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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in England, by 
+Benjamin Waugh
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some Conditions of Child Life in England
+
+Author: Benjamin Waugh
+
+Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31888]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
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+
+
+  _NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF
+  CRUELTY TO CHILDREN._
+
+
+  SOME CONDITIONS
+  OF
+  CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+  BY
+  REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH,
+
+  HONORARY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF
+  CRUELTY TO CHILDREN.
+
+
+  Head Office and Shelter:
+  7 HARPUR STREET, THEOBALD'S ROAD, LONDON.
+  1889.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE STEP-CHILD.]
+
+
+
+
+SOME CONDITIONS OF CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.
+
+[_A Paper read by_ REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH _at the Meeting of the Baptist
+Union, Thursday, October 10, 1889, at Birmingham._]
+
+
+My subject is Some Conditions of Child Life in England. And ought we not
+to expect some of these to be sad? No one who reflects can fail to see the
+fact that in this country to-day many conditions contribute to make
+ill-living people; and to make them regard children as nuisances. Vagrant
+habits; gambling; extravagant self-indulgence; idleness; unmarried
+parentage, and unfaithfulness in married parents; habitual
+drunkenness--all these disturb, and some destroy, the natural parental
+instinct. There is, too, a growing anti-population theory of which we have
+not heard much, but which is a kind of open secret, which regards that man
+as a fool who said of children, "Blessed is the man that hath his quiver
+full of them," and the statement of the Prayer Book Marriage Service as to
+the divine objects of marriage as shameful and degrading. Because the
+results of all wrong and sinful life in man fall heaviest upon his God and
+his children, we ought to be prepared to find calamities which follow
+conditions like these, and to deal with them. They all tend to hurt
+children, chiefly the youngest.
+
+Side by side with these conditions there is an increasing tendency to
+regard human beings as protoplasm; to shake off the idea of Jesus as to a
+living God, the Father of us all, and to account for human life by
+molecules; to count His judgment day and a supreme judge of robust and
+wholesome righteousness as superstitions. And this is all full of danger
+to child life. Child life and happiness are bound up with the Kingship of
+God. There is but one Supreme to whom they are "the greatest;" but one
+hand which has a millstone for the necks of those who offend them, and the
+depths of the sea. Church-goers and chapel-goers may sin against
+childhood, and men who disclaim churches and chapels may love it. But,
+though no hard-and-fast line can be drawn between men on this ground, it
+remains certain that Jesus is the world's most august protector of a
+child. The man who leaves its limbs naked, its sickness untended, He sends
+down to hell.
+
+
+I.
+
+What, then, should His followers think of such deeds as these, taken more
+or less at random, from the list of offences for which, through the action
+of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, by its
+London Committee alone, two hundred men and women have been tried and
+convicted?
+
+Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen,
+while the "own" children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter's
+fire; shutting up another step-child to sleep in the coal-cellar, three
+others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their
+night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; sending a child at ten
+o'clock on a February night, recovering from diphtheria, a mile to an inn
+for beer; sending two starved, almost naked, little girls for half a
+hundredweight of coals in rain and sleet twice the same December night;
+laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting
+another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; leaving a girl
+in bed covered with sores, infested with lice, under one scab a maggot,
+never washed or tended, lying in her own excrements; strapping a deaf and
+dumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand;
+drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her
+hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of
+the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a
+coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, "to
+get his dying done;" making another dying boy get out of bed to help to
+wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl's
+arm while beating her with a broomstick, then setting her to scrub the
+floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being
+so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the
+ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts,
+felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the
+face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with
+drayman's whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip;
+throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of
+a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his
+screams of pain?
+
+"Once I saw her put the poker in the fire," said a neighbour (speaking of
+an own mother and her child of four and a half), "to get it red-hot. The
+child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round
+his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and
+held the poker on the bottom of his back." One baby cooed in the cradle,
+and was startled with a loud thunderous curse; one cried of teething, and
+was beaten savagely with its father's big hand; two did the same, and were
+strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper's hand. Besides canes,
+straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of
+torture have been hammers; pokers, cold, and red-hot; wire
+toasting-forks--in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem
+untwisted a little up, making a sort of a birch of frayed wire; a file,
+with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove,
+on which the child's bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which
+little fat hands were held.
+
+Never were even churches put to such Christian purposes as were Her
+Majesty's prisons, when they held the doers of such deeds as these, and
+were making their backs to well ache with hard labour.
+
+You are shocked at that horrible catalogue. But is it not strange that in
+not one of all these cases did anybody, who was troubled about them, ever
+think of going to tell a minister of the gospel--you people who claim to
+be the successors of the man of Nazareth? Nor did they go to a City
+missionary! Of the 1400 cases sent into the office of the Society for the
+Prevention of Cruelty to Children in London during its five years'
+existence, not one has come from a City missionary. When speaking of the
+starvation of children to one of them, he said to me, "Yes, I knew two
+cases last winter, one after another; they were just starved to death. It
+was a shocking affair." To which I replied, in surprised indignation, "Why
+did you not tell us?" "Oh," he replied with a perfectly satisfied air, "if
+I were to meddle in things like that, I could not do my more spiritual
+work."
+
+"I know several children marked for death," said a London vicar's
+daughter, and his district visitor, the other day, "but I cannot give
+their parents' names. We should be subject to such persecution if we were
+to interfere." The fact that
+
+  There's a friend of little children,
+  Above the bright blue sky,
+
+ought to fall like a warning thunderbolt out of heaven on such people's
+ears! I have repeated these two sayings, because they speak volumes on the
+"religious" surroundings of tortured child life in England. Both of them
+referred to children being deliberately starved to death.
+
+I will give you a sample of the condition in which some of these starved
+children, unseen, and quietly, die.
+
+It was in winter, in a bare room. The child, a girl of seven, lay on a
+mattress, had but two garments on: a chemise and a print frock. There was
+no blanket, no coverlet, no sheet. The window was curtainless; the nights
+were frosty. There was no fire in the grate, nor had there ever been
+through all the long illness. There was no food, no physic, not even a cup
+of water to drink. Her bones almost protruded through the bed-sores, which
+added misery to her misery. She lay with her eyes shut all day,
+occasionally moistening with her dry tongue her still drier lips.
+Downstairs sat the pair with whom she had lived from her birth--her father
+and mother. They brought her no share of their tea nor crumb of their
+bread. They had blankets for _their_ beds, and fire for _their_ meals.
+Their house was still. You pass a door like theirs; all is clean. The
+curate nods as he goes by; and the district visitor calls; and the child
+hears the church bell on Sundays, till she can hear it no more. For she is
+starving to death in a Christian country.
+
+It is little children who are made most to suffer.
+
+The ages of the victims of the most atrocious cases is almost always low.
+Nor are small families exempt. The size of families in which the most
+horrible outrages take place is never large, being mostly two, or even
+one. Poverty is never great. Dwellings are often miserable enough, though
+not always that. Two pounds ten a week and three pounds a week are
+received by artisans whose one room for the family costs four and sixpence
+per week, and even this a toiling wife has in some cases to pay. But some
+live in "Model Dwellings." Neither is it ignorance, in the common meaning
+of ignorance, which tends to produce cruelties to children. Skilled
+artisans, with a smattering of knowledge beyond their class, considering
+the proportion they bear to the common run of labourers, are in excess in
+number and obstinacy of cases. Nor does higher social position exempt from
+this evil. Some of the cruel are industrious, and some are idle. Some
+drink, some do not. Some can talk of protoplasm; and some cannot spell
+their own names.
+
+The truth of the matter is, that cruelty is wholly independent of
+surroundings and wages. It is the work of haters of children; of sullen,
+pitiless, intolerant, dispositions; of men whom there is no pleasing, who
+resent tiny baby's little blunderings, or even pretty ways with all the
+physical power of a grown man, in manners which, if shown by an officer of
+justice to a convict, would excite the indignation of the whole country.
+
+It is impossible, within my limits, to do justice to the work the new
+Society has had to do for drunkard's children, tramp children, stolen
+children; acrobats and performing children; step-children, little hawkers,
+and friendless apprentices; children insured and in baby farms.
+
+As regards our "baby farms," many of them would be a scandal to a savage
+land: they are mere baby shambles. And as regards infantile insurance,
+that is worse. While in the baby farm, where a child is killed for profit,
+it is a stranger who kills, in the bad family, where it is killed for
+insurance money, it is the parent who kills. Neither here in this matter,
+nor in the statements I have already made, do I make charges against
+English parents. Most of them would die rather than injure, or even
+neglect, their child. But there are un-English parents, tens of thousands
+of them, who, for "a drink," pawn their baby's only garment and leave it
+foodless in a fireless room. To these, insurance money can be nothing else
+than a motive for more or less passive child murder. And other types, it
+familiarises with the idea of baby's death and of getting old scores paid
+off when it happens; which in the insured child's ailments acts as an
+incitive to the reverse of whole hearted care for its life. The system
+itself is a kind of gambling: a parent bets a penny a week against the
+insurer's thirty shillings that his child won't live. The insurer's
+chances are, the general good character of the English parent, and the
+known penalties of the law for murder.
+
+I regret that I cannot inform you that all these wronged children are
+black, and their wrong-doers, heathen inhabitants of heathen lands; that
+we have founded a missionary Society to send missionaries to these demons
+of wickedness, in Africa or New Guinea. I regret it chiefly because it is
+such a shame to us all that these things exist in our own beloved land;
+but I regret it, still more, because you will, I fear, care the less to
+remedy it.
+
+
+II.
+
+The remedy lies in numerous directions. Many laws and customs and
+doctrines have been (many of them are still) on the side of the torture of
+a child.
+
+1. Unhappily, Courts of Law, by their rules of procedure, have not been on
+the side of the child. They have rather lent security to the inflictor of
+its sufferings. A mother who has to screen her children from the madness
+of their drunken father at midnight, since such midnight orgies were
+introduced into England, has never been allowed--that is, if she were a
+married mother--to give evidence of the fact in an English Court. Boys and
+girls under ten who witnessed atrocities committed on a brother or sister,
+they, too, were excluded from Courts. And who can estimate the number of
+families in which wrongs to children were thus made, legally, absolutely
+safe!
+
+Here is a sample of such excluded cases:--Before the baby was many days
+old its father soused it on its mother's knee with the contents of a pail
+of cold water. On another occasion he seized it while suckling at her
+breast, and flung it violently against the wall at the other end of the
+room. When its mother was out, he took it into the yard and put it
+overhead in a tank of cold water, holding it under till it was with
+difficulty recovered. "What do you feed the little devil for?" he would
+ask his wife. He was for ever assaulting her for her care of it. As it
+got older he pitched it on the floor, and struck it with the legs of a
+chair. It grew to dread the sound of his footsteps on the stairs, and
+would hide under the bed and lie breathless till he had gone. Such a
+brute's wife always, and his family generally (often the only witnesses of
+a crime against a child), were, till recently, all excluded from Court.
+
+2. And everybody else was excluded from the scene of his wickedness. His
+house was "his castle," not to be entered even by a warrant, save if he
+had stolen a watch.
+
+3. Even when the facts were got at, and legal proceedings taken, every
+injustice was done to the little sufferer on whose behalf they were taken.
+It could never be removed from its torturer's custody. Even when after the
+hearing of the case, it was committed for trial, still for a period
+possibly of three months the child had to be left in the custody of the
+culprit to pamper, to coax, to warn and threaten into the denial of
+everything on which a conviction could be obtained.
+
+Is it wonderful that, under these conditions of the law, one-half of the
+brutes towards English children were unpunishable brutes, and practised
+their damnable deeds in safety?
+
+Happily, every one of these conditions is changed.
+
+4. One practice of Courts--an almost universal one--I must mention in
+passing, as most unjust to a child--viz., the custom of accepting
+testimony against it without any confirmation; and that, too, from the
+person who has ill-treated it. Men who are cruel to a child easily add to
+their cruelty a damaging false witness, which, being only against a child,
+nobody ever prosecutes. In consideration of lies, the sentence is often
+admittedly reduced. After 400 wronged children have spent two, three,
+four, and six months in our Society's Shelter whilst their maligners were
+in prison, speaking generally, I may say that charges pleaded in excuse,
+and accepted in extenuation of outrages, have proved to be mere inventions
+of cowardly malice. When the grave, frightened little looks with which
+they came had passed away, they were full of the ways of sunny childhood.
+More pleasant docile children, or children more ready to twine their arms
+around your neck, you seldom find, than have been some little people who
+had been called liars, thieves, vixens (even infants in arms have been
+called vixens), and the like--by savages before magistrates as pleas for
+their mercy. And from every quarter to which children have been sent, the
+same testimony comes as to the untruthfulness of the charges their parents
+made in Court, against the children and for themselves.
+
+
+III.
+
+There are many other things yet to be changed, both in the laws and in the
+customs of this country, before child life in it will be what it ought to
+be.
+
+1. The shops of England abound with poisons specially prepared for
+children. "Syrups" and "foods" as unsuitable for a baby's stomach, and as
+fatal, as a bullet would be to its brain or a knife to its throat, are
+sold to all comers. In some cities, coroners and medical men have a
+hundred times denounced things in common use as poison to babies; and the
+Press a hundred times has carried their denunciations into every street,
+with absolutely no effect on the extent of their use. Boiled bread,
+corn-flour, sago, "tops and bottoms," these soon make a strong, week-old
+baby a sight to see.
+
+2. Still further. Where inhuman parents by such death-dealing agents have
+done their work, coroner's juries join hands against the child with the
+infants' food and syrup shops, and make fatal suffering quite safe to
+inflict. Almost the only persons who commit infant slaughter whom these
+tribunals send to trial are those who in their tender mercies commit it
+hastily and sharply. For long drawn weeks of agony in dying, inflicted by
+sham foods, their custom is to request the coroner to pronounce a censure.
+The coroner then congratulates the parents on the "mercifulness" of the
+jury. So the grand prerogative of mercy, even, is made to serve against
+wronged children.
+
+3. But it plays its hypocritical part not at inquests alone. After a
+disclosure as to conduct to a child which would have made true men
+indignant, too many magistrates mildly say, "We have taken a merciful
+view, and shall let you off this time." "Mercy," is this! Mercy! to whom?
+To the man's suffering child? To the suffering child of other like-minded
+men in the locality? The magistrate who cures a brute of his brutality,
+that is the merciful magistrate--merciful to the culprit, to the country,
+and to the child! Parliament has passed, and the Queen has sanctioned, a
+new law, which has well been called the Children's Charter. Yet a canting
+woman before the bench, with the corner of her white apron and a tear, can
+wipe it all out. Even a little cant on an idle man's lips--"no work to
+do"--will make some J.P.'s disloyal to both Parliament and Crown.
+
+If I happen to be speaking to a magistrate, let me say that no man can
+show "mercy" to an offender save where he is himself the person offended.
+That a magistrate should forgive a parent for making a baby's back bleed
+is impossible. He may lack justice towards him; he may do that, and then
+slander the "twice blessed" name, by calling it Mercy. But mercy is
+impossible to a magistrate to whom an appeal is made on behalf of a
+suffering child, save as he is the indignant champion of the child.
+
+4. Medical men, too, but with far more cause than all the rest, have made
+child slaughter safe. Dispensaries give death certificates, knowing
+nothing of the case save from the possible criminal's own mouth. And
+before coroners, they certify the final not the real cause of the child's
+not being alive.
+
+5. Even charity (so called) has lent its patronage against little
+children. In no country as in England do children so directly appeal to
+human sensibilities; and in no other country are pitiful charities so
+readily shown to them. And so it comes about, that for persons using puny
+and ill children for the purposes of gain in the streets, England is
+perhaps the most scandalous country in the world. A child's bad cough, two
+sore eyes, or emaciation through wasting disease, is a living to its
+owner. To move charity, children are made to tramp and stand about on cold
+stone pavements, weary and hungry, all day long. Parents, who ought to be
+flogged for such ways with children, are, because of them, kept in comfort
+and idleness. For them to cure their child of its ailments, even to nurse
+it, or to give it reasonable food and rest, would be to lose bread and
+cheese, and pipe and beer; a sacrifice they do not think of making. And
+why should they think of making it, while "lovely charity" gives its
+patronage!
+
+Take one illustrative case:--A baby nine months old, dying of starvation,
+was the other day taken from the arms of a woman who was exposing its
+ghastly face and thin limbs to the passers-by in Whitechapel, pleading
+that she was a widow, and her child was starving. Under the new law, the
+child was taken from her. It was found not to be her child. She had the
+loan of it, and night after night, till eleven o'clock, she moved the
+compassion of the passers-by, and out of baby's shivers, dying, she made
+her living. She knew how blind and lazy "charity" patronises a wrong-doer
+to a child. The wickedest, it patronises the most.
+
+Charity has still further been against the suffering child. By its
+institutions for the ill-used and destitute, in not a few cases it has
+been an inducement to their ill-usage and destitution. Whilst the kind and
+honest poor may do as best they can for their children, the vicious have
+had theirs maintained, taught trades, and the drum and fife; and fairly
+started in life. The soundest charity is not that which provides food and
+homes for the destitute, but treadmills for those who make them destitute.
+Not that the one ought not to be done, but that the other ought not to be
+left undone.
+
+6. Even the Gospel has been pleaded as a reason for letting the savage
+have his way with his child. "Get men converted; you cannot change hearts
+by laws," it is said. This is wholly true. But what is needed is not to
+change hearts, but to change conduct; to make men keep blows and boots off
+babies' limbs, and to put bread into sadly empty little stomachs. And a
+free use of the treadmill, though it cannot do more, can do that; and does
+it gloriously. And where it fails, I would use the cat. God has put a
+cuticle under the skin as the final resort of argument. Where every other
+part of the man is "past feeling," it is a divine duty to get at that. The
+first object of a Christian nation is to protect a baby's skin, not a
+man's. People speak of flogging as degrading. Degrade! can you, a man who
+will batter into a shapeless thing a baby face with his fist?
+
+It will be impossible to even mention the hosts of those especial
+defilements and injuries done to girl children. They are vast in number
+and incredible in kind, and include large numbers of own fathers as the
+fearful criminals. Degrade _these_ men! _Degrade_ them!
+
+
+IV.
+
+Besides these changes already mentioned, there needs to be a great change
+in the national sentiment on the subject.
+
+All these wrongs of a child are the result of the low estimate which
+prevails as to the rights of a child. There seems to be little or no
+interest in a child as a subject of the Queen and an object of the law. I
+must except Her Majesty's judges, and the best legal magistrates. To hear
+cases for children, I would always rather have a lawyer on the bench than
+a Sunday-school teacher. The religion of pious J.P.'s seems to be to let
+people off--adults I mean. It is not always so when it is a child who is
+charged. What is wanted in the interests of every form of unhappy English
+child life in this country to-day is righteousness, the robust
+righteousness of God; and His indignations at neglect of the hunger, or
+the sickness of a child. The shameful sufferings of English children
+to-day are jointly the work of the English bench and the English brute: of
+mawkishness on the bench, of cruelty in the brute.
+
+On this subject of children hurt and killed the Church too has acted in
+grievously strange ways. It has taught what happened in the worship of the
+Syrian Moloch: it has not even known what is done in the worship of the
+English Bacchus. Much horror has it felt at the destruction of baby life
+on the Ganges; and little, if any at all, at the destruction of it on the
+flabby bosoms of English women whom men have made mothers, and to whom
+they have given no bread. As an argument for Christianity, it has pointed
+to the children abandoned in Pagan Rome, oblivious of the 20,000 a year
+abandoned in our own cities and villages, to death, or the parish. Of the
+five-and-twenty or thirty little boys once massacred at Bethlehem, it
+holds annual mournful commemorations. Of the hundred times that number of
+little boys and girls annually smothered within sound of its church bells
+it says nothing. When I think of the Church and of child-suffering and
+slaughter in England, I cannot help remembering the Biblical saying, as to
+whose eyes it is that "are in the ends of the earth." For the "soul" of
+children, whatever that may mean, the professional religionist eyes are at
+home; but for their suffering and slaughtered bodies, they are away in
+far times and far lands. And its purse, and its heart has gone there too.
+
+A grand opportunity is now afforded to stamp cruelty to children out of
+the land. The law has come to be grandly right. Will the men who wear the
+name of that greatest friend of children the world ever contained meet the
+opportunity, find the money to discover the crimes and to enforce the law
+against them?
+
+I hear you murmur, "The police! It is the work of the police to do that."
+That is not true. It is not the work of the police to discover anything,
+nor to initiate proceedings for anybody. They are a brave good body of
+men; but they have their set work to do, and their strict rules for doing
+it. But, were it so, when you stand before the judgment throne of Him
+whose will, Jesus says, is that not one little one should either suffer
+from hunger, or nakedness, or be sick and perish, will you dare to tell
+Him that you knew that that was His will, but that you left it to the
+police?
+
+The new law has been created by Christian labour. It is the expression of
+Christian sentiment. It must be enforced by Christian money.
+
+
+
+
+To enforce the splendid new law, the Society is seeking to raise its
+income to £15,000 a year. In the enforcement of the Factory Acts £30,000 a
+year is spent. In the enforcement of the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty
+to Animals £29,000 is annually spent. Is it too much to ask for half these
+sums for the enforcement of the law for Children, when, without it, their
+sufferings must continue? Contributions may be sent to JOHN FAULKNER
+(_Secretary_), 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.
+
+
+SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS.
+
+The Society consists of Annual Members, subscribing £1 and upwards yearly;
+of Associates, subscribing less than £1, but 5_s._ and upwards yearly; of
+Life Members, subscribing not less than £10 in one payment; and of
+Patrons, subscribing not less than £50 in one payment.
+
+
+
+
+National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
+
+
+FOUNDED 1884.
+
+_Royal Patroness_--H.R.H. PRINCESS CHRISTIAN.
+
+_Patron_--The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London.
+
+_Trustees_--The Baroness Burdett-Coutts; Cardinal Manning;
+Colonel Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.
+
+_President_--His Grace the Duke of Abercorn.
+
+
+CENTRAL COMMITTEE.
+
+_Chairman_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.
+
+_Vice-Chairman_--W. H. Collingridge, Esq.
+
+
+  Countess of Aberdeen.
+  H. C. Barker, Esq.
+  Rev. Prebendary Barnes.
+  Bishop of Bedford.
+  Mrs. Benson.
+  Baroness Burdett-Coutts.
+  F. A. Channing, Esq., M.P.
+  J. Colam, Esq.
+  Lady Ellis.
+  Dudley C. Falcke, Esq.
+  Sir Thomas Farrer.
+  Lady Farrer.
+  Hon. Lady Fitzgerald.
+  Lady George Hamilton.
+  Lady Henderson.
+  Miss Henderson.
+  Rev. J. W. Horsley.
+  Countess of Iddesleigh, C.I.
+  Countess of Iddesleigh.
+  Countess of Mar.
+  Mrs. F. W. Maude.
+  A. Meysey-Thompson, Esq.
+  Mrs. Meysey-Thompson.
+  Viscountess Midleton.
+  J. Louis Mitchell, Esq.
+  J. Montefiore, Esq.
+  Lady Nottage.
+  C. C. Osborne, Esq.
+  C. Kegan Paul, Esq.
+  Hon. Mrs. Pereira.
+  E. de M. Rudolf, Esq.
+  Lady Margaret Shelley.
+  Rev. B. Stephenson, LL.D.
+  Miss Hesba Stretton.
+  Miss H. L. Synnot.
+  Lady Tryon.
+  Rev. T. Turner.
+  Lady Catherine Vane.
+  Ashton Warner, Esq.
+  Rev. Benjamin Waugh.
+  Lady Willoughby de Eresby.
+
+_Treasurer_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.
+
+_Honorary Director_--Rev. BENJAMIN WAUGH.
+
+_Counsel_--Robert Frederick Colam, Esq.
+
+_Solicitor_--Henry C. Barker, Esq.
+
+_Hon. Surgeon_--Howard Marsh, Esq., F.R.C.S.
+
+_Visiting Surgeon_--J. Rees Gabe, Esq., M.D.
+
+_Bankers_--Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand, W.C.
+
+_Secretary_--Mr. JOHN FAULKNER.
+
+
+_Head Office and Shelter_--
+
+7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
+
+_Telegraphic Address_--"CHILDHOOD, LONDON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in
+England, by Benjamin Waugh
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND ***
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in England, by Rev. Benjamin Waugh.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
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+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
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+    body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
+
+    .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;}
+
+    .poem {margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;}
+    .note {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%;}
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in England, by 
+Benjamin Waugh
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some Conditions of Child Life in England
+
+Author: Benjamin Waugh
+
+Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31888]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h4><i>NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF<br />CRUELTY TO CHILDREN.</i></h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>SOME CONDITIONS<br />OF<br />CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.</h2>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h5>BY</h5>
+<h3>REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH,</h3>
+<p class="center"><small>HONORARY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY<br />FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN.</small></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/title.png" alt="" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>Head Office and Shelter:<br />7 HARPUR STREET, THEOBALD&#8217;S ROAD, LONDON.<br />1889.</h4>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+<p class="center">THE STEP-CHILD.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2>SOME CONDITIONS OF CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>A Paper read by</i> <span class="smcap">Rev. Benjamin Waugh</span> <i>at the Meeting of the Baptist
+Union, Thursday, October 10, 1889, at Birmingham.</i>]</p>
+
+
+<p>My subject is Some Conditions of Child Life in England. And ought we not
+to expect some of these to be sad? No one who reflects can fail to see the
+fact that in this country to-day many conditions contribute to make
+ill-living people; and to make them regard children as nuisances. Vagrant
+habits; gambling; extravagant self-indulgence; idleness; unmarried
+parentage, and unfaithfulness in married parents; habitual
+drunkenness&mdash;all these disturb, and some destroy, the natural parental
+instinct. There is, too, a growing anti-population theory of which we have
+not heard much, but which is a kind of open secret, which regards that man
+as a fool who said of children, &#8220;Blessed is the man that hath his quiver
+full of them,&#8221; and the statement of the Prayer Book Marriage Service as to
+the divine objects of marriage as shameful and degrading. Because the
+results of all wrong and sinful life in man fall heaviest upon his God and
+his children, we ought to be prepared to find calamities which follow
+conditions like these, and to deal with them. They all tend to hurt
+children, chiefly the youngest.</p>
+
+<p>Side by side with these conditions there is an increasing tendency to
+regard human beings as protoplasm; to shake off the idea of Jesus as to a
+living God, the Father of us all, and to account for human life by
+molecules; to count His judgment day and a supreme judge of robust and
+wholesome righteousness as superstitions. And this is all full of danger
+to child life. Child life and happiness are bound up with the Kingship of
+God. There is but one Supreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> to whom they are &#8220;the greatest;&#8221; but one
+hand which has a millstone for the necks of those who offend them, and the
+depths of the sea. Church-goers and chapel-goers may sin against
+childhood, and men who disclaim churches and chapels may love it. But,
+though no hard-and-fast line can be drawn between men on this ground, it
+remains certain that Jesus is the world&#8217;s most august protector of a
+child. The man who leaves its limbs naked, its sickness untended, He sends
+down to hell.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">I.</p>
+
+<p>What, then, should His followers think of such deeds as these, taken more
+or less at random, from the list of offences for which, through the action
+of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, by its
+London Committee alone, two hundred men and women have been tried and
+convicted?</p>
+
+<p>Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen,
+while the &#8220;own&#8221; children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter&#8217;s
+fire; shutting up another step-child to sleep in the coal-cellar, three
+others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their
+night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; sending a child at ten
+o&#8217;clock on a February night, recovering from diphtheria, a mile to an inn
+for beer; sending two starved, almost naked, little girls for half a
+hundredweight of coals in rain and sleet twice the same December night;
+laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting
+another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; leaving a girl
+in bed covered with sores, infested with lice, under one scab a maggot,
+never washed or tended, lying in her own excrements; strapping a deaf and
+dumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand;
+drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her
+hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of
+the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a
+coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, &#8220;to
+get his dying done;&#8221; making another dying boy get out of bed to help to
+wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl&#8217;s
+arm while beating her with a broomstick, then setting her to scrub<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> the
+floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being
+so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the
+ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts,
+felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the
+face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with
+drayman&#8217;s whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip;
+throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of
+a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his
+screams of pain?</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Once I saw her put the poker in the fire,&#8221; said a neighbour (speaking of
+an own mother and her child of four and a half), &#8220;to get it red-hot. The
+child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round
+his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and
+held the poker on the bottom of his back.&#8221; One baby cooed in the cradle,
+and was startled with a loud thunderous curse; one cried of teething, and
+was beaten savagely with its father&#8217;s big hand; two did the same, and were
+strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper&#8217;s hand. Besides canes,
+straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of
+torture have been hammers; pokers, cold, and red-hot; wire
+toasting-forks&mdash;in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem
+untwisted a little up, making a sort of a birch of frayed wire; a file,
+with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove,
+on which the child&#8217;s bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which
+little fat hands were held.</p>
+
+<p>Never were even churches put to such Christian purposes as were Her
+Majesty&#8217;s prisons, when they held the doers of such deeds as these, and
+were making their backs to well ache with hard labour.</p>
+
+<p>You are shocked at that horrible catalogue. But is it not strange that in
+not one of all these cases did anybody, who was troubled about them, ever
+think of going to tell a minister of the gospel&mdash;you people who claim to
+be the successors of the man of Nazareth? Nor did they go to a City
+missionary! Of the 1400 cases sent into the office of the Society for the
+Prevention of Cruelty to Children in London during its five years&#8217;
+existence, not one has come from a City missionary. When speaking of the
+starvation of children to one of them, he said to me, &#8220;Yes, I knew two
+cases last winter, one after another; they were just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> starved to death. It
+was a shocking affair.&#8221; To which I replied, in surprised indignation, &#8220;Why
+did you not tell us?&#8221; &#8220;Oh,&#8221; he replied with a perfectly satisfied air, &#8220;if
+I were to meddle in things like that, I could not do my more spiritual
+work.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I know several children marked for death,&#8221; said a London vicar&#8217;s
+daughter, and his district visitor, the other day, &#8220;but I cannot give
+their parents&#8217; names. We should be subject to such persecution if we were
+to interfere.&#8221; The fact that</p>
+
+<p class="poem">There&#8217;s a friend of little children,<br />
+Above the bright blue sky,</p>
+
+<p>ought to fall like a warning thunderbolt out of heaven on such people&#8217;s
+ears! I have repeated these two sayings, because they speak volumes on the
+&#8220;religious&#8221; surroundings of tortured child life in England. Both of them
+referred to children being deliberately starved to death.</p>
+
+<p>I will give you a sample of the condition in which some of these starved
+children, unseen, and quietly, die.</p>
+
+<p>It was in winter, in a bare room. The child, a girl of seven, lay on a
+mattress, had but two garments on: a chemise and a print frock. There was
+no blanket, no coverlet, no sheet. The window was curtainless; the nights
+were frosty. There was no fire in the grate, nor had there ever been
+through all the long illness. There was no food, no physic, not even a cup
+of water to drink. Her bones almost protruded through the bed-sores, which
+added misery to her misery. She lay with her eyes shut all day,
+occasionally moistening with her dry tongue her still drier lips.
+Downstairs sat the pair with whom she had lived from her birth&mdash;her father
+and mother. They brought her no share of their tea nor crumb of their
+bread. They had blankets for <i>their</i> beds, and fire for <i>their</i> meals.
+Their house was still. You pass a door like theirs; all is clean. The
+curate nods as he goes by; and the district visitor calls; and the child
+hears the church bell on Sundays, till she can hear it no more. For she is
+starving to death in a Christian country.</p>
+
+<p>It is little children who are made most to suffer.</p>
+
+<p>The ages of the victims of the most atrocious cases is almost always low.
+Nor are small families exempt. The size of families in which the most
+horrible outrages take place is never large, being mostly two, or even
+one. Poverty is never great. Dwellings are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> often miserable enough, though
+not always that. Two pounds ten a week and three pounds a week are
+received by artisans whose one room for the family costs four and sixpence
+per week, and even this a toiling wife has in some cases to pay. But some
+live in &#8220;Model Dwellings.&#8221; Neither is it ignorance, in the common meaning
+of ignorance, which tends to produce cruelties to children. Skilled
+artisans, with a smattering of knowledge beyond their class, considering
+the proportion they bear to the common run of labourers, are in excess in
+number and obstinacy of cases. Nor does higher social position exempt from
+this evil. Some of the cruel are industrious, and some are idle. Some
+drink, some do not. Some can talk of protoplasm; and some cannot spell
+their own names.</p>
+
+<p>The truth of the matter is, that cruelty is wholly independent of
+surroundings and wages. It is the work of haters of children; of sullen,
+pitiless, intolerant, dispositions; of men whom there is no pleasing, who
+resent tiny baby&#8217;s little blunderings, or even pretty ways with all the
+physical power of a grown man, in manners which, if shown by an officer of
+justice to a convict, would excite the indignation of the whole country.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible, within my limits, to do justice to the work the new
+Society has had to do for drunkard&#8217;s children, tramp children, stolen
+children; acrobats and performing children; step-children, little hawkers,
+and friendless apprentices; children insured and in baby farms.</p>
+
+<p>As regards our &#8220;baby farms,&#8221; many of them would be a scandal to a savage
+land: they are mere baby shambles. And as regards infantile insurance,
+that is worse. While in the baby farm, where a child is killed for profit,
+it is a stranger who kills, in the bad family, where it is killed for
+insurance money, it is the parent who kills. Neither here in this matter,
+nor in the statements I have already made, do I make charges against
+English parents. Most of them would die rather than injure, or even
+neglect, their child. But there are un-English parents, tens of thousands
+of them, who, for &#8220;a drink,&#8221; pawn their baby&#8217;s only garment and leave it
+foodless in a fireless room. To these, insurance money can be nothing else
+than a motive for more or less passive child murder. And other types, it
+familiarises with the idea of baby&#8217;s death and of getting old scores paid
+off when it happens; which in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> insured child&#8217;s ailments acts as an
+incitive to the reverse of whole hearted care for its life. The system
+itself is a kind of gambling: a parent bets a penny a week against the
+insurer&#8217;s thirty shillings that his child won&#8217;t live. The insurer&#8217;s
+chances are, the general good character of the English parent, and the
+known penalties of the law for murder.</p>
+
+<p>I regret that I cannot inform you that all these wronged children are
+black, and their wrong-doers, heathen inhabitants of heathen lands; that
+we have founded a missionary Society to send missionaries to these demons
+of wickedness, in Africa or New Guinea. I regret it chiefly because it is
+such a shame to us all that these things exist in our own beloved land;
+but I regret it, still more, because you will, I fear, care the less to
+remedy it.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">II.</p>
+
+<p>The remedy lies in numerous directions. Many laws and customs and
+doctrines have been (many of them are still) on the side of the torture of
+a child.</p>
+
+<p>1. Unhappily, Courts of Law, by their rules of procedure, have not been on
+the side of the child. They have rather lent security to the inflictor of
+its sufferings. A mother who has to screen her children from the madness
+of their drunken father at midnight, since such midnight orgies were
+introduced into England, has never been allowed&mdash;that is, if she were a
+married mother&mdash;to give evidence of the fact in an English Court. Boys and
+girls under ten who witnessed atrocities committed on a brother or sister,
+they, too, were excluded from Courts. And who can estimate the number of
+families in which wrongs to children were thus made, legally, absolutely
+safe!</p>
+
+<p>Here is a sample of such excluded cases:&mdash;Before the baby was many days
+old its father soused it on its mother&#8217;s knee with the contents of a pail
+of cold water. On another occasion he seized it while suckling at her
+breast, and flung it violently against the wall at the other end of the
+room. When its mother was out, he took it into the yard and put it
+overhead in a tank of cold water, holding it under till it was with
+difficulty recovered. &#8220;What do you feed the little devil for?&#8221; he would
+ask his wife. He was for ever assaulting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> her for her care of it. As it
+got older he pitched it on the floor, and struck it with the legs of a
+chair. It grew to dread the sound of his footsteps on the stairs, and
+would hide under the bed and lie breathless till he had gone. Such a
+brute&#8217;s wife always, and his family generally (often the only witnesses of
+a crime against a child), were, till recently, all excluded from Court.</p>
+
+<p>2. And everybody else was excluded from the scene of his wickedness. His
+house was &#8220;his castle,&#8221; not to be entered even by a warrant, save if he
+had stolen a watch.</p>
+
+<p>3. Even when the facts were got at, and legal proceedings taken, every
+injustice was done to the little sufferer on whose behalf they were taken.
+It could never be removed from its torturer&#8217;s custody. Even when after the
+hearing of the case, it was committed for trial, still for a period
+possibly of three months the child had to be left in the custody of the
+culprit to pamper, to coax, to warn and threaten into the denial of
+everything on which a conviction could be obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Is it wonderful that, under these conditions of the law, one-half of the
+brutes towards English children were unpunishable brutes, and practised
+their damnable deeds in safety?</p>
+
+<p>Happily, every one of these conditions is changed.</p>
+
+<p>4. One practice of Courts&mdash;an almost universal one&mdash;I must mention in
+passing, as most unjust to a child&mdash;viz., the custom of accepting
+testimony against it without any confirmation; and that, too, from the
+person who has ill-treated it. Men who are cruel to a child easily add to
+their cruelty a damaging false witness, which, being only against a child,
+nobody ever prosecutes. In consideration of lies, the sentence is often
+admittedly reduced. After 400 wronged children have spent two, three,
+four, and six months in our Society&#8217;s Shelter whilst their maligners were
+in prison, speaking generally, I may say that charges pleaded in excuse,
+and accepted in extenuation of outrages, have proved to be mere inventions
+of cowardly malice. When the grave, frightened little looks with which
+they came had passed away, they were full of the ways of sunny childhood.
+More pleasant docile children, or children more ready to twine their arms
+around your neck, you seldom find, than have been some little people who
+had been called liars, thieves, vixens (even infants in arms have been
+called vixens),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and the like&mdash;by savages before magistrates as pleas for
+their mercy. And from every quarter to which children have been sent, the
+same testimony comes as to the untruthfulness of the charges their parents
+made in Court, against the children and for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">III.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other things yet to be changed, both in the laws and in the
+customs of this country, before child life in it will be what it ought to
+be.</p>
+
+<p>1. The shops of England abound with poisons specially prepared for
+children. &#8220;Syrups&#8221; and &#8220;foods&#8221; as unsuitable for a baby&#8217;s stomach, and as
+fatal, as a bullet would be to its brain or a knife to its throat, are
+sold to all comers. In some cities, coroners and medical men have a
+hundred times denounced things in common use as poison to babies; and the
+Press a hundred times has carried their denunciations into every street,
+with absolutely no effect on the extent of their use. Boiled bread,
+corn-flour, sago, &#8220;tops and bottoms,&#8221; these soon make a strong, week-old
+baby a sight to see.</p>
+
+<p>2. Still further. Where inhuman parents by such death-dealing agents have
+done their work, coroner&#8217;s juries join hands against the child with the
+infants&#8217; food and syrup shops, and make fatal suffering quite safe to
+inflict. Almost the only persons who commit infant slaughter whom these
+tribunals send to trial are those who in their tender mercies commit it
+hastily and sharply. For long drawn weeks of agony in dying, inflicted by
+sham foods, their custom is to request the coroner to pronounce a censure.
+The coroner then congratulates the parents on the &#8220;mercifulness&#8221; of the
+jury. So the grand prerogative of mercy, even, is made to serve against
+wronged children.</p>
+
+<p>3. But it plays its hypocritical part not at inquests alone. After a
+disclosure as to conduct to a child which would have made true men
+indignant, too many magistrates mildly say, &#8220;We have taken a merciful
+view, and shall let you off this time.&#8221; &#8220;Mercy,&#8221; is this! Mercy! to whom?
+To the man&#8217;s suffering child? To the suffering child of other like-minded
+men in the locality? The magistrate who cures a brute of his brutality,
+that is the merciful magistrate&mdash;merciful to the culprit, to the country,
+and to the child!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Parliament has passed, and the Queen has sanctioned, a
+new law, which has well been called the Children&#8217;s Charter. Yet a canting
+woman before the bench, with the corner of her white apron and a tear, can
+wipe it all out. Even a little cant on an idle man&#8217;s lips&mdash;&#8220;no work to
+do&#8221;&mdash;will make some J.P.&#8217;s disloyal to both Parliament and Crown.</p>
+
+<p>If I happen to be speaking to a magistrate, let me say that no man can
+show &#8220;mercy&#8221; to an offender save where he is himself the person offended.
+That a magistrate should forgive a parent for making a baby&#8217;s back bleed
+is impossible. He may lack justice towards him; he may do that, and then
+slander the &#8220;twice blessed&#8221; name, by calling it Mercy. But mercy is
+impossible to a magistrate to whom an appeal is made on behalf of a
+suffering child, save as he is the indignant champion of the child.</p>
+
+<p>4. Medical men, too, but with far more cause than all the rest, have made
+child slaughter safe. Dispensaries give death certificates, knowing
+nothing of the case save from the possible criminal&#8217;s own mouth. And
+before coroners, they certify the final not the real cause of the child&#8217;s
+not being alive.</p>
+
+<p>5. Even charity (so called) has lent its patronage against little
+children. In no country as in England do children so directly appeal to
+human sensibilities; and in no other country are pitiful charities so
+readily shown to them. And so it comes about, that for persons using puny
+and ill children for the purposes of gain in the streets, England is
+perhaps the most scandalous country in the world. A child&#8217;s bad cough, two
+sore eyes, or emaciation through wasting disease, is a living to its
+owner. To move charity, children are made to tramp and stand about on cold
+stone pavements, weary and hungry, all day long. Parents, who ought to be
+flogged for such ways with children, are, because of them, kept in comfort
+and idleness. For them to cure their child of its ailments, even to nurse
+it, or to give it reasonable food and rest, would be to lose bread and
+cheese, and pipe and beer; a sacrifice they do not think of making. And
+why should they think of making it, while &#8220;lovely charity&#8221; gives its
+patronage!</p>
+
+<p>Take one illustrative case:&mdash;A baby nine months old, dying of starvation,
+was the other day taken from the arms of a woman who was exposing its
+ghastly face and thin limbs to the passers-by in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> Whitechapel, pleading
+that she was a widow, and her child was starving. Under the new law, the
+child was taken from her. It was found not to be her child. She had the
+loan of it, and night after night, till eleven o&#8217;clock, she moved the
+compassion of the passers-by, and out of baby&#8217;s shivers, dying, she made
+her living. She knew how blind and lazy &#8220;charity&#8221; patronises a wrong-doer
+to a child. The wickedest, it patronises the most.</p>
+
+<p>Charity has still further been against the suffering child. By its
+institutions for the ill-used and destitute, in not a few cases it has
+been an inducement to their ill-usage and destitution. Whilst the kind and
+honest poor may do as best they can for their children, the vicious have
+had theirs maintained, taught trades, and the drum and fife; and fairly
+started in life. The soundest charity is not that which provides food and
+homes for the destitute, but treadmills for those who make them destitute.
+Not that the one ought not to be done, but that the other ought not to be
+left undone.</p>
+
+<p>6. Even the Gospel has been pleaded as a reason for letting the savage
+have his way with his child. &#8220;Get men converted; you cannot change hearts
+by laws,&#8221; it is said. This is wholly true. But what is needed is not to
+change hearts, but to change conduct; to make men keep blows and boots off
+babies&#8217; limbs, and to put bread into sadly empty little stomachs. And a
+free use of the treadmill, though it cannot do more, can do that; and does
+it gloriously. And where it fails, I would use the cat. God has put a
+cuticle under the skin as the final resort of argument. Where every other
+part of the man is &#8220;past feeling,&#8221; it is a divine duty to get at that. The
+first object of a Christian nation is to protect a baby&#8217;s skin, not a
+man&#8217;s. People speak of flogging as degrading. Degrade! can you, a man who
+will batter into a shapeless thing a baby face with his fist?</p>
+
+<p>It will be impossible to even mention the hosts of those especial
+defilements and injuries done to girl children. They are vast in number
+and incredible in kind, and include large numbers of own fathers as the
+fearful criminals. Degrade <i>these</i> men! <i>Degrade</i> them!</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">IV.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these changes already mentioned, there needs to be a great change
+in the national sentiment on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>All these wrongs of a child are the result of the low estimate which
+prevails as to the rights of a child. There seems to be little or no
+interest in a child as a subject of the Queen and an object of the law. I
+must except Her Majesty&#8217;s judges, and the best legal magistrates. To hear
+cases for children, I would always rather have a lawyer on the bench than
+a Sunday-school teacher. The religion of pious J.P.&#8217;s seems to be to let
+people off&mdash;adults I mean. It is not always so when it is a child who is
+charged. What is wanted in the interests of every form of unhappy English
+child life in this country to-day is righteousness, the robust
+righteousness of God; and His indignations at neglect of the hunger, or
+the sickness of a child. The shameful sufferings of English children
+to-day are jointly the work of the English bench and the English brute: of
+mawkishness on the bench, of cruelty in the brute.</p>
+
+<p>On this subject of children hurt and killed the Church too has acted in
+grievously strange ways. It has taught what happened in the worship of the
+Syrian Moloch: it has not even known what is done in the worship of the
+English Bacchus. Much horror has it felt at the destruction of baby life
+on the Ganges; and little, if any at all, at the destruction of it on the
+flabby bosoms of English women whom men have made mothers, and to whom
+they have given no bread. As an argument for Christianity, it has pointed
+to the children abandoned in Pagan Rome, oblivious of the 20,000 a year
+abandoned in our own cities and villages, to death, or the parish. Of the
+five-and-twenty or thirty little boys once massacred at Bethlehem, it
+holds annual mournful commemorations. Of the hundred times that number of
+little boys and girls annually smothered within sound of its church bells
+it says nothing. When I think of the Church and of child-suffering and
+slaughter in England, I cannot help remembering the Biblical saying, as to
+whose eyes it is that &#8220;are in the ends of the earth.&#8221; For the &#8220;soul&#8221; of
+children, whatever that may mean, the professional religionist eyes are at
+home; but for their suffering and slaughtered bodies, they are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> away in
+far times and far lands. And its purse, and its heart has gone there too.</p>
+
+<p>A grand opportunity is now afforded to stamp cruelty to children out of
+the land. The law has come to be grandly right. Will the men who wear the
+name of that greatest friend of children the world ever contained meet the
+opportunity, find the money to discover the crimes and to enforce the law
+against them?</p>
+
+<p>I hear you murmur, &#8220;The police! It is the work of the police to do that.&#8221;
+That is not true. It is not the work of the police to discover anything,
+nor to initiate proceedings for anybody. They are a brave good body of
+men; but they have their set work to do, and their strict rules for doing
+it. But, were it so, when you stand before the judgment throne of Him
+whose will, Jesus says, is that not one little one should either suffer
+from hunger, or nakedness, or be sick and perish, will you dare to tell
+Him that you knew that that was His will, but that you left it to the
+police?</p>
+
+<p>The new law has been created by Christian labour. It is the expression of
+Christian sentiment. It must be enforced by Christian money.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="note">
+<p>To enforce the splendid new law, the Society is seeking to raise its
+income to &pound;15,000 a year. In the enforcement of the Factory Acts &pound;30,000 a
+year is spent. In the enforcement of the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty
+to Animals &pound;29,000 is annually spent. Is it too much to ask for half these
+sums for the enforcement of the law for Children, when, without it, their
+sufferings must continue? Contributions may be sent to <span class="smcap">John Faulkner</span>
+(<i>Secretary</i>), 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS.</p>
+
+<p>The Society consists of Annual Members, subscribing &pound;1 and upwards yearly;
+of Associates, subscribing less than &pound;1, but 5<i>s.</i> and upwards yearly; of
+Life Members, subscribing not less than &pound;10 in one payment; and of
+Patrons, subscribing not less than &pound;50 in one payment.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>National Society for the Prevention of<br />
+Cruelty to Children.</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FOUNDED 1884.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<i>Royal Patroness</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">H.R.H. Princess Christian.</span><br />
+<i>Patron</i>&mdash;The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London.<br />
+<i>Trustees</i>&mdash;The Baroness Burdett-Coutts; Cardinal Manning;<br />
+Colonel Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.<br />
+<i>President</i>&mdash;His Grace the Duke of Abercorn.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">CENTRAL COMMITTEE.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Chairman</i>&mdash;R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.<br />
+<i>Vice-Chairman</i>&mdash;W. H. Collingridge, Esq.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="committee">
+<tr><td>Countess of Aberdeen.</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td>Mrs. F. W. Maude.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>H. C. Barker, Esq.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>A. Meysey-Thompson, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rev. Prebendary Barnes.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Mrs. Meysey-Thompson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bishop of Bedford.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Viscountess Midleton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mrs. Benson.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>J. Louis Mitchell, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baroness Burdett-Coutts.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>J. Montefiore, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>F. A. Channing, Esq., M.P.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Lady Nottage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>J. Colam, Esq.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>C. C. Osborne, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lady Ellis.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>C. Kegan Paul, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dudley C. Falcke, Esq.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Hon. Mrs. Pereira.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sir Thomas Farrer.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>E. de M. Rudolf, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lady Farrer.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Lady Margaret Shelley.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hon. Lady Fitzgerald.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Rev. B. Stephenson, LL.D.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lady George Hamilton.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Miss Hesba Stretton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lady Henderson.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Miss H. L. Synnot.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Miss Henderson.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Lady Tryon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rev. J. W. Horsley.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Rev. T. Turner.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Countess of Iddesleigh, C.I.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Lady Catherine Vane.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Countess of Iddesleigh.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Ashton Warner, Esq.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Countess of Mar.</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>Rev. Benjamin Waugh.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Lady Willoughby de Eresby.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Treasurer</i>&mdash;R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.<br />
+<i>Honorary Director</i>&mdash;Rev. BENJAMIN WAUGH.<br />
+<i>Counsel</i>&mdash;Robert Frederick Colam, Esq.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Solicitor</i>&mdash;Henry C. Barker, Esq.<br />
+<i>Hon. Surgeon</i>&mdash;Howard Marsh, Esq., F.R.C.S.<br />
+<i>Visiting Surgeon</i>&mdash;J. Rees Gabe, Esq., M.D.<br />
+<i>Bankers</i>&mdash;Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand, W.C.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Secretary</i>&mdash;Mr. JOHN FAULKNER.<br />
+<i>Head Office and Shelter</i>&mdash;<br />
+7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.<br />
+<i>Telegraphic Address</i>&mdash;&#8220;CHILDHOOD, LONDON.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in
+England, by Benjamin Waugh
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in England, by
+Benjamin Waugh
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Some Conditions of Child Life in England
+
+Author: Benjamin Waugh
+
+Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31888]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  _NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF
+  CRUELTY TO CHILDREN._
+
+
+  SOME CONDITIONS
+  OF
+  CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+  BY
+  REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH,
+
+  HONORARY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF
+  CRUELTY TO CHILDREN.
+
+
+  Head Office and Shelter:
+  7 HARPUR STREET, THEOBALD'S ROAD, LONDON.
+  1889.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE STEP-CHILD.]
+
+
+
+
+SOME CONDITIONS OF CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.
+
+[_A Paper read by_ REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH _at the Meeting of the Baptist
+Union, Thursday, October 10, 1889, at Birmingham._]
+
+
+My subject is Some Conditions of Child Life in England. And ought we not
+to expect some of these to be sad? No one who reflects can fail to see the
+fact that in this country to-day many conditions contribute to make
+ill-living people; and to make them regard children as nuisances. Vagrant
+habits; gambling; extravagant self-indulgence; idleness; unmarried
+parentage, and unfaithfulness in married parents; habitual
+drunkenness--all these disturb, and some destroy, the natural parental
+instinct. There is, too, a growing anti-population theory of which we have
+not heard much, but which is a kind of open secret, which regards that man
+as a fool who said of children, "Blessed is the man that hath his quiver
+full of them," and the statement of the Prayer Book Marriage Service as to
+the divine objects of marriage as shameful and degrading. Because the
+results of all wrong and sinful life in man fall heaviest upon his God and
+his children, we ought to be prepared to find calamities which follow
+conditions like these, and to deal with them. They all tend to hurt
+children, chiefly the youngest.
+
+Side by side with these conditions there is an increasing tendency to
+regard human beings as protoplasm; to shake off the idea of Jesus as to a
+living God, the Father of us all, and to account for human life by
+molecules; to count His judgment day and a supreme judge of robust and
+wholesome righteousness as superstitions. And this is all full of danger
+to child life. Child life and happiness are bound up with the Kingship of
+God. There is but one Supreme to whom they are "the greatest;" but one
+hand which has a millstone for the necks of those who offend them, and the
+depths of the sea. Church-goers and chapel-goers may sin against
+childhood, and men who disclaim churches and chapels may love it. But,
+though no hard-and-fast line can be drawn between men on this ground, it
+remains certain that Jesus is the world's most august protector of a
+child. The man who leaves its limbs naked, its sickness untended, He sends
+down to hell.
+
+
+I.
+
+What, then, should His followers think of such deeds as these, taken more
+or less at random, from the list of offences for which, through the action
+of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, by its
+London Committee alone, two hundred men and women have been tried and
+convicted?
+
+Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen,
+while the "own" children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter's
+fire; shutting up another step-child to sleep in the coal-cellar, three
+others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their
+night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; sending a child at ten
+o'clock on a February night, recovering from diphtheria, a mile to an inn
+for beer; sending two starved, almost naked, little girls for half a
+hundredweight of coals in rain and sleet twice the same December night;
+laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting
+another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; leaving a girl
+in bed covered with sores, infested with lice, under one scab a maggot,
+never washed or tended, lying in her own excrements; strapping a deaf and
+dumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand;
+drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her
+hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of
+the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a
+coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, "to
+get his dying done;" making another dying boy get out of bed to help to
+wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl's
+arm while beating her with a broomstick, then setting her to scrub the
+floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being
+so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the
+ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts,
+felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the
+face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with
+drayman's whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip;
+throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of
+a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his
+screams of pain?
+
+"Once I saw her put the poker in the fire," said a neighbour (speaking of
+an own mother and her child of four and a half), "to get it red-hot. The
+child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round
+his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and
+held the poker on the bottom of his back." One baby cooed in the cradle,
+and was startled with a loud thunderous curse; one cried of teething, and
+was beaten savagely with its father's big hand; two did the same, and were
+strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper's hand. Besides canes,
+straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of
+torture have been hammers; pokers, cold, and red-hot; wire
+toasting-forks--in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem
+untwisted a little up, making a sort of a birch of frayed wire; a file,
+with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove,
+on which the child's bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which
+little fat hands were held.
+
+Never were even churches put to such Christian purposes as were Her
+Majesty's prisons, when they held the doers of such deeds as these, and
+were making their backs to well ache with hard labour.
+
+You are shocked at that horrible catalogue. But is it not strange that in
+not one of all these cases did anybody, who was troubled about them, ever
+think of going to tell a minister of the gospel--you people who claim to
+be the successors of the man of Nazareth? Nor did they go to a City
+missionary! Of the 1400 cases sent into the office of the Society for the
+Prevention of Cruelty to Children in London during its five years'
+existence, not one has come from a City missionary. When speaking of the
+starvation of children to one of them, he said to me, "Yes, I knew two
+cases last winter, one after another; they were just starved to death. It
+was a shocking affair." To which I replied, in surprised indignation, "Why
+did you not tell us?" "Oh," he replied with a perfectly satisfied air, "if
+I were to meddle in things like that, I could not do my more spiritual
+work."
+
+"I know several children marked for death," said a London vicar's
+daughter, and his district visitor, the other day, "but I cannot give
+their parents' names. We should be subject to such persecution if we were
+to interfere." The fact that
+
+  There's a friend of little children,
+  Above the bright blue sky,
+
+ought to fall like a warning thunderbolt out of heaven on such people's
+ears! I have repeated these two sayings, because they speak volumes on the
+"religious" surroundings of tortured child life in England. Both of them
+referred to children being deliberately starved to death.
+
+I will give you a sample of the condition in which some of these starved
+children, unseen, and quietly, die.
+
+It was in winter, in a bare room. The child, a girl of seven, lay on a
+mattress, had but two garments on: a chemise and a print frock. There was
+no blanket, no coverlet, no sheet. The window was curtainless; the nights
+were frosty. There was no fire in the grate, nor had there ever been
+through all the long illness. There was no food, no physic, not even a cup
+of water to drink. Her bones almost protruded through the bed-sores, which
+added misery to her misery. She lay with her eyes shut all day,
+occasionally moistening with her dry tongue her still drier lips.
+Downstairs sat the pair with whom she had lived from her birth--her father
+and mother. They brought her no share of their tea nor crumb of their
+bread. They had blankets for _their_ beds, and fire for _their_ meals.
+Their house was still. You pass a door like theirs; all is clean. The
+curate nods as he goes by; and the district visitor calls; and the child
+hears the church bell on Sundays, till she can hear it no more. For she is
+starving to death in a Christian country.
+
+It is little children who are made most to suffer.
+
+The ages of the victims of the most atrocious cases is almost always low.
+Nor are small families exempt. The size of families in which the most
+horrible outrages take place is never large, being mostly two, or even
+one. Poverty is never great. Dwellings are often miserable enough, though
+not always that. Two pounds ten a week and three pounds a week are
+received by artisans whose one room for the family costs four and sixpence
+per week, and even this a toiling wife has in some cases to pay. But some
+live in "Model Dwellings." Neither is it ignorance, in the common meaning
+of ignorance, which tends to produce cruelties to children. Skilled
+artisans, with a smattering of knowledge beyond their class, considering
+the proportion they bear to the common run of labourers, are in excess in
+number and obstinacy of cases. Nor does higher social position exempt from
+this evil. Some of the cruel are industrious, and some are idle. Some
+drink, some do not. Some can talk of protoplasm; and some cannot spell
+their own names.
+
+The truth of the matter is, that cruelty is wholly independent of
+surroundings and wages. It is the work of haters of children; of sullen,
+pitiless, intolerant, dispositions; of men whom there is no pleasing, who
+resent tiny baby's little blunderings, or even pretty ways with all the
+physical power of a grown man, in manners which, if shown by an officer of
+justice to a convict, would excite the indignation of the whole country.
+
+It is impossible, within my limits, to do justice to the work the new
+Society has had to do for drunkard's children, tramp children, stolen
+children; acrobats and performing children; step-children, little hawkers,
+and friendless apprentices; children insured and in baby farms.
+
+As regards our "baby farms," many of them would be a scandal to a savage
+land: they are mere baby shambles. And as regards infantile insurance,
+that is worse. While in the baby farm, where a child is killed for profit,
+it is a stranger who kills, in the bad family, where it is killed for
+insurance money, it is the parent who kills. Neither here in this matter,
+nor in the statements I have already made, do I make charges against
+English parents. Most of them would die rather than injure, or even
+neglect, their child. But there are un-English parents, tens of thousands
+of them, who, for "a drink," pawn their baby's only garment and leave it
+foodless in a fireless room. To these, insurance money can be nothing else
+than a motive for more or less passive child murder. And other types, it
+familiarises with the idea of baby's death and of getting old scores paid
+off when it happens; which in the insured child's ailments acts as an
+incitive to the reverse of whole hearted care for its life. The system
+itself is a kind of gambling: a parent bets a penny a week against the
+insurer's thirty shillings that his child won't live. The insurer's
+chances are, the general good character of the English parent, and the
+known penalties of the law for murder.
+
+I regret that I cannot inform you that all these wronged children are
+black, and their wrong-doers, heathen inhabitants of heathen lands; that
+we have founded a missionary Society to send missionaries to these demons
+of wickedness, in Africa or New Guinea. I regret it chiefly because it is
+such a shame to us all that these things exist in our own beloved land;
+but I regret it, still more, because you will, I fear, care the less to
+remedy it.
+
+
+II.
+
+The remedy lies in numerous directions. Many laws and customs and
+doctrines have been (many of them are still) on the side of the torture of
+a child.
+
+1. Unhappily, Courts of Law, by their rules of procedure, have not been on
+the side of the child. They have rather lent security to the inflictor of
+its sufferings. A mother who has to screen her children from the madness
+of their drunken father at midnight, since such midnight orgies were
+introduced into England, has never been allowed--that is, if she were a
+married mother--to give evidence of the fact in an English Court. Boys and
+girls under ten who witnessed atrocities committed on a brother or sister,
+they, too, were excluded from Courts. And who can estimate the number of
+families in which wrongs to children were thus made, legally, absolutely
+safe!
+
+Here is a sample of such excluded cases:--Before the baby was many days
+old its father soused it on its mother's knee with the contents of a pail
+of cold water. On another occasion he seized it while suckling at her
+breast, and flung it violently against the wall at the other end of the
+room. When its mother was out, he took it into the yard and put it
+overhead in a tank of cold water, holding it under till it was with
+difficulty recovered. "What do you feed the little devil for?" he would
+ask his wife. He was for ever assaulting her for her care of it. As it
+got older he pitched it on the floor, and struck it with the legs of a
+chair. It grew to dread the sound of his footsteps on the stairs, and
+would hide under the bed and lie breathless till he had gone. Such a
+brute's wife always, and his family generally (often the only witnesses of
+a crime against a child), were, till recently, all excluded from Court.
+
+2. And everybody else was excluded from the scene of his wickedness. His
+house was "his castle," not to be entered even by a warrant, save if he
+had stolen a watch.
+
+3. Even when the facts were got at, and legal proceedings taken, every
+injustice was done to the little sufferer on whose behalf they were taken.
+It could never be removed from its torturer's custody. Even when after the
+hearing of the case, it was committed for trial, still for a period
+possibly of three months the child had to be left in the custody of the
+culprit to pamper, to coax, to warn and threaten into the denial of
+everything on which a conviction could be obtained.
+
+Is it wonderful that, under these conditions of the law, one-half of the
+brutes towards English children were unpunishable brutes, and practised
+their damnable deeds in safety?
+
+Happily, every one of these conditions is changed.
+
+4. One practice of Courts--an almost universal one--I must mention in
+passing, as most unjust to a child--viz., the custom of accepting
+testimony against it without any confirmation; and that, too, from the
+person who has ill-treated it. Men who are cruel to a child easily add to
+their cruelty a damaging false witness, which, being only against a child,
+nobody ever prosecutes. In consideration of lies, the sentence is often
+admittedly reduced. After 400 wronged children have spent two, three,
+four, and six months in our Society's Shelter whilst their maligners were
+in prison, speaking generally, I may say that charges pleaded in excuse,
+and accepted in extenuation of outrages, have proved to be mere inventions
+of cowardly malice. When the grave, frightened little looks with which
+they came had passed away, they were full of the ways of sunny childhood.
+More pleasant docile children, or children more ready to twine their arms
+around your neck, you seldom find, than have been some little people who
+had been called liars, thieves, vixens (even infants in arms have been
+called vixens), and the like--by savages before magistrates as pleas for
+their mercy. And from every quarter to which children have been sent, the
+same testimony comes as to the untruthfulness of the charges their parents
+made in Court, against the children and for themselves.
+
+
+III.
+
+There are many other things yet to be changed, both in the laws and in the
+customs of this country, before child life in it will be what it ought to
+be.
+
+1. The shops of England abound with poisons specially prepared for
+children. "Syrups" and "foods" as unsuitable for a baby's stomach, and as
+fatal, as a bullet would be to its brain or a knife to its throat, are
+sold to all comers. In some cities, coroners and medical men have a
+hundred times denounced things in common use as poison to babies; and the
+Press a hundred times has carried their denunciations into every street,
+with absolutely no effect on the extent of their use. Boiled bread,
+corn-flour, sago, "tops and bottoms," these soon make a strong, week-old
+baby a sight to see.
+
+2. Still further. Where inhuman parents by such death-dealing agents have
+done their work, coroner's juries join hands against the child with the
+infants' food and syrup shops, and make fatal suffering quite safe to
+inflict. Almost the only persons who commit infant slaughter whom these
+tribunals send to trial are those who in their tender mercies commit it
+hastily and sharply. For long drawn weeks of agony in dying, inflicted by
+sham foods, their custom is to request the coroner to pronounce a censure.
+The coroner then congratulates the parents on the "mercifulness" of the
+jury. So the grand prerogative of mercy, even, is made to serve against
+wronged children.
+
+3. But it plays its hypocritical part not at inquests alone. After a
+disclosure as to conduct to a child which would have made true men
+indignant, too many magistrates mildly say, "We have taken a merciful
+view, and shall let you off this time." "Mercy," is this! Mercy! to whom?
+To the man's suffering child? To the suffering child of other like-minded
+men in the locality? The magistrate who cures a brute of his brutality,
+that is the merciful magistrate--merciful to the culprit, to the country,
+and to the child! Parliament has passed, and the Queen has sanctioned, a
+new law, which has well been called the Children's Charter. Yet a canting
+woman before the bench, with the corner of her white apron and a tear, can
+wipe it all out. Even a little cant on an idle man's lips--"no work to
+do"--will make some J.P.'s disloyal to both Parliament and Crown.
+
+If I happen to be speaking to a magistrate, let me say that no man can
+show "mercy" to an offender save where he is himself the person offended.
+That a magistrate should forgive a parent for making a baby's back bleed
+is impossible. He may lack justice towards him; he may do that, and then
+slander the "twice blessed" name, by calling it Mercy. But mercy is
+impossible to a magistrate to whom an appeal is made on behalf of a
+suffering child, save as he is the indignant champion of the child.
+
+4. Medical men, too, but with far more cause than all the rest, have made
+child slaughter safe. Dispensaries give death certificates, knowing
+nothing of the case save from the possible criminal's own mouth. And
+before coroners, they certify the final not the real cause of the child's
+not being alive.
+
+5. Even charity (so called) has lent its patronage against little
+children. In no country as in England do children so directly appeal to
+human sensibilities; and in no other country are pitiful charities so
+readily shown to them. And so it comes about, that for persons using puny
+and ill children for the purposes of gain in the streets, England is
+perhaps the most scandalous country in the world. A child's bad cough, two
+sore eyes, or emaciation through wasting disease, is a living to its
+owner. To move charity, children are made to tramp and stand about on cold
+stone pavements, weary and hungry, all day long. Parents, who ought to be
+flogged for such ways with children, are, because of them, kept in comfort
+and idleness. For them to cure their child of its ailments, even to nurse
+it, or to give it reasonable food and rest, would be to lose bread and
+cheese, and pipe and beer; a sacrifice they do not think of making. And
+why should they think of making it, while "lovely charity" gives its
+patronage!
+
+Take one illustrative case:--A baby nine months old, dying of starvation,
+was the other day taken from the arms of a woman who was exposing its
+ghastly face and thin limbs to the passers-by in Whitechapel, pleading
+that she was a widow, and her child was starving. Under the new law, the
+child was taken from her. It was found not to be her child. She had the
+loan of it, and night after night, till eleven o'clock, she moved the
+compassion of the passers-by, and out of baby's shivers, dying, she made
+her living. She knew how blind and lazy "charity" patronises a wrong-doer
+to a child. The wickedest, it patronises the most.
+
+Charity has still further been against the suffering child. By its
+institutions for the ill-used and destitute, in not a few cases it has
+been an inducement to their ill-usage and destitution. Whilst the kind and
+honest poor may do as best they can for their children, the vicious have
+had theirs maintained, taught trades, and the drum and fife; and fairly
+started in life. The soundest charity is not that which provides food and
+homes for the destitute, but treadmills for those who make them destitute.
+Not that the one ought not to be done, but that the other ought not to be
+left undone.
+
+6. Even the Gospel has been pleaded as a reason for letting the savage
+have his way with his child. "Get men converted; you cannot change hearts
+by laws," it is said. This is wholly true. But what is needed is not to
+change hearts, but to change conduct; to make men keep blows and boots off
+babies' limbs, and to put bread into sadly empty little stomachs. And a
+free use of the treadmill, though it cannot do more, can do that; and does
+it gloriously. And where it fails, I would use the cat. God has put a
+cuticle under the skin as the final resort of argument. Where every other
+part of the man is "past feeling," it is a divine duty to get at that. The
+first object of a Christian nation is to protect a baby's skin, not a
+man's. People speak of flogging as degrading. Degrade! can you, a man who
+will batter into a shapeless thing a baby face with his fist?
+
+It will be impossible to even mention the hosts of those especial
+defilements and injuries done to girl children. They are vast in number
+and incredible in kind, and include large numbers of own fathers as the
+fearful criminals. Degrade _these_ men! _Degrade_ them!
+
+
+IV.
+
+Besides these changes already mentioned, there needs to be a great change
+in the national sentiment on the subject.
+
+All these wrongs of a child are the result of the low estimate which
+prevails as to the rights of a child. There seems to be little or no
+interest in a child as a subject of the Queen and an object of the law. I
+must except Her Majesty's judges, and the best legal magistrates. To hear
+cases for children, I would always rather have a lawyer on the bench than
+a Sunday-school teacher. The religion of pious J.P.'s seems to be to let
+people off--adults I mean. It is not always so when it is a child who is
+charged. What is wanted in the interests of every form of unhappy English
+child life in this country to-day is righteousness, the robust
+righteousness of God; and His indignations at neglect of the hunger, or
+the sickness of a child. The shameful sufferings of English children
+to-day are jointly the work of the English bench and the English brute: of
+mawkishness on the bench, of cruelty in the brute.
+
+On this subject of children hurt and killed the Church too has acted in
+grievously strange ways. It has taught what happened in the worship of the
+Syrian Moloch: it has not even known what is done in the worship of the
+English Bacchus. Much horror has it felt at the destruction of baby life
+on the Ganges; and little, if any at all, at the destruction of it on the
+flabby bosoms of English women whom men have made mothers, and to whom
+they have given no bread. As an argument for Christianity, it has pointed
+to the children abandoned in Pagan Rome, oblivious of the 20,000 a year
+abandoned in our own cities and villages, to death, or the parish. Of the
+five-and-twenty or thirty little boys once massacred at Bethlehem, it
+holds annual mournful commemorations. Of the hundred times that number of
+little boys and girls annually smothered within sound of its church bells
+it says nothing. When I think of the Church and of child-suffering and
+slaughter in England, I cannot help remembering the Biblical saying, as to
+whose eyes it is that "are in the ends of the earth." For the "soul" of
+children, whatever that may mean, the professional religionist eyes are at
+home; but for their suffering and slaughtered bodies, they are away in
+far times and far lands. And its purse, and its heart has gone there too.
+
+A grand opportunity is now afforded to stamp cruelty to children out of
+the land. The law has come to be grandly right. Will the men who wear the
+name of that greatest friend of children the world ever contained meet the
+opportunity, find the money to discover the crimes and to enforce the law
+against them?
+
+I hear you murmur, "The police! It is the work of the police to do that."
+That is not true. It is not the work of the police to discover anything,
+nor to initiate proceedings for anybody. They are a brave good body of
+men; but they have their set work to do, and their strict rules for doing
+it. But, were it so, when you stand before the judgment throne of Him
+whose will, Jesus says, is that not one little one should either suffer
+from hunger, or nakedness, or be sick and perish, will you dare to tell
+Him that you knew that that was His will, but that you left it to the
+police?
+
+The new law has been created by Christian labour. It is the expression of
+Christian sentiment. It must be enforced by Christian money.
+
+
+
+
+To enforce the splendid new law, the Society is seeking to raise its
+income to L15,000 a year. In the enforcement of the Factory Acts L30,000 a
+year is spent. In the enforcement of the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty
+to Animals L29,000 is annually spent. Is it too much to ask for half these
+sums for the enforcement of the law for Children, when, without it, their
+sufferings must continue? Contributions may be sent to JOHN FAULKNER
+(_Secretary_), 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.
+
+
+SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS.
+
+The Society consists of Annual Members, subscribing L1 and upwards yearly;
+of Associates, subscribing less than L1, but 5_s._ and upwards yearly; of
+Life Members, subscribing not less than L10 in one payment; and of
+Patrons, subscribing not less than L50 in one payment.
+
+
+
+
+National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
+
+
+FOUNDED 1884.
+
+_Royal Patroness_--H.R.H. PRINCESS CHRISTIAN.
+
+_Patron_--The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London.
+
+_Trustees_--The Baroness Burdett-Coutts; Cardinal Manning;
+Colonel Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.
+
+_President_--His Grace the Duke of Abercorn.
+
+
+CENTRAL COMMITTEE.
+
+_Chairman_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.
+
+_Vice-Chairman_--W. H. Collingridge, Esq.
+
+
+  Countess of Aberdeen.
+  H. C. Barker, Esq.
+  Rev. Prebendary Barnes.
+  Bishop of Bedford.
+  Mrs. Benson.
+  Baroness Burdett-Coutts.
+  F. A. Channing, Esq., M.P.
+  J. Colam, Esq.
+  Lady Ellis.
+  Dudley C. Falcke, Esq.
+  Sir Thomas Farrer.
+  Lady Farrer.
+  Hon. Lady Fitzgerald.
+  Lady George Hamilton.
+  Lady Henderson.
+  Miss Henderson.
+  Rev. J. W. Horsley.
+  Countess of Iddesleigh, C.I.
+  Countess of Iddesleigh.
+  Countess of Mar.
+  Mrs. F. W. Maude.
+  A. Meysey-Thompson, Esq.
+  Mrs. Meysey-Thompson.
+  Viscountess Midleton.
+  J. Louis Mitchell, Esq.
+  J. Montefiore, Esq.
+  Lady Nottage.
+  C. C. Osborne, Esq.
+  C. Kegan Paul, Esq.
+  Hon. Mrs. Pereira.
+  E. de M. Rudolf, Esq.
+  Lady Margaret Shelley.
+  Rev. B. Stephenson, LL.D.
+  Miss Hesba Stretton.
+  Miss H. L. Synnot.
+  Lady Tryon.
+  Rev. T. Turner.
+  Lady Catherine Vane.
+  Ashton Warner, Esq.
+  Rev. Benjamin Waugh.
+  Lady Willoughby de Eresby.
+
+_Treasurer_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.
+
+_Honorary Director_--Rev. BENJAMIN WAUGH.
+
+_Counsel_--Robert Frederick Colam, Esq.
+
+_Solicitor_--Henry C. Barker, Esq.
+
+_Hon. Surgeon_--Howard Marsh, Esq., F.R.C.S.
+
+_Visiting Surgeon_--J. Rees Gabe, Esq., M.D.
+
+_Bankers_--Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand, W.C.
+
+_Secretary_--Mr. JOHN FAULKNER.
+
+
+_Head Office and Shelter_--
+
+7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
+
+_Telegraphic Address_--"CHILDHOOD, LONDON."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in
+England, by Benjamin Waugh
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31888.txt or 31888.zip *****
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+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/8/8/31888/
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