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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31888-8.txt b/31888-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e763a31 --- /dev/null +++ b/31888-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,983 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in England, by +Benjamin Waugh + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Conditions of Child Life in England + +Author: Benjamin Waugh + +Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31888] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + _NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF + CRUELTY TO CHILDREN._ + + + SOME CONDITIONS + OF + CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND. + + + BY + REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH, + + HONORARY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF + CRUELTY TO CHILDREN. + + + Head Office and Shelter: + 7 HARPUR STREET, THEOBALD'S ROAD, LONDON. + 1889. + + + + +[Illustration: THE STEP-CHILD.] + + + + +SOME CONDITIONS OF CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND. + +[_A Paper read by_ REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH _at the Meeting of the Baptist +Union, Thursday, October 10, 1889, at Birmingham._] + + +My subject is Some Conditions of Child Life in England. And ought we not +to expect some of these to be sad? No one who reflects can fail to see the +fact that in this country to-day many conditions contribute to make +ill-living people; and to make them regard children as nuisances. Vagrant +habits; gambling; extravagant self-indulgence; idleness; unmarried +parentage, and unfaithfulness in married parents; habitual +drunkenness--all these disturb, and some destroy, the natural parental +instinct. There is, too, a growing anti-population theory of which we have +not heard much, but which is a kind of open secret, which regards that man +as a fool who said of children, "Blessed is the man that hath his quiver +full of them," and the statement of the Prayer Book Marriage Service as to +the divine objects of marriage as shameful and degrading. Because the +results of all wrong and sinful life in man fall heaviest upon his God and +his children, we ought to be prepared to find calamities which follow +conditions like these, and to deal with them. They all tend to hurt +children, chiefly the youngest. + +Side by side with these conditions there is an increasing tendency to +regard human beings as protoplasm; to shake off the idea of Jesus as to a +living God, the Father of us all, and to account for human life by +molecules; to count His judgment day and a supreme judge of robust and +wholesome righteousness as superstitions. And this is all full of danger +to child life. Child life and happiness are bound up with the Kingship of +God. There is but one Supreme to whom they are "the greatest;" but one +hand which has a millstone for the necks of those who offend them, and the +depths of the sea. Church-goers and chapel-goers may sin against +childhood, and men who disclaim churches and chapels may love it. But, +though no hard-and-fast line can be drawn between men on this ground, it +remains certain that Jesus is the world's most august protector of a +child. The man who leaves its limbs naked, its sickness untended, He sends +down to hell. + + +I. + +What, then, should His followers think of such deeds as these, taken more +or less at random, from the list of offences for which, through the action +of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, by its +London Committee alone, two hundred men and women have been tried and +convicted? + +Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen, +while the "own" children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter's +fire; shutting up another step-child to sleep in the coal-cellar, three +others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their +night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; sending a child at ten +o'clock on a February night, recovering from diphtheria, a mile to an inn +for beer; sending two starved, almost naked, little girls for half a +hundredweight of coals in rain and sleet twice the same December night; +laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting +another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; leaving a girl +in bed covered with sores, infested with lice, under one scab a maggot, +never washed or tended, lying in her own excrements; strapping a deaf and +dumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand; +drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her +hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of +the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a +coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, "to +get his dying done;" making another dying boy get out of bed to help to +wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl's +arm while beating her with a broomstick, then setting her to scrub the +floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being +so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the +ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts, +felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the +face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with +drayman's whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip; +throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of +a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his +screams of pain? + +"Once I saw her put the poker in the fire," said a neighbour (speaking of +an own mother and her child of four and a half), "to get it red-hot. The +child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round +his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and +held the poker on the bottom of his back." One baby cooed in the cradle, +and was startled with a loud thunderous curse; one cried of teething, and +was beaten savagely with its father's big hand; two did the same, and were +strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper's hand. Besides canes, +straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of +torture have been hammers; pokers, cold, and red-hot; wire +toasting-forks--in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem +untwisted a little up, making a sort of a birch of frayed wire; a file, +with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove, +on which the child's bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which +little fat hands were held. + +Never were even churches put to such Christian purposes as were Her +Majesty's prisons, when they held the doers of such deeds as these, and +were making their backs to well ache with hard labour. + +You are shocked at that horrible catalogue. But is it not strange that in +not one of all these cases did anybody, who was troubled about them, ever +think of going to tell a minister of the gospel--you people who claim to +be the successors of the man of Nazareth? Nor did they go to a City +missionary! Of the 1400 cases sent into the office of the Society for the +Prevention of Cruelty to Children in London during its five years' +existence, not one has come from a City missionary. When speaking of the +starvation of children to one of them, he said to me, "Yes, I knew two +cases last winter, one after another; they were just starved to death. It +was a shocking affair." To which I replied, in surprised indignation, "Why +did you not tell us?" "Oh," he replied with a perfectly satisfied air, "if +I were to meddle in things like that, I could not do my more spiritual +work." + +"I know several children marked for death," said a London vicar's +daughter, and his district visitor, the other day, "but I cannot give +their parents' names. We should be subject to such persecution if we were +to interfere." The fact that + + There's a friend of little children, + Above the bright blue sky, + +ought to fall like a warning thunderbolt out of heaven on such people's +ears! I have repeated these two sayings, because they speak volumes on the +"religious" surroundings of tortured child life in England. Both of them +referred to children being deliberately starved to death. + +I will give you a sample of the condition in which some of these starved +children, unseen, and quietly, die. + +It was in winter, in a bare room. The child, a girl of seven, lay on a +mattress, had but two garments on: a chemise and a print frock. There was +no blanket, no coverlet, no sheet. The window was curtainless; the nights +were frosty. There was no fire in the grate, nor had there ever been +through all the long illness. There was no food, no physic, not even a cup +of water to drink. Her bones almost protruded through the bed-sores, which +added misery to her misery. She lay with her eyes shut all day, +occasionally moistening with her dry tongue her still drier lips. +Downstairs sat the pair with whom she had lived from her birth--her father +and mother. They brought her no share of their tea nor crumb of their +bread. They had blankets for _their_ beds, and fire for _their_ meals. +Their house was still. You pass a door like theirs; all is clean. The +curate nods as he goes by; and the district visitor calls; and the child +hears the church bell on Sundays, till she can hear it no more. For she is +starving to death in a Christian country. + +It is little children who are made most to suffer. + +The ages of the victims of the most atrocious cases is almost always low. +Nor are small families exempt. The size of families in which the most +horrible outrages take place is never large, being mostly two, or even +one. Poverty is never great. Dwellings are often miserable enough, though +not always that. Two pounds ten a week and three pounds a week are +received by artisans whose one room for the family costs four and sixpence +per week, and even this a toiling wife has in some cases to pay. But some +live in "Model Dwellings." Neither is it ignorance, in the common meaning +of ignorance, which tends to produce cruelties to children. Skilled +artisans, with a smattering of knowledge beyond their class, considering +the proportion they bear to the common run of labourers, are in excess in +number and obstinacy of cases. Nor does higher social position exempt from +this evil. Some of the cruel are industrious, and some are idle. Some +drink, some do not. Some can talk of protoplasm; and some cannot spell +their own names. + +The truth of the matter is, that cruelty is wholly independent of +surroundings and wages. It is the work of haters of children; of sullen, +pitiless, intolerant, dispositions; of men whom there is no pleasing, who +resent tiny baby's little blunderings, or even pretty ways with all the +physical power of a grown man, in manners which, if shown by an officer of +justice to a convict, would excite the indignation of the whole country. + +It is impossible, within my limits, to do justice to the work the new +Society has had to do for drunkard's children, tramp children, stolen +children; acrobats and performing children; step-children, little hawkers, +and friendless apprentices; children insured and in baby farms. + +As regards our "baby farms," many of them would be a scandal to a savage +land: they are mere baby shambles. And as regards infantile insurance, +that is worse. While in the baby farm, where a child is killed for profit, +it is a stranger who kills, in the bad family, where it is killed for +insurance money, it is the parent who kills. Neither here in this matter, +nor in the statements I have already made, do I make charges against +English parents. Most of them would die rather than injure, or even +neglect, their child. But there are un-English parents, tens of thousands +of them, who, for "a drink," pawn their baby's only garment and leave it +foodless in a fireless room. To these, insurance money can be nothing else +than a motive for more or less passive child murder. And other types, it +familiarises with the idea of baby's death and of getting old scores paid +off when it happens; which in the insured child's ailments acts as an +incitive to the reverse of whole hearted care for its life. The system +itself is a kind of gambling: a parent bets a penny a week against the +insurer's thirty shillings that his child won't live. The insurer's +chances are, the general good character of the English parent, and the +known penalties of the law for murder. + +I regret that I cannot inform you that all these wronged children are +black, and their wrong-doers, heathen inhabitants of heathen lands; that +we have founded a missionary Society to send missionaries to these demons +of wickedness, in Africa or New Guinea. I regret it chiefly because it is +such a shame to us all that these things exist in our own beloved land; +but I regret it, still more, because you will, I fear, care the less to +remedy it. + + +II. + +The remedy lies in numerous directions. Many laws and customs and +doctrines have been (many of them are still) on the side of the torture of +a child. + +1. Unhappily, Courts of Law, by their rules of procedure, have not been on +the side of the child. They have rather lent security to the inflictor of +its sufferings. A mother who has to screen her children from the madness +of their drunken father at midnight, since such midnight orgies were +introduced into England, has never been allowed--that is, if she were a +married mother--to give evidence of the fact in an English Court. Boys and +girls under ten who witnessed atrocities committed on a brother or sister, +they, too, were excluded from Courts. And who can estimate the number of +families in which wrongs to children were thus made, legally, absolutely +safe! + +Here is a sample of such excluded cases:--Before the baby was many days +old its father soused it on its mother's knee with the contents of a pail +of cold water. On another occasion he seized it while suckling at her +breast, and flung it violently against the wall at the other end of the +room. When its mother was out, he took it into the yard and put it +overhead in a tank of cold water, holding it under till it was with +difficulty recovered. "What do you feed the little devil for?" he would +ask his wife. He was for ever assaulting her for her care of it. As it +got older he pitched it on the floor, and struck it with the legs of a +chair. It grew to dread the sound of his footsteps on the stairs, and +would hide under the bed and lie breathless till he had gone. Such a +brute's wife always, and his family generally (often the only witnesses of +a crime against a child), were, till recently, all excluded from Court. + +2. And everybody else was excluded from the scene of his wickedness. His +house was "his castle," not to be entered even by a warrant, save if he +had stolen a watch. + +3. Even when the facts were got at, and legal proceedings taken, every +injustice was done to the little sufferer on whose behalf they were taken. +It could never be removed from its torturer's custody. Even when after the +hearing of the case, it was committed for trial, still for a period +possibly of three months the child had to be left in the custody of the +culprit to pamper, to coax, to warn and threaten into the denial of +everything on which a conviction could be obtained. + +Is it wonderful that, under these conditions of the law, one-half of the +brutes towards English children were unpunishable brutes, and practised +their damnable deeds in safety? + +Happily, every one of these conditions is changed. + +4. One practice of Courts--an almost universal one--I must mention in +passing, as most unjust to a child--viz., the custom of accepting +testimony against it without any confirmation; and that, too, from the +person who has ill-treated it. Men who are cruel to a child easily add to +their cruelty a damaging false witness, which, being only against a child, +nobody ever prosecutes. In consideration of lies, the sentence is often +admittedly reduced. After 400 wronged children have spent two, three, +four, and six months in our Society's Shelter whilst their maligners were +in prison, speaking generally, I may say that charges pleaded in excuse, +and accepted in extenuation of outrages, have proved to be mere inventions +of cowardly malice. When the grave, frightened little looks with which +they came had passed away, they were full of the ways of sunny childhood. +More pleasant docile children, or children more ready to twine their arms +around your neck, you seldom find, than have been some little people who +had been called liars, thieves, vixens (even infants in arms have been +called vixens), and the like--by savages before magistrates as pleas for +their mercy. And from every quarter to which children have been sent, the +same testimony comes as to the untruthfulness of the charges their parents +made in Court, against the children and for themselves. + + +III. + +There are many other things yet to be changed, both in the laws and in the +customs of this country, before child life in it will be what it ought to +be. + +1. The shops of England abound with poisons specially prepared for +children. "Syrups" and "foods" as unsuitable for a baby's stomach, and as +fatal, as a bullet would be to its brain or a knife to its throat, are +sold to all comers. In some cities, coroners and medical men have a +hundred times denounced things in common use as poison to babies; and the +Press a hundred times has carried their denunciations into every street, +with absolutely no effect on the extent of their use. Boiled bread, +corn-flour, sago, "tops and bottoms," these soon make a strong, week-old +baby a sight to see. + +2. Still further. Where inhuman parents by such death-dealing agents have +done their work, coroner's juries join hands against the child with the +infants' food and syrup shops, and make fatal suffering quite safe to +inflict. Almost the only persons who commit infant slaughter whom these +tribunals send to trial are those who in their tender mercies commit it +hastily and sharply. For long drawn weeks of agony in dying, inflicted by +sham foods, their custom is to request the coroner to pronounce a censure. +The coroner then congratulates the parents on the "mercifulness" of the +jury. So the grand prerogative of mercy, even, is made to serve against +wronged children. + +3. But it plays its hypocritical part not at inquests alone. After a +disclosure as to conduct to a child which would have made true men +indignant, too many magistrates mildly say, "We have taken a merciful +view, and shall let you off this time." "Mercy," is this! Mercy! to whom? +To the man's suffering child? To the suffering child of other like-minded +men in the locality? The magistrate who cures a brute of his brutality, +that is the merciful magistrate--merciful to the culprit, to the country, +and to the child! Parliament has passed, and the Queen has sanctioned, a +new law, which has well been called the Children's Charter. Yet a canting +woman before the bench, with the corner of her white apron and a tear, can +wipe it all out. Even a little cant on an idle man's lips--"no work to +do"--will make some J.P.'s disloyal to both Parliament and Crown. + +If I happen to be speaking to a magistrate, let me say that no man can +show "mercy" to an offender save where he is himself the person offended. +That a magistrate should forgive a parent for making a baby's back bleed +is impossible. He may lack justice towards him; he may do that, and then +slander the "twice blessed" name, by calling it Mercy. But mercy is +impossible to a magistrate to whom an appeal is made on behalf of a +suffering child, save as he is the indignant champion of the child. + +4. Medical men, too, but with far more cause than all the rest, have made +child slaughter safe. Dispensaries give death certificates, knowing +nothing of the case save from the possible criminal's own mouth. And +before coroners, they certify the final not the real cause of the child's +not being alive. + +5. Even charity (so called) has lent its patronage against little +children. In no country as in England do children so directly appeal to +human sensibilities; and in no other country are pitiful charities so +readily shown to them. And so it comes about, that for persons using puny +and ill children for the purposes of gain in the streets, England is +perhaps the most scandalous country in the world. A child's bad cough, two +sore eyes, or emaciation through wasting disease, is a living to its +owner. To move charity, children are made to tramp and stand about on cold +stone pavements, weary and hungry, all day long. Parents, who ought to be +flogged for such ways with children, are, because of them, kept in comfort +and idleness. For them to cure their child of its ailments, even to nurse +it, or to give it reasonable food and rest, would be to lose bread and +cheese, and pipe and beer; a sacrifice they do not think of making. And +why should they think of making it, while "lovely charity" gives its +patronage! + +Take one illustrative case:--A baby nine months old, dying of starvation, +was the other day taken from the arms of a woman who was exposing its +ghastly face and thin limbs to the passers-by in Whitechapel, pleading +that she was a widow, and her child was starving. Under the new law, the +child was taken from her. It was found not to be her child. She had the +loan of it, and night after night, till eleven o'clock, she moved the +compassion of the passers-by, and out of baby's shivers, dying, she made +her living. She knew how blind and lazy "charity" patronises a wrong-doer +to a child. The wickedest, it patronises the most. + +Charity has still further been against the suffering child. By its +institutions for the ill-used and destitute, in not a few cases it has +been an inducement to their ill-usage and destitution. Whilst the kind and +honest poor may do as best they can for their children, the vicious have +had theirs maintained, taught trades, and the drum and fife; and fairly +started in life. The soundest charity is not that which provides food and +homes for the destitute, but treadmills for those who make them destitute. +Not that the one ought not to be done, but that the other ought not to be +left undone. + +6. Even the Gospel has been pleaded as a reason for letting the savage +have his way with his child. "Get men converted; you cannot change hearts +by laws," it is said. This is wholly true. But what is needed is not to +change hearts, but to change conduct; to make men keep blows and boots off +babies' limbs, and to put bread into sadly empty little stomachs. And a +free use of the treadmill, though it cannot do more, can do that; and does +it gloriously. And where it fails, I would use the cat. God has put a +cuticle under the skin as the final resort of argument. Where every other +part of the man is "past feeling," it is a divine duty to get at that. The +first object of a Christian nation is to protect a baby's skin, not a +man's. People speak of flogging as degrading. Degrade! can you, a man who +will batter into a shapeless thing a baby face with his fist? + +It will be impossible to even mention the hosts of those especial +defilements and injuries done to girl children. They are vast in number +and incredible in kind, and include large numbers of own fathers as the +fearful criminals. Degrade _these_ men! _Degrade_ them! + + +IV. + +Besides these changes already mentioned, there needs to be a great change +in the national sentiment on the subject. + +All these wrongs of a child are the result of the low estimate which +prevails as to the rights of a child. There seems to be little or no +interest in a child as a subject of the Queen and an object of the law. I +must except Her Majesty's judges, and the best legal magistrates. To hear +cases for children, I would always rather have a lawyer on the bench than +a Sunday-school teacher. The religion of pious J.P.'s seems to be to let +people off--adults I mean. It is not always so when it is a child who is +charged. What is wanted in the interests of every form of unhappy English +child life in this country to-day is righteousness, the robust +righteousness of God; and His indignations at neglect of the hunger, or +the sickness of a child. The shameful sufferings of English children +to-day are jointly the work of the English bench and the English brute: of +mawkishness on the bench, of cruelty in the brute. + +On this subject of children hurt and killed the Church too has acted in +grievously strange ways. It has taught what happened in the worship of the +Syrian Moloch: it has not even known what is done in the worship of the +English Bacchus. Much horror has it felt at the destruction of baby life +on the Ganges; and little, if any at all, at the destruction of it on the +flabby bosoms of English women whom men have made mothers, and to whom +they have given no bread. As an argument for Christianity, it has pointed +to the children abandoned in Pagan Rome, oblivious of the 20,000 a year +abandoned in our own cities and villages, to death, or the parish. Of the +five-and-twenty or thirty little boys once massacred at Bethlehem, it +holds annual mournful commemorations. Of the hundred times that number of +little boys and girls annually smothered within sound of its church bells +it says nothing. When I think of the Church and of child-suffering and +slaughter in England, I cannot help remembering the Biblical saying, as to +whose eyes it is that "are in the ends of the earth." For the "soul" of +children, whatever that may mean, the professional religionist eyes are at +home; but for their suffering and slaughtered bodies, they are away in +far times and far lands. And its purse, and its heart has gone there too. + +A grand opportunity is now afforded to stamp cruelty to children out of +the land. The law has come to be grandly right. Will the men who wear the +name of that greatest friend of children the world ever contained meet the +opportunity, find the money to discover the crimes and to enforce the law +against them? + +I hear you murmur, "The police! It is the work of the police to do that." +That is not true. It is not the work of the police to discover anything, +nor to initiate proceedings for anybody. They are a brave good body of +men; but they have their set work to do, and their strict rules for doing +it. But, were it so, when you stand before the judgment throne of Him +whose will, Jesus says, is that not one little one should either suffer +from hunger, or nakedness, or be sick and perish, will you dare to tell +Him that you knew that that was His will, but that you left it to the +police? + +The new law has been created by Christian labour. It is the expression of +Christian sentiment. It must be enforced by Christian money. + + + + +To enforce the splendid new law, the Society is seeking to raise its +income to £15,000 a year. In the enforcement of the Factory Acts £30,000 a +year is spent. In the enforcement of the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty +to Animals £29,000 is annually spent. Is it too much to ask for half these +sums for the enforcement of the law for Children, when, without it, their +sufferings must continue? Contributions may be sent to JOHN FAULKNER +(_Secretary_), 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C. + + +SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS. + +The Society consists of Annual Members, subscribing £1 and upwards yearly; +of Associates, subscribing less than £1, but 5_s._ and upwards yearly; of +Life Members, subscribing not less than £10 in one payment; and of +Patrons, subscribing not less than £50 in one payment. + + + + +National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. + + +FOUNDED 1884. + +_Royal Patroness_--H.R.H. PRINCESS CHRISTIAN. + +_Patron_--The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London. + +_Trustees_--The Baroness Burdett-Coutts; Cardinal Manning; +Colonel Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; R. Ruthven Pym, Esq. + +_President_--His Grace the Duke of Abercorn. + + +CENTRAL COMMITTEE. + +_Chairman_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq. + +_Vice-Chairman_--W. H. Collingridge, Esq. + + + Countess of Aberdeen. + H. C. Barker, Esq. + Rev. Prebendary Barnes. + Bishop of Bedford. + Mrs. Benson. + Baroness Burdett-Coutts. + F. A. Channing, Esq., M.P. + J. Colam, Esq. + Lady Ellis. + Dudley C. Falcke, Esq. + Sir Thomas Farrer. + Lady Farrer. + Hon. Lady Fitzgerald. + Lady George Hamilton. + Lady Henderson. + Miss Henderson. + Rev. J. W. Horsley. + Countess of Iddesleigh, C.I. + Countess of Iddesleigh. + Countess of Mar. + Mrs. F. W. Maude. + A. Meysey-Thompson, Esq. + Mrs. Meysey-Thompson. + Viscountess Midleton. + J. Louis Mitchell, Esq. + J. Montefiore, Esq. + Lady Nottage. + C. C. Osborne, Esq. + C. Kegan Paul, Esq. + Hon. Mrs. Pereira. + E. de M. Rudolf, Esq. + Lady Margaret Shelley. + Rev. B. Stephenson, LL.D. + Miss Hesba Stretton. + Miss H. L. Synnot. + Lady Tryon. + Rev. T. Turner. + Lady Catherine Vane. + Ashton Warner, Esq. + Rev. Benjamin Waugh. + Lady Willoughby de Eresby. + +_Treasurer_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq. + +_Honorary Director_--Rev. BENJAMIN WAUGH. + +_Counsel_--Robert Frederick Colam, Esq. + +_Solicitor_--Henry C. Barker, Esq. + +_Hon. Surgeon_--Howard Marsh, Esq., F.R.C.S. + +_Visiting Surgeon_--J. Rees Gabe, Esq., M.D. + +_Bankers_--Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand, W.C. + +_Secretary_--Mr. JOHN FAULKNER. + + +_Head Office and Shelter_-- + +7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. + +_Telegraphic Address_--"CHILDHOOD, LONDON." + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in +England, by Benjamin Waugh + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 31888-8.txt or 31888-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/8/8/31888/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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Benjamin Waugh. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .poem {margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;} + .note {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .spacer {padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in England, by +Benjamin Waugh + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Conditions of Child Life in England + +Author: Benjamin Waugh + +Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31888] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h4><i>NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF<br />CRUELTY TO CHILDREN.</i></h4> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h2>SOME CONDITIONS<br />OF<br />CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.</h2> +<p> </p> +<h5>BY</h5> +<h3>REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH,</h3> +<p class="center"><small>HONORARY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY<br />FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN.</small></p> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/title.png" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> +<h4>Head Office and Shelter:<br />7 HARPUR STREET, THEOBALD’S ROAD, LONDON.<br />1889.</h4> + +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center">THE STEP-CHILD.</p> +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>SOME CONDITIONS OF CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND.</h2> + +<p class="center">[<i>A Paper read by</i> <span class="smcap">Rev. Benjamin Waugh</span> <i>at the Meeting of the Baptist +Union, Thursday, October 10, 1889, at Birmingham.</i>]</p> + + +<p>My subject is Some Conditions of Child Life in England. And ought we not +to expect some of these to be sad? No one who reflects can fail to see the +fact that in this country to-day many conditions contribute to make +ill-living people; and to make them regard children as nuisances. Vagrant +habits; gambling; extravagant self-indulgence; idleness; unmarried +parentage, and unfaithfulness in married parents; habitual +drunkenness—all these disturb, and some destroy, the natural parental +instinct. There is, too, a growing anti-population theory of which we have +not heard much, but which is a kind of open secret, which regards that man +as a fool who said of children, “Blessed is the man that hath his quiver +full of them,” and the statement of the Prayer Book Marriage Service as to +the divine objects of marriage as shameful and degrading. Because the +results of all wrong and sinful life in man fall heaviest upon his God and +his children, we ought to be prepared to find calamities which follow +conditions like these, and to deal with them. They all tend to hurt +children, chiefly the youngest.</p> + +<p>Side by side with these conditions there is an increasing tendency to +regard human beings as protoplasm; to shake off the idea of Jesus as to a +living God, the Father of us all, and to account for human life by +molecules; to count His judgment day and a supreme judge of robust and +wholesome righteousness as superstitions. And this is all full of danger +to child life. Child life and happiness are bound up with the Kingship of +God. There is but one Supreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> to whom they are “the greatest;” but one +hand which has a millstone for the necks of those who offend them, and the +depths of the sea. Church-goers and chapel-goers may sin against +childhood, and men who disclaim churches and chapels may love it. But, +though no hard-and-fast line can be drawn between men on this ground, it +remains certain that Jesus is the world’s most august protector of a +child. The man who leaves its limbs naked, its sickness untended, He sends +down to hell.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">I.</p> + +<p>What, then, should His followers think of such deeds as these, taken more +or less at random, from the list of offences for which, through the action +of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, by its +London Committee alone, two hundred men and women have been tried and +convicted?</p> + +<p>Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen, +while the “own” children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter’s +fire; shutting up another step-child to sleep in the coal-cellar, three +others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their +night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; sending a child at ten +o’clock on a February night, recovering from diphtheria, a mile to an inn +for beer; sending two starved, almost naked, little girls for half a +hundredweight of coals in rain and sleet twice the same December night; +laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting +another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; leaving a girl +in bed covered with sores, infested with lice, under one scab a maggot, +never washed or tended, lying in her own excrements; strapping a deaf and +dumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand; +drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her +hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of +the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a +coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, “to +get his dying done;” making another dying boy get out of bed to help to +wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl’s +arm while beating her with a broomstick, then setting her to scrub<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> the +floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being +so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the +ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts, +felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the +face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with +drayman’s whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip; +throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of +a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his +screams of pain?</p> + +<p>“Once I saw her put the poker in the fire,” said a neighbour (speaking of +an own mother and her child of four and a half), “to get it red-hot. The +child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round +his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and +held the poker on the bottom of his back.” One baby cooed in the cradle, +and was startled with a loud thunderous curse; one cried of teething, and +was beaten savagely with its father’s big hand; two did the same, and were +strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper’s hand. Besides canes, +straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of +torture have been hammers; pokers, cold, and red-hot; wire +toasting-forks—in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem +untwisted a little up, making a sort of a birch of frayed wire; a file, +with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove, +on which the child’s bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which +little fat hands were held.</p> + +<p>Never were even churches put to such Christian purposes as were Her +Majesty’s prisons, when they held the doers of such deeds as these, and +were making their backs to well ache with hard labour.</p> + +<p>You are shocked at that horrible catalogue. But is it not strange that in +not one of all these cases did anybody, who was troubled about them, ever +think of going to tell a minister of the gospel—you people who claim to +be the successors of the man of Nazareth? Nor did they go to a City +missionary! Of the 1400 cases sent into the office of the Society for the +Prevention of Cruelty to Children in London during its five years’ +existence, not one has come from a City missionary. When speaking of the +starvation of children to one of them, he said to me, “Yes, I knew two +cases last winter, one after another; they were just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> starved to death. It +was a shocking affair.” To which I replied, in surprised indignation, “Why +did you not tell us?” “Oh,” he replied with a perfectly satisfied air, “if +I were to meddle in things like that, I could not do my more spiritual +work.”</p> + +<p>“I know several children marked for death,” said a London vicar’s +daughter, and his district visitor, the other day, “but I cannot give +their parents’ names. We should be subject to such persecution if we were +to interfere.” The fact that</p> + +<p class="poem">There’s a friend of little children,<br /> +Above the bright blue sky,</p> + +<p>ought to fall like a warning thunderbolt out of heaven on such people’s +ears! I have repeated these two sayings, because they speak volumes on the +“religious” surroundings of tortured child life in England. Both of them +referred to children being deliberately starved to death.</p> + +<p>I will give you a sample of the condition in which some of these starved +children, unseen, and quietly, die.</p> + +<p>It was in winter, in a bare room. The child, a girl of seven, lay on a +mattress, had but two garments on: a chemise and a print frock. There was +no blanket, no coverlet, no sheet. The window was curtainless; the nights +were frosty. There was no fire in the grate, nor had there ever been +through all the long illness. There was no food, no physic, not even a cup +of water to drink. Her bones almost protruded through the bed-sores, which +added misery to her misery. She lay with her eyes shut all day, +occasionally moistening with her dry tongue her still drier lips. +Downstairs sat the pair with whom she had lived from her birth—her father +and mother. They brought her no share of their tea nor crumb of their +bread. They had blankets for <i>their</i> beds, and fire for <i>their</i> meals. +Their house was still. You pass a door like theirs; all is clean. The +curate nods as he goes by; and the district visitor calls; and the child +hears the church bell on Sundays, till she can hear it no more. For she is +starving to death in a Christian country.</p> + +<p>It is little children who are made most to suffer.</p> + +<p>The ages of the victims of the most atrocious cases is almost always low. +Nor are small families exempt. The size of families in which the most +horrible outrages take place is never large, being mostly two, or even +one. Poverty is never great. Dwellings are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> often miserable enough, though +not always that. Two pounds ten a week and three pounds a week are +received by artisans whose one room for the family costs four and sixpence +per week, and even this a toiling wife has in some cases to pay. But some +live in “Model Dwellings.” Neither is it ignorance, in the common meaning +of ignorance, which tends to produce cruelties to children. Skilled +artisans, with a smattering of knowledge beyond their class, considering +the proportion they bear to the common run of labourers, are in excess in +number and obstinacy of cases. Nor does higher social position exempt from +this evil. Some of the cruel are industrious, and some are idle. Some +drink, some do not. Some can talk of protoplasm; and some cannot spell +their own names.</p> + +<p>The truth of the matter is, that cruelty is wholly independent of +surroundings and wages. It is the work of haters of children; of sullen, +pitiless, intolerant, dispositions; of men whom there is no pleasing, who +resent tiny baby’s little blunderings, or even pretty ways with all the +physical power of a grown man, in manners which, if shown by an officer of +justice to a convict, would excite the indignation of the whole country.</p> + +<p>It is impossible, within my limits, to do justice to the work the new +Society has had to do for drunkard’s children, tramp children, stolen +children; acrobats and performing children; step-children, little hawkers, +and friendless apprentices; children insured and in baby farms.</p> + +<p>As regards our “baby farms,” many of them would be a scandal to a savage +land: they are mere baby shambles. And as regards infantile insurance, +that is worse. While in the baby farm, where a child is killed for profit, +it is a stranger who kills, in the bad family, where it is killed for +insurance money, it is the parent who kills. Neither here in this matter, +nor in the statements I have already made, do I make charges against +English parents. Most of them would die rather than injure, or even +neglect, their child. But there are un-English parents, tens of thousands +of them, who, for “a drink,” pawn their baby’s only garment and leave it +foodless in a fireless room. To these, insurance money can be nothing else +than a motive for more or less passive child murder. And other types, it +familiarises with the idea of baby’s death and of getting old scores paid +off when it happens; which in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> insured child’s ailments acts as an +incitive to the reverse of whole hearted care for its life. The system +itself is a kind of gambling: a parent bets a penny a week against the +insurer’s thirty shillings that his child won’t live. The insurer’s +chances are, the general good character of the English parent, and the +known penalties of the law for murder.</p> + +<p>I regret that I cannot inform you that all these wronged children are +black, and their wrong-doers, heathen inhabitants of heathen lands; that +we have founded a missionary Society to send missionaries to these demons +of wickedness, in Africa or New Guinea. I regret it chiefly because it is +such a shame to us all that these things exist in our own beloved land; +but I regret it, still more, because you will, I fear, care the less to +remedy it.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">II.</p> + +<p>The remedy lies in numerous directions. Many laws and customs and +doctrines have been (many of them are still) on the side of the torture of +a child.</p> + +<p>1. Unhappily, Courts of Law, by their rules of procedure, have not been on +the side of the child. They have rather lent security to the inflictor of +its sufferings. A mother who has to screen her children from the madness +of their drunken father at midnight, since such midnight orgies were +introduced into England, has never been allowed—that is, if she were a +married mother—to give evidence of the fact in an English Court. Boys and +girls under ten who witnessed atrocities committed on a brother or sister, +they, too, were excluded from Courts. And who can estimate the number of +families in which wrongs to children were thus made, legally, absolutely +safe!</p> + +<p>Here is a sample of such excluded cases:—Before the baby was many days +old its father soused it on its mother’s knee with the contents of a pail +of cold water. On another occasion he seized it while suckling at her +breast, and flung it violently against the wall at the other end of the +room. When its mother was out, he took it into the yard and put it +overhead in a tank of cold water, holding it under till it was with +difficulty recovered. “What do you feed the little devil for?” he would +ask his wife. He was for ever assaulting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> her for her care of it. As it +got older he pitched it on the floor, and struck it with the legs of a +chair. It grew to dread the sound of his footsteps on the stairs, and +would hide under the bed and lie breathless till he had gone. Such a +brute’s wife always, and his family generally (often the only witnesses of +a crime against a child), were, till recently, all excluded from Court.</p> + +<p>2. And everybody else was excluded from the scene of his wickedness. His +house was “his castle,” not to be entered even by a warrant, save if he +had stolen a watch.</p> + +<p>3. Even when the facts were got at, and legal proceedings taken, every +injustice was done to the little sufferer on whose behalf they were taken. +It could never be removed from its torturer’s custody. Even when after the +hearing of the case, it was committed for trial, still for a period +possibly of three months the child had to be left in the custody of the +culprit to pamper, to coax, to warn and threaten into the denial of +everything on which a conviction could be obtained.</p> + +<p>Is it wonderful that, under these conditions of the law, one-half of the +brutes towards English children were unpunishable brutes, and practised +their damnable deeds in safety?</p> + +<p>Happily, every one of these conditions is changed.</p> + +<p>4. One practice of Courts—an almost universal one—I must mention in +passing, as most unjust to a child—viz., the custom of accepting +testimony against it without any confirmation; and that, too, from the +person who has ill-treated it. Men who are cruel to a child easily add to +their cruelty a damaging false witness, which, being only against a child, +nobody ever prosecutes. In consideration of lies, the sentence is often +admittedly reduced. After 400 wronged children have spent two, three, +four, and six months in our Society’s Shelter whilst their maligners were +in prison, speaking generally, I may say that charges pleaded in excuse, +and accepted in extenuation of outrages, have proved to be mere inventions +of cowardly malice. When the grave, frightened little looks with which +they came had passed away, they were full of the ways of sunny childhood. +More pleasant docile children, or children more ready to twine their arms +around your neck, you seldom find, than have been some little people who +had been called liars, thieves, vixens (even infants in arms have been +called vixens),<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and the like—by savages before magistrates as pleas for +their mercy. And from every quarter to which children have been sent, the +same testimony comes as to the untruthfulness of the charges their parents +made in Court, against the children and for themselves.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">III.</p> + +<p>There are many other things yet to be changed, both in the laws and in the +customs of this country, before child life in it will be what it ought to +be.</p> + +<p>1. The shops of England abound with poisons specially prepared for +children. “Syrups” and “foods” as unsuitable for a baby’s stomach, and as +fatal, as a bullet would be to its brain or a knife to its throat, are +sold to all comers. In some cities, coroners and medical men have a +hundred times denounced things in common use as poison to babies; and the +Press a hundred times has carried their denunciations into every street, +with absolutely no effect on the extent of their use. Boiled bread, +corn-flour, sago, “tops and bottoms,” these soon make a strong, week-old +baby a sight to see.</p> + +<p>2. Still further. Where inhuman parents by such death-dealing agents have +done their work, coroner’s juries join hands against the child with the +infants’ food and syrup shops, and make fatal suffering quite safe to +inflict. Almost the only persons who commit infant slaughter whom these +tribunals send to trial are those who in their tender mercies commit it +hastily and sharply. For long drawn weeks of agony in dying, inflicted by +sham foods, their custom is to request the coroner to pronounce a censure. +The coroner then congratulates the parents on the “mercifulness” of the +jury. So the grand prerogative of mercy, even, is made to serve against +wronged children.</p> + +<p>3. But it plays its hypocritical part not at inquests alone. After a +disclosure as to conduct to a child which would have made true men +indignant, too many magistrates mildly say, “We have taken a merciful +view, and shall let you off this time.” “Mercy,” is this! Mercy! to whom? +To the man’s suffering child? To the suffering child of other like-minded +men in the locality? The magistrate who cures a brute of his brutality, +that is the merciful magistrate—merciful to the culprit, to the country, +and to the child!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Parliament has passed, and the Queen has sanctioned, a +new law, which has well been called the Children’s Charter. Yet a canting +woman before the bench, with the corner of her white apron and a tear, can +wipe it all out. Even a little cant on an idle man’s lips—“no work to +do”—will make some J.P.’s disloyal to both Parliament and Crown.</p> + +<p>If I happen to be speaking to a magistrate, let me say that no man can +show “mercy” to an offender save where he is himself the person offended. +That a magistrate should forgive a parent for making a baby’s back bleed +is impossible. He may lack justice towards him; he may do that, and then +slander the “twice blessed” name, by calling it Mercy. But mercy is +impossible to a magistrate to whom an appeal is made on behalf of a +suffering child, save as he is the indignant champion of the child.</p> + +<p>4. Medical men, too, but with far more cause than all the rest, have made +child slaughter safe. Dispensaries give death certificates, knowing +nothing of the case save from the possible criminal’s own mouth. And +before coroners, they certify the final not the real cause of the child’s +not being alive.</p> + +<p>5. Even charity (so called) has lent its patronage against little +children. In no country as in England do children so directly appeal to +human sensibilities; and in no other country are pitiful charities so +readily shown to them. And so it comes about, that for persons using puny +and ill children for the purposes of gain in the streets, England is +perhaps the most scandalous country in the world. A child’s bad cough, two +sore eyes, or emaciation through wasting disease, is a living to its +owner. To move charity, children are made to tramp and stand about on cold +stone pavements, weary and hungry, all day long. Parents, who ought to be +flogged for such ways with children, are, because of them, kept in comfort +and idleness. For them to cure their child of its ailments, even to nurse +it, or to give it reasonable food and rest, would be to lose bread and +cheese, and pipe and beer; a sacrifice they do not think of making. And +why should they think of making it, while “lovely charity” gives its +patronage!</p> + +<p>Take one illustrative case:—A baby nine months old, dying of starvation, +was the other day taken from the arms of a woman who was exposing its +ghastly face and thin limbs to the passers-by in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> Whitechapel, pleading +that she was a widow, and her child was starving. Under the new law, the +child was taken from her. It was found not to be her child. She had the +loan of it, and night after night, till eleven o’clock, she moved the +compassion of the passers-by, and out of baby’s shivers, dying, she made +her living. She knew how blind and lazy “charity” patronises a wrong-doer +to a child. The wickedest, it patronises the most.</p> + +<p>Charity has still further been against the suffering child. By its +institutions for the ill-used and destitute, in not a few cases it has +been an inducement to their ill-usage and destitution. Whilst the kind and +honest poor may do as best they can for their children, the vicious have +had theirs maintained, taught trades, and the drum and fife; and fairly +started in life. The soundest charity is not that which provides food and +homes for the destitute, but treadmills for those who make them destitute. +Not that the one ought not to be done, but that the other ought not to be +left undone.</p> + +<p>6. Even the Gospel has been pleaded as a reason for letting the savage +have his way with his child. “Get men converted; you cannot change hearts +by laws,” it is said. This is wholly true. But what is needed is not to +change hearts, but to change conduct; to make men keep blows and boots off +babies’ limbs, and to put bread into sadly empty little stomachs. And a +free use of the treadmill, though it cannot do more, can do that; and does +it gloriously. And where it fails, I would use the cat. God has put a +cuticle under the skin as the final resort of argument. Where every other +part of the man is “past feeling,” it is a divine duty to get at that. The +first object of a Christian nation is to protect a baby’s skin, not a +man’s. People speak of flogging as degrading. Degrade! can you, a man who +will batter into a shapeless thing a baby face with his fist?</p> + +<p>It will be impossible to even mention the hosts of those especial +defilements and injuries done to girl children. They are vast in number +and incredible in kind, and include large numbers of own fathers as the +fearful criminals. Degrade <i>these</i> men! <i>Degrade</i> them!</p> + + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<p class="center">IV.</p> + +<p>Besides these changes already mentioned, there needs to be a great change +in the national sentiment on the subject.</p> + +<p>All these wrongs of a child are the result of the low estimate which +prevails as to the rights of a child. There seems to be little or no +interest in a child as a subject of the Queen and an object of the law. I +must except Her Majesty’s judges, and the best legal magistrates. To hear +cases for children, I would always rather have a lawyer on the bench than +a Sunday-school teacher. The religion of pious J.P.’s seems to be to let +people off—adults I mean. It is not always so when it is a child who is +charged. What is wanted in the interests of every form of unhappy English +child life in this country to-day is righteousness, the robust +righteousness of God; and His indignations at neglect of the hunger, or +the sickness of a child. The shameful sufferings of English children +to-day are jointly the work of the English bench and the English brute: of +mawkishness on the bench, of cruelty in the brute.</p> + +<p>On this subject of children hurt and killed the Church too has acted in +grievously strange ways. It has taught what happened in the worship of the +Syrian Moloch: it has not even known what is done in the worship of the +English Bacchus. Much horror has it felt at the destruction of baby life +on the Ganges; and little, if any at all, at the destruction of it on the +flabby bosoms of English women whom men have made mothers, and to whom +they have given no bread. As an argument for Christianity, it has pointed +to the children abandoned in Pagan Rome, oblivious of the 20,000 a year +abandoned in our own cities and villages, to death, or the parish. Of the +five-and-twenty or thirty little boys once massacred at Bethlehem, it +holds annual mournful commemorations. Of the hundred times that number of +little boys and girls annually smothered within sound of its church bells +it says nothing. When I think of the Church and of child-suffering and +slaughter in England, I cannot help remembering the Biblical saying, as to +whose eyes it is that “are in the ends of the earth.” For the “soul” of +children, whatever that may mean, the professional religionist eyes are at +home; but for their suffering and slaughtered bodies, they are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> away in +far times and far lands. And its purse, and its heart has gone there too.</p> + +<p>A grand opportunity is now afforded to stamp cruelty to children out of +the land. The law has come to be grandly right. Will the men who wear the +name of that greatest friend of children the world ever contained meet the +opportunity, find the money to discover the crimes and to enforce the law +against them?</p> + +<p>I hear you murmur, “The police! It is the work of the police to do that.” +That is not true. It is not the work of the police to discover anything, +nor to initiate proceedings for anybody. They are a brave good body of +men; but they have their set work to do, and their strict rules for doing +it. But, were it so, when you stand before the judgment throne of Him +whose will, Jesus says, is that not one little one should either suffer +from hunger, or nakedness, or be sick and perish, will you dare to tell +Him that you knew that that was His will, but that you left it to the +police?</p> + +<p>The new law has been created by Christian labour. It is the expression of +Christian sentiment. It must be enforced by Christian money.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="note"> +<p>To enforce the splendid new law, the Society is seeking to raise its +income to £15,000 a year. In the enforcement of the Factory Acts £30,000 a +year is spent. In the enforcement of the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty +to Animals £29,000 is annually spent. Is it too much to ask for half these +sums for the enforcement of the law for Children, when, without it, their +sufferings must continue? Contributions may be sent to <span class="smcap">John Faulkner</span> +(<i>Secretary</i>), 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS.</p> + +<p>The Society consists of Annual Members, subscribing £1 and upwards yearly; +of Associates, subscribing less than £1, but 5<i>s.</i> and upwards yearly; of +Life Members, subscribing not less than £10 in one payment; and of +Patrons, subscribing not less than £50 in one payment.</p></div> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h3>National Society for the Prevention of<br /> +Cruelty to Children.</h3> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">FOUNDED 1884.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Royal Patroness</i>—<span class="smcap">H.R.H. Princess Christian.</span><br /> +<i>Patron</i>—The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London.<br /> +<i>Trustees</i>—The Baroness Burdett-Coutts; Cardinal Manning;<br /> +Colonel Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.<br /> +<i>President</i>—His Grace the Duke of Abercorn.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">CENTRAL COMMITTEE.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chairman</i>—R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.<br /> +<i>Vice-Chairman</i>—W. H. Collingridge, Esq.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="committee"> +<tr><td>Countess of Aberdeen.</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td>Mrs. F. W. Maude.</td></tr> +<tr><td>H. C. Barker, Esq.</td><td> </td><td>A. Meysey-Thompson, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rev. Prebendary Barnes.</td><td> </td><td>Mrs. Meysey-Thompson.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bishop of Bedford.</td><td> </td><td>Viscountess Midleton.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mrs. Benson.</td><td> </td><td>J. Louis Mitchell, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Baroness Burdett-Coutts.</td><td> </td><td>J. Montefiore, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>F. A. Channing, Esq., M.P.</td><td> </td><td>Lady Nottage.</td></tr> +<tr><td>J. Colam, Esq.</td><td> </td><td>C. C. Osborne, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lady Ellis.</td><td> </td><td>C. Kegan Paul, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dudley C. Falcke, Esq.</td><td> </td><td>Hon. Mrs. Pereira.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sir Thomas Farrer.</td><td> </td><td>E. de M. Rudolf, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lady Farrer.</td><td> </td><td>Lady Margaret Shelley.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hon. Lady Fitzgerald.</td><td> </td><td>Rev. B. Stephenson, LL.D.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lady George Hamilton.</td><td> </td><td>Miss Hesba Stretton.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lady Henderson.</td><td> </td><td>Miss H. L. Synnot.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Miss Henderson.</td><td> </td><td>Lady Tryon.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rev. J. W. Horsley.</td><td> </td><td>Rev. T. Turner.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Countess of Iddesleigh, C.I.</td><td> </td><td>Lady Catherine Vane.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Countess of Iddesleigh.</td><td> </td><td>Ashton Warner, Esq.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Countess of Mar.</td><td> </td><td>Rev. Benjamin Waugh.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Lady Willoughby de Eresby.</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>Treasurer</i>—R. Ruthven Pym, Esq.<br /> +<i>Honorary Director</i>—Rev. BENJAMIN WAUGH.<br /> +<i>Counsel</i>—Robert Frederick Colam, Esq. <i>Solicitor</i>—Henry C. Barker, Esq.<br /> +<i>Hon. Surgeon</i>—Howard Marsh, Esq., F.R.C.S.<br /> +<i>Visiting Surgeon</i>—J. Rees Gabe, Esq., M.D.<br /> +<i>Bankers</i>—Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand, W.C.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Secretary</i>—Mr. JOHN FAULKNER.<br /> +<i>Head Office and Shelter</i>—<br /> +7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.<br /> +<i>Telegraphic Address</i>—“CHILDHOOD, LONDON.”</p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in +England, by Benjamin Waugh + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 31888-h.htm or 31888-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/8/8/31888/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Conditions of Child Life in England + +Author: Benjamin Waugh + +Release Date: April 5, 2010 [EBook #31888] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + _NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF + CRUELTY TO CHILDREN._ + + + SOME CONDITIONS + OF + CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND. + + + BY + REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH, + + HONORARY DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF + CRUELTY TO CHILDREN. + + + Head Office and Shelter: + 7 HARPUR STREET, THEOBALD'S ROAD, LONDON. + 1889. + + + + +[Illustration: THE STEP-CHILD.] + + + + +SOME CONDITIONS OF CHILD LIFE IN ENGLAND. + +[_A Paper read by_ REV. BENJAMIN WAUGH _at the Meeting of the Baptist +Union, Thursday, October 10, 1889, at Birmingham._] + + +My subject is Some Conditions of Child Life in England. And ought we not +to expect some of these to be sad? No one who reflects can fail to see the +fact that in this country to-day many conditions contribute to make +ill-living people; and to make them regard children as nuisances. Vagrant +habits; gambling; extravagant self-indulgence; idleness; unmarried +parentage, and unfaithfulness in married parents; habitual +drunkenness--all these disturb, and some destroy, the natural parental +instinct. There is, too, a growing anti-population theory of which we have +not heard much, but which is a kind of open secret, which regards that man +as a fool who said of children, "Blessed is the man that hath his quiver +full of them," and the statement of the Prayer Book Marriage Service as to +the divine objects of marriage as shameful and degrading. Because the +results of all wrong and sinful life in man fall heaviest upon his God and +his children, we ought to be prepared to find calamities which follow +conditions like these, and to deal with them. They all tend to hurt +children, chiefly the youngest. + +Side by side with these conditions there is an increasing tendency to +regard human beings as protoplasm; to shake off the idea of Jesus as to a +living God, the Father of us all, and to account for human life by +molecules; to count His judgment day and a supreme judge of robust and +wholesome righteousness as superstitions. And this is all full of danger +to child life. Child life and happiness are bound up with the Kingship of +God. There is but one Supreme to whom they are "the greatest;" but one +hand which has a millstone for the necks of those who offend them, and the +depths of the sea. Church-goers and chapel-goers may sin against +childhood, and men who disclaim churches and chapels may love it. But, +though no hard-and-fast line can be drawn between men on this ground, it +remains certain that Jesus is the world's most august protector of a +child. The man who leaves its limbs naked, its sickness untended, He sends +down to hell. + + +I. + +What, then, should His followers think of such deeds as these, taken more +or less at random, from the list of offences for which, through the action +of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, by its +London Committee alone, two hundred men and women have been tried and +convicted? + +Making an ill and dying step-child live in a damp, dark back-kitchen, +while the "own" children in the front kitchen sit round a bright winter's +fire; shutting up another step-child to sleep in the coal-cellar, three +others to sleep next the unceiled roof with one quilt, in their +night-gowns, wind and sleet and rain finding them; sending a child at ten +o'clock on a February night, recovering from diphtheria, a mile to an inn +for beer; sending two starved, almost naked, little girls for half a +hundredweight of coals in rain and sleet twice the same December night; +laying a baby close to the fire to get rid of it through thirst; putting +another in a thorough draft to get rid of it through cold; leaving a girl +in bed covered with sores, infested with lice, under one scab a maggot, +never washed or tended, lying in her own excrements; strapping a deaf and +dumb boy because it was so extremely difficult to make him understand; +drawing a red-hot poker before the eyes of a blind girl, and touching her +hands with it (this was done by her brutal brother, but in the presence of +the parents, and for fun); after beating, locking-up for the night in a +coal-cellar with rats; immersing a dying boy in a tub of cold water, "to +get his dying done;" making another dying boy get out of bed to help to +wash, and knocking him down because he washed so little; breaking a girl's +arm while beating her with a broomstick, then setting her to scrub the +floor with the broken arm folded to her breast, and whipping her for being +so long about it; hanging a naked boy by tied hands from a hook at the +ceiling, there flogging him; savagely beating a girl on her breasts, +felling her with fist, then kicking in the groin, on the abdomen, and the +face with working boots; lashing a three-year-old face and neck with +drayman's whip; a three-year-old back with whalebone riding-whip; +throttling one boy, producing partial strangulation; thrusting the knob of +a poker into the throat of another, and holding it there to stop his +screams of pain? + +"Once I saw her put the poker in the fire," said a neighbour (speaking of +an own mother and her child of four and a half), "to get it red-hot. The +child had vexed her. She held him down to the bed, and tied a cloth round +his mouth; when the poker was hot she lifted his little petticoats up, and +held the poker on the bottom of his back." One baby cooed in the cradle, +and was startled with a loud thunderous curse; one cried of teething, and +was beaten savagely with its father's big hand; two did the same, and were +strapped, hanging by the heels from the strapper's hand. Besides canes, +straps, whips, and boots, belts, and thongs of rope, the instruments of +torture have been hammers; pokers, cold, and red-hot; wire +toasting-forks--in one case the prongs of the fork hammered out, the stem +untwisted a little up, making a sort of a birch of frayed wire; a file, +with which the skin on projecting bones had been rasped raw; a hot stove, +on which the child's bare thighs were put; hot fire-grates, against which +little fat hands were held. + +Never were even churches put to such Christian purposes as were Her +Majesty's prisons, when they held the doers of such deeds as these, and +were making their backs to well ache with hard labour. + +You are shocked at that horrible catalogue. But is it not strange that in +not one of all these cases did anybody, who was troubled about them, ever +think of going to tell a minister of the gospel--you people who claim to +be the successors of the man of Nazareth? Nor did they go to a City +missionary! Of the 1400 cases sent into the office of the Society for the +Prevention of Cruelty to Children in London during its five years' +existence, not one has come from a City missionary. When speaking of the +starvation of children to one of them, he said to me, "Yes, I knew two +cases last winter, one after another; they were just starved to death. It +was a shocking affair." To which I replied, in surprised indignation, "Why +did you not tell us?" "Oh," he replied with a perfectly satisfied air, "if +I were to meddle in things like that, I could not do my more spiritual +work." + +"I know several children marked for death," said a London vicar's +daughter, and his district visitor, the other day, "but I cannot give +their parents' names. We should be subject to such persecution if we were +to interfere." The fact that + + There's a friend of little children, + Above the bright blue sky, + +ought to fall like a warning thunderbolt out of heaven on such people's +ears! I have repeated these two sayings, because they speak volumes on the +"religious" surroundings of tortured child life in England. Both of them +referred to children being deliberately starved to death. + +I will give you a sample of the condition in which some of these starved +children, unseen, and quietly, die. + +It was in winter, in a bare room. The child, a girl of seven, lay on a +mattress, had but two garments on: a chemise and a print frock. There was +no blanket, no coverlet, no sheet. The window was curtainless; the nights +were frosty. There was no fire in the grate, nor had there ever been +through all the long illness. There was no food, no physic, not even a cup +of water to drink. Her bones almost protruded through the bed-sores, which +added misery to her misery. She lay with her eyes shut all day, +occasionally moistening with her dry tongue her still drier lips. +Downstairs sat the pair with whom she had lived from her birth--her father +and mother. They brought her no share of their tea nor crumb of their +bread. They had blankets for _their_ beds, and fire for _their_ meals. +Their house was still. You pass a door like theirs; all is clean. The +curate nods as he goes by; and the district visitor calls; and the child +hears the church bell on Sundays, till she can hear it no more. For she is +starving to death in a Christian country. + +It is little children who are made most to suffer. + +The ages of the victims of the most atrocious cases is almost always low. +Nor are small families exempt. The size of families in which the most +horrible outrages take place is never large, being mostly two, or even +one. Poverty is never great. Dwellings are often miserable enough, though +not always that. Two pounds ten a week and three pounds a week are +received by artisans whose one room for the family costs four and sixpence +per week, and even this a toiling wife has in some cases to pay. But some +live in "Model Dwellings." Neither is it ignorance, in the common meaning +of ignorance, which tends to produce cruelties to children. Skilled +artisans, with a smattering of knowledge beyond their class, considering +the proportion they bear to the common run of labourers, are in excess in +number and obstinacy of cases. Nor does higher social position exempt from +this evil. Some of the cruel are industrious, and some are idle. Some +drink, some do not. Some can talk of protoplasm; and some cannot spell +their own names. + +The truth of the matter is, that cruelty is wholly independent of +surroundings and wages. It is the work of haters of children; of sullen, +pitiless, intolerant, dispositions; of men whom there is no pleasing, who +resent tiny baby's little blunderings, or even pretty ways with all the +physical power of a grown man, in manners which, if shown by an officer of +justice to a convict, would excite the indignation of the whole country. + +It is impossible, within my limits, to do justice to the work the new +Society has had to do for drunkard's children, tramp children, stolen +children; acrobats and performing children; step-children, little hawkers, +and friendless apprentices; children insured and in baby farms. + +As regards our "baby farms," many of them would be a scandal to a savage +land: they are mere baby shambles. And as regards infantile insurance, +that is worse. While in the baby farm, where a child is killed for profit, +it is a stranger who kills, in the bad family, where it is killed for +insurance money, it is the parent who kills. Neither here in this matter, +nor in the statements I have already made, do I make charges against +English parents. Most of them would die rather than injure, or even +neglect, their child. But there are un-English parents, tens of thousands +of them, who, for "a drink," pawn their baby's only garment and leave it +foodless in a fireless room. To these, insurance money can be nothing else +than a motive for more or less passive child murder. And other types, it +familiarises with the idea of baby's death and of getting old scores paid +off when it happens; which in the insured child's ailments acts as an +incitive to the reverse of whole hearted care for its life. The system +itself is a kind of gambling: a parent bets a penny a week against the +insurer's thirty shillings that his child won't live. The insurer's +chances are, the general good character of the English parent, and the +known penalties of the law for murder. + +I regret that I cannot inform you that all these wronged children are +black, and their wrong-doers, heathen inhabitants of heathen lands; that +we have founded a missionary Society to send missionaries to these demons +of wickedness, in Africa or New Guinea. I regret it chiefly because it is +such a shame to us all that these things exist in our own beloved land; +but I regret it, still more, because you will, I fear, care the less to +remedy it. + + +II. + +The remedy lies in numerous directions. Many laws and customs and +doctrines have been (many of them are still) on the side of the torture of +a child. + +1. Unhappily, Courts of Law, by their rules of procedure, have not been on +the side of the child. They have rather lent security to the inflictor of +its sufferings. A mother who has to screen her children from the madness +of their drunken father at midnight, since such midnight orgies were +introduced into England, has never been allowed--that is, if she were a +married mother--to give evidence of the fact in an English Court. Boys and +girls under ten who witnessed atrocities committed on a brother or sister, +they, too, were excluded from Courts. And who can estimate the number of +families in which wrongs to children were thus made, legally, absolutely +safe! + +Here is a sample of such excluded cases:--Before the baby was many days +old its father soused it on its mother's knee with the contents of a pail +of cold water. On another occasion he seized it while suckling at her +breast, and flung it violently against the wall at the other end of the +room. When its mother was out, he took it into the yard and put it +overhead in a tank of cold water, holding it under till it was with +difficulty recovered. "What do you feed the little devil for?" he would +ask his wife. He was for ever assaulting her for her care of it. As it +got older he pitched it on the floor, and struck it with the legs of a +chair. It grew to dread the sound of his footsteps on the stairs, and +would hide under the bed and lie breathless till he had gone. Such a +brute's wife always, and his family generally (often the only witnesses of +a crime against a child), were, till recently, all excluded from Court. + +2. And everybody else was excluded from the scene of his wickedness. His +house was "his castle," not to be entered even by a warrant, save if he +had stolen a watch. + +3. Even when the facts were got at, and legal proceedings taken, every +injustice was done to the little sufferer on whose behalf they were taken. +It could never be removed from its torturer's custody. Even when after the +hearing of the case, it was committed for trial, still for a period +possibly of three months the child had to be left in the custody of the +culprit to pamper, to coax, to warn and threaten into the denial of +everything on which a conviction could be obtained. + +Is it wonderful that, under these conditions of the law, one-half of the +brutes towards English children were unpunishable brutes, and practised +their damnable deeds in safety? + +Happily, every one of these conditions is changed. + +4. One practice of Courts--an almost universal one--I must mention in +passing, as most unjust to a child--viz., the custom of accepting +testimony against it without any confirmation; and that, too, from the +person who has ill-treated it. Men who are cruel to a child easily add to +their cruelty a damaging false witness, which, being only against a child, +nobody ever prosecutes. In consideration of lies, the sentence is often +admittedly reduced. After 400 wronged children have spent two, three, +four, and six months in our Society's Shelter whilst their maligners were +in prison, speaking generally, I may say that charges pleaded in excuse, +and accepted in extenuation of outrages, have proved to be mere inventions +of cowardly malice. When the grave, frightened little looks with which +they came had passed away, they were full of the ways of sunny childhood. +More pleasant docile children, or children more ready to twine their arms +around your neck, you seldom find, than have been some little people who +had been called liars, thieves, vixens (even infants in arms have been +called vixens), and the like--by savages before magistrates as pleas for +their mercy. And from every quarter to which children have been sent, the +same testimony comes as to the untruthfulness of the charges their parents +made in Court, against the children and for themselves. + + +III. + +There are many other things yet to be changed, both in the laws and in the +customs of this country, before child life in it will be what it ought to +be. + +1. The shops of England abound with poisons specially prepared for +children. "Syrups" and "foods" as unsuitable for a baby's stomach, and as +fatal, as a bullet would be to its brain or a knife to its throat, are +sold to all comers. In some cities, coroners and medical men have a +hundred times denounced things in common use as poison to babies; and the +Press a hundred times has carried their denunciations into every street, +with absolutely no effect on the extent of their use. Boiled bread, +corn-flour, sago, "tops and bottoms," these soon make a strong, week-old +baby a sight to see. + +2. Still further. Where inhuman parents by such death-dealing agents have +done their work, coroner's juries join hands against the child with the +infants' food and syrup shops, and make fatal suffering quite safe to +inflict. Almost the only persons who commit infant slaughter whom these +tribunals send to trial are those who in their tender mercies commit it +hastily and sharply. For long drawn weeks of agony in dying, inflicted by +sham foods, their custom is to request the coroner to pronounce a censure. +The coroner then congratulates the parents on the "mercifulness" of the +jury. So the grand prerogative of mercy, even, is made to serve against +wronged children. + +3. But it plays its hypocritical part not at inquests alone. After a +disclosure as to conduct to a child which would have made true men +indignant, too many magistrates mildly say, "We have taken a merciful +view, and shall let you off this time." "Mercy," is this! Mercy! to whom? +To the man's suffering child? To the suffering child of other like-minded +men in the locality? The magistrate who cures a brute of his brutality, +that is the merciful magistrate--merciful to the culprit, to the country, +and to the child! Parliament has passed, and the Queen has sanctioned, a +new law, which has well been called the Children's Charter. Yet a canting +woman before the bench, with the corner of her white apron and a tear, can +wipe it all out. Even a little cant on an idle man's lips--"no work to +do"--will make some J.P.'s disloyal to both Parliament and Crown. + +If I happen to be speaking to a magistrate, let me say that no man can +show "mercy" to an offender save where he is himself the person offended. +That a magistrate should forgive a parent for making a baby's back bleed +is impossible. He may lack justice towards him; he may do that, and then +slander the "twice blessed" name, by calling it Mercy. But mercy is +impossible to a magistrate to whom an appeal is made on behalf of a +suffering child, save as he is the indignant champion of the child. + +4. Medical men, too, but with far more cause than all the rest, have made +child slaughter safe. Dispensaries give death certificates, knowing +nothing of the case save from the possible criminal's own mouth. And +before coroners, they certify the final not the real cause of the child's +not being alive. + +5. Even charity (so called) has lent its patronage against little +children. In no country as in England do children so directly appeal to +human sensibilities; and in no other country are pitiful charities so +readily shown to them. And so it comes about, that for persons using puny +and ill children for the purposes of gain in the streets, England is +perhaps the most scandalous country in the world. A child's bad cough, two +sore eyes, or emaciation through wasting disease, is a living to its +owner. To move charity, children are made to tramp and stand about on cold +stone pavements, weary and hungry, all day long. Parents, who ought to be +flogged for such ways with children, are, because of them, kept in comfort +and idleness. For them to cure their child of its ailments, even to nurse +it, or to give it reasonable food and rest, would be to lose bread and +cheese, and pipe and beer; a sacrifice they do not think of making. And +why should they think of making it, while "lovely charity" gives its +patronage! + +Take one illustrative case:--A baby nine months old, dying of starvation, +was the other day taken from the arms of a woman who was exposing its +ghastly face and thin limbs to the passers-by in Whitechapel, pleading +that she was a widow, and her child was starving. Under the new law, the +child was taken from her. It was found not to be her child. She had the +loan of it, and night after night, till eleven o'clock, she moved the +compassion of the passers-by, and out of baby's shivers, dying, she made +her living. She knew how blind and lazy "charity" patronises a wrong-doer +to a child. The wickedest, it patronises the most. + +Charity has still further been against the suffering child. By its +institutions for the ill-used and destitute, in not a few cases it has +been an inducement to their ill-usage and destitution. Whilst the kind and +honest poor may do as best they can for their children, the vicious have +had theirs maintained, taught trades, and the drum and fife; and fairly +started in life. The soundest charity is not that which provides food and +homes for the destitute, but treadmills for those who make them destitute. +Not that the one ought not to be done, but that the other ought not to be +left undone. + +6. Even the Gospel has been pleaded as a reason for letting the savage +have his way with his child. "Get men converted; you cannot change hearts +by laws," it is said. This is wholly true. But what is needed is not to +change hearts, but to change conduct; to make men keep blows and boots off +babies' limbs, and to put bread into sadly empty little stomachs. And a +free use of the treadmill, though it cannot do more, can do that; and does +it gloriously. And where it fails, I would use the cat. God has put a +cuticle under the skin as the final resort of argument. Where every other +part of the man is "past feeling," it is a divine duty to get at that. The +first object of a Christian nation is to protect a baby's skin, not a +man's. People speak of flogging as degrading. Degrade! can you, a man who +will batter into a shapeless thing a baby face with his fist? + +It will be impossible to even mention the hosts of those especial +defilements and injuries done to girl children. They are vast in number +and incredible in kind, and include large numbers of own fathers as the +fearful criminals. Degrade _these_ men! _Degrade_ them! + + +IV. + +Besides these changes already mentioned, there needs to be a great change +in the national sentiment on the subject. + +All these wrongs of a child are the result of the low estimate which +prevails as to the rights of a child. There seems to be little or no +interest in a child as a subject of the Queen and an object of the law. I +must except Her Majesty's judges, and the best legal magistrates. To hear +cases for children, I would always rather have a lawyer on the bench than +a Sunday-school teacher. The religion of pious J.P.'s seems to be to let +people off--adults I mean. It is not always so when it is a child who is +charged. What is wanted in the interests of every form of unhappy English +child life in this country to-day is righteousness, the robust +righteousness of God; and His indignations at neglect of the hunger, or +the sickness of a child. The shameful sufferings of English children +to-day are jointly the work of the English bench and the English brute: of +mawkishness on the bench, of cruelty in the brute. + +On this subject of children hurt and killed the Church too has acted in +grievously strange ways. It has taught what happened in the worship of the +Syrian Moloch: it has not even known what is done in the worship of the +English Bacchus. Much horror has it felt at the destruction of baby life +on the Ganges; and little, if any at all, at the destruction of it on the +flabby bosoms of English women whom men have made mothers, and to whom +they have given no bread. As an argument for Christianity, it has pointed +to the children abandoned in Pagan Rome, oblivious of the 20,000 a year +abandoned in our own cities and villages, to death, or the parish. Of the +five-and-twenty or thirty little boys once massacred at Bethlehem, it +holds annual mournful commemorations. Of the hundred times that number of +little boys and girls annually smothered within sound of its church bells +it says nothing. When I think of the Church and of child-suffering and +slaughter in England, I cannot help remembering the Biblical saying, as to +whose eyes it is that "are in the ends of the earth." For the "soul" of +children, whatever that may mean, the professional religionist eyes are at +home; but for their suffering and slaughtered bodies, they are away in +far times and far lands. And its purse, and its heart has gone there too. + +A grand opportunity is now afforded to stamp cruelty to children out of +the land. The law has come to be grandly right. Will the men who wear the +name of that greatest friend of children the world ever contained meet the +opportunity, find the money to discover the crimes and to enforce the law +against them? + +I hear you murmur, "The police! It is the work of the police to do that." +That is not true. It is not the work of the police to discover anything, +nor to initiate proceedings for anybody. They are a brave good body of +men; but they have their set work to do, and their strict rules for doing +it. But, were it so, when you stand before the judgment throne of Him +whose will, Jesus says, is that not one little one should either suffer +from hunger, or nakedness, or be sick and perish, will you dare to tell +Him that you knew that that was His will, but that you left it to the +police? + +The new law has been created by Christian labour. It is the expression of +Christian sentiment. It must be enforced by Christian money. + + + + +To enforce the splendid new law, the Society is seeking to raise its +income to L15,000 a year. In the enforcement of the Factory Acts L30,000 a +year is spent. In the enforcement of the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty +to Animals L29,000 is annually spent. Is it too much to ask for half these +sums for the enforcement of the law for Children, when, without it, their +sufferings must continue? Contributions may be sent to JOHN FAULKNER +(_Secretary_), 7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C. + + +SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS. + +The Society consists of Annual Members, subscribing L1 and upwards yearly; +of Associates, subscribing less than L1, but 5_s._ and upwards yearly; of +Life Members, subscribing not less than L10 in one payment; and of +Patrons, subscribing not less than L50 in one payment. + + + + +National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. + + +FOUNDED 1884. + +_Royal Patroness_--H.R.H. PRINCESS CHRISTIAN. + +_Patron_--The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London. + +_Trustees_--The Baroness Burdett-Coutts; Cardinal Manning; +Colonel Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.; R. Ruthven Pym, Esq. + +_President_--His Grace the Duke of Abercorn. + + +CENTRAL COMMITTEE. + +_Chairman_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq. + +_Vice-Chairman_--W. H. Collingridge, Esq. + + + Countess of Aberdeen. + H. C. Barker, Esq. + Rev. Prebendary Barnes. + Bishop of Bedford. + Mrs. Benson. + Baroness Burdett-Coutts. + F. A. Channing, Esq., M.P. + J. Colam, Esq. + Lady Ellis. + Dudley C. Falcke, Esq. + Sir Thomas Farrer. + Lady Farrer. + Hon. Lady Fitzgerald. + Lady George Hamilton. + Lady Henderson. + Miss Henderson. + Rev. J. W. Horsley. + Countess of Iddesleigh, C.I. + Countess of Iddesleigh. + Countess of Mar. + Mrs. F. W. Maude. + A. Meysey-Thompson, Esq. + Mrs. Meysey-Thompson. + Viscountess Midleton. + J. Louis Mitchell, Esq. + J. Montefiore, Esq. + Lady Nottage. + C. C. Osborne, Esq. + C. Kegan Paul, Esq. + Hon. Mrs. Pereira. + E. de M. Rudolf, Esq. + Lady Margaret Shelley. + Rev. B. Stephenson, LL.D. + Miss Hesba Stretton. + Miss H. L. Synnot. + Lady Tryon. + Rev. T. Turner. + Lady Catherine Vane. + Ashton Warner, Esq. + Rev. Benjamin Waugh. + Lady Willoughby de Eresby. + +_Treasurer_--R. Ruthven Pym, Esq. + +_Honorary Director_--Rev. BENJAMIN WAUGH. + +_Counsel_--Robert Frederick Colam, Esq. + +_Solicitor_--Henry C. Barker, Esq. + +_Hon. Surgeon_--Howard Marsh, Esq., F.R.C.S. + +_Visiting Surgeon_--J. Rees Gabe, Esq., M.D. + +_Bankers_--Messrs. Coutts and Co., Strand, W.C. + +_Secretary_--Mr. JOHN FAULKNER. + + +_Head Office and Shelter_-- + +7 Harpur Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. + +_Telegraphic Address_--"CHILDHOOD, LONDON." + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Conditions of Child Life in +England, by Benjamin Waugh + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS--CHILD LIFE--ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 31888.txt or 31888.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/8/8/31888/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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