aid of legal talent hired
+to kill. Only when the social mind and
+conscience is educated and the entire community
+becomes intelligent and alert can
+legislation be secured which places all
+competitors on a level where humanity is
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>Here, again, the monogamic family is
+the social interest at stake. It is a conflict
+for altars and fires. We are told that all
+these results are the effect of a natural, uniform
+tendency in the progress of the business
+world, and that it is useless to combat
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>it. Professor Henderson reminds us that
+tendency to uniformity revealed by statistics
+may be reversed when resolute men and
+women, possessed of higher ideals, unite to
+resist it. Jacob A. Riis holds that these
+evils are not by a decree of fate, but are the
+result of positive wrong, and he dedicates
+his &#8220;Ten Years&#8217; War&#8221; as follows&mdash;&#8220;to the
+faint-hearted and those of little faith.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In like manner we call today for more
+faith in a way out of the slough of despond,
+more resolute endeavor to improve social
+and economic conditions. We beg the leaders
+of public opinion to pause before they
+condemn the efforts making to teach those
+means of social control which may build
+yet again a home life that will prove the
+nursery of good citizens and of efficient
+men and women with a sense of responsibility
+to God and man for the use they make
+of their lives.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> I.&nbsp;H. Hamilton, U.&nbsp;S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Home Problems from a New Standpoint, p. 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> C.&nbsp;R. Henderson, Proceedings Lake Placid Conference, 1902.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="INSTRUCTIVE_INSPECTION" id="INSTRUCTIVE_INSPECTION"></a>INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></h2>
+
+<div style="width: 60%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto">
+<p style="padding-top: 1em">Mrs. Richards intended to embody the
+following material in Chapter VIII of
+the second edition. Because of her death it
+has seemed best to add it as an appendix.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Whitcomb and Barrows.</span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></h2>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></h3>
+
+
+<p class="newchapter"><span class="firstword"><span class="dropcap">T</span>he</span> checking of wastes of all description
+is much in the air, but there is
+less discussion about <small>WASTE OF EFFORT</small> than
+might be expected. Yet effort means time,
+and saving of time saves lives as well as
+money.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly every investigation of sanitary
+evils leads back to the family home (or the
+lack of one), and a great deal of the health
+authorities&#8217; work is saving at the spigot
+while there is a hundred times the waste
+at the bunghole. The medical inspection of
+the schools was found to have little effect
+without the visiting school nurse, for the
+parents did not know how to better conditions
+and in the majority of cases did not
+believe in the need.</p>
+
+<p>Such experience should give the health
+authorities a cue. Rules and Regulations
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>should be enforced, but enforced with instruction
+as to the means of doing. The
+<small>WHY</small> is not so easily understood as the student
+of sanitary science seems to think.
+Germs and microbes are empty air to the
+street urchins until they have been shown on
+a screen in a lecture hall or until cultures
+have been made in the sight of the children
+in a schoolroom. One whole school district
+of intelligent parents was converted, many
+years ago, by giving the children in one class
+two Petri dishes each with sterile prepared
+gelatine, with directions to open one in the
+sitting room while it was being swept, and
+two hours after the room had been thoroughly
+dusted to open the other in the same
+place for the same time. These &#8220;dust gardens,&#8221;
+as the children called them, &#8220;took the
+place of the family album&#8221; for callers, and
+spread knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Hundreds of similar experiences should
+convince any intelligent, earnest Board of
+Health that a teacher by nature or training
+should be in their employ, to be sent <small>WITH
+POWER</small>, like any other inspector, wherever
+ignorance&mdash;usually diagnosed as stubbornness&mdash;is
+found.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The health officer whose mother was a
+good housekeeper, not afraid of work, has
+no idea of the attitude of half the housewives
+of his district. Having been made as
+a boy &#8220;to get the dustpan and brush and
+sweep up his whittlings,&#8221; he does not realize
+that these houses in the tenement district
+have no dustpans, and that no one would
+bend his back to sweep up litter if there
+were. It is all swept into the alley or the
+street. Cheap, long-handled dustpans would
+be valuable sanitary implements. As has
+been elsewhere suggested, the garbage question
+in the tenement house needs study and
+must be solved by a practical housewife.
+There are such, and Boards of Health are
+wasting effort and the town&#8217;s money until
+they avail themselves of this help in the enforcement
+of their rules.</p>
+
+<p>All Health Boards use the strong arm
+of the law, <i>i.&nbsp;e.</i>, a police inspector&#8217;s club, to
+drive the ignorant and careless householder
+to keep his premises from becoming a nuisance.
+The newly-arrived, prospective citizen,
+or more often citizeness, fails to understand
+what it is all about&mdash;neither the words<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>
+nor the pantomime convey an idea, except
+that this country is topsy-turvy anyway, for
+everything is different in this new land.</p>
+
+<p>In the process of learning what not to
+do, the dwellers in the alleys flee when the
+health officer appears, and oppose a stubborn
+indifference to his threats. When his
+back is turned, matters go on as before and
+nothing is gained, but an opportunity is lost.
+Law is a potent educator when rightly applied,
+but it may work more harm than good.</p>
+
+<p>Rules of action clearly explained are
+soon accepted&mdash;like traffic rules, notification
+of contagious diseases, disinfection, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The placing on the force of each town
+of at least one specially trained &#8220;Explainer&#8221;
+would result in cleaner back yards and less
+illness and, better than all else, a more
+friendly feeling between the officials and
+those they honestly wish to help; for I do
+not think there is often justification for such
+remarks as were made to me by a shrewd
+California countryman when I was showing
+him about in the traveling exhibit, the
+sanitation car: &#8220;Oh, this is all to get a job.
+It&#8217;s another form of graft&mdash;to get some
+money to spend.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the value of many health
+measures does not appear on the surface.
+Sometimes it is necessary to wait for vital
+statistics to prove a gain.</p>
+
+<p>It is beginning to be thrown in the faces
+of sanitary authorities that the laboratory
+wisdom does not reach the street; that there
+is not enough, or rapid enough, improvement
+in general conditions. Newspapers
+are ready, for the most part, to disseminate
+information and benevolent societies write
+tracts, but we must remember how little
+<small>WORDS</small> mean&mdash;especially printed words&mdash;to
+those unaccustomed to acquiring information
+that way.</p>
+
+<p>The actual showing in an alley of the
+process of cleaning up; the going into a
+house and opening the windows at the top
+and tacking on a wire netting to keep out
+the flies; the actual cleaning of the garbage
+pail, perhaps, or at least the standing by and
+seeing that it is properly done&mdash;all such
+actual doing, even if it is done only in one
+house on a street, will spread the information
+all over the neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most helpful offices is to tell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>
+the woman where she can get the special
+article needed, and what it will cost, and
+to show her the thing itself, in a friendly
+spirit. Such visits would soon revolutionize
+the sanitary condition of any community.</p>
+
+<p>Villages need this help even more than
+cities, for there they have fewer chances to
+know about inventions and perhaps are less
+resourceful in making them.</p>
+
+<p>There may be races, as there are individuals,
+whom persecution drives to progress&mdash;who
+do find means to execute unjust
+commands&mdash;but the people a health officer
+has to deal with can be better led by
+kindness and will learn from teachers, if
+the teaching is in the form of example or
+demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>It is an incontrovertible fact that to
+hasten sanitary reform it is only necessary
+to hold out the helping hand; to encourage
+the ignorant citizen to ask for instruction
+and direction, instead of placing upon him
+the task of making bricks without either
+clay or straw. There are times and seasons
+and individuals at which and on whom the
+bludgeon must be used&mdash;the greater good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>
+covering the lesser evil; but such cases are
+less common than present practice would
+seem to indicate.</p>
+
+<p>The tenement house mother who has
+only one pan for all her needs and one
+broken pitcher for all fluids does not readily
+understand why she must keep her milk
+bottle for milk only. Who is to tell her so
+that she will understand?</p>
+
+<p>The men may be shamed into cleaning
+up the back yards and alleys by pictures of
+such conditions in contrast to what might
+result with a little effort. [The famous
+Cash Register yards were started in this
+way.] Neglected spots have been cleaned
+up all over the country by similar influences.
+Why does not the health officer take
+a leaf from this book of recorded good work
+and show conditions known to him? Is he
+afraid of hard words from the owner? He
+will have the approval and support of all
+good citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Health Board regulations may be left at
+a house <small>AFTER</small> they have been explained, and
+a firm insistence on obedience may then have
+an effect.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Why should there not be a constant
+exhibit of the conditions found within the
+boundaries of a district, with the changes
+for the better indicated as soon as they
+occur?</p>
+
+<p>The Health Board office is now in some
+out-of-the-way place, where few people
+ever go and where those who do go are
+frequently not welcomed. Has the Board
+ever asked itself why it is often so misunderstood,
+so hampered in its work? What
+Board will be the first to take an office on
+a busy street and put pictures and samples
+with clearly printed legends in the windows&mdash;examples
+of the evasion of the plumbing
+laws on a T-joint pipe; photographs of a
+dairy barn; photographs of a street at daybreak,
+showing the few open windows, and
+the one or two, if any, open at the top&mdash;these
+would serve as texts for the newspapers&#8217;
+sermons, sure to be preached, and
+back-alley conversations thereon.</p>
+
+<p>Why not? Rival water companies are
+allowed to show filters to prove their claims.</p>
+
+<p>The basis of all successful sanitary progress
+is an intelligent and responsive public.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The problem is to visualize cause and
+effect to the ordinary individual, too absorbed
+in his own affairs to study out the
+principle for himself.</p>
+
+<p>The success of the street cleaning brigade,
+tried for one season in Boston; the
+improvement in the condition of parks
+wherever receptacles for wastes have been
+placed; the tidy condition of corner lots
+where civic improvement leagues have taken
+the matter up with the children, all point
+to a means neglected by the officials, and
+hence to wasted opportunity and delayed
+obedience to regulations.</p>
+
+<p>For the position of instructive inspector,
+it goes without saying that a trained woman
+will be worth more than a man, since most
+of the regulations affect or would be controlled
+by women.</p>
+
+<p>A gain in the speed of adoption of
+sanitary reforms would be comparatively
+rapid under a thoroughly qualified woman
+as instructive inspector, and that there will
+not be any great gain until such a measure
+is adopted is the firm belief of the writer.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. von Wagner&#8217;s work in Yonkers,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
+begun in 1897 under the Civic League, is
+well known. After three years&#8217; trial the
+Board of Health established her in the position
+of Sanitary Inspector. Her work in
+the tenement districts has been most successful.
+Several other cities have followed the
+example of Yonkers, but the practice is by
+no means general. Yet there is no doubt
+that it would add efficiency to any Board of
+Health.</p>
+
+<p>The most recent experiment was the
+employment, the past summer, of an inspector
+provided by the Women&#8217;s Municipal
+League of Boston, to inspect and devise
+means for bettering conditions in a district
+of small shops where food is sold. The district
+had been found by the Market Committee
+of this organization to be in need of
+such help. A graduate of the School for
+Social Workers was chosen, who carried on
+her campaign with the spirit of helpfulness
+fostered by her training. She was given a
+badge by the Board of Health, who have
+been most sympathetic and cordial in their
+support. The experiment has been justified
+by the results and especially by the reception<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
+accorded the inspector by the people
+of the district. It has proved that there is a
+responsive desire to fulfill the law wherever
+its provisions are understood.</p>
+
+<p>Inspection cannot fulfill its purpose until
+it is instructive. Man and the law will be in
+accord when the benefits of the law to man
+are appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>It is incumbent upon the sanitary authorities
+to see to it that their efforts are not
+wasted on an inert, partially hostile clientele.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Read before the American Public Health Association at Richmond,
+Va., October, 1909.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2><a name="EUTHENICS_OR_THE" id="EUTHENICS_OR_THE"></a>EUTHENICS, OR THE<br />
+SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE ENVIRONMENT</h2>
+
+<ul class="endlist">
+<li>Human efficiency and welfare due to</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1em; line-height: 200%">Heredity (See Eugenics) and</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Environment</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1.5em">1. Natural, cosmical&mdash;climate&mdash;</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1.5em">2. Natural, modified by human effort</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Wet and dry soil</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Waterways and forests</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Food supplies</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1.5em">3. Artificial</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Housing&mdash;clothing&mdash;sanitation</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1.5em; line-height: 200%">EUTHENICS&mdash;Conscious acquisition and application of scientific knowledge</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2.5em">I. Science in the laboratory</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Discovery of laws of science</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Knowledge of cause and effect</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2.4em">II. Dissemination of scientific knowledge</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Education</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2.3em">III. Application of science</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Habits of living</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Technique</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Stimulus to civic improvement</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">Constructive legislation</li>
+
+<li style="line-height: 200%">I. Science acquired through laboratory and field research</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Universities</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Johns Hopkins, Clark, etc.</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Research institutes</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Rockefeller Institute</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Carnegie Institute</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Henry Phipps Institute</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Sage Foundation, etc.</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2em">Sanitary Science = Application of acquired laws to</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">1. National welfare</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Hook worm, Pellagra, Yellow fever, etc., in Panama,
+        The Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">2. Individual health of body and mind</li>
+
+<li style="line-height: 200%">The people are reached by</li>
+
+<li style="line-height: 200%">II. A. Dissemination of scientific knowledge through</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">1. Schools</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">2. Publicity</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">a. Bulletins</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Boards of Health</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Department of Agriculture</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">b. Lectures</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Municipal</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Endowed</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">c. Magazines and newspapers</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">d. Placards</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">e. Commercial advertising</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Inventions of manufacturers</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Food fairs, electrical exhibitions, etc.</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">3. Expositions for limited purposes</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">Mary Lowell Stone Exhibit</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">&#8220;Boston 1915&#8221;</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">4. Health Campaigns</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 7em">Tuberculosis classes, etc.</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">B. Legislation</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Restrictions</li>
+
+<li style="line-height: 200%">III. Application of science to living</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">A. 1. Unconsciously acquired habits of the <small>CHILD</small>, through imitation
+               in the home, the school, the street</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2em">2. Conscious endeavor of</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. the trained parents in the home</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. the teacher in the school</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">c. the policemen in the street</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">B. Conscious personal effort of the <small>ADULT</small> to better conditions
+            for himself and the community</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2em">1. Pioneer leading public opinion by</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. Personal example in right living</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. Precept and persuasion</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 1em">C. Community progress</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2em">1. Semi-public agencies for guarding itself and the individual</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. Remedial measures</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Endowed hospitals, sanatoria, dispensaries, day
+                 camps and hospital schools</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Charity organizations&mdash;material relief</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. Preventive measures</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 4em">Endowed schools (model and outdoor), extension
+                 movements, settlements, model tenements,
+                 model factories, garden cities</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Both are developed by social organizations, civic clubs,
+            women&#8217;s clubs, museums, libraries, lectures, exhibits,
+            statistical inquiries, etc.</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2em">2. Private agencies leading to legislation</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Special hospitals and schools</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Health organizations&mdash;sanitary inspection at model
+            dairies&mdash;private water supply</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">Consumer&#8217;s league</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 2em">3. Legislation. Temporary paternalism (protection).
+          Interpretation by individual becomes constructive.
+          The people work out freedom under law</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">a. City</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">(1) Schools</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">Grade and trade and outdoor</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">(2) Police</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">Building laws</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">(3) Board of Health</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(a) Shelter</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 8em">Sanitary laws</li>
+
+<li><table summary="layout" style="margin-left: 10em">
+
+<tr><td>Air&mdash;light&mdash;refuse</td><td style="line-height: 400%; padding-left: 0.5em"><span style="font-size: 400%">{</span></td><td style="text-indent: 0em">Drainage<br />Garbage<br />Ashes</td></tr></table></li>
+
+
+<li style="clear: both; padding-left: 6em">(b) Food</li>
+
+<li><table summary="layout" style="margin-left: 9em">
+
+<tr><td>Milk&mdash;water&mdash;foods</td><td style="line-height: 300%; padding-left: 0.5em"><span style="font-size: 300%">{</span></td><td style="text-indent: 0em">Food values<br />Adulterations</td></tr>
+</table></li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em; clear: both">(c) Sanitary laws for public places</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 8em">Buildings</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 8em">Streets</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Sewer</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Ice on sidewalk</li>
+<li style="padding-left: 9em">Spitting</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">(4) Beauty</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">Height of buildings, bill boards, telegraph wires,
+                 parks</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">(5) Amusements</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">Playgrounds, municipal music, parks, aquarium</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">(6) Other municipal activities</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(a) Traffic regulation</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(b) Medical inspection</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(c) Public baths</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">b. State</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Education</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Board of Health</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Factory legislation</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Water supply (advisory power)</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Interstate commerce</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Food (advisory)</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Park reservations</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Textile laws</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Forest</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 3em">c. Federal</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 5em">Sanitation</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(a) Pure food laws</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(b) Quarantine</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(c) Immigration restriction</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 6em">(d) Future needs</li>
+
+<li style="padding-left: 8em">Textile laws, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS ***
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/31508.txt b/31508.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07f37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31508.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4132 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Euthenics, the science of controllable environment
+       a plea for better living conditions as a first step toward
+       higher human efficiency
+
+Author: Ellen H. Richards
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2010 [EBook #31508]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EUTHENICS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier, Irma Spehar and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               EUTHENICS
+
+                      THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE
+                              ENVIRONMENT
+
+                           A PLEA FOR BETTER
+                   LIVING CONDITIONS AS A FIRST STEP
+                          TOWARD HIGHER HUMAN
+                              EFFICIENCY
+
+          The national annual unnecessary loss of capitalized
+                 net earnings is about $1,000,000,000.
+
+                     _Report on National Vitality_
+
+
+                        _By_ ELLEN H. RICHARDS
+      Author of Cost of Living Series, Art of Right Living, etc.
+
+
+                            SECOND EDITION
+
+
+                          WHITCOMB & BARROWS
+                             BOSTON, 1912
+
+
+                            COPYRIGHT 1910
+                         BY ELLEN H. RICHARDS
+
+                       THOMAS TODD CO., PRINTERS
+                         14 BEACON ST., BOSTON
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+     Never has society been so clear as to its several special
+     ends, never has so little effort been due to chance or
+     compulsion.
+
+     _Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy._
+
+
+Not through chance, but through increase of scientific knowledge; not
+through compulsion, but through democratic idealism consciously
+working through common interests, will be brought about the creation
+of right conditions, the control of environment.
+
+The betterment of living conditions, through conscious endeavor, for
+the purpose of securing efficient human beings, is what the author
+means by EUTHENICS.[1]
+
+    [1] Eutheneo, [Greek: Eutheneo] (_eu_, well; _the_, root of _tithemi_,
+    to cause). To be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to
+    prosper.--_Demosthenes._ To be strong or vigorous.--_Herodotus._
+    To be vigorous in body.--_Aristotle._
+
+    Euthenia, [Greek: Euthenia]. Good state of the body: prosperity, good
+    fortune, abundance.--_Herodotus._
+
+"Human vitality depends upon two primary conditions--heredity and
+hygiene--or conditions preceding birth and conditions during life."[2]
+
+    [2] Report on National Vitality, p. 49.
+
+Eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity.
+
+Euthenics deals with race improvement through environment.
+
+Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
+
+Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
+
+Eugenics must await careful investigation.
+
+Euthenics has immediate opportunity.
+
+Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus
+inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is
+the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must
+be based.
+
+This new science seeks to emphasize the immediate duty of man to
+better his conditions by availing himself of knowledge already at
+hand. As far as in him lies he must make application of this knowledge
+to secure his greatest efficiency under conditions which he can create
+or under such existing conditions as he may not be able wholly to
+control, but such as he may modify. The knowledge of the causes of
+disease tends only to depress the average citizen rather than to
+arouse him to combat it. Hope of success will urge him forward, and it
+is the duty of lovers of mankind to show all possible ways of
+attaining the goal. The tendency to hopelessness retards reformation
+and regeneration, and the lack of belief in success holds back the
+wheels of progress.
+
+Euthenics is to be developed:
+
+  1. Through sanitary science.
+  2. Through education.
+  3. Through relating science and education to life.
+
+Students of sanitary science discover for us the laws which make for
+health and the prevention of disease. The laboratory has been studying
+conditions and causes, and now can show the way to many remedies.
+
+A knowledge of these laws, of the means of conserving man's resources
+and vitality, which will result in the wealth of human energy, is more
+and more brought within the reach of all by various educational
+agencies.
+
+The individual must estimate properly the value of this knowledge in
+its application to daily life, in order to secure efficiency and the
+greatest happiness for himself and for the community.
+
+Right living conditions comprise pure food and a safe water supply, a
+clean and disease-free atmosphere in which to live and work, proper
+shelter, and the adjustment of work, rest, and amusement. The
+attainment of these conditions calls for hearty cooperation between
+individual and community--effort on the part of the individual because
+the individual makes personality a power; effort on the part of the
+community because the strength of combined endeavor is required to
+meet all great problems.
+
+
+
+
+EUTHENICS
+
+BETTER ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HUMAN RACE
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+I. The opportunity for betterment is real and practical,
+   not merely academic                                               3
+
+II. Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+    conditions. Home and habits of living, eating, etc.
+    Good habits pay in economy of time and force                    15
+
+III. Community effort is needed to make better conditions
+     for all, in streets and public places, for water and
+     milk supply, hospitals, markets, housing problems, etc.
+     Restraint for sake of neighbors                                39
+
+IV. Interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive
+    effort. First one, then the other ahead                         59
+
+V. The child to be "raised" as he should be. Restraint for his
+   good. Teaching good habits the chief duty of the family          73
+
+VI. The child to be educated in the light of sanitary science.
+    Office of the school. Domestic science for girls. Applied
+    science. The duty of the higher education. Research needed      91
+
+VII. Stimulative education for adults. Books, newspapers,
+     lectures, working models, museums, exhibits, moving pictures  117
+
+VIII. Both child and adult to be protected from their own
+      ignorance. Educative value of law and of fines for
+      disobedience. Compulsory sanitation by municipal, state,
+      and federal regulations. Instructive inspection              131
+
+IX. There is responsibility as well as opportunity. The
+    housewife an important factor and an economic force in
+    improving the national health and increasing the national
+    wealth                                                         143
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    _The opportunity for betterment is real and practical, not
+    merely academic._
+
+
+     Men ignore Nature's laws in their personal lives. They crave
+     a larger measure of goodness and happiness, and yet in their
+     choice of dwelling places, in their building of houses to
+     live in, in their selection of food and drink, in their
+     clothing of their bodies, in their choice of occupations and
+     amusements, in their methods and habits of work, they
+     disregard natural laws and impose upon themselves conditions
+     that make their ideals of goodness and happiness impossible
+     of attainment.
+
+    _Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through Environment._
+
+
+     And is it, I ask, an unworthy ambition for man to set before
+     himself to understand those eternal laws upon which his
+     happiness, his prosperity, his very life depend? Is he to be
+     blamed and anathematized for endeavoring to fulfill the
+     divine injunction: "Fear God and keep His commandments, for
+     that is the whole duty of man"? Before he can keep them,
+     surely he must first ascertain what they are.
+
+     _Adam Sedgwick. Address, Imperial College of Science and Technology,
+     December 16, 1909. Nature, December 23, 1909, p. 228._
+
+
+     In my judgment, the situation is hopeful. To realize that
+     our problems are chiefly those of environment which we in
+     increasing measure control, to realize that, no matter how
+     bad the environment of this generation, the next is not
+     injured provided that it be given favorable conditions, is
+     surely to have an optimistic view.
+
+     _Carl Kelsey, Influence of Heredity and Environment upon Race
+     Improvement. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social
+     Science, July, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+     It is within the power of every living man to rid himself of
+     every parasitic disease. _Pasteur._
+
+
+Such facts as the following, showing the increase in health, or rather
+the decrease in disease, go to prove what may be done.
+
+Since 1882, tuberculosis has decreased forty-nine per cent; typhoid,
+thirty-nine per cent. Statistics in regard to heart disease and other
+troubles under personal control, however, show increase--kidney
+disease, 131 per cent; heart disease, fifty-seven per cent; apoplexy,
+eighty-four per cent. This means that infectious and contagious
+diseases, of which the State has taken cognizance and to the
+suppression of which it has applied known laws of science, have been
+brought under control, and their existence today is due only to the
+carelessness or the ignorance of individuals.
+
+On the other hand, such results of improper personal living as do not
+come under legal control--diseases of the heart, kidneys, and general
+degeneration, matters of personal hygiene--have so enormously
+increased as in themselves to show the attitude of mind of the great
+mass of the people, "Let us eat and drink and be merry, what if we do
+die tomorrow!"
+
+Probably not more than twenty-five per cent in any community are doing
+a full day's work such as they would be capable of doing if they were
+in perfect health. This adds to the length of the school course, to
+the cost of production in all directions, to increased taxation, and
+decreases interest in daily life.
+
+The trouble is that the public does not _believe_ in this waste which
+comes from being "just poorly" or "just so as to be about." It has no
+conception of the difference between working with a clear brain and a
+steady hand, and working with a dull and nerveless tool. It must be
+convinced of this in some way. General warnings have been ineffective,
+and now the appeal is being made to the American people on the basis
+of money loss. Thus it has been carefully estimated that the average
+economic value of an inhabitant of the United States is $2,900. The
+vital statistics of the United States for population give 85,500,000.
+Eighty-five million five hundred thousand multiplied by $2,900 equals
+$250,000,000,000 (minimum estimate), and this exceeds the value of
+_all other wealth_. The actual economic saving possible annually in
+this country by preventing needless deaths, needless illness, and
+needless fatigue is certainly far greater than $1,500,000,000, and may
+be three or four times as great.
+
+Dr. George M. Gould estimated that sickness and death in the United
+States cost $3,000,000,000 annually, of which at least one-third is
+regarded as preventable.
+
+From all sides comes testimony to the decrease in personal efficiency
+of workers of all degrees. Medical science has prolonged life,
+hospitals and visiting nurses have made sickness less distressful, but
+have also in many cases prolonged the time and increased the cost.
+Sanitary science aims to prevent the beginnings of sickness, and so to
+eliminate much of the expense.
+
+The discovery that the mosquito is the carrying agent for the yellow
+fever germ has saved more lives annually than were lost in the Cuban
+War. In the yellow fever epidemic of 1872, the loss to the country was
+not less than $100,000,000 in gold.
+
+"With our present population there are always about 3,000,000 persons
+in the United States on the sick list.... By means of Farr's table, we
+may calculate that very close to a third, or 1,000,000 persons, are in
+the working period of life. Assuming that average earnings in the
+working period are $700, and that only three-fourths of the 1,000,000
+potential workers would be occupied, we find over $500,000,000 as the
+minimum loss of earnings.
+
+"The cost of medical attendance, medicine and nursing, etc., is
+conjectured by Dr. Biggs in New York to be from $1.50 each per day for
+the consumptive poor to a greater amount for other diseases and
+classes. Applying this to the 3,000,000 years of illness annually
+experienced, we have $1,500,000,000 as the minimum annual cost of this
+kind.
+
+"The statistics of the Commissioner of Labor show that the expenditure
+for illness and death amounts to twenty-seven dollars per family per
+annum. This is for workingmen's families only. But even this figure,
+if applied to the 17,000,000 families of the United States, would make
+the total bill caring for illness and death $460,000,000. The true
+cost may well be more than twice this sum. Certainly the estimate is
+more than safe, and is only one-third of the sum obtained by using Dr.
+Biggs's estimate. The sum of the costs of illness, including loss of
+wages and cost of care, is thus $460,000,000 plus $500,000,000 equals
+$960,000,000.... At least three-quarters of the costs are
+preventable."[3]
+
+    [3] Report on National Vitality, p. 119.
+
+The cost of certain preventable diseases a year is estimated by
+various authorities as:
+
+  Tuberculosis          $1,000,000,000
+  Typhoid                  250,000,000
+  Malaria                  100,000,000
+  Other insect diseases    100,000,000
+
+A hopeful sign of awakening is the endeavor by life insurance
+companies to bring home to the people the possibilities of race
+betterment. One company sends out among its policy holders trained
+nurses, who give plain talks on health subjects and offer practical
+suggestions as to hygienic living. This, to be sure, is on the
+economic basis of money saving, but if that is the only thing that
+will appeal to the people is it not wise to seize upon it as a lever
+to lift the standard of well-being?
+
+The possibility of saving the enormous sums that are lost by reason of
+premature deaths was an alluring subject to the insurance men. It gave
+to the world what, up to that time, it had lacked--a body of powerful
+men who recognized that they had a financial interest in preventing
+the needless death of men and women.
+
+A table has been prepared showing that if insurance companies were to
+expend $200,000 a year for the purely commercial object of reducing
+their death losses, and should thereby decrease them only twelve
+one-hundredths of one per cent, they would save enough to cover the
+expense.
+
+"If such a plan as this were placed on a purely scientific basis and
+carried out by good business methods, and all the companies pulled
+together for the common good, I should expect a decrease in death
+claims of more than one per cent; and a decrease in the death claims
+of one per cent would mean that the companies would save more than
+eight times as much as they expended, or would make a net saving of
+more than seven times the expense, which would be about a million and
+a half dollars a year."[4]
+
+    [4] Hiram J. Messenger, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.
+
+"While it would be impossible to state in general terms how rich a
+return lies ready for public or private investments in good health,
+these examples (life insurance) show that the rate of this return is
+quite beyond the dreams of avarice. Were it possible for the public to
+realize this fact, motives both of economy and of humanity would
+dictate immediate and generous expenditure of public moneys for
+improving the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, as
+well as for eliminating the dangers of life and limb which now
+surround us."[5]
+
+    [5] Report on National Vitality, p. 123.
+
+Undoubtedly a moral force is to be strengthened by spreading the
+biological lesson that man cannot live to himself alone, but that his
+acts or failure to act affect a large number of his fellowmen. Also, a
+stimulus to personal ambition is to be supplied in the suggestion of
+better health and consequently more money to spend as a result.
+
+Civic pride and private gain will be brought into the endeavor to show
+man that to understand himself, to exercise the same control over his
+activities that he uses over his machines, is to double his capacity,
+not only for work, but for pleasure. This control is now possible
+through the application of recently confirmed scientific knowledge as
+to man's environment.
+
+It is the aim of this book to arouse the thinking portion of the
+community to the opportunity of the present moment for inculcating
+such standards of living as shall tend to the increase of health and
+happiness.
+
+To the women of America has come an opportunity to put their
+education, their power of detailed work, and any initiative they may
+possess at the service of the State.
+
+Faith, Hope, and Courage may be taken as the three potent watchwords
+of the New Crusade. There is a real contagion of ideas as well as of
+disease germs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+    _Individual effort is needed to improve individual
+    conditions. Home and habits of living. Good habits pay in
+    economy of time and force._
+
+
+     The hope is springing up in some minds that the entire
+     problem of human regeneration will be much simplified when
+     men shall have learned more fully the nature of their own
+     lives, the nature of the physical world that environs them,
+     and the interaction between this physical world and the
+     spirit of man which is set to subdue it.
+
+    _Prof. George E. Dawson, The Control of Life through Environment._
+
+
+     We create the evil as well as the good. Nature is
+     impersonal. To an increasing degree _man_ determines.
+
+     _Carl Kelsey._
+
+
+     The only certain remedy for any disease is man's own vital
+     power.
+
+     Today only an exceptional man, almost a genius, learns to
+     modify his habits and his life to his environment and to
+     triumph over his surroundings, his appetites, and the absurd
+     dictates of fashion.
+
+     _Richard Cole Newton, M.D., How Shall the Destructive Tendencies
+     of Modern Life Be Met and Overcome?_
+
+
+     We have certain inherent capacities as to bodily strength,
+     length of life, etc., but it lies largely with ourselves to
+     adopt a mode of life which may make an actual difference in
+     height, weight, and physical strength and intellectual
+     capacity.
+
+     _E. H. Richards, Sanitation in Daily Life._
+
+
+     There are two recognized ways of improving the quality of
+     human beings: one by giving them a better heredity--starting
+     them in life with a stronger heart, better digestion,
+     steadier nerves; the other by so combining the factors of
+     daily life that even a weak heart may grow strong, a poor
+     digestion may become good, and frayed nerves gain
+     steadiness.
+
+     _E. H. Richards, The Art of Right Living._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FAITH
+
+
+The relation of environment to man's efficiency is a vital
+consideration: how far it is responsible for his character, his views,
+and his health; what special elements in the environment are most
+potent and what are the most readily controlled, provided sufficient
+knowledge can be gained of the forces and conditions to be used.
+
+To this end home life--in its relations to the child, the adult, and
+the community--is considered in connection with the effect on the home
+of the influences outside it, and the reaction of each on the other.
+These relations and influences are partly physical and material,
+partly ethical and psychical.
+
+The right of the child is protection, and it is the responsibility of
+the adult--parent, teacher, or state officer--to secure this
+protection.
+
+The knowledge that investigators are gaining in the laboratory and are
+trying to give to the community must be accepted and applied by the
+individual. How is the individual, discouraged by sickness and
+hardship, to know that things are awry or that they can be set more
+nearly straight? How can he know that he is responsible for his
+limitations? Why should he suppose that he need not be eternally a
+slave to environment? How can he realize that "health promotes
+efficiency by producing more energy and leaving it all free for useful
+purposes?" A few enlightened souls recognize the tendency of
+environment to kick the man that is down; to be subservient to the man
+of bodily and mental vigor, of keen understanding and human insight,
+but the majority must be led to believe these scientific principles.
+
+Again and again scientists and humanitarians must return to the
+attack, for individual carelessness becomes community menace, and
+"line upon line and precept upon precept" they must present their
+knowledge in language that shall attract and hold the attention and
+fancy. So the work and discoveries of Metchnikoff have gained
+credence because the disciple who described them had the ability to
+impress on his audience in a convincing fashion the one fact that made
+a strong appeal--the possibility of long life. If those who are
+zealous for any movement would study the psychology of advertising and
+speak as forcefully as the legitimate advertiser, they would be more
+persuasive and successful.
+
+When an idea has won in a certain circle, it quickly spreads to the
+other members, thence to active communities. So the universal law of
+imitation may be the greatest help in the spread of ideas. The
+individual eats a certain food because his neighbor does. Boston
+determines to make an effort for a better city because Chicago has
+felt the stirrings of civic pride.
+
+A gifted individual with a deep sense of the need of his community
+sees an ideal condition, which by his thought becomes a possibility.
+These beliefs he shares with a few choice spirits till the circle has
+widened. The new ideas come to the notice of the city or the town
+officials, new means are adopted of educating the whole community,
+and, if necessary, legal measures are passed. But the new means to
+betterment must be applied by the individual. Beginning with the
+exceptional individual and ending with the average individual, the
+perfect circle is rounded out.
+
+The leaders must show convincingly that the laws which they have
+discovered may be applied to daily life, but the _individual himself_
+must adopt them. When he has been saturated with knowledge, his
+inertia will break down, his hopelessness give way to its very
+antithesis, a strong hope for a better future. Every known method must
+be used by the laboratory to develop this hope into a belief wide
+enough to reach all members of every section of the community and deep
+enough to become a vital working principle. Only through a belief
+strong enough to ride over unbelief and inertia, a belief in the value
+of science for personal life strong enough to make a wise choice
+possible, can the will to obtain a better environment be developed.
+The belief in better things must be thoroughly impressed on the
+individual mind. Each individual must understand that it does affect
+_him_, that it is _his_ concern, that _he_ must give heed to his
+environment. Then he may have the will and make the effort to combat
+dangers to body and mind.
+
+Today, belief is much more difficult than ever before because the
+dangers are unseen and insidious, and our enemies do not generally
+make an appeal through the senses of sight and hearing. But the
+dangers to modern life are no less than in the days of the pioneers,
+when a stockade was built as a defense from the Indians. We have no
+standards for safety. Our enemies are no longer Indians and wild
+animals. Those were the days of big things. Today is the day of the
+infinitely little. To see our cruelest enemies, we must use the
+microscope. Of all our dangers, that of uncleanness leads--uncleanness
+of food and water and air--uncleanness due to unsanitary production
+and storage, to exposure to street dust, or to cooking and serving of
+food in unclean vessels. Such conditions result not only in actual
+disease, but in lowered vitality and lessened work power.
+
+Lack of knowledge on the part of some, heedlessness on the part of
+others who should be intelligent enough to interpret such conditions,
+are responsible for their continuance. A few timely suggestions will
+accomplish more in remedying many evils than any amount of attempted
+legal enforcement. The very fact of a law makes many persons defy it.
+They feel justified in showing their wit by outwitting the law's
+representatives. Many of our newer citizens have come to us from the
+protection (?) of a personal authority that they can see and feel. In
+this country of ours, we have taken away that binding regard for
+authority, and we must as far as possible lead rather than compel.
+
+It is, after all, what a man determines for himself and for his family
+that affects both his views of life and his wish to secure for himself
+and for them that which he believes to be best. It is not what some
+other man believes for him that affects his life.
+
+Evolution from within, not a dragging from outside, even if it is in
+the right direction, is the method of human development.
+Nevertheless, if the bale of hay is skillfully hung in front of the
+donkey's nose it will often serve to start the wheels on an easy road.
+
+Evidence of the value of concerted effort by individuals and of the
+power of suggestion was given by a woman's club in a small town. The
+members became aware of the dangers in exposed food, and on
+investigation found their own market to be very low in standards of
+cleanness. At a certain meeting they agreed to ask the proprietor why
+he did not protect this and cover that article. Certain members were
+told off for the duty and the days agreed upon. Mrs. A., making her
+usual purchases, casually asked why such an article was not covered.
+"I never thought about it," was the answer. Mrs. B., the next day,
+asked why such an article was left out for the flies. "I never thought
+about the flies." Mrs. C. asked the same question on the third day.
+The proprietor said: "You're the third woman who has asked me that. No
+one ever suggested it before, but it would be a good idea." Before the
+end of two weeks the provisions and groceries were covered. The end
+had been gained without resort to coercion.
+
+We know that our capacity for mental and bodily work depends on our
+supply of food. Proper food is necessary as a source of power for the
+work of the body as well as to furnish material for growth and repair
+of the losses of the body. Taking food is the most interesting of the
+vital processes. It appeals to all the senses (except hearing).
+
+Professor Dawson calls attention to the fact that the richest food
+areas in the world have provided the most powerful stocks of men of
+which we have any record, and it has been pointed out by many that
+improper food is closely connected with mental and moral defects.
+Strong men and women are not the product of improper food. Dr. Stanley
+Hall says: "The necessity of judicious, wholesome food is
+paramount.... You can educate a long time by externals and not
+accomplish as much as good feeding will accomplish by itself. Children
+must be supplied with plenty of nutritious food if they are to develop
+healthily either in mind or body."
+
+Mr. Robert Hunter says: "All that we are, either as individuals or as
+a complexly constituted society of men, is made possible by the food
+supply.... Perhaps more than any other condition of life it lies at
+the door of most of the social and mental inequalities among men."
+
+In these days of irresponsibility there is probably more harm done to
+the health by ignoring physical law in the matter of eating than in
+any other one thing.
+
+It is in the study of food substances and their possibilities in
+relation to better sanitary conditions that the widest field is open
+to housekeepers, and the subject should be especially fascinating to
+women of education and ability. All the skill and knowledge of the
+best educated women should be enlisted in the cause of better food for
+the people. Certainly no subject, except that of pure air, can have a
+closer bearing on the health than right diet. Much sound teaching will
+be needed before bad habits of eating and drinking will be conquered.
+
+A strong, well man whose work is muscular and carried on in the open
+air, as is that of the farmer and of the fisherman, will have the
+power to assimilate almost anything, and can maintain abundant health
+on the coarsest food poorly prepared, provided, only, that it is
+abundant and composed of the chemical constituents that the body
+requires.
+
+Only a small proportion of our people, however, engage in work of this
+sort. The majority are compelled by occupation, age, or health to
+remain indoors. For them nutritious, readily digested food is a
+requisite. The farmer or the fisherman can digest, even thrive upon,
+food which would be deadly for a woman working in a factory.
+
+In the fourth report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health
+(1873), Dr. Derby, the secretary, holds that "we have good reason to
+believe that the many forms of dyspepsia which are so commonly met
+with among all classes in Massachusetts, in country quite as much as
+in town, are but too often the danger signal that Nature gives us to
+show that the food, either in its quality, or its preparation, or its
+variety, is unsuited to maintain the vital processes. If this warning
+is rejected, the result of malnutrition is frequently chronic disease
+of the so-called major class."
+
+Sanitation in relation to food deals first with wholesome and clean
+materials--meat from animals free from disease; fruit and vegetables
+free from decay; milk, butter, etc., free from harmful bacteria. The
+dangers are the transference to the human body of encysted organisms
+like trichina; of the absorption of poisonous substances as toxins or
+ptomaines; of the lodgment of germs of disease along with dust on
+berries, rough peach skins, crushed-open fruits; of dirt clinging to
+lettuce, celery, and such vegetables as are eaten raw.
+
+For the next class of dangers we turn to the handling of foods with
+unclean hands.
+
+In countless ways disease is spread mysteriously, all due to unclean
+habits. It is a safe precaution to patronize only those restaurants in
+which the waiters are evidently trained to handle the food and vessels
+with care. It will pay well to take care of one's hands and learn
+sanitary habits when one is young; then one will do right without
+effort. Whatever change of ideas may come with increase of knowledge,
+these habits will not need to be unlearned. Without knowing the
+reasons for them, they have been proclaimed in civilized lands.
+
+It should be the part of the physicians to take pains to advise, for
+most of our people are accessible to ideas; yet from these can come no
+improvement until the people are convinced that it is needed. Just as
+soon as the individual fully realizes that he himself is to blame for
+his suffering or his poverty in human energy, he will apply his
+intelligence to the bettering of his condition. If he can, in a short
+time, make as good a showing as public effort has made in the case of
+water supplies, he will accomplish much for the race.
+
+Of equal importance to food, in the proper care of the human machine,
+comes the air we breathe.
+
+Many of man's present physical troubles are due to the roof over his
+head confining the warmed, used-up air, which would escape freely if
+there were an opening provided. The first law of sanitation requires
+the quick removal of all wastes. Once-breathed air is as much a waste
+as once-used water, and should be allowed to escape. Sewers are built
+for draining away used water. Flues are just as important to serve as
+sewers for used air. Air is lighter than water, and out-breathed air
+being warmed is lighter than that at room temperature. It rises to the
+ceiling, where it will escape if it is allowed to do so before it
+cools sufficiently to fall.
+
+The roof also keeps out sunlight, and some late investigations
+indicate that glass cuts off some of the most vitally important light
+rays. The "glame" of the Ralstonites--"air in motion with the sunlight
+on it"--may have a scientific basis.
+
+It will at once be retorted, "But we cannot heat all out-of-doors."
+
+A partial reply is: Do not try to make your house a tropical jungle.
+Travelers assure us that such an atmosphere is not conducive to work
+or to health.
+
+All great nations have lived in a temperate climate, where physical
+and mental activity was possible for many hours a day. Science is
+more and more clearly giving reasons for the cooler temperature in
+certain physiological laws. The habits of life in regard to air and
+food are largely under individual, or at least under family control,
+and should be studied as personal hygiene.
+
+The lessons being so clearly taught in the treatment of tuberculosis
+should be heeded in forming the general living habits of the people.
+
+If loss of life can be lessened and working power increased by man's
+effort, why does he not make the effort? Why are men and women so
+apathetic over the prevalence of disease? Why do they not devote their
+energies to stamping it out? For no other reason than their disbelief
+in the teachings of science, coupled with a lingering superstition
+that, after all, it is fate, not will power, which rules the destinies
+of mankind.
+
+Perhaps it is too much to expect that a sturdy plant of belief should
+have grown since the days of Edwin Chadwick and Benjamin Ward
+Richardson (1830-50), less than a century ago, when there were
+perhaps not a dozen men and women who believed that man had any
+appreciable control over his own health.
+
+This early school of sanitarians endeavored to "get behind fate, to
+the causes of sickness." The modern socionomist is, by a study of the
+mental conditions of communities, endeavoring to get behind the causes
+of poverty and consequent suffering to the reasons for _fatal
+indifference to dirt_.
+
+It is well recognized that in severe sicknesses of many kinds the will
+to get well is more powerful than drugs, that something which we call
+nerve force acting upon the physical machine sends a vital current
+through the arteries, coerces the heart to renewed pumping action, and
+life comes again to the blanched cheek and glazing eye. This more
+often happens by a mental stimulus than by any medicine. In like
+manner the improvement of the body's shell, the home, like that of the
+soul's shell, the body, comes more often from an inward impulse than
+from outward coercion.
+
+Appeal to the loving but listless parent will reach the heart quickest
+through love for the child. Therefore stress should be laid on the
+child, its habits, its surroundings, its ideals. By ideals is meant
+the very real stimulus to action coming from within. Action must come
+through the material things which ideals control and through which
+they express themselves.
+
+Certain notions which have crept into popular currency need to be
+corrected before the individual can free himself from bondage
+sufficiently to attempt constructive advance and improvement.
+
+Only a small percentage of adults obtain the full efficiency from the
+human machine--the only means they have of living, working, enjoying.
+They permit themselves to stand and walk badly, they breathe with only
+a portion of their lungs, and so fail to furnish the blood stream with
+oxygen. They dress unhygienically. They eat wrongly. They exercise
+little. In short, they subject their bodies to abusive treatment which
+would ruin any machine. Because retribution does not instantly follow
+infraction of Nature's laws, they become callous and unbelieving.
+Economy and efficiency in human time and strength is one of the
+lessons to be taught the young people, so that they may not waste
+their patrimony.
+
+The youth feels as rich in his fifty years to come as he does with a
+legacy of $50,000 in the bank. The years, however, can yield only
+small variations from the established rate of interest. The human
+machine can manufacture only a limited amount of energy. It remains to
+utilize that quantity to the best advantage. This can be done only by
+having a purpose in life strong enough to resist alluring temptations
+to fritter away both time and strength.
+
+One of the world's busy workers found that the distractions of urban
+life were breaking in upon his working time and making inroads upon
+his physical vitality. He recognized that work for the body and work
+for the mind must be balanced, and he evolved an acrostic to be
+followed as a rule of life, the fulfillment of which has meant
+prolonged years of efficient work and has kept the freshness of middle
+life with the advancing years. Taking the six days of the week as a
+unit, the acrostic is as follows:
+
+    _The Feast of Life_
+
+  F   Food           One-tenth the time
+  E   Exercise       One-tenth the time
+  A   Amusement      One-tenth the time
+  S   Sleep          Three-tenths the time
+  T   Task           Four-tenths the time
+
+The first and last are nearly fixed quantities, the other three may
+vary within certain limits as to amount of time given and intensity of
+effort. Amusement and exercise may be taken together; exercise and
+sleep may be somewhat interchangeable.
+
+The task, or daily work, is a necessity for mental and physical
+health. It should be accepted as a part of human life and the will and
+energy should be directed to doing it well. It may be a pure delight,
+the most entertaining thing that happens; _it should be interesting_.
+It is astonishing how interesting a dull piece of work may become if
+one sets one's self to doing it well. That which one subconsciously
+knows one is doing badly is drudgery. The real pleasure in life comes
+not from so-called amusements--things  done by other people to make
+one laugh; to "take one's mind off"--but from seeing the work of one's
+own hand and brain prosper. The work of creation, of transformation to
+desirable result, is the purest joy the human mind can experience.
+Fourteen hours a day is not too much for this kind of task. The
+difficulty is to gain skill of hand and eye, or training of mind, to
+this end. A fallacy, a canker at the heart of our social fabric today,
+is that the daily task is something to be rid of.
+
+The psychology of doing is clearly illustrated in the character of
+Fool Billy, as drawn by the author of "Priscilla of the Good Intent."
+
+"Is there nought ye like better than idleness?" asked the blacksmith.
+"Think now, Billy--just ponder over it."
+
+"Well, now," answered the other, after a silence, "there's
+playing--what ye might call playing at a right good game. Could ye
+think of some likely pastime, David?"
+
+"Ay, could I; blowing bellows is the grandest frolic ever I came
+across." ...
+
+"I doubt 'tis work, David.... I shouldn't like to be trapped into
+work. 'Twould scare me when I woke o' nights and thought of it."
+
+"See ye then, Billy"--blowing the bellows gently--"is it work to make
+yon sparks go, blue and green and red, as fast as ever ye like to
+drive 'em?"
+
+"Te-he, 'tis just a bit o' sport--I hadn't thought of it in that
+light." And soon he was blowing steadily.
+
+Later, when David the smith was going to America and wished to leave
+his forge with the half-witted Billy, he proposed the smith's work as
+play.
+
+"Te-he," laughed Billy, "am I to play wi' all your fine tools, David?"
+
+"Ay, just that. I've taught ye the way o' them and Dan Foster's lad
+from Brow Farm shall come and blow the bellows for you."
+
+"Will that be work for Dan Foster's lad, or play?"
+
+"Hard work, Billy--grievous hard work, while you are just playing at
+making horseshoes, fence railings, and what not."
+
+"And I'm to play at making horseshoes," went on Fool Billy, "while Dan
+Foster's lad's sweating hard at bellows-blowing."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    _Community effort is needed to make better conditions for
+    all, in streets and public places, for water and milk supply,
+    hospitals, markets, housing problems, etc. Restraint for sake
+    of neighbors._
+
+
+     Quite slowly but surely, the idea is dawning on the social
+     horizon that the persistence of conditions prejudicial to
+     human prosperity is discreditable to a civilized community,
+     and that economics if not ethics calls for their control.
+
+     _Alice Ravenhill._
+
+
+     It is the new view that disease must be understood and
+     overcome; that hospitals, dispensaries, surgical and medical
+     treatment, nursing and preventive measures must be developed
+     and dovetailed into a general social scheme for the
+     elimination of preventable diseases and a very substantial
+     reduction in the prevalence of such diseases as cannot as
+     yet be classed as preventable.
+
+     _Edward Devine, Social Forces._
+
+
+     Nature endows the vast majority of mankind with a birthright
+     of normal physical efficiency. It is the duty of those who
+     aspire to be known as social workers each to do his share in
+     confirming his fellow beings in this possession.
+
+     _Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before Conference
+     of Women Workers, London, 1904._
+
+
+     We know now that if we do the things we ought to do, we can
+     prevent sickness. We have reached a point where it is
+     recognized that it is the duty of the community or state to
+     effectually protect itself against the ignorant, the
+     selfish, the filthy, and the diseased. We believe now that
+     we must have proper sewage disposal, pure water, decent
+     tenements, clean streets, good-sized playgrounds,
+     supervision of factories, protection of child labor, and
+     pure food.
+
+     _Eugene H. Porter, Report, 1909, New York State Department
+     of Health._
+
+
+     Next after himself, man owes it to his neighbor to be well,
+     and to avoid disease in order that he may impose no burden
+     upon that neighbor.
+
+     _Dr. William T. Sedgwick, The Call to Public Health._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+HOPE
+
+
+The real significance of biological evolution has not been grasped by
+the people in general. It is that man is a part of organic nature,
+subject to laws of development and growth, laws which he cannot break
+with impunity. It is his business to study the forces of Nature and to
+conquer his environment by submitting to the inevitable. Only then
+will man gain control of the conditions which affect his own
+well-being.
+
+Sickness, we know, is the result of breaking some law of universal
+nature. What that law may be, investigators in scores of laboratories
+are endeavoring to determine. In most diseases they have been
+successful. Those remaining are being attacked on all sides, and it
+may be confidently predicted that a few years will see success
+assured.
+
+Why, then, does sickness continue to be the greatest drain upon
+individual and national resources? Because man, through ignorance or
+unbelief, will not avail himself of this knowledge, or is behind the
+times in his method. Where wisdom means effort and discomfort, many
+feel it folly to be wise.
+
+The individual may be wise as to his own needs, but powerless by
+himself to secure the satisfaction of them. Certain concessions to
+others' needs are always made in family life. The community is only a
+larger family group, and social consciousness must in time take into
+account social welfare. Moreover, a neighbor may pollute the water
+supply, foul the air, and adulterate the food. This is the penalty
+paid for living in groups. Men band together, therefore, to protect a
+common water supply, to suppress smoke, dust, and foul gases which
+render the common air unfit to breathe. The State helps the group to
+protect itself from bad food as it does from destruction of property.
+
+The development of fire protection is a good example of community
+effort. The isolated farmhouse may have buckets of water and blankets
+in an accessible place with which to put out an incipient fire. Then
+eight or ten families build close together. The danger of one becomes
+the danger of all, and a fire brigade is organized that may protect
+all. When hundreds of families crowd together in a small space the
+danger becomes so much the greater that a paid department with
+efficient apparatus is necessary. No one complains of the infraction
+of individual rights. Each one is glad to pay his share of the
+expense.
+
+In securing protection from other dangers, the individual and the
+family unit are fast relying on community regulations. In fact, in
+many ways the individual, when he becomes one of a crowd, must go
+whither the crowd goes and at the same rate of progress.
+
+Failure to recognize that by coming into the community he has
+forfeited his right to unrestrained individuality causes an irritation
+as unreasonable as harmful.
+
+A certain control of sanitary conditions must be delegated to the
+community and its rules cheerfully followed. The legal aspects of
+these rules will be considered in a later chapter. Here is to be
+considered only the _mental attitude_ with which the members of the
+community should come together to agree upon a common defense against
+disease and dirt. The spirit of cooperation must prevail over a
+tendency to antagonism when certain individual rights seem to be
+involved.
+
+Numbers of families living close together are served by the same
+grocer or market man. These families may agree upon their requirements
+as to quality and cleanliness and publish their rules. If they do not
+take interest enough to protect themselves, the community must make
+rules for them. If the local officials are not vigilant enough, the
+State may step in and compel the observance of sanitary regulations.
+
+The average citizen learns of the existence of a health regulation
+when he is warned that he has broken it, or perhaps is fined. His
+first attitude is rebellion at the invasion of his personal liberty.
+The housewife usually takes the ground that the rule is absurd or
+unnecessary.
+
+When, in the interest of the community, any law is to be enforced, how
+are the people to be led from this rebellious state of mind? Perhaps
+first through authority. In America we have learned to use the phrase,
+"Big Stick." Authority is exactly that; it is coercion from without.
+It has partial result in good; the law may be fulfilled because the
+individual knows he must obey when within the jurisdiction of that
+law; but if the result is simply obedience to authority and not to the
+underlying principle, it will not be a force in his life or be
+continued if by chance he can escape it. He will be a "tramp" in his
+methods of obedience. This method can never be constructive; its value
+lies in the possibility that by continuous usage or repetition the
+procedure may become a habit, and from habit will come reason and
+intelligence.
+
+But the more direct and efficient way to help the individual to
+realize his relation to communal right living is through education.
+The former method--blind obedience--will foster the spirit of
+antagonism and call the State's protection "interference," thus
+weakening the efficiency of the State and of the individual, for the
+State is the multiplication of its citizens; but through the latter
+method the individual will carry out the law with intelligence and
+interest. This will be constructive and it will be permanent, for
+again, if the State is the sum of its citizens, the efficiency of the
+State is the sum of the efficiency of the citizens.
+
+Their interests are now identical, the man has become equal master
+with the State; they are co-partners. His motive for right living is
+greater than the letter of the law, for he is the living law, the
+protest against wrong and the fulfillment of the right.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The next generation must be born with healthy bodies, must be nurtured
+in healthy physical and moral environments, and must be filled with
+ambition to give birth to a still healthier, still nobler generation.
+But, as has been said, "whatever improvements may sometime be
+achieved, the benefits of their influence can be enjoyed only by
+future, perhaps distantly future generations. We of the present have
+to take our heredity as we find it. We cannot follow the advice of a
+humorous philosopher to begin life by selecting our grandparents; but
+through hygiene (sanitary science) we can make the most of our
+endowment."[6]
+
+    [6] Report on National Vitality, p. 55.
+
+There is a force in the development of public opinion somewhere
+between individual action and national compulsion which may be termed
+"semi-public" action. It is in a measure the same sort of influence
+that in a later chapter is termed "stimulative education." For
+instance, a hospital for the treatment of some special ailment is
+needed. Private enterprise furnishes the capital, proves the success
+of the treatment, and then the community comes forward and supports
+the institution. Such helps are accepted freely and are not considered
+undemocratic.
+
+The less spectacular but more effective office of prevention of the
+need for charity, in the maintenance of cleanness in the markets,
+streets, and shops, yes, even in the homes of the people, has been
+neglected. Through lack of belief, and especially through inattention
+to causes so common as to escape notice, many details of great
+hygienic importance have been overlooked.
+
+Some daring ones in commercial ventures are showing the possibilities
+of a standard in cleanness, and model establishments, dairies,
+bakeries, and restaurants should receive the hearty support of a
+community. If they do not receive this support, it is more than
+discouraging to the promoters, for _it costs to be clean_, a lesson
+the community must learn. The saving of money and the consequent loss
+of life through disease, or the spending of money and the saving of
+life through prevention, are the alternatives.
+
+Undoubtedly the old view of charity as tenderly caring for the
+sick--because there must always be a certain amount of sickness in the
+world--has held men back from attempting to make a world without
+sickness. The charity worker of the past had no hope of really making
+things better permanently.
+
+The new view, based upon scientific investigation, is that it is not
+charity that is needed to support invalids who once stricken must
+fade away, but preventive action to give the patient hope and fresh
+air. Most important of all, the experience already gained shows how
+far from the truth was the old fatalistic notion of the necessary
+continuance of disease.
+
+While the support of many agencies--dispensaries, clinics, hospitals,
+sanatoria, etc.--must for a time depend upon private philanthropy, the
+expense is in the nature of an investment to bring in a high rate of
+interest in the future welfare of the race. As soon as the belief in
+the efficiency of these agents reaches the taxpayer he will willingly
+furnish the funds for public agencies.
+
+Today the child in the school is examined; then, if need be, is given
+special consideration at the dispensary, then sent to school, where,
+with fresh air, pure food, and hygienic surroundings, he will so
+strengthen himself as to combat the ravages of disease.
+
+The Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, New
+York City, not only sends bread to fill the hungry stomach, but now
+sends a wise and sympathetic worker to help women to understand food
+and money values, which means a permanent help. And it no longer
+simply says to the tired, worried woman who has had no education-stimulus
+along the line of cleanness, "Be clean," but sends in women to make
+the house an example, an exhibit of clean conditions, if you will.
+Example is stronger than precept.
+
+In the rapid growth of cities, so often beyond anticipation,
+preparation for development or plans for extension have seldom been
+laid. Much suffering has been wrought to the families of men in our
+crowded cities, for there is no greater evil than the congestion of
+streets and buildings.
+
+Many students of social conditions of today believe that the most
+serious menace is the situation best described as housing--the site,
+the crowding, the bad building, poor water supply and drainage, lack
+of light and air and cleanliness. All believe that it is economically
+a loss to the city in general, however profitable to a very few. To
+rent such buildings is a far greater crime than cruelty to animals or
+even the beating of women and children.
+
+But groups of people the wide world over are keenly awake to this
+state of affairs, and though the problem is tremendous they are trying
+in numerous ways to solve it.
+
+In some cities there are at present organizations urging "city
+planning," while in several foreign cities the municipality has
+already made regulations. In some cities there are municipal model
+tenements, but this is still a project of too small proportions to
+affect the community.
+
+Perhaps no modern movement that comprehends both the city planning and
+the housing of the working people is more ideal than the "Garden
+Cities" movement in England and the other countries following it.
+
+If there is any spot on which the hand of the law should be laid, it
+is the congested districts in cities and mill villages. The evil has
+grown to such magnitude that the first steps will mean some drastic
+measures.
+
+The author has elsewhere called it the _Capitalists' Opportunity_.
+Instead of investing in an uncertain gold mine in some distant land,
+let the millions, for no less sum will suffice, be invested in a plot
+of land, whether an open field or a slum district depends on local
+conditions, and thereon cause to be erected habitations decently
+comfortable, wholly sanitary, and place over each group an inspector
+as both agent and teacher who shall be a friend to the tenants, and to
+whose office they may come freely with their needs. This plan has been
+in part carried out in the Model Tenements in New York, but variations
+and improvements are needed. There should be more light and air, more
+grass and trees, even if the buildings are fifteen-story towers.
+
+The old story has been so often reiterated, "But the tenants will not
+use the devices," that the capitalist has become callous to this
+appeal. The missing link in the chain has been the instruction to go
+with the construction.
+
+All department stores, all venders of new mechanical appliances, have
+come to recognize the value of demonstration, or instruction, in the
+use of articles as an aid to purchase. The advocate of better
+dwellings must take a leaf from the commercial book and _show how_. It
+is in this that philanthropy has been weak in the past. It has assumed
+a power to see, where there was only a fear of handling the strange
+objects.
+
+There is a virgin field for the capitalist who wishes to use some
+millions for the prosperity of the country to build a short trolley
+line to a district of sanitary houses with gardens, playgrounds,
+entertainment halls, etc.; such a village to contain, not long blocks,
+but both separate houses and tenements from two rooms up, possibly
+several stories high, where the elders may have light and air without
+the confusion of the street. Dust and noise will be eliminated. There
+should be a central bakery and laundry, and, most important of all, an
+office where both men and women skilled in sanitary and economic
+practical affairs may be found ready to go to any home and advise on
+any subject. There has never yet been such an enterprise with all the
+elements worked out. Several, however, have shown the way, the Morris
+houses in Brooklyn, for example.
+
+It is easier to take a city block and construct fireproof, high
+buildings than to solve transportation problems. We are losing our
+fear of the high buildings as we see the great value of light and air.
+There is chance for work in this direction, for in spite of rapid
+transit some must live in the center of things.
+
+Let a philanthropist or two, instead of building hospitals, set some
+bright young architects and sanitarians to devising such suitable
+housing conditions for city and suburbs as will obviate the necessity
+for hospitals. Any lover of his kind, any one who longs for fame,
+could find both it and the blessing of the homeless by this means, and
+in the end get a fair return for his investment.
+
+The Federal Department of Labor[7] has studied workingmen's houses,
+but _living in the house_ has not been worked up. The housewife has no
+station to which she may carry her trials, like the experiment
+stations which have been provided for the farmer. Here is another
+opportunity for the capitalist to hasten the time when the State will
+supply these. The way will very soon be laid out and the first steps
+taken.
+
+    [7] Bulletin No. 54.
+
+For the immediate present some standard of healthful housing is
+needed, and now that a similar type of house and of apartment house is
+being built in all cities and towns from one ocean to the other, and
+from Texas to Maine, such a standard is compatible with conditions.
+
+A score card for houses to rent would save much wrangling. The agent
+shows the card with this house's rating, and the tenant learns that
+some of his wishes are incompatible with the standard, and some would
+mean a much higher rent than he is willing to pay. Professor J. R.
+Commons, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, has devised
+a score card to serve the house hunter and householder as a standard
+of comparison. This should serve the house builder as well, indicating
+what the demand will be forty or fifty years hence.
+
+At present the rating stands somewhat as follows:
+
+    Dwelling, 100 points
+
+  Location, 18 points out of 100
+  Congestion of buildings, 26 points
+    Common entrance for two or more, discredit 2 points
+    Basement, discredit 5 points
+    Sunlight, credit 16 points of the 26
+  Window openings, 11 points
+  Air and ventilation, 13 points
+  Structural condition, 6 points
+  House appurtenances, 26 points
+    Well outside, discredit 3 points
+
+The final score card may vary somewhat.
+
+For rent collectors there is also a score card.
+
+    Occupants, 100 points
+
+  Congestion of occupancy, 61 points cubic air space
+  1,000 cu. ft. per person, no discredit
+    600 cu. ft. per person discredits 20 points
+  Condition of air and ventilation, 18 points
+  Cleanliness, 21 points
+
+A score card movement might be started as a hobby, and in the end lead
+public opinion to judicial choice and action. No such movement,
+however, is possible without leaders, and leaders of the right type.
+
+The lesson for the community to be drawn from a study of crowd
+psychology is that of leadership and loyal cooperation. The common man
+is likely to be possessed of one idea at a time. If such an one
+becomes a leader, there is danger that equally vital factors will be
+overlooked. Safety is found in a combination of leaders to make an
+all-round improvement.
+
+Each individual is too busy in his own affairs to look after his own,
+much less his neighbor's, health and comfort, hence community life,
+with its advantages, brings its own dangers. Children in school in
+contact with other children; crowds in trains, in elevators, stores,
+in lecture halls, contract habits as well as diseases. The need for
+large quantities of supplies at one point brings long-distance
+transportation and cold storage difficulties. The man who caters to
+public need does not look far ahead to consequences, and if
+unrestrained may prove more of a menace than a convenience.
+
+The safe and reasonable way is to delegate to certain persons the
+making and enforcement of regulations corresponding to the needs of
+the times, and then to obey them, even at some personal inconvenience.
+
+Each community should put into the hands of its health officers the
+carrying out of the rules it has agreed to as an _insurance_ against
+outbreaks of disease. Does a man let his fire insurance policy lapse
+because the year has passed without a fire? Even if the regulation
+seems superfluous to the particular individual or family, let it be
+remembered that there are inflammable spots in every community.
+Eternal vigilance is the price of safety in sanitary as well as in
+military affairs. As in the army, the community must delegate scout
+duty to certain chosen individuals and rely on their report for
+safety.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    _Interchangeableness of these two forms of progressive
+    effort. First one, then the other ahead._
+
+
+     Preventive medicine is the watchword of the hour, and
+     enlistment in the cause can come only through education....
+
+     He who understands the dangers is thrice armed, and is
+     trained and entitled to enlist in the home guard to protect
+     the health of his household and neighbors.
+
+     _Dr. M. H. Rosenau, Harvard Medical School._
+
+
+     The next generation of parents is being made strong or weak
+     in home and school today by an environment furnished by
+     parents and teachers. These latter cannot be too well
+     instructed in physiology, hygiene, and biology.
+
+     _Prof. John Tyler, The Responsibility of the Medical Profession
+     for Public Education in Hygiene._
+
+
+     The new view is a social view, which seeks in all movements,
+     whether of research or of remedial action, for the common
+     welfare.
+
+     _Edward Devine, Social Forces._
+
+
+     Democracy means that the best of all life is for all, and
+     that if there are many incapable of entering into it, then
+     they must be helped to become capable.
+
+     _Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy._
+
+
+     If the child is not only in theory but in practice
+     recognized as the main interest in society, the family and
+     society will more and more assist the mother in his nurture.
+
+     _W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations._
+
+
+     Health administration cannot rise far above the hygienic
+     standards of those who provide the means for administering
+     sanitary law. The tax-paying public must believe in the
+     economy, utility, and necessity of efficient health
+     administration.
+
+     _Wm. H. Allen, Civics and Health._
+
+
+     The connection between poverty and ill health is so direct,
+     so immediate, and so important that the moment any
+     individual or society turns its attention to the causes of
+     poverty, that moment it finds itself in the thick of the
+     public health movement.
+
+     _Homer Folks, Journal Public Hygiene, November, 1909._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+FAITH AND HOPE
+
+
+Progress is a series of zigzags: now the individual goes ahead of the
+community; now the community outstrips the individual.
+
+The community cannot rise much above the level of the individual home,
+and the home rises only by the pull of the community regulations, or
+by the initiative of a few especially farsighted individuals.
+
+The steps need to be carefully measured, for if the family begins to
+rely on the State for the backbone it should have, it will not stay
+up, and its fall will be lower than the stage it rose from. "When man
+reverts, he goes not to Nature, but to death."
+
+The example set by the city in maintaining clean streets and well-kept
+parks reacts upon the home yards. The insistence by the police on city
+regulations as to alleys and garbage educates the family as to the
+general attention to be paid to such things.
+
+The city authorities, on the other hand, are prodded to their work by
+well-informed individuals who see the great gain to the community from
+certain measures.
+
+The centers of movement, civic and quasi-religious or philanthropic,
+are usually the outgrowth of individual effort. The great movements
+for betterment--water supply, street cleaning, tenement laws,
+etc.--are carried out by community agreement with a common tax outlay.
+
+The clean city means streets of clean houses. The clean house in the
+midst of a dirty city may be the match to start a fire of cleansing.
+
+Probably medical inspection in the public school is as good an example
+as may be given of helpfulness to the community. No quicker means of
+influencing both home and community life may be found, for in five
+years it might revolutionize the whole.
+
+School buildings should be so constructed and so managed that they
+cannot themselves either produce or aggravate physical defects.
+Departments of school hygiene should be organized, not only in every
+city, but for every rural school under county and state
+superintendents of instruction. The general question of physical
+welfare of children involves too many considerations to be
+satisfactorily treated by school physician and school nurse alone, or
+by busy teachers and principals.
+
+"New York City will spend in 1910 $6,500 for making over twenty rooms
+in regular buildings, a first step in an entirely new plan of
+ventilation, which will eventually give outdoor air to all children,
+sick or well."[8]
+
+    [8] Bureau of Municipal Research.
+
+Speaking generally, America is one of the last of the civilized
+nations to deal with the subject of the medical inspection of school
+children upon a comprehensive and national scheme. But once aroused to
+the needs, it is safe to say that the nation will speedily educate
+parents to correct such home conditions as reduce the child's ability
+to profit from schooling, and to persuade governments to see that safe
+homes are provided. It will be easy to convince the taxpayer that it
+is cheaper to provide such care than to neglect the future parent and
+citizen, for it is easy to prove that medical inspection in our
+schools returns large dividends on small investments. Dr. Luther
+Gulick says that it seems probable, though only a guess, that the
+total annual expenditure for medical inspection of schools in the
+United States at the present time is perhaps $500,000. The money saved
+by enabling thousands of children to do one year's work in one year,
+instead of in two or three years, would greatly exceed the total
+expense of examining all children in all boroughs.[9]
+
+    [9] Quoted in Report on National Vitality, p. 123.
+
+The health of all our school children should be conserved by a system
+of competent medical inspection which should secure the correction of
+defects of eyes, ears, teeth, as well as defects due to infection or
+malnutrition.
+
+The statistics of medical inspection in public schools tell a pitiful
+tale wherever it has been tried: thirty or forty per cent of the
+children are found with defective or diseased eyes, ten to twenty per
+cent with distorted spines, fifteen per cent with throat and nose
+troubles, all of which directly affect their intellectual proficiency.
+
+When these deficiencies are discovered and reported to the parents,
+such is the apathy of disbelief that seventy-five per cent of the
+cases usually go unattended; therefore the school nurse, who follows
+the case home and explains the needs and sets forth the penalties, has
+become a necessity.
+
+The parent who permits his child to go to school physically unfitted
+to profit from school opportunity is not only injuring his own child,
+but is injuring his neighbor's child, and is taxing that neighbor
+without the latter's consent.
+
+It would seem as if such parents had forfeited their right to the sole
+care of the children, and that government would be obliged, for its
+own protection, to step in and do the work while it is needed. The
+author has termed this _temporary paternalism_. The providing of penny
+lunches during the morning recess, the service of the school nurse and
+the home visitor to teach those parents who are willing to learn all
+these schemes for the saving of the child, may be carried out in a
+spirit of helpfulness with a support which may be withdrawn when no
+longer needed.
+
+Although all America has not become aroused to the undoubted fact of
+tendencies toward physical deterioration, it is on the verge of an
+awakening. The public school is the natural medium for the spread of
+better ideals, and if the teachers of cooking and of hygiene would
+cooperate and use all the material which sanitary science is heaping
+on the table before them, we should soon see a betterment of the
+physical status. Combined with medical inspection and sanitary
+construction of schoolhouses, this would raise the general health of
+the community thirty or forty per cent in five years and fifty to
+seventy per cent in ten years.
+
+There has been in some quarters much objection to public effort
+towards remedying evils which would not have existed if each family
+had lived up to its duties. The community is a larger family, with
+greater resources, and can employ investigators to find the means for
+greater security. That individual is very foolish who does not
+recognize this interaction between community and individual, and who
+objects to taking the benefits of the larger knowledge.
+
+To take one of the latest examples of social problems: In every
+thousand children in the public schools of any city, probably of the
+town also, there are perhaps fifty who are ill-nourished (not
+necessarily underfed), ill-clothed, unwashed, and deprived of good air
+for sleeping. What is the duty of the public? This is one of the
+burning questions of the moment. Send missionary teachers to the
+homes, some say, but that is costly; the selection of the suitable
+missionary is difficult, and the result may be slight. Others say,
+give one good luncheon at the school, for which the children pay in
+part or in whole, and make that an education which, by the aid of the
+school nurse, will in time affect a change in habit. In short, the
+problem is this: Shall the children suffer in childhood and become a
+burden on society in adult years, or shall society protect itself from
+future expense by community care now? "Because _finding_ diseases and
+defects does not protect children unless discovery is followed by
+_treatment_, fifty-eight cities take children to dispensaries or
+instruct at schoolhouses; fifty-eight send nurses from house to house
+to instruct parents and to persuade them to have their families cared
+for; 101 send out cards of instruction to parents either by mail or
+the children; while 157 cities have arranged special cooperation with
+dispensaries, hospitals, and relief societies for giving the children
+the shoes or clothing or medical and dental care which is found
+necessary."[10]
+
+    [10] Bulletin, Bureau of Municipal Research.
+
+Nearly all preventive measures adopted by society and ranked as
+paternalism by timid philanthropists are or may be educative and
+temporary at the same time. They may be dropped as soon as the end is
+gained. The attention of parents must be called to neglected duties.
+Compulsory attention to such duties as affect the wards of society,
+the children, may be needed for a time. Just as the wise father,
+taking the child for a walk, allows him to run free as soon as his
+strength and courage permit, so the paternalism of society is relaxed
+as soon as its _protegees_ show themselves both able and willing to
+do the right thing without its aid or command.
+
+Compulsory school attendance places responsibility for certain care,
+vaccination, decent clothing, good food, decent shelter. The thousand
+and one ways in which society is now protecting itself are all
+educating the newcomers to American ideals. They are all intended to
+make efficient, self-sustaining citizens who do not feel the pull of
+the law or the bond of outside care. It is the last conflict between
+the ideals of individualism and those of the community need,
+subordinating the individual preference. Much wisdom and forbearance
+will be needed to secure this community ideal, but in that way
+evidently lies progress. It behooves the leaders of social effort to
+make all their work educational, and thus remove the necessity for a
+repetition in the future.
+
+Just as the parent in the home establishes habits while the child's
+mind is plastic, so the community stands _in loco parentis_ to the
+future citizen, and surrounds him with safeguards while needed.
+Knowledge is needed, scientific investigation is fundamental, expert
+wisdom is indispensable, costly though it is, being the product of
+long research and rare brain power. This is at the service of the
+nation for the good of all the people, and it is the surer the wider
+the range of experience. For this reason chiefly, greater actual
+knowledge and more complete harmonizing of conflicting interests is
+necessary. Certain sanitary measures are carried out by the Federal
+government as an education to communities, just as communities educate
+individuals. Federal effort may be unwisely put forth in certain
+cases, investigations of little consequence may be undertaken, but on
+the whole a democracy must learn to manage its affairs by making
+mistakes. The principle should not be discarded as a result of the
+first mistake.
+
+The immediate concern of this chapter is with the leaders of community
+movements, the educated, sympathetic, farsighted sociologists,
+sanitarians, and economists, whose concern is for the advancement of
+mankind. These leaders must have courage and belief in the value of
+their work, for no half-hearted means will carry the community
+forward. Still more, they must have knowledge, a sure ground to stand
+upon. To acquire this means both time and opportunity. To go into
+betterment work without it is to set back the wheels of progress, not
+to advance them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+    _The child to be "raised" as he should be. Restraint for his
+    good. Teaching good habits the chief duty of the family._
+
+
+     Our success or failure with the unending stream of babies
+     (one every eight seconds) is the measure of our
+     civilization: every institution stands or falls by its
+     contribution to that result, by the improvement of the
+     children born or by the improvement of the quality of births
+     attained under its influence.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, Mankind in the Making._
+
+
+     Children are the most hopeful element of our population, and
+     we should concentrate our efforts on them.
+
+     _Dr. W. F. Porter, Harvard Medical School Lectures._
+
+
+     We want the mothers to be the health officers of the home.
+
+     _Charles W. Hewitt._
+
+
+     When human beings and families rationally subordinate their
+     own interests as perfectly to the welfare of future
+     generations as do animals under the control of instinct, the
+     world will have a more enduring type of family life than
+     exists at present. This can only be accomplished by the
+     development of controlling ideals which are supported not
+     only by reason and intelligence but by ethical impulse and
+     religious motive.
+
+     The home should be considered the place where are to be
+     developed and conveyed the precious qualities which are so
+     vital to the continuity of the race and the progress of
+     human society and civilization.
+
+     Those factors which are of a more material or physical
+     nature, such as shelter, food, dress, and personal health,
+     are to be estimated in their relation to mind, character,
+     and effective conduct.
+
+     In the confusion of relative values human health as one of
+     the essential means to many worthy ends is usually
+     neglected. Man is the most highly developed of all species
+     of animals. He is, to some degree at least, civilized, and
+     yet human beings are of all animals the sickliest, and this
+     in spite of the fact that human health is more important to
+     man and to the world than the health of any other creature.
+     And by health I do not mean simply existence, freedom from
+     pain, or absence of disease, but rather organic power and
+     efficiency, the maximum vital ability possible to the
+     individual for the doing of all that seems most worth while
+     in life.
+
+     _Dr. Thomas D. Wood, Lake Placid Conference, 1902._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+RESPONSIBILITY
+
+
+The ideal of "home" is protection from dangers from _within_--bad
+habits, bad food, bad air, dirt and abuse,--shelter, in fact, from all
+stunting agencies, just as the gardener protects his tender plants
+until they become strong enough to stand by themselves. The child's
+home environment is certainly a potent factor in his future
+efficiency.
+
+But more than physical protection is that education in all that goes
+to make up profitable living, acquired by following the mother or
+nurse in her daily round and in having legitimate questions answered.
+Imitation is the first step in good habits, as in learning to walk or
+to read. That which is set before the child should be worthy its
+imitation, and be of value when fixed as a habit. Habits of health,
+correct position, deep breathing, clean ways, distaste for dirt in
+one's person or in one's vicinity, liking for fresh air, for simple
+food, good habits of exercise, of reading, and the thousand and one
+trifles that go to make up the efficient worker in adult years, all
+belong to the well-ordered home, where, as one author puts it, the
+child is the business of the day.
+
+But the State cannot risk its property too far.
+
+When mothers become so careless or ignorant that half their children
+fail to reach their first birthday, and of those that live to be three
+years old a majority are defrauded of their birthright of health, some
+agency must step in.
+
+If the State is to have good citizens it must provide for the teaching
+of the essentials to a generation that will become the wiser mothers
+and fathers of the next. Therefore, even if we regard this as only a
+temporary expedient, we must begin to teach the children in our
+schools, and begin at once, that which we see they are no longer
+learning in the home. "The achievement at Huddersfield, England, is
+especially noteworthy. The average annual number of deaths of infants
+for ten years had been 310. By a systematic education of mothers the
+number was in 1907 reduced to 212. The cost of saving these
+ninety-eight lives was about $2,000."[11]
+
+    [11] Dr. Charles H. Chapin.
+
+One university has established a course in the care of children, much
+to the amusement of the press. The United States Commissioner of
+Education has, however, been a responsible mover in the idea.
+
+But real progress by means of family education means the stable family
+and the permanent dwelling. Where is the family in the permanent
+dwelling today? Among any class, except the agricultural, where is the
+stable family?
+
+Since industry has taken woman's work from her, and she has to follow
+it out into the world, the means of education for the child has gone
+from the home. Its atmosphere is artificial, if the attempt is made.
+
+To work exclusively on the family, for the sake of the child, is a
+very slow process. As in all American life, the quicker method appeals
+most strongly. The school is today the quickest means of reaching
+both child and home; the present home through the child, and the
+future homes through the children when they grow up.
+
+And time presses! A whole generation has been lost because the machine
+ran wild without guidance, and all attempt at improvement was met by
+futile resistance.
+
+It is very difficult to present the socionomist's view of the child in
+the home so that it may appeal to the two extremes of opinion. There
+are those who still apply mediaeval rules to twentieth century living;
+those who believe, honestly, that the ideal life was found in the days
+when the mother was the manufacturer in her own home and the children
+were her helpers in all the varied processes. "There was never any
+artificial teaching devised so good for children as the daily helping
+in the household tasks." The inference is made that therefore the same
+restriction for the mother and the children leads to an ideal life
+today. Such persons fail to realize that the twentieth century is
+practically a new world. The old rules which related to material
+things hardly hold more closely than they would on the planet Mars.
+The fundamental moral principles of reverence, obedience, love, and
+unselfish sacrifice must be worked in on a new background.
+
+To keep the eighteenth century habit, so carefully taught the girl, of
+courtesying as she stepped aside to allow the rider or the ox cart to
+pass, in these days of the swift automobile, which would be out of
+sight before the knee could bend, is no more ridiculous than to expect
+the average young mother to follow the methods of her grandmother. Her
+mother's ways are now pronounced all wrong, not necessarily because
+they were wrong then, but because conditions have changed, knowledge
+has been gained, and it is clearly a waste of human life, of money, of
+physical and mental power for people to be sick and die because the
+caretaker does not use the knowledge in circulation.
+
+If the young mother can learn how better to fulfill her duties by
+going out of the house to lectures or classes, why not?
+
+Tracts are not always successful as an incentive to conduct. It is
+obviously impossible to pass a blue law compelling parents to conform
+to--what ideal? The school is fast taking the place of the home, not
+because it wishes to do so, but because the home does not fulfill its
+function, and so far has not been made to, and the lack must be
+supplied. The personal point of view, inculcated now by modern
+conditions of strife for money, just as surely as it must have been by
+barbarian struggle in pre-civilized days, must be supplanted by the
+broad view of majority welfare. The extreme of the personal point of
+view, expressed in such phrases as "The world owes me a living;" "My
+child is mine to treat as I please;" "It is nobody's business how I
+spend my money;" "I have a right to all the pleasure I can get out of
+life," is well shown in Mr. H. G. Wells's analogy[12]: "A cat's
+standpoint is probably strictly individualistic. She sees the whole
+universe as a scheme of more or less useful, pleasurable, and
+interesting things concentrated upon her sensitive and interesting
+personality. With a sinuous determination she evades disagreeables
+and pursues delights. Life is to her quite clearly and simply a
+succession of pleasures, sensations, and interests, among which
+interests there happen to be--kittens."
+
+    [12] Mankind in the Making.
+
+This unsuspicious ignorance of the real nature of life is by no means
+confined to animals and savages; it would seem to be the common view
+of many young people today. At least they take as little care of the
+homes to which they bring children, and they follow the cat's example
+in boxing the children's ears and turning them out to fend for
+themselves.
+
+The last generation seemed to become disciples of Schopenhauer in his
+passionate rebellion against the fate that deferred all the pleasure
+of the present to the needs of the future generation. Evolution has
+revealed the necessity for this subordination of the individual lot to
+the destiny of the race, if progress is to be made. The man who
+asserts himself as free from race trammels is snuffed out as a
+factor--a blighted blossom fallen to earth and trodden under foot. To
+the student of biological evolution, the individual is as a mere pin
+point on the chart of community advance, for surely society grows
+according to evolutionary law. "As certainly as Nature gives the poor
+child its chance of a good life, so certainly do the circumstances of
+slum environment rob it forthwith of its birthright--it is not
+uncommon to find more than half the children of three years of age
+hanging on to life with marks of disease and undergrowth firmly
+implanted on their tender frames. Yet, practically, none of this is
+inherited in the true sense; it is the victory of evil human devices
+in their endeavor to cheat Nature of her own. If ever there was a
+mission in the world worthy of the most strenuous service, it is to
+wrest back this victory, be it out of pity for suffering children or
+for the very welfare and existence of the nation.
+
+"The schools have made their beginning; the _homes_ have not yet
+started; they wait the impulse from without. It is for voluntary,
+intelligent opinion to get to work on the home, and never to relax
+until a race of parents has arisen which knows no other duty to the
+state than to rear with heart and brain the children which have been
+given to them. Then we shall hear no more about physical
+degeneracy."[13]
+
+    [13] Dr. H. M. Eichholz, Inspector of Schools. Paper before
+    Conference of Women Workers, London, 1904.
+
+Hope for the future is to be found in the conclusions of the
+immigration commission, that in one generation certain marked changes
+in stature and in head measurements have taken place in the children
+of immigrants of various nationalities, such changes as have hitherto
+been considered as the result of centuries. The commissioners credit
+the better environment and larger opportunities with these indications
+of increasing intellectuality and mental force.
+
+Most human efficiency is the result of habits rather than of innate
+ability. These habits of mind, as well as of body, are developed by
+the home life at an early age. The home is responsible for the
+upbringing of healthy, intelligent children. Here is the place for
+fostering the valuable and suppressing the harmful traits. The school
+can never take the place of the home in this. With the large classes
+of the public schools, the teacher should not be asked to undertake
+this individual work. Moreover, correcting a child for personal habits
+can hardly be effective before fifty or sixty pairs of critical eyes.
+
+The office of the home must be to teach habits of right living and
+daily action, and a joy and pride in life as well as responsibility
+for life. It is not fair that the parents should sit back and shift to
+the school the whole responsibility for the future citizen.
+
+The little modifications can best be made in the home, permanent
+foundations can be laid and braced with habits so good and strong that
+nothing can shake them. Most powers are the result of habits. Let the
+furrows be plowed deeply enough while the brain cells are plastic,
+then human energies will result in efficiency and the line of least
+resistance will be the right line. Everything, therefore, which
+influences the child must be the best known to science. The houses of
+the land must be regulated by the scientific laws of right living. To
+the woman, the home worker, we say: "You must have the will power,
+for the sake of your child, to bring to his service all that has been
+discovered for the promotion of human efficiency, so that he may have
+the habit, the _technique_."
+
+To pay a tax today for the benefit of one's children is a principle of
+insurance, of benefit association. This feeling of obligation means
+present sacrifice of ease and inclination, and it has been
+increasingly shirked, so that it is not surprising that a tax to
+insure one against future loss by disease is an unwelcome proposition.
+
+The whole question of the child in the home is one of ethics, as the
+writers on social conditions have been trying to convince the world.
+If the swarms of dwellers in the busy hives of industry have no sense
+of their humanity, if they do not use the human power of looking
+ahead, that power which differentiates man from animals, what better
+are they than animals?
+
+No one can be sorry that there are no children in thousands of homes
+one knows. It is better that children should not have been born than
+to come into an inheritance of suffering and mental and moral
+dwarfing. Social uplift will not be possible while parents take the
+view of cats, or even of a well-to-do mother who said, "I did not have
+my baby to discipline her; I had her to play with."
+
+No state can thrive while its citizens waste their resources of
+health, bodily energy, time, and brain power, any more than a nation
+may prosper which wastes its natural resources.
+
+America today is wasting its human possibilities even more prodigally
+than its material wealth. The latter deficiency is being brought to a
+halt. Shall the human side receive less attention? A sharply divided
+line between home and school is no longer clearly drawn. Parents'
+associations are being formed and are cooperating with the
+school-teacher. To what end? To the better moral and intellectual
+atmosphere of the home. Physical education has had its vogue, but too
+much as an endeavor apart, not as a necessary element in the whole.
+
+The pedagogical world is now becoming convinced that physical defects
+are more often than not the basis of mental incompetence, and this
+leads logically to the teaching of the laws of right living in a
+practical way, not merely as lessons from books, but as daily
+practice. This practice must eventually go into the home, where the
+most of the child's hours are spent. It is as useless to expect good
+health from unsanitary houses as good English from two hours' school
+training diluted by twelve hours of slovenly language. Hence the
+imperative need of such teaching and example as can be put into
+practice; and since immediate house to house renovation and change of
+view are impossible, the school must provide for teaching how to live
+wisely and sanely, as well as for clear thinking and aesthetic
+appreciation. Practical hygiene, food, cleanliness, sanitation, all
+must eventually be exemplified by the schoolhouse and taught as a part
+of a general education to all pupils, boys and girls.
+
+If this sounds like socialism, let us not be afraid, but educate for
+five or ten years all children, so that homes may be better managed,
+and then it is to be hoped there will be no need for such school
+training. To live economically in the broad sense of wise use of time,
+money, and bodily strength is the great need of the twentieth century.
+This is practical economics. This is something which cannot today,
+except in rare instances, be learned at home, for conditions change so
+rapidly that grown people may not keep up with them. Mothers' ways are
+superseded before the children are grown.
+
+The school, if it is maintained as a progressive institution and a
+defense against predatory ideas, is the people's safeguard from being
+crushed by the irresistible car of progress. I repeat, standards may
+be set by the school which will reach and influence the community in a
+few months. Such standards should be a means of safeguarding the
+people, and this leads to the most important service which a teacher
+of domestic economy can render to the people in giving them a sense of
+control over their environment, than which nothing is so conducive to
+stability of ideas.
+
+To feel one's self in command of a situation robs it of its terror. A
+great danger in America today is the loss of this feeling of
+self-confidence with which the pioneer was abundantly furnished. A
+certain helpless dependence is creeping over the land because of the
+peculiar development of resources, which must be replaced by a sense
+of power over one's environment.
+
+
+     _Home Ideals_
+
+     There is no noble life without a noble aim.
+
+     The watchword of the future is the welfare and security of
+     the child.
+
+     Love of home and of what the home stands for converts the
+     drudgery of daily routine into a high order of social
+     service.
+
+     The economy of right uses depends largely upon the
+     home-maker, and brings the return in health, happiness, and
+     efficiency.[14]
+
+    [14] Motto, Mary Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit,
+    Jamestown Exposition, 1907.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+    _The child to be educated in the light of sanitary science.
+    Office of the school. Domestic science for girls. Applied
+    science. The duty of the higher education. Research needed._
+
+
+     No Christian and civilized community can afford to show a
+     happy-go-lucky lack of concern for the youth of today; for,
+     if so, the community will have to pay a terrible penalty of
+     financial burden and social degradation in the tomorrow.
+
+     _President Roosevelt, Message to Congress, December, 1904._
+
+
+     The loss of faith brings us by a short cut straight to the
+     loss of purpose in life--of any purpose, at least, beyond
+     purely material ones. To those who need money the duty of
+     getting it first and above anything else becomes the gospel
+     of life. To those who feel the need of position, whether in
+     society, business, or elsewhere, their gospel drives them to
+     all means within the law to attain that. To those who have
+     both money and position comes the only remaining purpose in
+     life--that of using them for an existence of amusement and
+     enjoyment. Is it too much to say that never before in our
+     history have such aspirations so completely dominated and
+     limited such large classes?
+
+     What is the poor American to do in his present fever and
+     with his present nerves, but with fivefold greater powers
+     placed in his hands and fivefold greater attention and
+     capacity demanded for their control? If sixty years ago the
+     free forces and rushing advance of the republic urgently
+     needed the regulation of a powerful and learned conservative
+     body, who can overestimate the necessity for such service
+     now?
+
+     When you ask how it is to be rendered, one cannot be
+     mistaken in turning first to those priceless qualities in
+     any sound national life whose tendency to decay we noted at
+     the outset. Give back to us our faith. Give back to us a
+     serious and worthy purpose. Restore sane views of life, of
+     our own relations to it, and of our relations to those who
+     share it with us.
+
+     _Whitelaw Reid, Phi Beta Kappa address, 1903._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE HOME AND THE SCHOOL
+
+
+One must not displace the other, for one cannot replace the other, but
+rather the home and the school must react on each other. The home is
+the place in which to gain the experience, and the school the place in
+which to acquire the knowledge that shall illuminate and crystallize
+the experience. The child should go out to the school with enthusiasm,
+and return to the home filled with a deeper interest and desire to
+realize things.
+
+In morals and manners the school can only give tendency or direction
+to the child's life. The school is not the best place to teach ethics.
+In the family life the child himself finds his future revealed,
+reflected by his relations to other members of the family. The spirit
+of cooperation nurtured there will develop in the school through the
+more various opportunities of relationship to others.
+
+The earlier conditions cannot be restored, even the home training
+cannot be brought back, except on the farm, and there, it is hoped, it
+may be revived. The city or suburban children cannot have the
+opportunity to pick up chips when too young to bring in wood; cannot
+stand by and hold skeins of yarn, or go to the barn and help feed the
+calves--all most interesting and provocative of endless questions.
+They cannot go into the garden and pick berries or vegetables for
+dinner, cannot learn how to avoid breaking the vines, or how to judge
+the ripeness of the melons.
+
+All that is probably not feasible for many, because it is not possible
+to give children of this age responsibility without oversight, and
+today's elders are loath to give and are often incapable of giving
+oversight.
+
+But while these circumstances over which, apparently, we have no
+control, preclude much of the valuable outdoor work, food has still to
+be prepared, dishes need washing, and clothes must be mended, even if
+towels and napkins are no longer hemmed by hand. Rooms are still
+swept and dusted, beds are made, and chairs and tables put straight.
+Has any better means of giving experience ever been devised than these
+small, daily tasks which differentiate men from animals? The care of
+the fixed habitation, the foresight needed to prepare the things for
+the family life in the weeks and months to come, the cooperation of
+all the members of the family toward one common end--all tend toward
+high _human ideals_. If the wise mother only realized the value to the
+child of helping in such portions as are not too heavy, of being a
+part of the life, she would let nothing stand in the way of using this
+natural means of development. But with foreign domestics whose idea is
+to get the various duties over as soon as possible, and whose gift is
+not that of teaching, how is the child to grow into the normal ways of
+right daily living, unconsciously and effectively?
+
+If the parents continue to throw all the work of education on the
+school, then the school must take the best means of fulfilling the
+task.
+
+Not only has the home put the burden of education on the school, but
+the school has drawn the child away from the home. The school of today
+demands much more from him than the school of the early New England
+days. It has taken the time that was formerly given to assisting in
+the duties of the household; it has taken from the home the interest
+and responsibility that were developed through the cooperation in the
+family life. School has taken the place of home in the child's
+thoughts. In the morning the thought is of reaching school in time,
+not of the home duties whose performance could lighten many a mother's
+burden.
+
+The school, hurried with a curriculum that is wasteful of time and
+energy, lacking correlation in the studies (except in a few schools
+that are noted exceptions proving the rule), has little time to relate
+its work to the home as the kindergarten does in its morning talk; so
+there must come an intermediate step in order that the school may
+emphasize the home life and industries, and that a generation may grow
+up who shall have a knowledge of the daily needs of life.
+
+The interest awakened in the school will surely react upon the home.
+It is like an expedition going out to make discoveries and to bring
+back knowledge to its own land. The directive work of the school will
+thus become a practical realization in the home. Then the cycle will
+be complete, for while the school has separated the child from his
+natural environment for many hours and weeks, it is sending him back
+better equipped through knowledge and experience to fulfill his place
+there.
+
+How shall the ends be gained artificially by devices of the school?
+For gained they must be, if civilization is to be maintained.
+
+To quote from Isabel Bevier:
+
+"As the home is so inseparably connected with the house, and our
+comfort and efficiency are so greatly influenced by the kind of houses
+in which we live, much of interest and importance centers in the study
+of the house."
+
+Moreover, with the house, its evolution, decoration, and care, may be
+associated much that is interesting in history, art, and
+architecture, as well as much that has a direct bearing on the daily
+life of the individual.
+
+The philosophers have struggled for centuries, each contributing
+according to his experience and vision to determine what is the
+purpose of life. America's thought could be translated into the word
+efficiency. Yes, we might almost say she worships efficiency. If,
+then, efficiency is to be the goal, what are the means to develop it?
+Efficiency depends chiefly upon good health, and to maintain this we
+must first consider in the scheme of education the physical
+aids--food, air, water, clothing and shelter, exercise and rest--and
+with this goal in view must come also recreation, play or amusement,
+and beauty to develop the mental and the spiritual. In relating our
+scheme of work to this ideal we will consider first the shelter.
+
+The children of ten or twelve years of age have passed the
+"make-believe" stage of play; they want the "real," but of their own
+kind and age. After little children have made and played with toys and
+foreshadowed the needs of the actual home, the time has come for the
+youth to have his demands, which are not yet the demands of man and
+manhood.
+
+At the Tuberculosis Congress, held in Washington in 1908, a sanatorium
+in England, which won a prize, presented among many good features a
+system of graded work with graded tools, almost childlike implements
+for the weak and unskilled, gradually advancing toward the normal as
+the strength and health of the man grew. So it should be with the
+material we should give to the children.
+
+After the toy age a house about two-thirds the ordinary sized house
+may be constructed. A room seven feet square is very livable for a
+child. Three rooms is a very good working plant--the kitchen and the
+bedroom, the dining and living room combined. Both boys and girls may
+cooperate in planning, building, and furnishing this home.
+
+The plan of a modern house may be drawn, basing it on the knowledge of
+house architecture through history, of the modification necessary to
+site through geography, and the knowledge that science has brought of
+drainage, ventilation, and construction. The house could be built by
+the manual training class, or if that is not feasible it may be built
+by one of the firms making portable houses. At all events, it can be
+painted by the children, and this will lead to lessons on color, the
+use of paint and its composition.
+
+While the "shelter" is being constructed the child must be considering
+at the same time the principles of caring for the home, for this would
+naturally influence the thought of furnishing. The simply furnished
+home means less physical exertion, but not less beauty. The home
+planned and executed on scientific principles of hygiene and
+sanitation means a healthful home, a much cleaner home.
+
+The shelter of the individual has been considered; now comes the
+immediate protection of the child--its clothing. It would not be quite
+practical in this little home to enter into the personal activities of
+bathing and dressing. A very large doll, approximating the child, may
+be used, one large enough so that it can wear boots, stockings, etc.,
+that are usually bought for the real child. Here can be taught also
+the lesson in wise spending.
+
+The right care of the body must be included among the necessities of
+education. The teaching of the principles of hygiene should be closely
+related to the lives of the children. Correct habits, not rules, are
+the proper prevention for all sorts of defects. To secure and maintain
+a healthy body, habits of cleanliness and enthusiasm for health must
+be inculcated. Such habits can be readily impressed on the body while
+it is plastic--that is, while it is young; but they are acquired only
+with difficulty and by much thought in after years. Hence there is the
+greatest economy of time and energy in accustoming young people to
+habits of daily living which will give them the best chance in after
+life--the chance to be "healthy, happy, efficient human beings." Most
+of the teaching must be by indirect methods--illustrations--and so the
+doll may be used again to demonstrate and relate facts about the daily
+life.
+
+An old Scotch writer once said, "He that would be good must be happy,
+and he that would be happy must be healthy." As has already been said,
+the great increase of disease from causes under individual control,
+such as that which is brought on by errors of diet, points to a need
+for a more general education in this respect. The food problem is
+fundamental to the welfare of the race. Society, to protect itself,
+must take cognizance of the questions of food and nutrition. It is
+necessary to give the child the right ideas on these subjects, for
+only then will there be sufficient effort to get the right kind of
+food and to have it clean. Right living goes further and demands the
+right manner of serving and eating the food. The home table should be
+the school of good manners and of good food habits of which the child
+ought not to be deprived.
+
+If all the foregoing principles have been developed, if the child has
+been led to see the joy of living through these home activities, he
+will consider the home the true shelter, the place where he can have
+the happiest play, the easiest rest, where he can study most
+earnestly, and express himself most honestly.
+
+And the parents, the fathers and mothers of children of the city? How
+far are we helping the city dwellers to take advantage of city life?
+The principles back of housekeeping are the same, the end the
+same--what are to be the means to stimulate the modern home-maker?
+Show the possibilities within reach of them; send the children home
+with ideas which the mother must consider.
+
+Education in pursuing the so-called "humanities" has been holding up
+to view a hypothetical man in a hypothetical environment.
+
+The pursuit of gold has not been hindered thereby, and has gone on
+without the restraints of education because of the complete detachment
+of ideals inculcated from the actual daily life where money meant
+personal pleasure and comfort for the time being.
+
+The power over things gained by a few students was utilized by money
+power to hasten all progress. Speed was the watchword. No one could
+stop to see what injury he had caused. "Get there," really seemed to
+be the motto. In this scramble for power the "purpose" for which life
+is lived has been lost sight of. No "worthy aim" has been impressed on
+the mind of the child.
+
+An awakening has come and the school is the leading factor in the
+upward movement. Education is coming to have a new meaning, or better,
+perhaps, is going back to the older meaning with new materials. No
+knowledge or power the youth may acquire will avail in real struggle
+for existence of the race without a definite aim to hold steady the
+eye fixed on a certain goal. This is a law of man's existence.
+
+The change in point of view has been growing like a root underground.
+It seems to have suddenly sent up shoots in every direction. In no
+line of thought has this change come more generally than in relation
+to the things youth should be taught. Himself and his relation to his
+environment are now to the front. Instead of extolling man as the lord
+of all created things, the youth is made to see that man unaided by
+scientific knowledge is at the mercy of Nature's forces; that man in
+crowds is sure to succumb unless he makes a strong effort to keep
+himself erect.
+
+Hence the boys are given manual training--power over wood and stone,
+steam and electricity; and are taught the principles of production of
+food and metals. The girls are being taught to distinguish values in
+textiles and food stuffs; to manage finances and to keep houses in a
+sanitary manner.
+
+It is the business of the higher education at once to apply the
+knowledge of preventive measures to its own students and through them
+to reach the people, but it has been very slow to take up the cause of
+better environment.
+
+In colleges there is still more emphasis laid on external works, such
+as water supply, drainage, etc., than on the more intimate hourly
+needs of fresh air and clean rooms. The halls, study rooms, and dining
+rooms of colleges are notoriously ill ventilated and not over clean.
+
+The senses are blunted at an age when they should be keenly
+sensitive. It is only within ten years or so that very many of the
+higher schools have made a point of indoor sanitation beyond plumbing
+provisions. Outdoor sports have been relied upon to give sufficient
+impetus to the health side of education.
+
+A new element has come into the State universities through the Home
+Economics courses, which have been steadily growing in favor during
+the last two decades. Within that time several buildings have been
+erected and equipped to teach the principles of sanitary and economic
+living both in institution, school, and family life.
+
+Probably no one movement has been so powerful as this in convincing
+educators of the efficiency of trained women as factors in sanitary
+progress. In no other direction is the outlook for social service
+greater. The woman must, however, be more than a willing worker; she
+must be educated in science as a foundation for sanitary work.
+
+Within the next few years the demand for trained women is sure far to
+exceed the supply, for the fundamental sciences are not to be acquired
+in one or two years.
+
+Young college women are even now realizing their mistake in neglecting
+the sciences. They assumed that science was not of practical use. They
+assumed that educational curricula were stable and would go on in the
+same lines forever.
+
+The high school is now fully awake to these vital factors. Some of the
+best buildings in the United States are the high school buildings,
+those of the West excelling those of the East. By 1911 nearly every
+school will have a course in Sanitary Science. It may be under the
+name of Home Economics, or of Camp Cookery, or of House Building, but
+the idea of better physical environment has already taken root. In the
+extension of school work by the employment of the school visitor to
+supplement the work of the teacher in the grade schools, in Parents'
+Associations, in Mothers' Clubs, in social endeavors on every side,
+there is coming the study of more special branches of sanitary
+science, clean air, clean floors, clean clothes--where once cooking
+lessons were the extent to which the workers could lead.
+
+Evolution has at last been accepted as applying to man as well as to
+animals. In his inaugural address, November, 1909, President H. J.
+Waters, of Kansas Agricultural College, said: "... for every dollar
+that goes into the fitting of a show herd of cattle or hogs, or into
+experiments in feeding domestic animals, there should be a like sum
+available for fundamental research in feeding men for the greatest
+efficiency.... We have millions for research in the realm of domestic
+animals and nothing for the application of science to the rearing of
+children."
+
+Evidence is not wanting that all this is to be speedily changed. Man
+has awakened to the fact that he is "the sickest beast alive" and that
+he has himself to blame, and, moreover, that it is within his power to
+change his condition and that speedily.
+
+After all, human life and effort are governed largely by the conscious
+or unconscious value put upon the varied elements that go to make up
+the daily round.
+
+It seems to be a universal law that effort must precede satisfaction,
+from the infant feeding to the man building up a successful business.
+The satisfaction grows in a measure as the effort was a prolonged or
+sustained one.
+
+Well-being is a product of effort and resulting satisfaction. The
+child without interest in work or play does not develop; the man with
+no stimulus walks through life as in a dream.
+
+The first steps in "civilizing" (?) a nation or tribe are to suggest
+_wants_--things to strive for. Struggle, with all its attendant evils,
+seems the lever that moves the world. It is therefore in line that
+health, and whatever favors it, is to be gained at the expense of
+struggle. The one necessary element is that men should value it enough
+to struggle for it.
+
+Sanitary science above all others, when applied, benefits the whole
+people, raises the level of productive life.
+
+In the rapid development of our civilization, the laboratory, the
+shop, the school can be the quickest mediums of suggesting wants.
+
+In an earlier chapter, the indifference to clean conditions, the
+ignorance of the means of obtaining pure food and clean air, were
+dwelt upon, and still later the need of _will_ to choose the right
+thing.
+
+Now we should consider the means of stimulating that choice. So far it
+has been chiefly exploitation for the personal gain of the
+manufacturer, who has persuaded the people to buy his product
+regardless of its economic or hygienic effect. Thrift has been
+undermined most subtly.
+
+"That's the secret of the whole situation we're talking about; it's
+easier to buy a new shirt than to take care of the one you've
+got."[15]
+
+    [15] Meredith Nicholson, Lords of High Decision, p. 133.
+
+All sense of values has been lost, so that with no sound basis choice
+is apt to be unwise, unsatisfactory, and is gradually dropped, while
+the individual drifts.
+
+No more effective agent for the dissemination of knowledge was ever
+devised than the American Public School. If only it would live up to
+its opportunities, its teachers could bring to its millions of
+receptive minds the best practice in daily living (never mind the
+theory for the children), and through the children reach the home,
+where the infants may be saved from the risks that the elders have
+run.
+
+To be effective, however, school conditions should be satisfactory,
+and teachers should be familiar with the best ways of living, or at
+least in active sympathy with the medical inspector and the school
+nurse.
+
+No more revolting revelations have ever been made than those usually
+locked in the hearts of these faithful servants of the people. How
+they can have courage to go on in face of parental and community
+indifference is a marvel. We shall consider in the next chapter how
+the average parent is to be aroused.
+
+But the leaders in educational and scientific thought--what of them?
+The school is the pride of the community and measures the progress of
+the community toward ideals. Alas, how is pride laid low in most
+public school buildings in the inability of most of the teachers to
+see the relations between mental stupidity and bad air.
+
+The awakening has begun, however, and thousands of teachers have
+responded and are urging authorities to burn more coal, to employ more
+help, to keep the house clean, to make it more beautiful, to make the
+curriculum more helpful, to make provision for good food to be
+purchased, and the hundred ways in which the school may be the most
+powerful civilizing factor the nation has. _But civilization must not
+spell disease and ruin._
+
+The economic factor must not be lost sight of. To tell the boy and
+girl that they are as good as any does not give them the right to the
+most expensive food and clothing they see. How shall they choose
+wisely in the multitude of new things? They wish the best, naturally,
+and all America is honeycombed with the wrong idea that the best costs
+the most. An Alaska Indian came into the store in Juneau one day to
+buy some canned peas. The storekeeper said, "I am out of the brand you
+want." "No peas?" asked the Indian. "No, only some small cans of
+French peas at forty cents a can. You don't want those." "Why not? Me
+want the best."
+
+The schools of domestic economy, the classes in all grade schools,
+will have to attack and conquer these prejudices as to values, or,
+rather, will need to substitute right estimates of value before our
+people will choose wisely in distributing their income, for that is
+what right living means. The division of the income according to the
+necessities of health and efficiency, not according to whim or selfish
+desire, is sometimes estimated as
+
+  20 to 25 per cent for rent
+  25 to 30 per cent for food
+  10 to 15 per cent for clothing
+
+This leaves only forty-five or thirty per cent for other things, and
+the pennies must be carefully counted to cover fuel, light,
+amusements, education, books, insurance, or investments. Something
+that the family would like must be left out--no matter what, providing
+only it does not injure their efficiency as wage-earners, as
+comfortable human beings.
+
+The sensation of comfort or satisfaction is so completely a psychic
+factor that the school training has a great chance to affect after
+life. The child can acquire the habit of being more comfortable in
+plain, washable, clean clothes, with clean hands, than in dirty,
+ragged furbelows. This habit once thoroughly acquired is not likely to
+be quickly lost. Provision for clean hands is a necessity in school,
+and ways of making a small amount of soap and water serve may also be
+taught. All the while, care is to be taken not to introduce
+unnecessarily expensive materials or to inculcate over-refined
+notions.
+
+Sound instruction as to dangers of transference of saliva, of nose
+discharge, etc., can be given without also giving the despair of
+impossible achievement.
+
+The teaching in the classes must have this practical bearing on daily
+life. It is insisted on here because unclean hands are the chief
+source of infectious disease.
+
+Instead of blaming water supplies, dusty streets, or even contagion by
+the breath, sanitarians are everywhere putting emphasis upon the
+actual contact of moist mucus with milk and other food, in preparation
+or in serving. It is not a supercilious notion to examine tumblers
+for finger marks, or to object to the habit of wetting the finger with
+saliva in turning leaves of books. These little unclean acts are the
+unconscious habits that cling to a person in spite of education from
+reading. The greatest service to be done today in improving the health
+of the community is in the application of the principles which may be
+summed up in the phrases--fresh air all the twenty-four hours, clean
+hands the livelong day, the free use of the handkerchief to protect
+from contamination of mouth and nose.
+
+All these small personal habits should be taught in the earliest
+months of life, _i. e._, in the home; but if the child reaches school
+untaught, then in defense of the whole community the school must
+insist upon teaching them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+     _Stimulative education for adults. Books, newspapers,
+     lectures, working models, museums, exhibits, moving
+     pictures._
+
+
+     The efficient sanitarian is not so great when he conquers a
+     raging epidemic as when he prevents an epidemic that might
+     have raged but for his preventive care, and for this result
+     his most continuous and effectual work is to
+     educate--educate--educate.
+
+     _Wm. H. Brewer, New Haven Health Association, 1905._
+
+
+     The essential fact in man's history to my sense is the slow
+     unfolding of a sense of community with his kind, of the
+     possibilities of cooperation leading to scarce-dreamt-of
+     collective powers, of a synthesis of the species, of the
+     development of a common general idea, a common general
+     purpose out of a present confusion.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, First and Last Things._
+
+
+     The great mass of the population is, indeed, at the present
+     time like clay which has hitherto been a mere deadening
+     influence underneath, but which this educational process,
+     like some drying and heating influence upon that clay, is
+     rendering resonant.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+     In a store an advertisement reads: "Any kind of tea you
+     prefer; no charge whatever."
+
+     She: "The women look so tired when they come in, and in ten
+     minutes they are so rested and refreshed."
+
+     He: "Ready to go home?"
+
+     She: "Why, no--ready to do some more shopping."
+
+     _Spectator, The Outlook, December 18, 1909._
+
+
+Something in motion and something to eat attract the crowd.
+
+The social worker is just beginning to realize what the manufacturer
+and the department storekeeper have long since found out.
+
+Why is it not legitimate to "attract a crowd," to do them a good
+service in showing them how to save money as well as in impelling them
+to spend it? It is wiser to _show how_ before explaining why.
+
+The force of example, the power of suggestion, should be used fully
+before coercion is applied. Exhibits and models come before law.
+
+The psychology of influence is an interesting study (see
+Muensterberg's article, _McClure's_, November, 1909). Its principles
+have been grasped and used by those who exploit human feelings for
+their own gain. The student of social conditions should make a wider
+and better use of a real force.
+
+Publicity is perhaps first. Exhibits showing existing conditions often
+shock people into attention, for it is inattention more than anything
+else that prevent betterment.
+
+It is said that "a knowledge of danger is the surest means of guarding
+against it," but this knowledge must be translated into belief and the
+danger be brought home to the individual as a member of the community.
+
+Exhibits may often suggest for existing evils simple remedies never
+thought of before. They should never suggest the one idea without the
+other. Even though the remedy is not worked out, it should be called
+for. America's inventive power may well be turned on its own social
+affairs as well as on adaptation of European machinery.
+
+The man considered in these pages is the man in community environment,
+and the discussion is as to what controls this community life. It will
+be acknowledged by all thoughtful persons that the prime control lies
+in the purpose for which the community exists. If for selfish gain,
+then all is sacrificed to that end. Men and women become mere machines
+and children are only in the way until they, too, may be put into the
+service.
+
+If it exists for mutual help and general advance in civilization, then
+the leaders in the community take into account the elements that
+contribute to the future as well as those for the immediate present.
+
+In the confusion of ideas resulting from the rapid, almost cancerous
+growth of the modern community, made possible by mechanical invention,
+the people have lost the power of visualizing their conception of
+right and wrong, a power which made the Puritan such a force in early
+colonial times. Heaven and hell were very real to him and were
+powerful factors in influencing his daily life. The average man today
+has no such spur to good behavior. Perhaps the sword of Damocles must
+be visualized by such exhibits as the going out of an electric light
+every time a man dies, by the ghastly microbe in the moving picture,
+by the highly colored print or by a vivid reproduction of crowded
+quarters. The social worker has been doubtful of the real value of
+such exhibits, but such reminders have their place in a community
+accustomed to the advertising of less worthy subjects.
+
+A decided recognition of the value of exhibits is found in the
+advertisement of a company: "We design and equip Exhibits on
+Tuberculosis, Milk, Civic Betterment, Dental Hygiene, Saner Fourth of
+July. Have you our catalogue?" Much of our educational work for the
+dissemination of useful knowledge would gain in power and directness
+from an adaptation of the methods of the man skilled in promoting
+commercial interests. He knows how to apply the right stimulus at the
+right time in order to arouse the desired interest.
+
+In many ways the adult is but the child of a larger growth, who needs
+something concrete to make him understand. And so have grown up the
+great industrial fairs and exhibitions. One comes away from these
+wondering that so much, both good and bad, is being prepared for him,
+and stimulated, usually, to work out certain suggestions and better
+many of the present conditions. Both the manufacturer and the consumer
+have been helped.
+
+Wherever it is possible, a working model illustrating the chief
+features to be explained should be installed. The expense of this kind
+of exhibit has in the past been prohibitive, and moreover the use of
+such "claptrap" has been frowned upon; but scientific knowledge is no
+longer to be held within the aristocratic circle of the university. It
+is to be brought within the reach of the man in the street, and to
+make up for the wasted years of seclusion experts now vie with each
+other in putting cause and effect not merely into words but into
+pictures, and even into motion pictures. The fly as a carrier of
+disease is now shown in all its busy and disgusting activity. The
+lesson of awakened attention by such means is being learned, and soon
+lessons in botany, in gardening, in housewifery, will be given through
+the eye, to be the better followed by the hand.
+
+Of all means, that product of man's ingenuity, the moving picture, is
+destined to play the greatest part in quick education. It is the
+quintessence of democracy.
+
+The extension movement in education is an evidence of a new social
+ideal. It is a true expression of democracy that the university and
+school can be utilized by the busy working people. Museums that at one
+time were only for the educated who by previous training could
+understand them now assume as a privilege the educating of all the
+people. Schools of art and science, also, through lectures, bulletins,
+guides, and special exhibits, extend a generous welcome to the public.
+
+The citizens ought to be a gladder, sadder people, stirred and
+delighted and grateful for much that the city affords; sad and shocked
+by some of the forbidding, existing conditions. That is the power of
+an exhibit, so to visualize a condition that the mind really
+conceives it, never again to recover from the shock, to be unmindful
+of such possibilities of degraded existence for human beings.
+
+The influence of these great expositions is of a most subtle kind, not
+often to be traced, but there is a noticeable change in the estimation
+in which Home Economics is held dating from the time of the Mary
+Lowell Stone Home Economics Exhibit held at the Exposition in St.
+Louis in 1905. This illustrated the application of modern knowledge to
+home life, chiefly in economic and aesthetic lines, all bearing upon
+the health and efficiency of the people. The Chicago Exposition in
+1893 had its Rumford Kitchen, an exhibit under the auspices of the
+State of Massachusetts. This practical illustration of scientific
+principles modified the ideas of the world as to the place and
+importance of cookery in education. Indeed, there seemed a distinct
+danger that other lines would be neglected, so that when the
+Exposition at St. Louis was determined upon this legacy of fifteen
+years before was drawn upon to show the wide scope of the subject as
+it had been developed.
+
+Boards of Health might pave the way for a better understanding of
+their rules and regulations if they would have temporary exhibits in
+public places of some of the conditions known to them but unsuspected
+by the average citizen and taxpayer.
+
+Traveling exhibits may show local and temporary conditions and may
+call attention to needs demanding immediate remedy--with the remedy
+suggested.
+
+Permanent exhibits in museums should, on the other hand, teach a
+deeper lesson. They should always be constructive and should be
+replaced when the conditions have changed. The modern idea of a museum
+is a series of adjustable exhibits with distinct suggestive purpose.
+Such are found in the Town Room, 3 Joy Street, Boston, the Social
+Museum, Harvard College, the American Museum of Safety, and the
+Sanitary Science Section, American Museum of Natural History, New
+York.
+
+The distribution of the printed word has become so universal that it
+would seem as if every family might be influenced by it; but the
+scientific title, or the size of the book, or the scientific terms
+seem forbidding, and so the whole question is thrust aside.
+
+In the past, newspaper science was largely discounted as sensational
+and only one-tenth fact. Scientific workers were largely to blame for
+this. They could not take the time to explain the meaning of their
+work, and the few things they were ready to say were worked over out
+of all semblance to truth by the writer who must have a "story" and
+who had not the training in "suspension of judgment" which the
+scientific investigator knows to be necessary.
+
+There is no concern of human life that cannot be made interesting, and
+the magazine writers of today understand that art. Read the newspaper
+and the world is yours. It is all things to all men. The popularizing
+of knowledge is now proceeding on somewhat better lines.
+Intermediaries between the laboratory and the people are springing up
+to interpret the one to the other. This work is good or bad according
+to the individual writer. Most of it is still too superficial. Here is
+one of the most fertile fields for the educated woman, since the
+evils of which we complain have to do so intimately with woman's
+province, the home and the school. There is hope that the trained,
+scientific woman will take her place as interpreter. Her practical
+sense will give her an advantage over the young man who has never
+known other home than a boarding house.
+
+But the expert knows that the man of "practical affairs" wants and
+needs certain knowledge, and so seeks another way. Our Federal
+government, through the departments of Agriculture and Education; the
+State Boards of Health; the educational institutions, have with care
+and accuracy formulated this knowledge and are sending to the people,
+in the form of bulletins meeting their interest and requirements,
+knowledge in concise and readable form, and so most valuable. More
+than five hundred thousand copies of Miss Maria Parloa's bulletin on
+Preserving have been distributed by the Department of Agriculture.
+
+These efforts by both men and women have meant independent scientific
+research, which is often the only available knowledge for the
+housekeeper. It is bringing to them in their "business" of life the
+same help that the men on the farm and elsewhere are receiving in
+theirs.
+
+But the written word, however clearly put, can never reach the
+untrained as can the voice and personality of an earnest speaker with
+a compelling vitality. Lectures by those who have been engaged in
+research themselves, so that they have absorbed the spirit of the
+laboratory--not by those who have merely smelled the odors of the
+waste jars--are ten times more valuable than even the most
+attractively illustrated articles. It is well that the personality of
+the human being is an asset, and that there is a stimulus in hearing
+and seeing the person who has accomplished things. There is always a
+power in the spoken word. The government, with its public lectures,
+recognizes this as well as the private organization, and today
+ignorance is necessarily due only to indifference.
+
+Illustrated lectures followed by literature are of inestimable value
+if rightly and not sensationally given. Even then, the seed must have
+time to sprout.
+
+Man has reached his present stage of civilization, however we regard
+it, by an incessant warfare against adverse conditions. Enemies, man
+and beast, surrounded him; mountains and rivers obstructed his
+passage; fire and flood swept away his dwellings; but ever onward the
+inward impulse has carried him.
+
+It is interesting to see how the same vocabulary is transferred to the
+warfare for social betterment, "campaign," "warfare," "battle,"
+"fight," "weapon," "corps," "army." And the fight to be won can only
+come through knowledge, its dissemination and then its application.
+
+Publicity today means cooperation and democracy--all to help, all to
+be helped.
+
+All the foregoing methods should be used in these campaigns for
+health, with the dictum, "Man, know thyself."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+    _Both child and adult to be protected from their own
+    ignorance. Educative value of law and of fines for
+    disobedience. Compulsory sanitation by municipal, state, and
+    federal regulations. Instructive inspection._
+
+
+     The strength of the State is the sum of all the effective
+     people.
+
+     _Dr. Edward Jarvis, Massachusetts State Board of Health, 1874._
+
+
+     When the Americans took charge of Bilibid Prison in Manila
+     the death rate was 238 per 1,000 per year: by improving
+     sanitary conditions, this death rate was reduced to about 75
+     per 1,000: here it remained stationary until it was
+     discovered that a very high percentage of the prisoners were
+     infected with hookworms and other intestinal parasites: then
+     a systematic campaign was inaugurated to expel these worms,
+     and when this was done the death rate fell to 13.5 per 1,000.
+
+     _C. W. Stiles._
+
+
+     So the duties and responsibilities of a Health Department
+     are not only changed, but they are very greatly increased
+     and are constantly increasing. And on broad lines to cause
+     the citizen to do the things he can and ought to do, and
+     then to do for him the things that he cannot do, but which
+     should be done, is the duty of the State, and that, being
+     interpreted, means the real prevention of disease.
+
+     _Eugene H. Porter, Report, New York State Department of
+     Health, 1909._
+
+
+     The whole difference of modern scientific research from that
+     of the Middle Ages, the secret of its immense successes,
+     lies in its collective character, in the fact that every
+     fruitful experiment is published, every new discovery of
+     relationships explained. In a sense, scientific research is
+     a triumph over natural instinct, over that mean instinct
+     that makes men secretive.
+
+     _H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old._
+
+
+     Public or governmental hygiene has been chiefly concerned
+     with pure air and pure food, and with organisms producing
+     epidemic diseases. Boards of health are a recent invention,
+     and in this country they have as yet been only imperfectly
+     developed. They can never become the power they should be
+     until, first, public opinion better realizes their
+     usefulness and the fact that their cost to the taxpayer is
+     saved many times over by the prevention of death and
+     disease; second, more and better health legislation is
+     enacted--national, state, and municipal; and, third, special
+     training is secured for what is really a new profession,
+     that of a public health officer.
+
+     _Report on National Vitality._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+LEGISLATIVE COMPULSION
+
+
+Government is delegated to persons specially set apart for the
+oversight of the people's welfare.
+
+Personal conduct was free from such delegated power in the Anglo-Saxon
+thought. The Englishman's house was his castle inviolate. This was
+especially true of the early American settlers. Laws interfering with
+personal liberty, a man's right to drink tea, to punish his own
+children, to beat his own wife, to keep his own muck-heap, have been
+deeply resented by the American citizen. Each step in the protection
+of his neighbor has been taken only by a struggle extending the common
+law of nuisance to a variety of conditions.
+
+The protection of the man against himself, and of his wife and child
+against his ignorance or greed, is one of the twentieth century tasks
+yet hardly begun.
+
+The control of man's environment for his own good as a function of
+government is a comparatively new idea in republican democracy. The
+cry of paternalism is quickly raised, on the one hand, of socialism,
+on the other. Each gain has been at the cost of a hard-fought battle.
+But it is certain that the individual must delegate more or less of
+his so-called rights for the sake of the race, and since the only
+excuse for the existence of the individual is the race, he must so far
+relinquish his authority.
+
+It is a part of the urban trend that the will of the man, of the head
+of the family, should be superseded by that of the community, city,
+state, nation.
+
+Even though all the agencies for the education of both young people
+and adults that have been discussed in the preceding chapters were set
+in motion at once, there would still remain many thousands in township
+and city untouched by these forces, or so touched as to arouse
+rebellion against such novel notions.
+
+Only the child can be educated to acquire habits of right living so
+perfectly that the suitable action takes place unconsciously. Twenty
+years hence these trained children will be the chief citizens of the
+republic, the leaders of public opinion. Today, however, less gentle
+means, less gradual processes, must be used in order that these
+children may have a chance to grow up.
+
+In the social republic, the child as a future citizen is an asset of
+the state, not the property of its parents. Hence its welfare is a
+direct concern of the state. Preventive medicine is in this sense
+truly State Medicine, and means protection of the people from their
+own ignorance.
+
+In the laws made with this end in view lies one of the greatest
+educative agencies known. We have referred in the last chapter to the
+need of drawing attention to defects and dangers in order that people
+may know what the results of their careless ways may be. No surer way
+has been found to fix attention than to attempt to enforce a law or
+collect a fine for disobedience of it. A marked illustration of this
+truth is given in the case of the ordinance against spitting in street
+cars. In many cities a notice was posted in each car--usually with
+little effect. In some a fine of five dollars was added, with little
+more result. Boston was one of the first cities to pass an ordinance,
+and it accompanied the law with a fine of one hundred dollars. This
+compelled attention--a sum which represented to the workman more than
+his yearly savings, more than any single expenditure. To the business
+man, even, it was a sum not to be lightly dropped on a filthy car
+floor. This mere statement of the value of cleanness made an almost
+instantaneous change in the habits of thousands. Within two days the
+car floors became practically free without a single fine being
+collected within that time, as far as the author is aware.
+
+The law imposing fines for neglect of removal of garbage or of
+screening stables must be occasionally enforced in order to express
+degree of disapproval. A petty fine is of little use.
+
+Conditions of motion, of rapid intermingling of distant populations--a
+thousand miles in a day is now possible--make national control a
+necessity. It is proved that quick results may be gained in saving
+lives and property by that prompt and thorough action which
+well-equipped Federal forces alone possess. The stamping out of yellow
+fever in Cuba, the redemption of Panama, the suppression of sporadic
+outbreaks at New Orleans, the quick response to a discovery, as in the
+cases of pellagra and the hookworm--all these show what a thoroughly
+alive government may do.
+
+It is no disgrace to an individual or a city to have the national
+laboratory make discoveries, to have the national power put down
+epidemics, as it does civil rebellion, for the good of the whole
+nation. It is disgraceful, however, for the citizen to remain
+indifferent or obstructive, to grumble over the cost. The indifference
+of the people themselves is today almost the only stumbling block to
+national prosperity.
+
+The time lost to the average worker by inefficient labor is a drain on
+the community largely avoidable, and is the cause of that other drain
+on the moral as well as physical vitality--charity.
+
+Preventive medicine is a science by itself, a combination of social
+and scientific forces guided by research quickly applied, and it must
+be accepted and upheld by those whom it benefits, namely, all the
+citizens. The nation is in many cases the only power strong enough to
+command confidence, and in the combination of government effort an
+international science of human welfare is bound to be evolved.
+
+It is a waste of effort for each state to prepare a fly pamphlet. The
+correctness of a Government Bulletin would give an added value as well
+as the rapidity of circulation. The bulletins of the Agricultural
+Department are an example.
+
+The Weather Service, with its quick notifications, shows what a health
+service might do. A monthly or weekly _health chart_ would give the
+best and worst spots.
+
+Precautions really workable might be furnished the Associated Press.
+
+In short, system and science might be put at the service of the local
+health officer, of the traveler, and even of the housewife.
+
+The Library of Congress now furnishes cards in duplicate to a large
+number of centers, thus saving time to the investigator and giving
+information often not otherwise obtainable.
+
+The Farmers' Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture are also most
+valuable to the people who are in search of help. Such agencies might
+be extended without fear of trespass on any existing agencies.
+
+Just as the individual, if he is to do and be his best, accepts his
+limitations, obeys Nature's law, and thrives in body and estate in
+consequence, and as the community banding together makes and carries
+out with penalties for deviation certain regulations for mutual
+benefit, so must the still larger groups--the state and the
+nation--use their larger wisdom and wider knowledge for the benefit of
+all. The individual should recognize the value to himself of this more
+complete investigation, and instead of raising the cry of paternalism
+and national interference, should welcome all aids to increased
+efficiency.
+
+State hygiene is necessary to supplement municipal hygiene. Often the
+rural district has no other hygiene, and the city and the country are
+interdependent, the city dependent upon the country for its water,
+milk, and other supplies.
+
+Almost all the states are alive to the importance of milk inspection.
+As early as 1869 in Massachusetts, Dr. Bowditch called the Board of
+Health "The State Medicine," and quotes from Dr. Farr: "How out of the
+_existing_ seed to raise races of men to divine perfection is the
+final problem of public medicine." That is the function of all boards
+of health. If factories are incorporated under state laws, they must
+also be governed by the state regulations for health.
+
+Here in America we are always locking the stable door after the horse
+has been stolen. Not until many "accidents" had occurred in the use of
+antitoxins did Congress pass an act (1902) regulating the manufacture
+and interstate sale of the viruses, serums, toxins, etc. The
+supervision and control were vested in the Secretary of the Treasury
+through the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. Previous to
+April 1, 1905, there was no official standard for measuring the
+strength of diphtheria antitoxin. Previous to October 25, 1907, there
+were as many units or standards for tetanus antitoxin as there were
+producers. One was labeled "6,000,000 units per c.c." and another
+"0.75 unit per c.c.," while, according to official standard, the first
+had only 90 and the latter 770.
+
+The point to be made is that however faulty an official or Federal
+standard for sanitary devices may be, it is a standard, and so is of
+service in protecting the people, especially those away from active
+centers of research.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+    _There is responsibility as well as opportunity. The
+    housewife an important factor and an economic force in
+    improving the national health and increasing the national
+    wealth._
+
+
+     It would indeed seem that opposition to woman's
+     participation in the totality of life is a romantic
+     subterfuge, resting not so much on belief in the disability
+     of woman as on the disposition of man to appropriate
+     conspicuous and pleasurable objects for his sole use and
+     ornamentation. "A little thing, but all mine own," was one
+     of the remarks of Achilles to Agamemnon in their quarrel
+     over the two maidens, and it contains the secret of man's
+     world-old disposition to overlook the _intrinsic_ worth of
+     woman.
+
+     _W. I. Thomas, Women and Their Occupations, American Magazine,
+     October, 1909._
+
+
+     The president of the British Medical Association about 1892
+     said, "I wish to impress it upon you that the whole future
+     progress of sanitary movement rests, for its permanent and
+     executive support, upon the women of our land."
+
+     In a letter to Madame Bodichon, dated April 6, 1868, George
+     Eliot writes: "What I should like to be sure of as a result
+     of higher education for women--a result that will come to
+     pass over my grave--is their recognition of the great amount
+     of social _unproductive_ labor which needs to be done by
+     women, and which is now either not done at all or done
+     wretchedly."
+
+     _Quoted by Mrs. Nixon in a paper before the Conference of Women
+     Workers in England, 1904._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+WOMAN'S RESPONSIBILITY
+
+
+There are about 40,000,000 women and girls in the United States. About
+14,000,000 live in the country and have a direct and compelling power
+over the life of the community.
+
+In rural agricultural districts the home-keeper is the provider. She
+practically requisitions from farm and garden what she deems necessary
+for the family table. To an extent she makes the clothing and sews the
+house linen. She also exchanges her perquisites, egg money, perhaps,
+for furniture and ornaments. The itinerant peddler brings the world's
+wares to her door; the mail-order houses do the rest.
+
+"The ideal home is a social and cooperative society in which all of
+its members unite their efforts for the common good. This ideal is
+realized most nearly in the country home, where even the smallest
+child has opportunity to be and generally is a contributor to the
+family support. It has come to be a recognized fact that boys and
+girls, healthy, industrious, frugal, capable, intelligent,
+self-supporting, cheerful, and patriotic, abound in country homes, and
+that the prevalence there of these high qualities is largely due to
+the family life, which requires each individual from his earliest
+years to bear his proportionate share in providing for the maintenance
+of the home. By bringing within the reach of the country people
+educational advantages suited to their needs, rural life becomes more
+attractive, country homes are multiplied, and the valuable qualities
+which these homes develop become the possession of a correspondingly
+larger number of the citizenship of the state."[16]
+
+    [16] I. H. Hamilton, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular 85.
+
+The government has recognized the need and the possibilities of
+meeting it in the recognition it has given to Farmers' Institutes for
+women, in which, by lectures, demonstration, and short winter courses
+at the colleges, the interest of the woman in her occupation is
+aroused. She is not only given help in details of her daily work, but
+she is shown how much the efficiency of the farm life depends upon her
+capability and intelligence. She is encouraged in the using of all
+mechanical and scientific appliances, is introduced to the means of
+mental growth; but, best of all, she is given the stimulus of social
+recognition. In the year 1908 there were held 832 such meetings in the
+several states. In the year 1910 the number will be nearly or quite
+doubled.
+
+In no other form of society is the power of the woman for good or ill
+so paramount as in rural life, in no other mode of living is the
+family so much at her mercy.
+
+In suburban and city life the family can in a measure escape from
+insufficient care and uncomfortable conditions. That they do so
+escape, any student of social tendencies will testify. The great
+increase of restaurants, of clubs and hotels of all grades, shows one
+phase of the unattractiveness of home life. The city woman is only
+half a housekeeper; she has only one-eighth of a house as compared
+with her rural sister. Her control is therefore curtailed until she
+feels her helplessness in the hands of her landlord. She sighs and
+turns to other interests. To her must be brought the knowledge of her
+power as a social factor if she will but use the knowledge she can
+easily gain.
+
+The city woman has amused herself because she has seen nothing better
+to do with her time. The utilization of her ability is all that is
+needed to regenerate city life. Without it all efforts will prove
+fruitless. Education of all women in the principles of sanitary
+science is the key to race progress in the twentieth century.
+
+As an economic factor, the influence of the housewife is of the
+greatest moment. Production on the farm is only one phase. The city
+and suburban dweller is a buyer, not a producer. In suburban and city
+life the housekeeper has more temptations to buy needless articles,
+food out of season, to go often to the shops, especially on bargain
+days. She thinks her taste is educated, when it is only aroused to
+notice what others like. She is led to strive after effects without
+knowing how to attain them. It has been estimated by advertising
+experts that ninety per cent of the purchases of the community are
+determined by women, not always according to their judgment, but by a
+suppression of it. Woman is made to think that she must buy certain
+lines of goods. The power of suggestion has been referred to in a
+preceding chapter.
+
+When civilization, as it is called, persuaded woman to give up
+manufacture and to become a buyer, the first step in the
+disintegration of the home as a center of information, as well as of
+industry, was taken. The housewife and mother were made to look to the
+dealer, and thus to feel their helplessness. This sense of ignorance,
+this subconscious loss of power over things, only increased the effect
+of that fatalism which the control of machinery was leading man out
+from under.
+
+It is barely fifty years since woman began to ask questions and insist
+upon knowing, to claim freedom of movement, a chance to breathe. The
+time between has been a time of plowed fields, often muddy, usually
+stony, but the furrows are turning green and the harvest will prove
+the wisdom of the plowing.
+
+Woman had to struggle for right to private judgment and public action.
+Some pioneers had to enter the field of research, of investigation, in
+order that they might call to those below that the way was open. This
+vast company, which has been nearly untouched by the scientific
+spirit, was warned off the field of investigation, and society is
+paying the penalty of its own blindness.
+
+In the very field where applied science can most serve human welfare,
+scarecrows have been set up most prominently. Not until society avails
+itself of those qualities of mind sorely needed in the field of
+sanitary science, patient attention to detail, strong, practical sense
+directed by a profound interest in the subject, will it begin to show
+what height it is capable of scaling.
+
+The intrusting of so many great fortunes to women shows an increasing
+confidence in their judgment of social needs. It shows that woman's
+education has passed the selfish stage, that it has given a wider
+vision of the whole horizon.
+
+It may be said without fear of contradiction that the future
+well-being of society is largely in the hands of woman. What will she
+do with it? Responsibility is always sobering.
+
+Let her once realize her position and woman will rise to the task.
+Instances are not wanting of groups attacking scientific and
+administrative problems in the true spirit, without sentimental
+charity, to which in the past women have been prone.
+
+If civic authorities felt that women's leagues were informed bodies of
+women whose suggestions they would make no error in adopting, more
+legislation could be effected. Too often city councils are approached
+by those who favor some whim or fad, and so ALL women's demands are
+classed together. Much harm has been done to the cause by indiscreet,
+pushing women with only a glimmer of knowledge. The question is not
+WOMAN, but ability and women. It is better, as a rule, to work out
+ideas through existing organizations.
+
+All the problems of environment which we have been considering would
+be solved in half the time, yes, in one-quarter, if all housewives
+would combine in carrying out the knowledge which some of them have
+and which all may have.
+
+Infant mortality is controllable through the training of the mother
+and nurse. Unsanitary houses are the results of careless housekeeping,
+usually a product of apathetic fatalism. Landlords assume that the
+woman will submit. When she has a woman sanitary inspector to appeal
+to, matters will take on a different aspect.
+
+Unsanitary alleys exist because the abutters do not complain loudly
+enough to the right authorities. Dirty markets have been so long
+tolerated because women buyers carried the same fatalism to the
+stalls--"what is, has to be."
+
+Society is only just beginning to realize that it has at its command
+today for its own regeneration a great unused force in its army of
+housewives, teachers, mothers, conscious of power but uncertain how to
+use it. Perhaps the most progressive movement of the times is one led
+by women who see clearly that cleanness is above charity, that moral
+support must be given to those who know but do not dare to do right,
+and that knowledge must be brought to the ignorant. Nothing can stop
+this most notable progress but a relapse into apathy and fatalism of
+the vast army of women now being enlisted to fight disease.
+
+The opportunity has come, the responsibility is woman's hereafter. No
+one can take it from her; she has knowledge. The door has opened, she
+has taken the weapons in hand, is learning to use them. Will she
+falter on the eve of victory simply because it involves some sacrifice
+of prejudice or tradition? Must she not boldly accept the twentieth
+century challenge and fight her way to victory, even at some aesthetic
+sacrifice? In another hundred years, then, Euthenics may give place to
+Eugenics, and the better race of men become an actuality.
+
+The keeping of the house, the laundry work, the cleaning, the cooking,
+the daily oversight, must have for its conscious end the welfare of
+the family. It cannot be done without labor, but the labor in this as
+in any process may be lightened by thought and by machinery.
+
+Knowledge of labor-saving appliances is today everywhere demanded of
+the successful establishment EXCEPT of the family home. Is it not time
+that it came in for its share? If the housewife would use wisely the
+information at her hand today, it is safe to say that in six cases out
+of ten she could cut in half the housekeeping budget and double the
+comfort of living.
+
+As conditions are, the twentieth century sees a strange
+phenomenon--the most vital of all processes, the raising of children,
+carried on under adverse conditions; human labor and life being held
+of as little account as in the days of building the pyramids.
+
+Women may be trained to become the economic leaders in the body
+politic. It is doubtful if life will be anything but wasteful until
+they are trained to realize their responsibility.
+
+The housewife was told that she must stay at home and do her work.
+This was preached _at_ her, written _at_ her, but no one of them all,
+save, perhaps, the Englishmen Lecky and H. G. Wells, saw the problem
+in its social significance, saw that the work of home-making in this
+engineering age must be worked out on engineering principles, and with
+the cooperation of both trained men and trained women. The mechanical
+setting of life is become an important factor, and this new impulse
+which is showing itself so clearly today for the modified construction
+and operation of the family home is the final crown or seal of the
+conquest of the last stronghold of conservatism, the home-keeper.
+
+Tomorrow, if not today, the woman who is to be really mistress of her
+house must be an engineer, so far as to be able to understand the use
+of machines and to believe what she is told. Your ham-and-eggs woman
+was of the old type, now gone by in the fight for the right to think.
+
+The emergence from the primitive condition was slow because the few of
+us who did show our heads were beaten down and told we did not know.
+It has required many college women (from some 50,000 college women
+graduates) to build and run houses and families successfully, here one
+and there another, until the barrel of flour has been leavened.
+Society _is_ being reorganized, not in sudden, explosive ways, but
+underneath all the froth and foam the yeast has been working. The
+world is going to the bad only if one believes that material progress
+is bad. If we can see the new heaven and the new earth in it, then we
+may have faith in the future.
+
+The human elements of love and sacrifice, of foresight and of faith,
+are going to persist, and any apparent upheaval is only because of
+settling down into a more solid condition, a readjustment to
+circumstances. As Caroline Hunt has said[17]: "We may disregard the
+popular fear that the home will finally take upon itself the
+characteristics of a public institution.... Human intelligence, which
+suits means to ends, and which is ever coming to the aid of human
+affection, will prevent that. So long as affection lasts it will seek
+satisfactory expression in home life, and so long as intelligence
+endures it will stand in the way of the extension of the borders of
+the home beyond the possibilities of the mutual helpfulness to its
+members."
+
+    [17] Home Problems from a New Standpoint, p. 140.
+
+The persistent efforts of the farsighted to secure a place in
+education for the subjects fundamental to the modern home are now
+respectfully listened to.
+
+It is, perhaps, not strange that the first successes in modern
+housekeeping were gained in public institutions, for there accounts
+were kept and saving told. When one hospital saved $12,000 in one year
+by an expenditure of $2,000 for a trained woman, trustees began to
+take notice. When large state institutions were reorganized and made
+over from unsavory scandals into reputable and life-saving
+establishments, even legislators took notice. The trained woman
+superintendent proved not only more competent but less affected by
+perquisites.
+
+(I do not vouch for the universal maintenance of this high standard
+when women managers have had longer experience; but so far conscience
+and sterling integrity have been attributes of all my expert women,
+even if they have now and then disappointed me in endurance or in
+ability. Is not this a fact of great social significance?)
+
+It is universally conceded today, only a few willfully blind or
+croaking pessimists dissenting, that home-keeping under modern
+conditions requires a knowledge of conditions and a power of control
+of persons and machines obtained only through education or through
+bitter experience, and that education is the less costly.
+
+When social conditions become adjusted to the new order, it will be
+seen how much gain in power the community has made, how much better
+worth the people are. Have faith in the working out of the destiny of
+the race; be ready to accept the unaccustomed, to use the radium of
+social progress to cure the ulcers of the old friction. What if a few
+mistakes are made? How else shall the truth be learned? Try all things
+and hold fast that which is good.
+
+The Home Economics Movement is an endeavor to hold the home and the
+welfare of children from slipping over the cliff by a knowledge which
+will bring courage to combat the destructive tendencies. Is not one of
+the distinctive features of our age a forcible overcoming of the
+natural trend of things? If a river is by natural law wearing away
+its bank in a place we wish to keep, do we sit down and moan and say
+it is sad, but we cannot help it? No, that attitude belonged to the
+Middle Ages. We say, Hold fast, we cannot have that; and we cement the
+sides and confine or turn the river.
+
+The ancient cities whose ruins are now being explored in Asia seem to
+have been abandoned because of failure of the water supply as the
+earth became desiccated; so was the home of our own Zunis. Does such a
+possibility stop us? No, we bring water from hundreds of miles. Will
+man, who has gained such control over nature, sit down before his own
+problems and say, "What am I going to do about it?"
+
+What if the apparent motion is toward cells to sleep in, and clubs to
+play bridge in, and amusements for evenings, and a strenuous business
+life, run on piratical principles, into which the women are drawn as
+decoy ducks? Because this _is_, is it going to be, as soon as a good
+proportion of the thinking people stand face to face with the
+problem? I believe it is possible to solve the problem, but only if
+the aid of scientifically trained women is brought into service to
+work in harmony with the engineer who has already accomplished so
+much.
+
+Household engineering is the great need for material welfare, and
+social engineering for moral and ethical well-being. What else does
+this persistent forcing of scientific training to the front mean? If
+the State is to have good citizens, productive human beings, it must
+provide for the teaching of the essentials to those who are to become
+the parents of the next generation. No state can thrive while its
+citizens waste their resources of health, bodily energy, time and
+brain power, any more than a nation may prosper that wastes its
+natural resources.
+
+The teaching of domestic economy in the elementary school and home
+economics in the higher is intended to give the people a sense of
+_control_ over their _environment_ and to avert a panic as to the
+future.
+
+The economics of consumption, including as it does the ethics of
+spending, must have a place in our higher education, preceded in
+earlier grades by manual dexterity and scientific information, which
+will lead to true economy in the use of time, energy, and money in the
+home life of the land. Education is obliged to take cognizance of the
+need, because the ideal American homestead, that place of busy
+industry, with occupation for the dozen children, no longer exists.
+Gone out of it are the industries, gone out of it are ten of the
+children, gone out of it in large measure is that sense of moral and
+religious responsibility which was the keystone of the whole.
+
+The methods of work imposed by housing conditions are wasteful of
+time, energy, and money, and the people are restive, they know not
+why. As was said earlier, shelter was found by early students of
+social conditions to be most in need of remedy, so we see that
+
+"In the first place the state is beginning to offer positive aid to
+secure a suitable home for each family. A communistic habitation
+forces the members of a family to conform insensibly to communistic
+modes of thought. Paul Goehre, in his keen observations printed in
+'Three Months in a German Workshop,' interpreted this tendency in all
+clearness. The architecture of a city tenement house is to blame for
+the silent but certain transformation of the home into a sty. Instead
+of accepting this condition as inevitable, like a law of nature, and
+accepting its consequences, all experience demands of those who
+believe in the monogamic family, that they make a united and
+persistent fight on the evil which threatens the slowly acquired
+qualities secured in the highest form of the family. It would be
+unworthy of us to permit a great part of a modern population to
+descend again to the animal level from which the race has ascended
+only through aeons of struggle and difficulty. When we remember that
+very much, perhaps most of the progress has been dearly purchased at
+the cost of women, by the appeal of her weakness and need and
+motherhood, we must all the more firmly resolve not to yield the field
+to a temporary effect of a needless result of neglect and avarice. As
+the evil conditions are merely the work of unwise and untaught
+communities, the cure will come from education of the same
+communities in wisdom and science and duty. What man has marred, man
+can make better."[18]
+
+    [18] C. R. Henderson, Proceedings Lake Placid Conference, 1902.
+
+It is not impossible to furnish a decent habitation for every
+productive laborer in all our great cities. Many really humane people
+are overawed by the authority, the pompous and powerful assertions of
+"successful" men of affairs; and they often sleep while such men are
+forming secret conspiracies against national health and morality with
+the aid of legal talent hired to kill. Only when the social mind and
+conscience is educated and the entire community becomes intelligent
+and alert can legislation be secured which places all competitors on a
+level where humanity is possible.
+
+Here, again, the monogamic family is the social interest at stake. It
+is a conflict for altars and fires. We are told that all these results
+are the effect of a natural, uniform tendency in the progress of the
+business world, and that it is useless to combat it. Professor
+Henderson reminds us that tendency to uniformity revealed by
+statistics may be reversed when resolute men and women, possessed of
+higher ideals, unite to resist it. Jacob A. Riis holds that these
+evils are not by a decree of fate, but are the result of positive
+wrong, and he dedicates his "Ten Years' War" as follows--"to the
+faint-hearted and those of little faith."
+
+In like manner we call today for more faith in a way out of the slough
+of despond, more resolute endeavor to improve social and economic
+conditions. We beg the leaders of public opinion to pause before they
+condemn the efforts making to teach those means of social control
+which may build yet again a home life that will prove the nursery of
+good citizens and of efficient men and women with a sense of
+responsibility to God and man for the use they make of their lives.
+
+
+
+
+INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION
+
+     Mrs. Richards intended to embody the following material in
+     Chapter VIII of the second edition. Because of her death it
+     has seemed best to add it as an appendix.
+
+     WHITCOMB AND BARROWS.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+INSTRUCTIVE INSPECTION[19]
+
+    [19] Read before the American Public Health Association at
+    Richmond, Va., October, 1909.
+
+
+The checking of wastes of all description is much in the air, but
+there is less discussion about WASTE OF EFFORT than might be expected.
+Yet effort means time, and saving of time saves lives as well as
+money.
+
+Nearly every investigation of sanitary evils leads back to the family
+home (or the lack of one), and a great deal of the health authorities'
+work is saving at the spigot while there is a hundred times the waste
+at the bunghole. The medical inspection of the schools was found to
+have little effect without the visiting school nurse, for the parents
+did not know how to better conditions and in the majority of cases did
+not believe in the need.
+
+Such experience should give the health authorities a cue. Rules and
+Regulations should be enforced, but enforced with instruction as to
+the means of doing. The WHY is not so easily understood as the student
+of sanitary science seems to think. Germs and microbes are empty air
+to the street urchins until they have been shown on a screen in a
+lecture hall or until cultures have been made in the sight of the
+children in a schoolroom. One whole school district of intelligent
+parents was converted, many years ago, by giving the children in one
+class two Petri dishes each with sterile prepared gelatine, with
+directions to open one in the sitting room while it was being swept,
+and two hours after the room had been thoroughly dusted to open the
+other in the same place for the same time. These "dust gardens," as
+the children called them, "took the place of the family album" for
+callers, and spread knowledge.
+
+Hundreds of similar experiences should convince any intelligent,
+earnest Board of Health that a teacher by nature or training should be
+in their employ, to be sent WITH POWER, like any other inspector,
+wherever ignorance--usually diagnosed as stubbornness--is found.
+
+The health officer whose mother was a good housekeeper, not afraid of
+work, has no idea of the attitude of half the housewives of his
+district. Having been made as a boy "to get the dustpan and brush and
+sweep up his whittlings," he does not realize that these houses in the
+tenement district have no dustpans, and that no one would bend his
+back to sweep up litter if there were. It is all swept into the alley
+or the street. Cheap, long-handled dustpans would be valuable sanitary
+implements. As has been elsewhere suggested, the garbage question in
+the tenement house needs study and must be solved by a practical
+housewife. There are such, and Boards of Health are wasting effort and
+the town's money until they avail themselves of this help in the
+enforcement of their rules.
+
+All Health Boards use the strong arm of the law, _i. e._, a police
+inspector's club, to drive the ignorant and careless householder to
+keep his premises from becoming a nuisance. The newly-arrived,
+prospective citizen, or more often citizeness, fails to understand
+what it is all about--neither the words nor the pantomime convey an
+idea, except that this country is topsy-turvy anyway, for everything
+is different in this new land.
+
+In the process of learning what not to do, the dwellers in the alleys
+flee when the health officer appears, and oppose a stubborn
+indifference to his threats. When his back is turned, matters go on as
+before and nothing is gained, but an opportunity is lost. Law is a
+potent educator when rightly applied, but it may work more harm than
+good.
+
+Rules of action clearly explained are soon accepted--like traffic
+rules, notification of contagious diseases, disinfection, etc.
+
+The placing on the force of each town of at least one specially
+trained "Explainer" would result in cleaner back yards and less
+illness and, better than all else, a more friendly feeling between the
+officials and those they honestly wish to help; for I do not think
+there is often justification for such remarks as were made to me by a
+shrewd California countryman when I was showing him about in the
+traveling exhibit, the sanitation car: "Oh, this is all to get a job.
+It's another form of graft--to get some money to spend."
+
+It is true that the value of many health measures does not appear on
+the surface. Sometimes it is necessary to wait for vital statistics to
+prove a gain.
+
+It is beginning to be thrown in the faces of sanitary authorities that
+the laboratory wisdom does not reach the street; that there is not
+enough, or rapid enough, improvement in general conditions. Newspapers
+are ready, for the most part, to disseminate information and
+benevolent societies write tracts, but we must remember how little
+WORDS mean--especially printed words--to those unaccustomed to
+acquiring information that way.
+
+The actual showing in an alley of the process of cleaning up; the
+going into a house and opening the windows at the top and tacking on a
+wire netting to keep out the flies; the actual cleaning of the garbage
+pail, perhaps, or at least the standing by and seeing that it is
+properly done--all such actual doing, even if it is done only in one
+house on a street, will spread the information all over the
+neighborhood.
+
+One of the most helpful offices is to tell the woman where she can
+get the special article needed, and what it will cost, and to show her
+the thing itself, in a friendly spirit. Such visits would soon
+revolutionize the sanitary condition of any community.
+
+Villages need this help even more than cities, for there they have
+fewer chances to know about inventions and perhaps are less
+resourceful in making them.
+
+There may be races, as there are individuals, whom persecution drives
+to progress--who do find means to execute unjust commands--but the
+people a health officer has to deal with can be better led by kindness
+and will learn from teachers, if the teaching is in the form of
+example or demonstration.
+
+It is an incontrovertible fact that to hasten sanitary reform it is
+only necessary to hold out the helping hand; to encourage the ignorant
+citizen to ask for instruction and direction, instead of placing upon
+him the task of making bricks without either clay or straw. There are
+times and seasons and individuals at which and on whom the bludgeon
+must be used--the greater good covering the lesser evil; but such
+cases are less common than present practice would seem to indicate.
+
+The tenement house mother who has only one pan for all her needs and
+one broken pitcher for all fluids does not readily understand why she
+must keep her milk bottle for milk only. Who is to tell her so that
+she will understand?
+
+The men may be shamed into cleaning up the back yards and alleys by
+pictures of such conditions in contrast to what might result with a
+little effort. [The famous Cash Register yards were started in this
+way.] Neglected spots have been cleaned up all over the country by
+similar influences. Why does not the health officer take a leaf from
+this book of recorded good work and show conditions known to him? Is
+he afraid of hard words from the owner? He will have the approval and
+support of all good citizens.
+
+Health Board regulations may be left at a house AFTER they have been
+explained, and a firm insistence on obedience may then have an
+effect.
+
+Why should there not be a constant exhibit of the conditions found
+within the boundaries of a district, with the changes for the better
+indicated as soon as they occur?
+
+The Health Board office is now in some out-of-the-way place, where few
+people ever go and where those who do go are frequently not welcomed.
+Has the Board ever asked itself why it is often so misunderstood, so
+hampered in its work? What Board will be the first to take an office
+on a busy street and put pictures and samples with clearly printed
+legends in the windows--examples of the evasion of the plumbing laws
+on a T-joint pipe; photographs of a dairy barn; photographs of a
+street at daybreak, showing the few open windows, and the one or two,
+if any, open at the top--these would serve as texts for the
+newspapers' sermons, sure to be preached, and back-alley conversations
+thereon.
+
+Why not? Rival water companies are allowed to show filters to prove
+their claims.
+
+The basis of all successful sanitary progress is an intelligent and
+responsive public.
+
+The problem is to visualize cause and effect to the ordinary
+individual, too absorbed in his own affairs to study out the principle
+for himself.
+
+The success of the street cleaning brigade, tried for one season in
+Boston; the improvement in the condition of parks wherever receptacles
+for wastes have been placed; the tidy condition of corner lots where
+civic improvement leagues have taken the matter up with the children,
+all point to a means neglected by the officials, and hence to wasted
+opportunity and delayed obedience to regulations.
+
+For the position of instructive inspector, it goes without saying that
+a trained woman will be worth more than a man, since most of the
+regulations affect or would be controlled by women.
+
+A gain in the speed of adoption of sanitary reforms would be
+comparatively rapid under a thoroughly qualified woman as instructive
+inspector, and that there will not be any great gain until such a
+measure is adopted is the firm belief of the writer.
+
+Mrs. von Wagner's work in Yonkers, begun in 1897 under the Civic
+League, is well known. After three years' trial the Board of Health
+established her in the position of Sanitary Inspector. Her work in the
+tenement districts has been most successful. Several other cities have
+followed the example of Yonkers, but the practice is by no means
+general. Yet there is no doubt that it would add efficiency to any
+Board of Health.
+
+The most recent experiment was the employment, the past summer, of an
+inspector provided by the Women's Municipal League of Boston, to
+inspect and devise means for bettering conditions in a district of
+small shops where food is sold. The district had been found by the
+Market Committee of this organization to be in need of such help. A
+graduate of the School for Social Workers was chosen, who carried on
+her campaign with the spirit of helpfulness fostered by her training.
+She was given a badge by the Board of Health, who have been most
+sympathetic and cordial in their support. The experiment has been
+justified by the results and especially by the reception accorded the
+inspector by the people of the district. It has proved that there is a
+responsive desire to fulfill the law wherever its provisions are
+understood.
+
+Inspection cannot fulfill its purpose until it is instructive. Man and
+the law will be in accord when the benefits of the law to man are
+appreciated.
+
+It is incumbent upon the sanitary authorities to see to it that their
+efforts are not wasted on an inert, partially hostile clientele.
+
+
+
+
+EUTHENICS, OR THE SCIENCE OF CONTROLLABLE ENVIRONMENT
+
+
+Human efficiency and welfare due to
+
+  Heredity (See Eugenics) and
+
+  Environment
+    1. Natural, cosmical--climate--
+    2. Natural, modified by human effort
+      Wet and dry soil
+      Waterways and forests
+      Food supplies
+    3. Artificial
+      Housing--clothing--sanitation
+
+  EUTHENICS--Conscious acquisition and application of scientific knowledge
+
+    I. Science in the laboratory
+      Discovery of laws of science
+      Knowledge of cause and effect
+
+    II. Dissemination of scientific knowledge
+      Education
+
+    III. Application of science
+      Habits of living
+        Technique
+      Stimulus to civic improvement
+      Constructive legislation
+
+I. Science acquired through laboratory and field research
+
+    Universities
+      Johns Hopkins, Clark, etc.
+
+    Research institutes
+      Rockefeller Institute
+      Carnegie Institute
+      Henry Phipps Institute
+      Sage Foundation, etc.
+
+  Sanitary Science = Application of acquired laws to
+
+    1. National welfare
+      Hook worm, Pellagra, Yellow fever, etc., in Panama,
+        The Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc.
+
+    2. Individual health of body and mind
+
+The people are reached by
+
+II. A. Dissemination of scientific knowledge through
+
+         1. Schools
+         2. Publicity
+             a. Bulletins
+                  Boards of Health
+                  Department of Agriculture
+             b. Lectures
+                  Municipal
+                  Endowed
+             c. Magazines and newspapers
+             d. Placards
+             e. Commercial advertising
+                  Inventions of manufacturers
+                  Food fairs, electrical exhibitions, etc.
+         3. Expositions for limited purposes
+              Mary Lowell Stone Exhibit
+              "Boston 1915"
+         4. Health Campaigns
+              Tuberculosis classes, etc.
+
+     B. Legislation
+
+         Restrictions
+
+III. Application of science to living
+
+     A. 1. Unconsciously acquired habits of the CHILD, through imitation
+               in the home, the school, the street
+        2. Conscious endeavor of
+            a. the trained parents in the home
+            b. the teacher in the school
+            c. the policemen in the street
+
+     B. Conscious personal effort of the ADULT to better conditions
+            for himself and the community
+
+       1. Pioneer leading public opinion by
+         a. Personal example in right living
+         b. Precept and persuasion
+
+     C. Community progress
+
+       1. Semi-public agencies for guarding itself and the individual
+         a. Remedial measures
+           Endowed hospitals, sanatoria, dispensaries, day camps and
+             hospital schools
+           Charity organizations--material relief
+         b. Preventive measures
+           Endowed schools (model and outdoor), extension movements,
+             settlements, model tenements, model factories, garden cities
+
+         Both are developed by social organizations, civic clubs,
+           women's clubs, museums, libraries, lectures, exhibits,
+           statistical inquiries, etc.
+
+       2. Private agencies leading to legislation
+            Special hospitals and schools
+            Health organizations--sanitary inspection at model
+              dairies--private water supply
+            Consumer's league
+
+       3. Legislation. Temporary paternalism (protection).
+            Interpretation by individual becomes constructive.
+            The people work out freedom under law
+
+          a. City
+               (1) Schools
+                     Grade and trade and outdoor
+               (2) Police
+                     Building laws
+               (3) Board of Health
+                    (a) Shelter
+                          Sanitary laws
+                                               { Drainage
+                            Air--light--refuse { Garbage
+                                               { Ashes
+                    (b) Food
+                            Milk--water--foods { Food values
+                                               { Adulterations
+                    (c) Sanitary laws for public places
+                            Buildings
+                            Streets
+                              Sewer
+                              Ice on sidewalk
+                              Spitting
+               (4) Beauty
+                     Height of buildings, bill boards, telegraph wires,
+                       parks
+               (5) Amusements
+                     Playgrounds, municipal music, parks, aquarium
+               (6) Other municipal activities
+                     (a) Traffic regulation
+                     (b) Medical inspection
+                     (c) Public baths
+
+          b. State
+               Education
+               Board of Health
+               Factory legislation
+               Water supply (advisory power)
+               Interstate commerce
+               Food (advisory)
+               Park reservations
+               Textile laws
+               Forest
+          c. Federal
+               Sanitation
+                 (a) Pure food laws
+                 (b) Quarantine
+                 (c) Immigration restriction
+                 (d) Future needs
+                       Textile laws, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Euthenics, the science of controllable
+environment, by Ellen H. Richards
+
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